Very scarce. 2:2:0 2 JAMAICA: Browne (Patrick). Civil and Natural History of Ja- maica in three parts. London, 1756. The three parts complete in one vol., folio, half calf gilt. $75.00. 201 A fine copy of the first edition of this important work. The first part gives an ac- ccount of Jamaica, with notes on its government, commercial products, etc. The second part gives the natural history of the island, and the third a history of the climate, and the effects of the climate on its inhabitants. The volume is illustrated with a large folding map, and with 49 copper plates. A fine copy, except that the edges of a few leaves have worm holes. 4 하 ​nu West Indies *ROIRRIOR Unit Michigan Libraries 1817 * 18S SCIENTIA VERITAS le 리 ​ dupe c C'eveucum T HE CIV I L and NATURAL H I S T O RY OF 7 А М А I c А. A M A a . Ο ΣΤΟ JAUTUI DIVIO ΟΤΙ Ο Τ Η Η & & Libris R Hilly Τ Η Ε CIVIL and NATURAL HISTORY Ο F 7 А М А І F 7 A MAI G A. A M СА a 0. In Three PAR T S. CONTAINING, а. I. An accurate Deſcription of that Iſland, its Situation and Soil ; with a brief Account of its former and preſent State, Government, Revenues, Produce, and Trade. II. A Hiſtory of the natural Productions, including the various Sorts of native Foſſils ; perfect and imperfect Vegetables; Quadrupedes, Birds, Fiſhes, Reptiles and Inſects; with their Properties and Uſes in Mechanics, Diet, and Phyſic. III. An Account of the Nature of Climates in general, and their different Effects upon the human Body; with a Detail of the Diſeaſes ariſing from this Source, particularly within the Tropics. In Three DISSERTATION S. The Whole illuſtrated with Fifty Copper-Plates : In which the moſt curious Productions are repreſented of the natural Size, and delineated immediately from the Objects. By PATRICK BROWNE, M. D. L O N D ON: Printed for the AUTHOR; and ſold by T. OSBORNE, and J. SHIPTON, in Gray's-Inn. MDCCLVI. e om 75 Qui maris atque telluris ſtupendas metamorphoſes contemplari cupit, vix ullibi terrarum reperiet commodiorem occafionem. Lin. Orat. NO Debler и тяло прізь 107 oy ods E Togloop o silubas ondales euritoa gol bas 0 Top 19 30obre nobis HIS RO Y AL HIGHNESS 2o George William Frederick PRINCE of WALES. P time ARDON me, Illustrious Prince, if, at this time, when the moſt important ſcenes engage your attention, I attempt to lay before you the Civil and Natural State of a Colony, which an extenſive trade and a commodious ſituation have long rendered the object both of the care and munificence of the Crown; and endeavour to ſend it into the world, under the patronage of a Prince whoſe eminent virtues now engage the thoughts and attention of the moſt conſiderable part of mankind, as well independent as allies and ſubjects to your Royal Family Natural hiſtory, on which ſo many neighbouring princes now beſtow their attention, has been long en- couraged and happily cultivated in theſe realms, under the auſpicious influence of your Royal Anceſtors : and as every attempt to advance our knowledge in the works of nature, and to promote the general welfare of a D E DI C A T IO N. of mankind, meets with your gracious approbation, deign, Great Prince, to accept theſe endeavours : and that you may ever diſplay that wiſdom, moderation, and juſtice, fo conſpicuous in all your Royal Family, and long continue a bleſſing to theſe kingdoms, is the ardent prayer of INTO DARI Lidt medguodky A to Your ROYAL HIGHNESS's loi per 10 pe 1510 cascist toodete pel Choir plans TDA planow03 01 brdo G Moſt Devoted multi Sole Debaot pl. do Humble Servant, carde GrootbrawbM ligtartodo pohod 5.0 VOTE bolo De plewout sistemi Sana dsise al duration GD Gay Garda 0 Web OLEH 99tia Tontoa o PATRICK BROWNE. bas: tisdaa mawqa - Golayd amodT ON Domo fondim en no namolot GOD COMTM paljonsilo 9134 2011 obro 500 E bobna 200 TL pel aloro bom panel 0; Prov 00:25 powd yn s parkold POLEG flomasu dole Obinitio ірі таянна погођа. 1026 hudando ips 3. 2 : навідаа хася зат faza El media la asil И ОТА 21 а за M Esq; 24 emoirsdonqas abong wow wow are banism. 2a A brie : Bijoy Sobre bers on 365 зоиятия про Phon L I S T of SUBSCRIB E R S. Vio R. Samuel Adams Patrick Dunbar, Eſq; Robert Arcedeckne, Eſq; Dr. Aſkew Mr. John Ellis, F.R. S. Mr. James Athil Mr. John Erſkine. John Ayſcough, Eſq; John Falconer, Eſq; Mr. William Baldwin James Farril, Eſq; Mr. Alexander Ballantyne Thomas Fearon, Eſq; Joſeph Tofter Barham, Eſq; Walrond Fearon, Eſq; Zachary Bayly, Eſq; Wheeler Fearon, Eſq; William Beckford, Efq; Henry Peters Fearon, Eſq; Richard Beckford, Eſq; Edward Fearon, Eſq; Julines Beckford, Efq; William Foſter, Eſq; Francis Beckford, Eſq; Thomas Foſter, Eſq; Thomas Beech, Eſq; Samuel Foſter, Eſq; Charles Bernard, Eſq; Mr. Edward Foord Martin Blake, Eſq; 4 Copies John Fothergill, M. D. 2 Copies Mr. John Boyd Mr. William Frafier Nicholas Bourke, Eſq; Thomas Freeman, Eſq; Peter Brady, M. D. John French, Eſq; William Patrick Browne, Eſq; Roſe Fuller, Eſq; Mrs. Sarah Burke Johannes Burmannus, M. D. Profeſſor The Right Hon. J. Carteret Earl of Botanices in Horto Amſtelaedamenfi. Granville, &c. &c. &c. Preſident of the Council. Henry Bynlofs, Eſq; Thomas Bynloſs, M. D. Capt. William Galbraith Mr. Francis Gale Michael Connel, M. D. Mr. Francis Garden, 2 Copies Capt. James Coleman Mr. John Gent Peter Collenſan, Eſq; F.R.S. Mr. Thomas Gordon Francis Cooke, Eſq; Mr. William Gordon, jun. Mr. James Cradock Sir Alexander Grant, Bart. Samuel Croſs, Eſq; Thomas Gray, Eſq; George Crump, Eſq; 2 Copies Mr. Thomas Graham Joſhua Crump, Eſq; Mr. Alexander Graham Matthew Gregory, Eſq; Henry Dawkins, Eſq; Johannes Fred. Gronovius, M. D. Civit. Philip Delaney, Eſq; Leydenfis Senator Excabrinus, & Col- Francis Delap, Eſq; legii pupillaris præfe&tus. Caleb Dickenſon, Eſq; Dominick Duany, Eſq; The Rev. Dr. Stephen Hales, F.R.S. &c. Edmund Duany, Eſq; Mr. Stephen Harris Owen Duany, Eſq; Thomas Hay, Eſq; John Dunbar, Eſqi William LIST OF SUBSCRIBER S. William Heberden, M. D. Robert Pott, Eſq; Thomas Hibbert, Eſq; Capt. James Purcell Mr. Thomas Hill Mr. John Hawells 30 a The Reverend Dr. Reading Mr. John Richardſon Dr. James John Jeake, Eſq; Captain Thomas Saumarez His Excellency Charles Knowles, Eſq; Lieutenant Iſaac Samms Governor of Jamaica, &c. 2 Copies John Scott, Eſq; Mr. John Kelly 11 Schwenke, M. D. Profeſſor Bo- Benjamin King, Efq; tanices Hage-Comitenſis Cotton King, Eſq; J. A. Schloſſer, M. D. Mr. Thomas King Mr. William Shields Mr. Rowland Smith James Lawrence, Eſq; Thomas Stack, M. D. F. R. S. Carolus Linnæus Eques- Auratus, S. R. John Stickle, Eſq; Maj. Suecia Archiater, &c. &c. Captain John Stott, 2 Copies Nathanael Lloyd, Eſq; Anthony Langley Swymmer, Efq; Nathanael Sydſerfe, Eſq; Mr. John M'Anuff Alexander M Farlane, Eſq; Patrick Taylor, Eſq; Capt. Benjamin Marlow John Thomlenfon, Eſq; Mr. Thomas Maqueſtian Captain Thomas Trower George Mackenzie, Efq; Chriſtophorus Facobus Trew, Medicus Richard Maitland, Eſq; Norimbergenfis. The Hon. 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PRE- [v] PRE FACE T r HE Iſland of JAMAICA, whoſe Civil and Natural Hiſtory is the ſubject of the following ſheets, has been now known and inhabited by Europeans above two hundred and forty years, is of a conſiderable extent, produ£tive of many uſeful Ar- ticles of Commerce, has been the ſcene of various and ſingular events; and ſtill continues to ſupply us with a neceſſary appendage to our pre- fent refined manner of living. Theſe are well known circumſtances ; and that the wealth of many, the ſubſiſtance of multitudes, the extent of our Navigation, the Revenues of the Crown, and in port the Emolii- ment of the whole Nation, are deeply intereſted and augmented by the , perpetual intercourſe with this diſtant Iſland, is univerſally allowed: Yet how ſmall a Part either of thoſe who inhabit it, or of thoſe who by one means or other draw the principal part of their ſubſiſtence, wealth, and affluence from this fruitful Spot; know any thing of the Iſland in general, its productions, advantages, or inconveniencies; or give themſelves any pain in conſidering whether the former may be im- proved, or by what means the latter may be remedied, or removed. And indeed were any diſpoſed to do either, what grounds have they at preſent to proceed upon ? For, tho' many amongſt thoſe who have reſorted thither, have been diſtinguiſhed for their Talents and Learn- ing; for their Curioſity and Abilities : the Arts of Government, or the means of acquiring Wealth and Power, have generally occupied their thoughts ; or the love of eaſe and pleaſure, to which the Climate but too much diſpoſes even the moſt determined minds, have diſipated the beſt eſtabliſhed Reſolutions; and in conſequence, ſcarcely any thing has been B attempted vi PRE FACE. attempted towards exhibiting a juft idea of this Iſland, conſidered both in a Civil and Natural Light; except what bears the evident marks of Imbecility, Inattention, or erroneous Information. a Happy in a large pare of health and ſtrength; enured to the Climate; and with a mind ſtrongly diſpoſed to the cultivation of Natural Knowledge; I ſaw with regret, how greatly the Hiſtory of this Iſland was negle&ted; and determined to loſe no opportunity to inform myſelf of every par- ticular, that might enable me to give the moſt ſatisfactory Account, both of the paſt and preſent State of the Iſand; and during ſeveral years reſi- dence upon the ſpot, it was the employment of every leiſure hour to col- leet the moſt authentic Materials for this purpoſe. As a Phyſician, the nature of the Diſeaſes that appear there, drew my principal atten- tion : As a Naturaliſt, the various productions of the Earth claimed my peculiar care; and as a Member of the Community, and a Subječt of Great Britain, I took the liberty to enquire into the nature of its go- vernment, and whatever elſe reſpecting it, might tend to afford ſatisfac- tion to mankind in general. I have not indeed diſpoſed my obſervations in the order above mention- ed; there are more Men than Naturaliſts, and perhaps, more of theſe than Phyſicians ; I have for this reaſon followed that order that ſeemed the moſt natural, and placed, as far as I could, ſubjeets akin together. In the part which treats of the Civil State of the Iſland, I own I have been the moſt brief. The lives of the Governors; the civil and military tranſa&tions; and various other particulars, would have made no impro- per part of ſuch a work; but this would take up a large ſhare of my time on a ſubject to me not ſo materially intereſting, and of conſe- quence, hindered me from purſuing that part to which I found myſelf more equal; more ſtrongly inclined; and in which I thought my reſearches more likely to tend to public advantage. The Natural Hiſtory is there- fore by much the moſt extenſive part; the productions are both numerous and curious ; and contains great numbers of articles whereof many have been left wholly unnoticed, while others were but imperfeetly or inaccu- rately repreſented to us. Sir Hans Sloane hath not collected above 800 Species of plants in all lis travels : In Jamaica alone, I have examined and deſcribed about twelve hundred, beſides Foſſils, Inſects, and other produ&tions ; many of which he makes no mention of. It muſt be owned, nevertheleſs, to his praiſe, that his works, inaccurate as they are, upon the wkole, have done both the Author and his Country credit. In reſpect to the diſeaſes, the Duty of my profeſſion; the uncommon Appearances of many; the Violence of the ſymptoms, and fatal Conſe- I quences P R E F A CE. vii quences that often attend’em, had generally rendered them the principal objeets of my Study: frequent opportunities gave me an occaſion of enquiring more ſtrictly into their Courſes and Cauſes; and the neglešt or inaccuracy of former Writers; the confuſed and imperfect Notions generally received of the moſt dangerous and deſtructive of them; and the pernicious Methods of praktice, now, too frequently in uſe among the ge- nerality of our American practitioners, engaged me to communicate my Obſervations ; which I have diſpoſed in a few Diſſertations, to avoid prolixity, or too frequent repetitions. การ13 11 . บนกาว งจร เป็น ใน การ The Diverſity of Subječts treated of in the courſe of this work, has fubje&ted it to a great number of Parts and Subdivifons; The firſt of theſe gives an account of the Civil State of the iſland ; and for greater conveniency is divided into two Parts or Chapters: The Firſt contains a brief Hiſtory of the former ſtate of that place, continued down to the thorough Eſtabliſhment of the Colony; and the Second includes its preſent State; with a more circumſtantial Account of its Trade, Imports, Exports, Revenues, and Curioſities. n The Second Part of the work is a regular Hiſtory of the Natural Productions; and, as it is by far the moſt conſiderable, we have di- vided it into Three Books; and theſe again into Claſſes and Se&tions, according to the natural order of the Subject . The Firſt of thoſe (be- fide a Catalogue of the native Foſils of Jamaica, with ſome Remarks on many of the Particulars) contains a New General Method of claff- ing native Foſſils. In the Second Book, we give an account of the ve- getable productions of that Iſland, which we have diſpoſed chiefly ac- cording to the Syſtem of Linneus; and have added the Uſes and Pro- perties of each, as far as they have been yet aſcertained; as well as the Methods of Cultivating, and Manufa&turing ſuch as we have ob- ſerved to furniſh any valuable or uſeful commodity. The Third con- tains an account of the Animals chiefly obſerved in and about the Iſland; and theſe are claſſed nearly according to the Syſtem of Linneus alfo ; but where that ſeemed forced or unnatural, we have followed another method, in which we have endeavoured to be guided ſolely by natural appearances. The Third Part of the work is made up of a few Diſſertations, con- taining ſome uſeful remarks and obſervations on the Nature of Climates in general; the Diverſity of Atmoſpheres ; and the different Diſpoſitions of the human machine in each; with an account of the Diſorders ari- ſing peculiarly from them, in every age, ſex, and climate ; and par- ticularly, of the yellow and remittent Fevers. The viii P R E F A CE. a The whole is illuſtrated with fifty odd copper-plates delineated im- mediately from nature by the accurate Ehret, in which we have been careful to repreſent the moſt curious and uncommon productions of every fort, now obſerved in that place; beſides a map of the Iſland, and a large draught of the harbours of Port-Royal and Kingſton : It is in- terſperſed with ſuch remarks and obſervations as I could find well grounded or atteſted, and likely to prove of any ſervice to mankind; with- out incumbring any part thereof with tedious relations, or uſeleſs quota- tions; and I hope by theſe means to render it an agreeable entertain- ment to the lovers of Natural Hiſtory in general; profitable to ſuch as live in thoſe parts in particular; and uſeful to ſuch as may be in- diced to viſit, or practiſe in, the like climates. od unod elektro olbal soi nga mula box nz idaost Cindy HD sol ز 14 O'S dis board des Mondeo SMO Soxo out solo ailence 38 argolopem ali selska de bard Loyo ਦੇ stogos emotligh- Oі одоби поtlu Dit 40 fakis pga bioti Hцтвореrѕ H do vo 958 abad V 20110H eotto M music Soals T H rolli Mbuga che . ao Godoxe M B2 Golon stoc aosinofilo ammo conspiboMaM 2 moto 19 Homo 038 52 le isuni lol los esostosowania Ilore wollirbno so borlanan qony veih holidata echos esteld yang masala svon MA M Τ Η Ε A CATALOGUE of the AUTHORS Whoſe Names are abbreviated in this WORK. PR . Alpin. ROSPER Alpinus de plantis Ægyptiacis Art. Petri Artedii, &c. Opera Ichthyologica omnia Barr, Eſſay ſur L'Hiſtoire Naturelle, &c. par Pierre Barrere C. B. Caſpari Bauhini Theatrum Botanicum B. P. Pinax Boerh. Herm. Boerhaave Index alter Plantarum, &c. Bona. Philippi Bonani recreatio mentis & oculi, &c. Bont. India talis res naturalis & medica, authore Guil. Bontio Breyn. Jacobi Breynii exoticarum plantarum centuriæ Bur. Joh. Burmanni Theſ. Zeylonicum Decades Africanæ Butt. D. G. Buttneri Plantæ cunonis Cates. The Natural Hiſtory of Carolina, by Mark Cateſby Com. Caſpari Comelini plantæ rariores exoticæ Dale. Samuelis à Dale Pharmacologia, &c. Edw. A Natural Hiſtory of Birds, by George Edwards Flo. Lap. Flora Lapponica, Car. Linnæi Flor. Virg. Flora Virginica, &c. Joh. Fred. Gronovio authore Gron. Fl. Virg. Idem Gron. Muſ. Ich. Laur. Theo. Gronovii Muſeum Ichthyologicum Gualt. Index teftarum Conchiliorum in Muſeo Nicolai Gualtieri Hern. Franciſci Hernandes nova plantarum,&c. Mexicanarum Hiſtoria Hill. The Natural Hiſtory of Minerals, &c. by John Hill H. M. Hortus Indicus Malabaricus, per Hen. Van Rheede, &c. H. C. Hortus Cliffortianus, &c. per Car. Linnæum H. Elt. Hortus Eltamenſis, &c. per Jo. Jac. Dillenium Houſt. apud Miller. The Gardner's Dictionary, by Philip Miller, Jonft. Joh. Jonſtoni Icones Piſcium, &c. Kæmp. Engelberti Kæmpferi Amenitates exoticæ Klein. Joh. Theod. Klein miffi, varii Lin. Caroli Linnæi opera varia L. Flo. Lap. Car. Linnæi Flora Lapponica L. G. Car. Linnæi genera plantarum Hortus Cliffortianus, authore Carolo Linnæo L. Mat. Med. Materia Medica Caroli Linnæi L. Muſ. C. Muſa Cliffortiana, per Car. Linnæum L. Sp. Pl. Caroli Linnæi fpecies plantarum L. Syft. Nat. Caroli Linnæi Syſtema Naturæ, &c. L. Ora. Caroli Linnæi Orationes variæ Liſt. Martini Liſteri Hiſtoria ſive Synopſis methodica Conchiliorum Mart. Petri Martyris Decades Americanæ Mich. Petri Ant. Michelii nova plantarum genera L. H.C. Mur. 4 A LIST OF AUTHORS, etc. Muf. Ich. Muſeum Ichthyologicum Laur. Theo. Gronovii Muſ. Zey. Muſeum Zeylonicum, authore Paulo Hermanno. Ovid. Pub: Ovidii Naſonis Halieuticon, per Colinæum 1545 Pet. Gaz. Gazophylacii naturæ & artis Decad. V. authore Jac. Petiver. Pif. De Indiæ utriuſque re medica & naturali, &c. authore Gu- HOWlielmo Piſo Pk. & Pluck. Leon. Pluckenetii Phytographia, 1, 2, 3 & 4. Plum. Caroli Plumeri, nova genera, icones, & fpecies plantarum Americanarum solclor Pl. fil. Caroli Plumeri tractatus de filicibus Americanis Rai. Joh. Raii Hiſtoria Plantarum Roy. Adriani Royeni flora Leydenſis Rumph. Rumphii Theſaurus Imaginum Piſcium teftaceorum Slo. Cat. Catalogus Plantarum, quæ in Inſula Jamaica, &c. authore Hans Sloane, M.D. Slo. H. A Voyage to the Iſands of Madeiras, Nevis, St. Chriſtopher's and Jamaica, &c. by Hans Sloane, M.D. Theo. Theophraſti Ereſii Hiſtoria Plantarum Thez. Zey. Theſaurus Zeylonicus, Johanne Burmanno authore Tour. Jof. Pitt. Tournefortii Inſtitutiones Rei Herbariæ Traph. A Diſcourſe of the State of Health, &c. by Thomas Trapham P. Virgilii Maronis Opera Will. Franciſci Willoughbeii Icthyographia nova, &c. Virg. o civic M722 a 250 LOOD UUU tucos constancias Sot 1799 ron 3 21 OHTUATO ono con 130 V noun greu dgn Boban Marience DORT Home kindo cioco wings goviste are _ LXXVIII 55 45 10 35 50 20 30 2,5 10 15 LXXVII 15 5.5 4.5 40 5,0 3.5 20 25 20 25 3,0 10 40 ATILA 15 LXXVI 55 5.045 40 4,0 ME Mara Alta 1 Davison's Harbour Platform Bay w +++++ Bay Dry in hand 35 Bay Long Bay 35 S.Anns Bay Lucee Harbour Mistake love Darisé Cove Javereen Cove Montego Bay ittle RH Flamingo Pond Greenffle Harb: Chireras 30 Tittle R Rio Nuevo Landovery 30 BarnetTo. Galina Point One Cabeça Queens Чјпо рйошулу R. дугаар Orange Bay Vally Montego RT Pear Thee Bottom The Springs Great Martha Bree Laughlandst 25 sampul Roring many Rio Bueno 25 N Negri Point White Rr A HY N 0 V ER ST J A S S ? Port Maria The Grotto M Blowing Point Sprino RT Thę lafcäde rs 20 River 191 C A N Seven Rú, Se UM 20 Weirs RI Agua Alta Annotto Bay id spuofipong A Correct MAP of JAMAICA Dry R? Palmeto Point Grom Gully The Barracks Booby Kay Trelawny Spaniſh Stocodes Accompongs To ПТЫ. La ST W E Dry \Gummahs OTO Palmeto A R. or Walk Ľ @ Ne F. Kingis Vati, Rio Alto Hectors R. One Eye Grilt One Eve Savana SNE 0177 91 Point The i M. White R? Buff Bay R Pencarne Morgans Savana Mount Diable Swift R? OT -Barracks R? White Cliffs Spanish R 2. Annotto R 1o Pedro Wag Water Iron Shore Orange R. 7 грилі ST Koy Grawford Rr Rio Grande A brita The Barracks "Cockpits The Barrackse A A Black O Morafs RO Savana la Marr Deans Valy V Flint R Bray R? Lamb Sprin A Port Antonio Furtle Crawls N A The Magott D °Naſsán Mountains Grafs RT Orange RF nings SIT Horse Island Tomo R. Little R JBhue hole THOMAS Orange R. Pedro R? SI Horse Savana N.E.Point Prieftmans R! Surīnam Quarters Tick Savana GE ARGES Barracks Old Crawford an / 0 R T The Brest Walk New Negrer! New Tavana Ε Α Ν N D in the Lacoowa ++++++ Robin's R. XVIII Bray R ST Ludas JOHN'S VAI E The Cave amponb.wgmooy1 Seamans Valby 20 Mile Walk XVIII Long Bay Pindar's R Above Rocks Wyes FR Bluefields Bay s. The Blue Mountains I. С A R E N D 0./N Savana la Marr Bay Negroe Head Monte de las B Uvas Sandy Gräna. Bog Red Hill 55 Black – River tus R. A N Bay Mile Walk THE су; Clarendon Park Valës Scotts Cove TH PORT S Boar Island Savana S.Tuan de T R rado S? Gre sence S E wa ROYAL May Day Hills The Cariages Rock ST Ziquânea Mangeneel Harb? Half quay Tree The Berry 50 Nanna 7 The Fall & 2 Savana R? Luana Point Black R! Lime Savana Bullars The Cross Sayana R? Great Pond D A Ўеда Great Savana Thel D R S Angels DOROTHY'S ST Strabo de la New Greenivich KINGSTON Passage Ft C Α Τ Η “Α The Harbour SaltPond St Croix Mountains ClarendonGully THOMAS Savana Muddifords 0727 15 Rock Powen's 45 45 Black Horse Savana Point Salt Pond имоти Blue Falth ann 2 Horse angunan I 8 in the Savana Carpenters Mountains Pedro Plains Bill V E E 2 R. Primod Cockpit Gully Low Palmeto Point Alligator Pond Muddiford Creek Spanish loR INS Hell Shire Hills Bath 410 Bull Bay Fullers Cockpit The Devils Race LA Kings Hill Plantain Gar"R" Mangrove B. Labour in vain Port Roy Cow Bay T EAN old Harbour East Point A Scale of 36 English Miles White Horse Cliffs Cape Boncato 35 Calabash Bay Great Pedro (XXXXXXX Long Bay asing Milk R? 3 Deviló Point Cocco Phimb Bay Carlile Yellows Great R". Yellows Bay White R! Yellows Point Morant Bay 25 Orgon 20 10 Xxx xxxxxxx 15 30 35 Sandy Point Кау The R?Mino Cartile Bay Swimmers Bay Port Maria Bay 3,0 30 rxx Poriland Pitch 25 25 25 2'o 1o LXXVIII 15 50 55 55 25 45 20 40 15 35 10 30 5 LXXVII 50 45 20 40 LXXVI 35 10 36 25 15 40 55 50 45 5 [1] Santo Τ Η Ε Civil and NATURAL HISTORY Ο F F A M A I CA. ΑΙ PART 1 Containing the Civil State of that Iſland. vo CH A P. 1. Of the former State of JAMAICA TOD T bound HE Iſland of JAMAIC A (one of thoſe ſituated near the main continent of America) is of an irregular oblong form, and adorned with a ridge or chain of lofty mountains, which in its irregular diſpoſition, from the moſt eaſtern point weſtward, occupies the middle part of the country, and by its various appen- dages, inlets, and declivities, forms thoſe fruitful vales and frequent riſing grounds between the mountains and the ſea, which we find every where ſupplied with ſprings, rivulets, and large currents, that flow from different parts of the main ridge, and continue their winding ſteepy courſes to the ſea. It lies between 17 degrees 31 minutes and a half, and 18 degrees thirty two minutes and a quarter north latitude ; and extends from 75 degrees 40 minutes and three quarters, to 78 degrees 20 minutes and three quarters weſt longitude (a); being about a hundred and ſeventy two miles in length, and fifty eight over where broad- eſt. It is ſituated a little to the eaſt of the entrance into the gulph of Mexico, having the iſland of Cuba to the north ; Jucatar and the gulph of Honduras to the weſt; Hiſpaniola and the Caribbee Iſlands to the eaſt; and that part of the main land called Granada, now a province of the kingdom of Santa Fee, to the ſouth, at the dif- tance of about a hundred and fifty leagues. This Ifand was firſt diſcovered by the famous Chriſtopher Colon (b) or Columbus, a a 03 13 a (a) See the Philoſophical Tranſactions. SH (b) I have extracted the following account from the Decades of Peter Martyr, whom I look upon as one of the moſt accurate writers of the affairs of America. Chriſtopher Colon (ſince commonly called Columbus) was a native of Nervi in the territory of Genoa. He was bred to the ſea, but at what time or upon what occafion he had conceived a notion of thoſe remote lands, is uncertain: It is, how- ever, well known, that, on this occaſion, he had made frequent unſucceſsful applications to the ſeveral Princes of Europe before he received any encouragement. But the King of Spain was at length per- fuaded to favour bis project, and ſupplied him with three ſhips and about 220 men, with which he failed a с in 2 Τ THE CIVIL HISTORY 3 in the year 1494, then on his ſecond voyage in theſe parts, and at that time at ſea, chiefly with a deſign to obſerve the iſland of Cuba; taking it to be a part of the main conti- nent, of which the natives of Hiſpaniola had already given him intelligence. But the veſſel proving leaky, and being no longer able to keep the ſeas with ſafety, he put in at Chireras, on the north ſide of this iſland, and landed ſoon after, though the natives at firſt made ſome ſhew of reſiſtance. He then called this iſland St. Jago, and was obliged to continue there until he had put his veſſel in tolerable order to ven- ture to ſea again ; during which time the people lived in great friendſhip with the natives, in whofe poffeffion the iſland ſtill continued until the year 1509; when Don Diego Columbus, ſon to Chriſtopher, (then Admiral in thoſe ſeas) ſent yuan de Eſquibello with a party of men to invade the place; the other conqueſts and ſettle- ments being at that time under the government and direction of Don Nicueſſa and Ojeda, both appointed from home, and now in high diſputes about this iſland, from whence they were generally ſupplied with proviſions on emergent occafions. This party landed, and foon made a conqueſt of a place, where they were always receiv- ed in a friendly manner, whenever either chance or neceſſity had driven them upon the coaſt; and for many years after the Iſland continued in the poſſeſſion of the Spa- niards (c), though much neglected on account of their other conqueſts, and not unfre- quently inſulted or invaded (d) by other nations. The firſt improvement undertaken here by the Spaniards was the town of Mellila, which was built about Port Maria, on the north ſide of this iſland; but the fituation not proving to their ſatisfaction, they removed ſome leagues more to the weſt, and built the famous town Sevilla, the ruins of which are ſtill to be ſeen on the brow of the hill immediately above St. Anne's Bay. But as the colony grew more popu- from Palos in Andaluſia about the 3d of Auguſt 1492. The people, after having paſſed a conſiderable time at ſea, began to mutiny, and reſolved for tlıwith to stium, they were, however, perſuaded to con- tinue the voyage a few days longer, and in a day or two after (which was about the 11th of October) came in view of ſeveral iſlands, whereof Hiſpaniola was the principal, on which they landed about the 18th. On the firſt approach of the Spaniards the Indians retired to the woods, but one of the women, who was overtaken in her fight, being treated with great humanity and decency, and then ſet at liberty, joined the reſt, and brought them foon after to an amicable interview ; at which ſuch a friendſhip was contracted between both parties, that the natives treated our adventurers with the greateſt good-nature and liberality for fome time after. About the 4th of January following Colon ſet out on his voyage homewards, having firſt built a ſmall fort at the Nativity (where he hitherto had been) for the ſecurity of about 80 of his people whom he deſigned to leave behind; but he carried 10 of the natives with him, that he might be the better able to ſatisfy the curioſity of the Royal Family at his return. When he arrived at the court of Spain, he met with a moft gracious reception, and was ſoon after appointed Prefect or Admiral of the Spaniſh navy in the weſtern ſeas. About the middle of the year began to prepare for another voyage, for which there had been no leſs than 17 fhips appointed; on board of which he put no leſs than 1200 men, among whom he had been careful to mix people of all ſorts of trades well provided with tools, and a great variety of cattle and grain. With this fleet he failed about the 7th of O&tober 1493, and, after paſſing ſome weeks at ſea, fell in with the Caribbee Iſlands, whoſe inhabitants he diſcovered to be cannibals. He paſt fome days amongſt theſe iſlands, to which he gave thoſe names many of them ſtill retain; and then ſailed directly for Hif- paniola, where he arrived about the 4th of the nones of February following: After he had ſettled his new colony in this iſland, he put to ſea again with a deſign to obſerve the land of Cuba, taking it to be a part of the main continent, which (he was informed) had been ſituated more to the weſtward; but meeting with a hard gale of wind on the coaſt of that iſland, after he had ran down a conſiderable diſtance on the ſouth ſide thereof, he was forced out to fea, and ſoon after diſcovered the high lands of Jamaica for which he failed directly, and anchored in one of the ports on the north ſide of the iſland, where he continued ſome time to refit his veſſel. (c) De la Caſas affirms that the Spaniards had ſoon deſtroyed above five thouſand of the natives, there being not above two or three hundred left in his time, which was but a few years after they had taken pof- feffion of the place. (d) Sir Anthony Shirly was the firſt that invaded this iſland after it was in the hands of the Spaniards; he landed there in 1592, without oppoſition ; but left it ſoon after, not thinking it then worth keeping. It was afterwards invaded by Colonel Jackſon, former General of the Leeward Iſlands, who in 1638.) had fitted out a ſmall fleet with which he failed down among the Spaniſh ſettlements, and plundered both St. Domingo and St. Jago. This valiant officer landed with about five hundred men at Paſſage Fort, and cut his way through the ſeveral breaſt-works caft up by the Spaniards, to the very town of St. Jago, from whence he carried a very conſiderable booty. See Hickeringill, &c. 19b lous, a he a a OF J A M A IC A. 3 a a 3 a | lous, they ſtretched towards the fouth part of the Iſland, where they built the fa- mous town of la Vega, from which the deſcendants of Columbus are ſaid to have the ticles of Dukes conferred upon them. This town proſpered better than either of the others, and increaſed ſo much, that in 1655 it conſiſted of no leſs that 1700 houſes, two churches, two chapels, and an abbey; at which time the Engliſh (failing in their attempt upon St. Domingo) made a deſcent upon, and conquered the Ifland. But the commanders returned home ſoon after, leaving a conſiderable part of their forces (e), under the command of Colonel Forteſque, to guard and ſecure the place; and were both, after a hearing or two, ordered to the tower for their miſcarrage at Hifpa- niola. To give a more perfect account of this revolution, we muſt now look back a little time into the ſtate of affairs in England. Cromwell, who had raiſed himſelf to the head of affairs at home, where he now governed almoſt without controul, had no ſooner fixed himſelf by the act of govern- ment, and ſettled the general diſturbances of the nation to his fatisfaction, than he determined to employ ſome of thoſe in whom he ſuſpected he had the leaſt reaſon to confide, in ſome remote part (f). With this view, and probably to gain the more upon the nation in general, or at leaſt to ſcreen his private deſigns the better, he ordered a fleet of ſeventeen men of war, with many tranſport veſſels to be got in readineſs, the command of which was given to Admiral Pen; and an army of be- tween fix and ſeven thouſand regulars, under the command of General Venables. With this armada they ſailed for Barbadoes, where the ſhips were ordered to rendez- vous and the commanders to open their inſtructions: they arrived there about the 14th of February, 1654, and recruited with ſuch fucceſs that they ſoon augmented the foldiery to the number of ten or twelve thouſand (8), with which they failed down to Hiſpaniola. They made that iſland the 10th of April , and ſoon after landed within a few leagues to the weft of St. Domingo, from whence they marched directly towards the town: but the ſoldiers being diſheartened by a previous proclamation (b), which deprived them of all hopes of plunder, were ſoon repulſed by a handful of Mulatoes; and after having loſt five or ſix hundred men, with ſome brave officers, they left off all thought of conqueft, reimbarked, and fell down to Jamaica, where they landed, (i) on the roth of May 1655; but marched ſo flowly towards the capi- tal St. Jago de la Vega (which then was very rich and populous) that the Spaniards had retired, and carried moſt of their valuable effects with them to the woods (k), before the Engliſh came up to the town. Cromwell having had early intelligence of this conqueſt, ſent out a freſh reinforce- ment of near three thouſand men (1), with twelve men of war; and reſolved to miſs no opportunity of ſupporting this new acquiſition, which now indeed ſerved him as another Siberia; for the frequent diſturbances raiſed by the Cavalier Party, and the reſolution with which many had denied, or reſolved not to ſubmit to the authority of his Major Generals, put him under a neceſſity of getting rid of ſome of them, who were frequently afterwards (during his uſurpation) tranſported to this Iſland, where, with the troops already ſtationed there, they became the firſt Engliſh ſettlers. The Spaniards, who had not yet deſerted the Iſland, concealed themſelves in the woods and inland parts; from whence they made frequent excurſions, and killed ſuch ftragglers and lonely perſons as they could meet with. But being at length weary of their quarters in the mountains, and having no hopes to diſlodge the Engliſh, they retired Ons (e) About 3000 men. (f) See Ludlow's Memoirs. (8) See Echard's Hiſtory of England; Ludlow's Memoirs ; Hickeringill, and the Memoirs of the late affairs of England; Lond. printed 1682. (b) See Echard's Hiſtory of England. (i) It is thought they landed oppoſite to Port-Royal; but I could not learn the place with any cer- tainty. (k) See Hickeringill . (1) Under the command of Major Sedgewick and Colonel Humphrys. on to 3 a no 10 to 4 Τ THE CIVIL HISTORY the a to the north ſide of the Inland; and, with a ſupply of about thirty companies well provided with arms and ammunition, which ſoon after arrived there from Cuba and the Main, fortified themſelves at Rio Neuvo. But the Engliſh, then under the command of Colonel D'Oyly, having early intelligence of the arrival of this rein- forcement, marched dire&ly towards them, and forced them in their intrenchments, tho' the Spaniards at that time were more than double their number. Upon this and other ill ſucceſſes, they retired to Cuba, leaving many of the Negroes and Mulatoes to keep poffefſion of the place, and to prevent the conquerors from ſettling in the country parts: theſe people continued very troubleſome for a time, but the Engliſh, who were not themſelves uſed to the woods, at length called in ſome of the Buccaneers to their affiſtance, and ſoon after brought them under ſubjection. The French ſettlers at Tortugo, who, about this time, were much neglected by government at home, then under a minority, and too frequently preſſed by the Spaniards abroad, reſolved to provide for themſelves ; and ſoon after became a ſet of land and fea robbers, in the practice of which they continued for many years: nor did their then governor de la Place (m), in the leaſt, diſcourage proceedings whereby he became a conſiderable gainer. The government of England falling again into confuſion, upon the death of the vigi- lantCromwel, the affairs of Jamaica were much neglected, and the iſland, on that account, was frequently reſorted to by the pirates of Tortugo, who were now grown a very for- midable body; and the people, at this time under little or no reſtraint, encouraged by the example of thoſe who had frequently brought in immenſe riches with impu- nity, foon gave in to the ſame methods; ſo that the place became another colony of pirates, which far exceeded the former both in numbers and reſolution ; and with whom they ſtill continued in friendſhip, frequently uniting their forces upon occaſion. In this ſtate did the greateſt part of the inhabitants of Jamaica continue for many years; chiefly under the command and guidance of the famous Morgan (n), who, with his numerous followers, had brought in ſuch a vaſt booty, that the iſland con- tinued for many years one of the moſt wealthy ſpots in the world, for the number of its inhabitants. Theſe people were not ſatisfied with what plunder they met with at ſea only; they frequently landed in great numbers, and ranſacked the moſt flouriſh- ing Spaniſh ſettlements: nor were thoſe ſituated even on the coaſt of the ſouth ſea free from their daring attempts, which reached the opulent and populous city of Panama, in 1670; from whence they brought immenſe ſums of money, as well as other valuable treaſures. King Charles II. being at length ſeated on the throne of England, put on an early reſolution to promote the welfare of an iſland, which was likely to prove very a 10: a 29 а a (m) See the Hiſtory of the Buccaneers. (n) Morgan (it is ſaid) was a native of Wales, and the ſon of a farmer. He was tranſported to Barba- does in the quality of a fervant, and from thence, (after the expiration of his time,) went to Jamaica, where he joined with the pirates; among whom he was ſoon diſtinguiſhed for his ſuperior conduct and daring reſolution, and in conſequence was ſoon after elected a leader; in which ſituation he always behaved with great intrepidity, and was as conſtantly attended with ſucceſs. He brought no leſs than 250,000 pieces of eight from Porto Bello, and as much from Maracaiba and Gibraltar, beſides jewels, plate and Naves to a conſiderable value. By his expedition to Panama, it is computed he got 400,000 pieces of eight to his own ſhare; and about 200 more for each of his party, at that time near 1200 in number. He left off his courſes immediately after this, and became a ſober ſettler, and a great promoter of induſ- try. He was both an excellent citizen and a happy planter; and in the courſe of time, was admitted one of the council: but he was afterwards knighted and appointed Lieutenant Governor, in which ſtation he be- haved with great applauſe from 1680, to the year 1682. When the peace was concluded with the King of Spain, that Monarch inſiſted on his being puniſhed for his former depredations; and he was ac- cordingly fent for, and committed to the Tower in 1683-4, where he continued for three years without trial or hearing; at which he could hardly fail of clearing his own character, as he had always acted under regular commiſſions, from the Governors of Jamaica, while he continued in that active ftate of life. But indeed, fuch barbarities as were frequently committed on theſe occaſions, were not to be au- thoriſed or countenanced by any Chriſtian power, nor committed by any but ſuch as looked felves as lawleſs people. 2 3 ſerviceable upon them- OF JA M A Í CA. 5 3 a ſerviceable to the crown, tho' the confuſion of the affairs at home, and the then ur- gent war with the Dutch had wholly prevented the execution of his deſigns for a time. But the nation being at length quieted and the Dutch war at an end, his ma- jeſty reſolved to act more vigorouſly in thoſe parts and to uſe every means likely to reſtrain the licentiouſneſs of the pirates, who ſtill continued their depredations under Colonel D'Oyly, Lord Windſor, Sir Charles Littleton, and Sir Thomas Mud- deford, whom he appointed Governors ſucceſſively, during the troubles at home; and to this he was ſtill the more inclined from the frequent complaints of the Spa- niards, whoſe ſufferings were now daily laid before him. With this view Lord Vaughan was appointed Governor, and ſent out to Jamaica with orders for Colonel Lynch, who then governed in the abſence of Sir Thomas Muddeford, to appear at court and anſwer to the complaints of the Spaniſh ambaſſador. This nobleman was no ſooner arrived in Jamaica than he began to put the orders of his majeſty in execution; and with ſuch vigour as ſoon put a ſtop to the proceed- ings of the pirates, whereof great numbers, with their chieftain Morgan, became induſtrious ſettlers; while others, unwilling to depart from a courſe of life to which they had been now long uſed, or, it may be, diffident of the clemency of their prince, retired to Tortugo, where they continued the ſame practices for ſeveral years after. But in proportion as piracy was ſuppreſſed in this iſland, the people, who were become extremely wealthy by their former practices, began to murmur and com- plain of the deſpotic power to which they were ſtill expoſed; which, however gra- cious or mild, could not but be diſagreeable, as it was a form of government no ways conſiſtent with the Engliſh conftitution. In this ſituation, however, they con- tinued until the latter end of the year 1680, when his majeſty king Charles the Se- cond was gracioufly pleaſed to grant them a charter or commiffion under the great ſeal of England, conſtituting and ordaining a regular form of government for the iſland; which was ſoon after diſpatched to the Right Honourable Charles Howard, Earl of Carliſle, appointed Governor the year before. By this grant or charter the government was lodged in the hands of, ift, the Governor or Captain-General, who is appointed by, and repreſents his majeſty. He is veſted with both the ecclefiaftical and military power, as well as civil; and con- tinues during his Majeſty's pleaſure. 2dly, In the council, which is alſo appointed by his Majeſty, and generally conſiſts of twelve perſons of the beſt rank and fortunes in the iſland. This body repreſents the houſe of Lords in England, both in power and proceedings; nor do they interfere judicially in matters of property, unleſs it be in ſuch caſes as are brought before them by writs of error out of the grand court, or by appeals from the Court of Ad- miralty 3dly, In the aſſembly, which in power and proceeding repreſents the Houſe Commons in England. The members of this body uſed to be choſen by the votes of the freeholders, who returned three repreſentatives for each of the town-pariſhes, (formerly only two) viz. 1. Port-Royal, and, 2. St. Catharine's and two for each of the other pariſhes (then only thirteen) viz. 1. St. Thomas in the Eall, 2. St. Davids, 3. St. Andrewos (which contained the preſent pariſh of Kingſton, 4. St. Thomas in the Vale, 5. St. John's, 6. St. Dorothy's, 7. Vere, 8. Clarendon, 9. St. Elizabeth's (which contained the preſent St. Elizabeth's, Weſtmorland and Hanover,) 10. St. James's, 11. St. Anne's, 12. St. Mary's, and 13. St. George's, which with the pariſh of St. Thomas in the Eaſt, contained the preſent pariſh of Portland ;) making up thirty-two members in all, which was the number of the firſt affemblies of that iſland. Theſe three bodies, in which the ſupreme power is lodged ſince that time, are, by the charter, authorized to make and ordain ſuch laws and regulations as they think neceſſary for the better government of the community, and proſperity or welfare of the colony; and they are generally in force for one year, or until his majeſty's pleaſure be known, who always inforces or makes void all the acts paſſed by them, D as 6 THE CIVIL HISTORY as he finds them to tend more or leſs to the real intereſt of the colony, or to interfere with the laws or intereſts of the mother country. The aſſembly however is called, prorogued and diſſolved, as the Governor pleaſes, who gives the negative, or afſents to the immediate force of all the bills they paſs. With this charter his Majeſty has been alſo pleaſed to favour the iſland with a mace, which is carried before the Governor upon occaſions; and with a broad ſeal, in which he was pleaſed to appoint them the following arms, viz. a croſs gules, charged with five pinę apples, in a field argent. Supporters, two Indians plumed and condald. Creſt, An Alligator vigilant. The inſcription in the orle, ECCE ALIUM RAMOS PORREXIT IN ORBEM, NEC STERILIS EST CRUX. His majeſty was alſo pleaſed to appoint a Court of Equity in this iſland, where the Chancellor (which power has been hitherto lodged in the Governor, for the eaſe and ſecurity of the people) fits more or leſs frequent, according to the number of actions depending ; which ſometimes engage him for days fucceffively, while at other times he ſcarcely ſits above once a month. In this court matters of great im- portance are often decided with ſatisfaction; tho' the lawyers, who are generally vexatious and expenſive in that iſland, frequently find means to protract the ſuits, and thereby often evade the purpoſe of the inſtitution: and happy is the Chancellor, who is not ſometimes milled by their ignorance or partiality, which, I am afraid, has been often the cauſe of complaints, and expenſive appeals from that court. Courts of Judicature have been alſo inſtituted very early in this iſland, and by timely laws and regulations appointed to be held quarterly at St. Jago de la Vega. Theſe in power and proceeding reſemble the King's Bench, Common Pleas, and Affizes, in England, and are held under a Chief Juſtice, who is commiſſioned by the Governor, and endowed with a falary of 120 l. per annum; but his poſt is un- certain, being commonly diſcharged, as well as commiffioned, at the Governor's pleafure. In the execution of this office however there are many other magiſtrates appointed for his affiſtants, who have no recompence beſides the honour of ſerving their country, which I believe they always perform with integrity, as far as they are acquainted with the nature of the laws. But really there are not many of them ſufficiently verſed in thefe, which with the ignorance of the attorneys, and general tendency of the men in buſineſs, occaſions more law-ſuits in that colony, than could be reaſonably expected among ſuch a number of people; there being ſeldom leſs than eight hundred new actions every court for ſome years paſt. Here petty courts have been alſo inſtituted, in the nature of Court-Barons, which are held quarterly in every precinct ; and in theſe the Cuſtos, who fits as Judge, with two of the neighbouring Juſtices, his aſſiſtants, hear and formally determine all actions within the precinct , not exceeding twenty pounds. They have a Court of Admiralty alſo in this iſland, where matters litigated be- tween mariners, or treſpaſſes committed at ſea, which cannot be ſo eaſily redreſſed at common law, are determined: but the Judges of this court have been hitherto appointed by the Governors. A Marſhal or Provoft-marſhal (a) has been alſo appointed here; who with his deputies and under deputies are the executive officers of Juſtice, and in power and function repreſent the ſheriffs, under-ſheriffs and jailors in England. Many other offices have been likewiſe inſtituted here for the greater conveniency of buſineſs, 3 (a) The office of Marſhal was, doubtleſs, firſt eſtabliſhed in Jamaica, while the inhabitants were all military men, and under the guidance of their officers; but as the ſettlers grew more numerous, whereof many were better acquainted with the ſpade than the ſword, this office changed gradually into a mixt ftate, whoſe duties, in regard to the civil part of the government, were, at firſt, conducted according to the cuſtoms of England, but have been fince fixed and regulated by proper laws. and 1 OF JAMAICA. 2 3 and order and ſecurity of the ſeveral branches of the revenue, ſuch as the Secreta- ries, Receiver-generals (a), Commiſſioners, Controllers, and naval officers, &c. The iſland was no ſooner ſettled under this agreeable form of government than it began to proſper ; the ſettlers became daily more numerous and began to carry their induſtry further into the country; the woods began to open, and the lands to yield the recompence of the labourers toil in every field; the pariſh of St. Katherine's was al- ready open and well inhabited; the ſettlements in St. David's, St. Andrew's, Vere, and Clarendon were very thick, and the marks of induſtry beginning to appear in the moſt remote parts of the iſland; to which the wealth of Port Royal, the ſeat of the moneyed-men, and the trade lately eſtabliſhed there by the Aſfiento contract (b), had greatly contributed. Port Royal was then probably the richeſt ſpot of its ſize in the world, nor could any people live more at their eaſe, or in greater luxury, than the inhabitants of St. Jago de la Vega, or Spaniſh-town; when, on the 7th of June, 1692, a moſt terrible earthquake (c) came on, which in a very little time deſtroyed that famous and opulent town the greateſt part of its houſes, wealth, and inhabitants be- ing buried in the common ruin, many fathoms under water. Nor was the deſtruction of Port Royal' the only misfortune the iſland had ſuſtained by this dreadful ſhock; moſt of the heavy buildings were every where deſtroyed; the ſhattered mountains ruined many of the neighbouring ſettlements in their fall; and a general ſickneſs enſued, which ſwept away numbers of thoſe that eſcaped the firſt calamity. The terror with which people were ſtruck on this dreadful occaſion, put every thought of order and induſtry out of the minds of the remaining few, nor was any thing but confuſion and diſorder to be ſeen throughout the iſland ; ſuch as eſcaped the deſtruction of Port Royal could no longer think of reſiding there, and the generality of thoſe who had depended before on their growing ſettlements, now reduced to the ſtate of beginning ſettlers, could find no means of reſtoring the uſual order to their affairs; by which the iſland was again laid almoſt defolate. But as thoſe who eſcaped the common calamity began to recover from the fright, they endeavoured to regulate their affairs, and to renew that ſpirit of induſtry which had formerly manifefted itſelf in every ſettlement, and furniſhed the vigilant and laborious with affluence; moſt of the principal people who had eſcaped the fate of Port Royal, and the greater part of thoſe who depended on their credit and friends in England, having reſolved to ſettle on ſome part of the main land, which they wiſely judged to be more ſafe, and nearly as convenient as the former. This gave the firſt riſe to the ſettlement of the town of Kingſton, which, for conveniency, regularity a a (a) The Receiver of his Majeſty's Revenues in that Ifand, was, by a late regulation, alſo appointed Receiver of the public duties; but the law has not yet obtained the royal aſſent. (6) This contract was made in 1690, and managed for many years by Don Jago del Caſtello, who was knighted by king William, and generally known by the name of Sir James Caſteel: he reſided many years in that iſland, and built a very ſpacious and well fortified houſe about a mile or two to the eaſt of the harbour of Kingſton; but it is now in ruins. (c) At this time the iſlarid of Jamaica was in a very flouriſhing condition ; the white inhabitants were very numerous, and computed to amount to 16000 ſouls at leaſt; of theſe St. Katherine's was deemed to maintain 6270, Port Royal 3500, St. John's 996, St. Andrew's 1552, Clarendon 1430, St. David's 969, St. Thomas in the Eaſt 590, and the more remote ſettlements about 2000. The earthquake came on between 11 and 12 at noon, and in leſs than three minutes ſhook down or funk nine tenths of the opulent and populous town of Port Royal. The wharfs firſt gave way, and foon after the greateſt part of the town; while the remainder was overflown to the upper roorns. no ſooner over than the ſtreets began to gape, and ſwallowed up numbers of thoſe that thought to ſeek for ſafety in the open air ; of whom ſeveral were again returned, ſome by the ſame, and ſome by diftant apertures, either in the town or in the harbour indiſcriminately. Nor was Port Royal the only place that felt the effects of this dreadful ſhock, which was ſo univerſal as to be felt in parts of the world, the mountains rumbled, cracked and opened in ſeveral places; thofe at the entrance of Sixteen-mile-walk, whoſe interval yields a paſſage to the Rio Cobie, were cloſed together, and the courſe of that large river left dry to the ſea for ſome days: and, on the north fide of this iſland, a ſpace of about 1000 acres, with its ſettlements and inhabitants, was alſo ſunk under water. There was no leſs than 3000 people loſt by this dreadful ſhock, and a general ſickneſs enſued, which, with the other mi- ſeries the conſtant companions of ſo univerſal a diſorder, left the ifland almoſt defolate. and This was many very diftant 8 THE CIVIL HISTORY Τ a and ſituation, ſurpaſſes moſt towns in that part of the world; and whoſe ſpacious and commodious harbour can be hardly excelled in any country. But as many of the principal people ſtill continued in that párt of Port Royal that remained as yet undeſtroyed, this new ſettlement did not go on fo proſperouſly until the fire in 1702-3 had made their reſolutions unanimous, and fixed that both the place of trade and the reſidence of the moneyed men. The planters had, by this time, recovered themſelves from the confuſion into which they were thrown by the late dreadful earthquake; and thoſe among the trad- ing people, who had already amaſſed wealth enough to ſpare ſome from bufineſs, refolved to puſh the land-intereſt, either by becoming planters themſelves, or lend- ing their money to ſuch as were already engaged in that way, and wanted neither indu- ſtry nor management to put it to the beſt advantage. From this time the iſland began to be again reſorted from all parts, induſtry to be revived, and the ſettlements to ad- vance with the uſual appearance of ſucceſs and care; to which the great reſort of young adventurers, whoſe moderate fortunes could, in no other part, promiſe them to raiſe a foundation for their families ſo ſoon, had contributed much ; as well as the im- portation of induſtrious ſervants, whoſe honeſt labours have frequently raiſed confi- derable fortunes there. Nor did the breaking up of ſome of our other ſettlements contribute leſs towards its advancement, for, on loſing of Surinam, which, by the treaty of peace foon after concluded with the Dutch, was wholly given up (d), about twelve hundred of thoſe that were ſettled in that colony came to this iſland, and contributed much to the improvement of the ſouth-weſt parts thereof, called Surinam quarters ever ſince. The colony was in this thriving condi- tion when the French, to the number of 2200, with three men of war, and priva- , teers, floops, and tenders to the number of 20 fail, under the command of monſieur de Caſſe (then governor of the French fettlements in Hiſpaniola,) had, in June 1694, invaded the iſland, where they committed uncommon outrages : and having done all the miſchief they could in ſcattered parties, collected their forces and failed to Carliſle Bay, where they landed fourteen or fifteen hundred men on the 18th, who continued aſhore for ſome days; but were ſo warmly attacked by the Engliſh, who by this time had muſtered a conſiderable body of forces, that they were obliged to reimbark on the 23d at night, and the next morning failed to windward, putting all the priſoners aſhore at Port Morant. The iſland continued to flouriſh after this time, and in 1700 received a conſiderable addition by the breaking up of the Scotch ſettlement at Darien, which they were necefſitated to deſert in the beginning of that year, moſt of the people who were ſent to that colony being then obliged to go over to Jamaica, where many of their children and deſcendants ſtill continue in the poſſeſſion of that affluence they had induſtriouſly acquired : and from that period we may look upon the iſland as a ſettled colony, which ſtill continues to improve both in wealth and numbers; and is likely to continue in a growing ſtate, as the legiſlative body ſtill continues to give every reaſonable encouragement to beginning ſettlers, a great part of the iſland being yet uncultivated. (d) In 1673-4. 3 CHAP. 6 Plate I. LONG BAS IR Bys RT S MOUN TAIN E 4 X-V4 W SE $49 50 N primelebihi Spanilla Town Α Ν DR. EW River с 0 м м MM WIND روا کر لا دو R IL Z D BCLB & 28. 9 de Vaa.. ఎన 20 Aars 000 Wix WIN WRITEL 2 6 N VA E WIRE gegee nin Bad Bee sê on WITA Paſsage Fort Spaniſh Town Road TV - Peeseebeee 22.6-c0 1. 42: 9.0 sesee esgerle معماری BASE WEITE 12 0 WITA UM TE مدیرع C New Greenwich 5 5 RISH Rock River RockFort SR N AVA, KINGSTON A. در دلاور مره في بریده 62 5 5 R. OWN som 7 THE T R VINA WWW. VALUR & ad 7 عدم سود 62 5 و مهره 8 7 5 Slove 7 ... 7 5 MIRAR 4 5 Mufquito Point 7 3 7 5 5 5 6 6 X 6 5 $313. 8o Guns 6% 7 R 6 X 6.-. 6 والوردي .5 6 wnie 6 6 3 برتری 2 7 62 6'2 Navy Powder Magazmes 6'5 7 5 7 7 7 +༩༧༣༧ 6 5 5 5 5 10 5 5 M & 29 5 . 0 ins Z Merch: Carreening Placed $ Ꮄ شذو 570 9 RISH 5 Salt A w WM. T HE -240 7 PORT ROYAL و نه وو TIRA Pond TOWN T 0-W N 12 WA 10 이다 ​A N D PA RT 0-F IH 7. Sisi Little Plumb Point : 8 14 12 hill 1 2 13 A. R Guns *** 13 Gund. 12. 0 من الأنم 6.. 78 11 GreatPlumb Point 7 14 9 7 10 Guntis 8 10h 10 12 12. 15 . 0 Gun Key 0 4 70 7 17 10 16 10 .... 15 7 7 ÓLREsecas 17 9 10 分 ​9 14 7 Green Bay 17 9 16 kolagenas P Rackams Key sanggoa 12 10 16 15 5 10 10 10 10 104 3 14 14 Lime 10 12 14 10 18 Key 9.990.- 6 10 18 12 feet 10ft Middle 9 Middle 9 Ground 10 Ground Salt 14 8 10 10 ft 10 15 14 12 f 9 9 15 Salt Pond Pond 17 12 f Sandy r Key Reef 11 7 2 145 12 1,5 15 7 2 12ft 14. 5 5 4 3 8 10 11 ooooo Reef 2 ::::: Drunken / Mans Key کار 4) Correct Draught. of the Harbours of Port Rozat and Kingſton, with the heys and Shoals adjacent fr. from alate Accurate Survey • By: M:Rich Jones, Engineer ogo 6 Eal te Key 14 6 7 19.35 4 5 6 5 4 4 cos 10 5 5 10 2 ora 10 7 lops 5 1242 72 7 Do 5 6 12ft 임 ​어 ​13 5 2 7 9 7. 13 One Bulh reef Ꮄ Grooper 8 0 8 7 10 కొంచం 18. 8 73 76 18 7 9 8 9 9 Great @10 14. +12 Portuguese South 3 警 ​Prero 95. 14 Key an 7 14 8 13 8 1664 J. Mynde feulp. 9 Toft 87 10 6 9 8 7 10 Ꮄ 10 9 9 8 7 6 5 2of 7 9 8 7 Little 22fPortuguese 4 5 6 & 3 A Scale of MILES. 4 7 10 10 7 2 3 4 5 . at 3' Three fathom 32 28 37 Bank 32 9 . 31 7 3 nos at bo pote ในใจ 0 211120 บาท boynumuo normonau batimos para for Cool isda Bebelp me bat öt od bambu bar Bradenwood, bois os bargado de s guing bevonvon om at 15.1 to battle sust to Блии и - do do doob the spot / 12 G ✓ ) OF JA MA I CA: 9 11 10 od 20 Yo 2010 C HA P. MO II. Of the preſent State of JAMAICA, its Revenues Produce, and Trade. 2100 nos ECT. 1. Of the Pariſhes and Number of Repreſentatives, Ports of Entry and Clearance, and Courts of Judicature. T HEINland of JAMAICA certainly ſurpaſſes all the other Engliſh ſugar-colonies, both in quantity of land and the conveniencies of life, and is ſo advantagi- ouſly ſituated, in regard to the main continent, that it has been for many years looked upon, as a magazine for all the neighbouring ſettlements in America. And whether we now conſider it with regard to the quantity or value of its productions, the number of men and ſhips employed in its trade, or the quantity of valuable com- modities annually imported there from the different parts of Europe; we ſhall cer- tainly find it not only the richeſt, but the moſt conſiderable colony at this time under the government of Great Britain; and I ſhall hereafter endeavour to fhew how far it may be yet improved. The inhabitants of this happy land ſtill enjoy the ſame form of government that was firſt inſtituted for their predeceſſors; and continue in the uſe of thoſe laws and regulations that have been ſince ordained, for the more eaſy and orderly management of both the public and private affairs of the community. But as the iſland has more populous of late years, and the ſettlements more thick in the remote parts ; they found it neceſſary to divide the larger pariſhes into others more commodious, which has now encreaſed the number of them to 19, viz. grown 1. St. Katherine's. 7. St. Thomas in the Vale. 14. Hanover. 2. Kingſton. 8. St. John's. 15. St. James's. 3. Port Royal; the three 9. St. Dorothy's. 16. St. Anne's. town pariſhes. 10. Vere. 17. St. Mary's. 4. St. Thomas in the Eaſt. 11. Clarendon. 18. St. George's. 5. St. David's. 12. St. Elizabeth's. 19. Portland. 6. St. Andrew's. 13. Weſtmorland. This augmentation of Pariſhes put them alſo under a neceſſity of increaſing the number of repreſentatives, who are now choſen every three years; and regularly returned by all, in the ſame order and proportion they formerly uſed to be, viz, three for each of the towns and town pariſhes, and two for each of the others; by which the number of them is now increaſed to forty one. And it was found not only neceſſary to augment the number of repreſentatives, but that the greateſt care ſhould be alſo taken in the choice of them; for the power as well as riches of the country lies in the hands of a few, whoſe particular intereſts we ſhall hereafter ſhew to claſh frequently with the welfare of the community. This engaged many of the gentlemen to make uſe of their intereſt in promoting a law whereby the repreſentatives might be appointed to be choſen by ballot, in which E they 10 THE CIVIL HISTORY a they have ſucceeded to the ſatisfaction of the greater part of the community: and it is hoped ſo juſt a regulation will eaſily meet with the approbation of his Majeſty (a). The appointment of convenient ports of Entry and Clearance, was alſo a cir- cumſtance that required the conſideration of the public on this occaſion ; for without theſe, both the trade and planting intereſt, on which it chiefly depends at this time, muſt neceſſarily lie under the greateſt inconveniencies in many parts of the inland. To remove this difficulty in ſome meaſure the legiſlative body have already appointed Port Antonio and Kingſton of that number; ports, I muſt acknowledge fufficiently convenient for ſuch veſſels as trade to the north eaſt and ſouthern parts of the iſland: but thoſe that load in the weſtern harbours ſtill continue under great hardſhips; the roads being frequently bad, often impaſſable; the winds always from the eaſt; and the currents moſt commonly ſetting into the gulph, which is generally the beſt and often the only paſſage that veſſels from thoſe parts can make. How inconvenient muſt it be then for ſhips loaded in theſe remote harbours, to work againſt wind and current, to gain one of thoſe ports that have been already appointed ? and to be after- wards obliged to fail back with Thattered equipages, to make the beſt of their way through a dangerous gulph: yet this muſt be done, or the captain muſt leave his charge and travel between one and two hundred miles through very inconvenient roads, to clear out at one of thoſe already appointed. Port Royal has been indeed one of this kind ſince the iſland was firſt ſettled under an Engliſh government, and ſtill continues to enjoy the ſame privilege, though but a barren point of land, and ſituated within a few miles of Kingſton; while Savanha la Mar (a harbour, where near a fourth part of the produce of that iſland is annually ſhipped) ſtill continues to labour under great difficulties for want of that advantage. The inſtitution of circular Courts was another circumſtance that required and en- gaged the attention of the public, in proportion as the number of ſettlements encreaſed, and the remote parts grew more populous; and they were at length eſtabliſhed(), and appointed to be held quarterly in the ſeveral diſtricts of the iſland, to the great fatisfaction and real benefit of the colony. For if we conſider that they have no other trade in that iſland at preſent, but what depends immediately on the planters, who are now almoſt equally ſettled in all parts; we ſhall find ſome of thoſe populous towns, which, ſince the decay of the Spaniſh trade, have been ſupported chiefly by ſtanding courts and the public neceſſities of the people, to be rather a prejudice than an emolument to the community; while they harbour ſo many dependants in idleneſs at the expence of the induſtrious, who might prove very ſerviceable mem- bers had they been diſtributed about the iſland, and their thoughts turned upon the more uſeful mechanical branches, or their induſtry employed in the advancement of ſettlements. Trade, it is true, could not be too much encouraged, while the merchants could yet deal on advantageous terms with their neighbours, and export the produce of the mother country to advantage; but this is not the caſe at preſent, for all the branches that remain depend wholly on the planting intereſt, which ought for this reaſon to be the leaſt ſubjected to inconveniencies, there being ſcarcely any thing imported there at this time, but what is immediately for their uſe, and paid for by the produce of their labours. a (a) This law was made in Jamaica ſome time ago, but has not yet obtained the Royal Sanction, tho' one of the beſt ever paſs'd in that Iſland. (b) Though this law was paſſed in the Iſland, and every neceffary conveniency eſtabliſhed for the ex- ecution of it, it has not met with his Majeſty's approbation. SECT. Үyo F Ј А М А І С А. II as basiscutimo il 10 ang Midto OS E C T. II. do cod 105 a 200 Of the Lands, Settlements, Soils, Produce, and Income of JAMAICA. HIS iſland, on a moderate computation, is reckoned to contain about four T. millions and a half of acres of fertile land; but as the mould is variouſly mixed, and the ſeaſons fall differently in the different parts, the ſoil is variouſly adapted to different forts of vegetables ; for which reaſon I ſhall now divide the iſland, as it naturally is, into the mountainous, the hilly, and the bottom lands; and endeavour to give a true idea of the nature of each in its turn. The mountains of this iſland are generally lofty, and, for the moſt part, as yet adorned with their native woods, which keeps the earth conſtantly moiſt and cool in thoſe parts; but the ſoil is generally of a clayey nature, with a large admixture of gravel and vegetable mould; and as it is frequently refreſhed with ſhowers, and but feldom expoſed to the more active rays of the ſun, it is not only the fitteſt nurſery for the moſt conſiderable timber- trees of the iſland, but the moſt luxuriant and natural ſoil for all ſorts of European plants, as well as native ſucculent vegetables; and indeed it anſwers ſo well for theſe, that they generally have moſt ſorts of European greens, roots, and fruit , with a great variety of the indigenous of the growth of thoſe parts, in all the public markets. The hilly lands, tho' generally ſhaded and frequently refreſhed with Towers, are yet more vigorouſly warmed by the fun. Here the ſoil is generally terrene or earthy, with a more or leſs copious admixture of clay or or gravel, and a larger quan- tity of vegetable mould (a); which frequently renders it a moſt agreeable bed for the ſugar cane; eſpecially when marl or clay does not prevail, and a little care is taken to manure the ground. Theſe lands anſwer always beſt for the na- tive proviſions of the country, and produce all ſorts of grain, fruit, and farinaceous roots in great abundance : they ſupply the moſt agreeable ſoils for the cacao, coffee, ginger, black pepper, all-ſpice, and canella; nor does the vanilla, the mandibocca, the maze, the convolvine potato, or the Indian corn grow any where more natu- rally, or in greater perfection. The third diviſion comprehends the lower parts of the iſland; where the lands, which are generally the moſt fertile and convenient, ſeldom fail of being well opened and cultivated. The nature of the ſoil , however, is different in different parts, and thence may be very conveniently divided into ſuch as are immediately ſurrounded by, or contiguous to the mountains, and thoſe more remote and extend ed plains commonly called Savanas. The former, which ſupply not only the rich- eſt but the moſt appropriated ſoils for the ſugar-cane, (a plant whoſe luxuriant growth requires the heat of the lower lands to raiſe, the moiſture of the mountains to dilute, and abundance of vegetable mould to inrich its fap) are conſtantly inriched by the waſhings of, warmed by the rays reflected from, and refreſhed by every cloud that breaks, or ſhower that falls upon the higher lands. The ſavanas are not often inferior to theſe in the quality or native richneſs of their ſoil, being generally compoſed of a fine brick mould, with a more or leſs copious admixture of clay or gravel, which renders it commonly of a more ſticky nature: but the ſeaſons ſeldom fall ſo near the ſea to refreſh the ſoil, or to raiſe ſo conſtant and luxuriant a vegetation ; for there the breezes are too ſtrong and conſtant by day to let the lighter clouds deſcend ſo low, and generally too ſerene to move them down by night; which conſtantly deprives the lands thus ſituated, both of T3 (a) See the nature of theſe different ſorts of earth and mould in the Natural Hiſtory, Part I. where a We treat of native fofils. 2 dews 12 THE CI VI L HISTORY 3 a dews and rains (b), except thoſe that fall at particular ſeaſons, when all the neigh- bouring atmoſphere is overcharged with vapours. Yet in thoſe they find not only convenient paſtures for their cattle, but the moſt natural foil for the Guinea corn, the cotton, and the aloes; with a variety of other vegetable productions that have their daily uſes in ceconomy. Of the lands of this iſland we find no leſs than one million and fix or ſeven hundred thouſand acres already patented; but ſo unequally divided, and among fo few, that I would be aſhamed to give any account either of the diſtribution or number of proprie- tors, had it not been abſolutely neceſſary to ſhew the pernicious conſequence of mono- polies; and ſuch ſurely it muſt be deemed in thoſe who take up more land than they or their children are ever likely to be able to cultivate. But to avoid a more tedious and uncertain computation on this occaſion, I ſhall only give an inſtance of the pariſh of St. James's, one of the moſt thriving in that iſland, and one that at this time ſeems to keep a due medium between the moſt populous (excluſive of towns) and thoſe that are yet the leaſt cultivated. In this pariſh, on an exact computation, I find one hundred and fix thouſand three hundred and fifty two acres already patented; and now the property of about 132 perſons, whereof ten are hardly more than nominal proprieters, being poſſeſſed of no more than thirty five or forty acres one with an- other : a quantity of land nearly equal to the whole iſland of Barbadoes, for- merly computed at 106470 acres; which in 1676, was computed to maintain no leſs than ſeventy thouſand whites and eighty thouſand blacks, in a decent and plentiful manner. From hence we may obſerve how much the prudent diſtribution of lands contributes to the ſettlement of a colony; for in Barbadoes and the other ſugar colonies, no man was allowed to take up more land than he could cultivate in a cer- tain ſpace of time, and the new comer always had his choice of the unpofſeffed lands to enter upon immediately, which, though perhaps more remote from the mar- kets or ſhipping-places, equally anſwered his purpoſes, while every neighbour whoſe plantation was already ſettled (C), wanted the produce of this, as yet unfit for any thing but proviſions, to ſupply both his table and his ſlaves. Thus induſtry was ſtill promoted, for every eſtabliſhed ſettler wanted an opportunity of increaſing his poſſeſſions with his family, and the produce of his labour was the only means of at- taining it, which, for this reaſon, he was reſolved to employ to the greateſt advantage; and made uſe of the major part in advancing his fortune, while a ſmaller portion ſerved to purchaſe the neceſſities of his family and flaves. By theſe means the colo- nies were ſoon ſettled, and at length brought to ſuch perfection, that the genera- lity of cane-land now ſells there from thirty to eighty, or one hundred pounds ſterl. per acre; while the moſt promiſing fields in Jamaica continue ſtill adorned with their native productions, and the cultivated are ſcarcely valued at above ten or fifteen pounds an acre. The neceſſity of putting a ſtop to ſuch inconveniencies muſt be then apparent to every perſon who conſiders or regards the general welfare of the colony; but the a a (6) In the more inland parts of this iſland, the earth is almoſt conſtantly refreſhed with dews or rains, which ſeldom deſcend lower than the foot of the mountains, or the adjoining hills; nay, you may frequently obſerve both the ſhowers and clouds to wind their courſes from one mountain to another, and to riſe and fall with the intermediate hamocks; while the lower lands are parched with drought, and obliged to rely almoſt wholly on the vernal and autumnal rains, which always come from the ſea, and fall on all parts of the iſland alike: and hence the beſt ſituation for a ſugar ſettlement may be eaſily known. (c) When a perſon conſiders what induſtry is capable of producing in thoſe parts of the world, he will think it indeed ſurpriſing that any man ſhould be allowed to keep waſte or uncultivated lands. I have been informed by a gentleman who carried on an indigo work for many vears, that twenty five acres of good , land in a ſeaſonable place, well cultivated with indigo, and rightly managed, will produce above one thou- ſand pounds per annum currency; and yet twenty Negroes is more than fufficient to cultivate, and manu- facture the produce of that quantity of land. Coffee is not quite ſo profitable, but more certain and leſs expenſive; and 100 acres of tolerable good land, cultivated with this plant, will hardly fail of producing near 1400 pounds currency a year. What man of ſenſe would not then rather buy proviſions than employ his land that way, when his limits are confined? 4 means Y OF JAMAICA 13 a 3 means of redreſſing them muſt be the peculiar work of that wiſe body, to whoſe care the ſupreme power is committed ; and yet I am afraid that many of its members will think themſelves too nearly intereſted, to conſider the public happineſs with warmth on this occaſion. For my own part, I can think of no method whereby this grievance may be now redreſſed, beſides that of laying a heavy tax (a) on uncul- tivated lands, and reaffuming the forfeited without favour ; fuch a behaviour would, I am ſatisfied, oblige them to uſe their utmoſt endeavours, and in a ſhort tiine, aug- ment both the imports and exports of the colony, to double or trible the uſual quan- tities; and yet every fettler inclined to reſerve ſome unopened land, which he may not be immediately able to plant with the more uſeful commodities of the country; may be allowed a reaſonable or proportionate number of acres, to be regularly plant- ed with the moſt uſeful timber trees (b), of which they are now deſtitute in the low lands; though they may be reſtocked at a very ſmall expence, and kept up without any prejudice to the other manufactures, for the uſe of which they are frequently wanted; and often prove a very beneficial branch of their exports: Such a regulation would introduce another piece of induſtry among them, which is now but too much neglected ; I mean that of manuring the open lands ; for though they now think the greateſt part of them rather too rank and luxuriant, and ſpare that labour even where moſt apparently wanted, becauſe they can open freſh ground ; they would upon a trial of this ſort, (which may be eaſily done in one or two acres) find, that dung adds a warmth to the ſoil, and maturates, as well as it enriches the juice; whence that extraordinary produce where ſuch methods are daily put in uſe with judgment. But though this Iſland be not as well cultivated as it might, or ought to be; its produce, from which alone it derives both its wealth and affluence, is conſiderable enough to engage our attention for a time; and to give a very juſt account of it is no eaſy matter : by the books in the public offices of that Iſland, the exports ſince the beginning of the year 1737, should be as follows, viz. (a) This method was tried formerly with great ſucceſs in Antigua, where they had for a time la- boured under the ſame inconveniencies, to which this colony is now ſubject from the uneven diſtribution of its lands : But the legiſlative body of that If.and, having obſerved how much the keeping of uncultivated lands, contributed to prevent both induſtry and the growth of the ſettlement; laid a tax of five ſhillings per acre, on all manurable lands that ſhould not be forthwith opened and cultivated : The effect anſwered their expectation ſo well, that moſt of the richer lands of the Ifand were-ſoon after in cotton, or canes ; for every perſon puſhed his whole ſtrength, and induſtry, upon this occaſion ; and gave up fuch lands as he could have no proſpect of pofſeffing free from the tax ; and theſe were diſtributed again in ſmall par- cels among the new comers, as well as thoſe of the inhabitants that had no poffefſions before. (6) Braziletto, fuftic, lignum vitæ, ebony, and baſtard cedar, would grow almoſt in every part of the Iſland, and the cedar and mahogany, as well as the other valuable timber trees, may be raiſed with a little care in all the waſte hilly lands. I have known the planks cut out of a ſingle well grown mahogany tree to be ſold for upwards of 701. currency, and a ſingle acre of ground will raiſe about forty of theſe ; and may be under-planted with pie- mento, or canella, or uſed as paſture ground befides : Theſe, at the moſt moderate computation, will, in the courſe of fifty or fixty years, be worth 12001; and each of the others is of a proportionate value, or otherways very uſeful. a bo F Quantities 14 CIV I L HISTORY THE But Quantities of Goods exported from JAMAIC A from January 1737, to December 1749 ; and to the 29th of November 1753 ; according to the Books kept in that Iſland. A.D. Rum Punchs. Malaſſes Hogds. Coffee Caſks. Lbs. Mahogany Logwood Planks. Tons. 1000 29 65 22 221 10 19 16 161 51 Sugar Cotton Bags, Caſks, Lbs, Ginger, Tons of Hogds. Bags. of Pimento. Bags, Caſks, Fuſtick, L. Vitæ, Ebony. 1737) 18072 1118 2191 417 1190 32 776 300013116 220 15 38 23708 1281 2440 352 1399 26 1147 4003|20933 817 8864 54 24 39 19236 1431 1034 1351 27 544 9231 553 174023996 1391 1745 297 1797 84 687 10884 78 107 6 5 4125718 1942 1233 266 2421 426 1481 2500 9576 67 50000 4541 161 42 19299 1881 1629 229 1509 127 513 2700 4329 44 4900 2364 334 9 43132383 12531 3032 197 1851 139 491 3159 197 1521 30 44123543 12864 2373 150 1471 82 339 1785 62 1641 141 75 45/25705 3212 2084 173 1083 607 741 80000 1409 73 109 44 13 4633341 3225 3208 124 621 446 501 14837 863 30 4882 104 ) 71 47 37076 5061 3302 127 1270 145 809 8500 1165 16 4684 83 76 48/38192 5024 3695 1225 851 346 5300 1961 49 3843 II 5 4927668 3982 2707 220 875 307 1035 64200 2851 79 4000 1774 19 1750129354 4561 2709 214 1263 560 1071 58500 51 27877 4671 2673 237 13711470 875 45500 5223229 39945 5328315 224814 and Lbs. 55354 omitted. Omitted. 3 71617 212 Gallons 28 2098 40 5537 1394 Feet. DO 521 300 o FЈА М А І С А. 15 3 But this is not to be depended on, for the difficulties and uncertainty to which the trade of that place is naturally expoſed; the labour of beating to windward againſt the breeze, and current ; and the diſtance or inconvenience of thoſe ports already ap- pointed for the entrance and clearance of ſhips ; oblige the maſters (eſpecially thoſe that take in their loading in remote parts,) to make uſe of the firſt and moſt conve- nient opportunity of making an uncertain report, and obtaining a clearance, which frequently happens before the veſſel is a quarter loaded. This put me under a ne- cefſity of enquiring in England, where the principal part of the produce of all our colonies is imported ; and the ingenious Mr. Maitland (a) has been kind enough to fupply me with the following accounts to the year 51, as they were lately laid be- fore the Houſe of Commons, by the reſpective officers, viz. The quantities of ſugar imported into England and Scotland reſpectively, from the Iland of Jamaica ; and into England from all the Iſlands; for four and twenty years, ending in December 1751 : to which is added, a ſchedule of the ſugars ex- ported from Jamaica to North America, for the nine laſt years, ending in Novem- ز ber 1753 A.D. Cts. 2 II O І 5927 2 18 Imported from all the Imported from Jamaica Imported from Ja- Exported from Jamaica to Iſlands into England. into England. maica into Scotland. the Northern Colonies. Cts. Qrs. Lbs. Cts. Qrs. Lbs. Cts. Ors, Lbs. 1728 964480 I 25 271605 I 10 3201 2 29 986648 1 al 3 354686 3 10 5593 I 20 1730 1019205 2 25 319456 1 25 10819 2 31 811960 3 23 309505 O 6 14266 i 14 32 815783 O 24 289069 3 14 9704 2 i 331000175 I 2 1338310 O 17 8374 3 9 34) 682778 I TI 299973 I 5833 3 23 35 885292 3 22 276308 2 8 5209 3 4 36 869145 I 17 309388 O 14 7550 1 37 543066 3 4 270063 O 15 38 862716 2 21 349902 0 13 11246 3 7 O 39 949644 3 14 392822 2 27 12550 19 1740 705050 0 16 279537 3 3 9938 2 12 41 882009 2 13 338206 3 18 15081 I 15 42 730250 341048 o 22 7849 3 20 43 890953 1 25 347928 1 i 10327 i 44) 722585 o 16 326609 I 24 1 248 3 2 1 45 644883 205002 3 16 2189 26 46 746234 14 1239719 2 15 6819 3.16 471 605638 I 21 1329762 o 20 4040 2 17 4150 481 977790 I 13 381214 2 9547 III 4584 49/ 930101 3 27 1387226 O 22 3235 326 If no Error 1368 1950 903640 3 26 409739 2 19 11514 2 4 in theſe? 9806 51 823528 1 27 384488 3 7 6 112991 52 5780 3 4155 In Proportion. At a Mid. 531014084 3 26 403124 I 16 6506 1 4500 I I 2 5186 4976 2 8216 2 a To the 29th } 4 of Nov. The quantity of ſugar imported into England from all the Idlands in the year 1753. was 1014084 cts. 3 qrs. 36 lbs. This, at a medium taken for ſeven years before, gives } 403 124 cts. Jamaica alone, about (a) This Gentleman is a Weſt India merchant, and a partner in one of our moſt conſiderable houſes for many years; he is curious in political calculations, and has been very active in all matters relating to the intereſt or welfare of the ſugar-colonies that has been brought in queſtion here. Imported 16 THE CI VIL HISTORY Imported into London only, from the beginning to the zoth of November 1744, 21138 hogſheads (d). According to theſe accounts, I have computed the quantity of 19. fugar exported annually from that Iſland, at a medium, for four years, ending in December 1751, to be about 4763381 cts. neat, or ſhort weight; which, at the uſual price that ſu- gars bear in that place, will amount to about 738280 l. 7 s. 6 d. that currency; but the ſugar produced on the Inand beſides, is yet conſiderable, and ſeldom under 4300 hogſheads, of about 154 cts. each, which is generally allowed to be con- ſumed within the Iſland ; and with the exports, which, at the ſame computation, amount to about 30731 hogſheads ; fhew, that the ſugars produced in that Iſland, at a medium for four years, ending in December 1751, are no leſs than 35031 hogſheads per annum. The quantity of 2º. rum exported annually from this Iſland, is not ſo confider- able in proportion, and hardly exceeds 4600 puncheons, or 50600 gallons a year, at a medium; which, as rum generally ſells there, will amount to about 69575 1. per ann. but the retalers of this commodity are generally computed to diſpoſe of 1600 pun- cheons more within the Hand ; and we may reaſonably ſuppoſe treble that quan- tity to be uſed in private families, and at the ſeveral plantations where it is manu- factured. The following is an account of the rum imported into England from all the co- lonies for ten years, ending in 1751, as it was laid before the houſe. a ފް as it was lai - 外​仍归 ​A. D. Gallons. 1742 473490 43 405329 44 397221 45 449980 46 388770 47 443528 48 627283 49 564204 1750 808798 51 713684 The greateſt part of which is thought to be immediately from Jamaica. Nor is it unnatural to find, that the ſpirit extracted from the unconcreted juices of the cane, ſhould, in this colony, bear ſo ſmall a proportion to its fugar; while ſuch quantities of molaſſes, of which it is chiefly made, are yearly exported, and carried to North America, where it is manufactured at an eaſy rate ; and fre- quently in ſuch abundance, as enables them to export conſiderable quantities. The quantity of 3° this commodity exported at a medium annually from this Iſland, is feldom under 258707 gallons; which, as generally valued there, may be deemed to amount to about 12367 1 currency (e); which, if manufactured within the Iſland, would be certainly worth more than treble that ſum. But the neceſſities of the poorer planters, who are the only perſons that are obliged to fell it, will not allow them to purchaſe the neceſſary conveniencies. 2 (d) A caſk or hogſhead of ſugar in England weighs generally from 13 to 14 hundreds weight; but moſt of the ſhips that left Jamaica late this year, had long paſſages, and many noted ſhips were not ar- rived at this time. (e) Jamaica currency is to fter, as 7 to 5. or 140 to 100: Como 4th, Cotton OFIJAMA I CA. 7 17 OS 4th, Cotton makes another conſiderable part of the exports of Jamaica, from whence they ſeldom ſend leſs than 1253 bags at a medium one year with another; and this at a moderate computation, may be juſtly valued at eighteen thouſand eight hundred and ninety five pounds. A bitte Sito 11 5th, Coffee. The quantity of coffee exported from this Iſland is not yet fo con- fiderable, and ſeldom exceeds 220 caſks per annum at a medium; which, as this commodity generally ſells there, may be valued at about three thouſand three hun- dred pounds. ood to 6th, Pimento. The all-ſpice or pimento, is another conſiderable article of its ex- ports; and ſeldom computed under 438000 pounds weight per annum, which at a medium may be computed to amount to about 21925 pounds a year. OT 7th, Mahogany. While the mahogany tree grew in the more convenient parts of this Iſland, it furniſhed another very valuable branch of its exports ; and that of its native growth was ſeldom valued under twenty thouſand pounds a year ; but as the culture of the tree has been wholly neglected, it is not to be admired that it ſhould be now ſcarce among them; there is, however, ſome ſtill exported, tho' obtained with great difficulty; or the produce of a foreign ſoil, and not ſo good. The quan- tity of this commodity now exported from Jamaica, is ſeldom thought to be worth leſs than twenty five thouſand pounds per annum, at a medium ; but it is chiefly im- ported here from the Muſkeeto-shore, and other neighbouring parts. 8th. Beſides theſe, which are the moſt conſiderable branches of the exports of this there are large quantities of logwood, nicarago, braziletto, fuſtick, lignum vitæ, cocoa, ginger, canella or winter's bark, peruvian bark, balſams, indigo, aloes, hides, and ſlaves; dry goods, and bullion, ſometimes exported from thence; whoſe value is not ſo eaſily computed, and chiefly the produce of their foreign trade ; which of late years is ſeldom computed to bring in above forty five or fifty thouſand pounds a year, but frequently not ſo much. And to theſe we may add the charges attending about 450 ſhips that are com- puted to reſort to that Iſland annually; which at a medium we may allow to be about twenty thouſand pounds a year. This is the neareſt computation I could make both of the produce and exports of this Iſland, and it can hardly fail giving a juſt idea of the place, as well as of the induſtry of its inhabitants ; while that part of the produce of both, that is annually exported, and which we have now computed to amount to about 945784. 1. 7 s. 6d. per annum, ſhews both the wealth, and conſequence of the colony. But though this be nearly the value of thoſe commodities upon the ſpot, they generally ſell at a more advanced price in England, where they are chiefly imported, and have been computed to amount to 692 104. 13 s. 6 d. ſter. annually, at a medium, for four years, ending in December 1751: this is equal to 968946). 10 s. 10$d. Jamaica currency, it is however, ſubject to many expences, and upon an average, feldom clears more than the prime coſt. Let us next conſider the foreign trade, and diſ- burſements of the colony, Iſland; G SECT ws 18 THE CIVIL HISTORY SECT. III. Of the foreign Trade, Imports, and Revenues of J A MAI CA. T ; HIS Ifland was a long time remarkable for its trade, and the great quantities of all ſorts of commodities that uſed to be imported there; nor was it extra- ordinary, while the neighbouring parts of the continent, and moſt of the adja- cent ſettlements were ſupplied from thence : but though this branch of their exports has been but very inconſiderable of late years, and their imports conſiderably dimi- niſhed on that occaſion; they are ſtill very large, and frequently ſupply the luxury, rather than the wants of the community. To give a minute detail of every article of theſe, would require a larger ſcope, and more labour than we can at preſent be- ſtow upon the ſubject; to give a ſatisfactory account was my deſign; and for this purpoſe I have taken the following abſtract from the collectors books for the year 1752 ; which, I thought the moſt natural and eaſy method of communicating a juſt notion of the foreign trade of that Ifland; and the more ſo as the intercourſe of that year was deemed pretty moderate, and rather under the medium, having im- mediately ſucceeded the hurricane in fifty one: and this I hope will be ſufficient, as it contains not only an eſtimate of the number of vefſels, with an account of the ports to which they belong, but likewiſe a general account of their loadings ; to which we have ſubjoined a regular computation of the quantities and value of many of the principal commodities yearly imported there. arom Vefſels from Europe. In the courſe of that year (and it is nearly the ſame one year with another,) there were no leſs than forty capital ſhips entered there directly from London ; the loading of which confiſted chiefly of dry goods of Britiſh and Indian manufactures per cock- etts, wines, iron and copper-ware, refined ſugars, tobacco-pipes, &c. Four from London and Cork, loaded chiefly with dry goods; and beef, pork, butter, tongues, herrings, &c. the produce of Ireland. Eight from London and Madera, whoſe loading conſiſted chiefly of dry goods, and wines. Two from London, Cork, and Madera load- ed with dry goods, proviſions, and wines. And one from London and Cape de Verds, with mules, aſſes, camels, and Spaniſh wines, all from the latter. From Briſtol immediately they had eight, loaded chiefly with dry goods of Bri- tiſh and Iriſh manufactures, copper and iron ware, ſhip chandlery ware, bottled beer, cheeſe, cyder and refined ſugar. And fifteen from Briſtol and Cork, with goods of the fame fort, and Iriſh proviſions. There were no more than three ſhips entered here immediately from Liverpool that year; and theſe were loaded chiefly with manufactured mahogany and cottons, ale, cheeſe, cyder, and potatoes: but they had ſeventeen from Liverpool and Ireland, loaded chiefly with proviſions : and one from Liverpool and Madera, loaded chiefly with manufactured cottons, and the wines of the latter. They had but one veſſel from Lancaſter directly; and that loaded chiefly with cottons, and dry goods of a coarſe nature: and five from Lancaſter and Ireland, loaded with the like goods, and proviſions. They had nine veſſels from Hull, Plymouth, and the other out-ports of Eng- land; of which two called at Madera. Theſe were principally loaded with dry goods per cocketts, ſhip chandlery ware, herrings, ſhads, and a few wines from Madera, The ſhips from Great Britain by the way of Africa, were not above twenty nine this year ; the importation of llaves being diminiſhed from about nine thouſand, a which OF J A M A I CA. 19 which was nearly the medium before the war, to 6624, the number imported that year. There were eleven other Engliſh ſhips entered here directly from foreign ports in the courſe of this year; viz. from Madera, four with wines; from Cape de Verds, three with mules, aſſes, camels, and Spaniſh wines : from Bourdeaux, four in bal- laſt; and from Liſbon one, in ballaſt alſo. From the different parts of Scotland directly, they had no more than five, and theſe loaded chiefly with dry goods, and herrings: there were two more entered from Scotland and Ireland, with dry goods, and proviſions : one from Scotland and Ma- dera, with dry goods, and wines : and one from Scotland and Philadelphia, with herrings, proviſions, and lumber. They had ten veſſels directly from the different parts of Ireland, whoſe loading confifted chiefly of proviſions, ſuch as beef, butter, pork, tongues, and herrings, a few French wines and ſome Iriſh linens: and one from Ireland and Madera, with proviſions, and wines. To theſe we may add fifteen veſſels more that entered here from Barbadoes, An- tigua, and the other windward iſlands ; loaded with European and American goods, not in demand in thoſe ſettlements : and theſe will compleat the number of Euro- pean veſſels that traded to Jamaica in the courſe of that year. I may now I hope, be allowed to make a recapitulation of them in the following order, viz. From the different ports of England directly, 59 From the different ports of England and Ireland, 41 From England, Ireland and Madera, From England and Madera, 13 From the different parts of England and Africa, 29 From England and Madera, loaded entirely at the latter, 4 From England and Cape de Verds, loaded at the latter, 4 From England, France, and Liſbon in ballaſt, From Ireland directly, From Ireland and Madera, From Scotland directly, 5 From Scotland and Ireland, From Scotland, Madera and Philadelphia, From the Windward Iſlands, chiefly with European goods, 15 Total, from the different parts of Europe : Capitals, 189 2 2 IO I 2 2 Vefſels from North America. The number of veſſels that reſort to this Iſland annually from the different parts of North America, is ſtill more conſiderable ; but are ſeldom fo large, or loaded with goods of ſo much value, though they generally import the moſt uſeful and the moſt neceſſary: In the courſe of that year there were no leſs than 40 veſſels entered there from New York, loaded with flower, bread, beef, pork, hams, dried and pickled fiſh, onions, apples, corn, peas, rice, ſoap, cheeſe and candles ; horſes, ſheep, hogs, ducks, geeſe and turkies ; butter, lard, tallow, oil, pitch, tar and turpentine ; plank, boards, ſtaves, hoops, heading, ſhingles and bricks. From Boſton they had thirty three more; twenty eight from Rhode Iſland; eight from New London ; eight from Piſcataways and ſeven from Salem : all loaded with the ſame commodities. From Philadelphia they had forty two loaded with bread, flower, hams and gamons; iron in bars, bricks, lumber, ſtaves, hoops, heading and ſhingles, &c. From Vir- ginia and Maryland ſeventeen, (of which one called at Madera) with peas, flower, bread, pork, bacon, ſoap, candles, tar and ſhingles. And from ſouth and north Carolina, و 20 Τ THE CIVIL HISTORY Carolina, Georgia, and Cape Fair, they had thirty eight, whoſe loading conſiſted chiefly of rice, leather, lumber, ſhingles and tar. From the Iſlands of Bermudas, Turk, and Providence, they had fix veſſels load- ed chiefly with braziletto, turtle, ſalt, fiſh, poultry, onions and building ſtones. In all 230, ſhips and ſmaller veſſels. Veſſels trading to the main. Although the trade, which formerly uſed to be ſucceſsfully carried on with the neighbouring Spaniards, be now wholly loſt; there are ſtill a few, who venture more or leſs upon the coaſt, and among the Indians; though generally attended with great danger, and very little profit. The veſſels from thoſe parts, that entered in Jamaica in the courſe of that year, are as follows, viz. twenty three immedi- ately from different parts of the coaſt, whoſe loading conſiſted chiefly of mules, horſes, cacoa, and ſome gold and ſilver ſpecie: three from Hiſpaniola, with mules, indigo, and a few wines (a): nine from Curaſoa with mules: nine from the bay of Honduras with logwood : and five from the Muſkeeto fhore with mahogany, ce- dar, logwood, cacoa and turtle. In all 49, ſmall veſſels. : From Europe, From North America, From the Coaſt, and neighbouring Iſlands, 189 230 49 In all, 468 I am next to compute the value of ſome of the principal commodities imported into this Iſland annually, and would have willingly gone through the whole, could the quantities or value of them be aſcertained ; but this was impoſſible where the greateſt part of the imports pays no duties; and many principal articles are entered fo confuſedly, that no juſt calculation can be made either of their quantities or value; for which reaſon, we ſhall now lay down only ſuch as we have no reaſon to doubt of. The moſt expenſive articles among the imports of Jamaica, are thoſe imme- diately introduced from England: the value of theſe has been lately calculated, to be laid before the parliament, and on an exact computation for four years end- ing in December 1751, has been found at a medium, to amount to 261728 1. 5 s. per. per annum, which, in that Ifand, would amount to 458924 1. 8 s. 9 d. currency, as goods are generally debited there. But, as we may reaſonably ſuppoſe a fourth part of thoſe, at the moſt moderate calculation, to be imported by the planters them- ſelves, and ſubject to none of thoſe extraordinary charges to which debited goods are liable ; I have computed the whole to amount to 431676 l. 85. 31 d. currency, every year : to which we may add above ſeventy thouſand pounds, expended annually in England by the planters of Jamaica reſiding there; and in the education of their youth. New Negroes form the next article in value ; and though the number of theſe be leſſened by near a third part ſince the beginning of the war, they now ſeldom amount to leſs than 235000 l, currency, per annum : the number of theſe imported in 1752, did not exceed 6624; but they begin to encreaſe, and before the war, ge- nerally were about 9000 at a medium. Iriſh proviſions form another conſiderable branch of the imports of Jamaica, and theſe in the year 1752, (and it is nearly the ſame every year) were as follows, viz. 19921 barrels of beef, 4307: barrels of pork, and 15876 firkins of butter ; which (a) The wines imported from that iſland are but few, and generally run, as they cannot be entered in the Cuſtom-houſe; they are commonly cordial wines, and much wanted there in fickly feaſons ; there- fore overlooked, at OF J A M A I CA. 2 1 ز a at a medium will amount to about 87493 1. currency. But allowing a conſidera- ble part of theſe to be alſo imported by the planters themſelves, we may reaſonably abate a fourth part of the extraordinary ſurcharges, which will reduce this ſum to about 78309 l. 17 s. per annum. Madera wines make another conſiderable article among the imports of this Iland; but this decreaſes every day, and at this time, they ſeldom have above half the quan- tity that uſed to be formerly imported there ; for moſt people inake uſe of weak rum punch, which they find as wholeſome, and generally more agreeable to their over- heated habits: of late years the importation of this commodity ſeldom exceeds 827 pipes per annum, at a medium, which at a moderate computation amount to about 2:6464 1. of that currency. Theſe are the only commodities whoſe value we could aſcertain with certainty and theſe with the produce of North America, which we can hardly compute at leſs than 70, or 800ool. per annum, make up the whole of the imports of that Iſland; but the laſt certainly furniſhes the moſt neceſſary articles for a ſugar colony. I am next to give ſome account of the public revenues of this Mand: theſe have been very conſiderable of late years, and raiſed, partly by duties ſettled for his Ma- jeſty's ſervice; and partly by taxes impoſed by temporary laws on the more preſſing oc- caſions of the public. Thoſe that have been ſettled by ſtanding laws for the immedi- ate ſervice of the crown, amount to about ſixteen thouſand pounds a year, and are raiſed in the following manner, viz. 1ſt, By duties on foreign wines and other ſpirituous liquors ; on foreign indigo, cacoa, tobacco, cotton, and Engliſh refined ſugars ; which at a medium for ſeven years, amount to about eleven thouſand pounds a year. 2dly, By the quit-rents of about one million, and five or ſix hundred thouſand acres of land, that are already patented in that Illand, and pay at the rate of a halfpenny per acre; and the intereſt on quit-rent bonds at 10 per cent. which amount to about four thouſand pounds currency per annum, taken at a medium for ſeveral years. 3dly, By eſcheats and caſualties, which ſeldom amount to leſs than one thouſand pounds more per annum. The monies raiſed by theſe means are paid into the Receiver General's office, who is allowed 25 per cent. upon receipt of them, and as much on paying them again; by which diſpoſition he is deprived of the commiſſions that would otherwiſe ariſe from the receipt of his commiſſions, as well as the certain gratification of un- certain ſervices. But his Majeſty has been graciouſly pleaſed to conſent that theſe mo- nies ſhould be always laid out in promoting the welfare and ſecurity of the Iſland, and in paying of the public officers, whoſe falaries he was pleaſed to conſent ſhould be regulated and appointed in the following manner, viz. To the Governor for the time being 2 500 l. per annum. To the Auditor General, 2021. 10 s. per annum. To the Chief Juſtice, 120 l. per annum. 07 To the ſeveral Landwaiters, 120 l. per annum. To the Captain of the train, 451. 12 s. 6 d. per annum. The other parts of the public revenues are ſtill more conſiderable, and inſtituted as a fund to ſupply the immediate or more urgent neceſſities of the colony; they are indeed generally lodged in the hands of the Receiver General alſo ; though the com- munity have ſtill retained the liberty of appointing a commiſſioner or receiver of theſe alone; whom, whoever he be, they gratify either with a ſtated commiſſion of 5 l. per cent.or an occaſional ſalary, as they may think moſt convenient; nor can any part thereof be appropriated or diſpoſed of without their conſent and approbation. Theſe are raiſed by certain impoſts, regulated according to the public neceſſities of the H community, 3 22 THE CIVIL HISTORY cominunity, and ſettled ſo as to fall chiefly upon the luxury, or neglect of the inhabitants. The diſpoſition, and manner of raiſing them at preſent is as fol- lows, viz. 1/1, By duties on wine, rum, and other ſpirituous liquors ſold by retail, they raiſe about 8000 l. per annum, at a medium for the laſt three years; of which extraordinary fum the town of Kingſton alone contributes about 115l. every week. LE 2dly, By a deficiency tax, or tax laid on ſuch as do not keep and maintain a number of white ſervants, proportioned to the number of their Naves and cattle. This tax was firſt inſtituted to promote the importation of white people ; and to oblige every man of intereſt to encourage them, both for the ſafety and welfare of the colony ; but the neglect of the public on this occaſion, now produces a ſettled revenue of about 8000 l. a year, at a medium. 3dly, By an impoſt of twenty, thirty, or forty ſhillings per head, laid on imported Negroes, which ſeldom fails to amount to about 7500l. per annum, at a medium. Theſe levies alone make up a revenue of about 23 500l. per annum, which is al- ways employed to promote the public happineſs, and to encourage and reward in- duſtry: out of this the governor for the time being, is generally complimented with an additional ſalary of 2 500 l. a year ; and every officer in the regiment with an annual preſent: and it ſerves alſo to give a decent encouragement to the new ſet-> tler, to relieve the diſtreſſed, and to promote the labours of the induſtrious. a : SECT. IV. Of the Inhabitants, Manner of living, and natural Curioſities of the Iſland. 1 HAVE hitherto laboured to give a clear and ſatisfactory idea of the Iſland of Jamaica, with regard to its government, ſoil, revenues, produce and trade; and in this I hope I have ſucceeded to the ſatisfaction of every man who does not expect a volume on this ſubject alone ; I muſt now endeavour to give ſome ac- count of its inhabitants, and I hope every conſiderate perſon who obſerves the me- thod I have hitherto followed, will not expect that I ſhould enter into any parti- cular details here : a general idea of the whole, is what I deſigned to communicate ; and the people in all countries, may be divided into claſſes that have ſome general uni- formity in their ſentiments and actions, ſufficient to convey a very ſatisfactory notion of that fort. The method I thought natural in a performance of this kind, and have for that reaſon, endeavoured to follow it in the diſpoſition of the ſucceed- ing lines. Tho' the inhabitants of this Iſland, may be naturally enough diſtinguiſhed by their parent countries into Engliſh, Iriſh, Scotch, and natives the deſcendants of all. I ſhall for the preſent deem them but one united people, whom I ſhall claſs into planters, ſettlers, merchants, and dependents; the moſt natural diſtinctions to communicate a ſatisfactory idea of the colony. Many of the planters are men of very extraordinary fortunes, but the major part, though rich, and in eaſy circumſtances, are ſeldom out of debt ; for the charges attending a ſugar ſettlement, are very conſiderable, and conſtant; the intereſt of money very high, and their natural propenſity to increaſe their poſſeſſions, conſtantly engag- ing them in new diſburſements and contracts. They are generally men of a free and open diſpoſition, friendly where they take, honeſt in their dealings, and punctual, when the demands does not exceed their ability, or a new purchaſe engage the pro- duce of the year; they are obſerved to be remarkably fond of grandeur and diſtinc- a tion, OF JA M A I CA. 23 a a a tion, which, doubtleſs, proceeds from the general obfequiouſneſs of their numerous flaves and dependents, as well as from the neceſſity of keeping them at a diſtance ; which in time gains into a habit. Among theſe you frequently meet with men of as good a taſte, as much learning, and as well acquainted with the world, as may be met with in any part of Europe; nor is it uncommon to find thoſe who, (though never out of the Iſland) ſhine in many parts of life, with as much delicacy and judgment, as if they had been bred in the moſt poliſhed courts. How ſoon theſe gentlemen might make the Iſland a wealthy and valuable ſettlement by becoming guardians of the public happineſs, fub- jecting the lands to the due payment of monies borrowed at an eaſy intereſt in Ex- rope, and becoming the fureties of the induſtrious and careful, may be eaſily obſerv- ed; but alas ! many of them ſeem to think it not their intereſt to have the Iſland better ſettled in their own days. As to the more amiable ſex, there are but few of them beſides the natives here, who are generally great lovers of decency and cleanlineſs, always ſprightly and good humoured, naturally modeſt, genteel, and lovers of mirth; nor does any people excel them in the labours of the needle, or oeconomy, when they take to thoſe uſeful occupations : but many of them have been remarked both for their indolence, and the want of confideration ; which too often deters the gen- tlemen in theſe colonies from entering into the matrimonial ſtate, wherein the moſt engaging behaviour would be requiſite to break them of thoſe vicious habits, which they ſeldom fail of acquiring in the more early ſtate of manhood (a). The ſettlers form another rank of people, that differs from the former only in de- gree; they are generally ſuch as have ſome foundation, though ſeldom enough to complete a ſettlement; and for this reaſon commonly above one half of their eſtates in debt, which they find no eaſy matter to diſcharge, as the produce ſeldom anſwers either in quantity or quality at the beginning; though conſtantly attended with ex- orbitant charges and expences; for the lender of monies in thoſe parts, is ſeldom ſa- tisfied with intereſt alone; he muſt be factor for the eſtate, and ſupply every thing that may be wanted at his own price, he muſt diſpoſe of the produce, and draw the uſual commiſſions, however inconvenient it may be to the owner to ſend it ſo far to market, who frequently meets with an opportunity of diſpoſing of his effects next ſhiping place; or would willingly ſhip them for ſome European market, and draw bills in favour of his creditor for the neat proceeds thereof; but an attempt of this kind would expoſe him to the immediate rigour of the laws, and likely prove the ruin of his growing hopes : his goods muſt be fhiped on board of ſome drover, where they ſeldom fail paying the uſual tributes of pilferage and waſtage, beſides the common expence of freight; they muſt be landed at a certain wharf, where they pay double centage ; they muſt be coopered afreſh at a certain expence, and fold, when a convenient opportunity offers, to pay the charges and intereſt; for they ſeldom reach the capital, until the produce becomes very conſiderable. The trading part of the people is not at this time fo numerous, and , may be na- turally diſtinguiſhed into factors, merchants, and pedlars: the former tranſact bu- fineſs chiefly for European merchants, and others that ſupply this market with differ- ent forts of commodities at their own riſque ; as well as for the different planters, for whom they may be occaſionally concerned ; and have a regular commiſſion on the ſale and purchaſe of every thing that paſſes through their hands : theſe people are generally induſtrious, and ſeldom fail making conſiderable fortunes when well be- friended, or furniſhed with money, which many of them do with a very fair cha- racter, while others, and indeed, the greater numbers, are obſerved to lay hold of every opportunity of ſerving themſelves. The merchants import their own goods, and run the riſque of the markets ; but generally turn pedlars in the diſpoſal of them: Loe (a) What I mean by vicious habits, are their great attachments to Negroe-women ; there being but few gentlemen but what have ſeveral of thoſe ladies very early in keeping, the at the : 24 THE CI V I L HISTORY 3 a the buſineſs was, indeed, beneficial while they could ſupply the neighbouring mar- kets, and export to advantage what would not anſwer ſo well within the colony; but every opportunity of this kind is now gone, and very few of them are obſerved to riſe ; for the principal planters are now ſupplyed with every conveniency at their own riſque; and the next claſs is entirely engroſſed by the factors, who generally import ſuch commodities as are commonly wanted at a plantation. But goods of all ſorts have been imported there in ſuch abundance of late years, in expectation of ſome foreign trade, that they have been frequently fold under the prime coſts. The dependents form a fourth claſs, and not the leaſt uſeful to the community; it is conſtituted of mechanics, clerks, and fervants of all ſorts, whoſe uſeful in- duſtry deſerves encouragement, and adds to the public welfare in every ſoil; and moſt of theſe that follow the more uſeful mechanical branches, as carpenters, coo- pers, bricklayers, millwrights, copperſmiths, and taylors, acquire very decent, if not ample fortunes ; and are frequently raiſed by an honeſt induſtry, ſo far as to be conſidered among the firſt rank of people: clerks, when they behave with a pro- per attention to the intereſt of their employers, are generally promoted, and inter- eſted in the buſineſs, in proportion as theſe grow leſs active, and more fond of indulging themſelves ; nor does the vigilant fervant ever fail of gaining his maſter's eſteem, who generally rewards his care with ſome decent gratuity at the expiration of his time. To thoſe we may add the Negroes, as a fifth and more numerous claſs, who are now computed to be more than 120000 in number ; and by whoſe labours and in- duſtry almoſt alone, the colony flouriſheth, and its productions are cultivated and manufactured. But although the methods of living in this colony, vary among the different claſſes of its inhabitants ; there are but few in the general run of mankind that live with more ſatisfaction. The planters, and others whom affluence has ſupplied with con- veniencies above the reſt, are decent, and often magnificent in their buildings ; neat and rich in their furniture and dreſſes; and plentiful, with order and delicacy at their tables : they have great quantities of poultry and all ſorts of ſtock raiſed at their plantations ; North America ſupplies them with flower ; and the fields almoſt with- out culture, with a variety of greens, roots, and fruit: the general produce of their eſtates, affords them wholeſome diluting drinks; and, from England, and Madera, they are ſupplied with thoſe various wines and other liquors generally uſed at their tables : of late they give more than uſual into the uſe of foops, which they find more agreeable to their weakned ſtomachs ; but in the general diſpoſitions of their ta- bles, and methods of cookery, the Engliſh cuſtoms are obſerved. The ſettlers, and middling fort of people in every other ſtation of life, are not far ſhort of thoſe in the eſſential and neceſſary conveniencies; their habitations are gene- rally commodious and decent, their dreſſes neat and ſimple, and their tables well ſupplied with all ſorts of freſh proviſions, as well as neceſſary liquors : but the in- conveniency of carriage, and frequent ſcarcity of flower among thoſe that cannot purchaſe a conſiderable quantity at a time, often oblige them to ſubſtitute plantains, caffada, or yams, in the room of bread; which, though not ſo elegant, or agreeable to ſtrangers, is not much inferior in wholeſomeneſs or degree of nouriſhment. The ſervants in this colony are moſtly Europeans, and indented for a certain num- ber of years ; at the expiration of which, they are not only capable of providing decently for themſelves, but generally receive ſome gratuity that enables them to enter more eaſily into life: Theſe people generally live in ſmaller houſes built about the ſugar works, that they may be in, or out, with greater conveniency in the crop- time : By the laws and cuſtoms of the country they are allowed a certain quantity of ſalt beef, and flower, every month or quarter ; and a proportionate quantity of ſugar, and rum, to ſupply them with drink; but no ways reſtrained in the uſe of the more natural a OF 0 F - JAMAICA. 25 : 3 a a natural productions of the plantation, as plantains, yams, potatoes, caffada and greens, which they have in great abundance every where : they are obliged to be ac- tive and vigilant by day, and much expoſed to the fun when their ſtation is in the field; but at nights their occupations vary with the employments of the ſeaſon, for in plant- ing and weeding times, they can reſt to the dawn of day; but when the labours of the year are to be collected in a ſhort ſpace, time becomes more precious, and they, like the induſtrious llaves, frequently undreſſed, are obliged to watch by ſpells every night, and to engage with equal vigour in the toils of the day; while the planter and the overſeer paſs the mid-night hours in interrupted ſlumbers, anxious to ſecure the re- ward of their annual labours; which, an unſeaſonable guſt of wind, or heavier rains, would undoubtedly deſtroy, or a trifling accident retard : and happy is he, who at this ſeaſon can have ſervants, on whoſe activity and inclinations he may depend; or whom health and vigour will allow to attend in perſon. The Negroes who conſtitute the laſt claſs of the inhabitants of this country, are, for the moſt part, the property of the Whites; and bought and ſold like every other commodity in the country, being always reckoned a part of their eſtates either real or perſonal : they live in huts or ſmall thatched cabbins, ſuſtained by crotchets, whoſe interſpaces are laticed, and plaiſtered or dawbed with clay ; theſe are diſpoſed in the form of villages, in proper places; and generally divided into two rooms, for the greater conveniency of the inhabitants. They are commonly allowed a few yards of blan- ket, or coarfe linens every year, which ferves to protect them a little from the cold in the more inclement ſeaſons; and keep them warm, and ſecure from the open air, when fick: they generally provide themſelves with food in the country parts, and for this pur- poſe every planter ſupplies his flaves with a rich and convenient piece of ground, where they are obliged to employ the Lord's day, as well as the few other hours (a) allowed them, both to ſtock the ground and provide proviſions for the following week; and yet the produce of theſe few hours labour, is not only ſufficient to ſupply them with plenty in a ſeaſonable year, but affords enough to furniſh the neighbouring markets alſo. Every plantation, however, is provided with a plantain-walk, and quantities of yams and corn, to ſupply the new, and the infirm; and to relieve the others in an unſeaſonable year, or when their own proviſions fail. When we conſider the inconveniencies under which theſe creatures labour, the toils they are obliged to undergo, the viciſſitudes of heat and cold, to which they are expoſed, and the groſſneſs of their food in general; we ought not to be ſurprized if they had been ſtill more ſlothful and fickly than they are commonly obſerved to be ; or if the diſeaſes to which they are obnoxious, had differed more apparently from our own: theſe are indeed frequently of a peculiar nature, and require a conſum- mate knowledge of ſymptoms and diſorders, to diſcover the real ſources of them; yet the owners, whoſe intereſt depends chiefly on their welfare, will commit them to the care of ſome raw youth, or ignorant aſſumer, that is hardly ſkilled enough to breath a vein, or diſpenſe a doſe of phyſic: but this proceeds more from ignorance and vanity, than any real want of humanity ; for few of them are judges of phyfic, and each would be thought to have a doctor of his own; and theſe have in the courſe of time, introduced ſuch methods of practice in thoſe colonies, that you may now frequent- ly obſerve gentlemen of the firſt conſequence, to be vomited and bliſtered to death in a yellow fever, and the ladies, poiſoned with bark in verminous inflammations; while a a a (a) In the country parts of this Iſland, every plantation Negroe is allowed a Saturday afternoon, or ſome other afternoon in the week, to ſtock and manure his particular patch of ground, which he gene- rally plants in caſſada, yams, potatoes, Indian and Guinea corn; and on Sunday they provide proviſions for the enſuing week, and ſend ſome to market, to ſupply themſelves with a little falt beef, pork or fiſh, and a little rum, which are the greateſt dainties they can come at, unleſs a cat, a rat, or dog fall in their way. It is true, many of them raiſe a few poultry, and other ſtock ; but theſe they generally ſell to enable ; them to purchaſe fome decent as well as neceſſary cloaths for their wives and themſelves. I others a 26 THE CI V I L HISTORY others lie neglected in the eaſy beginning of an undiſtinguiſhed remittent, until the diſorder gains beyond relief. Et inde tantorum hominum fata. detibe ei I ſhall now endeavour to give ſome account of ſuch of the natural curioſities of this Iſland, as can't be fo properly introduced in the following parts of the work ; which, tho' but few, and not often noticed, feldom fail to raiſe both our attention and admiration, when duly conſidered. The moſt remarkable among thoſe are, 1. The Water-fall in Mamee River, a little above Bull-Bay, in the pariſh of Port-Royal. 2. The Caſcade, and, 3. The Grotto; both in the pariſh of St. Anne's. 4. The Fogs in the pariſh of St. Thomas in the Vale. We ſhall now give ſome account of each. The Water-fall, or Cataract in Mamee River, (one of thoſe that takes its ſource far back among the blue mountains, and by a moderate ſtream, continues its agitated courſe by various windings, to thoſe hills immediately above that ſandy ſhore within Bull-bay,) where, between two neighbouring rocky and barren hills, its waters have a ſudden fall of near two hundred feet; whoſe direction is altered about the middle ſpace, by the volume of a huge protending rock, that extends from the ſide of the adjacent weſtern precipice; which divides and agitates the ſtream with ſuch violence, that the narrow ſpace between the hills below, is filled with clouds and vapours, that reflect an admirable ſucceſſion of ſhining Iris's, while the ſun continues to dart its rays about the ſtream ; and hence the foaming fluid continues its variouſly in- terrupted and divided courſe between thoſe barren hills to the thirſty plain below; not an ignoble repreſentation of Virgil's Amfančtius, Ubi medio fub nubibus altis Urgit utrumque latus montis, medioque fragoſus, Dat fonitum faxis, et torto vertice torrens. Hic ſpecus horrendum, &c. brihli Virg. Lib. viii. 564, &c. This place is rendered yet more romantic, by that ſpacious cave that runs under the brow of the eaſtern hill above the fall. abs The Caſcade is ſtill more curious, and lies in the courſe of that branch of Rio Alto, which, (after having made its way many miles under ground,) riſes a-new ilt the hills immediately above, and continues its courſe between roaring river planta- tion, and Mendfy's Bogue, in St. Anne's : to give a ſatisfactory notion of this wonder- ful contrivance of nature, I muſt firſt inform the reader, that moſt of the hills in that part of the Iſland are chiefly compoſed of ſtalactic matter, by whoſe eaſy fo- lution, all waters oozing through the rocks, are ſo charged with particles of this na- ture, that they readily incruſtate bodies depoſited for any conſiderable time in their more open and leſs agitated courſes ; and, as this river riſes at a conſiderable diſtance from, and above the level of the ſea; it runs down a more moderate declivity between the two adjacent hills, whoſe intermediate ſpace is in ſome parts more, and in others leſs contracted : In one of thoſe more extended ſpaces, over which the river ſpreads its rolling waves in its lefs rapid deſcent, nature has planted a moſt curious grove of anchovy pear-trees (b), whoſe ſpreading roots intercept the ſhallow ſtream in a thouſand different places and directions ; ſtill inclining to, or receding from each other, as chance or nature directs their growth: The water thus retarded, ſoon begins to depoſite its weighty load, which time has form'd into thoſe cruſts and various ſhelves, that advancing years have ſpread into thoſe beautiful banks, and gradual platforms, for which it is now ſo much admired ; and whoſe natural beauty is ſtill inriched by (b) See the nature and growth of this tree among the vegetables. thoſe ز Y OF JA 27 JA MA I c А. Μ Α C a ز ز thoſe thady trees with which it is yet adorned, whoſe falling progeny ftill helps to continue this admirable piece in a perfect ſtate, and to raiſe new banks and wonders in the deſcending ſtream. The Grotto, of which we are now reſolved to give ſome account, lies in the ſame pariſh, and about ſeven miles above the bay : It is ſituated at the foot of a hill, under which it runs, by a gradual and oblique deſcent, for the ſpace of two or three hundred yards, and ſerves as a conveyance for the waters that fall into the adjoining vale, in the rainy ſeaſons ; as well as a convenient habitation for batts, owls, and ſculking negroes, in fairer weather. Eſt curvo anfractu Caverna accommoda fraudi Nigrorumve dolis ; quam denſis frondibus atrum Urgit utrumque latus, tenuis qua ſemita ducit. Virg. After you paſs the narrow and woody path, that leads to this cave through the adjacent vale, you ſoon reach the opening of the grot, which is wide and free at the entrance; but contracts as it recedes, and further back, is divided into a num- berleſs ſeries of caverns, and more regular ſpaces, ſuſtained and adorned with a thouſand riſing, and deſcending, or compleated pillars of ſtalactites; which are formed of various cruſts, that have been laid fucceffively by the waters that have dribled through the mountain after the more heavy rains of an uncertain ſeries of years : Theſe pillars riſe and deſcend in every part of the grotto, but are far more robuſt and perfect backwards, where the waters, paſſing through the thicker beds, have been more abundantly charged with ſparry particles, and leſs diſturbed by the open and agitated air. The fog that fo regularly obſcures the air in Sixteen mile Walk for a certain part of the day, has been remarked almoſt from the firſt ſettlement of the Iſland ; and as it ſtill continues, ſtill deſerves our attention: the place, where it is obſerved, is a plea- fant vale, ſituated ſoutherly, at the foot of the main ridge or chain of mountains, and about the middle of the Iſland; but ſurrounded by hills on all other ſides. The ſoil is fertil, and the place well ſupplied with ſprings and rivulets, which fall into two principal channels that unite their ſtreams a little lower, and continue their common courſe fouthwards between two rocky hills, and barren precipices, until they reach the plain below. This level ſpace is almoſt daily and duly overcaſt with miſts, (c) that begin to riſe with the approach of night, thicken as it advances, ſpread gradually unto the neighbouring vales, is heavieſt about the dawn of day, and con- tinues until the more active rays of the ſun begin to warm and agitate the air: then it gradually riſes and expands; and between the hours of eight and nine, begins to flow in two principal ſtreams; the one weſtward among the mountains and neigh- bouring vales, the other ſouthward, and directly over the courſe of the river, until it reaches, and vaniſhes about the plains below : it is extremely thick in the morn- ing, and when viewed from the top or brow of any of the neighbouring mountains, looks like a perfect fea, whoſe various arms and inlets are thoroughly repreſented by the neighbouring and adjoining vales. There are many other remarkable curioſities in this Iſland; but as we treat of all the branches of Natural Hiſtory in the following ſeries, we will endeavour to intro- duce them in their proper places ; and for the preſent, content ourſelves with having given ſome idea of ſuch as we could not fo conveniently introduce in any other part, nor chuſe to omit. a a ز (c) See the courſe and nature of thoſe miſts explained in our Diſſertation on the general and partial motions of the atmoſphere. SESO so bastantes the who would ang soto boot duif we gnostroroon hormos ad 1901 Les organismos boa von bis nood onio 2012 aos to the molt com os sintom dergoni dhe Vittor Srovoni bittasilo beta indrett bi bilo bogar E ES 300 Baadhi ya mastoint da mora darin borcuneud and bods to combination in ti other and Lobsen di bollogul low cost bos iloilo motions or contbinio det ale od nigoda Ofelia Voor de onun braba to wolod tilgerbod oss word to go out molbwynos colo che color ollut al di follit la o di do not be conqojong is also son biroo was to obtomo SVAD Basis T HE CIV I L and N A T U R A L H I S T O R Y S OF 7 А М А I c А. M M I A G A. PART II. а. C Ο Ν Τ Α Ι Ν Ι Ν G, An Account of the ſeveral natural Productions of that Mand; diſtributed into Orders, Claffes, and Genera, according to the moſt natural Methods now known. In Three BOOKS. The Firſt, beſides a circumſtantial Account of the Foſſils of the Iſland, their Uſes, and Properties; with ſome Remarks on its Waters, Ores, and Soil; contains a new and eaſy Method of claffing native Foſſils in general, with an Account of the Nature and Properties of each Claſs. The Second is a Hiſtory of the vegetable Productions, claffed and diſtributed, nearly according to the Linnean ſyſtem; with the Characters of ſuch as have not been hitherto known, or but imperfectly repreſented; and the Uſes and Proper- ties of each. The Third gives an Account of ſuch Animals as we could obſerve in, and about, that Ifand, which I have alſo diſtributed into Orders, Claſſes and Genera, chiefly according to the Syſtems of Linneus and Ardtedius. K f HT JA SI U T A 1 А Я ОТА И bris III IO 71 Y A O T 2 I H Я OT Ι TO برای . o I AM A A 2 .II Ta ng . VIŅI A TO O Scientia naturalis fundamentum eft omnis ceconomie, opeficiarum, , commerciorum, dieta, medicinæ, & méchanice Lin. Obf. Two won bontoM Iutra Non siis 03 2008 9910T al U Sardor o alino ads 1000oA Ich had T von since lioa has 2010 W ano e disceras enrol dior his ab i no dtiwi larong si elmo svita gui bolo bortom vias lansa asl nono lo sites. I bos folennib bas bob amoubo:t sidstogov od 70 voiH s di bravo od son guses sionit to avoid or imatyti o gerbros hot -Tuqori bus or bu boradiga97 Viettori od 10 wonil onbil mond doso to 300 tods bas do blog 9 a alemia do 7o drobA sasvis, AT SIT Carbonobro oini boludhib olla syd I dittwbright fois it be lo em od gotopor uit 1 [ xxxi ] [ xxxi ] 9 ni . SA ORS + Dodo P R E F A C E. T is not to be admired, that the ſtudy of Natural Hiſtory ſhould I have continued ſo long negle&ted, and in confufion; while yet the means of relieving the unhappy fick had been fought from particu- lar obfervations; and they themſelves expoſed in public places , to the view of every paſſenger, who, from his own experience , might impart ſome doubtful means of relief. Their practitioners or phyſicians then were only ſuch as had gathered the inaccurate obſervations of the vul- gar, or ſeen, and followed the praćtice of their fathers or relations of the ſame profeſion : They, no doubt, were acquainted with the Simples then in uſe, their known virtues, and common appellations, which they had faithfully recorded ; and this was all that could be done for the improve- ment of Natural Hiſtory in thoſe early ages. But when the knowledge of phyfic became more general, and the profeſſors of that ſcience began to vye with each other ; a more accurate knowledge of things ſucceeded : and then it was obſerved, that the nature of the machine altered in fome degree, with every age, ſex, and climate ; that the ſame diſeaſes ap- peared different, in different conſtitutions ; and that different affectus's frequently put on the ſame appearance for a time. Hence it became evi- dent, that the practice of phyſic required men of the greateſt thought, and moſt natural obſervation; who, beſides theſe, should be thoroughly acquaint- ed with the different affe&tions, parts, ſirueture, and mechaniſm, of the human body; as well as the different materials, which the knowledge , of nature, or peculiar obſervations, might have taught to be effettual in altering the different unnatural diſpoſitions of the habit ; with their doſes, and manner of ačtion. The neceſſity of a thorough acquaintance with theſe things, put the lovers, and encouragers of phyſic, upon a more accurate ſtudy of the dif- ferent Stor xxxii P R E FACE. ferent branches of the profeſion; particularlarly, that of Natural Hiſtory, which ſeemed the moſt intricate, and of the largeſt ſcope ; and that, from the knowledge of which alone, they were likely in time to obtain a more competent knowledge of the proper medicines to be uſed on every oc- caſion. But notwithſtanding the labours of many learned men, this branch of literature had continued for a long time in confufon, ei- ther through the inaccuracy of the Antients, whoſe deſcriptions com- municated but very faint reſemblances ; or the Rabies of Syſtematical writing, into which the Authors of later ages had given without re- Araint : Theſe have however, gradually improved the deſcriptions, and augmented the number of materials ; and Tournefort , Ray, and the accurate Linneus, have at length reformed the whole, and 'brought the method of ſtudying Natural Hiſtory, almoſt to a perfeet ſtandard: But though the labours of thoſe great men, have now rendered this ſtudy much more agreeable, and certain, than it has been hitherto; we ſtill want many improvements, which a compleat and correct collečtion of the ſeveral productions of the different parts of the world, with an account of the particular uſes they may be ſeverally put to in each, can alone afford us : This indeed is a difficult taſk, and not :4 to be obtained without the labours of many people, both capable and willing to oblige mankind with their remarks and obſervations ; and from ſuch alone, (made with caution in the different regions, and among the dif- ferent nations of the earth) can we hope for any thing like perfection in this part of Natural Knowledge. 200 Theſe motives, have of late years, induced many gentlemen to employ their vacant hours, in making colle&tions of, and obſervations on, ſuch natural productions as they could more eaſily come at, either at home or abroad; nor can any undertaking be more laudable, or beneficial to mankind; or more pleaſing to a mind of a natural turn. What ſtudy can be fo agreeable to a rational being ? or what can raiſe our admira- tion, or oblige us to contemplate the power and wiſdom of the Almighty, ſo much as to obſerve the means by which ſuch a variety of beings of every kind, is produced with unwearied order and regularity? View but the globe on which you live, and obſerve how many different climates, and king- doms, each inhabited by Animals peculiar to itſelf ! what a variety of mountains and vales ! each flowered and adorned with its peculiar pro- ductions ! how different even the bowels of the earth, pregnant with ores and minerals of various forts ! all ſuited and adapted to their na- tive beds. The conveniencies with which theſe laſt ſubſtances alone, doth furniſh mankind, would be a ſuficient inducement to engage a Na- , turalift in a diſquiſition of their primary ſtate and productions; but when we PRE FACExxxiii E. . , a we refleet on the many advantages that accrue to the world in general, from the different parts of the whole kingdom; or conſider how much the different materials obtained from thence, contribute to the eaſe and ſatis- fa&tion of human ſociety; we muſt certainly think it a ſtudy that ought to employ ſome part of the thoughts of almoſt all ſorts and claſſes of people : The Farmer and the Huſbandman would find their advantage alike in the ſtudy of earths and moulds, as well as of the different compoſitions that may moſt effe&tually brake the texture of them, or warm and inrich their chilly juices: the Miner would undoubtedly improve his fortune, by more perfect knowledge of the nature of ores, and their native beds; the Lapidary and the Chemiſt, ſeem to proſper alike in proportion to their knowledge ; and how neceſſarily it ought to engage the attention of the Phyſician, will appear from a due conſideration of the dif- ferent branches of his profeſſion. But notwithſtanding all theſe al- lurements, the ſtudy of this part of the creation, has been (until of late) almoſt wholly negle&ted; or left to the improvement of thoſe few, whoſe bread depended more immediately on their acquaintance with ſome of its productions : and how little ſuch people have ſtudied the nature of them, we may learn from the improvements made by men of the ſame claſs at this day. Learning however, in every taſte, has of late years met with its encouragers; which induced many people to give more into this, and every other ſort of uſeful knowledge, than they were wont, and could have formerly done : and the neceſſity, as well as uſe of the inſti- tution, obliged me to contribute what I had obſerved concerning the pro- ductions of this claſs, in Jamaica. : This put me under a neceſſity of examining the different ſyſtems that have been already publiſhed upon the ſubject : and finding thoſe to be ge- nerally confuſed, or inaccurate ; and plan'd, without a due regard to that order, which nature ſeems to preſerve in the formation and diſtri- bution of her productions : I have been induced to propoſe the following form to the public, in which we begin with the moſt ſimple bodies now obſerved in nature, and proceed gradually to the moſt compound placing every production in that claſs, to which its common properties, and apparent qualities, jew it to approach the nearelt : and to render the method more generally uſeful; I have brought it within a very nar- row compaſs ; divided it into a few natural claſſes; and diſtributed the Species under their proper Genera, with the moſt noted and appropri- ated appellations. To make the ſtudy eaſy, and to render it more uni- verſal, was my deſign; which induced me to avoid a multiplicity of names, as well as thoſe that were uncommon, with equal care. Many, I muſt acknowledge, have a better opportunity of compleating a thing of L this a a xxxiv REF P C Ε. R E F A CE. this kind; but their indolence, or want of inclination, prevents them from communicating their obſervations: and ſuch as have already wrote upon the ſubje&t, ſeem to have endeavoured to render it rather the ſtudy of a man's life, than the amuſement of a few leiſure hours, for which alone I would propoſe it. This acceſſary piece made it now ne- ceſſary to divide this Book into two diſtinct Chapters : the firſt of theſe comprehends the whole of this new method ; and in the ſecond we give a particular account of the native Foſſils of Jamaica, with remarks on ſome of the moſt uſeful Species. -- Et itum eft in vifcera terra, et Quaſque recondiderat, ſtygiiſque admoverat umbris, Effodiuntur opes. OVID Metam. Skocama is cond the orghe THE [ 35 ] Ο F Τ Η Ε CIVIL and NATURAL HISTORY A A M A I C A. P ART II. BOOK I. CH A P T E R 1. C Ο Ν Τ Α Ι Ν Ι Ν G, A new and eaſy Method of claſſing native Foſſils; in which they are diſpoſed according to their concurring Properties. A general View of the whole Method. 1. Simpliciſſima, pluvialis, & nivalis. Rain and ſnow water. 2. Particulis terreis impregnata. Terrene water. 3. Salina varia, Salt, or faline water. 4. Sulpburata. Sulphureous water. 5. Metalica varia, Metalic water, or ſuch as is changed with metalic particles. Aqua. Sal. 1. Volatile acidum primarium. The primary, or native 6. Catharticum. Glauber's falt. volatile acid. 7. Borax. Borax, or borace. 2. Muriaticum. Foffil, or ſea-ſalt. 8. Amoniacum, Salt amoniac. 3. Nitratum. Nitre. 9. Fugax thermarum, five halcriptium. The falino-fulphu- 4. Aluminofum. Alum. reous ſalt of hot-weil waters. 5. Natratum. Natre. 10. Vitriolicum varium. Vitriolic, or metalic falt. Phlogi- ſtics. 1. Napbta, Rock oil. 2. Pilaſphaltum. Native tar. 3. Succinum, Amber. 4. Sulphur. Sulphur. 5. Ambra. Ambergreaſe. 6. Aſphaltum. Jews-pitch. 7. Lytbantrax, Coal. 8. Auripigmentum. Orpiment. 9. Zarnicum. Zarnic, and fandarack. turalia. 1. Pyrites. Pyrite. Metalic 2. Marcbafites. Marchafite. ſubſtances. 3. Cobaltum. Cobalt. 4. Stibium. Antimony. 5. Biſmutum. Biſmute. 6. Zinchum, Zinck. 7. Ferrum. Iron. 8. Cuprum. Copper. 9. Stannum. Tin. 10. Plumbum. Lead. 11. Argentum. Silver, 12. Hydrargirium, Quick-filver, 13. Platina. Platine, 14. Aurum. Gola. riQ. 1°, 2. primarium, & minera va- phlogifta natu- ria, & acidum Varia pre- Marga & mar- Argilla & ar- Terra & terrea, Terra metalica Sulphurata, five Salia nativa va- Aqua variæ. 6. gillacea. 70. gaced. { 1. Simplex. Earth. 2. Schiſtica, Slate-earth. 3. Humoja. Mould. 4. Fimoja. Animal earth, 5. Mixta. Brick mould, ture. a terrene Terra. 1. Talcum. Talk. 2. Gypſum. Gypſe. ro og pliciora terrea. na-ons of a clayey ons of a mar- ple ſubſtances of ple compofiti- ple compofiti- The moſt fim- The moft fim- The moſt fim- ciora argillacea. ciora margacea, Compofita fim-Compofita fimpli- Compoſita fimpli- ley nature. 1. Simplex, Clay 2. Teſſulata. Potters clay. Argilla. 3. Subpinguis fiffilis. Re- fining clay. 4. Mixta. Brick clay. nature. 1. Mica. Mica, 2. Afbeſtus.Aſbeſtos. 3. Amiantus. Amiante, 4. Tricherium. 5. Scbiftus. Slate, and fuch ſmooth grain'd ſtones. I. Achates, Agat. 2. Stilex. Flint. 3. Scrupus. Pebble. 4. Porphirium.Porphiry. 5. Lydium. Touch itone. 6. Cos, Grain-ſtone, Produftiones ar- Produftiones ter- margaceæ majus gillacece majus reæ majus compe- compofitæ. The compoſite. The fitæ. The most bodies of a mar- bodies of a clay- rene ſubſtances. ey nature. Productiones ley natre. I. Chryſalus.Chryftal. 2. Adamas. Diamond. 3. Topazeus. Topaz, 4. Quartzum. Quartz. -131 punoduro punodwrog jour punodwroo your Marga. 1. Simplex. Marl, and chalk. 2. Conchacea, Shell-marl. 3. Tophacea. Marly con- cretions. 4. Mixta. Mixt marl. 1. Spatum. Spar. 1. Stalactites. Stalactites. 2. Marmor. Marble. 3. Calcitarium. Lime- ftone, 4. Simplexia. Free-ſtone. 88 214 uou se 14. •ериә191for Bodies of a more mixt and uncertain nature. 1. Pumex. Pummy. 2. Topbus, Tophus. 3. Callimus. Ætites, and eagle's ſtones, &c. 4. Argillaria. Clay-ſtone. 5. Sabulum. Gravel, 6. Arena. Sand, SECT. 36 THE NATURAL HISTORY SECT. I. De aquá, & ejus variis Speciebus. Of Water, and its different Species. TI HIS. Auid Thould undoubtedly be conſidered as a native foffil, and deſervedly accounted one of the moſt powerful agents in all the works of nature : but we have great reaſon to believe that it is ſolid in the natural ſtate, and reduced only by the action of the ſun (a), to that form in which we generally obſerve it. It is the natural diffolvent of ſalts, and the general vehicle whereby all growing ſubſtances receive their nouriſhment, or matter of increaſe; but its other qualities depend chiefly on its bed, or the particles with which it is charged: and the degree of eſteem in which it ought to be held, when fimple, ſhould be founded on its purity and lightneſs; as it does on the nature and action of the particles with which it is impregnated, when in a more compound ſtate. We ſhall now diſpoſe the different ſorts of this fluid, under the following general heads, viz. MAIS I'. Such as are pure, or the leaſt tainted with heterogeneous particles. 1. 2. Nivealis. A . Snow water. Though theſe are the moſt ſimple ſtates of this fluid, it is far from being pure in either; and we are now ſatisfied, by diſtillations, and other accurate experiments tried daily on this ſubject in its ſeveral habits and conditions, that we are not to expect it with- out admixtures in any ſhape ; for the air, into which it is raiſed in the moſt attenuated form, is charged with a multitude of other heterogeneous particles that mix with it even in that condition : and, though many of theſe may precipitate, when it changes to a ſolid ſtate ; ſuch as are nearly of the ſame ſpecific gravity, will ſtill remain con nected in the maſs. AQUA{". Rain water. ފް : 3 II°. Such as are more heavily charged with terrene particles. 1. Fontana. 4. Calcaria. Spring water. Calcarious water. 2. Fluvialis. A QUA 5. Petrificans. River water Petrifying water. 3. Lacuſtris. Pond water. Water is moſt commonly met with in theſe ſtates, in all countries; but it differs in proportion to the quantity, as well as quality of its admixtures, which muſt na- turally vary with the depth, and nature of the the ſoil, in every region. III°. Such as are charged with ſalts of a terrene baſe. 1. Marina, & muria- 3. Natrata. tica fontana. Natrous water. Sea, and brackiſh A QUA 4. Cathartica. Epſom; or other water, charged 2. Aluminoſa. with purging falts. Aluminous water. water. 3 (a) See the Memoirs of the Royal Academy 1711, and 15, Sur la Matiere du feu. The TO FIJAMA I CA. 1,7 37 a AQUA{' 1. Sulphurata tepida. | 2. Scoala fulphureous water. The waters of this claſs are very numerous as well as various; and diſpoſed here according to the nature of the ſalts they contain, on which alone both their virtues and operations do depend: they are generally diſtinguiſhed by the taſte, and the form of the cryſtals of their ſalts. ng VINVONA IV°. Such as are charged with a calcarious earth; and a looſe ſulphureous ſubſtance, whoſe acid is more or leſs deeply engaged in that abſorbent baſe. . frigida . Cold Theſe waters are frequent in moſt parts of the world, and generally obſerved to be the moſt beneficial to mankind: they are diſtinguiſhed by the ſmell , and the heat peculiar to moſt of them, (nay to all at the firſt ſource); by the yellow tarniſh they communicate to all filver veſſels ; and by the inflammability of the ſediment they depoſite.si bis it.d.2100 Bo 02 Vº. Such as are impregnated with ſalts, or particles of a metalic nature. 1. Vitriolica martialis. 2. Vitriolica ænea. Ferruginous water. Copperiſh water. Theſe are diſtinguiſhed by the nature of the particles they contain: thoſe charged with ſteel turn all aſtringent infuſions black; and a light admixture of the ſpirit of ſalt armoniac gives all ſolutions of copper, or waters impregnated therewith, a lovely blue colour ; and aqua fortis a green one. a AQUA { 3 DO ali ve barbie D SEC T. id II.2011 one w en 1939 bas yaitu De acido minerali primario, &• ſalibus variis : Of the native mineral Acid, and the different Salts. HOEVER obſerves the natural conſtitution of ſalts, eſpecially thoſe formed W , as Vulcano's and ſulphur mines, will certainly allow the exiſtence of a primary more ſimple faline acid principle : which, according to the various baſes wherein it is lodg- ed, conſtitutes thoſe various ſalts we obſerve in the world; and which we ſhall now divide, according to the different nature of their baſes, into the following claſſes, viz. Iº. Such as are of a ſimple terrene, or calcarious fix'd baſe. I. Fofilis. 3. Fontana. VUOVOM Rock ſalt. 1°. MURIA Spring water ſalt. 2. Marina. wiler Stenskod ni hojas Sea ſalt. OSLO Theſe are diſtinguiſhed by their grateful ſubacid taſte, and the cubico-hex- aedral figure of their cryſtals. go 1. Humi tenue. 2. Cryſtalizatum. Native nitre. Nitre, or falt petre. 1010 The firſt of theſe falts is only uſed as a material in the manufacture of the latter, which is diſtinguiſhed by its bitteriſh acrid taſte, and great coldneſs upon the palate ; its eaſy ſolubility, its explofive quality when joined with a phlogiſtic, and by the octaedral and pointed columnar form of its cryſtals: the firſt ſpecies is the true M native 2°. NITRUM {". 38 THE NATURAL HISTORY 30. { NAT bro 303 3 THARTICUM native nitre, or falt petre; the ſecond, the factitious one, which is only the more acid and ſticky parts of the other, engaged in a more fixed alkalious baſe, or matrix. bno şi. Calcarium romanum. 2. Scbifticum. orts to 3°. ALUMEN Roman Allum. Allum, or common allum. COM i ole This falt is ſufficiently characteriſed by its agreeable ſtiptic taſte, its foaming liquid- ity when puſhed by the fire, and by the octaedral form of its cryſtals. 1. Foffile Ægyptium, mu- 2. Tartaricum foſile, cryſtalis 40. NATRUM riæ accidens. compreſſis. Tartarian Natre. Sort The Egyptian Natre. bon ot Though we are ſatisfied of the exiſtence of this falt as a native foffil, we are but little acquainted with its mines or hiſtory. It is diſtinguiſhed by its alkaliſent nature and the oblong compreſſed form of its cryſtals. The Egyptian fort has been in- troduced into the cabinets of the curious here, by the means of the Reverend Doctor Pocock; it ſeems diſpoſed in ſtrata, and reſembles the ſea falt in taſte as well as appearance. 1. Epſonienſe. 3. é-magmate falis ma- 5°. SAL CA- Epſom ſalt. vorini. til 2. Norbonenſe. croit du or Common Glauber French purging ſalt. cho I falts. This falt, tho' a diſtinct fort, and found natural in many parts of Europe, is ſel- dom ſeen without a large admixture of ſea ſalt, and ſomething of the vitriolic : It is now chiefly obtained from the bittern of the former, and is diſtinguiſhed by its eaſy ſolubility, and regenerative nature when puihed by the fire, it ſwells and foams like allum; and the reſiduum mixed again with water, will in a ſhort time reaſſume its former cryſtaline ſhape and appearance. 10 I 13 viten od 0 60.BORAX $ 1. Nativa ſubviridisrudis. 2. Purgata diaphana. °{ . ven? 1 Tinkal, or Tincar.oo l bone This falt has been hitherto monopolized by a few people or ſocieties, who find it ſo much their intereſt to keep the knowledge of its ſource and manufacture a ſe- cret ; that we are to this day but little acquainted with either: It is diſtinguiſhed by its alkaliſcency, difficult folution, flow fermentation when mixed with the ſtronger acids, and the truncated hexaedral and columar form of its cryſtals.ribrous ob iib olsa 1. Subvolatile neu- | 2. Florale five volatile alkalinum. 7º. AMONIACUM 3trum off Native flowers of ſalt amoniac. Salt amoniac. . Bloom UM This falt is found in both theſe ſtates naturally; and ſeems always to retain ſome- thing of the diſpoſition peculiar to the animal kingdom ; or to have gone through a deal of attrition and continued heat, to render it ſo volatile. It is diſtinguiſhed by its coldneſs and pungency upon the palate, its great volatility, and the branched form of its cryſtals. assis of 2 1. Fugax thermarum. svi MUITVI 89. HALCRIPTIUM The ſalino-fulphureous falt of hot well-waters. Though we are certain of the exiſtence of this falt, and pretty well acquainted with its nature and manner of action ; we are as yet unacquainted with its form, as its more fixed parts are the only that could be hitherto brought under a proper ex- amination. II°. Such 3 Borax or Borace. OST {. OF JAMA I CA. 39 II°. Such as have a metalic baſe, and are chiefly made up of metalic ſubſtances. 1. Ferri viride. 3. Album zinchi. Green vitriol, or falt White vitriol. VITRIOLUM of ſteel. 4. Albidum plumbi. 2. Ceruleum æris. Sugar of lead. Blue and roman vitriol. 1 5. Rubrum. Though theſe metallic ſalts go by the general name of vitriol ; they are extreamly different in their appearance, as well as nature, and properties : the firſt fort is dif- tinguiſhed by the black colour it communicates to all the aſtringent infuſions and juices of Vegetables. The ſecond, by the blue colour its folution, or the waters im- pregnated with its falts or particles, do acquire, when mixed with any volatile falt. The third, by the whiteneſs of its ſolution in aqua fortis ; and the fourth, by the milky colour it communicates to common water. I have ſeen a ſpecimen of the red ſort fome years ago in the repoſitory of the royal garden at Paris, but do not remember of what peculiar matrix it was thought to be. Haca Altho' theſe metals be the common matrix's of ſuch falts; they often vary, and you'll ſometimes find the white to contain a quantity of tin or copper ; while the blue is mixed with ſteel, or the green with either : The cryſtals of the firſt ſort are of an octaedral form ; thoſe of the blue, decaedral ; and the white, columnar and pointed. hefur valp band SECT. III. bug an met e sabi De phlogiſto minerali, & bituminibus variis. svila Of the mineral Phlogiſtic, and the various bituminous Subſtances. MHAT there is a principle of this kind in every province of nature, is evi- T dently ſeen by the fat of animals, the oil of vegetables, and our ſubterra- neous fires : and hence, I think it is apparent, that the following bituminous ſub- ſtances muſt neceſſarily proceed from ſuch a ſource, variouſly combined with other ſubſtances; but more or leſs engaged, according to the nature and diſpofition of the admixture. We have divided the productions of this claſs under the moſt natural and convenient genera, and ranged them in the following order, viz. AMA 10. Such as have the leaſt admixture of heterogeneous particles, and ſtill retain their native fluidity in ſome degree. 1. levis pellucida, aquea vel citrina. 19. NAPHTA Rock oil. This is found in great abundance both in Egypt and Perſa ; it is naturally light and tranſparent, but of a pale or citron colour. LEGA 1. Fufcum Barbadienſe. Barbadoes tar. dua per Obſcure bruneum Scotia & Dalecarlia. 2.. PISSASPHALTUM Scotch tar, &c. non lo dud Este von bebisa 3. Tenax nigrum. Foſſil pitch. Theſe phlogiſtic ſubſtances are much of a kind with the foregoing, but greatly charged with terrene, or other hetrogeneous particles: They are generally opake, of a dirty appearance, and moderately fluid, II°. Such 2. a 40 THE NATURAL HISTORY a 3 II°. Such as we find in a ſolid form, with a large admixture of ſaline particles, and a moderate portion of earth. . 1°. ELICTRUMS 1. Diaphanum citrinum, five TOU Succinum officinarum. Amber. Yellow amber. Though I am ſatisfied that this body has been once a ſofter vegetable ſubſtance, hardened by time, and a long continuance under ground; and, only in fucceffion of years, ſo remarkably impregnated with the mineral acid : I have been induced to give it a place among the native Foſſils, on account of its peculiar electrical quality, and the concreated form of its ſalts; as well as its fingular nature, and common bed. 1. Nudum diaphanum. 3. Subviride folidum. Todo Tranſparent ſulphur. Brimſtone. 20. SULPHUR 2. Farinaceum flavum. 4. Florale, ſive flores naturalis Powder ſulphur. ſulphuris. Native flowers of ſulphur. Theſe two genera of bitumens, though equally impregnated with ſalts, are very different both in nature and appearance. The amber is diſtinguiſhed by its agreea- ble ſmell, electric quality, fubacid grateful volatile falt, and more difficult folubility. The fulphur is of another nature, Aows with a more eaſy heat, and ſublimates into flowers when puſhed; but when expoſed to the more vigorous action of the fire, yields a vaſt quantity (a) of an acrid or corroſive acid. The native flowers differ but little from thoſe obtained by art; they are, however, more pure and ſhining, and found in the natural ſtate about moſt hot baths, where the heat is any thing conſiderable near the ſurface : they are formed into hollow cones, and appear, in ſome meaſure, as if made up of ſmall cryſtals, irregularly diſpoſed in the maſs, the exact reſemblance of a ſugar loaf, but of a more ſhining luſtre and yellow colour. 2013, oggi odha 5 III°. Such as have a more abundant admixture of terrene particles, with few ſalts ; and are found in a ſolid form. 1. Griſea odorata, colore uniformi. 19. AMBRA Ambergreaſe. 2. Subfufca, levis et variegata. Engliſh amber, or brown bitumen. Mr. Baker has a piece of this laſt ſubſtance among his curious collection of Foffils : Both the ſmell and appearance oblige me to range it in this claſs. Mudalit 2°. ASPHALTUM {' 1. Subfriabile atrum. and then beca Jew's Pitch. carre This is a light, ſolid, inflammable ſubſtance ; of a black colour, and ſhining when freſh broke : It has a faint ſmell, and breaks with equal eaſe in all directions ; but of no apparent grain. It melts very eaſily, and is a principal ingredient in all the varniſhes now uſed by the engravers. ſ1. Schiſti nitens friabilis atra, Coal. 3°. LITHANTRAX 2. Solida nigra nuda. ad reo 10. non iscudo / Jett. sabore base 20 190 13. Marmoris fatidi. lio 0132 Sale a a (a) Sulphur yields about fourteen ounces in the pound. Theſe o F Ј А А Т с А. T 41 Theſe are inflamable ſubſtances of a coarſer fort ; they are generally heavy, black, and ſolid, with a very large admixture of earth, and a more groſs ſulphureous matter : The Jett ſeems to have ſomething of a woody grain, and is generally found in detached meſſes; but is ſo like the other ſpecies, that I do not think proper to ſepa- rate it from them; though they are always more ſhining, and found in continued ſtrata. IV°. Such as have a large admixture of earth, with ſome micaceus and metallic particles, and a great quantity of mundick, and other volatile acrid parts. 1. Subnudum arſenicale micaceum, aureo Splendens, five Auripigmentum of 1º. AURIPIGMENTUM Common orpiment. 2. Cinereo-cæruleſcens, micans. Blue orpiment. The orpiment is a glittering inflamable ſubſtance, that has ſomething of the ap- pearance of mica : it is ſoluble in oil, and fuſible in a moderate heat; but when puſhed by a ſtrong fire, yields a great quantity of acrid volatile particles, with a diſagreeable ſharp ſmell. (1. Equale nudum fubflaveſcens. Yellow Sandarack. 20. ZARNICUM 2. Album fragmentis planis. White Sandarack. 3. Album fragmentis convexis. The Sandarack is an inflamable Foffil ſubſtance of a plain uniform ſtructure, and compact texture: It is ſoluble in oil, and burns with a whitiſh flame, and no- xious ſmell. a SECT. IV. MOTIITO De terra metalica, & mineris variis : Of the metalic Earth, and various mineral Subſtances. T 3 HAT there is a principle of this kind in nature, and that very different from the other ſorts of earth (of which we are reſolved to give ſome account here-- after), is evident from the reſult of thoſe mineral ſubſtances that are daily tortured by the fire, and the acid (a); as well as from their apparent qualities in a more per- fect ſtate. But, as it is ſeldom found without a large admixture of the phlogiſtic, I thought it moſt natural to place the productions of this claſs immediately after the foregoing; and to diſpoſe them ſo, that thoſe which partake moſt of that principle, may ſtand foremoſt in the claſs. The following ſeems to be the moſt natural diſtribution of the productions of this kind, viz. Iº. Such as have a large adınixture of ſulphureous particles, with ſome mundick or orpiment, connected in a grofs metalic, and clayey baſe; having all the appearance of a metalic ore, but not productive of any. . 1. Scintillans ferreus amorphos. 1°. PYRITES 2. Ferreo cupreus matrice deliqueſcenti. L. S. N. Pyrite. 3. Ferreo cupreus matrice vitreſcenti. 4. Ferreo cupreus matrice apyrá. (a) Theſe bodies in general, however their texture and compoſition may ſeem altered by the fire, or the acid; are eaſily reſtored to their primitive ſtates by the addition of a phlogiſtick, and a due degree of fire. N The 42 THE NATURAL HISTORY a a 3 3 The Pyrite is a mineral ſubſtance of a moderately fixt nature : it is inflamable in ſome degree, but not fuſible; of an irregular form, foliaceous texture, and ſparkling appearance. It is found in large irregular maſſes, and naturally forms whole ſtrata. 20. MARCHASITES 1. Tetraedicus, vel octaedricus. 2. Hexaedricus, vel dodecaedricus. Marcbafite. 3. Hemiſphericus, vel globoſus. The Marchafite is a mineral ſubſtance of a fixt, terrene, and metalic nature, with an admixture of ſulphureous particles : it is inflamable in fome degree, but not fuſible; and generally found ſhooting into regular forms, putting on the ap- pearance of opake cryſtals. II°. Such as have a large admixture of the phlogiſtic connected in a more pure metalic baſe; and are inflamable in fome degree as well as fuſible, but not malleable. strengto od 1. Cryſtalli-forme. D: SIST 1°. COBALTUM 2. Schiſti lenticularis atri, Cobalt, and its pre- 3. Rude ſubgrifeum, granulis fubcæruleſfentibus micans. Unde parations common- ly called arſenic. 1º. Arſenicum nudum album ; 2°. Nudum flavum ; 29. Nudum rufeſcens. The red, white, and yellow arſenic. This metalic ſubſtance is generally hard, and of a blackiſh-gray colour ; it is fu- ſible, and naturally volatile when puſhed by a ſtrong fire: its glaſs is blue, its fo- lution in aqua fortis, rediſh ; and its regulus of a teſfulated appearance, and dark co- lour : it is the true ore of our arſenic's, which owe their different colours to the dif- ferent methods of preparing them. 1. Fibris capillaribus Sparfis. 20. STIBIUM 2. Striatum. 3. Cryſtallizatum. L. S. N. Antimony. 4. Rubrum. 5. Fibris Spatum intercuſſantibus. Antimony is generally hard, and very heavy in its natural ſtate : it is diſtinguiſhed by the ſtriated texture, and the ſilver colour of its regulus, which frequently holds in the ore: it ſhews a good deal of volatility when puſhed by a ſtrong fire, and its more fixt parts turn into a purple glaſs. Its ſolution in aqua regia is yellow, and the maſs, when puſhed by fire, grows red before it melts. 39. BISMUTUM S1. Nudum. L. S. N. Biſmut. 22. Albo-flaveſcenti micans. Biſmut is known by its whitiſh pale colour, and the teſſulated appearance of its regulus. Its glaſs is brown ; its ſolution in aqua fortis red; and the maſs commonly kindles before it melts in the fire. 3 2 İL. BIO ſ1. Canum galina intertextum. 4º. ZINCUM 2. Micaceum fubte/ſulatum nigrum. L. S. N. Zinck. 3. Micaceum rubicundum inquinans. 14. Terreſtre. This mineral ſubſtance is well known by the bluiſh-white colour of its metal ; it is moderately hard, and malleable in a ſmall degree, but apt to crack : its ſolution in aqua 0 F JA MA I CA. 43 : : aqua fortis is white; and the maſs melts before it grows red in the fire : its fumes are white and fleecy. III°. Such as have a very large admixture of the phlogiſtic, intimately blended with a more pure metallic baſe: and are, both fuſible and malleable. (1. Intra&tabile cryſtallizatum. 2. Intractabile, lamellis nitidis tranſverſe ſiriatis. 3. Intra&tabile, particulis cubicis nitidis. 4. Intrattabile, fibrisplaniufculis, centralibus candidis, vel rubris. 5. Intrattabile rubrum, punctis planiufculis. 19.FERRUM 6. Attractorium. The magnet. Iron. 7. Retractorium folidum. 3. Retractorium particulis impalpabilibus ſquamoſis, arenoſis, vel angulatis. 9. Retractorium talcoſo-micaceum. 10. Retractorium marmoris, 11. Retratorium pyritofum. Iron is eafily known by its gray colour, malleability, hardneſs and elaſticity. It bears a fine poliſh, though apt to ruſt; and gives fire freely with all the harder pro- ductions of the argillaceous kind : its ores are eaſily diſtinguiſhed by their ocre, and the black tincture they communicate to all the aſtringent infuſions or juices of ve- getables : the metal grows red before it melts in the fire, ſi. Cryſtallis pyramidatis irregularibus nigris. 2. Cryſtallis columnaribus nigris. ATSITAT 29. STANNUM 3. Cryſtallis teſulatis rubicundis, L. S. N. Tin. 4. Informe, rufo nigrefcens. 5. Saxi. 16. Spati, Tin is known by its whiteneſs, lightneſs, malleability and flexibility: it is ſome- what ſonorous, and not apt to ruſt; its glaſs and ſolution in aqua regia are both yellow. (1. Nudum informe. 7. Cæruleum. 2. Nudum cryſtallizatum. 8. Viride. 3. Precipitatum. 9. Quartzofum cæruleum. 3°. CUPRUM 4. Cryſtallizatum diaphanum Copper. 10. Piriticofum fuluum, cæruleum, 11. Schifti. 5. Cinereum. 12. Cotis. G 16. Purpuraſcens. art Copper is generally of a lively brown colour, and a ſonorous coheſive nature : . it is eaſily diſtinguiſhed in every ſtate, by the blue tincture it communicates to all vo- latile ſpirits ; its glaſs and ſolution in aqua fortis are both green. ri. Nudum. 2. Submalleabile. 4°. PLUMBUM 3. Nitri Spatoſ utrinque truncati. L. S. N. 4. Particulis cubicis. Lead. 5. Maſſulis cubicis nigris. 6. Informe, particulis occultis. 17. Striatum & fublamellatum, nitens. Lead 44 THE NATURAL HISTORY "Lead is eaſily known by its livid colour, malleability, ſoftneſs, and the dead- neſs of its found : its glaſs is yellow, and ſolution in aqua fortis aqueous. IV°. Such as are of a more uniform texture, and perfect nature ; and not ſubject to ruſt, or to be conſumed by fire: but if altered, in ſome degree, by acids or a more intenſe heat, may be ſoon reſtored to their natural ſtates without any ſenſible loſs. ſi. Nudum varium. 2. Subvitreum, malleabile. 1°. ARGENTUM 3. Diaphanum lamellofum. L. S. N. Silver. 4. Albidum informe fragile. 5. Rubefcens polyedron glandulofum. 6. Obſcurum. This metal is eaſily known by its whiteneſs, weight, malleability, ductility, and ſound. It is not apt to ruſt, or waſte in the fire: its glaſs is rediſh, its ruft black, and its ſolution in aqua fortis white. a 2º. HYDRARGYRUM 1. Nudum. 2. Rubrum arſenicale. Quickſilver, or crude L. S. N. 3. Rubrum pyriticoſum. mercury. 4. Petrofum. Quickſilver is eaſily known by its weight, volatility, Auidity, and ſilver colour : its ſolution is white, and its calx red; and though it mixes eaſily, and intimately with many ſubſtances; after after it is apparently loſt in them, a little fire, and ſometimes oil, will reſtore it to its native form. 3°. PLATINA S 1. Subgriſea friabilis. Platine. The grey platine ore. The ore of this metal is of a dark gray colour, and friable ; it is of a fixt nature, and not ſubject to ruft, or to be deſtroyed by fire: it blends very intimately with all other metals, eſpecially with gold; and is next to it in ſpecifick weight. It is dif- ſolved only in aqua regia. 4º. AURUM 1. Nudum petra. 2. Nudum minera. L. S. N. Gold. 13. Nudum agregati. Gold is the heavieſt, and moſt ductile metal we have yet known; it is naturally of a fine yellow colour, ſoft, malleable, and not ſonorous, nor apt to ruſt, or waſte in the fire : its ſolution in aqua regia (the only menftruum that diſſolves it) is yel- low, and its glaſs violet. It is remarkable, that, on putting ſome æther into a phial with the ſolution of this metal, and ſhaking the mixture ; the gold quits the heavy acid menftruum, and incorporates with the lighter fluid at the top. le SECT. bu OF J AM A I CA. 45 SECT. V. De terra fimplici &º foſilibus terreis. Of ſimple Earth, and the more compound Bodies of a terrene Nature. T HIS has been generally thought to be the firſt principle of all bodies, but how juſtly I will not undertake to determine : It will be ſufficient in this place to remark, that many ſubſtances of this appearance are now. obſerved in the world ; and that theſe, upon a ſtrict examination, are found not only different in ap- pearance, but in qualities alſo. Nor is it leſs remarkable, that the moſt compound bodies obſerved in the compoſition of our globe, do retain the ſame nature and qualities with thoſe more ſimple ſubſtances; for which reaſon we ſhall now diſpoſe them variouſly with the different matrixes, from whence their general properties ſeem to ſhew them derived : I muſt however remark, that this kind alone appears to be the chief, and almoſt the only pabulum, or fixed principle of vegetable, as well as animal ſubſtances, which is ſufficiently apparent from the final reduction of both. What we diſtinguiſh here by the name of ſimple earth, in its moſt natural ſtates, ſeems to be compoſed of ſmall, ſmooth particles ſlightly coherent; and readily diſunited in water. It does not ferment with acids in any ſtate, and generally grows leſs coheſive by fire. I have diſpoſed the moſt ſimple productions of this kind in the two following claſſes, viz. 0 Iº Such as are merely foſſil, and have not yet gone through any change. fi. Fuſca fimplex. 4. Subpinguis. Mould. Bole, and Fullers earth. 2. Subcrocea fimplex. TERRA 5. Schiſtica, Red earth. Barren, or ſchiſtic earth. 3. Flava fimplex. 6. Variè mixta. Yellow earth. Loam. iasis Er bedroomitillo II°. Such as have undergone ſome change, and ſtill retain ſomething of the na- ture and diſpoſition of the productions from which they are returned. Theſe are ge- nerally of a more open and broken texture, and of a more pure nature when tho- roughly reduced, and alone. A. ri. Humoſa nigra. 3. Paludoſa & bumoſa varią. Black mould. TERRA Dung and mud. 2. Humoſa radicibus in- 4. Fimoſa. 10 d. tertexta. Turf. The remains of animals. The productions of this nature that approach the neareſt to the ſimple ſtate, ſeem to be thoſe that are tranſparent, or nearly ſo; and may be conſidered as the effect of a particular fluor of this kind, which, for the preſent we ſhall call fluor pellucidus terreſtris: and that ſuch a thing is very apparent in nature, and the cement of a number of bodies, is evident from the peculiar qualities of the whole claſs, ſo appa- rent in many of them, the productions of which are obſerved to elude the action of acids in every ſtate; and never to give fire with ſteel, or to grow harder in the fire. The productions of this claſs are. a O 19. TALCUM 46 THE NATURAL HISTORY | L. S. N. "1. Diaphanum lamellis tenuiſſimis. Izing glaſs. 19. TALCUM 2. Diaphanum lamellis craffioribus rbombeis. Talk. Scaliola. 3. Particulis ad angulum acutum ſtriatis. 14. Fibris radiatis è centro radiantibus. Talk is generally tranſparent, and though compoſed of many laminæ, yield an eaſy paštage to the rays of light: the productions of this kind are always fillile into horizontal and tranſparent flakes; and bear the action of the acid in every . ſtate with eaſe, but yield more or leſs, though never perfectly to the fire. 1. Pellucidum decaedro rhombeum. 29. GYPSUM 2. Pellucidum triquetrum, ad fummum pyramidatum. Gypfe. 3. Pellucidum pentagonum, ad fummum pyramidatum. The Gypſe is not only tranſparent, but is commonly found of ſome regular form, approaching upon the rhomboide. It yields readily to the fire, but does not ferment with acids in any ſtate. There are other productions of this nature that are ſtill more compound and opake; and though, generally, of no firm coheſion, ſeldom yield to the fire, but never to the acid when pure and alone: it is not, however, uncommon to find them mixed with a foreign fluor, or other particles on which you may obſerve the fire, or the acid, to act occaſionally. I ſhall range the ſpecies of this claſs in the following order, viz. 1. Particulis impalpabilibus argenteis. 2. Particulis impalpabilibus aureis. 1° MICA * 3. Particulis ſquamofis ſparſis. Mica. 4. Particulis ſubpriſmaticisintercuſſantibus. L. S. N. 5. Solida nigra ſuperficie atro glabra. The mica is a terrene ſubſtance of a ſparkling appearance, and ſeemingly compoſed of thin, ſmooth, ſubdiaphane and ſquamoſe particles: the productions of this kind are ſeldom of any firm texture, though they bear the action of the fire and the acid with equal eaſe. a 20. ASBESTUS. 1. Solidiuſculus filfilis. 2. Solidiuſculus flexilis. L. S. N. Aſbeſtos. 23. Membranaceus flexilis. The Aſbeſtus is of a true terrene nature, and a fibrous interwoven texture; it bears the action of both the fire and the acid with equal eaſe. end 1. Fibris filiformibus flexilibus. 3º. AMIANTUS 2. Fibris angulatis rigidis opacis. L. S. N. Amiante. 3. Fibris fragilibus diaphanis. 14. Fibris mollibus pappoſis. The Amianth is diſtinguiſhed from the foregoing only by the fimple longitudinal diſpoſition of its fibres: it bears the action of both the fire and the acid equally. 1. Fibris fubdiaphanis obliquè difpofitis. 4º.TRICHERIUM 2. Fibris longitudinalibus ſubdiaphanis. 3. Fibris radiatis fubdiapbanis. The bord o F1 ЈА м А І С А. 47 The Tricherium reſembles the Amiantus both in the diſpoſition and appearance of its fibres, or general texture; but it yields eaſily to the fire, though never to the acid. 1. Clangofus è nigro cæruleſcens. 2. Ater, fcriptura varia. 5°. SCHISTUS 3. Friabilis nigricans. The flate, bone, 4. Cinereus folidiuſculus fcriptura cana. and dead ſtone. 5. Friabilis fragmentis angulatis ſubquadratis. 6. Subcinereus, & ſubcæruleus, varius. i The Hone.in The Schiſtus is a ſtone of a lamellated ſtructure, ſmooth grain, and opake appear- ance; it is generally found in flakes horizontally diſpoſed, but is ſometimes divided -perpendicularly allo; and is frequently connected by a foreign fluor. .013 il yd belog coil volo lolos DON S. E C T. VI. a 50 TH a a. Brick clay. De argilla & argillaceis. Of Clay, and clayey Subſtances. JISAIOT 10 Ized od 1 HE ſtickey nature of the clay does fufficiently ſhew it a peculiar kind, and intirely diſtinct from both the foregoing and the following: it is naturally ſtiff and viſcid, nor does it diffolve in water but with difficulty: it hardens in the fire, and when puſhed with a ſtrong heat, turns into a ſtony. or vitreſcent maſs. The pro- ductions of this clais, when concreted into a ſolid form, give fire freely with ſteel, and generally bear a fine poliſh ; but are never injured either by the acid, or a moderate degree of heat. Its moft diftinguiſhed kinds are the ſ1. Teſſulata. 3. Arena mixta. ARGILLA Potters clay. pic [mixta. Clay. 2. Subpinguis fiffilis. 4. Terra & fabulo varie The Refiners clay. Clayey foil. This, like the foregoing, appears to have its various degrees of mixture as well as compoſition; and the moſt ſimple among them ſeem to be thoſe that ſhew themſelves in a tranſparent folid form, which we likewife conclude to be the effect of a pe- culiar tranſparent fluor of this nature: and that ſuch a ſubſtance exiſts every where in our globe, is evident from the various appearance of cryſtals and flint, as well as from the different ſtrata in pebbles, &c. The vitreſcent quality of thoſe productions, probably, proceeds from the plaſtick otti nature of the argilla ; and the igniferous, from their native hardneſs. atostor of The principal productions of this claſs are, Gloque Pi. Conico cylindracea utrinque attenuata. Needle cryſtal. 2. Columnaris utrinque pyramidata. 3. Columnaris ad fummum pyramidata, 1°CRYSTALLUS) 4. Utrinque pyramidata columna nulla predita. Cryſtal 5. Ad fummum pyramidata columnâ nullá predita. 6. Sub-rotunda, ſuperficie ſcabro. Pebble cryftal. 7. Informis rupeſtris aquea. HOA The . Rock cryſtal. 48 THE NATURAL HISTORY Τ 56 Viridis. 3. Ruber. ; The productions of this kind are ſo apt to vary, more or leſs, from the common forms, that they have been divided almoſt into as many Genus's as there are diftinct Species, and far beyond what nature ſeems to require. They are eaſily known by their hardneſs, tranſparency, and regular forms ; and obſerved to bear the action of the acid with eaſe; and to elude the force of moderate fires. [1. Solidiſima aquea. BUTC 10 A diamond. 29. ADAMAS 2. Pellucidiffima, e rubro-flammea. tans barn Diamond. A rubee. 3. Pellucidiſſima cærulea coloré fugaci. A ſaphire. se s to one si sfida HT Theſe tranſparent and figured ſtones are eaſily known by their ſuperior hardneſs and luſtre : they elude the force of the fire and the acid with equal eaſe, tho' the laſt fort is ſometimes obſerved to loſe its colour when puſhed by the fire. IV TO a ri. Flavus. The topaz. 56 2. Fulvus. The ſmaragdine. in The hyacinth. bes 30. TOPAZIUS 6. E viridi cæruleus. The beryl, or ſeagreen. Topaz, &c. In The garnet. ob veb I 7. Niger.. ya bin 3 H 4. Purpureus. 101 sr od The morion, . lori The amethiſt. ovlonis i on no The productions of this kind approach very near the diamonds, both in beauty and luſtre; and elude the force of acids with equal eaſe ; but do not bear the action of the fire ſo well, though they ſtill retain the general properties of the claſs. si. Arenaceum vitrariorum. Cryſtal fand... 2. Diaphanum albidum. AJITOA 4°. QUARTZUM Quartz-ſtones. 3. Diaphanum paraſiticum albidum. Quartz. Diya can The Quartz is generally very hard and tranſparent ; but not fo regular in its form, or of any beautiful luſtre; it is of a vitreſcent nature ; gives fire with ſteel, and bears the action of the acid with eaſe. non last mimo The more compound and opake bodies of this nature come next in order, and are remarkable for their ſuperior hardneſs and fine grain: They ſeem to be formed chiefly of the vitreſcent fluor, debaſed by a leſs agitated or divided clay. We ſhall diſpoſe the productions of this claſs under the following Genera, viz, 02 ſi. Subdiaphanus albidus minute undulatus. 2. Subdiaphanus varie coloratus, cruſtatus, Agath. 19. ACHATES 3. Subdiaphanus exalbidus.. A cornelian. UJIATAYO Agath. WISI 2000 Onto 4. Rufeſcens. A ſardonix. co 5. Ruber. choledo 6. Albefcens punetis rubris. 1. ACHA- 2010 YOFIJAMA I CA. 49 The onyx. Gemma Stephani Latinis. 7. Subdiapbanus cinereo nebulofus. A chalcedony. të ACHATES 8. Subdiaphanus ſtratis variegatis: Agate: 9. Colores profitu mutans. The opal. 10. Virefcens radians The oculus cati. Theſe ſtones are tranſparent in ſome degree; of a ſmooth ſhining ſurface when poliſhed; and generally clouded with different colours diſpoſed variouſly in the maſs: They anſwer all the qualities peculiar to the claſs with regard to the ſteel , the fire and the acid. 1. Unicolor albidus. White flint, or fire-ſtone, 2. Subfuſcus unicolar. -2°. SILEX Flint. Flint. 3. Unicolor ruber: Blood-ſtone. 4. Unicolor viridis. The green blood-ſtone. 15. Stratis variis. Flint is commonly opake ; but when reduced into thin plates, it becomes more or leſs tranſparent: it is generally of a fine grain, and uniform colour ; but is fome- times found divided by foreign ſeptæ. It is obſerved of all ſizes, and remarkable for its vitreſcency. Arenaceus nitens, maſſulis fubrotundis. 3°. SCRUPUS 2. Varie et pulcherrime nebulato-variegatus. Pebble. The Egyptian and Bohemian pebles. The productions of this kind, are generally found in ſmall detached mal- ſes; and ſeem to be principally compoſed of the vitreſcent fluor debaſed with a finer clay, and ſome metallic or terrene particles: they are of no determined figure or re- gular. ſtructure, but may be eaſily known by their fine grain, ſmooth poliſh, and ele- gant variety of colours diſpoſed in a clouded uneven form. They anſwer all the cha- racters peculiar to this claſs. 1. Columnare nigrum Hibernia: The Giant's cauſeway ſtone. 2. Viride maculis minoribus albis variegatum. 4. PORPHIRIUM The green porphiry: 3. Rubellum maculis minoribus albis variegatum. The red porphiry. 4. Subcinereum maculis majoribus diftin&tis variegatum. The plumb pudding ſtone. Porphiry is eaſily diſtinguiſhed by its great hardneſs, and uniform though ſpotted colour; it is found in large maſſes, bears a fine polith, and anſwers all the other characters natural to the claſs. P 5º. LYDIUM 50 THE NATURAL HISTORY 1. Subplumbeum, vel nigricans. The touch-ſtone. 5º. LYDIUM 2. Subgriſeum, vel vireſcens. Touch-flone. The thunderbolt-ſtone, 3. Atro-cæruleum. T TAHOES 4. Subcæruleum feptis divifum. The Touch-ſtone is not of ſo ſmooth a grain, nor capable of ſo fine a poliſh as either the peble or the porphiry; nor does it yet run into an open rough grain : it is very hard, gives fire freely with ſteel, and eludes the action of the acid, and the fire with eaſe. guinis born olano Dobr I. Solidiuſcula, particulis pellucidis arenoſis æqualibus. Süts 2. Solidiuſcula, particulis arenoſis quartzoſis inæqualibus. 3. Solidiuſcula horizontalis, fuperficie undata, particulis 69.COS majoribus arenoſis. Mill-ſtone. Grain-ſtone. 4. Solidiuſcula porofa aquam tranſmittens. Water-ſtone. 5. Friabilis, particulis gleroſis. Grinding-ſtones. The ſtones of this kind are eaſily known by their hardneſs and granulated appear- ance: they give fire with ſteel, and elude the action of the acid with eaſe; nor do they ever fail to anſwer the characters of the claſs in regard to the fire, though their more open texture expoſes them to its augmented action. Smoland S E C T. E C VII. De margá & margaceis. Of Marl, and the more compound Productions of a marly Nature. W HOEVER has obſerved the eaſe wherewith the different productions of this claſs, yield to both the acid and the fire ; and how readily they are, in ſome ftates, diſunited by water; will certainly allow them to be very different in their nature frorn thoſe of the other claſſes. The ſubſtances of this kind are ſeldom of å very ſtrong texture, though frequently of a fine pore and ſmooth grain : they fer- ment with acids in every ſtate, and ſeem to be the baſe of moſt of the terrene falts, but never do give fire with ſteel. The moſt ſimple Bodies of this fort, are 1°. Such as have not yet gone through any change; but remain in that leſs cohe- ſive form, in which they are naturally obſerved in the bowels of the earth. MARGA 1. Spongioſa ericea. 3. Argillacea friabilis. Marl. 2. Subſolida albida. Marl. Chalk, 1 The Marl, like the earth and clay, appears to have its various degrees of admixture and compoſition ; and theſe ſtill ſeem to approach the neareſt to the ſimple ſtate that ſhew themſelves in a tranſparent form, or nearly ſo; and may be conſidered as the more immediate produce of ſome fluor of this nature, which we ſhall now call fluor pellucidus calcarius ; the real exiſtence of which is, I think, evident from the va- rious ſtates and appearances of many productions of this fort, that are daily met with in L. S. N. O, 0 FI HJA MATIC A. 51 Α Senec 2. Doo 3 in every part of the world; as well as from the admixtures, ſeptæ, and cements of the ſame kind, frequently obſerved in many of the other productions. The following genus ſeem to comprize the principal appearances of this kind. 1. Album diaphanum particulis rhombeis compreſis. orto e oiton Pellucidum varie cryſtallizatum. 3. Pellucidum objecta duplicans. Iceland cryſtal. ole SPATUM 4. Striatum trifariam imbricatum. Spate, or Spar. basol 5. Hemiſphericum. 6. Micaceum. 4 7. Lapideum phoſphorans ſubpellucidum. 8. Gypſeum angulare truncatum. 9. Gypſeum cuneiforme fubpellucidum. 10. Rupeſtre ſubpellucidum & ſubcryſtallizatum. geolo Sms concbar to boots The Spar is always tranſparent, and commonly found ſhooting into regular figures of an oblong, rhomboidal, or cubical form, which always divide and ſubdivide into ſmaller pieces of the ſame figure before they yield intirely to the fire. It is moſt fre- quently found in the fiſſures of rocks, and then is chiefly compoſed of rhomboidal fragments cloſely cemented together. But it is often obſerved in large maſſes, and ſometimes forming whole ſtrata ; or fhooting into regular cryſtalline figures of a pointed or pyramidical form: it is eaſily known by its tranſparency, and the crack- ling noiſe that attends its ſeparation in the fire ; and is obſerved to yield eaſily to all acids of force, The more compound ſubſtances of this nature are very numerous ; and always an- ſwer the peculiar character of the matrix ftom whence we ſuppoſe them originally derived. The moſt noted genus's of the kind are, ci by silicilo 2 noftra 1. Cretaceus cruſtatus. acoba and TWO The ſtalagmite. ៗ} 56. 2. Marmoreus tunicato-cruſtaceus apice nitroſo. 1°.STALACTITES The Stalactite. Stalačtite. 3. Marmoreus ramoſus. ramofas. 2 4. Marmoreus albidus varie ſplendens. cikto l. 5. Subdiaphanus marmoreus. Los CA 19hn Brodie witne 6. Subfuſcus glabertunica cretacea obductuus. 19 SHAD The Stalactite ſeems to be but a meer ſparry, or ſelenetic matter, variouſly debaſed with a leſs agitated marly ſubſtance : it is generally of a glittering appearance, and many of the ſpecies take a fine poliſh; but all the forts yield with great eaſe to both the fire and the acided to gonfiages mouport si ou cica stol i 1079 medai. Varie nebulatum & maculatum, maculis majoribus. noli ci 1. od Dino voda 2. Variegatum, & quaſ ſaponaceum, 16.79 . 10) The ſoapy rock. 3. Solubile particulis impalpabilibus raſilibus. ath w Hujus varietates funt. 20. MARMOR 1. 9. Parius, album: 2. Pbrengiſtes, flavum : 3. Ver- Marble. dello, viride : 4. Lucullum, nigrum : 5. Numidi- cum, rufum : 6. Venetum, cinereum : 7. Africa- num, 1, maculatum album : 8. Canarienſe, nigrum: zo basiinog brus un noto. Lacedemoniam, viride: 10. Leſbium, purşu- 9.07 shew Balist bila pod vp basisrafcense 11. Porta fan&ta, luteum : 12. Polyrizos road evol: Igim yols lw nizonis variis, lielo stomaco e DIE OU 90 20. MARMOR -Atis a a 52 THE NATURAL HISTORY a 4. Concaceum figuris variis intertextum. 2°. MARMOR 5. Nigrum albo & rubello variegatum. Marble. The Kilkenny marble. The marble is a ſtone of great beauty, and fine grain; bears a good poliſh, and appears with a brightneſs ſuperior to moſt of the other productions of the claſs : it is found in large maſſes ſeemingly compoſed of ſmall ſeparate concretions of various colours and forms, mixed, as it were in a ſolution of ſelenitic matter, which always appears more or leſs tranſparent about them. Its texture is deſtroyed equally both by the fire and the acid. ana ottom 1. Rufeſcens, ſelenitide ſtriatum. 3°. CALCITARIUM 2. Lacleum, particulis fere impalpabilibus. Lime-ſtone. Jamaica marble. -3. Cinereum & ſubgriſeum rude ; particulis groſis. Lime-ſtones are found in great abundance in moſt countries ; and ſeem to keep a medium between the marble and the grain or free-ftones. They are commonly impregnated much with ſmall ſelenetic cryſtals, and eaſily known by their more or leſs ſhining ſurfaces, and the eaſe with which they yield to both the acid and the fire. Souci 19 do Foi oboyot botros los acuerdonal 11. Mollior albida particulis fere impalpabilibus. etter The Free-ſtone of Jamaica and Antigua. 4°. SIMPLEXIA 2. Mollior & levior nivea, particulis arenofis confertis. The Free-ſtone. The Bermudas free-ſtone. bis - for awls setor 3. Ginerea particulis arenoſis equalibus. moon siglio di stov Portland ſtone. ods to studio siluoga on The free-ſtone is generally of a plain uniform ſtructure, and granulated texture : it ſplits with equal facility in all directions, and is very eaſily broke when firſt taken out of its native bed, but hardens foon in the more open air ; it yields equally to both the fire and the acid. olositet von Inolt PITTOMIA. SECT. VIII. De produétionibus nonnullis prioribus non proprie fubjiciendis. Of different productions which can't be ſo conveniently placed under the foregoing Claſſes or Genera. er storia T susido E diſpoſe the more mixed and uncertain productions of the mineral king- dom in this claſs : for the frequent appearance of them in collections as well as in the courſe of nature, would not admit me to paſs them over in ſilence ; nor their uncertain diſpoſitions, forms and mixtures, allow that they ſhould be ranged among the foregoing. We ſhall diſpoſe them in the following order; viz. 8 mariyam 1. Plumbagineus vulcaniarum. SIOITAM. IN PUMEX 2. Pyrita cinereus. Pumax off. Pummy. 3. Varius mineralium, 4. Ater vegetabilium. The different ſorts of pumice are only the productions of fire; and conſtituted of the ſmaller particles of more fixed terrene bodies; agitated by heat, and raiſed with the fumes, and other more volatile particles, with which they might have been linked or connected. 2°. TA- vious W OF JA M A IC A. 53 1. Thermarum. S2: 2. Lebethum. 20. TOPHUS 13 3. Animalis varius. Animal concretions. a 13 Theſe are mere calcarious concretions connected together by heat, and the inter- poſition of ſome ſlimy matter. 1. Embrione aqueo. 2. Embrione pulverulento terreſtri libero. Geodes vulgo. 3. Embrione cryſtallino adnato. DE 3º. CALLIMUS 4. Embrione lapideo libero. Ætites vulgo. bilo 5. Embrione lapideo adnato. Pſeudo atites vulgo. 6. Tunicatus ſeptis ſeleniticis interpofitis, nucleo fixo. 17. Tunicatus fimplex, ftratis adnatis. Under this antient appellation, we diſpoſe all thoſe tunicated maſſes ſo much no- ticed in the world, whether whole, or hollow; or whether filled with a looſe nu- cleus of any denomination, or made up of contiguous, or ſeparate ſtrata. a 4º. ARGILLARIA { 1. Varia. a The Argillaria is a meer clayey maſs intermixed with gravel, or ſmaller pebles ; and hardened into the conſiſtence of a ſofter ſtone by the continued heat of the ſun, and frequent moiſture: Theſe, when once concreted, hold firmly together, and form very uſeful bars to many ports, and rapid rivers. 5°. SABULUM S. Gravel. 1. Varium. This is only a coarſer powder, compoſed of the fragments of all the foregomg ſub- ſtances ; which takes its appellation from, and puts on the appearance of, the moſt predominant fort. 6º. ARENA {1 1. Varia. و This appellation has been generally given to that ſpecies of ſandy quartz com- monly uſed in the manufacture of glaſs; but here we have applied it to the more minute fragments of the foregoing ſubſtances; which, like the gravel, takes its ſpecific denomination from the moſt predominant fort : But when all the particles ſeem to be of one kind, we range them with the other productions of the ſame nature; by which means we have, in this arangement, reduced the ſand to the quartz; the Norfolk ſand, to the peble; and the black fand to the iron, &c. 27 Q С НА Р. [ 54 ) T a C Η Α Ρ. II. Of the native Foſſils of JAMAIC A. 10 motion S E C T. I. Of Waters. HOUGH this Ifand in general be very mountainous, and every where raiſed above the level of the ſea; no part of the world can be better ſupplied with water : but it is not reaſonable to expect that it ſhould be often pure, where the action of the ſun is ſo great ; and the ſoil, in every part, impregnated with ſaline, or metalic ſubſtances. I ſhall divide the waters of this Iland in general, into the following claſſes, viz. Iº. Such as are charged more or leſs with terrene, or calcarious particles. Of this ſort I find moſt of the ſpring and well waters, eſpecially thoſe in, and about King- fton; which I have always obſerved to have a further admixture of ſome ſaline par- ticles: theſe, however, of the neighbouring marſhes ſeem to be better than the reſt, and to ſpring from a higher ſource; they are generally leſs charged with the marine ſalt, not ſo heavy in their nature, and much better ſupplied with air. The ſprings in the other parts of the Iſland are much of the ſame nature, but generally more impregnated with calcarious earth; eſpecially on the north fide; where incruſtations and ſtalactites are ſo frequent. The river waters are alſo of this kind, and every where remarkable for the quan- tities of terrene matter with which they are charged, or impregnated ; nor can they be expected to be found otherwiſe, where the rapidity of their motion, and conſtant warmth, help mutually to charge them with every foreign matter that happens to lie in their way: I do not, however, think them to be impregnated ſo much with metalic particles as we commonly ſuppoſe ; for I have tried thoſe of Spaniſh-town river with a large admixture of ſpirit of ſalt amoniac, to little purpoſe ; and from thence conclude, that its purging quality proceeds rather from the clay, with which it is ſo copiouſly charged: and this I am the more induced to think, 1°. Be- cauſe it loſes this quality when ſettled, and cleared of its load ; which would hardly be the caſe, if it did proceed from the ſalts, or ſolution of metals. 2º. Becauſe ma- ny other waters of the ſame appearance, have the like qualities, though not fuf- pected to be any ways impregnated with metalic ſubſtances. II°. Such as are charged with the ſalts and particles of vegetables, as well as ter- rene ſubſtances. All the ſtagnating waters of Jamaica are much of this nature; and not only charged with the more minute parts (a) of aquatic plants, but abound likewiſe with a numberleſs ſeries of animalcules, or ſmall inſects, that feed upon the diluted particles of thoſe vegetables. They are as much as poſſible excluded from all oeconomic uſes, and indeed deſervedly; for they are generally obſerved to be both heavy and unwholeſome. III°. Such as are charged with ſaline particles. There are but few ſaline waters in Jamaica, except thoſe that proceed immedi- (a) See our Account of the Piſtia among the Plants. ately في ; a ; o FЈА м А I c А. OF AM I 55 ately from the ſea, and cover the ſalina's, or fill the lower ponds : but of theſe, they have a great variety; and they afford them many conveniencies for making ſalt , if the ſcarcity, or value of that commodity had rendered it worth their labour. We alſo find ſome brackiſh ſprings and rivulets in this INand, which ſeem to take their ſaline qualities from their beds, or the peculiar ſtate of the earth through which they run; theſe are ſufficient to ſatisfy us that there are falt mines in this place; but they are not yet diſcovered, and probably, lie too deep to be of any ſervice to the publick in caſe they were known. IV. Such as are charged with ſulphureous particles. There are many ſources of this nature in Jamaica ; but the moſt remarkable among them ſeem be thoſe in St. Thomas's in the Eaſt, Vere, and Portland. In the firſt of theſe pariſhes, we find two very conſiderable ſprings, which are now the moſt in eſteem, and generally uſed by the inhabitants : one of theſe is hot, the other cold: the hot ſpring runs by many rills out of the ſide of the rocky cleft that confines the middle part of the Sulphur-river to the Eaſt, as it runs towards the ſouth; it is very hot at the fource, naturally light, and plentifully charged with vo- latile particles, which appear to be but the vapours of the true mineral acid, linked with a light ſulphureous ſteam ; and theſe ſlightly engaged in a calcarious baſe, ſeem to conſtitute thoſe ſalino-ſulphureous ſalts wherewith theſe waters are now known to be principally charged; and on which alone thoſe excellent qualities, for which they are deſervedly noted, muſt depend. They are remarkably beneficial in all capillary obſtructions, and diſorders of the breaſt proceeding from weakneſs, or want of the proper glandular ſecretions ; in all lentors and viſcidities proceeding from the ſlothful- neſs, or inaction of the folid ſyſtem ; in conſumptions; and in nervous ſpaſms, and weakneſſes. It reſtores the appetite, and uſual action of the viſcera, invigorates the circulation, warms the juices, opens the ſkin, and urinary paſſages, ſtrengthens the nerves, and ſeldom fails to procure an eaſy ſleep at night. The cold fuphureous water is more groſs, and more abundantly charged with a looſe heavy ſulphur, whence both its offenſive ſmell, and inflammable ſediment ; but it is more effectual in all cutaneous diſorders, and obſtinate obſtructions of the viſcera, as well as in the fcurvy, and all the other diſpoſitions of our juices, that require ſtrong lixivious diffolvents. ASIN و 5 Ons S E C T. II. Of Salts. T! HE native ſalts of this Iſland are but few, and theſe the moſt uſeful; but are ſeldom manufactured by the inhabitants, who have them imported at a cheap- er rate than they could be made within the colony, while labour is ſo dear. They are as follows, bu wote S Marina. 1°. MURIA Sea-falt. Bu All the Salina's of this Iſland are lightly overſpread with this falt; which may be manufactured here in great quantities, and to great perfection, had labour been leſs expenſive: It is an agreeable ſtimulant and antiſeptic, S Fontana. Spring water falt. 20.MURIAŞ The 56 THE NATURAL HISTORY { a SGS { , . : Gure The brackiſh waters of Jamaica are remarkably charged with ſalt, tho' not richly impregnated; it is the ſame with that obtained from the ſea water, both in form and qualities. Foſflis. So badiol asilno il oud 30. MURIA Rock-falt. tot ni Sis -500 OOO 000 bm batoh The brackiſh waters of that Ifand convince me, that there is a foffil or rock-falt in ſome part of the ground, though none has been yet diſcovered ; but if it ſhould be found in a convenient place, it might prove very ſerviceable as it is an agreeable manure for all ſtiff and clayey lands. ort Humi. ou NITRUM Florid, or native nitre, This falt is very common about all the ſtone and brick houſes in Jamaica ; eſpe- cially thoſe, whoſe mortar has been worked up with ſalt or brackiſh waters: It flowers in ſuch places upon the walls; and deſtroys all the cloaths, or paints, that are placed near it: the cooling and antiſeptic qualities of this falt are ſufficiently known to every body. Thermarum. . HALCRIPTIUM The ſalino-fulphureous ſalts of hot well waters. This ſalt is only known by its effects, and action : It is of a mixt kind, and its con- ftituent parts are eaſily ſeparated ; its nature and qualities are explained in our ac, count of the hot well waters. brist art 109 relato S E C T. III. Of ſulphureous Bodies. { A MBRA S Unicolor griſea adorata. 2 Ambergreaſe. The Ambergreaſe is rarely met with in Jamaica at this time, though it is ſaid to have been found frequently on that coaſt in former times. It is both an agreeable perfume, and a grateful nervous medicine. Friabile nigrum & fubodoratum. ASPHALTUM Jews pitch The Jews pitch is generally introduced here from ſome parts of the main conti- nent, where it is found in great abundance: It is the principal ingredient in the beſt varniſhes that are now uſed by our engravers. Aureo Splendens. MARCHASITES Yellow mundick. This ſhining ſubſtance is largely mixed with moſt of the copper ores now found in Jamaica, and frequently obſerved to run in peculiar veins ainong the more mellow matrixes. { 3 SECT. OF JA MA I 57 Ι CA. HI { . a ; is in otto con nos S E C T. IV. Storld Of metalic Subſtances. UNUITE PATRO sold oder Savole it STIBIUM S Striatum nitens. Striated antimony. We frequently meet with ſome of this metalic ſubſtance in, and about the lead mines of Liguanee ; but it is not made any uſe of here, though well known to be not only an eaſy alterant, and ſudorific, in the ſimple ſtate ; but a ſource from whence we are now ſupplied with many very active and valuable medicines : the prin- cipal preparations made of this mineral are the calx antimonii diaphoretica; calx antimonii ſale animali diviſa & attenuata, vulgo, James's powder ; crocus meta- lorum ; kermes mineralis ; ſulphur auratum ; vitrum antimonii; tartar emeticum ; gutta emeticæ ; and the various regulus's . But beſides its uſes in medicine, it is frequently employed in refining ſome of the more perfect metals. Argentium granulato-micaceum. 19. PLUMBUM The ſubgranulated lead ore. This ore is very rich, of a ſhining filver gray colour, and lamellated texture ; but the particles appear very ſmall when the maſs is broke in a croſs direction: It is richly impregnated with ſilver, which renders the ſolution of it in aqua fortis milky; but is not found in any regular bodied veins, which obliged the Gentlemen who had been engaged in the lead works of Liguanee (where this ore is had in the greateſt abundance) to drop the undertaking, after they had been at a great expence in build- ing a very compleat and curious ſet of works; and carried on the manufacture for fometime. The ore ſtands a conſiderable time in aqua fortis before the fermentation riſes to any height, but it gradually throws up a conſiderable quantity of ſulphur, which, in colour and general properties, ſeem to anſwer the characters of the common ſort; and I doubt, if ſome of the ſulphureous ſprings found in that Illand do not derive their qualities from this ſource, eſpecially as no iron ores have been yet obſerved there. The mechanical uſes of this metal, are too well known to need any mention here; and its medicinal qualities are not many to require our attention long : it is generally pernicious to the nerves; and ſuch as work at it in any ſtate, ſeldom eſcape its diſ- mal effects, which ſeem to affect the bowels more immediately; but this is com- monly followed by a paralitic weakneſs of the limbs, and a general reſolution of the whole nervous ſyſtem, if neglected : It is not immediate in its action, and ſeldom affects for ſome months after the firſt application ; but is ſure to communicate the lurking poiſon in ſome degree with continuance: its calx, and precipitate, are uſed in plaiſters, and frequently ferviceable to ſtupify the nerves, and lull the ſharp, or twichy pains ſo peculiar to fcalds and cancerous ulcers: its falts, or vitriol, is a fine aftringent, and frequently uſed in inflammations and defluxions of the eyes; but all inward application is both dangerous and imprudent; nor can any thing beſides an exceffive ſtimulus to, and the threatening ruin of a family, from ſuch a ſource, au- thorize the adminiſtration. The other remarkable appearances of the lead ores of Jamaica are theſe following, 2°, PLUMBUM Argenteum lamellulatum. ſ mora os The lamellated fining lead ore. Oreblow lost do 1995 son w sw fedor da 616 . This R a 3 a 58 THE NATURAL HISTORY This is found with the former, and anſwers nearly as well in all the trials I have made : it is not of ſo ſhining an appearance, and its thin laminæ are diſpoſed more like thoſe of talk. TO 3°. PLUMBUM Nigrum æneo ſubnitens. This is found with the other ſpecies, and commonly linked with a copper ore: when firſt broke it appears ſhining, but tarniſhes very ſoon; it is rot much impreg- nated with filver. a ş Nigrum Schiſti. 4. PLUMBUM The black lead ore. mort This ore is largely admixed with copper, and ſeldom rich; but the matrix is mel- low, and eaſily fiuxed : It is found with the foregoing forts in the lower mountains of Liguanee. r 1. Viride & ſubplumbeum in matrice Schiſtoſo. The green and livid copper ore. mani Lorong 2. Plumbeo-aneum ſubnitens. The ſhining dark copper ore. 3. Cæruleum in ſchiſto molli. The blue opake copper ore. Balloras bl 4. Viride & fuſcum ſubnitidum leve. 30- Istati loro lotoj inicio The light green and dark copper ore.am ad 5. Subviride in ſchifto ſpatoſo. or Vist The greeniſh ore intermixed with ſpate. on 20 ourg 6. Viride pyriticofum. Joose or rob 7. Viride & cæruleum fubdiaphannm in matrice ſpatoſo- A green copper ore in a pyritical matrix. too micaceo. The green and blue ores in a ſparry matrix. CUPRUM 8. Viride cæruleum & diaphanum in lapide fragili Copper. obfcuro. The blue and green ores with ſome ſparks of the lapis lazuli. 9. Viride & fubviride, Spatofum atque pyriticofum, in matrice nigricanti fragili fæcundiſſima. The greeniſh ores in a rich blackiſh ſchiſt. lalo 10. Subfuſcum porofum micis aureis nitens. The dark porous ore with ſmall ſhining micaceous Mai particles. aloilo S OR 11. Subviride in matrice ſpatoſo-faxea. The greeniſh ore in a ſparry and ſtony matrix. 12. Subviride in matrice ſubnitido fuſco & cinereo bolari, The dark green ore in a bolar gloffey matrix. dora 13. Fufcum in ſaxo cinereo & ſubmicaceo. The dark ore mixed in a whitiſh and ſubmicaceous ſtone. Plumbeo cinerefcens, ſubnitidum equale. s ris ositors The even coloured livid copper ore. Theſe are the moſt remarkable appearances of the copper ores of Jamaica, and no part of the world can abound more with ſuch productions. The firſt and ſecond ſpecies, are the richeſt we have yet diſcovered there; and theſe are thought to be equal bul bre a 14. . Ο FIJ J A Α Ι ފް a C be a Α MAT I CA. 11 59 equal to ſome of thoſe that are eſteemed of the firſt claſs in Europe ; nor undeſerv- edly; for the matrix in which they are engaged, is of a ſoft and yielding nature, and anſwers both the hammer, and the fire, with equal eaſe. I have examined a few lumps of that near Sir Simon Clarke's, which abounds more with the lapis lazuli ; and found it both rich and mellow, but as they have not yet dug any depth in the ground, it is not poſſible to know how the veins may turn out: the mine at Mr. Anderſon's ſeems to be the moſt conveniently ſituated, both for wood and water, as well as carriage ; and not inferior to any in the quality of its ore ; but that honeſt man frequently miſtakes the bad for the good, and ihews a piece of mundick, which he obtains with difficulty from the hardened rock, for fine ore, while the rich and mellow matrix is thrown heedleſly aſide ; and, I doubt not, but it is the caſe with many others, who may be as little acquainted with the nature and appearances of metalic ſubſtances. I admire that ſome of thoſe gentlemen who have advanced ſo far in their reſearches after filver, did not puſh their induſtry a little further, and endeavour to extract gold from ſome of thoſe ; in which they were likely to prove more fucceſsful where copper is ſo much uſed at every plantation (a). Beſides the mechanical uſes of this metal, which are too well known to need any mention here: it is ſometimes applied for the relief of diſordered habits, and not undeſervedly eſteemed one of the moſt powerful remedies in ſuch dropſies as proceed from the weakneſs of the lymphatics, or a general languor of the Tolid ſyſtem ; in which caſes it feldom fails to prove an excellent diuretic, and ſtrengthener : there is a ſalt and a tincture eaſily extracted from it by every volatile ſpirit, that may given on theſe occaſions; and its vitriol and ruſt are found to be the moſt effectual deterſives and cleanſers of foul fores in thoſe ſultry parts, where the ſurface of the body is too much relaxed for the common applications to be effectual. But this ſubſtance of its own nature is rather prejudicial to the machine, and frequently puts on the appearance of poiſon in its operation, for which reaſon it always requires to be adminiſtered with caution. 1 It affords ſome beautiful blue's and green’s that are daily uſed with ſucceſs in painting; but the diſorders which limners, and engrav- ers, generally impute to this mineral, ſeem to ariſe rather from the aqua fortis, and the other ingredients that paſs daily through their hands, than from any of the dila- terious qualities of the metal. - od 03. awon bns zoldstogov bosoob 20 90 OU alussa As To GOLD AND Silver Ores, none were yet diſcovered in this Iſland, except what has been found mixed with the lead ores of Liguanee, which was not ſufficient to defray the charges of the manufactury. Neither could I ever find any conſiderable marks of iron, either in this or the other ſugar colonies; black fand, it is true, is at- tracted by the magnet, but does not anſwer with the acid, or the fire; and the black Tricherium * which ſeems to ſhew fome marks of real iron, is too light and porous to be conſidered as an ore; and too ſcarce to be of any ſervice even in phyfic. mai but bi Atrum micaceum ferro rariori impregnatum & in- * TRICHERIUM 2 el cruſtatum. The black ſpangled Tricherium with a ſmall ad- mixture of iron. bvodud 000 s as airls This ſubſtance is found far back in the mountains above Bull-Bay, but it is not in any conſiderable quantities. e molt Boilo (a) I have with the affiftance of ſome very ingenious planters computed, that an eſtate which produces about 100 hogſheads of ſugar a year, muſt be at the certain expence of 65 l. per. annum in copper and lead alone; and hence it appears, that this Iſland muſt expend 23700 l. every year in theſe articles, which they might have got within the Iſland at an eafer rate, and ſtrengthened the colony with ſome thouſands of induſtrious labourers beſides. il mio blog SECT Dijon a 60 THE NATURAL HISTORY S E C T. V. Of Earth, and earthy Subſtances. too texta. Purple earth. a na- а ſi. Fuſca vulgaris. 16. Humoja nigra. Dark loam, or Virgin- Black mould. Earth. 7. Humoja radicibus inter- 2. Lutea montana. TERRA Yellow earth. Turf, and ſwamp-mould. 3. Subpinguis crocea. 8. Humofa & paludofa. Earth and Red earth. Mud and dung. Soyl. 4. Schiſtica purpurea. 9. Fimoja. The earth obtained from 10 on 5. Sabulo variè mixta. the remains of animals. The mixed loam, or ſandy moins foyl. Theſe are the common ſorts of native earth generally found in Jamaica : and indeed, in moſt other countries: the firſt is what we properly call pure loam, or mould; it is of a free open texture, and muſt conſtitute the principal part of every cultured ſoyl to yield a profit ſuitable to the labourer's toil. The ſecond is of a poorer ſort, and frequent in the mountains of this Iſland, where a conſtant moiſture and frequent admixture of vegetable mould renders it very luxuriant, and a proper matrix for many of the principal timbers and more ſucculent plants. The third ſort abounds in moſt of the hilly lands ; it is more or leſs of a bolar nature, and not eſteemed either a kind or a luxuriant mould, though the tive proviſions, and the vines of the country thrive beſt in ſuch a ſoil. The fourth and fifth are the common ſorts in the lower lands and favannas, which we generally find both a kind and fertil bed, when ſupplied with moiſture; but this often fails, and leaves thoſe fields almoſt uſeleſs. The fixth and ſeventh, are chiefly the pro- duce of decayed vegetables, and known to be the richeſt and moſt luxuriant bed for all ſorts of plants. The eighth is peculiar to thoſe bottom lands ſituated near the ſea, and is commonly mixed with bruſh and mangroves; the ſoil is rich, but the ſituation of the ground renders it only fit for Scotch graſs, and other marſhy ve- getables. The ninth is common enough, but ſeldom uſed in this country; for few of them have any notion of the real properties of manure, or of dunging lands which they already think too rich: A moiſt, free ſoil, with moderate heat, will any where produce a luxuriant growth, but the warmth of the glebe alone can maturate or enrich the juice. The moſt remarkable compounds of this kind now found in Jamaica are the, Subfufcum diaphanum lamellis tenuiffimis fubelaſticis. The browniſh Talk with very thin laminæ. I had once received ſome of this as a production of Jamaica ; but have been, ſince informed, that it was brought there from the coaſt of Guinea. It differs but little from that with which we are ſupplied from Muſcovy. sidor Argentea particulis minimis elabilibus. MICA The filver Mica. Aurea particulis elabilibus impalpabilibus. The golden Mica. Both a a TALCUM { o FЈА М А I c А. 61 Both theſe ſpecies of Mica are frequent in Jamaica, eſpecially among thoſe hills that lie between St. Katherine's and Sixteen-mile-walk; the laſt fort has been fre- quently waſhed down with the floods, and ſometimes taken for a lighter ſpecies of gold fand: it is commonly found incorporated with the potters clay near Spaniſh-town. 1. Friabile, fibris ſubdiapanis longitudinalibus. The Tricherium with longitudinal ſubdiaphane fibres. 2. Per ſtratas diſpoſitum, fibris obliquis niveis. The Tricherium with ſhort fibres diſpoſed obliquely TRICHERIUM in ſtrata. 3. Nigrum fübniten's ferro impregnatum. The black Tricherium with gloſſy flakes, and impreg- nated with iron. Theſe ſubſtances are frequently obſerved in Jamaica, and may probably yield a fine cement ; but they have not been yet tried in that Iſland. Duriſſimus externe granulatus, interne lamellatus. AMIANTHUS The hard lamellated Ainianthus. They have great quantities of this ſubſtance both in Antigua, and Jamaica : it is generally found in large detached maſſes, having all the appearance of petrified wood, for which it is commonly taken in both iſlands. 1. Purpuraſcens quaquaverſum fifſilis ſcriptura atra. The purpleith Schift with black lines, and ſpliting SCHISTUS freely in all directions. 2. Spato imprégnatus & feptis diviſus. The mixt Schiſtus. The laſt ſpecies is frequently found in the ſurf about Bull-bay; the acid attacks, and diſſolves the cement of the maſs with great fury; and leaves an inert lump of pure ſchiſtic earth behind. The other is common in many parts of the mountains of St. John's; but is generally fteril, and of little uſe. SECT. VI. Of Clay, and clayey Subſtances. 1. Subcinerea, fiffilis. Refining clay. ARGILLA 2. Teſſulata arenâ mixta. Potters clay, or fandy clay, 3. Sabulo & terrâ mixta. Clayey ſoyl. Theſe are the moſt remarkable appearances of clay, in the viſcid ſtate, now ob- ſerved in Jamaica. The firſt is almoſt pure, and very fit for the refining-houſe, as well as for earthen wares, if they ſhould ever think it neceſſary to work in ſuch a ma- nufacture, but it is not very common. The ſecond fort is more frequent, and now ſupplies the Iſland with water-jarrs, and other conveniencies of the like nature. The third forms a great part of the ſoyl in many places; and is fufficiently re- markable for its ſtiffreſs, and coheſion: when it abounds with fand without earth, it is the true brick-clay ; but, when any conſiderable quantity of this is joined in the maſs, it breaks its texture, and the clod is leſs coheſive; by which means it frequently I s becomes 62 THE NATURAL HISTORY biola becomes a kind and luxuriant ſoil: from hence we may learn both the nature and manures of clayey land, as well as the manner of fitting it for every purpoſe. The following ſeem to be the moſt compound ſubſtances of this nature, that I have TO obſerved in a ſolid form, in that Inland, viz. Dios а a - CRYSTALLUS {1. Conico-cylindracea utrinque attenuata. The . This ſpecies is found in that freeſtone near the bath: the cryſtals are very ſmall, and hardly perceptible to the naked eye; but when the workmen break any of the ſtones, the little fragments that fly about, are ſo charged with theſe minute ſharp-pointed cryſtals, that they inflame and frequently bliſter the ſkin wherever they touch. 2. Columnaris hexaedra, hinc tantum pyramidata, lateribus duobus majoribus oppoſitis. The pointed cryſtal with two oppoſite fides larger CRYSTALLUS than any of the reſt. 3. Columnaris binc tantum obliquè pyramidata. The obliquely pointed cryſtal. There is but little difference between theſe two-ſpecies; but the former ſeems to ſhoot more freely, and to be leſs tranſparent in its appearance: they are both very hard, and mark glaſs, or the beſt poliſhed ſteel, with great eaſe. 80 ſi. Subaqueum. The aqueous Quartz. 2. Sublačteum. The white and ſubopake Quartz, 3. Subrubellum diaphanum. QUARTSZUM The ſubtranſparent Quartz, with a fleſhy caſt. 4. Diaphanum albidum. The whitiſh tranſparent Quartz. 5. Nigrum arenaceum nitens. Black fand, or black Quartz. All theſe ſpecies are frequent in Jamaica : the three firſt are commonly found in detached maſſes, and ſeem to have much of the nature, and appearance of Aint: the fourth is the true paraſitical native ſort, and found frequently mixed with many of the copper ores. The fifth is rather a ſteril iron ore, than a Quartz ; but as it is generally found of an angular compreſſed form, and eludes the action of both the fire, and the acid, I have given it a place in this claſs; it is very common in many parts of Ame- rica, and moſt frequently found in this form on the ſea ſide, but is ſometimes ob- ſerved to be a principal mixture in many of the harder ſpecies of grain ſtones in this part of the world. ſį. Atrum equale. The Touch-ſtone. 2. Cinereum equale. The Ath-coloured Lydium. LYDIUM 3. Duriſimum e fufco griſeum. The Thunderbolt. 4. Atro ſubceruleum. The Indigo-coloured Lydium. 5. Rubellum ſubfibrofum. The brown Lydium with a fibrous texture, All a YOOF JAM ATIC A. HT 63 ; CII 30min a 1 All theſe ſpecies of Lydium are found in the Iſland of Jamaica, but feldom ob- ſerved in any conſiderable maſſes: the firſt, and ſecond, are often met with on the ſhores, and may be uſed equally on occaſion; tho' the colour of the former renders it more fit for all the purpoſes of a touch-ſtone. The third is the produce of ſome other country; and has been introduced here, very much in the time of the native In- dians, who uſed to grind their maze with thoſe ſmall figured maſſes, which we now call thunderbolts: It as manufactured in ſome part of th the neighbouring con- tinent, and worked into various forms, to ſupply thoſe people with tools, for the different occaſions of life, while the nature and manufacture of iron was yet un- known to them. The fourth and fifth forts are moſt common in the inland parts of the country; but are not yet obſerved to be of any peculiar ſervice. Si. 1. Duriſima griſea ferro arenaceo atro-nitenti im- COS pregnata. The chocolate ſtones. Tho' many manufactured pieces of this ſtone are found in every part of Jamaica, I could never meet with any of the kind in the rude, or natural ſtate ; for which rea- ſon, I was induced to look upon them as the produce and formation of ſome part I of the neighbouring continent, where chocolate had been formerly in uſe, which have been introduced here from time to time (like the thunderbolt ſtone) for the om manufacture, and oeconomical preparations of that ſeed ; as this was for the uſe of their maize : The ſtone is very hard, and of a coarſe granulated texture intermixed with a finer Shining black quartz,,or ſandy matter : It gives fire readily with ſteel, and does not yield to any of the acids. inaugas isi bati nipal peel ons sor § 2. Granulata giratilis. 1 3. Micacea granulata fiffilis. doa នយO CO S The grinding ſtone. do The Briſtol, or paving ſtone.it no local Both theſe ſpecies are imported here from England. The firſt is much in uſe at every plantation, where iron tools are made uſe of ; and the other is ſometimes im- ported for the uſe of churches, and other large buildings. buona soorienti og vlot stro 84. Subcinerea miſcela ſpato mixta. The mixed ſparry Cos. 5. Subfuſca granulata, duriſſima. The hard dark granulated Cos. 6. Quartzoſa granulata, rugoſa, terrå rufeſſenti mixta, The ſparry granulated and mixed Cos. COS 7. Subcinerea ſpato-mixta & diviſa. The Ath-coloured Cos, with ſparry particles, and partition's. 8. Arenoſa dura fubfuſco-griſea. hard and ſandy dark Cos. 9. Purpurea ſpato maxime mixta. TUTA The purple Cos. De Theſe are the moſt common ſorts of grain-ſtones I have obſerved in Jamaica ; but they have not yet diſcovered any regular quarry of either of them : they are generally found in detached maſſes of different ſizes. 10. Solidiuſcula porofa aquam tranſmittens. COS The percolating ſtone, or the porous ſandy Cos. This ſtone is frequently introduced here, in the manufactured ſtate ; and found to be very beneficial to the inhabitants of the lower lands, as it ſerves to cool, as well Tood The hard and f 64 T H E NATURAL HISTORY well as to purify the waters commonly uſed in their diluted drinks. It is a native of Madera and Barbadoes. 2 ވެ 3 SE CT. VII. De marga & margaceis. Of Marls and marly Subſtances. ri. Friabilis alba. White friable Marl. 2. Subpinguis tenax. MARGA The aboo earth, or clammy Marl, 3. Conchacea. Shell Marl. 4. Terrea variè mixta. Marly ſoil, or mixed Marl. Theſe are the only ſpecies of Marl I could obſerve in that iſland ; but the third and fourth are not common; and the firſt is generally barren, for it affords neither true nouriſhment, or an eaſy paſſage, to the tender roots of vegetables. The ſhell marl is ſcarce, and hardly ever met with, but in the mountains, or by the ſea-ſide ; it is an excellent manure for all ſtiff, and clayey ſoils. The ſecond ſpecies is a peculiar fort of earth, that runs in veins, and is chiefly found in marly beds : it is of different colours, but theſe generally anſwer to that of the layer wherein it is found; it is apparently ſmooth, and greaſy, and ſomewhat coheſive in its nature; but diffolves eaſily in the mouth: The Negroes, who make frequent uſe of this ſubſtance, ſay, that it is ſweetiſh ; and many get a habit of eating it to ſuch exceſs, that it often proves fatal to them. It is the moſt certain poiſon have known, when uſed for any length of time ; and often enters ſo abundantly in- to the courſe of the circulation, as to obſtruct all the minute capillaries of the body; nay, has been often found concreted in the glands, and ſmaller veſſels of the lungs, ſo far as to become ſenſibly perceptible to the touch: It breaks the texture of the blood intirely; and for many months before they die, a general languor affects the machine, and all the internal parts, lips, gums, and tongue, are quite pale, info- much, that the whole maſs of their juices, ſeems to be no better than a waterih lymph. It is probable they are firſt induced to the uſe of this ſubſtance (which is generally well known among them) to allay ſome ſharp cravings of the ſtomach; either from hunger, worms, or an unnatural habit of body. The following are the moſt remarkable compound productions of this kind, I could have met with in Jamaica. 1. Paraſiticum, cryſtallis minimis cuniformibus ſubaqueis. SPATUM The ſmall paraſitical ſpate, or ſpar, with wedged cryſtals. This ſpecies of ſpar is frequent in the fiffures, and interſtices of the lime-ſtones, in all parts of Jamaica. [2. Subaqueum maſſulis triquetris priſmetico-truncatis quafi talcoſis, fragmentis rhombeis. The ſubaqueous fpar found in three angular truncat- SPATUM ed and prifmatical maſſes. 3. Rupeſtre ſubaqueum, fubcryſtallizatum & fubftria- 3 3 { tum. Loe The Rock-ſpar. This OF JA MA I CA. 65 This ſort of Spar is very clear, and found formed into rocks, of a prodigious ſize, in the mountains of St. Anne's; where it is obſerved to conſtitute whole ftrata : Thele rocks ſplit very eaſily in all directions, particularly the perpendicular ; and the fragments, of which it ſeems compoſed, are ſtriated in a longitudinal direc- tion. When it is expoſed any time to the weather, the ſurface grows opake, and of a milky white. 14. Confuſe cryſtallizatum, cryſtallis truncatis ſuberectis 1 adnatis jubaqueis . IT The cryſtalline Spar, with confuſed, and truncated SPATUM fragments. borado 5. Confuſe cryſtallizatum, cryſtallis deformitus. De totoo The diaphanous Spar, with deformed cryſtals. 91 6. Subcryſtallinum confufum.colo unde or The confuſed ſubcryſtalline Spar. XIMU Theſe laſt ſpecies are pretty common in moſt parts of Jamaica, and generally found in ſmall detached maſſes. diw gom ova 911 viisilda ad 1. Lacteum variis concretum. MARMOR The whitiſh baſtard marble. a DO : 5 This ſtone is very much debaſed, and frequently confounded with the lime-ſtone, in the room of which it is often uſed in Jamaica : It is very common, and indeed the principal ſort of ſtone in moſt of thoſe lower mountains, to the eaſtward of Kingſton : It has a ſmooth even grain, and bears a good poliſh, but is ſeldom very ſhining, or gloſſy. (1. Subcinereum fpatofum. rods The whitiſh ſparry lime-ſtone, or calcitory. , 2. Cinereum textura ſubequali. Formschino CALCITARIUM The even grained calcitory, விமா 1 3. Subrubellum ſpatofum. ALIANA The ſparry calcitory, with a fleſhy caſt. Theſe are the common appearances of the lime-ſtones of that country, which we have generally obſerved to conſtitute the principal part of its rocky hills : the firſt, and ſecond ſort, are the moſt common in the ſouthern parts of the Iſland; but the other, which is more fonorous, and uneven in its form, is more frequent on the north-ſide. They are all, more or leſs, of a granulated appearance, and yield with equal eaſe, both to the fire, and the acid. They are burned to lime in every part of the Ifland, where ſuch a manufacture is neceſſary; but it is not thought to be ſharp enough for the boiling houſe: this, however, muſt be a miſtake, or owing to ſome neglect either in burning, or caſking the lime ; for the ſtone, in general, is not only kind, but hard enough to take and hold a great deal of heat, the moſt eſſential quality of good lime. dollogoco e vino ſ1. Albida fru&turæ fubequalis. I would The ſofter fine grained free-ſtone.it 2. Alba fubequalis, cryſtallis minutiſſimis acutis referta. SIMPLEXIA The ſofter white free-ſtone of St. Tbomas's. 3. Levior nivea particulis arenoſis confertis. The light fandy free-ſtone of Bermudas. soon be made The two firſt ſpecies are natives of Jamaica, and anſwer extreamly well in all manner of buildings: the firſt is found in a large quarry near St. Anne's Bay; the other in the pariſh of St. Thomas's in the Eaſt : but the third fort is a native of Bermudas, and frequently imported here for buildings; it is more poreous, and leſs coheſive, than either of the others; but as it is very light, it anſwers beſt in the work; and is imported at a very cheap rate. dinlaid bitr T SE CT ز a 66 THE NATURAL HISTORY SE CT. VIII. Of mixed, and irregular Productions : 1. a {i PUMEX { Plumbeus ſulphurariarum & thermarum. The livid pummy of ſulphur mines. This ſubſtance is the meer production of fubterraneous fires: it is always found in great abundance about the ſulphur mines of Mountſerrat, and doubtleſs may be alſo obſerved in Jamaica, could we reach the firſt ſource of the hot-well waters of that place : the heat, at leaſt, of thoſe give me room to think, that ſuch a thing exiſts there; and, probably, may be always found where-ever this is conſtant, and from the conſumption of ſulphureous ſubſtances. PUMEX S 2. Ferreus ater gypſo adnatus. The black ferruginous Pum my. This ſubſtance is very rare; I have met with a little of it far back, among the mountains in Jamaica. TONIN I. Aquarum incruſtantium, TOPHUS The Tophus of incruſtating waters. 2. Labethum. The cruſt depoſited by boiling waters. Theſe ſubſtances are only concretions of the heterogeneous particles, with which many of the waters of this Iſland are charged: the firſt fort is ſo common in moſt of the ſmall currents about St. Anne's, that every thing lying in their courſe, nay the very chanel is frequently incruſtated, and hence the fource and formation of that beautiful, and famous caſcade, between Roaring-river, and Mendzey’s-Bog, in this pariſh. ARGILLARIA S1. Subfufca folidinfcula, variis admixta. The dark and variouſly mixed Argillaria, This is a mixture of clay and gravel, that hardens into a very ſolid form by the continued heat of the ſun, and a ſmall admixture of ſalt-water; it is the foundation of that neck of land, that ſtretches into the ſea, and incloſes the harbour of King- fton; as well as of ſome other parts of the ſea-ſhore round this Iſland. It receives but little damage from the ſurges, or more agitated waves ; but acquires a degree of hardneſs as often as the incumbent ſands are waſhed off, by hurricanes, or other extraordinary commotions of the ocean. SABULUM {". 1. Varium. Gravel. This is only a compoſition of the ſmaller fragments of all, or many of the fore- mentioned ſubſtances ; which generally takes its ſpecific denomination from the moſt predominant kind: the ſhores, river-courſes, and many other parts of Ja- maica, are full of various forts of this fubftance. Si. Varia. ARENA Sand. Sand differs but little from the foregoing; and, like that, is only a compoſition of the more minute particles of all, or many of the other ſubſtances; which, in the ſame manner, takes its ſpecific denomination from the moſt predominant fort: I muſt however remark, that we have claſſed the purer ſpecies of thoſe that uſed to go commonly under this appellation, with the other productions of the ſame nature, and ranged the cryſtalline fands among the quartz's; the roundiſh among the pebbles; and black with the irons. THE {". a a Τ Η Ε CIV I L and N A T U R A L H I S T O R Y OF 7 А М А І M A I CA С 7 A P A R T II. Β Ο Ο Κ ΙΙ. C Ο Ν Τ Α Ι Ν Ι Ν G, A Hiſtory of the vegetable Productions, claffed and diſtributed nearly according to the Linnean Syſtem; with the Characters of ſuch as were not hitherto known, or have been but imperfectly repre- ſented: To which we have added the Synonyma from the moſt approved Authors, as well as the beſt Methods of cultivating and manufacturing the more uſeful Species ; with the Properties and Uſes of each, in Mechanics, Diet, and Phyſic. HT TAUTATI bas II VIO Я от 2 І Н ОТ H I І О His genus omne Plantarum fruticumque viret, nemorumque facrorum ; Et quas quæque feret regio. VIRG, Georg. ІІ ТА T I ООД стат, о. 2 di bebbe sbbort oldoggy od to viehill A пароіl ізін сар 22 наулі ор ор пілого стола . hogiriard stood oral concorbinson oto e o aos Lioil svom or bobbs slow doim o both Svi bodisi fod ad es low as to hevoice По . irge iu А этогут зіз guiшionister irl bna aoirelook tii tors olu ជនជា HI Da P R E FACE E F А E. T n HE neceſſities of mankind have, doubtleſs, firſt obliged them to ob- ſerve thoſe produ&tions more exactly, which they had found by ex- perience, to be the moſt immediately neceſſary for their mainte- nance; and to ſeek and propagate with the greateſt care, the beſt means of relieving their more frequent wants. This, experience and obſervations have, with time, improved ſufficiently to fix the firſt foundation of agricul- ture and paſturage (a); which ſucceeding ages have enlarged, and embel- liſhed with a numberleſs ſeries of mechanical arts and manufačtures . But how far vegetable productions have contributed towards the general im- provement, we can only learn from a due conſideration of ſome of thoſe valuable neceſſaries and conveniencies, with which we are daily furniſhed from this claſs. 30 To give a circumſtantial account of thoſe, would require more room and labour than we can now beſtow; but if we look into the different methods of living generally uſed among mankind, we ſhall certainly find them to be ſupplied, in every country, with the moſt agreeable as weli as the moſt neceſſary parts of their food from this province; which ſtill adds a moſt amazing variety to its luxuriance. Remark the different ſorts of roots now in uſe, and the multiplicity of forms in which they are ſerved up at our tables ! Obſerve the different forts of greens, and tender ſhoots, that are daily uſed for nouriſhment; and conſider how many ſorts of grain and fruit ſerve to ſupply the luxury, as well as wants of our kind ! View but the machine in a diſordered condition, you will find the principal means of relief to be generally fought for, and obtained from this kingdom. Obſerve a man in his moſt accompliſhed ſtate, you will ſee him ſurrounded and adorned with the various productions of vegeta- bles ; bis moveables are chiefly furniſhed by the foreſt; his cloaths fre- quently ſupplied by the cotton ſhrub; his linen, books and papers by the barks of various plants : and if you conſider him as a member of the U community, (a) Res pecuaria. lxx E. PREF . ACEcommunity, his trade, bis wealth and afluence, you will find, is chiefly maintained and carried on with the produ&tions of this claſs . How na- tural muft it then be for the inquiſitive part of mankind, to ſearch into, and endeavour to explore, the nature and ſituation of a claſs of beings, that furniſhes ſo many materials to ſupply both the wants and luxury of the inhabitants of every part of the earth ? Theſe inducements have always engaged ſome part of mankind in the ſtudy as well as culture of plants; and the informations and materials tranſmitted from one colony to another, have been always found to con- tribute alike towards the improvement of both. From hence we may learn to know the uſe of Natural Hiſtories in general, which ſerve, not only to inform us of the materials with which different countries abound, but likewiſe to acquaint us with their uſes and various manufactures. In this part of the Natural Hiſtory of Jamaica, I have followed the order and diſtribution of Linneus as much as poſſible : I have, however, differed from him in the diſpoſition of the more imperfeet plants, which I have placed, according to a more antient cuſtom, before the reſt : nor was this my only reaſon, for really I think they, in ſome meaſure, ſeem to ap- proach nearer to mineral ſubſtances in their nature : but in the diſtri- bution of them I have been various ; followed Hill ſometimes, Miche- lius often, and partly my own fancy, juſt as I thought them to approach neareſt to nature. I have given the general charaéters wherever I found them new, or but imperfeetly repreſented before ; and have ad- ded the ſynonima out of the moſt noted and approved authors ; I have alſo given a ſhort deſcription of moſt of the Species, and adjoined the uſes, culture, and manufactures of ſuch as were found of any certain or known ſervice. il T H E 0 10 with 20 [ 71 ] BUDO Τ Η Ε olo 10 oto CIVIL and NATURAL HISTORY Votob oli : 601 con w Ο F O Fincapaian 7 A A A I C A. PART II. ole BOOK II. bom obrad Souto 'to Do OD Sonoma luoda u sdi lini temps al si ei vod O R D E R I. bors si albo ygodt 1930110 Of Plants that bear only obſcure, or imperfect Flowers. Boew-dei, CL A S S I. Of Submarine Vegetables. ပါ Hicana vicom S E C T. I. Of ſuch as are of a tender herbaceous Texture. au 2 335 D 2000 A LGA 1. Foliis ferè linearibus. Alga Anguſti-folia vitrariorum. C. B. & Sl. Cat. p. 5. Dobro, The ſmall graffy leafʼd Alga, or Turtle-graſs. Enti This Plant grows frequently in the ſhallow fandy bays of Jamaica ; and is the moſt common food of the manatee, the turtle, and the trunc-fith ; as well as many other ſmaller marine animals. 10.02 UT O CUO ALGA 2. Foliis planis anguftis, radice geniculata. Alga Juncea, five juncus maritimus radice alba geniculata. Slo. Cat. p. 5. & H. t. 22. f. 5. The larger Alga with fleſhy roots.no plon ni This grows with the foregoing in moſt of the ſhallow fandy bays ; and ſeems to be more generally uſed by the turtle and manatee. BUDU FUCUS 1. Membranaceus brevis, lobatus, circulis concentricis notatus. Fucus Fronde ſefjoli reniformi decufatim ftriata. L. Sp. pl. Fucus Maritimus galli-pavonis pennas referens. C. B. Pro. & Sl. Cat. The membraneous aſh-coloured dwarf Fucus. i odli on This ſmall plant grows very near the ſhores in all the bays of Jamaica : it ſeldom Tile 72 THE NATURAL HISTORY grows about na every other reason riſes above three or four inches, and ſticks by a ſtrong ligamentous foot-ſtalk to every rock, and ſmaller pebble. FUCUS 2. Membranaceus, tenuis, undulatus, viridis. Alga Latifolia, five muſcus marinus, &c. Si. Cat. p. 5. The long undulated membranous green Fucus. This plant grows pretty deep in the ſea, and is generally found about the larger rocks at ſome diſtance from the ſhore. It is moderately tranſparent, and of a beautiful green colour. It is frequently thrown up every where on the ſhores of Jamaica. FUCUS - F U-C U S 3. Caule tereti ramofijimo, foliis oblongis ferrato-dentatis, veſiculis globoſis. Fucus Caule tereti ramoſiſſimo, foliis lanceolato-ſerratis, fructificationibus globofis, pedunculis fubariftatis. L. Sp. Pl. Lenticula Marina ſerratis foliis. Lob. & Slo. Cat. p. 4. Lenticula Marina foliis latis brevibus ferratis. Slo. C. 5. The larger branched Fucus, or Gulph-weed with broader ſerrated leaves. This plant is frequent in all the ſeas about thoſe parts of America : it the rocks in the deeper parts of the ocean, and is frequently thrown upon the ſhores of this, and every other neighbouring Iſland, after hurricanes and ſtrong ſea breezes. 9., FUCUS 4. Ramoſus, foliis oblongis anguſtis- Serratis, capſulis natantibus ſtilo ornatis. The ſmaller branchéd Fucus, or Gulph-weed. 10 This ſpecies ſeems to be only a variation of the foregoing fort; it is however more commonly met with in this form, and very frequent in thoſe ſeas. FUCUS 5. Caule tereti ramoſo, foliis linearibus; capfulis foliolatis. Caule tereti ramoſo, foliis linearibus integerinis, fructificationibus globoſis, pedunculatis. L. Sp. Pl. AIA The branched Fucus with capillary leaves. git This is rather an European than an American plant, and moft frequently obſerved , in the chaps of the Engliſh channel: it is diſtinguiſhed from the foregoing, which it reſembles very much in the general form, by its fimple capillary leaves. 100 FUCUS 6. Opuntioides ſubcompreſſus, brachiis oblongis tumentibus quandoque excavatis. Root The larger Opuntioid Fucus. This plant is more frequent about the Weſtern Iſlands, where I have gathered it in great abundance on my return from Jamaica. It is the common food of the logger- head turtle in thoſe parts, eſpecially when they ſtray any diſtance from the ſhore. Bio mucho or diw swoig FUCUS 7. Opuntioides ſubcompreſus minor, brachiis fubangulatis sd brevioribus. Corallina Opuntioides ramulis denfioribus, & foliis magis ſinuatis, &c. Slo. Cat. p. 4. & H. t. 20. f. 2. Corallina Latifolia & opuntia, &c. Pk, t. 26. f. 1. 2018 I The ſmaller Opuntioid Fucus with many ſhort angular joints. end Ito na 150 visu suport al liner This Y OF HJ A MAT I CA. FI T 73 Uc This little marine plant is very common about all the harbours of the Iſland. FU CU S 8. Fronde dichotamo diſtico, ramulis fimplicibus teretibus 200 his ſubcompreffis punčtatis, diſco infernè cauli circumducto. The dichotomous flender flexile Fucus with a diſk round the ſtem. a This plant is but little known to Botaniſts; tho' frequent enough in the Engliſh channel, where I have met with it on my return from Jamaica. It is commonly called Cable-moorings by our ſailors, and remarkable for the flexibility and eveneſs of its branches, as well as for that extraordinary rim or diſk that ſurrounds the ftalk near the root. FU CU S 9. Fronde dichotamo integro, caule medium folium tranſ- Back into currenti veſiculis verucoſis terminalibus. L. Sp. Pl. for 16 The fat divided and marginated Fucus with large fpungy capſules. This plant is commonly called Kelp, and frequent in moſt parts of Europe, but rare in Jamaica. When burnt it yields that concreted ſaline maſs, of which our black or coarſe glaſs is chiefly made. F UCUS 10. Minor ramoſus, ramulis paucioribus fimplicibus conico- acutis The more ſimple moffy Fucus with erect and ſlender conic branches. FUCUS 11. Minor ramoſus, ramulis fubcompreffis tuberculatis minuſque divifis. The ſmaller moſſy Fucus with fewer ſubcompreſſed branches. F U C U S 12. Minor compreſus ramoſus, ramulis anguftiffimis. Latio 01 The ſmaller flattened moffy Fucus with narrow branches. FUCUS 13. Minor caule tereti ramofiſmo, ramulis minoribus ſpar- fis tenuiſime diviſis, ultimis acuminatis. An, Fucus Caule tereti ramofifimo, ramulis ſparſis, Spinis mollibus alternis, L. S. P. ope?", pins mou The larger moffy Fucus with ſlender and much divided branches. 1981 bns F U C U S 14. Minor caule tereti ramofiffimo, ramulis minimis tenuif- fime feetis, ultimis obtufis fubglobofis. The ſmaller moſſy Fucus with obtufe branches. FU CU S 15. Ramoſus tenuior & erectior, ramulis quafi ſetaceis, breviſſime & tenuiſſime ſeatis. Londra The ſmaller moſſy Fucus of a more erect and leſs branched appearance. Theſe are the moſt common ſpecies of thoſe moſs-like Fuci obſerved about fa- maica; they grow very plentifully in all the bays) and harbours of the Iſland, and are found on every part of the ſhore, whenever the ſeas are agitated more than uſual. Ottica line S321 X SECT. 74 THE NATURAL HISTORY 110 31 oei a OL Todo toodesilo S E C T. II. G U con Of ſubmarine Plants of a more fiff and fibrous Texturé. D ACETABULUM 1. Caule fimplici, cyatho ſtriato & quaſ ſubcaliculato. da adi niya The ſmall ſlender ſtalked Acetabulum. T 40 fig A This delicate little plant is frequent about all the harbours of the Iſland; it grows in cluſters, and riſes from a ſimple cruſtaceous root by which it ſticks to the ſtones. Its ſtalk or ſhank is ſmall and ſlender, and the cup rather of a conic form with the baſe upwards; and ſeems as if it were ſuſtained by a few ſmall protuberances that ſtand at the top of the Thank in the form of an irregular calix. When this plant is taken freſh out of the water it is fluxile, and elaſtic; but when it continues for any time in the open air, it grows more ftiff, and fragil : the cup is always ſtriated on- gitudinally SPONGIA I. Minor mollis & flexilis, fibris tenuiſſimis equalibus intertextis. Spongia Minor & mollior medulla panis fimilis, &c. Sl. Cat. p. 7. & H. LOS t. 23. f. 5. 5 & UO The ſmalleſt ſoft and downy Spunge. This little plant is frequently obſerved about Jamaica; and, in texture and appear- ance, reſembles the inward part of fine white bread, 0 1 SPONGIA 2. Minor & tenuior mollis, cellulata. The ſmalleſt ſoft Spunge with large cells. This ſpecies is as common as the foregoing, but ſeems of a more porous or cellu- lar ſtructure, though equally fine. automon tolon s rollen od SPONGIA 3. Minor fibroſa, fibris fubequalibus tenuibus & flexilibus tenuiterque intertextis. The fine fibrous ſmall and flexile Spunge. This is a beautiful even maſs, compoſed of very delicate fibres looſely connected together. It is of a more reticulated and interwoven texture than either of the fore- going ſpecies. SPONGIA 4. Fiſtuloſa, flexilis & fibroſa major ; fibris inequalibus to slaxe intertextis, laxe intertextis, exterioribus crafíoribus reticulatis. Spongia Dura, feu ſpuria major alba fiſtulofa fibris craffioribus. Si. Cat. p. 6. Spongia Tubulofa fimplex. L. Sp. Pl. The coarſe reticulated yielding Spunge. Sonrueggs bol bor FIN Stoomrolism T This plant has ſomething of the texture and appearance of a coarſer brown bread, or of the bark of ſome tree in a macerated ſtate. 01 tronco so se 918 Slot SPONGIA 5. Fiſtuloſa major, flexilis, poroſa & prominulata, bris Spongia Turbinata cava. L. Sp. Pl. broto Spongia Dura, ſeu ſpuria ſuperficie, apicibus acutis exaſperata. Sl. Cat. 7. 200 6.5. a ز a & H. t. 23 f. 4. The larger porous and warted hollow Spunge. . This of J A M A IC A. ET JAM A HT 75 3 This is of a cloſer texture than the foregoing ſpecies, and generally found growing about ſmall decayed pieces of wood. SPONGIA 6. Fiſtulofa & cavernoſa rufeſcens, fibris rigidis fubequa- libus laxe intertextis. Spongia Cavernoſa extus aculeata. L. Sp. P. The brown looſe Spunge with rigid fibres. This plant grows ſomething like the foregoing in its diſpoſition ; but its fibres are always rigid and ſubdiaphane, and its texture more looſe and diſengaged. MIC07 SPONGIA 7. Subrotunda, cavernoſa, lamellata & ſubvilloſa; texturë chartaceæ. u Alcinoum Subvilloſum Americanum. The cavernous lamellated and ſubvilloſe Alcinoum, or American Spunge. This ſpongy ſubſtance is found in looſe cavernous maſſes, compoſed of thin com- preſſed laminæ irregularly diſpoſed, and of a cloſe paper-like texture. Every plate of the whole maſs is covered with a fhort delicate down. KERATOPHYTON 1. Reticulatum compreſum. Frutex Marinus elegantiſſimus Cluſi. Si. Cat. p. 3: The plain reticulated Sea-fan, or feather. 1 foi Though the productions of this kind may ſhew many marks of an animal nature, and are generally found ſurrounded with a coat or cruſt, which is allowed to be the work of ſome marine inſects; I have been induced from their tunicated regular ſtructure, and tapering branched form, as well as hollow center and expanded root; to look upon them as meer vegetable ſubſtances : and as ſuch, I have thought this the moſt convenient place for them. I acknowledge my worthy, and learned friend Mr. Ellis, has ſatisfied me very amply as to the nature and claſs of moſt of the other ſeemingly vegetating marine productions, but muſt wait for ſome further illuſtrations before I can conſent to range theſe among the effects of animal labour. Theſe are ea- fily known by their ſtrong coheſion and horny texture; branched and frequently re- ticulated form, and the ſtrong animal ſmell they commonly yield when burnt. KERATOPHYTON 2. Majus compreffum, reticulatum & appendiculatum. The larger reticulated Sea-fan with lateral appendages. ot This may be a variation of the foregoing fort, but is more remarkable on account of thoſe ſmaller appendages that riſe out of both ſurfaces: it is chiefly found about Carolina, and grows often to a monſtrous ſize. I10 KERATOPHYTON 3. Fruticoſum ramulis liberis ſubcompreffis diftice difpofitis. An, Corallina Humilior fruticoſa, &c. Slo. Hiſt. t. 22, f. 4. 4. The compreſſed Sea-feather with looſe branches. KERATOPHYTON 4. Fruticoſum elatius, ramulis teretibus quaquaverfum expanſs. Corallina Fruticoſa elatior, &c. Sl. Cat. & Hiſt. t. 22. f. 1, 2, 3. The ſpreading Sea-feather with ſlender branches. em a The 76 THE NATURAL HISTORY The two laſt ſpecies are very common about this Iſland, and grow, like moſt com- mon vegetables, with looſe diſengaged branches, but without any foliage. The latter ſort riſes to a moderate ſize, and its mean ſtem, when ſtripped of the branches, is fre- quently uſed as a riding ſwitch. AIVIO 93 92 ou du C L A S S 27 : II. Of Muſhrooms. Ono gune a S E CT. I. យ។ Of the horizontal Muſhrooms, or Fungus's. SOM AGARICUS 1. Villofo-membranaceus, fuperne lacteus. An, Agaricum Membranaceum Micheli. T. 66. f. 2. The ſmall white villous Agaricus. A GARICUS 2. Subcinereus oblongus, ad apicem fimbriatus, elatior. The oblong fringed Agaricus. This little plant is very beautiful in its form, and of a whitiſh aſh-colour. It is very rare in this Iſland : I have met with this ſpecies in the remote mountains of St. Anne's. A GARICUS 3. Niveus major ad imum tumidus lamellis interruptis. B! Agaricus Officinarum. The larger white Agaricus with interrupted laminæ. to ad od 1010 The plant is frequent enough in the woods of famaica, where its growth is but little diſturbed or noticed. It is eaſily diſtinguiſhed by its white colour, thicker maſs, and the interrupted diſpoſition of its Laminæ or ſeed plates. This vegetable has been lately diſcovered to be the moſt effectual application hitherto known to reſtrain the effuſion of blood in recent or old wounds, as well as in chirurgical operations; nay, is now found to anſwer even where ſome of the moſt conſiderable arteries are cut (a): is applied in ſmall pieces (b) to the extremities of the veſſels. The powder of this plant has been, heretofore, frequently uſed as a purgative, and put as a principal ingredient in ſome of the capital preparations of the ihops, but is now deſervedly left out of all the ſtanding compoſitions. P O R I A 1. Subfuſca, ſuperne ſubſpongioſa, lanuginoſa. The downy Poria of a darkiſh brown colour. P O R I A 2. Miniata fuperne glabra, The ſcarlet Poria with a ſmooth ſurface. a a (a) See Caſes in Surgery, &c. by Joſeph Warner. 1754. (b) The middle part of this ſubſtance is all that is uſed, the outward coats being Atripped off on both fides, PORIA OF JA MA І I CA. 77 Ρ Ο R Ι Α 3. Alba levis. AEOL The ſmooth white Poria. P O R I A 4. Craffiſſima fuſca, porulis minimis. Agaricum Igniarium, &c. Micheli. T.61. f. 1. The thick black Poria with very ſmall holes. All theſe ſpecies are very common in Jamaica, and may be always found in every part of the woods : the laſt ſort is the moſt common, and grows thick, rugged; and lumpith in time; but is perfectly ſmooth, and of a whitiſh colour when young, а. S E C T. II. a a Of the petiolated Muſhrooms, or ſuch as are generally found ſtanding obronne on diftin&t Footſtalks. LEPIOTA 1. Ephemora minima albida. . The ſmall upſtart Muſhroom. This little ſpecies is frequent every where after heavy rains : it is of a very delicate texture, grows ſuddenly, and ſeldom lives above a few hours. LEPIOTA 2. Major alba, feptis lividis, petiolo glabro. An, Fungi Albi venenati viſcidi. I. B. Slo. Cat. & H. p. 64. The larger Lepiota with a ſmooth ſtalk. This is very like the common large European Muſhroom, and is very frequent in Jamaica after the rainy ſeaſons. LEPIOTA 3. Major alba ſeptis lividis, petiolo annulo membranaceo cincto. The larger Muſhroom with a membraneous ring round the ſtalk. There are but few of this ſort in Jamaica: I have only ſeen one which was found on Coſtly's Hill. It is rather larger than the common fort, and always furniſhed with a membraneous flap round the foot-ſtalk. LEPIOTA 4. Sublutea minor, petiolo annulo membranaceo cinčko. The ſmaller yellow Lepiota with a membraneous flap round the ſtalk. This is as uncommon as the foregoing; it is much ſmaller, and of a delicate yel- low colour. LEPIOTA 5. Paraſtica nivea ſuperne glabra, lamellis interruptis. The white paraſitic Lepiota with interrupted laminæ. This ſpecies is frequent enough in the woods, and reſembles thoſe muſhrooms fic gured in Micheli, t. 72. f. 4. but the laminæ ſeem to be more regular and lefs in- terrupted in this. Y LEPI. . 78 THE NATURAL HISTORY a LEPIOTA 6. Paraſtica nivea, confertim enata, & fuperne excavata, limbo oblique reflexo, o IT An, Fungus Ramoſus maximus, Mich. t. 79. f. 1. The white tufted oblique Muſhroom. roolissa This ſpecies of the Lepiota is very common after every heavy rain, and grows gene- rally on the decaying trunks of the hog-plum, and cotton-trees : it is the only fort that is in uſe here; and when waſhed and pounded, is ſometimes boiled with beef in our ſoops, to which they really give a very delicate and agreeable flavour, faias to be generally pleaſing to all ſorts ofipalates bac sitoomt vltstag at dudomit ni siquist POCILLARIA Lanuginoſa fupernè cava, obverſe conica, externè lamellata. The downy Pocillaria lamellated on the outſide of the сир. All See Tab. III. f. 1.000 heinlo sod so I have found a few ſpecimens of this plant in the road to Sixteen-mile Walk. It is very rare in Jamaica, and eaſily diſtinguiſhed from the Lepiota by its peculiar form, though the outſide of the cup is lamellated from the thank to the rim or margin, which generally reflects a little, as in moſt of that top, with a ſlender foot-ſtalk be- in a wine-glaſs ; is obverſely conic and hollow at the low : It is very much like thoſe repreſented in Micheli, tab. 73. f. 4. but the ſtalk is always fimple in this ſpecies. neden ser apo personen svodovil mobil svobbol vots. sub by SECT. III.1. ATO191 9.2.18. igau Of the impeliolated Muſhrooms ; or ſuch as riſe above the Surface , of the Ground without any diſtinɛt Foot-ſtalks. On to Do gini nomor tirai au!T CLETRIA Rubella major odorata & obverſè ovata. wisi eranno Mich. T. 93. f. I. de ME ATO190 I The fleſh coloured Cletria with a ſtrong ſmell . bre daisy moodM This curious muſhroom is found ſometimes in Jamaica : it is of a lax ſpungy texture when freſh, hollow within, and furniſhed with large rhomboidal apertures, diſpoſed in an oblique direction in every part. It is of a roſy colour and rank ſmell. ody bruota LYCOPERDON 1. Minus globoſum petiolo breviſſimo vel nullo donatum. The ſmaller Lycoperdon. a znogradno s diw sadiga wolno zalismo LYCOPERDON 2. Majus fubrotundum albidum. o bi The larger Lycoperdon. sorterioara Both theſe ſpecies are frequent in Jamaica; they grow from a few ſtringy roots, and are found in all the lower lands, and paſtures, after every heavy rain. CYATHIA Aperta minor obversè conica, corpuſculis compreffis nigricantibus. Cyathoides, Mich. t. 102. f. 1. a. ons on hot ni rtgron fi The ſmaller ſmooth Cyathia with black compreſſed ſhining capſules. CLA- a a Ο OF JA M A I CA. H MA 79 CL A VARIA Oblongā pulvere luteo referta. AMII The oblong ſlender Clavaria, or vegetable ſulphur. This plant is frequent enough in the pariſh of Clarendon, and generally called the vegetable ſulphur from the colour of its duſt or ſeeds. It ſeems not to differ much in nature from the Lycoperdon. DITIOLA Cinerea aſſurgens. Mich. t. 88. f. 3. . An, Fungus Ramoſus minor corrugatus. Slo. Cat. 8. & Hift. p. 65. The aſh-coloured erect Ditiola. This genus of muſhrooms is of a compreſſed and branched form, it is ſmooth on one ſide, and lamelated longitudinally on the other : it grows pretty common in the inland woods of Jamaica. sul C LAS A S S III. obyog til Culbasani Of Moffes. De now losos odos AGY SECT. I. Of filamentous Mofes, or ſuch as appear in a thready Form. sal hom stad BYSSUS Sericeus ſimplex aquatilis, colore viridi. 1919 od osmo 10 bonne The fimple green Byſſus. AS YOU This delicate little plant is very common in moſt waters in the mountains; it is of a light green colour and extreamly fine. CONFERVA Sericea ramoſa viridis, caule rigidiori.siT The flender green Conferva. (sabrupal sa ob This plant grows frequent enough in Mammee River, and many other parts of the Iſland; it is diſtinguiſhed from the foregoing by its branched and jointed form. 3 SECT. II. in contacool T dt Of foliaceous and gelatinous Moſſes.bitis uolossword VITA - ULVA Anguſta minor, tubo tenuori. robots did on The ſlender Ulva. AMBIT AIT This plant is frequent about all the wharfs of Kingſton; it thrives in the ſalt water, and grows on every poſt in the harbour. Godbach COLLÉMA 80 THE NATURAL HISTORY COLLEMA Viſcoſa, foliacea, inequalis. The foliaceous Jelly-mofs. I have obſerved this moffy ſubſtance once in Mangeneel; it is of a glutinous con- Gſtence and appearance, and is found in uneven foliaceous maſſes. SE CT. III. of the branched aphyllous Moſſes of a firm and moderately rigid Texture. U SNEA 1. Filiformis incana ramoſa & longiſſima, propendens. Uſnea Offi. Muſcus Tenuis & capillaceus, &c. Slo. Cat. 9. & H. p. 60. t. 122. f. 3. The white pendulous and branched filamentous Uſnea. This plant is at preſent chiefly uſed by the perfumers, who frequently mix it with their powders. It is ſometimes kept in the ſhops, and its vinous infufion is ſaid to be anodine and ſubaſtringent: it uſed to be ordered formerly to ſtop fluxes, and to reſtore the tone of weakened ſtomachs. USNEA 2. Lutea, fibris fubequalibus fubrigidis intertextis. The yellow rigid Uſnea. This little moſſey plant grows commonly in every part of the woods : its fibres ſeem to be pretty even in every part, and are generally connected in an irregular tufted form. USNEA 3. Lutea minima, fibris tomenti-formibus, faxis enafcentibus. The ſmall filky Uſnea. This little plant is ſa very delicate and flender, that it requires a good glaſs to exa- mine it with any ſatisfaction. It grows pretty plentifully on the ſide of the precipice near the ſecond waterfall in Hope River, above the plains of Liguanee. USNEA 4. Minima fuſca repens & tomenti-formis. The ſmall woolly Uſnea. This ſpecies is not quite ſo fine as the foregoing; the old plants are of a dark or brown colour, and the younger ſhoots of a delicate white. PLATISMA 1. Cinerea ramulis acuminatis. The whitiſh Platiſma with ſharp-pointed branches. PLATISMA 2. Cinerea, fibris lateralibus nigris crinita. The bearded Platiſma. ފް a Both theſe ſpecies are frequent in the woods of Jamaica; they are both of a whitiſh afh-colour, but the latter is remarkable for its black beard. CLA- OF I А М А І СА. НЕ 81 а. Go to CLADONIA 1. Subcinerea flexilis atque propendens, caule rufeſcenti fibroſo. The pendulous branched Cladonia with a foxy ſtalk. 2 The main ſtalk of this plant diſtinguiſhes it from the firſt ſpecies of the Uſnea, which it, otherwiſe, reſembles pretty much both in colour and appearance. CLADONIA 2. Cinerea ere&ta ramoſiſſima, ramulis obtufis. IN The erect Cladonia with obtuſe branches. CLADONIA 3. Cinerea erecta ramofifima, caule rufeſcenti verucoſo. The erect Cladonia with a warted foxy ſtalk. CLADONIA 4. Cinerea tubulata & corniculata, minus diviſa. A . The leſs divided hollow Cladonia with pointed branches. CLADONIA 5. Cinerea tubulata & minus diviſa, caliculis ciliatis terminata *** bitong 901 robin 10 The whitiſh tubular Cladonia with ciliated cups at the end of the e il branches.bou bola ole sunt i alls-031 CLADONIA 6. Cinerea tubulata, ramulis paucioribus obtufis capſulis coronatis. samo bolognesove . The tubular Cladonia with obtufe capſules. cis vitoring og eru OIL CLADONIA 7. Cinerea tubulata admodum ramoſa, ramulis fub-obtufis. The tubular Cladonia with fubobtuſe branches. ac sobres CLADONIA 8. Cinerea tubulata admodum ramofa, apicibus elatioribus comprefis & ciliatis, The branched tubular Cladonia with compreſſed and ciliated tops. All theſe ſpecies are found in great abundance in the mountains of Liguaneè : they grow moſtly upon the ground, among the other forts of moſs; but a few of the firſt ſpecies chiefly are found upon the decaying trunks of trees. 201 a SE CT. T. IV. Of dry cruſtaceous Moſſes. Siis osta oli risto carol faris geady young PLACODIUM 1. Cinereum varie finuato-lobatum. UITTO The membranous diffected Placodium. o out out PLACODIUM 2. Cinereum fubrotundum margine leniter crenato. The round lobed crenated membranous Placodium. How N PLA MUOUITYOL 82 Τ THE NATURAL HISTORY 790 CHO { A PLACODIUM 3. Fufcum fubrotundum. ALOGAI The dark round lobed Placodium. om PLACODIUM 4. Fuſcum filamentoſum. 4. Fuſcum filamentoſum. siqa 1. si 30 lo saim edT The ſtringy brown Placodium. adtarcho bid All theſe ſpecies are met with in the woods, and found growing almoſt on every tree in the inland parts of the Iſland. Lino Don T SECT. V. AVOCAD Of the foliated Mofjes. Det er S the plants of this kind are very numerous, I have been obliged to divide them into claſſes ; and to range thoſe that ſeem to anſwer in the general diſpo- ſition of their fructifications, together under the ſame generic appellations. T 1°. In this manner I have placed all thoſe that bear oblong ſeed-veſſels on long and Nender foot-ſtalks ; (whether they riſe from the top, or inferior parts of either branch, or ſtalk,) under the generic name of Polytricum. And thoſe that bear coronated or angular ſeed veſſels at the top of the ſtalk or branches, and without any remarkable foot-ſtalks, I have alſo placed under another Genus which we have called Mnium. II°. We have diſpoſed thoſe that bear ſquamoſe heads at the alæ of the leaves, and have theſe diſpoſed in three or four regular ſeries along the trunk and branches, under the generic name of Selago.ido bivsicobelo toldo AT III°. Such as we have obſerved to bear their feed-veſſels, in the ſame manner, at the alæ of the leaves, and theſe placed without any determinate order, I have diſpoſed under the generic denomination of Sphagnum. nobel uludatod! IV°. We have claffed ſuch as have ſmall ſimple heads placed at the alæ of the upper leaves, and theſe diſpoſed into oblong ſpikes, under the name of Lyco- podium. ve. Thoſe that bear ſmall warted heads upon the very leaves, we have ranged un- der the appellation of Hypnum.nhando tog ni beul ois icon ( ၂ ) ... POLYTRICUM 1. Ere&tum minimum femipolicare, foliolis in acumen produ&tis. The ſmall erect Polytricum. This little plant riſes by a ſmall ſimple ſtalk, and grows upon the trees, and rocks, every where in the mountains. POLYTRICUM 2. Repens diffiche ramofum atque pennatum, elegantiffimè ad angulos rectos diviſum. bool that it condom The ramoſe Polytricum with pinnated, divided and diſtich branches. NU A This little moſs is extreamly beautiful: it ſpreads flat wherever it grows, and is very minutely ſubdivided; but all the branches ſpring from the ſides, and are again ſubdivided very much in a like diſtich and pennated order. POLYTRICUM 3. Bilineare minimum, foliolis patentibus. The ſmall Polytricum with patent leaves. a This o FIJA мА І С OF A. H 83 21 1971 3 This ſpecies is very ſmall, and generally found in ſhallow waters where the bottom is gravelly and hard. POLYTRICUM 4. Minus glaucum pedunculo longiori. The ſmall whitiſh Moſs with long foot-ſtalks to the capſule. 115 Voonilist Dr. Tato Donato This ſpecies is pretty ſimple, and erect : it grows to about three quarters or one inch in height, and is always found in the more open and funny parts of the moun- tains. POLYTRICUM 5. Ere&tum fimplex, ſuperné foliolatum, infernè ferè nu- dum, foliolis in fetas quah productis. The larger erect and fimple Polytricum with long ſetaceous leaves about the top: colo org.br This plant is frequent in the mountains, and riſes generally from an inch and a half, to two inches or better in height: the foot-ſtalks of the ſeed-veſſels are very long. POLYTRICUM 6. Tripolicare fimplex & ere&tum, foliolis acutis. Plum. T. b. f. 6. na mon The larger Polytricum with ſharp pointed leaves. MOTO 12 This plant is found only in the cooler mountains of Liguanee ; it is furniſhed with leaves equally from the bottom to the top. olul MNIUM I. Ere&tum fimplex & quadripolicaré, foliis rarioribus, corona 1. duplici. AIT The large erect Mnium with a double crown. P This large and beautiful ſpecies of moſs riſes by a ſimple foliated ſtalk to the height of three or four inches, and bears a double angular crown or ſeed capſule on a ſhort foot-ſtalk at the top. SISTVUDAH92 SELAGO 1. Ramoſa repens, & radiculofa, Spicillis quadratis. The branched creeping Selago with ſquare ſpicillæ. Polda opstrot On SELAGO 2. Ramoſiſſima repens, foliolis cordatis uno verſu amplexantibus. Я ... The branched creeping Selago with the leaves diſpoſed on one ſide. SE LAGO 3. Reclinatá major ramoſa, foliolis carinatis. Longlori Selago Etc. Pk. t. 453. f. 8. 999 en MUITOTOOYI The larger reclining branched Selago with carinated leaves. not sanit ibocovat SELAGO 4. Minima repens atque ramoja, foliolis ovatis uno verſu am- plexantibus. Selago Etc. Pluck. t. 453. f. 9. -dulo TotionT The ſmall creeping and branched Selago with oval leaves. id All theſe ſmall creeping moſſes are common every where in Jamaica : they ſpread and grow by many roots to all the ſhaded rocks, and banks. The arangement and diſpoſition of their leaves diſtinguiſh them ſufficient from all the other forts. SPHAG. a 84 THE NATURAL HISTORY a SPHAGNUM I. Tomentofum ramulis fimplicibus, foliolis anguftis femi- conicis. The downy Mofs with ſimple branches and ſharp ſemiconic leaves. This little plant riſes about two or three inches from the ground: its branches are generally very ſimple, and furniſhed, as well as the ſtalk, with a ſoft down between the leaves. SPHAGNUM 2. Minus, è viridi fufcum craffufculum, ramofum & im- bricatum. The dark branched Sphagnum with ſhort imbricated leaves. SPHAGNUM 3. Erectum, Jefquipolicare 8 ramofum, foliolis conicis ex- cavatis patentibus & obliquè attenuatis. The ſmall erect and branched Sphagnum with hollow GS HOT VIDEO 2 pointed leaves, ai 109 10 eiri ows otsid bomo dorpst ar title in T SPHAGNUM 4: Tenuiffimum repens, foliolis nitidis, cordato-ovatis, am- plexantibus. MODULILOR The ſmall creeping Sphagnum with ſhining oval leaves. PS1W DOT In or guns SPHAGNUM 5. Scandens diffufum, foliolis cordato-acuminatis. rario- Burns ribus amplexantibus. Muſcus Ramoſus repens plumeri Plum. de filicibus Americanis. T. 43. The ſpreading climbing moſs with pointed leaves. " SPHAGNUM 6. Fibratum repens, ramulis fimplicibus minimis affurgen- tibus, foliolis oblongis criſpis diſtichè fitis. be The fibred creeping Sphagnum with ſmall ſimple branches. SPHAGNUM 7. Tenue aquaticum, ſuberectum, ramofum, foliolis mi- noribus aproximatis & imbricatis. DAJE An, Muſcus Terreſtris minor repens, &c. Slo. Cat. 12. & Hiſt. t. 25. f. 3. The ſlender aquatic Sphagnum with imbricated leaves. ODA SPHAGNUM 8. Reclinatum ramoſum longius & tenue ; foliolis rarioribus oblongis ciliatis. The ſpreading ſlender Sphagnum with oblong ciliated leaves. LYCOPODIUM Ramoſum ere&tum maximum, foliis ſetaceis patentibus. Muſcus Squamofus, five Lycopodium altiſſimum. Plum. T. 165. An, Lycopodium Foliis alternis remotis, &c. L. Sp. plant. An, Bellan-Patsja. H. M. P. 12. t. 39. The larger Club-moſs or Wolf's-claw. This large moſſy plant is frequent in all the mountainous and ſhady parts of Ja- maica; it throws out a good many ſtrong branches, and riſes commonly from one, to three or four feet; but is apt to lodge when it grows ſo luxuriantly, and then Thoots many ſmaller roots from every part of the trunk, and branches that lies contiguous to the ground. ocitni CHI mods his gainbes ol H92 SEC T. LE 2 XOOF HJA MUA I CA.HT 85 10-nos ono nope o redor do con S E C T. VI.4 tollida Of foliaceous Moſes with viſible Fructifications. DOHTWA MARSILEA Foliis quaternatis. L. Sp. Pl. Lens Et lenticula paluftris, J. & C. B. Ray. Hift. Lemma Aquatica quadriphylla. Pk. t. 429. f. 5. y An, Nymphea Minor maderaſpatana ejufdem. T. 207. f.6. -oor oinoo Wollon brenom od men ' Istorih The four-leaf'd Marſilea. 2. 111 (זבוז: 3. a 2012 This plant is pretty common in the ponds about Old-harbour, and in the pariſh of St. Elizabeth's : it has a ſlender weakly ſtalk, that creeps along the banks and bot- toms under the water, and emits a few long and ſlender foot-ſtalks that reach the ſurface, and bear four thin obtuſe leaves at their extremities, which are not unlike thoſe of wood-forrel either in ſhape or fize. MARCANTIA Terreſtris viridis, foliis oblongo-lobatis, pedunculis longiori- bus, capitulis palmatis. Marcantia Calice communi quinquefido laciniis margine reflexis . L. S. PI. Muſcus Saxitilis, vel lichen primus petreus latifolius, &c. Sl. Cat. 13. & H. p. 69. Common Liverworth. This plant is frequent enough in moſt parts of America, and grows on all the moiſt and ſhady banks in the woods and cooler mountains. It is a gentle ſubaſtringent cooler and laxative; and may be very properly ordered in all the cooling apozems made uſe of in the burning fevers of America, as well as for thoſe foulneſs's, and exulcerations of the ſkin, ſo common in thoſe parts. It is | fo the principal ingredient in the pulvis antilyſus of the preſent Pharmocopæia of the college, which has been ſo much ſpoke of ſome time ago for the cure of the rabies COM canina. LICHEN 1. Subcinereus maximus, tenuis, variè & tenuiffimè divifus, . The aſh-coloured large, thin and variouſly diffected Lichen. LICH E N° 2. Şubcinereus maximus variè lobatus, lobis oblongis ſub- 15 001 0 120 tus fufcis tomentofis. The larger aſh-coloured Lichen with oblong lobes. LICHEN 3. Tenuis variè lobatus, lobis variè & elegantiffimè pertufis, & ad margines fimbriatis . Es Los The fimbriated Lichen. LICHEN 4. Variè lobatus, lobis irregularibus, irregulariterque & ob- tufê crenatis. modo The variouſly divided Lichen. aan boou ai roma dotto LICHEN 5. Variè & tenuiter lobatus, quandoque fruticis in modum briu ortadan gidi lori diviſus, apicibus pulverulentis reflexis. 1970 100% zaidilo se popis svod, cito ci Bris 30 The branched Lichen with ſeeded tops.io 2013 Theſe کیا ۔ Aa 86 THE NATURAL HISTORY 2 1 Theſe ſpecies of the Lichen are frequent enough in the mountains of Jamaica, ef- pecially thoſe of New Liguanee : they are diſtinct enough both in the form of the leaves, and manner of bearing their feeds. develop ANTHOCEROS Niveus, variè lobatus & corniculatus, lobis anguſtis integris. uit AIZSAM ΑΙΙΙΤ The white corniculated Anthoceros. 25.1 This beautiful little plant is frequent enough in the mountains of New Liguance, and receives much additional elegance from thoſe ſlender and hollow conic dices that riſe from the margin of the leaves, or lobes in every part. The feed- capſulæ ſeem raiſed above the body of the leaf; they are of a compreſſed form, and open into two recedeing ſpiral valves.net SW Tobro sauce Saulws satima brs og 90 tonn og wit so scoril ni oris lontot bocow to CLASS IV. THAOSAT 192 g wigs Of Ferns. 3 siN. 3.600 oral water autos & eup SECT. I. I. IN Om SV Darmo Of ſuch as have their Fructifications or Capſule of an inverted conic mo tas mano long 02.11g Form; hollow, and diſpoſed ſeparately at the Margin of the Fo- liage, with a fingle Briſtle or Seta in each. yaitu dan banys all to a Tovo do ai lo sta obra autoga onilooollo TRICHOMANES 1. Minor, repens, fimplex, foliolis oblongis finuatis. ons to oci & An, Trichomanes Minor repens , 8c, Pk. t. 205. f. 3. daw silos An, Phyllitis Minima ſcandens. Slo. Cat. 15. . The ſmall creeping Trichomanes or Goldy-locks. TRICHOMANES 2. Simplex, repens, foliis erectis inciſis, capſulis biphyllis. . Trichomanes Fronde fimplici oblonga lacerata. L. Sp. Pl. OL Phyllitis Scandens minima mufci facie, &c. Slo. Cat. 15. & H. t. 27. The ſmall creeping Trichomanes with diffected leaves. TRICHOMANES 3. Major ſcandens & ramoſiſſimus, fronde tenuiſſimè diviſa. Trichomanes Frondibus fupra decompofitis , pinnis filiformibus linearibus uni floris. L. Sp. Pl. An, Trichomanes si Scandens, &c. Pk. Phy. t. 291. f. 2. Adiantum Ramoſum fcandens, &c. Slo. Cat. 22. & Hiſt. t. 58. & Plum. t. 93 The larger climbing Trichomanes. LOS SOBIVIES DOME ON TOTSV Thefe fpecies of the Trichomanes are common in the woods of Jamaica, and ſo diſtinct from each other that they need not a particular deſcription: the firſt and ſecond ſorts are very ſmall, and feldom exceed three or four inches in height; but the third is larger, and its numerous foliage often ſhoot above a foot from the climbing root, or trunk of the plant. Uw bordo and 91T SECT. a 1 I 4 OF J A MAI C A.11 87 x atcall S E C Τ. ΙΙ. E dal 19 Of ſuch as have their Fructifications diſpoſed in ſeparate Spots, and placed immediately , under the Margin of the Leaves. A DIANTUM 1. Minimum erectum fimplex, foliis trapezioidibus ſub- 2011. imbricatis.br LIEMS DAT Filix Parva, &c. Pluck. tab. 251. f. 4. Cortados 10 to pris o lo qui di sala il trgola id Shogue The ſmall erect undivided Adiantum, or Maiden-hair. This little plant feldom riſes above two or three inches from the root; its leaves and ſtalk are very delicate, and the fructifications but few. It grows chiefly in dry and rocky places. PA MTWARA ADIANTUM 2. Simplex aut vix diviſum, caule tereti, foliis amplis trian- gularibus impetiolatis. T. 38. f. I. Lonchitis Serrata & retuſa. Plum. t. 52. Adiantum Nigrum non ramoſum majus, &c. Slo. Cat. 21. & Hiſt. t. 55. fig. 2. The large leafʼd undivided Maiden hair. This plant grows chiefly in moiſt and ſhady places : its ſtalk is ſeldom branched or divided, and its leaves are commonly from one to two inches in length, and about one and one fourth in breadth. di tulad w sro sta diw holin 100 Uw sont SA ADIANTUM 3. Ramoſum, ramis fimplicibus longis alternis refletentibus, inferioribus quandoque diviſs, foliis trapezioidibus anguftioribus. 1. Adiantum Nigrum maximum non ramofum, &c. Slo. Cat. 21. & Hiſt. 21.11.2: t. 55. f. 2. Adiantum Ramoſum foliis dentatis, &c. Pl. Con F. t. 97/ delaledd 150 101 The ſmall leafʼd Maiden hair with undivided branches. ауа темі This plant is very common in Jamaica, and riſes generally from a foot and a half, to about two feet or better, in an oblique direction : it is furniſhed with a few al- ternate ſimple branches, and oblong crenated leaves; but the former are diſpoſed in a diſtich as well as an alternate order, and thoſe neareſt the root are ſometimes fur- niſhed with lateral ramifications alſo. ADIANTUM 4. Simpliciter ramoſum, foliis majoribus, caule birſuto. An, Adiantum Etc. Pk. t. 253. f. 1. TATIA The hairy ſtalked Adiantum with undivided branches. This differs but little from the foregoing in its general make and diſpoſition; but the ſtalk is always hairy, and the leaves large and open. It riſes commonly to the height of two feet or better. ADIANTUM 5. Tenuius fimpliciter ramoſum, fronde minori profundè lobatá. The flender Maiden-hair with ſhort undivided branches and ſmall SOT DOROTTO OUTDOOR DODRID. 110 leaves. This a a OVO 88 THE NATURAL HISTORY a 3. This plant riſes by a very delicate ſlender black ſtalk to the height of twelve or four- teen inches : its branches are very ſhort, and furniſhed with a ſmall lobed and dif- ſected foliage. ADIANTUM 6. Ramoſum, ramis fimplicibus, ſummo caule radiatis. Adiantum Fronde digitata foliis pinnatis. L. Sp. Pl. Lonchitis Radiata. Plum. t. 100. & Pluck. t. 253. f. The ſmaller Maiden-hair with radiated branches. count 3 This elegant little plant riſes by a ſimple ſtalk to the height of fix or eight inches, and then divides into five or more fimple branches diſpoſed in a radiated expanded form; which are ſuſtained, as it were, by a few ſimple leaves placed in the manner of an umbrella or common cup, under their inſertions. The leaves are ſmall and diſpoſed in a pennated order. ADIANTUM 7. Ere&tum inordinate ramofum, caule tereti, ramulis & pe- tiolis atro-nitentibus. Adiantum Ramofius, &c. Pl. t. 95. Adiantum Nigrum Canadenſe, &c. Pk. t. 254. f. 1. no Adiantum Ofi. Jamaica. The ſmaller branched Maiden-hair. This plant riſes by a ſhining black branched foot-ſtalk to the height of fourteen or eighteen inches: it grows in ſhady places, and is plentifully ſupplied with leaves; but theſe fall off with great eaſe when the plant is dryed. du mot en brug - ADIANTUM 8. Ere&tum majus inordinatè ramoſum, foliis amplioribus trapezioidibus cum acumine; caule, ramis & petiolis atro-nitentibus. Hi Adiantum Frondibus fupra decompoſitis, foliolis alternis, &c. L. Sp. pl. Adiantum Nigrum ramoſum maximum, &c. Slo. Cat. 23. & H. t. 59. 19. CA This plant reſembles the foregoing both in form and appearance; but it grows to a more conſiderable ſize, and is often obſerved to be half an inch, or more, round the ſtalk: it riſes ſometimes to the height of three feet or better, and makes a very beau- tiful appearance in the woods. I worshiw borin no Donib supildo 100 0 Dato ADIANTUM 9. Ramofum caule tereti, ramulis fimplicibus, fronde compo- formos corar fită profundè lobata. els Hon An, Filix Sexatilis caule tereti, &c. Pk. t. 180. f. 9. The branched Maiden-hair with a compound foliage. TA ADIANTUM 10. Ramoſum ad tertiam feriem diviſum, ramulis teretibus Bakid Docompreſis, fronde pinnata, laciniis fublobato-deutatis, udz topib bezati in inferioribus diftinétis. O bus ed or no The branched Maiden-hair with a lobed foliage. to dig only ilgis Theſe two ſpecies have been but little known until of late : I found both in the midland parts of the Iſland, where the latter grows pretty luxurioully, and riſes ſometimes to the height of three or four feet. Its ſmaller branches are very ſlender; and its delicate foliage divided into diſtinct denticulated lobes. 2. a ADIA- YO FT A MAI CA AI HT 89 02 i ADIANTUM II. Flavum ramoſiſſimum, aculeatum ; ramulis & frondibus tenuiffimis. Adiantum Frondibus ſupradecompofitis, pinnis palmatis multifidis, caule aculeato. L. Sp. pl. Filix Ramoſa major caule ſpinofo, &c. Slo. Cat. 23. & H. t. 61. becnie This plant is very much divided, and furniſhed with a great number of ſhort re- curved prickles; its branches are very flender, and the leaves ſmall and deeply cre- nated : it grows in tufts, and is found in great abundance Above-rocks, and in ma- ny other parts of the Iſland. VI All theſe Species of the Adiantum are light ſubaſtringent vulneraries, and may be adıniniſtered with great propriety in all relaxations and weakneſſes of the fibres; in purulent conſumptions, and in the ulcerated or relaxed ſtate of the glands, eſpe- cially thoſe of the breaſt; as well as in moſt cutaneous diſeaſes. VITA SE Ć T. III. Of ſuch as have their Fructifications diſpoſed in ſimple Lines, under and along the Margin of the Sinus's, or Inciſions of the Foliage. mit sqarolarin ort LONCHITIS 1. Erecta ramoſa, pinnulis profundè crenatis. , . Goi An, Lonchitis Altifima globuligera, &c. PI. t. 31. Adiantum Nigrum ramoſum maximum, foliis ſeu pennulis obtufis variè fed pulcherimè finuatis & dentatis. Slo. Cat. 22. & H. t. 57. 2 The larger Lonchitis with a ſmooth diffected foliage. This plant grows very common in the woods : it riſes generally to the height of three or four feet, and ſpreads a good deal in its growth : it is eaſily diſtinguiſhed by its ſmoothneſs, and the divided appearance of its foliage. LONCHITIS 2. Eretta tribrachiata, lateralibus tripartitis, medio recto I si ewors i dotont fimplici. Tab. I. fig. 1, & 2. The tripartite Lonchitis. This plant riſes by a ſimple ſtalk to the height of two or three feet, and then di- vides into three parts, whereof the middle is ſimple; but each of the lateral diviſions is again parted into three ſimple branches of a proportionate length : it grows in the mountains of New Liguanee, and has not been obſerved by either Plumier, or Sir Hans Sloan. og 2014 B 100 coon LONCHITIS 3. Hirſuta, coſta fimplrtiter pennata, lobis oblongis obtuse crenatis. Lonchitis Frondibus pinnatifidis obtufis integerimis, furculis ramoſis hir- ſutis. L. Sp. Pl. Filix Villoſa pinnulis quercinis. Pk. t. 30. f. 3. f. This plant-riſes commonly to the height of four or five feet; it is moderately hirſute, and often found in the mountains of St. Anne's. club adi olah iw ost la IT oliwait old Gaviola origiers to eisinuot loco adi ni awon tosi saisinvoi a bodigrinit vide a brs B blonde bras ou to LON- der Lonchitis with a ſmo a a : CS $ 90 T H E NATURAL HISTORY a OSR Omolo buon a 3 LONCHITIS 4. Subvilloſa, coſta fimpliciter pinnata, frondibus lanceola- tis diſtinctis profundè lobatis, lobis approximatis za in integris. The pinnated Lonchitis with a lobed foliage. xil This plant is very different from either of the other ſpecies; it ſeldom riſes above three feet, and the lobes of the foliage are ſimple and very near each other. COS bus plot ni awo S E C T. IV. Bali od to its relio Of ſuch as have their Fructifications diſpoſed in Lines under and along the Margin of the Leaves. Both PTERIS 1. Minor fimplex monophyllus atque lobatus, lobis profunde in- ciſis, laciniis lanceolatis. Hemionitis Profundè lacineata. Pl. t. 152. Pteris Minor diviſus. Pk. t :,286. f. 5. Hemionitis Foliis atro-virentibus, &c. Slo, Cat, 15. ( 2nd Sono The ſmaller ſimple Pteris with a divided foliage. This little plant feldom riſes above four or ſix inches from the ground; it is beau- tifully diſſected, and of a very ſingular form, but varies - very much in its diviſion and appearance. Hoss 2018 s ozir svo PTERIS 2. Simplex, foliis impetiqlatis longis anguftis auritis. Filex Pediculo pinnas gladiformes tranſadigente, &c. Pk. 402. f. 1. fimplici lineari integerima longitudinaliter fructificanti. forbins Irob bones Lonchitis Non ramoſa, longiſſimis anguftis, &c. foliis. Plum. t. 69. vd hatte The ſimple Pteris with narrow leaves. S. IHMO This plant ſeldom riſes above fourteen or fixteen inches; it grows in cool and moiſt places, and is remarkable for its narrow ſimple leaves, and undivided ſtalk. 2010 Didion PTERIS 3. Simplex affurgens, foliis longioribus lanceolatis, petiolis brevibus. Lonchitis Major pinnis longis anguftiffimiſque. Sto. Cat. 16. & H. t. 34. . " . The fragrant Luzan-Fern of Pet. Gaz. t. 63. f. 1o. ou boning nisan ai The larger erect Pteris with long lanceolated leaves. ris asof 2012 RE This plant ſprings from a large firm root, and riſes commonly to the height of twelve or fixteen inches above the ground, fometimes more ? it grows in the moſt cool and ſhady places, but thrives beſt in a rocky or gravelly ſoyl. cividno.1 PTERIS 4. Simplex, pinnis longis in lobos anguftos falcatos profundè ſectis, infima utrinque geminata, Pluck. . 401. f. :56 Pteris Fronde pinnată , pinnis pinnatifidis, infima bipartitd!' L. Sp. Pl. " . The fimple Pteris with the lower ribs double. This plant grows in the cooler mountains of New Liguanee : it riſes commonly to the height of two feet and a half, or better, and is eaſily diſtinguiſhed by the regu- lar diviſion of its lower ribs. 22. P. "In X2 10 RONDO PTERIS ΟΤΙ Y OF JAMAICA.HT 91 А CH a PTERIS 5. Seſquipedalis ramoſus; foliis minoribus oblongis ferratis. IT Adiantum Album floridum, &c. Pk. t. 3. f. 2. An, Adiantum Foliis hexagonis. Pl. t. 37. The branched Pteris with oblong crenated leaves. This is a very elegant little ſpecies of the Pteris: it grows commonly in moiſt and Mady places, and riſes to the height of ſixteen or eighteen inches. It is pretty much divided, and the leaves, when young, are ſerrated ; but, as it begins to feed, the margin reflects, and none of theſe are ſeen : it is very common about the caſcade in St. Ann's. MILLIO PTERIS 6. Ramoſus, fronde profundè lobatá, pinnulis oblongis lobis denticulatis. The branched Pteris with prickly ribs. This plant riſes to the height of three or four feet, or more, and makes a very ele- gant appeararıce in the woods. It is not common; I have found it once in the woods Above-rocks. PTERIS 7. Ramoſus, fronde rariori lobatá, lobis linearibus auritis quan- doque fubdivifis, terminalibus longioribus. Filix Ramofa, &c. Plum. t. 29. Sad 10 Pteris Fronde ſupra decompoſitá, infimis bah pennato-dentatis, terminalibus longiſſimis. L. Sp. P. Filix Fæminea five ramaſa major, &c. Slo. Cat. 24. & H. t. 63. The larger branched Fern with a divided foliage. narrow This plant is very common in the mountains of Jamaica : it grows very thick in the moſt open ſpots, and thrives beſt in a ſtiff clayey foyl. PTERIS 8. Ramoſus, foliis linearibus per pinnas alatas. Pteris Fronde decompoſitá foliolis pinnatis, infimis ſemipinnatifidis, termi- nalibus baſeofque longiffimis. L. Sp. Pl. An, Pteris Etc. Pet. Pterig. t. 3, 10. The ſmaller branched Fern with a narrow divided foliage, This plant grows like the foregoing, but never riſes to that height: it loves an open gravelly ſoyl, and is very common in the lower hills. a а. bo ho SECT. V. V. hush Of ſuch as have their Frutifications diſpoſed in fimple Lines extended along the sides of the main Nerve or Vein of the Leaves. BLECHNUM 1. Simplex foliis amplioribus oblongis falcatis & impe- tiolatis. Blechnum Fronde pennată, pennis lanceolatis oppofitis bafi emarginatis. L. Sp. Pl. Lonchitis Juxta nervum pulvurulenta. Plum. t. 62. & Pet. Pterig. t. 3. f.9. An, Filix Maxima in pennas tantum diviſa, &c. Slo. Cat. & Hift. t. 37. The undivided Blechnum with larger oblong leaves. This 92 THE NATURAL HISTORY This plant riſes by a ſimple undivided ſtalk to the height of thirteen or eighteen inches; the leaves are long and pretty narrow; and the ſeed-capſı:læ diſpoſed in two lines along the ſides of the main nerve on the under ſide of the foliage. S E C T. VI. Of ſuch as have their Fru&tifications diſpoſed in ſtreight and ſimple Lines on the under Side of the Leaves. A SPLENIUM 1. Acaule, foliis amplifimis, margine inequali & leniter ferrato, petiolis angulatis & marginatis. Aſplenium Fronde fimplici lanceolata ſerrata. L. Sp. Pl. Lingua Cervina Longo lato ferratoque folio. Plu, t. 124. Phyllitis non finuata, foliorum limbis, &c. Slo. Cat. 14. The large fimple Aſplenium or Hart's-tongue with a ferrated margin. This plant is found in all parts of Jamaica : and is generally obſerved to grow in tufts. The leaves riſe from a thick fibrous root, and ſhoot commonly to the height of two or three feet. It grows ſometimes upon trees, ſometimes upon the ground. ASPLENIUM 2. Acaule minus, foliis oblongis, petiolis glabris. The fimple Aſplenium or Hart’s-tongue with a ſmooth ſhining Foot-ſtalk. This plant ſeldom riſes above ten or twelve inches; but grows from a fibrous root like the former, which generally runs in the ground: the margin is even and the ſtalk ſmooth. It is found in the road through Mayday-hills, and has not been noticed before, or if it has, muſt have been confounded with other plants. a ASPLENIUM 3. Minimum fimplex foliolis fubrotundis quandoque crenatis. Aſplenium Frondibus pinnatis, pinnis cuni-formibus obtufis crenato-emargi- natis. L. Sp. Pl. Filicula Pumila, &c. Pk. t. 89. f. 5. f The ſmall ſimple Aſplenium with roundiſh leaves. This little plant ſeldom riſes more than one or two inches above the root; the ſtalk is ſlender and delicate; and the leaves roundiſh, jagged and few : the ſeed-cap- ſules are diſpoſed in a few ſhort lines on the back of the leaves. It grows in the fiffures of the rocks about Port Antonio. ASPLENIUM 4. Simplex minus reflectens, foliis oblongis crenatis & ſubauritis, ſummitate aphyllo radicanti. Aſplenium Frondibus cordato-cuniformibus indivifis, apice filiformi raa dicante. L. Sp. pl. Aſplenium Minus, &c. Pk. t. 253. f. 4. Lonchitis Aſplenii folio, pinnulis variis, &c. Slo. Cat. 16. & Hiſt. t. 30. This plant is frequent in the mountains of Liguanee : it feldom grows above ten or twelve inches in length, and is always found, with the top bending towards the ground. ASPLE- • OF JAMA CA." 93 a ASPLENIUM 5. Minus affurgens fimplex, foliis oblongis, margine in- equali crenato. om Aſplenium Frondibus pinnatis, pinnis fubrotundis crenatis. L. Sp. Pl. Aſplenium Minus, &c. Pk. t. 253, f. 5. Trichomanes Crenulis bifidis incifum. Pl. t. 74. DIVISA The ſimple ere&t Aſplenium with crenated leaves. This plant grows alſo in great abundance about the mountains of Liguanee; it is very different in its growth, and is found from fix to eighteen inches in height. ovods alir molt itt ASPLENIUM 6. Simplex foliis oblongo-ovatis, caule marginato-alato. The oval leafʼd Aſplenium with a margined ſtalk. Lais. A This plant feldom riſes above fourteen or ſixteen inches in height; its leaves are oval and ſimple, and the ſtalk furniſhed with a margin on each ſide : it is very com- mon in Portland, and the Barrack mountains in Weſtmoreland ; and ſeems to like a Thady moiſt foyl beſt: ASPLENIUM 7. Simplex afurgens, foliis oblongis oppoſitis, caule ge- TT 5190 Espinola sapitola AloodT od Bodis dann niculato, lineis fructificationis fere contiguis. Pain Lingua Cervina nodofa. Plun. t. 1o8.2010 VE 10 nois elit Filix Major in pinnas tantum diviſa raras, &c. Slo. Cat.18. & Hift. t.41. The ſimple erect Aſplenium with a knotted ſtalk. TS A This plant is very common about the Barrack road in the mountains of Weſtmore- land : it riſes three or four feet in height, and has the ſeed-lines ſo cloſely diſpoſed on the back of the leaves, that it may be eaſily miſtaken for an Acrofticum at firſt view. barn som an ni bestod visomico di tanta in ASPLENIUM 8. Simplex, frondibus oblongis acuminatis & profunda crenatis. laron 2 lo 10 anisottom Filix Mas vulgari fimilis, pinnulis amplioribus, &c. Pk. t. 179. f. 2. Aſplenium Etc. Thez. Zey. page 1oo. Pl. 1.U 2 The ſimple Aſplenium with an oblong and deeply jagged foliage. fondo ago This plant riſes generally to the height of about three feet : its leaves or pinna are deeply indented, and the feed-lines Short and thick-Set on the back of them. ar's lo 2 9115T OMI ASPLENIUM 9. Aljurgens, fimplex, foliis oblongis ultimo crenato . Trichomañes Majus nigrum, &c. Slo. Cat. 17. & Hift. t. 35. The ſimple erect Aſplenium with a crenated upper leaf . A This plant generally riſes to the height of two or three feet; the ſtalk is ſimple and the leaves almoſt entire to the uppermoſt, which is commonly jagged, or more imperfectly divided : it grows in cool and ſhady places, in eitirono ASPLENIUM 10. Simplex villoſum, foliis lanceolato-opatis, levifimè dit baigti erenatis, lineis fructificationis denlilſime fitis. Pteris Fronde pinnatd, foliis oblongo-avatis obtufis fubtus lanatis. L. Sp. Pl. Filix Minor rufá lanugine obdučtá. Slo. Cat. 19. & Hift. t. 35. Big The ſimple hairy Aſplenium.ama iu to edinacor This -A TO с с 94 THE NATURAL HISTORY it min This plant ſeldom riſes above eighteen or twenty inches, and is foliated almoſt from the root : it grows in the lower mountains of Liguanee, and ſeems to like a ſhaded ſandy ſoyl beſt. muinoa musical ASPLENIUM II. Simplex, nigrum, foliis oblongo-acuminatis, margine 11. quaß laceratis. Filix Non ramofa Zeylonica, &c. Thez. Zey. t. 43. odT The ſimple Aſplenium with lacerated leaves. Salq aid on bruolons US rainbolib tov This ſpecies of the Aſplenium ſeldom riſes above fourteen or eighteen inches ; the ſtalk is black and ſimple, the leaves pointed, and appear as if torn at the margin: grows in the lower mountains of Liguanee, and thrives beſt in a free fandy ſoyl. lovos ASPLENIUM 12. Simplex minus flavum, foliis paucis trapezioidibus cada no quaſi laceratis , terminatrice produétiori. Aſplenium Minus, &c. Pk. t. 405. f. 2, nga bas svo antongit Nilla-panna Etc. H. M. p. 12. t. 18. ua di base som om od brotfiomybe The ſmaller Aſplenium with lacerated leaves. 192A This plant is very like the foregoing both in form and diſpoſition ; but it ſeldom riſes above ten or twelve inches, and the upper leaf is remarkably longer than any of the reſt. winois will ASPLENIUM 13. Majus, fimplex, foliis amplioribus & longioribus, cor- dato-lanceolatis leniterque crenatis, petiolis breviſſimis. - An, Lonchitis Glabra major. Plum. t. 6o.force 60 13 bio o el buis Sugio 2010 The larger Aſplenium with the leaves ſlightly crenated. to This plant is commonly found in the moſt ſhady and mountainous parts of Ja- maica : it grows to the height of three or four feet, and is frequent enough in the mountains of St. Ann's and Weſtmoreland. ASPLENIUM 14. Majus fimplex, foliis oppoſitis amplifimis am- plexantibus. . Smo inoltatori The larger Aſplenium with oppoſite embracing leaves. sued diod cornsla att This plant, if ever noticed before, has been confounded with the foregoing: it is very rare, and grows generally in the moſt retired parts of the woods. I have ob- ſerved only one tuft of it, and that; far back in the mountains of St. Ann's : it Tar grows in a rich ſhady ſoyl, and riſes to the height of five or ſix feet from the ASPLENIUM 15. Simpliciter pinnatum, caule compreſja marginato , , fronde pinnatá, laciniis fublobato-dentatis inferi- bien so oribus diftin&tis, Superioribus adnatis. si od bra on 10 Aſplenium Fronde compoſitá, pinnis oppoſitis, &c. L. Sp. Pl. 815qmi Lonchitis. Dentata, pinnularum cacumine bifecta. Plum. t. 46. ic.oi MUIMIDEA The divided Aſplenium with margined ribs. This plant feldom riſes above two feet : it is beautifully divided and mar- gined, and ſeems to thrive beſt in a ſhady dry place. It is frequent in the lower mountains of Liguanee, MtirociA viisid olquiloft ASPLE- a root. YO OF J хлоо FJ А М А Т с А.Т M AIC 95 j ASPLENIUM 16. Ramoſum majus, frondibus amplioribus pinnatifidis, lobis anguftis ferratis patentibus. An, Filix Africana floride fimilis. Pk. t. 87. f. 5. The divided Aſplenium with narrow ſerrated lobes. The ſmaller branches, in this ſpecies, are very ſimple, and the foliage divided by open interſtices into narrow ſerrated lobes, which do not join to the baſe, but are connected by a ſlender ſegment of the common margin ; the whole plant, if I re- member right, riſes to the height of five or ſix feet, or higher; and is frequently met with in the woods: the ſeed-capſulæ are diſpoſed in two ſeries on the back of each lobe. ASPLENIUM 17. Subarboreſcens fupra decompoſitum, foliolis anguftis ſerratis baſi adnatis. ਤੇ 2 THE The ſmall Fern-tree. todos CONCUT DE This ſpecies of the Aſplenium is very full of branches, and riſes by an imperfect bodied trunk to the height of ſeven or eight feet from the ground : it is very diffi- cult to diſtinguiſh it from the Fern-tree, with which it has been generally con- founded. The ſeed-capſulæ in theſe three laſt ſpecies, as well as in the firſt and ſome of the other ſorts, are diſpoſed in oblong ſpots of no great extent: they ſeem to ap- proach the Polypodium in the general appearance, but may be eaſily diſtinguiſhed when carefully obſerved. doc V S E C T. S C VII. Of ſuch Plants as have their FruEtifications diſpoſed in Lines that interfe&t each other on the underſide of the Leaves. HEMIONITIS 1. Paraſitica acaulis, foliis longis anguftis utrinque productis. Hemionitis Frondibus lanceolatis integerimis. L. Sp. Pl. ct Hemionitis Plum. t. 127. Lit. C. The narrow leafʼd undivided Hemionitis. This plant is commonly found on the trunks of trees in the cooler and more ſhady inland woods: the leaves are plain and ſimple, and ſeldom exceed fixteen or eighteen inches in length, when moſt luxuriant; they grow in tufts from a ſtrong fibrous root. HEMIONITIS 2. Paraſitica repens, foliis ovato-acuminatis. The creeping Hemionitis with pointed oval leaves. lu edT This uncommon plant is ſometimes found creeping on the trees in the cooler ſhady inland woods : the leaves are about two inches long, and one and a half over where broadeſt. I have obſerved this ſpecies far back in the mountains of St. Ann's. gs. HEMIONITIS 3. Subbirfuta monopbylla fimplex, fronde palmato- lobata. yang Hemionitis Frondibus palmatis hirſutis. L. Sp. Pl. Hemionitis Subhirſuta, fimplex, &c. Pk. t. 287. f. 4. -XIO Hemionitis 2 96 Τ THE NATURAL HISTORY Hemionitis Aurea, birſuta. Plum. t. 151. MUT . MULA132 The hairy ſimple lobe-leaf'd Hemionitis. This little plant ſeldom riſes above five or ſix inches from the ground. It is pretty hairy every where, and grows chiefly in low moiſt places, but thrives beſt in a rich luxuriant ſhady foyl. a S E C T. VIII. Of ſuch as have their Fructifications diſpoſed in diffinĉt round Spots, or ſmall Heaps, on the under Side of the Foliage. HEN I firſt diſpoſed theſe plants in the following order, I had not ſeen W Linnæus's method of claſſing them, nor his remarks upon the diſpoſition of their capſulæ (a); but as I find the ſituation of theſe to be of fingular ſervice in the arrangement of this intricate and numerous family, I ſhall endeavour to mention it when ever I recollect, or can diſcover the true poſition of them; though I ſhall ſtill follow my common method, viz. of beginning with the moſt ſimple, and gc- ing on gradually to the moſt divided ſpecies. POLYPODIUM 1. Acaule foliis oblongis fimplicibus, capſulis ſerialibus. Phyllitis Arboribus innofcentibus, &c. Slo. Cat. 14. The ſimple Polypodium without a trunk. This plant is very common in the woods of Jamaica, and grows like the firſt ſpe- cies of the Aſplenium both in ſize and appearance: the leaves are thin and delicate, feldom under two and a half or three inches in breadth, and eighteen or twenty in length. POLYPODIUM 2. Acaule minus, capſulis duplici ferie nervis interjectis. The ſmaller Polypodium with two ſeries of capſulæ between the radiating nerves. This plant is commonly confounded with the foregoing, though it is very diftinct both in the areolated texture of its leaves, as well as the diſpoſition of its capfulæ. It riſes generally to the height of fixteen or eighteen inches. 10 POLYPODIUM 3. Acaule ere&tum minus, margine crenato-lobatá, apice lanceolato porrecto. The ſmall ſimple Polypodium with crenated leaves. This plant grows, by a ſmall fibrous root, to the trunks of decaying trees, and is commonly found in moſt ſolitary woods: it conſiſts of ſimple leaves, which fel- dom riſe above three or four inches from the root; theſe are obtuſely crenated at the margin's in the lower part ; but the top ſtretch into plajn lancet-like fimple lobes. a (a) Thoſe that are diſpoſed in two lines, along the ſides or nerves of either the leaves or lobes, I ſhall call Lineales; but ſuch as run in a lineal direction from the middle vein, or rib, and lie parallel to the ſmaller nerves, we ſhall call Seriales; and thoſe that are diſpoſed in no peculiar order, we thall call Sparfæ. noint POLY- M M À - 97 А о FJA MA I c А. я POLYPODIUM 4. Minus acaule, fronde infernè partitá fupernè lobatâ, capfulis linealibus. Polypodium Minus, acaule. Pk. t. 290. f. 1. The ſmaller ſimple lobe-leafʼd Polypodium. In this plant the leaves riſe together from a fibrous root, and ſeldom grow above five or ſix inches in height: the foliage is divided into ſmall diſtinct parts towards the bottom, but as the plant riſes theſe are confounded together, and it becomes a lobed margin on each ſide of the ſtalk or rib. It thrives beſt in dry rocky places. POLYPODIUM 5. Simplex repens, foliis minoribus ovatis, capſulis fparfis. Lingua-Cervina Minima repens. Plum. t. 118. An, Polypodium Frondibus crenatis glabris fructificationibus folitariis. L. Sp. Pl. An, Phylitidi Scandenti affinis minima. Slo. H. t. 28. The ſmall creeping Polypodium with oval leaves. This ſmall plant is very rare in Jamaica: I found it in the mountains of St. Faith's near the ſide of the river below Mr. Browne's eſtate. It creeps along the ground, and caſts its finall oval leaves on both fides, in an alternate order : theſe ſeldom exceed an inch and quarter in length, and lie, commonly, cloſe upon the ground, or rocks. POLYPODIUM 6. Scandens, caule tereti hirſuto, foliis fimplicibus lanceolatis, capſulis linealibus. Polypodium Frondibus lanceolatis integerimis glabris, fructificationibus fo- litariis, caule ramoſo repenti. L. Sp. P. Lingua-Cervina Scandens, &c. Plum. t. 119. Polypodium Scandens, &c. Pk. t. 290. f. 3. DUGO , Phylittis Minor ſcandens, &c. Slo. Cat. 15. The climbing Polypodium with a ſlender hairy ſtalk. This plant is very common in the inland open parts of Jamaica ; it is a climber, and creeps along every tree that comes in its way: the leaves are about two inches in length, and a third of an inch in breadth. It is frequent in Sixteen-mile Walk, and many other parts of the Iſland. POLYPODIUM 7. Tryphillum fimplex, foliis majoribus margine quaſi lace- ratis, capſulis fparfis . Hemionitidi Affinis filix major trifida, &c. Slo. Cat. 18. & H. t. 42. An, Hemionitis Maxima trifolia. Plum. t. 148. & Pett. Pter. t.7. f. 6. The larger fimple Polypodium, with three lacerated leaves. This plant riſes commonly to the height of twenty four or thirty inches : its leaves are very large in proportion, and appear as if they had been torn at the mar- gin. It grows in the more fandy inland mountains, and is pretty frequent in the woods of St. Mary's. POLYPODIUM 8. Minus triphyllum, foliis profundè diviſis, lobis oblongis fublobato-crenatis . Polypodium Etc. Pk. t. 289. f. 4. An, Polypodium Fronde ternatá ſinuato-lobatá, intermedio majori. L.Sp.P. The ſmaller three leafʼd Polypodium with a divided foliage. Dd Theſe a a . 98 THE NATURAL HISTORY a 7 a ; Theſe little plants riſe, three or four together, from a tufted fibrous root, and ſeldom exceed eight or ten inches in height: their foliage is divided very deep, and each lobe is again deeply crenated in the margin. POLYPODIUM 9. Simplex minus, fronde ad nervum pennatifidá, laci- niis linearibus patentibus, capſulis linealibus. The ſmaller ſimple Polypodium, with a narrow-lobed open foliage. This plant ſeldom riſes above fixteen or eighteen inches; the ſtalk is black and delicate, and the lobes, or diviſions of the foliage, nearly alike in breadth; they are generally about an inch long and pretty wide aſunder. POLYPODIUM 10. Simplex, fronde majori ad nervum pinnatifida, lobis ſubcrenatis longis anguſtis acutis, capſulis linealibus. The ſimple Polypodium with a large digitated foliage. This plant grows commonly in an open free ſoyl: the trunk or rather root, is pretty thick and ſhagged, and runs a good way under ground; from whence it emits, at certain diſtances, ſome ſimple ſtalks with an open divided foliage: this conſiſts of long narrow Nips ſtanding in a pinnated order on each ſide; but theſe are all connected at the bot- tom, cloſe to the main rib. This plant is ſometimes found climbing on the neighbour- ing trees; and then the root becomes a trunk of the ſame ſize and ſhagged appear- ance; and emits its foliage laterally, as it does in the other ſtate : the ribs are ſeldom under two feet and a half in length, in any ſtate, and the narrow ſide lobes are gene- rally about ſix or ſeven inches. POLYPODIUM 11. Simplex, caule tenui, foliis lanceolatis tot å bafi afixis, inferioribus diftinétis fuperioribus adnatis ; capſulis ferialibus. The ſimple ſlender Polypodium with long narow lobes. This plant riſes, by a very ſmall and ſlender rib, to the height of twenty fix or thirty inches; its foliage is pretty open, and the lobes very diſtinct and ſeparate to- wards the bottom ; they are of a lanceolated form, and ſtick by their entire baſes to but as they approach nearer towards the top, they are joined together at their baſes, as if it had been but a lobed margin. POLYPODIUM 12. Erectum fimplex, foliis paucioribus & majoribus ovatis. An, Lingua-Cervina Quinquefolia. Plum. t. 114. Hemionitis Maxima quinquefolia. Plum. t. 146. Filix Major ſcandens in pinnas tantum, &c. Slo. Cat. 17. & H. t. 39, & 41. f. 2. The ſimple erect Polypodium with large oval leaves. ure This plants grows moſtly in the cool and ſhady woods, and ſeldom riſes more than fixteen or eighteen inches from the ground: its leaves are large, diſtinct, and of an oval form. I have never ſeen any of its fructifications, tho' I have often obſerved it freſh; and have ranged it here only by the habit or appearance, which ſeems to ſhew it is of this kind. POLYPODIUM 13. Ereétum fimplex, foliis oblongis majoribus, inferio- ribus auritis fupremis adnatis, capſulis ſerialibus, An, a the rib; SOFJA MA I CA. 99 a An, Polypodium Simplex, &c. Pk. t. 289. f. 3. . The ſimple erect broad-leafʼd Polypodium, with diſtinct capſulæ. This plant is furniſhed with broad leaves, like the foregoing ; but the capſule are very diſtinct: the three uppermoſt leaves are connected together at the bottom, and the two lowermoſt have each an ear, or appendage, towards the baſe. It feldom riſes above fixteen or eighteen inches. POLYPODIUM 14. Simplex foliis lanceolatis integris bafi inequalibus fub- auritis, petiolis breviſſimis, capſulis Sparſis. An, Lonchitis Altiſima pinnulis utrinque, &c. Slo. Cat. 16. & Hiſt. t.31. The ſimple narrow-leafʼd Polypodium. This plant ſeldom riſes above two feet and a half, or three feet in height; the ſtalk or rib is very ſimple, and the leaves pointed and entire : they are connected by very ſhort footſtalks, and project backwards on each ſide of them. POLYPODIUM 15. Simplex, foliis nervofis lanceolatis integris acumi- natis ad bafem contractis. The ſimple Polypodium with pointed narrow leaves. I have not yet ſeen the capſule of this plant, and place it here only from the habit which ſeems to manifeſt it of this tribe: it is ſeldom above two feet and a half in height, and is remarkable for the cloſe nervous texture of its leaves. POLYPODIUM 16. Simplex ſubhirſutum, foliis lanceolato-oblongis, cap- ſulis folitariis. Polypodium Frondibus lanceolatis, integerimis, hirſutis ; fructificationibus folitariis. L. Sp. Pl. The ſimple hairy Polypodium with lancet-like leaves. This plant ſeldom riſes above thirteen or fifteen inches: I have only ſeen one of the kind in the iſland , I found it at Mr. Cook's in St. Elizabeth's. POLYPODIUM 17. Simplex, foliis lanceolato-ferratis gradatim mino- ribus, capſulis ſerialibus, caule ſinuato & ſubangulato. Kari-beli-panna Etc. H. M. vol. xii. t. 17. The fimple Polypodium with a pyramidal foliage. This plant is very ſimple, and ſeldom riſes above the height of two feet and a half: the leaves are lanceolated, and ſerrated or indented; and faſtened by ſhort foot-ſtalks. tibe POLYPODIUM 18. Erectum fimplex, foliis lanceolatis profundè fublobatis ferè equalibus & oppoſitis, terminatrici conſimili, capſulis linealibus. Filix Latifolia, pinnulis ferè acuminatis dentata. Plum, t. 16. Filix Zeylonica denticulata, &c. Thez. Zey. t. 44. f. 1. Filix Non ramoſa major ſurculis raris, &c. Slo. Cat. 19. & Hiſt. t. 48. The ſimple erect Polypodium with leaves equally lobed. This plant is very common in the lower mountains of Jamaica. It ſeldom riſes UNIV OF above MICH. 100 Τ THE NATURAL HISTORY a above two feet; and is the only one of the kind I have known, whoſe branches and leaves do not diminiſh gradually to the top. POLYPODIUM 19. Simplex, frondibus majoribus oblongis profundè lobatis, inferioribus diftin&tis auritis , mediis dimidiá, fuperioribus totá baſi adnatis; lobis fubcrenatis remotis. The large-leafʼd ſimple Polypodium with remote open lobes. lobes..da This plant riſes generally to the height of two or three feet, and is commonly found in cool and ſhady places. The capfulæ are very few, and ſeem as if they were diſpoſed in a lineal form. POLYPODIUM 20. Minimum fimplex, foliis anguſtis ferrato-lobatis. An, Polypodium Minimum foliolis anguſtis crenatis. Pk. t. 283. The ſmalleſt Polypodium with ſlender ferrated leaves. This plant ſeldom riſes above four or five inches: it grows in tufts from a propor- tionate fibrous root; and is generally well ſupplied with narrow ſerrated, or lobed leaves. POLYPODIUM 21. Simplex & pyrami datum, foliis lanceolatis inciſis gra- datim minoribus, lobis approximatis anguftis integris, capſulis ſublinealibus. An, Filix Minor in pennas tantum diviſa. Slo, Cat. 18. & Hift. t. 43. Filix Non ramoſa major furculis crebris, &c. Slo. Hift. t. 51. f. 2. Filix Paluſtris mas non ramofa, &c. Pk. t. 243. f. 6. & t. 244. f. 1. The ſimple Polypodium with deep-cut leaves. This plant is very common about the lower hills of Jamaica : it grows in ſhady places, and ſeldom riſes above two or three feet. POLYPODIUM 22. Minus fimplex, foliis oblongis integris falcatis, ſu- perioribus totâ inferioribus auritis dimidiâ tantum baſi adnatis. Filix Non ramoſa major, &c. Slo. Cat. 19. & Hiſt. t. 48. The fimple Polypodium with oblong leaves. POLYPODIUM 23. Simplex, foliis lanceolatis integris diſtinctis totá baſi affixis, fupremo Subhaftato, capſulis ſolitariis. Polypodium Simplex, &c. Pk. t. 288. f. 1. The fimple Polypodium with diſtinct leaves. POLYPODIUM 24. Scandens, caule tereti glabro, foliis petiolatis an- guftis fubferrulatis, quandoque auritis, quandoque digitatis. Polypodium Scandens, &c.Pk. t. 407. f. 2. Polypodium Etc. Thez. Zey. Tab. Phylitidi Multifida affinis. Slo. Cat. 19. & Hift. t. 46. The climbing Polypodium with a ſlender ſmooth ſtalk. This ſpecies of the Polypodium is a climber, and riſes to a conſiderable height along a Y OF J A M A I CA. UT 101 along the trees; the ſtalk is ſmooth and flender, and the leaves of a nervous texture, and ſometimes divided into two or more unequal parts. POLYPODIUM 25. Minus fubhirſutum & fimpliciter pinnatum, foliis Las aval borenental diſtinctis fübovatis crenatis, capſulis fparfis. The ſmaller ſubhirſute and divided Polypodium with ſimple od s niyang . branches and oval crenated leaves. robi fiyat This plant is not common in Jamaica; it ſeldom riſes above eight or ten inches from the ground, and ſpreads into a branched foliage above the middle; theſe are ſimple, and furniſhed with oval alternate and jagged leaves : both the foliage and branches of the plant are adorned with a fine down. POLYPODIUM 26. .901.1967 Sto Surinn oribus ſubdivifis petiolatis catuse lobatis, inferi- bitreo s obsadingil perioribus baſi adnatis, capſulis linealibus. oil 10+ An, Polypodium Etc. Pk. t. 296. f. 2. The and divided under-branches 10.45 ment, the anivisido no tudi on and obtuſe lobes. mudar o aminado This plant ſeldom riſes above the height of two or three feet, but its foliage is very ſpreading open and large in proportion: the lower branches are much divided, and each of the diviſions is lobed again; but theſe ſtand on peculiar foot-ſtalks: the other ribs are obtuſe, and ſlightly jagged, ſimple, and cut into diſtinct lobes ; but the middle pinnæ are diſtinct at the baſe, while thoſe above them are all connected by a marginal foliage: the ſtalk is pretty fender. Suamdiw favogelon berboard bol odt POLYPODIUM 27: Simpliciter pinnatum, pinnis diftin&tis fimplicibus profundè finuatis, lobis majoribus crenatis, capſulis and oli vigysilo sob Iparfis. bn vovar la id do hit ita tərku The pinnated Polypodium with an open diffected foliage.it This plant reſembles the foregoing very much in the fize, form, and diſpoſition of its foliage ; but it is diſtinguiſhed by the arrangement of its capſulæ, and undi- vided ribs or branches, Stot MULCOIYIO POLYPODIUM 28. Subarboreum ramoſum, fronde pinnatifida ad coſtam geo boka vituo bus ad Jecká, lobis feetá, lobis lanceolatis integris, capſulis fparfis. 91 The ſubarboreſcent Polypodium with a large lobed foliage. out to be 10 og smooth too muda il loro 991 This plant grows very large and buſhy, putting on the appearance of a ſmaller tree : it riſes to the height of eight or ten feet, and is compoſed of a ſhort thick trunk, and branched ſpreading arms. It is ſometimes met with in the mountains of St. Mary's; and is not uncommon Above-Rocks. 3 POLYPODIUM 29. Simpliciter ramoſum minus, foliis anguftis crenatis gradatim minoribus. Filix Mas non ramoſa, pinnulis anguftis, &c. Pk. t. 180. f. 4. Uiboculo Seul Sim The ſmaller Polypodium with ſimple branches and ſmall ol?o estou vlno crenated leaves. Ini adai hawe tu io solo bus simit 378 adol V1202C 910207:35 This plant ſeldom riſes above three feet in height; it grows in cool and ſhady places, and is common enough in moſt of the inland parts of the Iſland. Еe POLY. а DUIN 109. 102 THE NATURAL HISTORY a DIGE POLYPODIUM 30. Minus, pinnis marginato-alatis & canaliculatis, foliolis oblongo-ovatis profundè crenatis. Filicula Fontana latiori folio. Pk. t. 180. f. 6. MUITOTYVIOS The leſſer branched Polypodium with oval crenated leaves and chanel'd ribs. inden for This plant ſeldom grows to any conſiderable height, and is pretty frequent in all the Thady vales of Jamaiga. med opp POLYPODIUM 31. Ramoſum fcandens, fronde patulá ſpeciofá tenuiori, capſulis ad crenas poſitis, ramulis teretibus. Filix Ramoſa maximè ſcandens, &c. Slo. Cat. 23. & Hift. t. 6o. The larger climbing Polypodium with a minute ſpreading foliage. This plant is pretty common in the woods in St. Elizabeth's; and riſes to a conſide- rable height by the aſſiſtance of the neighbouring trees : it is remarkable for the elegancy of its ſmall and ſpreading foliage, the lobes of which are very minute, oblong, and jagged, and the ſeminal capſulæ diſpoſed at the bottom of each chap or notch, ſo that it ſeems to reſemble an Adiantum in ſome meaſure; but on obſerving the ſpots with a lens, they are found to have the ſame make and appearance with . thoſe of all the other ſpecies of this tribe. POLYPODIUM 32. Ramoſum tenue & afurgens elegantiffimè divifum, pennulis marginatis, fronde tenui lobatá atque cre- dollsm rodo natá, capſulis fublinealibus, The ſlender branched Polypodium with a minute GO ſpreading foliage. All the parts of this plant are very neat and ſlender ; its foliage is very like that of the foregoing, but ſomething larger and more cloſe ; and the capſulz, when thick, are diſpoſed in very regular lines along the back of the lobes; but when they are but few, they do not appear ſo orderly. It ſeldom riſes above three feet from the ground. tosios gastos POLYPODIUM 33. Subarboreum ramoſum, coſtis validiſſimis, fronde M majori finúatá & minus divifâ. JOS The larger Polypodium with ſtrong ribs, and a leſs-divided foliage. The ribs of this plant are very large, and riſe from a ſtubed ſhort and thick trunk; they ſpread much, and ſhoot commonly to the height of eight or nine feet: its fo- liage is very large, open, and irregularly lobed. The plant thrives beſt in a rich and cool ſoyl, and is frequently met with Above-rocks. POLYPODIUM 34. Hirſutum ramoſum, frondibus oblongis pinnatis & pinnatifidis, lobis appropinquatis oblongis integris, capſulis linealibus The larger hairy and branched Polypodium. This plant is found in the inland woods, and riſes commonly to the height of four or five feet : its leaves are pretty deeply cut, but the lobes are ſimple and cloſe. It is remarkable for its down. bouilt och gotta TON POLY a a of J A MA I CA. А І А. 103 3 POLYPODIUM 35. Majus ramofum, frondibus pinnatifidis, lobis oblongis M ſubcrenatis, inferioribus diſtinctis fuperioribus ſubadnatis, capſulis linealibus nervulo appro- pinquatis. The larger branched Polypodium with a pinnated foliage. This ſpecies of the Polypodium riſes to a conſiderable height, and is divided into a number of pretty robuſt branches: the leaves or foliage is divided into oblong and lightly ſerrated lobes about half an inch in length; theſe are diſtinct, and pretty wide aſunder towards the bottom; but as they approach the top of the leaf, they grow nearer, and are connected at the baſe. POLYPODIUM 36. Ramofum tenuius, caule & ramulis ftipulis ſqua- mofis obfitis, foliis feu frondibus lanceolatis ad nervum ferè pinnatifidis, lobis oblongis ſerratis & appropinquatis, capſulis ſublinealibus. The ramous ſlender Polypodium with ſtubbled branches. This plant does not riſe above three or four feet; its Italk and branches are very flender, its foliage delicate, and the feed-capſulæ very thin. POLYPODIUM 37. Ramofum caule tereti glabro, frondibus geminatis ad nervum pinnatifidis, lobis lineari-lanceolatis re&tis oppofitis. The divided Polypodium with flender ſtalks and a paired foliage. This plant is not mentioned by either Sir Hans Sloane, or Plumier ; its pinne are always diſpoſed in pairs on common alternate foot-ſtalks, and the lobes of each, ſharp and lanceolated, always intire, and riſing at right angles from the main nerye. 10 POLYPODIUM 38. Ramoſum caule tereti nigro, frondibus geminatis longioribus. The larger divided Polypodium with a paired foliage. This plant differs but little from the foregoing either in form or appearance, but is generally larger: both ſpecies are ſometimes found climbing, tho' they commonly grow in large ſpreading tufts: they are frequent enough Above-Rocks. POLYPODIUM 39. Quadrunciale minimum ramoſum, coſta alata, foli- olis cornu cervi in modum fe&tis. An, Filix Saxatilis caule tenui fragili. Ray. Pk. t. 180. f. 5. The ſmall Polypodium with a divided foliage and few branches. POLYPODIUM 40. Cauleſcens Spinofum & fimpliciter ramofum, foliis ovatis leniter inciſis. Filix Arboreſcens humilis & fpinofa, &c. Pium. t. 3. Polypodium Spinofum, &c. Pk. t. 293. Filix Arborea ramoſa & Spinoſa, &c. Slo. Cat. & Hiſt. t. 46. The prickly Polypodium with oval indented leaves. This.plant riſes to a pretty conſiderable height; it is eaſily diſtinguiſhed by its oblong indented leaves and prickly ſtalk. POLY . 104 THE NATURAL HISTORY 3 POLYPODIUM 41. Arboreum maximum, fronde tenuiori, caudice duriffimo. Filix Arboreſcens pinnulis dentatis, &c. Plum. t. 1, 2. The Fern-tree. apsilat RG 5 VOTE This plant riſes by a conſiderable ſimple hard and lignous trunk, to the height of twenty or twenty five feet; it is, like the other ferns and palms, furniſhed only with ribs, which fall off gradually as it riſes, while the new ſhoots ſpring up from the top: it reſembles the palm tribe both in the form and ſtructure of its trunk alſo, being very hard immediately under the bark, but looſe, ſoft and fibrous in the middle. It holds for many years, bears all the inclemency of the weather with eaſe, and is frequently uſed for poſts in hog-ſties and other incloſures, where the ſmaller palms are not at hand. I could not hitherto obſerve the feed-capſule of the following plants; but as the general habit, and ſtructure of the leaves ſeem to range them in this claſs, I ſhall in- ſert them here, until further obſervations determine their real claſſes. POLYPODIUM 42. Simpliciter diviſum, frondibus inferioribus fubdivi- a dosad fis, mediis fimplicibus lobatis, fuperioribus baftato- mida y lobatis, lobis ubique denticulatis. aina This plant feldom riſes above a foot and a half; the lower branches are divided into three or five oblong foliages, and theſe into oval ſubſerrated lobes. POLYPODIUM 43. Ramoſum, ramis & ramulis alatis, foliis ovatis or ilot bating site en ferratis, fuperioribus adnatis. This plant ſeldom riſes above one or two feet; and is eaſily diſtinguithed by the oval ſerrated form of its foliage, and margined branches. POLYPODIUM 44. Ramoſum, frondibus oblongo-lanceolatis profunde incifis, nervo ſubcanaliculato, lobis appropin- quatis & ſubcrenatis, infimis quandoque diftin&tis. By the general make of this plant it muſt riſe to the height of three or four feet : its foliage is very particular, for the nerves of the lobes are very diſtinct, the ribs furniſhed with a little down, and the nerves of the foliage lightly channeled and full of duft; but I could not yet obſerve any feed-capfulæ upon it. Sot 403 SE CT. IX. ITI09 Of thoſe capillary Plants whoſe Fru&tifications cover the whole Disk, or Under ſide of the Leaves or Foliage. 1 letno ACROSTICUM 1, Acaule, folio oblongo integro fuperne nitido pe- tiolato. Lingua-Cervina Anguſtifolia, &c. Plum. t. 129. The Leaf-Acroſticum. This plant is found in the cooler mountains of New Liguanee; it grows upon the rocks, and riſes in tufts from a ſpreading fibrous root; but it ſeldom exceeds ten or twelve inches in length, and is every where ſurrounded with a thin membraneous margin, ACROS, a a o F Ј А М А Т с А. JA MA I 105 . a ACROSTICUM 2. Acaule, fronde pinnatifidâ ad nervum divifá, lobis linearibus baſi adnatis. Filici-folio Polypodium Feruginofum minus. Pk. t. 89. f. 9. f The ſmaller Acroſticum with a narrow-lob'd foliage. This plant is commonly found in low cool and ſhady places : it riſes in tufts, and feldom exceeds ten or twelve inches in length. ACROSTICUM 3. Minus fimplex, fronde pinnatifida, lobis linearibus remotis diftin&tis totâ baſi adnatis. The ſmaller ſimple Acroſticum with narrow open lobes. . This plant ſtretches by a fimple flender root upon the rocks, and, at certain dif- tances, emits a few ſimple ſtalks, which ſeldom exceed five or ſix inches in length, and throw out many oblong narrow lobes on each ſide: the whole plant is of a dry dirty colour, and ſeldom perfect in its foliage; it is very different from the fore- going ſpecies. ACROSTICUM 4. Maximum uliginofum fimplex, coſtá crafiori, foliis oblongis diſtinctis integris. Acroſticum Fronde pinnata, pinnis alternis linguæformibus integerimis glabris. L. Sp. Pl. & H. C. Lingua-Cervina Aurea. Plum. t. 104. Lonchitis Paluſtris maxima, &c. Slo. Cat. 15. The large marſhy Acroſticum with oblong leaves. This plant grows commonly in low and marſhy places: it riſes often to the height of ſeven or eight feet, and is well ſupplied with oblong alternate leaves. ACROSTICUM 5. Erettum minimum fimplex, foliolis anguftis crenatis vel lobatis. Acroſticum Erectum minimum, &c. Pk. t. 283. The ſmall narrow-leaf'd erect Acroſticum. m ACROSTICUM 6. Ere&tum fimplex, foliis oblongis marginatis & leniter undulatis. Filix Major in pinnas tantum diviſa oblongas, &c. Slo. Cat. 18. & Hift. t. 40 a The ſimple erect Acroſticum with oblong margined leaves. This plant grows in the cooler mountains, and ſeems to like a free open or gra- velly ſoyl; it is found near St. Mary's, and ſeldom riſes above three feet and a half from the ground. It is a queſtion if it be not a variation of the foregoing ſpecies. ACROSTICUM 7. Simplex villoſum, foliis lanceolato-ovatis crenatis & ſubauritis petiolatis minimis. Acroſticum Frondibus pinnatis , pinnis oblongis integris ferratis acutis ftipi- tibus Squamofis. L. Sp. Pl. Trichomanes Majus, &c. Slo. Cat. 17. & Hiſt. t. 35. Filicula E Galipoli villoſa, &c. Pet. Gaz. t. 17. f. 13. Trichomanes Argenteum ad oras nigrum. Plum. t. 175. Ff Acroſticum 106 THE NATURAL HISTORY a root. 2.30 a a Acroſticum Minus, &c. Pk. t. 281. f. 4.UOLTOLA The ſmaller ſimple Acroſticum with oval leaves. This plant is very common in the middle mountains of Liguanee; its leaves are ſimple, of a milky white beneath, and furniſhed with a brown down at the margin: the ſtalk is pretty ſlender, and ſeldom ſhoots more than ten or twelve inches above the . ACROSTICUM 8. Simplex, foliis lanceolatis irregulariter difpofitis, Superioribus fingularibus, inferioribus geminatis vel ternatis. Lingua-Cervina Triphylla, &c. Plum. t. 144. Acroſticum Fronde non pinnata, foliis ternatis lanceolatis. L. Sp. Pl. The erect Acroſticum with lanceolated leaves irregularly diſpoſed. This plant grows chiefly in the mountains, and loves a moiſt, rich ſoyl ; it is commonly found by the ſides of rivulets, and ſeldom riſes above two or three feet. ACROSTICUM 9. Quadrunciale minimum ramoſum, caule alato, fronde tenuiori diviſo. NUO The ſmall Acroſticum with a divided foliage and margined ſtalk. This beautiful little plant feldom riſes above three or four inches from the root ; the ſtalk is furniſhed with a rim or margin on both ſides, and the foliage is very mi- nutely divided into narrow ſubpalmated ſegments: by the habit it ſeems to be of this kind. .vognolco diw frohou vdat arm ACROSTICUM 10. Fufcum fimpliciter pinnatum, foliis parvis tot â Þah adnatis , inferioribus diſtinctis remotis hafta- tis auritis vel Jublobatis, fuperioribus acuminatis contiguis integris. MUITO DA An, Filix Seu filicula, &c. Plum. t. 40. Acroſticum Fronde pinnatá, pinnis Jefilibus oblongis finuatis, fummis bre- viſſimis integerimis. L. Sp. Pl. Filix Non ramoſa minor caule nigro, &c. Slo. Cat. 19. & Hift. t. 7. The brown pinnated Acroſticum with narrow leaves. A This plant feldom riſes above two feet and a half from the root, and is eaſily diſtinguiſhed by its brown ſtalks, and ſmall narrow leaves. A CROSTICUM 11. Simpliciter pinnatum, caule et ramulis teretibus ni- tidis, fronde tenui diffeéto, lobis diſtinctis palmatis ſublobatis & apice inciſis denticulatis. & An, Acroſticum Minus, &c. Pk. t. 350. f. 3. The ſlender branched Acroſticum with a delicate diffected foliage. This elegant little plant is pretty frequent in the cooler mountains ; its ſtalk and branches are very ſlender, the former ſeldom exceeding the thickneſs of a large pin ; the latter not much above a thick hair : the foliage is very delicate and much divided, and each part denticulated at the top; but the larger diviſions are diſtinct and ſup- ported by narrow foot-ſtalks. The whole plant ſeldom riſes above twelve or four- teen inches, and bears its largeſt foliage above the middle of the ſtalk. a a ACROS- со FJ AM A I c A. 107 ACROSTICUM 12. Erectum ramofum, caule & ramis atro-nitentibus, fronde diviſa. The black-ſtalk'd Acroſticum. This plant grows in the moſt cool and ſhady places in the lower lands ; its branches are pretty much divided, and riſe to the height of twenty or thirty inches above the ground: the leaves are minutely divided, and of a filver colour under- neath. The whole plant ſeems to have much of the appearance of a ſpecies of Maid- en-hair. SE CT. X. Of ſuch as have their Fructifications of a globular Form, and diſpoſed on ſeparate branches. OS MUNDA 1. Subhirſuta ſcapis caulinis geminis, fronde bipinnat a lo- bată & fubcrenata. Oſmunda Scapis caulinis geminis, fronde bipinnatâ hirſutâ. L. Sp. Pl. The hairy Oſmund with crenated oval lobes. This plant is pretty common in Jamaica : it grows in cool and rocky places, and feldom riſes above fourteen or fifteen inches from the ground, OSMUNDA 2. Fronde lanceoalata bipinnata lobata atque ferrata, lobis inferioribus diſtinctis anguftis fubferratis. si The Ofmund with lanceolated leaves. This plant grows from an oblong fibrous root, and ſeldom riſes above fixteen or eighteen inches : it is very ſmooth, and the leaves oblong and ſerrated. I have not yet ſeen the ſeed-capſulæ, and have placed it here only from its general habit. OSMUNDA 3. Ramoſa, foliis ſuperioribus lanceolatis ferratis, inferiori- bus lobatis, lobis diſtinctis Jerratis. The larger ſmooth Oſmund. This plant grows commonly to the height of twenty four or thirty inches; its ſtalk and foliage are very ſmooth and ſpreading, and its leaves ſerrated pretty deep. I have placed it here from the habit not having yet ſeen any of its feed-capſulæ. OSMUNDA 4. Minor quadripolicaris fimpliciter pinnata, caule finuato marginato, pinnis oppoſitis lanceolatis, ſuperioribus ſim- plicibus, mediis auritis, inferioribus ad bafem pennati- fidis, lobis lanceolatis diſtinctis. The ſmall Oſmund with a margined ſtalk. lo This plant feldom riſes above four or five inches; the lower lobes are a little, but minutely, ſerrated. 3 SECT 108 THE NATURAL HISTORY S E C T. XI. Of ſuch as have their Fructifications diſpoſed on fimple diſtich Spikes. OPHIOGLOSSUM 1. Spicatum fimplex, folio cordato. Ophiogloſſum Fronde cordatá. L. Sp. Pl. The heart-leaf'd Adder's tongue. This plant riſes commonly to the height of five or fix inches above the root ; I have ſeen only one of the fort in America, which was found in the thicket below Mr. Roch's in Mountſerrat. OPHIOGLOSSUM 2. Fronde biſextá palmatâ ; ſpicâ centrali fronde longiori. Ophiogloſſum Fronde palmata baſi Spicifera. L. Sp. Pl. The ſmaller Adder's tongue with a palmated foliage. OPHIOGLOSSUM 3. Fronde bifestá palmatá, ſpicâ laterali breviori mono- capſulari. The ſhort-ſpik'd Adder's tongue with a palmated foliage. Theſe little plants are common enough in the woods, and ſeldom riſe above three or four inches: the ſtalk is ſimple, and divides into two parts at the top; and each of theſe is again biſected, and bear a bilobed or trilobed foliage. a S E C T. XII. Of ſuch as have their Fructifications of the Form of a Creſcent, and diſpoſed on fimple Spikes at the Extremities of the Stalks or Branches. EQUISITUM 1. Aſurgens majus, ramis verticillatis fimplicibus. Equiſitum Caule anguloſo frondibus fimplicibus. L. Sp. Pl. The larger Horſe-tail with ſimple branches. EQUISITUM 2. Afſurgens ramoſum & verticillatum. Equiſitum Caule ſpicato frondibus compoſitis. L. Sp. Pl. The branched Horſe-tail. Theſe plants grow naturally in Jamaica : I have obſerved both ſpecies about the river near Mr. Dennis's in St. Mary's, where they ſhoot very luxuriouſly. The dryed plants, are uſed by our Cabinet-makers to give a poliſh to their work; for the ſurface of every part of them is ſomething like a fine file, and fur- niſhed with ſhort delicate denticles, that rub off the ſmaller protuberances of the wood by ſlow degrees, and leave the ſurface ſmooth and ſhining. CLASS OF AM A I CA. ET 109 3 CL AS S V. Of ſuch as have viſible, tho' very ſmall Flowers, con cealed in peculiar Capfulæ, or common Receptacles. bo to Contacolo S E C T I. Of ſuch as have their Flowers diſpoſed in cloſe fleſhy Receptacles. FICUS 1. Foliis lobatis fructu majori. Ficus. Foliis palmatis. L. Sp. Pl. The Garden Fig-tree. This tree has been long introduced and cultivated in the low warm lands of Ja- maica, where it thrives very luxuriantly, and produces a great quantity of delicate mellow fruit, which is greatly eſteemed by moſt people in that country. It is plani- ed almoſt in all the gardens about Kingſton, and riſes often to the height of ſixteen or ſeventeen feet from the ground; but its branches are commonly thick and ſpreading, and frequently require to be ſupported. It is generally propagated by the ſuckers that riſe from the roots of the old trees: But Mr. Miller, who has had long ex- perience, and tried many experiments on this and the like occaſions, recommends raiſing of them by layers; which, he ſays, always produce more promiſing and better rooted plants, and may be removed in a twelvemonth; but probably ſooner, in thoſe warm countries where the vegetation is conſtant. In pruning theſe trees, he ad- viſes to cut only the naked branches, or thoſe leaſt ſupplied with collateral ſhoots. Columella obſerves, that this tree thrives beſt in an open air, and gravelly foil, which indeed anſwers extremely well, where the ſeaſons are moderate, and the fruit deſtined to be preſerved; but, in a dry ſituation, and when the fruit is intended for immediate uſe, it requires a richer ſoil, with ſome ma- nure, and watering. Tournefort, in his travels thro' the Archipelagus, has ob- ſerved, that this tree when caprification (a) is uſed, produces above eleven times more than thoſe in the ſouthern provinces of France, where the annual pro- duce of a moderate tree is computed to weigh about 25 pounds, one year with another. The fruit is preſerved by a continuance in the heat of the ſun ; but it muſt be pick- ed before it grows over mellow, or ſoft, and ſheltered from all manner of damps during the proceſs, for which Columella recommends a watled floor raiſed about a couple of feet from the ground, and covered with cane tops, ſtraw, or other dry ſubſtances, on which the fruit inay be laid ; but to preſerve them from the in- jury of the weather, he propoſes tacked fide hurdles, that may be raiſed every night, or in moiſt or rainy weather, and let down when the ſun appears more active. After they are dried properly in this manner, they muſt be potted, and kept in a dry warm place ; but in Zia, they paſs 'em generally thro' the oven after they have been ſome days in the ſun, by which means they are enabled to keep them for a conſiderable time; and indeed it is neceſſary to take ſome ſuch method, where they make a principal part of the food of the inhabitants (6). FI- 3 Gg (a) See voyage du Levant, Tom.ii. p. 23-4. (b) Since my writing the above, I have had the following account of this tree from a perſon whoſe knowledge in regard to vegetables, can hardly be excelled; and on whoſe information we may ſafely de- pend. He ſays that the tree ſhould be hardly ever pruned, or but as little as poſſible ; but if it ſhould grow too luxuriant, he adviſes the ground to be dug up of one ſide of it, and about two or three feet from the bottom 110 THE NATURAL HISTORY FICUS 2. Arboreſcens folio ovato, fructu minori glabro. An, Ficus Indica maxima cortice candicanti, &c. Slo. Cat. 189. Is Ilia The Mountain Fig-tree. Veres roul 20 FICUS -3. Arboreſcens, foliis oblongo-ovatis, baccis fubverucoſis. The Mountain Fig-tree, with ſmall warted Berries. FICUS 4. Arboreſcens foliis cordato-fagittalis, The Hart leafed wild Fig. FICUS 5. Arborea aſurgens utrinque brachiata, foliis ovatis, ramis apendi- diculas tenues flexiles dependentes demittentibus. Ficus Foliis lanceolatis petiolatis, pedunculis agregatis, ramis radicantibus. L. Sp. Pl. Ficus Indica maxima cortice nigricanti, &c. Slo. Cat. 188. The wild Fig tree, or the Indian God-tree. This monſtrous tree is, at firſt, but a weakly climbing plant that raiſes itſelf by the help of ſome adjoining trunk, rock or tree', and continues to ſhoot ſome ſlender flexile radicles, or appendixes, that embrace the ſupporter, and grow gradually downwards, as the ſtem increaſes : This at length gains the ſummit, and begins to ſhoot both branches and radicles or appendixes more luxuriantly ; theſe in time reach the ground, throw out many ſmaller arms, take root, and become ſo many ſtems and ſupporters to the parent plant; which now begins to enlarge, to throw out new branches and appendixes, and to form a trunk from the ſummit of its ſupport- er; which ſtill continues in the center of the firſt radicles, interwoven in their de- ſcent, and at length augmented and connected gradually into a common maſs or bo- dy about the borrowed foundation; which (if a vegetable) ſoon begins to decay, and at length is wholly loſt within the luxuriant trunk it ſupported. This tree is very common in both the Eaſt and Weſt Indies, and a poor deſpicable creeper in its tender ſtate : it ſeldom fails when it meets with a proper ſupport, and generally makes uſe of all the arts of true policy to perfect its growth; but when once com- pleat, it will live a long time, for it throws out many new appendixes for every one that chances to fail, and each more uſeful, as they ſupport the top more immedi- ately: nor is this all, for the roots frequently emit new ſhoots, and theſe riſe by the parent prop into other trees; and thus one plant is ſometimes obſerved to raiſe a a : whole grove. C Politias & mores hinc diſcite reges. Suko Horor bottom of the trunk, all the roots (both big and little) to be cut away in that place, and the hole to be filled up with rubbiſh, of a dry barren kind; which, if the fame growth ſhould ſtill continue, may be tried on another ſide the following year. But if the tree does not bear thick, or the fruit be obſerved not to come to perfection upon it, he adviſes to cut off the top ſtems, or buds, as ſoon as they and the fruit begin to appear in the ſprings 0190 Dorito و SECT. hours to run TS 0 F AM Á Í CA. III Sun S E C T. II. Of ſuch as have their Flowers diſpoſed very thick, on oblong ſupporters, and covered with their membranous Caſes that fall of, as thoſe grow more perfect. . a COILOTAPALUS 1. Ramis excavatis, foliis amplis peltatis atque lobatis. Yarruma Oviedo, &c. Slo. Cat. 45. & H. t. 88, & 89. Ficus Surinamenſis multifido folio, &c. Pk. Phy. t. 243; f. 5. Amboiba Plumeri ; & Gacirma Mart. 562. The Trumpet-tree, and Snake-wood. This tree grows in moſt of the woody parts of the Iſland, where the ſoil is looſe and free; and riſes commonly to a conſiderable height, being ſeldom under thirty-five or forty feet in the moſt perfect ſtate: The trunk and branches are hollow every where, and ſtopped from ſpace to ſpace with membranous Septæ, which anſwer ſo many light annular marks in the ſurface. It ſhoots both its leaves and fruit in the ſame manner ; and each, while young, is covered with a membranous conick cap, which falls off from the baſe without ſplitting, as they acquire a certain degree of perfection. The leaves are large, round, and lobed; and furniſhed with a white down underneath : the fruits riſe four, five, or more, from the very top of a common foot ſtalk; and ſhoot into ſo many oblong cylindric berries, compoſed of a numberleſs ſeries of little aſſini, ſomething like our ſtrawberry or raſpberry, which they alſo reſemble very much in flavor, when ripe, and are very agreeable to moſt European palates on that account. The Botanic characters of this plant, as nearly as I could make them out, are as follow, viz. Periantium Commune. Spatha conicæ baſi defidúa. como Receptaculum. Spadix quadri vel pluri brachiatus, brachiis fimplicibus ob- longis, cylandraceis, acinis minoribus numeroſsrefertis,quæ etate creſcunt, & abeunt in totidem baccas acinoſas dulces. Partes propria generationis fic videntur. Periantium. Singulo brachio Spadicis incidunt caliculi numeroſi, carnoh, mi- nimi germina totidem involventes. Corolla. Corollula minima infundibuliformis, limbo ampliato antheris numeroſis minutiſſimis referto. Piſtillum. Germen ovatum calicula inclufum, &c. 170 Recept. commune. Brachium fibrofum fpadicis, acinis baccatis refertiſimum. ood The wood of this tree, when dry, is very apt to take fire, which it frequently does by attrition; and has been, for this reaſon, much in ufe among the native Indians, who always uſed to kindle their fires in the woods by theſe means. The bark is ſtrong and fibrous, and frequently uſed for all ſorts of cordage: the fruit is very delicate, and much fed upon by the pigeons and other birds, who by this means ſpread and pro- pagate the tree in all parts of the iſland: and the ſmaller branches, when cleared of the Septa, ſerve for wind inſtruments, and are frequently heard many miles among thoſe echoing mountains; they yield an agreeable hollow ſound: I have ſeen ſome cut and holed in the form of a German flute, and have not been diſpleaſed with their notes. The trunks are very light, and the moſt appropriated timber for bark-logs, where ſuch conveniencies are uſed; which is often the caſe among the poorer ſort of people. II 2 THE NATURAL HISTORY a people. The trunk and branches of the tree, yield a great quantity of fixed ſalt, which is much uſed among the French to deſpumate, and granulate their ſugars ſuch a mixture is always neceſſary in the manufacture of that commodity; and tho' the alkaline ſalts of lime are generally ſufficient ; yet, when the juices are thin and clammy, a ſtronger and more active ſalt is requiſite, and will always an- ſwer the trouble of obtaining it. This plant appears in two diſtinct forms in the woods ; it grows ſometimes very luxuriantly, and then bears but four or five berries on each common ſpadix; fome- times it riſes hardly above fixteen or twenty feet, and then the berries are more nu- merous, generally ten or more on each ſpadix, and the bark is more tough and fibrous. Quere, If they may not be two diſtinct ſpecies ? ORDER II. Of the more perfect Plants; or ſuch as bear diſtinct and ; apparent Flowers and Fructifications. CLASSI. Of the Monandria, or ſuch as have only one Filament or male gene- rative Part in every hermaphrodite Flower. SECT. I. Of ſuch as have one Filament, and one Stile, or Female Part in each Flower. SALICORNIA 1. Apbylla ramoſa, ramis in ſpicas abeuntibus longas anu- latim areolatas. Salicornia Articulis apice compreffis emarginatis bifidis. L. Sp. Pl. An, Salicornia Caulium remorumque articulis apice bicornibus. Gron. A. Virg. 129. This plant is found in great abundance at the burrough in St. James's : It grows in the low ſalina near the ſea, and ſeldom is above eight or eleven inches above the ground: It has but one ſtamen to every ſtile. The whole plant abounds with a neutro-muriatic ſalt. MARANTA 1. Foliis lanceolato-ovatis, petiolis ſuperne ganglionoſis fručtu glabro. To Maranta & Thalia. L. Sp. Pl. an Alpinia ejus. Gen. Pl. Canna Indica radice alba alexipharmaca, &c. Slo. Cat. Indian Arrow-root. This plant is cultivated in many gardens in Jamaica, where it is conſidered as a warm / OF JAMAICA.ID Τ Α Μ Α 113 a a warm alexipharmic, and thought to reſiſt the force of poiſons very powerfully; but its chief effects ſeem to depend on its abſorbent and lenient nature, having but few warm particles in its compoſition. dia The root waſhed, pounded fine, and bleached, makes a fine powder and ſtarch : it has been ſometimes known to be uſed for food when other proviſions were ſcarce, and is frequently adminiſtered in infuſions to the fick: the plant grows froin a thick fleſhy root, and ſhoots by a ſimple foliated ſtalk to the height of two or three feet, and terminates in a looſe and ſomewhat branched flower-ſpike : it was called Indian Arrow-root, becauſe it was thought to extract the poiſon from the wounds inflicted by poiſoned arrows of the Indians. bagong prit molestow CANNA 1. Capſulis verrucoſis fpatulis bifloris. SW ai 1001 ST 10 ) Canna Spatulis bifloris. L. Sp. Pl. 19 sd Canna Indica Rivini, &c. Slo. Cat. p. 121. Cannacorus Latifol, vulg. Tournf. & Thez. Zey. 53. Pag. 2. Katu- Balo H. M. P.11. t. 43. & Meeru. Pif. pag. 212. Tozcuitlapil. Hern. 282. II Indian fhot. This plant is common in moſt parts of Jamaica; it riſes commonly about four feet from the ground, and is furniſhed with large oval leaves near the bottom : the top ſhoots into a ſimple flower-ſpike, and is adorned with red bloſſoms, which are fucceeded by pretty large oval and echinated capſulæ containing large round feeds, from the ſize and form of which it derives its preſent appellation in thoſe parts. AMOMUM 1. Minus ſcapo veſtito, floribus ſpicatis. Marantha L. Sp. Pl. Zinziber Silveſtre minus, &c. Slo. Cat. p. 61. & H. t. 105. The leſſer Amomum with a foliated ftalk. SE This plant is found wild every where in the woods of Jamaica; it grows from a fleſhy root, and ſhoots by a ſimple foliated ſtalk to the height of three or four feet, and then terminates in a ſimple flower-ſpike. As the botanic characters of this plant have been but imperfectly deſcribed before, I ſhall ſet them down here at TOOS length. о en ont vodo isot sen Dos Periantium. Monophyllum breve tubulatum, germini incidens, ad limbum in tria Silosrods ſegmina obtusè fe&tum song 101 alle mani od 9 Corolla. Monopetala tubulata calice duplo longior, fauce parum ampliato, ore in tria ſegmina equalia obtusè' ſecto.vbsidy tatoool Nectarium, E fauce tubi emergit Nectarium ovatum latius; & è parte huic op- & ſtamina. pofita, ſurgit Stamen unicum breviffimum, antherâ oblongå bi- lobá & longitudinaliter canaliculatâ ornatum. Piſtillum. Germen ovatum obtufum ; Nylus fimplex ; Nigma obtuſum, quod cum parte ſuperiori ſtyli in finu anthoræ reconditur. Pericarpium. Capſula ſubrotunda obtusè trigona trilocularis trivalvis, fingulis loculamentis binis vel quatuor feminibus refertis. im ༽ ལྟ་ཀཱ ། Spico The root of this plant bruiſed and applied by way of poultice, is thought to be an admirable remedy in open cancers. Sl. &c. AMOMUM 2. Scapo florifero partiali aphyllo, Spica longiori. 9 Amomum Scapo nudo, spicá oblongé obtusá. L. H. C. & Sp. Pl. Paco-Ceroca Pifonis, page 213. ΟΤΤΑΟΥ Hh Zerumbet 2 I14 THE NATURAL HISTORY Zerumbet Of. Dale. & Pet. Gaz. t. 22. f. 3. & Caffamunier off. ejuf- dem. t. 27. a Zinziber Silveſtre majus, &c. Slo. Cat. 61. & H. t. 105. The larger Amomum with a diſtinct flower-ſtalk.' This plant is frequent enough in the woods, and grows commonly to the height of five or ſix feet; the ſtalks are ſimple, and furniſhed with oblong leaves, that de- creaſe gradually towards the top: the flowers grow on particular ſtalks that ſpring im- mediately from the root without any foliage ; but theſe ſeldom riſe above one or two feet from the ground. The root is warm, and ſtimulates very gently; it is not much uſed at preſent, but may be very properly adminiftred as a ftomachic and alexipharmic in caſe of need. CLASS II. Of the Diandria, or ſuch as have two Filaments or male generative Plants in each hermaphrodite Flower. S E C T I. SECT. Of ſuch as have two Filaments or Stamina, and one Stile or female Part, in every Flower. 11 a CLADIUM 1. Culmo nodoſo, floribus quaſi umbellatis, umbellis gra. , datim aJurgentibus. . The large florid Cladium. This plant grows commonly in marſhy ground, and riſes frequently to the height of four or five feet above the ſurface; the ſtalk is hollow and jointed, and furniſhed with a few triangular ſharp-edged ſedgie leaves; theſe are vaginated at the baſe, and embrace the main ſtalk for the ſpace of two or three inches above the joints from each of the upper vaginæ, ſprings a lateral compreſſed and ſlightly vaginated peduncle or ſupporter which divides ſoon after into a number of radii in the form of an umbrella ; theſe are again divided, and ſubdivided until, at length, they become the ſimple foot-ſtalks of the following flowers, and fructifications, viz. Periantium. Gluma quinque valvis uniflora, valvis imbricatis, exterioribus bre- vioribus, ſuperioribus majoribus florem involventibus. Corolla. Gluma univalvis genitalia ſtrictè involvens. Nectarium. Seta geminæ inermes è dorſo corolla verſus bafem enate. Stamina. Filamenta duo breviſſima, anthoris oblongis ſulcatis margine laterali od ot angol floris utrinque obvolutis, & ad latera ſtyli poſtis. Piſtillum. Germen oblongo-ovatum, Nylus ſimplex longitudine calicis, Rigmata tria tenuia cirrata deflexa. Pericarpium. Nullum femen unicum oblongo-ovatum, NYCTANTES 1. Caule volubili, foliis cvatis, floribus terminalibus to una ternatis. Nyctantes γ Ο F y 30 F JA MA I CA. I 115 21 01 o. Nyctantes Caule volubili, foliis fubovatis acutis. L. H. C. & Nyctantes Foliis inferioribus cordatis obtufis, fuperioribus ovatis acutis ejuſdem. H. Up. & Sp. Pl. 90171 V 10319 8. AT The Arabian Jeſſamine, or Jaſmin. out Two Olgou Tompon99d est This plant is cultivated and thrives in moſt of the gardens of Jamaica ; it forms a ſhady pleaſant arbour, and its delicate flowers afford a very agreeable ſcent. 1001 sorod JA S M N U M 1. Volubile, foliolis pinnatis oppoſitis. Jaſminum. Foliis oppoſitis pinnatis. L. H. C. & Sp. Pl. ISSY The Spaniſh Jeſſamine, or Jaſmin. This plant is cultivated in the gardens of Jamaica like the foregoing, and ſerves for the ſame purpoſes; it climbs pretty faſt, and forms a ſhady and pleaſant arbour : it thrives very well in all thoſe colonies. 001 D bas monoq soigts nie wore it 1 M JASMINUM 2. Fruticulofum, foliis ovato-acuminatis minoribus rigidis oppofitis. 01 stoon pos ituda moito The ſmall ſhruby dwarf-Jeſſamine, or Jaſmin. para busansla aili lo ti This is a native of Jamaica, and grows very plentifully in the pariſh of Port- land; it ſhoots in ſmall tufts, and ſeldom riſes above a foot or two from the ground. Its leaves are very ſmooth and ſhining. ov AVI OLEA 1. Foliis lanceolatis, ramis teretiuſculis. L. H. C. Olea Foliis lanceolatis. L. Sp. Pl. The Olive-tree. bros This plant has been introduced here ſome years ago, and cultivated at Mr. Ellis's at the Caymanas, where it now grows to the height of fifteen or twenty feet, but , has not yet bore any fruit. It is a pity that the gentlemen of this Iſand have not been equally induſtrious in procuring ſome of thoſe valuable vegetables that grow fo luxuriantly on the neighbouring coaſt, and add ſo much to the riches and trade of the Spaniſh ſettlements upon the main. When this tree does not bear, or grows leſs fruitful, Cato adviſes to dig the earth from about the roots, placeing ſome ſtraw or litter in its room; and then to put ſome rich manure over this (a). in Saint Dolor 70g VERBENA 1. Erecta diviſa, fpicis è divaricationibus fupremis affurgen- ten sunni (a) Where the oil of the Olive is well manufactured, great care is generally taken to hand-pick the fruit, if it can poſſibly be done, either from the ground or a ſcaffold ; for by this means, both the fruit and tree remain uninjured, and this produces equally the following year, while that is obſerved to pro- duce a leſs tainted oil. They are generally ripe about December, gathered in dry weather, and preſerved from moiſture as much as poſſible : they are paſſed upon cloſe hurdles to cleanſe them from naſtineſs, and forted, if neceſſary, thro' large fieves; the leaves, ſtalks, and cups (if any adhere) picked out, then paſſed through the mill, which is ſet ſo as to break the pulp only, and ſent to the preſs, where the oil is expreſſed with the other juices, and ſmaller looſe particles of the fruit: theſe admixtures are what they call lees, and come off more plentifully towards the end of the operation ; but the oil ſeparates gradually from them, and to quicken the ſeparation in what comes off laſt, which is generally received in ſeparate veſſels, they frequently throw in proportionate quantities of ſalt, which mixes very eaſily with the aqueous parts, and carries them with the adherent particles to the bottom; great care ſhould, however, be taken; that all the veſſels in which the oil is received, be well tinned or waxed; for otherwiſe it is apt to ac- quire both a colour, and a foreign tafte from the wood. The preſerved fruit is recommended as a cooling ſtomachic: the oil is opening and demulcetive; and frequently uſed in mixtures, fomentations and plaiſters. Its diethetical and mechanical uſes are too well known to need any further notice. . Verbena -98 O tibus. a و a 116 THE NATURAL HISTORY lateralibus. net die a 3 SLO - Verbena Folio ſubrotundo ferrato, flore cæruleo, Slo. Cat. 60.VI Verbena Scutellaria ſive caſhda folio, &c. Pk. t. 70. f. I. I 19.963 U11 GUH The larger erect Vervine. Dails 10 paimsilei This plant has been commonly confounded with the following ſpecies, from which it is eaſily diſtinguiſhed by its growth and appearance ; it is commonly di- vided into a great number of branches, and generally riſes from one to two feet, of more, above the root. to się zdolot shot. HUTIM2AT VERBENA 2. Procumbens ramoja; folis - majoribus, fpicis longißimis Verbena Diandra, Spicis longiſſmis carnoſis ſubnudis. L. Sp. Pl. , eovn Los gniogorol amai ஜார்ஜன் To era Suodis de la bas v The reclining branched Vervine. GO olos oth litt This plant grows in a fupine poſition, and is commonly furniſhed with a few ſimple branches, which, like the main ſtem, terminate in a long flower-ſpike, and are fur- niſhed with pretty large and ſucculent leaves: the whole plant is kept in moſt of the Thops of America, where it is much in uſe among the poorer ſort of people ; its juice is a ſtrong purgative, the infuſion diaphoretic and laxative, and the decoction aperi- tive and diobſtruent. A decoction of this plant and the Mentaftrum is eſteemed a 1900 ſpecific in dropſies. See Sloane's, &c. ons alas sot ti door saat VERBENA 3. Nodiflora repens foliis ob-ovatis fupernè crenatis, pedun- culis longis ſolitariis, floribus conglobatis. Verbena Tetrandra, Spicis capitato-conicis, foliis ferrátis , caule repenti. L. Sp. Pl. The round-leafʼd creeping Vervine. This plant is very common in the low moiſt lands of Jamaica : it is eaſily known by its obtuſe crenated leaves, and round-headed ſpikes. fuil was sod 7100120 VERBENA 4. Subfruticoſa reclinata, foliis anguftis ferrato-dentatis, pe- 2010 SA dunculis longis folitariis, Horibus conglobatis. T.3.f. I. Verbena Diandra, fpicis ovatis, foliis lanceolatis ſerratis, caule fruticoſo, eiligis os &c. L. Sp. Pl. org 10 100 101 woud. Dis mooto 10 wadomo, foor Rioot 90 socken The larger reclining Vervine with narrow leaves. This plant grows about the Ferry and lower lands of St. Katherine's ; it is bian- nual or triannual, and ſtretches by a ſlender lignous ſtalk to the length of about five or ſix feet from the root : it grows in a rich and moiſt foyl, and is furniſhed with a great number of oblong ſerrated and veined leaves that are adorned with a fine down underneath : If I remember right, there is a figure of it in Pluck. The flow- ers are diſpoſed in the ſame manner as they are in the foregoing. to VERBENA 5. Foliis cordato-ovatis, floribus Spicatis, calicibus inflatis, 5 Torsdw 318 besoin feminibus echinatis. Verbena Diandra calicibus fubrotundis erectiuſculis feminibus echinatis. L. Sp. P. n9316 30 Blairia Houſt. & Scorodonia, &c. Slo. Cat. 66. & H. t. 110. -3601 36 An, Herba-vulneraria Mart. 453. Los e svitsalu meb bae ani The ſtiptic or velvet Bur. ou i un Now cost fac នេះ ។ This 10 DE W tid 12a , 2.9 ad در دانے nodi V O OF J AM AT I C A.HT 117 3 a out the Parent 1 This plant is a fine vulnerary and ſubaſtringent, and is commonly applied to bleed- ing wounds in either men or cattle by the inhabitants of the country parts of Ya- maica; it is thought to be ſo powerful a ſtiptic or aſtringent, as to ſtop the hemor- rhage even when ſome of the more conſiderable arteries are cut; and may be deſerv- edly conſidered as an excellent application in all manner of fores where the habit is relaxed. dignols Stensig in to slots 10 The flowers of this plant are furniſhed with four unequal ſtamina, and the ſpikes interruptedly verticillated. VERBENA 6. Hirſuta, foliis ovato-acuminatis atque ferratis, Spicis te co nuiffimis plurimis, caliculis fubadnatis . An, Verbena Tetrandra Spicis filiformibus paniculatis , foliis indivifis, &c. L. Sp. Pl. In floribus hujus plante ſtamina ſemper duo, & adnata ſunt; ſeminaque quatuor oblona ga aglutinata. The hairy Vervine with ſlender ſpikes. This plant grows pretty common in St. Mary's; and ſeldom riſes above two feet and a half from the root: it is rare in moſt other parts of the Iſland, altho' I have met with a few ſpecimens about the Ferry. It thrives beſt in a cool and rich ſoyl. 03. SALVIA 1. Spicata repens, Meliſe minori folio, floribus faſciculatis alternis. Verbena Minima Chamedrios folio. Slo. Cat. 64. & Hiſt. t. 107. Verbena Diandra Spicis laxis calicibus alternis, &c. L. Sp. Pl. toode eiw sa v The creeping ſweet-ſcented Sage. This little plant is found creeping under every hedge and buſh in the lower lands; and runs frequently to the length of two or three feet, but it always roots at the lower joints : it has a faint ſmell of balm when firſt pulled, and may be naturally ſubſtituted in the room ef that plant; tho' it is not ſo ſtrong a cephalic. SALVIA 2. Foliis lanceolato-ovatis integris crenulatis, floribus ſpicatis , caliculis acutis. L. H. C. & Sp. Pl. Salvia Rubeſcens & viridis of: Garden-ſage. This plant has been cultivated here a long time, and is chiefly planted in the mountains where it thrives and grows to great perfection : it is a gentle cepha- lic and diaphoretic; and is generally adminiſtered in infuſions. ROSMARINUS I. Fruticoſus incanus, foliis lanceolato-linearibus. Roſmarinus L. H. C. & Sp. Pl. Roſmarinus Off Point nobis Soba ti Roſemary. no tavitatea Boon 91 Wodni doo This plant has been long cultivated here, but does not thrive well in either the high or low lands ; though it grows fufficiently to ſupply enough for common uſes: it is a warm cephalic and aromatic ; and an excellent ingredient in diſcutient baths. DIANTHERA 1. Foliis oblongo-ovatis cum acumine, ſpicis florum geminatis. Surodisney prowol The double-ſpik'd Dianthera, suala lutinsod id ol I i This a j 118 T H E NATURAL HISTORY DO 13.41 H. t. 103. . This curious little plant is very rare in Jamaica ; I have ſeen one or two ſpeci- mens of it in the woods about Mangeneel, where it ſeems to be moſt common: it ſeldom riſes above eighteen or twenty inches, and bears its flowers at the alæ of thoſe leſſer leaves that conſtitute the greater part of the ſpikes į but as it differs very much in the general characters from what has been already deſcribed under this name, I ſhall give thoſe of this plant here at length. barrior Inchi, . Periantium. Duplex, exterius byphyllum, foliolis anguſtis lanceolatis ; interius mo- nophyllum, ad baſem ferè fe&tum in quinque lacinias lanceo- latas minores. AVGI IV Corolla. Reta tubulata ringens, labio ſuperiori re&to oblongo ; inferiori oblongo trifido. Pend Stamina. Filamenta duo longitudinis ferè corolla, antheris gemellis oblongis fin- gulo incidentibus : rudimenta vero duorum faminum in fundo floris pullulant. Piſtillum. Germen oblongum, ſtylus fimplex longitudine ftaminum; ftigma fimplex. Pericarpium. Nullum. Calix connivens in finu femina fovet. Semina. Duo oblonga; compreſſa, erecta, ferè adnata. ad Prunellam accedit. DIANTHERA 2. Foliis lanceolato-ovatis, racemo ſpatioſo affurgenti, Spi- 000 S O Evcillis verticillatis. Antirrhinum Minus anguſtifolium flore dilute purpureo. Slo. Cat. 59. & OV The large Dianthera with a looſe ſpreading flower-top. This plant grows commonly in the low lands, and is frequently met with about the Angels beyond Spaniſhtown ; it riſes generally to the height of two or three feet, and is plentifully furniſhed with flender ſubdivided branches near the top: it differs widely in characters from that already mentioned, for which reaſon I ſhall put down the moſt eſſential marks of it at large. out 100 ei ori antolatuto mootor Periantium. Monophyllum in quinque lacinias, ere&tas anguftas ad baſem ferè fectum. Corolla. Tubulata ringens; tubus turgidus ; labium ſuperius re&tum ovatum ; in- ferius refle&tens tridentatum, fauce variegatá. Stamina. Filamenta duo longitudinis ferè corolla, antheræ fingulo gemella, diſ- tincta, alterâ paulo majori. Pericarpium. Capſula oblonga obverse-avata bilocularis bivalvis, valvis diſſe- pimento oppoſitis. 01 bn SWOTE Semina. In fingulo loculamento bina, compreſa diffepimento affixa. DIANTHERA 3. Foliis lanceolatis, floribus Spicatis, calicibus duplicatis. Garden Balfom. Justo to smo This plant is cultivated in ſome of the gardens of Jamaica, and ſeldom riſes more than ten or twelve inches in height: the antheræ are not ſo diſtinctly ſeparated in this fpecies, though the other characters agree. boisviluognol nood and 30 viagra haliwal wold JUSTICIA 1. Herbacea alfurgens, ad alas alternas nodos e Summitates & florida; foliis paucioribus ovatis petiolis longis inciden- tibus. Tab. 2. fig. 1. The branched Juſticia with oval leaves. This beautiful plant is very common about the Ferry, and flowers generally about the Trin 1190 VVO у я о FJ А М А І С А. 119 3 FC а. the month of July or Auguft : it riſes by a ſlender ſtem to the height of about three feet from the ground, and ſhoots into a great number of branches that grow gradu- ally leſs as they aſcend, and are diſpoſed in an oppoſite order as well as the leaves from whoſe alæ they commonly ſhoot. The generic characters of this plant are as follows. Periantium. Triplex; exterius parvum bipartitum, laciniis angufis ere&tis acu- tis; medium quinquephyllum minus ; interius minimum mono- phyllum quinquepartitum, laciniis ere&tis acutis. Corolla. Monopetala nutans tubulata ringens & lateraliter compreſſa ; tubus ad bafem anguftus, ultra ampliatus falcatus; limbus in duas lacinias profundè feetus, ſuperiori indiviſâ majori re&ta ; inferiori anguf- tiori integrâ & leniter reflexã. Stamina. Filamenta duo infernè tubo adnata ſupernè libera, ſub labium fu- perius porre&ta, & longitudine floris ; anthera ovat z. Piſtillum. Germen oblongum, ſtylus fimplex longitudine & pofitione ftaminum, ſtigma fimplex. Pericarpium. Capſula compreſja obversè-cordata, bilocularis, bivalvis. o Semina. Orbiculata, compreſſa, ſolitaria. 101 UTRICULARIA 1. Foliis capillaceis ramoſis, ſcapo affurgenti nudo ſuperne ramofo. The ſmaller Utricularia with a branched ſtalk, and capillary leaves. This elegant little plant is very common in all the ſtagnated waters about the Ferry, and in the pariſh of St. George's : it ſeldom riſes above four inches from the root, and bears a beautiful fucceffion of ſmall yellowiſh flowers. ZINZIBER 1. Foliis lanceolatis, floribus ſpicatis, fcapo florifero partiali. Amomum Scapo nudo, Spica ovatå. L. H. C. & Sp. Pl. Zinziber & Gingiber Off. & Zingiber, C. B. Slo. Cat. 60. Zinziber Anguſtiori folio feminee, &c. Thez. Zey. & Jnſchi. H. M. . Part xi, t. 12. Ginger This plant fornetimes is cultivated with great care in our ſugar colonies, and fre- quently furniſhes a conſiderable branch of their exports ; but as the demand is uncer- tain, and the price very changeable, it is not ſo regularly planted as ſo valuable a com- modity ought to be: It is propagated by the ſmaller pieces, prongs, or protuberances of the root, each of which throw up two different ſtems; the firſt bears the leaves, and riſes ſometimes to the height of three feet, or more, though its uſual growth ſeldom exceeds fixteen or eighteen inches : when this ſpreads its leaves and grows to a full perfection ; the ſecond ſtalk ſprings up, which is alſo ſimple, and furniſhed only with a few ſcales below, but at the top is adorned with a roundiſh ſquamoſe flower-ſpike; and feldom riſes above two thirds of the height of the other. The plant thrives beſt in a rich cool foyl; (that lately cleared is the beſt,) and grows ſo luxuriantly in ſuch places, that I have ſometimes ſeen a hand of ginger weigh near half a pound (a): it is, however, remarked that ſuch as are produced in a more clayey ſoyl ſhrinks leſs in ſcalding, while thoſe raiſed in the richer free black moulds are obſerved to loſe more confiderably in that operation. The land laid out for the culture of this plant, is firſt well cleared and hoe'd, then ſlightly trenched, and planted about the month of March or April: it riſes () (a) The larger ſpreading roots are called Hands in Jamaica. looking COM a a a to 120 THE NATURAL HISTORY ; a a to its height and flowers about September ; and fades again towards the end of the year. When the ſtalks are wholly withered, the root is thought to be full grown and ſaturated, and then fit to dig ; which is generally done in the months of Janu- ary and February following. When theſe are dug up, they are picked and cleaned, and then ſcalded gradually in boiling water (b): after this they are ſpread and expoſed to the ſun from day to day until the whole be ſufficiently cured; they are then divided into parcels of about one hundred weight each, and put into bags for the market : this is called black Ginger. The white fort differs but little from this; it is, however, more agreeable to the eye, and generally more pleaſing ; but the difference is wholly owing to the different methods of curing them; for this is never ſcalded, but inſtead of that eaſy proceſs, ; they are obliged to pick, waſh and ſcrape every root feparately, and then to dry them in the fun and open air, which takes up too much time and pains for any real ad- vantage it can produce. But to preſerve this root in ſyrup, as it is uſually done, it muſt be dug while its texture is yet tender and full of fap; and then the ſhoots ſeldom exceed five or fix inches in height: theſe roots are carefully picked, and waſhed, and afterwards ſcalded until they become tender enough for the purpoſe; they are then put into cold water and ſcraped and peeled gradually: this operation may laſt three or four days, during which time the roots are conſtantly kept in water, but is frequently ſhifted both for cleanlineſs, and to take off more of their native acrimony. After they are well pre- pared in this manner, they are put into jars, and covered over with a thin fyrup, which, after two or three days, is ſhifted and a richer put on; and this is ſometimes again re- moved, and a fourth put on, but it ſeldom requires more than three ſyrups to be well preſerved: the ſhifted fyrups are not, however, uſeleſs, for in thoſe countries they are diluted and fermented into a ſmall and pleaſant liquor, commonly called cool drink. As the botanic characters of this plant have been but imperfectly deſcribed hitherto, and generally laid down from imperfect ſpecimens ; I have been induced to give them here at large as they appear in the perfect ſtate of the plant. Periantium. Spatha duplex uniflora, exterior membranacea conica florem laxe - cingens, interior membranacea tenuior & minor tubo floris adnata, & limbum cum genitalibus ſtricte involvens, in conum acuminatum leniterque compreſim producta. Corolla, Monopetala, inferne anguſta tubulata, germini incidens ; limbus tripar- & Nectarium. titus, laciniis oblongo-ovatis medio majori : è finu huic oppofito emergit Nectarium craſſum oblongo-ovatum, in acumen ſinuatum definens. Stamina. Filamenta duo tubo floris adnata ; anthera craſſa nectario adnata : rudimenta vero totidem fupernè libera per longitudinem tubi por- recta, nullifque antheris donata, lacinia majori floris fuppofita ſunt. La Piftillum. Germen fubrotundum flori fuppofitum ; ftylus re&tus fimplex longitu- je dine floris, & inter antheras porrectus: ſtigma craſſius tubulatum & ciliatum. Pericarpium. Capſula fubrotunda unilocularis, obtusè-triloba, tribus lineis longitudinalibus internè notata. Semina. Plura, &c. fed plerumque abortiunt. (b) For this purpoſe they have a large Kettle fixt in the field or ſome convenient place, which is al- ways kept full of boiling water during the whole proceſs; the picked Ginger is divided into ſmall cels, put into baſkets, and dipped one after another in the boiling water, in which each is kept for the ſpace of ten or twenty minutes; it is then taken up and ſpread upon the common platform ; and thus they proceed until the whole is ſcalded ; but they always take care to change the water when it is highly impregnated with the particles of the root, The ܇ ܇ par- OF JA M A I CA. I 21 The root of this plant is a warm pungent aromatic, and anſwers in all weakneſſes of the ſtomach and viſcera proceeding from cold, or inertion: when preſerved it is mild, and generally uſed as a ſtomachic, though not leſs effectual in defluxions of the breaſt, or weakneſs of the nerves ; but the other coarſer preparations of it are uſed more by thoſe who are obliged to bear the inclemency of the weather in the colder regions, and require ſome warm ſtimulants to rarify their chilly juices, as well as to promote the tonic action of their contracted fibres. 10 SECT. II. Of ſuch as have two Filaments and three Stiles in die every Flower. PIPER 1. Fruteſcens diffufum ramis flexilibus geniculatis, foliis ovatis , quinqueneruiis, ad petiolum leniter revolutis. Piper Foliis lanceolato-ovatis quinquenerviis rugoſs. L. Sp. Pl. Piper Frutex Americana, &c. Pk. 215. f. 2. Saururus Fruteſcens, foliis plantagineis, fručtu breviori. Plum. Nhandu Pifonis. The ſmall-grain'd black Pepper. This plant grows very common in moſt of the hilly parts of the Iſland, and looks very buſhy and ſpreading on account of its ſlender flexile branches; it begins to di- vide very near the root, and riſes in tufts, frequently to the height of ſix or eight feet or more ; it thrives beſt in cool ſhady places, and ſeems to delight in a mixt clayey ſoyl. The ſeeds and other parts of the fructification grow in the ſame manner with thoſe of the black pepper of the Eaſt-Indies, from which they differ only in ſize ; for the grains of this ſeldom exceed a large muſtard-ſeed in dimenſions, but the taſte and flavour is in every reſpect the ſame : the leaves and growth of the thrub very nearly reſemble that delineated in the Hortus Malabaricus, but the plant is neither ſo luxuriant or fucculent, I have had a large quantity of this fpice gathered for me, and have generally uſed it for many months ; but never could perceive any ſenſible difference between it and that of the Eaſt whether uſed either in cookery or ſeaſoning. To gather any quantities of this aromatic, it muſt be picked when full grown, and before it ripens; for, like the Pimento, the Camela and moſt other ſpicy grains, it grows ſoft and ſucculent by maturity, and demits the purgent flavour that recommends it while in the full grown ſtate: it may be then dried in the fun like the Pimento, and left adhering to the natural ſpikes, which ſeem to have the ſame flavour and pungency with the grain itſelf, and are as eaſily ground in the mill. The leaves and tender ſhoots of this plant are frequently uſed in diſcutient baths and fomentations, and ſometimes pounded and applied with ſucceſs to foul ulcers : the root is warm, and may be ſucceſsfully adminiſtered as a reſolutive, ſudorific or diaphoretic; but it muſt anſwer beſt in a diluted ſtate, ſuch as in infuſions or light decoctions : which, however, may be varied in degrees of ſtrength as occaſion requires. I do not know of any diobſtruent of this nature that anſwers better in dropfies, or lighter obſtructions from a lentor or inertion. . Kk PIPER 1 22 Τ THE NATURAL HISTORY PIPER 2. Arboreum ere&tum geniculatum, foliis cordato-acuminatis ad petiolum inequalibus. Piper Foliis ovatis Septem-nerviis oblongiufculis acuminatis, petiolis bi- dentatis. L. Sp. Pl. Piper qui Saururus Foliis Jepti-nerviis oblongo-acuminatis. Thez. Zey. t. 83. f. 2. Piper Longum arboreum altius, &c. Slo. Cat. 44. & H. t. 87. The Elder-tree. This ſhrub has been generally confounded with the foregoing, but it grows more luxuriantly, and riſes commonly by a ſtreight ſlender and geniculated branched ſtem to the height of twelve or fifteen feet, or more; the ſpikes are always inconſiderable in this ſpecies, and the leaves not even at the botttom, running always further along the foot-ſtalk on one ſide. ( PIPER 3. Fruteſcens diffufum flexile, foliis ovatis venis plurimis obliquè arcuatis refertis. 3:41 Piper Foliis ovato-lanceolatis, nervis alternis, Spicis uncinatis. L. Sp. Pl. The ſmaller tufted Piper with oval leaves. This plant is pretty frequent in the low lands, and ſeldom riſes above ſeven op eight feet from the ground; the leaves are whitiſh underneath. PIPER 4. Fruteſcens minus, foliis amplioribus nitidis ovatis ad bafem in- equaliter porre&tis, Spicâ longiori equali. Piper Longum arboreum foliis latiffimis. Slo. Cat. 45. & H. t. 88. Jaborandi Quarta. Pif. 216. An, Piper Longum off. & Pk. t. 104. f. 4. 04. f. 4. to be The Piper with large ſmooth leaves and even ſpikes. This plant ſeldom riſes above fix or ſeven feet, and is eaſily known by its large ſmooth and ſhining leaves : it is found in St. Mary's, and St. Elizabeth's, and grows moſt commonly in Ahady places and a gravelly ſoyl. 3 1 is both 5 1 BDO CLASS ovo 1-0 FIJAMA I CA. 123 cols boat C LA S S III, Of the Triandria, or Vegetables that have three diſtinct Filaments or male generative Parts in every Flower. . SECT. 1. Of ſuch as have three Filaments, and one Stile or female Part in each Flower. W10 BOERHAAVIA 1. Diffufa, foliis fubrotundis fubtus cinereis, fructu fri- HO colocnota ato aſpero. Boerhaavia Foliis ovatis. L. H. C. & caule diffuſo. Sp. Pl. Valerianella Curaſavica Pk. t. 113. f. 7. 7 Boerhaavia Varia. Houſt. apud Miller. Valerianella Folio ſubrotundo, &c. Slo. Cat. Talu Dama H. M. p. 7. t. 46. Hogweed. This plant grows in every part of the Savannas; the ſtalk ſhoots from an oblong fleſhy root, and riſes commonly to the height of two feet and a half or better ; the flowers are red, and diſpoſed in the form of an umbrella at the end of its flender riſing branches. The weed is frequently gathered for the hogs, and thought to be very fattening and wholeſome food for them, but they ſeldom eat the root. BOERHAAVIA 2. Sarmentoſa, floribus herbaceis diandris campanulatis, foliis fucculentis obtusè triangularibus, fructu ad apicem verucofo. Boerhavia Alpnes folio ſcandens. Houſt, apud Miller. The creeping branched Hogweed with fucculent leaves. This plant is common in the low lands, and grows every where among the buſhes in the Savannas, about Kingſton ; it runs frequently three or four yards in length, and throws out a number of ramified branches as it creeps : the leaves are fucculent and of a pale greenish colour, and the flowers of a dirty yellow : the fruit is oblong and echinated round the top, but ſmooth below. I have been induced to place this genus here becauſe I have always found the parts of the flowers to be conſtantly and regularly the ſame in theſe climates, tho' they are frequently obſerved to vary in the European gardens. А тота ANTIDESMA 1. Fruticoſa, ramulis teretibus, racemis laxis termi- nalibus. Berberis Fru£tu arbor baccifera, &c. Slo. Cat. 170. Hirtella L. Gen. An, Antideſma Alewiteria ejufdem. Sp. Pl. or The ſhruby Antideſma with flender branches. This ſhrub is pretty frequent about St. Mary's, and feldom riſes above eight of nine feet from the ground; the leaves are of an oval form, pointed, and placed in an al- : ternate 1 24 THE NATURAL HISTORY I ternate order along the branches; it has not been put to any uſe here yet, tho' pro- bably the ſame whoſe alexiterial qualities have been tried and atteſted from the Eaſt. I have been induced to make uſe of Burman's appellation as more expreſſive of the virtues of this plant, which I think ſhould be the principal ſource from whence the names of vegetables ought to be derived, when they are remarkably noted for any. COMO CLADIA 1. Caudice fimplici quandoque brachiato, fronde comoſá pinnatá; floribus confertis fefilibus, racemis alaribus. Prunus. Racemoſa, caudice non ramoſo, &c. Slo. Cat. 184. & Hiſt. t. 131, & 222, The Maiden Plumb-tree. This tree ſeldom grows to any conſiderable thickneſs; it is frequent in the low lands, and rifes by a ſimple, or ſimply divided flender ſtalk to the height of twelve or fixteen feet, and is furniſhed with many oval pinnated leaves about the top ; theſe are pretty large and hang regularly on the ſides of long proportioned ribs, from whoſe alæ ſpring ſo many, or more, ſlender branched ſpikes, on which the flowers grow in groops at diſtant intervals. The botanic characters of this plant have not been yet known, for which reaſon I have inſerted them here at length. Periantium. Monophyllum parvum, ad baſem ferè tripartitum, laciniis paten- tibus. Corolla. Monopetala, tripartita patens, laciniis ovatis ferè equalibus inciſuris calicis oppohtis. Stamina Filamenta tria equalia breviora, ex incifuris floris orta, anthera fubrotunda. Piſtillum. Germen ovatum minimum, umbilico carnoſo cinetum ; fylus nullus, ſtigma obtuſum. Pericarpium. Bacca oblonga ſubarcuata ſucculenta. Semen. Nucleus oblongus bilobus, nauco proprio perdurato testus. This tree is propagated both by the joint and feed; the fruit is eatable, though not inviting, and the wood hard, of a fine grain and reddiſh colour. The whole plant grows ſo like the Spathe in form, diſpoſition and foliage, that they are gene- rally confounded under the ſame name, and diſtinguiſhed with difficulty when out of bloom ; nor could I be yet certain which is the true timber-tree; but one of them certainly is one of the hardeſt woods and of the fineſt grain of any in America; it is however, only fit for ſmall pieces of workmanſhip, being ſeldom above three or four inches in diameter. It is remarkable that in this, and ſome other American plants, where a fleſhy um- bilicus ſurrounds the germen, the pulp of the ſucceeding berry is not formed by the calix, but by the ſwelling navel of the flower : this is the caſe in the green-heart plumbs, &c. MELOTRIA 1. Scandens, foliis obtusè triangularibus fubcrenatis, fru&tu glabro. Melotria L. Gen. H. C. & Sp. Pl. Cucumis Minima fructu ovali nigro levi. Slo. Cat, 103. & H. t. r42. The ſmall Melotria with black ſmooth berries. This plant is nearly allied to the cucumber tribe, from which it is diſtinguiſhed only by its hermaphrodite flowers ; it is common enough in the low lands, and ge- nerally found creeping or climbing occaſionally. It is remarkable for its ſlender ſtalk and ſmall black oval berries. TAMI- a o F ЈА м А І С А. 125 a TAMARINDUS 1. Diffuſus, foliolis pinnatis, pinnis diffichis alternis. Tamarindus Ray Hiſt. L. H. C. & Sp. Pl. Tamarindus Muſei & Thez. Zeyl. Tamarindus Gerhardi emaculati, &c. Slo. Cat. 147. Tamarindus Pluck. t. 64, f. 4. . Tamarindus & Caranda Bontii, p. 94. & Intay. Pif. 157. Balem Pulli. H. M. P. 3. t. 23. In floribus hujus plante ſtaminacompreffa funt, uno verſu diſpoſita, & ad medietatem con- nexa; petalumque ſuperius, majus rigidum, difforme & obtuſum. Ad Diadelphias prope accedit. The Tamarind-tree. This tree is pretty common in Jamaica, and indeed in all our ſugar colonies, but thrives moſt luxuriantly in the gravelly bottoms of St. Chriſtophers. Its fruit and leaves are equally cooling : the latter are ſometimes uſed in ſubacid infuſions, but the other is moſt generally preſerved with ſugar or fyrup, and kept in that ſtate through- out the year by moſt families: It is a gentle grateful cooller and laxative, and much coveted by all new-comers : It is ſometimes uſed in common diluting drinks, and frequently enters as an ingredient in punch, which then ſeldom fails to open the body. Alpinus ſays, that the decoction of the leaves kills the worms in children, but with what certainty, I am not able to determine: It is however obſerved that moſt auſtere vegetable juices do deſtroy them more or leſs in theſe warm climates. This plant is a ſenſitive, in ſome degree, and cloſes up its leaves on the approach of cold, or moiſt and heavy air. COMMELINA 1. Erecta major fimplex ; floribus conglomeratis pedunculo longiori incidentibus. Commelina Corollis equalibus, foliis ovato-lanceolatis fubciliatis. L. H. Upf, & Sp. Pl. Periclimenum Erečum herbaceum, &c. Slo. Cat. & H. tab. 147. Zanonia Plumeri.t. 38. The larger erect Commelina with long Flower-ſtalks. This plant is frequent enough in the ſhady mountains, and riſes generally to the height of three feet, or better, above the root. The ſtalk is ſimple, and furniſhed from ſpace to ſpace, with large lanceolated leaves that ſtand on vaginated foot- ſtalks : From the upper vaginæ and immediately under the main body of the leaves, riſe the peduncles or foot-ſtalks of the flowers ; theſe are generally pretty long, and furniſhed with one or two ſmaller leaves about the middle, but at the top they are charged with a group of flowers diſpoſed cloſely together. Tho' I think this plant differs widely from the other ſpecies of the Commelina, both in diſpoſition and appearance, I have ranged it here, according to cuſtom; but ſhall add its Botanic characters, as they appeared in the freſh plants growing in their native ſoil. TOT ON Periantium. Preter folia floralia, nullum. Corolla. Monopetala infundibuliformis ; pedamen imperforatum ; limbus in fex lacinias cvetas feetus, laciniis tribus interioribus majoribus & corollam referentibus, ceteris exterioribus & calicis quaſi vicem fupplentibus. Stamina. Filamenta fex fere equalia, quorum tria flore paulo longiora ſunt antheriſque ſagittatis referta. Piſtulum Germen fubrotundum, parvum, obtuſe trigonum, in fundo floris fitum, filus fimplex longitudine ſtaminum, fligma ampliatum & quah tri- lobum. ato و LI Pe- 126 THE NATURAL HISTORY Pericarpium. Poft delapfum ftaminum corolla connivet capſulamque involvit fubrotundam obtufè trigonam trilocularem ; & abit in baccam fucculentam obverſe-ovatam, & oblique pedunculatam. Semin. Unum vel alteram in fingulo loculamento capſula obvoluta. COMMELINA 2. Procumbens foliis lanceolato-ovatis , floribus paucioribus, petalis duobus majoribus. Commelina Plum. Gen. t. 38. Commelina Corollis inequalibus, foliis ovato-lanceolatis acutis, caule pro- cumbenti glabro. L. Sp. Pl. Veatla-Caitu H. M.P. 7. t. 58. & Ephemerum bengalenſe. Pk.t. 27. 3. urolo The broad-leaf'd Commelina. This plant is very common in the middle lands; it grows in beds, and creeps gene- rally along the ground, throwing out a great number of leaves and ſmall branches towards the top. It is accounted an excellent food for moſt ſorts of cattle, eſpecially thoſe that give milk. COMMELINA 3. Erecta fimplex anguſti folia, floribus fingularibus. An, Commelina Petalis tribus majoribus equalibus. L. H.C. Ephemerum Phalangoides madera patens minimum, &c. Pk. t. 27. f. 4. This plant ſeldom riſes above the height of nineteen or twenty inches : It is pret- ty common in the mountains of Weſtmorland, but I have not ſeen it any any other part of the Iſland. SCIRPUS 1. Minimus nudus, capitulo ftri&to ovato, radice fibroſa. Scirpus Culmo tereti nudo fetiformi, Spica fubglobofa. L. Sp. Pl. Et Scirpus Culmo tereti nudo fetiformi, Spica ovata bivalvi ejuſdem. Juncelli Omnium minimi, &c. Pk. t. 40. f. 7. The ſmall Wire-ruſh. SCIRPUS 2. Minimus nudus, capitulo ftriéto terminali, radice ſqua- , mofa. om Juncus Parvus paluſtris, &c. Pk. t. 40. f. 6. The larger Wire-ruſh. Both theſe little plants are very frequent in the ſwamps of Jamaica, eſpecially thoſe near Kingſton ; the former grows commonly to the height of three or four inches, but the latter is more luxuriant, and riſes generally to fix or eight. SCIRPUS 3. Culmo rotundo nudo ; Spica ftri&ta oblonga terminali. Scirpus Culmo tereti nudo, Spica fubovata & ſubgloboſa. L. Sp. P. The aphyllous round-ſhanked Scirpus, or Ruſh. SCIRPUS 4. Culmo triquetro nudo, Spica ſtricta oblonga, terminali. The aphyllous Scirpus with a triangular Stalk. Both theſe plants are frequent in all the ſhallow ſtanding waters of the Iſland, eſpecially thoſe to the eaſt and weſt of Kingſton : the ſtalks of both are almoſt hol- low, and partitioned by frequent tranſverſe Septa. The Botanic characters of them are more or leſs particular, and generally appear in this manner, viz. Re- 90 OF JA м А І С А. А. 127 Receptaculum Commune. Oblongum, Squamis numeroſis anguſtis obfitum, quod flores fingulares colligit in Spicam ſtrictam ob- longam. Corolla, Nulla. Stam. filamenta tria vel pauciora longa tenuia, anthenis longis inſtructa. Nectaria. Filamenta quinque vel fex filo breviora rugoſa erecta attenuata; infra baſem geminis enata. Piſtillum. Germen oblongum breve, ſtilo conico bifido inſtructum ; ftigmata oblonga decedentia, ultra ſquamas porrecta. Pericarpium. Nullum; femina ſolitaria orbiculata compreſa. ---SCIRPUS 5. Major rotundus, panicula terminali, Spicillis compreſis toimmuta pedunculis tenuioribus & longioribus incidentibus. Juncus Levis, &c. Slo. Cat. 37 Scirpus Lacuſtris Altiffimus. Tournef. & L. flo. Lap. The flat-panicled Bullruſh. 2 UTIYO ALOT This plant is very like the common Bullruſh ; I have met with it in the mouna tains of St. Mary's, where it grew extreamly well, but was probably planted there. The ſoil in which I obſerved it was rich, and beſtrewed with aſhes about the root. SCIRPUS 6. Major rofundus, panicula terminali fpicillis ovatis tumentibus pedunculis compreffis. Scirpus Culmo tereti nudo, Spicis ovatis plurimis pedunculatis terminalibus. L. Sp. Pl. Corovod The Bullruſh with oval Panicles. sorit 1001 di mort This plant is common about the ferry, and grows every where in the banks of the river; it is very like the foregoing in appearance, but eaſily diſtinguiſhed from it by the oval and roundiſh form of the Spicillæ, or leſſër parts of the Paz nicle, which, in that, are long, narrow, and compreſſed. gis CYPERUS 1. Pratenhs minor paniculis conglobatis, ſpicillis compreſſis 100 diſtiche imbricalis. Gramen Cyperoides fpicis compactis fubrotundis. Slo. Cat. & H. t. 79. Gramen Cyperoides pumilum, &c. Pk. Phy. t. 191, f. 8, & 192, f. 2. USISI The ſmalleſt Graffy Cyperus or Sedge. ISO This plant is common in the lower lands of Jamaica, and ſeldom riſes more than nine or ten inches above the ground. Its outward panicles ſtand upon foot-ſtalks, but the middle one is largeſt, and fixed to the end of the ſtem; each however is compoſed of a number of ſmall compreſſed Spicillæ that ſtand in a radiated form. CYPERUS 2. Minimus pratenſis panicula Stri&to fingulari, foliis in-. volucri ternis. The ſmall Cyperus with a ſingle Head. obales ducentom na GIOR This little plant is ſometimes found in the lower lands, and ſeldom riſes above three or four inches from the root ; the ſtalk is fimple, triangular, vaginated at the bottom, and furniſhed with three leaves above; the Aowers appear in this manner. Periantium. Gluma bivalvis brevis uniflora perfiftens, walvis oblongis paten- tibus. Corolla 3 a 128 THE Τ : a 19 NATURAL HISTORY Corolla. Gluma bivalvis, valvulis oblongis carinatis comprelis. contrast Semen. Unicum orbiculatum compreſſum. CYPERUS 3. Maximus afurgens, culmo rotundiori, panicula Iparſa quandoque monſtroſa; ſpicillis compreſſis diſtiche imbricatis, Cyperus. Maximus panicula foliacea. Slo. Cat. 35. & H. t. 74. f. 1. The largeſt foliaceous Cyperus. This plant grows in all the low lands near the Caymanas ; and riſes commonly to the height of five feet, or better : It ſeeds but ſeldom, but in the room of theſe it bears a large foliated top that is divided and ſubdivided into two or three ſeries of um- bellæ, each growing gradually ſmaller as they riſe towards the ſummit, where every little radius ends in a few leaves. It ſeems to be the papyrus of Stapel, in his notes on Theophraſtus. CYPERUS 4. Major umbellatus, paniculis laxis, Spicillis teretibus, cul- mo triquetro. Cyperus. Panicula maxima ſparſa, &c. Slo. Cat. 35, & H. t. 75. The larger Sedge with a triangular Stalk and looſe Panicle. CYPERUS 5. Major, culmo ſubtriquetro, panicula ampla ſparſa, foliis involucri longiffimis. This plant is very like the foregoing, of which it may be only a variation. They are both very common in the lower lands, and ſeldom riſe above two feet and a half from the root, tho’ the leaves are often more tl s are often more than that in length. 20 CYPERUS 6. Major ſubtriquetrus, paniculis oblongis frictioribus, Luis Cyperus. Maximus, panicula minus fparfa, &c, Slo. Cat. 35, & H. t. 9. The large Cyperus with a more compact Panicle. CYPERUS 7. Humilior, foliis involucri albo longitudinaliter fafciatis. Gramen Cyperioides ſpica compacta alba, &c. Slo. Cat. 36, & H. t. 78. The variegated Graffy Cyperus. CYPERUS 8. Culmo erecto tereti ſubſtriato, foliis teretibus canaliculatis. The Ruſh Cyperus. Sois i nomnog inte This plant is very common between Kingſton and Hunts-bay; the ſtalk is very flender, and ſeldom riſes above two feet and a half : it grows in large tufts, and the leaves, tho' very ſlender, are nearly of the ſame length with the ſtalk. CYPERUS 9. Erectus cylindraceus fubteres umbellatus, Spicillis com- preſis diſtichè imbricatis & radiatis. An, Cyperus Umbellatus, &c. Pk. t. 191, f. 4, vel 415, f. 4. , personas not The larger erect field Cyperus with a ſlender Stem. setters of the 6 CYPERUS 10. Erectus teres, Spicillis ſtrictis ovatis, exterioribus peduncu- latis confertim nafcentibus. Gramen Junceum aquaticum geniculatum, &c. Slo. Cat. 37, & H. t. 75. Cyperus a a . TO FITA MAI CUA. UT 129 Col SUN adi Juncus. Minor barbadenſis, &c. Pk. t. 197, f. 8. 2009 TO ouden in 10 i 90 -soros sed viihto Il The ſlender aquatic Cyperus. d za CYPERUS II. Odoratus viſcoſus ſubteres maritimus, Spicillis com- ili preſſis conglobatis.& radialis. Cyperus Longus odoratus, &c. Slo. Cat. 35, & H. t. 75. The ſcented Cyperus with clammy Leaves.com 993 01 no 19719d vas nwon All theſe ſpecies are found in the lower lands and ſwamps of Jamaica : the laſt ſort grows generally near the ſea; it has a ſtrong, but agreeable ſmell, feels clammy while young, and riſes commonly to the height of two feet, or better. It is pretty frequent to the eaſt of Kingſton. od bana isotho bus voolib S E C T... II. Boli nos ad Of ſuch as have three Filaments, and two Stiles in every Flower. aastica salqining adayclaue von rirwana do 3. BOBARTIA 1. 1. Spicis capitalis, involucro majori folioſo teetis. An, Bobartia, &c. L. flo. Zey, & Sp. Pl. svo: 60 To brano The large-headed Graſs. cicios que has lib bais nedod bas it bloom 5d ololo This graffy plant grows very rank in and about the Gully, that runs to the eaſt of Kingſton, and is eaſily diſtinguiſhed by its large foliated heads.com SACCHARUM 1. Geniculatum & ſucculentum, paniculá ſpatiofá. Saccharum Floribus paniculatis. L. Sp. Pl. Arundo Saccarifera C. B. &c. Slo. Cat. 31. & H. t. 66. 220 bar Taca-Mara Pif. Pag. 108. gada Abons sitive 9100 sd vso dodaq xitosin The Sugar Cane.bebi haberlouied busi It is not probable that this plant was much known to the antients, their Sacchar, Saccaron, Saccharon, and Sachar-Mambu, being more likely the produce of that large prickly reed, which ſtill ſupplies moſt of the inhabitants of the eaſtern provinces of Afa, with that delicious juice which they call Mambu to this day. That plant grows commonly in thoſe parts of Aſia that extend along the eaſtern ſeas, and has been always known to ſupply the inhabitants of thoſe parts with a pleaſant drink, which they have ſometimes found intoxicating (a) ; but as few vegetable juices are endowed with this quality before they are fermented, and that the other productions of this plant retain no marks of a narcotic nature, we may conclude that the people have been at all times uſed to ferment this juice ; but whether this happened while the liquor was ſtill running from the tree; (for we have no reaſon to imagine it was ever had by any other means than by inciſion, or tapping) or that it had been laid by on purpoſe, is uncertain ; it is however probable both from the quantity and appearance of the Sacchar (6) of the antients, that it was only the concreted oil and eſſential ſalts of that part of the juice that continued to dribble from theſe wounds, after the principal drains had been finiſhed, which had criſtalined about the ſcar, and along the body of the reed; or the produce of ſmall quantities of the juice expoſed to the more intenſe action of the ſun or fire : for the gummy 2. 20:17) ز TO20 (a) Nearchum apud Strabo, Lib. 15. (b) Diaſcorides, apud Mat. Ca. 55. Galen : de Medicamentis fimplicibus, & Pliny, Lib. 12, Ch. 8. ap- M m 130 THEANATURAL HISTORY و I anderable appearance and concreted form (a) with which it has been deſcribed, ferve alike to prove it of this nature ; and if we conſider the various accounts left us by the moſt exact antient writers both of the ſalt and the juice, we fhall certainly have no rea- ſon to doubt its being really ſo. U IELY The true ſugar-cane ſeems to have been originally a native of the Canary Iſands, and firſt known to the inhabitants of Europe in the times of the Romans ; for what Pliny records (6) of Juba's account of the Fortunate Iſlands, if rightly confi- dered, will undoubtedly leave us but little room to doubt of either. It has not however, been propagated or known any better among us for many ages after ; and probably continued ſo until the Spaniards and Portugueze began to trade round the coaſt of Africa, and had frequent occafions to call at thoſe iſlands ; from whence they firſt brought this plant into Spain and Portugal, where it was regularly cultivated as well as in their foreign ſettlements. But though fugar had been made from it in many parts, eſpecially in Madera, St. Thomas's, and the Canary Iſlands, they were but poorly ſupplied in Europe, until Columbus made the diſcovery of America, and this plant had been introduced and cultivated there, as it was, by that time, in many parts of the Eaſt Indies, and along the coaſts of Africa, where it now grows almoſt without culture in every rich and fertile field. The culture of this plant, which now employs the principal part of the inhabitants of the ſouthern colonies of 4 America, and ſupplies the moſt conſiderable branches of their exports, next deſerves our attention. To ſucceed well in the culture of the ſugar-cane, and to raiſe it ſo as to anſwer both your labour and expectation, the ground you pitch upon muſt be rich and deep, the bottom cloſe, the mould free, and the ſituation warm; and diſpoſed ſo that you may expect a moderate ſhare of every rain or dew that falls, without being too re- mote from a market or a ſhiping-place. Your ſoyl thus choſe, cleared, and ready for the cane ; you muſt next conſider your itrength, calculate juſtly what quantity of land you may be able to plant annually, compute how many acres of canes your ſtrength and conveniencies will allow you to manufacture the produce of one year with another ; and divide the manureable part of your eſtate accordingly into three, four, five or fix parts ; but you may be more free where the ground is obſerved to produce a kind plant and to rattoon well. . Sin Your land being thus laid out, and one of the parts divided into convenient pieces with proper intervals ; you begin to hole, and continue to open the ground gra- dually until the planting ſeaſon comes on, and your mould be well funned. To have a piece of ground regularly holed, as the beſt planters are now obſerved to do, it muſt be lined out into oblong ſquares of about three feet breadth, and each of theſe marked again with a ſmall piece of ſtick or twig at every three feet diſtance ; by which means the whole field is foon divided into leſſer areas, each containing ſeven or nine fquare feet according to your choſen diſtances: theſe are ſeverally dug up and the mould raiſed on the banks between them; but you ſeldom open deeper than four or five inches from the ſurface. This plant is propagated by the gem, and people that cultivate it carefully have ſpare pieces to ſupply them with plants in the latter ſeaſons, theſe are regularly drawn, cut into juncks proportionate (c) to the length of the holes, and placed three or four (d) parallel to each other, or in a triangle in the bottom of each : but it is re- (a) Diafcorides & Galen, &c. loco citato. (6) Plin. Lib. VI. son 3 3 (c) The beſt plants for this purpoſe are thoſe had from the tops of the cane, and cut ſo as to have two clear ſprouting eyes on one ſide, and three on the other, for they are always cut llanting; the plants taken from the body of the cane ought to have three eyes on one ſide and four on the other, as they are more liable to die in the ground. (d) Poorer lands require four or five juncks, but two or three are generally ſufficient in a rich mellow ſoyl. markable, сар. xxxii. OF A MÀ I CA. Ο J Ι 131 H markable, that the upper joints of full grown canes, or thoſe that are covered by the leaves and yet ſoft and tender, anſwer beſt for this purpoſe, and are always uſed when they plant towards the end of the crop-ſeaſon. The plants thus diſpoſed, are covered from the neighbouring banks, but the mould is ſeldom raiſed above two inches over them in any dry and looſe ſoyl, the remainder being left to be added oc- caſionally at the different weedings. In ſtiff and clayey lands the holes ought to be ſomewhat deeper, and a part of the mould upon the banks to be lodged between the plants and the bottom, the remainder being employed to cover them to the height of two or three inches, which will always leave the ſurface of your field level. The beſt ſeaſon for planting the ſugar-cane is about the month of Auguſt, where the ground is found ftiff or chilly; but September and O&tober are obſerved to anſwer better where the ſoyl is free and warm, which is generally the caſe where the mould lies deep over a marly or gravelly bottom; and then you may expect your canes to come in ſeaſonably in the beginning of the ſecond year, which is the beſt and uſual ſeaſon for making of ſugar. The latter part of this, and the beginning of the enſuing year is generally employed in building of the neceſſary works and other conveniencies, if theſe be not already provided ; and in the following ſeaſons you hole and plant another part or diviſion of the manureable lands, and prepare all ne- ceffaries for boiling early the enſuing ſeaſon. But where the ground has been opened and in uſe, it generally requires more care to anſwer your expectation ; fallowing and dunging, become requiſite, though they ſeldom fail to overpay the toil; and peculiar care ſhould be taken to adapt the manure to the nature of the ſoil: dung, ſand and mixtures, anſwer in the different forts of poorer glebes ; and burnings and lime have been always obſerved to quicken vegetation in chilly loams. della The ſeaſon being now come, and every thing in order about the works, the Nes groes are provided with bills, and ordered into the moſt forward field to cut canes ; this they perform very dexterouſly, they part the plants pretty near the root, chop off the tops, and leave the ſtalks in irregular parcels to be collected and tied together by the binders; theſe are again taken up by others and put into carts, cradles or other vehicles to be carried to the mill, where the juice is expreſſed by paſſing them to and fro between three perpendicular rollers caſed with ſteel; this , by a declivity formed in the bridge-tree is conveyed to the firſt ciſtern, and ſtrained in its paſſage through a baſket lined with hair-cloth, but this is ſeldom regarded in Jamaica : when this is full, the liquor is diſcharged by a tap placed in the bottom of the ciſtern, and con- veyed by proper ſpouts or gutters to a large ciſtern, or immediately to the firſt claria fier in the boiling-houſe, where it ſhould be alſo ſtrained and tempered; the former, however, is ſeldom regarded in Jamaica, but the latter is always requiſite in the ma- nufacture of ſugar, and generally done there by mixing a ſmall quantity of good quick-lime in powder, or ſome ſtrong lime-water with the juice after it is put in the clarifier : the fire is then raiſed gradually, and continued in a moderate ſtate until moſt of the filth and naſtineſs with which the juices have been charged riſes to the top, and is ſcummed off by ſhallow perforated copper ſkimmers: then it is again ſtrained, by fome, through a thick coarſe blanket, and boiled to a proper conſiſtence in the adjoining coppers : but during this operation the fire (e) muſt be conſtantly kept very quick, and the liquor ſhifted gradually, as it thickens, from one copper to ano. ther, until it arrives at the ſmalleſt, where it is perfected, while the others are conſtantly ſupplied from behind : and as it is apt to ſwell and boil over the rim of the (e) The Juices of the Cane differ very much according to the ſoyl and the ſeaſons ; for when theſe have been wet, or that moiſt and chilly, the juice is waterilh and poor, and requires a great deal of boiling and a ſmart active fire, which obliges the planters of Jamaica (where the juice is frequently poor) to fupply themfelves with large quantities of acceſſory fuel from the woods; but where the juice is rich and kind, as it is generally in St. Chriſtopher's, &c. the litter or thraſh that comes from the mill is frequently more than fufficient for both coppers and ſtills, and the juice will often begin to granulate in the ſecond tetch. copper 132 THE NATURAL HISTORY a copper while in a viſcid ſtate, it muſt be kept in conſtant, and ſometimes violent agi- tation with the ſkumming or larger ladles, until it begins to granulate. When the liquor has acquired a due conſiſtence, it is put into broad ſhallow wooden coolers ; and after it has obtained a proper and ſtronger conſiſtence there, is carried in tubs or other veſſels and emptied into pots, barrels or hogſheads, according to the conveniency or fancy of the planter ; theſe are placed on ſtanchions underlaid with convenient Danting platforms and ciſterns to receive the molaſſes, which continues to dribble through every hole and crevice for ſome days, but care is always taken to leave proper vents for the diſcharge of this glutinous juice, which, other- wiſe would ſpoil the grain colour and conſiſtence of the ſugar. When they have cut as many acres, and manufactured as much of this commo- dity as their ſtrength and ſeaſons will permit, they begin to hole, plant and weed again; but where the ſoyl is rich and kind, this labour is much leſs, for the ſuckers that ſhoot from the roots left in the ground the foregoing ſeaſon, which are generally called rattoons, grow often ſo luxuriant and rich, as to contribute much towards the crop of the enſuing year, nay, are ſometimes found almoſt equal to the firſt plants, and in a very rich foyl frequently continue to anſwer for many years : but in poorer grounds thoſe of the firſt year only are made into ſugar, and the growth of the ſecond ſerves for plants or is thrown up. We ſhall now give ſome account of the manufacture of rum, another principal commodity obtained from this valuable plant. In the manufacture of the former commodity, the courſe and order of the opera- tion prevented my having mentioned the gradual addition of juice, that is conſtantly ſupplied in a regular ſucceſſion from the firſt clarefiers to the laſt copper, which is hung immediately over the fire-hole, that it may be the more readily managed as occaſion requires, without retarding the proceſs in the other coppers, or raiſing the rarefac- tion to too great a height; this ſucceſſion continues until all the liquor of the day is boiled off, which holds often until late at night ; and then the coppers are charged with water gradually, and the fires extinguiſhed as the liquor is ſhifted forwards: the coppers are well waſhed with this water early the enſuing morning (f) to make them fit for the labours of the day; and the waſhings diſcharged into the common ſpouts or gutters that convey the ſkimmings of the juice, by which they are car- ried to a proper receiver in the ſtill-houſe. The general method and proportion in which the ingredients that yields this fpi- rit are mixed and compounded, is, as follows, viz. Take one third ſkimmings, one third water from the waſhings, and one third cool and clear lees to warm and ferment the whole, but though this, with an after addition of a few gallons of molaſſes, be the general proportion now in uſe, it may be varied with good effect by a judicious diſtiller: when theſe ingredients are put to- gether pretty cool, and well mixed, the fermentation begins foon, and will riſe in twenty four hours to a proper height for admitting the firſt change of molaſſes, which is about three gallons for every hundred gallons of the waſh or liquor ; this enriches the mixture, thickens the fermentation, and about four and twenty hours afterwards it is fit for the ſecond and laſt charge which is nearly the ſame quantity with the firſt; but care muſt be taken to give it this fupply before the fermentation abates, for otherwiſe the liquor will grow fluggiſh and never yield a due proportion of ſpirit. The fermentation falls gradually after the fourth or fifth day, and when the liquor grows fine, and comes to throw up its air-bubbles clear and ſlowly, it is fit for the ſtill, where the ſpirit is drawn off by a conſtant equal fire, during which (f) This is the general method in the Windward Ihands, but in Jamaica they rarely, cool the coppers above once a week great 2 до OF JAMAICA. 11 133 ز great care ſhould be taken to keep the water cool about the worm, for the more it is ſo the ſtronger the ſpirit will be (g) the more in quantity and the mellower. But though this be the common proportion and method of manageing the ingre- dients of which rum is made, a great many planters who diſtil conſiderable quanti- ties of that fpirit yearly, mix up their liquors in the following manner, and take three parts of water, one and a half molaſſes, and as much lees: but this requires a long fermentation, which generally continues from ten to twenty days, and yields a great quantity of good ſpirit: And others who by being weak handed, neglect, or accident happen to have large quantities of bad canes, ſcald the juice and put it to the fame uſe; but this ferments fufficiently in about three days, and never affords either a good ſpirit or a conſiderable quantity. The beſt managers of plantations generally get about two hundred gallons of good common proof-rum (b) for every three hogiheads of ſugar ; this proportion muſt however vary with the cane, for in ſome plants the juice is more clammy, and throws off more ſkimmings and molaſſes than that of others. PANICUM 1. Silveſtre, paniculá rariori oblongá, Spicis fimplicibus uno verſu Aoridis. The ſmaller Panicum with ſimple ſpikes. This plant grows commonly in the moſt ſhady woods, and is ſeldom ſeen in the low lands: it riſes generally to the height of two feet or better, and is furniſhed with pretty large leaves, and bearded ſpikes : fome of its floral parts are a little differ- ent from thoſe of the other ſpecies, and inſerted here on that account. Periantium. Gluma bivalvis conico-ovata, valvulis ariſta terminatis, exteriori Brod longiffima. iw pinat Corolia Gluma bivalvis, extima calicinis fimilis ſetâ minori terminata. golong Gap PANICUM 2. Majus, paniculá reriori, Spicillis longioribus uno verſu floridis, in odto Gramen Paniceum maximum, &c. Slo. Cat. 30. ont: odlo Le view on aon tai ota od 2010 Scotch Graſs.to bolo moo Basil pictoldo diw bonosnowienie This plant is cultivated, and thrives very luxuriantly in all the low and marſhy lands of Jamaica, where it is now almoſt univerſally uſed as fodder for all their ſtabled cattle : it is planted near the towns with great care, and found to be one of the moſt beneficial productions of the Iſland; it is propagated by the joints or root, and ſet in ſmall drilled holes placed about two feet and a half aſunder; the young ſhoots begin to appear in a few days, and as they grow, they ſpread and creep along the ground, caſting a few roots, and throwing out freſh ſhoots from every joint, as they run ; theſe foon ſupply the land, and fill the field with ſtanding plants, the only that are generally cut. It riſes variouſly according to the moiſture and luxuriance of the ſoyl, but its general growth is from two to four feet, and is fit to cut in fix months from the firſt planting, and every month or ſix weeks after, if the ſeaſons fall in kindly, and due care be taken to keep the ground free from weeds. An acre of good land well ſtocked with this plant in a ſeaſonable part near either Kingſton or Spaniſhtown, is computed to bring in above a hundred and twenty pounds a year; and is not attended with ſo much expence or ſo many inconveniencies as when (8) In the Windward Iſlands they lay by as much of this ſpirit as will carry a full bead, the remain- der, while capable of taking fire, being put up as lower wines for a ſecond diſtillation ; but in Jamaica, where they make all the ſpirits high proof, they generally mix the whole of the firſt diſtillations together, and paſs them over again, reſerving the lower wines of this ſecond proceſs for the ſame purpoſe. (h) See an Eſſay upon Planterſhip, printed Antigua, 1750. cul- sd а. a , 2 a 23 Nn 91 TOMT UIT 700 134 THE NATURAL HISTORY cultivated with any of the other productions of the Iſland; for being once planted, it holds many years; but when the main ſtalk or root grows hard and lignous, the younger ſhoots do not puſh fo luxuriantly, and they are then obliged to, plant a-new; this however becomes eaſy to them, as it is done gradually, for they gene- rally ſupply the pieces as they clean them, and throw up every ſtubbed or failing root they find, planting a few joints in its place. PANICUM 3. Pratenfe minus, panicula laxá pyramidata. The little Field-panicum. This little plant feldom riſes above thirteen or fourteen inches; it is very common in the dry Savannas, and remarkable for its riſing branched and pyramidal panicle. PANICUM 4. Pratenſe, valvulá exteriori remota ſetacea. An, Gramen Arundinaceum halepenſe, &c. Pk. t. 32. f. 1. The Field-panicum with a branched panicle. IV N4 This plant ſeldom grows to any conſiderable height, being generally found under fifteen inches; it reſembles the Holcus pretty much in the form and diſpoſition of its flowers. vron PANICUM 5. Erectum minus, Spicá fimplici fetofá. Panicum Spica tereti, involucris ſetaceis foliculatis unifloris flofculo qua- druplo longioribus. L. Sp. Pl. Gramen Lagopoides, &c. Pet. Gaz. t. 2. The ſmaller Panicum with a ſingle head. In this plant the involucrum or outward cup is divided into fix, eight or more long capillary briſtles, which ſeem to ſupport the flower behind, and are always longer than the other parts: the cup is ſmall and ſupports two flowers, the one male with thinner valves and furniſhed with three and ſometimes four ſtamina; the other hemaphrodite and compoſed of two unequal valves, whereof the exterior is ſtronger, hollow and rugoſe, and contains the germen with two ſtiles adorned with oblong hairy ſtigmata, and attended by three ſhorter filaments. The whole plant is very ſimple and ſedom riſes above twelve or fourteen inches. I have found it in the courſe of Mammee River. GIR ods PANICUM 6. Paniculd longiffima, Spicis plurimis teretibus fimplicibus referta. The long ſpik'd ſlender Mountain-panicum. This plant is common at Mr. Jones's in the mountains of New Liguanee, and riſes generally to the height of two or three feet; the ſtalk is ſlender, and furniſhed with many ſhort and ſimple ſpikes from below the middle to the top. PANICUM 7. Ere£tum maximum, paniculá ſtrictá cylindracea ariſtata. Panicum Indicum Spica longiſma. C. B. & Slo. Cat. 26. & Fenna H. M. P. xii. t. 79. Na The Negroe Guinea-corn. This plant is cultivated in ſeveral parts of Jamaica ; and the more eaſily preſerved as its long ſetæ or briſtles defend it from the birds : it riſes commonly to the height of five or fix feet, ſometimes more, is furniſhed with large graffy leaves towards the 0 OF MA F JA J A M A - I CA. TO 135 the bottom, and adorned with a ſimple cylindric ſpike at the top. The grain is a hearty food for labourers. PANICUM 8. Erectum maximum, paniculá fingulari ere&tá ſparſa. Milium Indicum arundinaceo caule. Slo. Cat. p. 25. Milium Indicum Semine fuſco juba larga. Muf. & Thez. Zey. Guinea Corn. This plant is cultivated by moſt people in the Iſland, eſpecially in the low lands, where it ſeems to thrive beſt; it riſes generally to the height of fix or ſeven feet, often leſs, ſometimes more, and ſhoots by a hollow jointed and foliated ſtalk : the grain is round and rarely above half or three quarters of a line in diameter, it makes a fine white flower which is very nouriſhing, and is generally uſed to feed their ſtock and Negroes in time of Scarcity. PANICUM 9. Erectum maximum, paniculis plurimis declinatis. Milium Indicum arundinaceo caule, &c. Slo. Cat. 25. Guinea wheat. This plant is very like the foregoing both in fize, grain and appearance; it has been but lately introduced to Jamaica, and is diſtinguiſhed from the Guinea corn by its bearing fucceffive panicles from all the upper joints. . ARISTIDA 1. Spicâ laxá tenui ariſtis longiſimis crinita. Ariſtida L. Sp. Pl. OD Gramen Avenaceum panicula minus ſparſa, &c. Slo. Cat. 35. & H. t. 2. Gramen Avenaceum Maderaſpatanum. Pk. Phy. t. 191. f. 3. The bearded Graſs. Periantium. Gluma bivalvis uniflora fimplex. Corolla. Gluma univalvis teres convoluta, in tres ariſtas longiffimas ſetaceas definens. This plant is frequent in Jamaica ; and ſeldom riſes above ten or 12 inches from the ground; the ſtalk is ſlender and the panicles ſimple and bearded. ARISTIDA 2. Minor, panicula è Spicis fimplicibus compoſita, glumis hexa- ſetis. - wore bore 15 view The ſmaller bearded Grafs. ebas, wo This plant is ſomewhat ſmaller than the foregoing,, from which it alſo differs in the formation of ſome of the floral parts, which in this ſpecies appear in the follow- ing manner. si bud Periantium. Gluma trivalvis, exterior oblonga acuminata ; media ampleétens & ſetis tribus brevioribus ornata; tertia linearis rimæque gluma media appoſita & tribus longioribus ſetis terminata. BRIZA 1. Tenuiſſima, paniculis quaſ lanuginoſis pedunculis brevibus & tenuiſſimis incidentibus. Gramen Pratenſe, foliis anguſtifimis, paniculo &c. Slo. Cat. & H. t. 73. The ſmall trembling Graſs. This little plant feldom riſes above fix or ſeven inches, and is ſuſtained by a very flender weakly ſtalk; it is eaſily diſtinguiſhed by ics delicate branches, fine leaves and chi downy head. UNI. 136 Τ THE NATURAL HISTORY UNIOLA 1. Panicula ſpicillis longioribus & tenuioribus diſtichè foriferis referta. The flender Uniola with ſimple flower-ſpikes. This plant is common in the low lands about the Angels, and riſes generally to the height of twelve or fourteen inches : it is remarkable for the length and ſlender- neſs of its delicate flower-ſpikes: the leaves of the cup are very ſmall, and ſtand in an alternate and diſtich order upon the common ſupporters. UNIOLA 2. Panicula longifima, fpicis crafiufculis perbrevibus uno verfu floridis. O auti from a lo The larger long panicld Uniola. This plant is ſometimes met with in the hills above Bull-bay, where it generally riſes to the height of about three feet, and is furniſhed with many flower-ſpikes for more than half its length; theſe are pretty thick, riſe gradually one above another, and ſeldom exceed an inch and a half in length, having all the flowers on the outſide of them. As I have met with ſome other graffy plants in Jamaica, which I could not fo readily claſs under the Genera already eſtabliſhed; I choſe I rather to ſet them down here under the common appellation of Gra- men, and to add a few of their more diſtinguiſhing characters; than to be at the pains of reducing them to claſſes which cannot be yet fixed ſufficiently to give univerſal ſatisfaction. GRAMEN 1. Bicorne repens fpicis tenuioribus & longioribus. Gramen Dactilon bicorne repens, &c. Slo. Cat. 33, & H. 68. f. 3. Mountain running Graſs. Periantium. Gluma bivalvis, valvulis anguftifimis villofis valvulis corolla oppoftis. Corolla. Gluma bivalvis, valvulis ovatis. Stamina. Filamenta tria. Site Piftillum. Germen fubrotundum ; ftyli duo ; ftigmata cirroja. Semen. Orbiculatum compreſjum. This is the moſt common ſort of Graſs in the midland mountains, and grows fre- quently in the low lands: It is a little foweriſh and not liked by any ſort of brutes while green ; but when it is cut and well cured, it makes excellent hay, and agrees extremely well with all labouring and ſtabled cattle. This diſcovery is owing to Mr. Wallen, who had frequently tried the experiment before I left Jamaica, and has always found it to anſwer beyond his expectation. He is a gentleman of a very happy turn of thought, and a great promoter of every fort of curious and uſeful induſtry. GRAMEN 2. Cruciatum fpicis brevioribus & craffioribus, deorfum frugi- feris. Gramen Cruciatum, Profp. Alp. Gramen Daftilon ſpicis brevibus craſſis, &c. Slo. Cat. 3. The ſhort-thanked cruciated Grafs. This plant is pretty common in the lower lands, and ſeldom riſes more than eight or ten inches from its tufted root : The corolla grow three and three together, but every bunch has a common cup compofed of two ſimple valves, and each of the flowers is ſupplied with its own beſides : It is a hardy and kind paſturage. GR A- ވާ a OF JAMAICAΤ Α Α Ι Α. . 137 a GRAMEN 3. Cruciatum affurgens, Spicis fubhirſutis tenuioribus & longio- ribus deorfum frugiferis. Gramen Daftilon Spicis gracilioribus, &c, Slos Cat : 33, & H . . & H. 68. t. 189f. Cavara-Pulli H. M. P. 12, t. 74. The long ſhanked cruciated Graſs. This Graſs is rather more common than the foregoing : It is a diſtinct ſpecies, and grows generally to the height of fourteen or fifteen inches above the ground. GRAMEN 4. Majus, Culmo compreſo nodofo diſtiche foliato atque ramoſo. Gramen geniculatum foliis brevibus, &c. Pk. t. 189, f. 3. Dutch Graſs. This plant is very common in all the ſwampy bottoms round the Iſland, and grows ſometimes very luxuriantly in the mountains: Its ſtalk is compreſſed, and furniſhed with many leaves and branches diſpoſed in a diſtich order: It grows ſometime to the length of two or three feet; but the lower part of the ſtalk is generally ob- ſerved to creep along the ground. GRAMEN 5. Minimum diſtiche foliatum, Spica ftri&tiori fimplici crecta mutica. Crab Grafs. This elegant little plant is very common about Hunts-bay. The ſtalk is a little compreſſed, and ſeldom riſes above four or five inches from the root. GRAMEN 6. Majus afurgens, paniculâ longiori, Spicis fimplicibus com- preſis ad margines villoſis inferne frugiferis. The larger riſing Graſs. Periantium. Gluma bivalvis, valvulis orbiculatis compreſſis. Corolla. Gluma bivalvis, valvulis compreffis rigidis nitidis genitalia friete ample&tentibus. This plant is very common at the Angels, and riſes generally to the height of three feet and a half, or better ; it is a coarſe fort, and not much uſed. GRAMEN 7. Loliaceum, panicula e ſpicis fimplicibus teretibus conflata, Spicillis minimis co mpreffis diſtichis alternis. Gramen Daftilon panicula longa fpicis plurimis gracilioribus & longis. Slo. Cat. 34. & H. t. 70. Eibar The riſing Graſs with very flender flower-ſpikes. - This plant riſes commonly to the height of two feet and a half, and is furniſhed with a ſpreading panicle at the top, which is generally compoſed of a good many delicate flender fimple ſpikes. GRAMEN 8. Minimum, Spica fimplici, calicibus echinatis. The ſmall Savanna Graſs with echinated Valves. Periantium. Gluma uni flora bivalvis echinata ; valvula altera carinata, altera a planiuſcula. Corolla. Univalvis. This оо 138 THE NATURAL HISTORY This little plant grows in the Savanna about Kingſton, and ſeldom riſes more than four or five inches above the ground. ARUNDO 1. Erecta major, caudice bipolicaris diametri, Spicâ fpatiofá. An, Arundo Indica cluf. An, Arundo Indica Bambu ſpecies, altera, vel tertia. H. M. P. V. 119. The larger wild or Bambu Cane. - This plant is very common in the cooler ſwampy bottoms among the mountains, and riſes frequently to the height of twelve or fourteen feet from the root; it is jointed like other reeds, is about an inch and a half in diameter near the bottom, and tapers gradually to the top; the outward coat is hard and ſmooth, and the body firm, and filled with a ſofter fibrous ſubſtance: the whole ſtalk is ſtrong and elaſtic, and generally uſed for wattles in thoſe countries where they cover their houſes with tyles or thatch ; for in both caſes they anſwer extremely well, and are obſerved to be better than any other fort, as they grow daily lighter, and found to continue longer ſound. I have ſeen them yet ſtrong and perfect in ſome of thoſe houſes that have been built by the Spaniards in St. Jago de la Vega, above a hundred years ago; but theſe are moſtly covered with tyles, and ſeldom yield any acceſs to rain or moiſture, which is obſerved to deſtroy them pretty ſoon; eſpecially as the outward bark is frequently broke, in nailing them. They are alſo uſed for baſkets, but to prepare them for this purpoſe, they are obliged to ſplit them into ſlender Dips, and to pare off the inward more pithy part, leaving none but the outward rind and lignous fibres for uſe. The tops of the more tender ſhoots of this plant are frequently pickled in America, and very much liked; they eat very criſp and tender. a ARUNDO 2. Erecta major fluviatilis, culmo excavato policaris diametri. Arundo Maxima folio dentato, &c. Slo. Cat. 32. The large hollow Reed. This plant is pretty much like the younger ſhoots of the foregoing, both in fize and appearance, but a diſtinct ſpecies; the joints are all hollow, and the ſtem riſes commonly to the height of ſeven or eight feet: It is frequent on the banks of Spa- niſh-town river in the way to Sixteen-mile walk, as well as in ſome other parts of the Iland, and does not ſeem to differ in any thing from the larger Spaniſh reed. ARUNDO 3. Erecta minor, panicula laxa ſpatiofa, Spicillis diftichis lan- uginofis. The Sea-ſide Reed. This plant is found below Oxford, in the pariſh of St. Thomas's in the Eaſt, and feldom riſes above three feet and a half from the ground; but it grows in a dry ſandy place near the ſea. Its peculiar characters are theſe : Periantium. Gluma multi flora bivalvis, valvulis porre&tis acuminatis. Corolla. Corollula glumoſa quatuor vel quinque per ſpicillas languinoſas com- preſſas diſticho ordine diſpoſta funt, Stigmata cirroſa. ARUNDO 4. Silveſtris ramoſa tenuis paniculâ laxá Gramen Miliaceum filvaticum maximum femine albo. Slo. Cat. 34, 8H. t. 71. The larger Millet Reed. This a 2 OF JA MA I CA. HT 139 mis rigidis, acuminatis o 902 SCS This plant is very common in the woods, and riſes by its ſlender and branched ſtalks frequently to the height of fix or ſeven feet, but is generally ſupported by the neighbouring buſhes. It is a hearty and agreeable fodder for all manner of cattle. ARUNDO 5: Tenuiſima altifſimè ſcandens, foliis minimis rigidis acuminatis, ramulis minoribus verticillatis. An, Arundo Volubilis Indica que Panambu-valli. H. M. P. 7. f. 99. The ſlender climbing Reed. This plant grows only in the moſt cool and lofty parts of the Illand, and is commonly found in the Blue-mountains, and thoſe of New Liguanee : it riſes gene- rally to the top of the higheſt trees in the neighbourhood, and frequently demits a few of its more ſlender branches again to the ground; theſe are very tough and flexile and ſeldom exceed the thickneſs of a ſmall pack-thread, but all the joints are full and pithy: it is commonly found in large tufts ; I could never ſee any of its flowers. S E CT. III. sidad Of ſuch as have three Filaments and three Stiles in every Flower. goll bas 1990 odt bos fin HOLOSTEUM 1. Foliis orbiculatis oppofitis, racemis laxis terminalibus remotis. Holofteum Foliis ſubcordatis. L. Sp. Pl. Alline Americana Numelariæ folio, &c. Slo. Cat. 87. De The larger American Chickweed. Quit This plant is common, and thrives very luxuriantly in many parts of fa- maica. It grows in tufts and feldom riſes above ten or twelve inches from the ground: the ſmaller birds feed much upon the ſeeds, but it is ſeldom put to any other uſe there. Large wads of this plant taken freſh and heated over an eaſy fire, make very ſucceſsful applications in hard and painful ſwellings; for they generally relax the parts, and diſpoſe the obſtructions to a reſolution. HOLOSTEUM 2. Diandrum petalis integris, foliis minoribus ob- ovatis ; petiolis & caulibus marginatis. The ſmaller Chickweed with two Filaments. This plant is not common in Jamaica : the flowers have but two filaments each, and thefe are placed in the ſame line with the petals or leaves of the flower, which are five in number as well as the diviſions of the cup. The plant is very ſmall and ſeldom riſes above ſix or ſeven inches from the ground. MOLLUGO Minima repens, foliis linearibus verticillatis, floribus qui- nariis pedunculatis confertis. An, Molugo Foliis verticillatis cuneiformibus, caule ſubdiviſo decumbenti, &c. L. H. Upf. & Sp. Pl. The ſmall creeping Molugo. This plant is pretty common in the dry Savannas of Liguanee ; its leaves and branches are very ſmall, and the ſtalk ſeldom runs above ſix or eight inches from the root. The flowers are generally four or five together, and grow in ſingle tufts . on the ſides of the verticils. CLASS 140 THE NATURAL HISTORY indiq ed a CLASS IV. Of the Tetrandria, or Vegetables that have four diſtinct Filaments in every Flower. snimio sobre S. E C T I. ECT. astro vinte Of ſuch as have four Filaments and one Stile in every Flower. KNOXIA 1. Littoralis repens, foliis rigidis oblongis oppoſitis, floribus fingularibus. The creeping ſea-ſide Knoxia. 25yrel This plant is pretty frequent near the ſhore in the pariſh of St. George's, and runs commonly three or four feet, or more along the ground, caſting a few ſpreading branches from ſpace to ſpace as it creeps along: the leaves are oblong, pointed and ſtiff, and the flowers few and ſingle, and diſpoſed at the alæ of the upper leaves. To KNOXIA 2. Scandens, foliis cordato-ovatis venoſis, pedunculis multipartitis alaribus. Tab. 3. fig. 3. 3 The larger climbing Knoxia. I found this plant in the cooler mountains of Liguanee ; it is a climber, and riſes frequently to the height of fix or ſeven feet, or more: in the foregoing ſpecies the flower-cups are cut into four deep ſegments at the margin, and remain tubular and ſwelling below; but in this, they are more open and campanulous towards the bottom, and furniſhed, as it were, with four ſmaller leaves at the top, which increaſe gradually as the ſeeds ripen. The flowers and fructifications of both bear the dir- tinguiſhing marks of the Genus, tho' the latter are always covered by the cup at the bottom, and frequently much higher. SPERMACOCE 1. Erecta fimplex, foliis lanceolatis, nervis denticulatis, floribus conſtipatis ad alas. The larger ſimple and erect Spermacoce. This plant is common in the lower Savannas about Kingſton; it riſes gene- rally by a ſimple upright ſtalk to the height of fourteen or fixteen inches, and is furniſhed from ſpace to ſpace with ſimple lanceolated leaves, that ſtand in an oppoſite order and embrace the main ſtem: from the alæ of theſe riſe the flowers which are generally white and numerous, and gathered into compact heads that grow gradually larger and more diſtinct as they draw nearer to the top. SPERMACOCE 2. Minor erecta fimplex, foliis linearibus floribus confii- patis ad alas. The ſmaller erect Spermacoce. This plant is ſo very like the foregoing in ſhape and appearance that it may be eafily miſtaken for a variety of it; but they are found always diſtinct even in the ſame field and bed, which obliged me to look upon them as different ſorts: the veins of the leaves OFIJA MIA I CA. HT 141 3 3 . blog leaves in this plant are not prickled, nor is the ſtalk ſo robuſt or ſtrong; tho' it generally riſes nearly to the ſame height. SPERMACOCE 3. Erecta fubhirſuta, foliis oblongis venis arcuatis refer- tis, ſuperioribus majoribus appropinquatis, floribus will conſtipatis ad alas. Spermacoce Hiſpida foliis oppoſitis obovatis. L. Flo. Zey. & Sp. Pl. The oval-leaf'd Spermacoce. Vi This plant is common about all the fields in Liguanee ; it feldom riſes above twelve or fourteen inches, and is eaſily known by its oblong leaves and arched veins; it is very like the worm-graſs at firſt appearance, but the ſtalk of this is quadran- gular and hollow, that of the other roundiſh and ſmooth. SPERMACOCE 4. Fruticuloſa atque ramoſa, foliis linearibus, floribus con- ftipatis ad alas ſupremas. Hodini The ſhruby Spermacoce. This little buſhy plant is frequent enough in the low and hilly lands of Jamaica; it branches very much, is adorned with many ſmall leaves like thoſe of the ſecond fpecies, and bears all its flowers at the upper joints of the branches. SPERMACOCE 5. Scandens, foliis oblongis venis arcuatis refertis, floribus paucioribus conſtipatis ad alas.. Spermacoce Glabra ftaminibus inclufis. L. Sp. Pl. Anonymos Americana foliis parietariæ. Pk. t. 136. f. 4. IVA The Iron-graſs, or climbing Spermacocè. bew This plant is found only in the woods; and is there obſerved to be ſometimes up- right and ſometimes a climber: when erect, it generally riſes to the height of two or three feet ; but when it is aſſiſted by the neighbouring ſhrubs, it grows commonly to double and trible that length. ovodsebouw 90 na nomo Y7919 RUBIA 1. Subhirfuta ſcandens vel reclinată, foliis cruciatis floribus fin- gularibus ad alas. An, Rubia Foliis quaternis. Ray. L. Sp. Pl. In hâc planta calix quadriphyllus eft, & baccæ gemella monoſpermă calicibus impofita germinibus fuccedunt. 10 slow eitt bli now The flender villous Rubia. har I found this plant in the middle mountains of Liguanee; it is very weakly, grows in tufts, and ſeldom riſes above two or three feet from the root. DIE in one of visos oor bosd ter vil CATESBÆA? 1. Fruticoſa, foliis ſubvilloſis oblonĝo-ovatis, ftoribus fingu- laribus. The ſhruby Cateſbea with oval leaves. This plant grows in the mountains near Mr. Thomas Aſcough's in St. John's ; and ſeldom riſes above five or fix feet from the ground: its peculiar characters are ſet down here at length, but I have not been ſo exact in reſpect to the appearance of the plant in general, as I had no notion of a work of this kind when I examined the flower; the parts of this however, ſeem to place it rather among the Didynamia. sobre DS. ISO PP Periantium. 142 THEANATURAL HISTORY 19 SV 2130 Periantium. Parvum pentaphyllum, vel monophyllum ad baſem feétum. Corolla. Monopetala tubulata, tubus.quadruncialis, limbus amplatus patens quinque partitus. Stamina. Filamenta quatuor inequalia longitudine tubi floris; anthere cordiformes oblonga. Piſtillum. Germen fubrotundum, ſtylus longitudine faminum, ftigma vaginatum. Pericarpium. Pomum fubrotundum nucleo pulpoſo feminibus plurimis parvis referto præditum. 90031 . Iyo o PAVETTĄ? 1. Foliis oblongo-ovatis oppofitis, pipulis ſetaceis petiolis inter- svod. Shion pofitis. Tab. 6. fig. 1. Soration de 21 anov Oproe bar ar besloot now 20 The wild Jeſſamine. This ſhrub is pretty common in the lower woods, and ſeldom riſes above five or fix feet; the leaves ; the leaves and branches are oppoſite, and the racemous flower-ftalks ; ſtand generally at the extremities of the branches; the flowers are pretty long and tubular, and retain both the ſmell and make of the garden Jeſſamine. The following are its peculiar characters : Periantium. Minus prægnans quadridenticulatum. Corolla. Monopetala tabulata, tubus longus cylindraceus, limbus in quatuor lacinias lanceolatas patentes fe&tus. Stamina. Filamenta quatuor tubo corolla adnata, antheris oblongis in fauce fitis. Fiftillum. Germen depreſum, ftylus fimplex, Nigmata bina erecta oblonga. Pericarpium. Bacca minor Spherica unilocularis, calice coronata. Semen. Unicum ſubrotundum bafi quadrilobum. o sopsmto42 oneomycon A PAVETTA? 2. Subarborea major. 11 D2 Di als -non olt Pim-wood. This ſhrub ſeems to differ but little from the foregoing either in make or appear- ance; but it riſes generally to the height of twelve or fixteen feet or more ; it is pretty common in the woods above St. Ann's Bay. ligoel sod: oldin oldu, o LYGISTUM 1. Flexile fruticofum, foliis ovatis oppoſitis, petiolis pedatis, racemis alaribus. Tab. 3. fig. 2. up Unt The branched Lygiftum with oval leaves. I I found this weakly ihrub in the lower mountains of St. Mary's; it riſes by a very branched flexile ftem to the height of about ſeven feet, and is every where adorned with moderately large oval leaves diſpoſed in an oppoſite order : the twigs or boughs begin to ſhoot almoſt immediately above the root; and they, as well as the ſucceeding branches, riſe generally to the height of the main ſtem, and are furniſhed with moderate bunches of flowers towards the top, which generally riſe by long branched foot-ſtalks from the alæ of the leaves. Theſe following are the characters of its characters of its flowers. Periantium. Calix monophyllus conico-campanulatus, are quadricrenato, Corolla. Monopetala tubulata infundibuliformis; limbus quadripartitus, laciniis ferè equalibus. Stamina. Filamenta quatuor infernè tubo adnata & corolla duplo longiora, anthe- ræ fubrotunda, Piftillum. Germen fubrotundum, fylus ad medietatem ferè bipartitus, laciniis bifidis ; ftigmata tenuia fimplicia. .com TO Pericar OS GB 10 9 Od sasli 10 YOF Í A MA Í CA. IN j AM 11 143 Pericarpium. Bacca globoſa quadrilocularis calici impofita. Semina. Quatuor oblongo-ovata. RANDIA i. Foliis fubrotundis confertis, ſummis ramulis biſpiniferis, floa ribus folitariis. Tab. 8. f. 1. An, Cacao Affinis frutex ſpinofus, &c. Slo. Cat. 35. & H. t. 161. Randia Lin. Gen. & Lycium, &c. Pk. t. 97. The Indigo-berry This ſmall ſhrub riſes by a branched ſtalk, and ſhoots commonly to the height of ſeven or eight feet; the main ſtem is tough and hard ; the branches ſomewhat prickly at the ends, and the leaves of an oval form and growing in tufts: it is frequent in the low lands, and grows chiefly in the moſt barren clayey foils. It's general characters are as follow: Periantium. Minimum monophyllum fubrotundum truncatum. Corolla. Monopetala tubulata ; tubus cylindraceus ; limbus patens in quatuor . lacinias obtufas equales diviſus (a). Stamina. Filamenta quatuor tubo corolla adnata, antheris oblongis in fauce locatis. Piſtillum. Germen fubrotundum intra calicem fitum, ſtylus longitudinis tubi corolla, ſtigmata bina compreſja oblonga. Pericarpium. Bacca globoſa, cortice ficciori tefta,& pulpă cæruleå repleta. Semina. Sex vel plura orbiculata compreſa pulpâ obvoluta. The pulpof theſe berries, which generally grow very numerous on the ſmaller branches of the plant, is very thick, and ſtains paper or linen of a fine fixt blue colour. I have tried it on many occafions, and have always obſerved it to ſtand tho' waſhed with either foap or acids; but it does not communicate ſo fine a colour with heat. It would prove an excellent fixt blue in all manner of paints and prints if it could be obtained in any quantity : but the berry is not very ſucculent, and the people as yet not over induſtrious in thoſe parts. PETESIA 1. Fruticofa, foliis ovatis verticillatim-ternatis, ftipulis rigidis interpofitis, ſuſtentaculis florum longis ramoſis alaribus. Tab. 2. fig. 3. The oval leafʼd Petefia with long branched flower-ſtalks. Periantium. Monophyllum ſubcampanulatum quadridentatum parvum germine prægnans. l mod Corolla. Tubulata, tubus oblongus equalis; limbus ampliatus quadripartitus. Stamina. Filamenta quatuor brevia ab infimâ tubi parte orta ; antheræ oblonge Sitt in fauce corolla fitæ. brott - Piſtillum. Germen fubrotundum parvum, Aylus fimplex erectus, figma acutum. Pericarpium. Bacca bilocularis globoſa coronata binis nucleis unilocularibus referta. I found this ſhrub near the Waterfall in Mammee River; it grew on the ſide of the clift, and was not above five feet in height. PETESIA 2. Fruticoſa foliis cvatis oppoſitis, ſtipulis rigidis interpofitis, ra- (a) This plant flowered in the garden of Oxford fome years ago, and was then examined and deline ated by Mr. Ehret, who obſerved fix filaments in every flower, and had always found the margin cut into fix pointed ſegments, in which ſtate it is repreſented here, my own ſpecimen, having loſt all its biofſoms; but I have alſo added a ſingle leaf of the ſtove-ſpecimen to ſhew the proportion between that and thoſe that grow naturally in Jamaica, in which I have conſtantly obſerved the number of filaments and diviſions of the flower to be very regular, and feldom or never more than four : this difference may be probably owing to the richneſs of the bed, and forcing heat of the ſtove in which the former grew. cemis I 144 THE NATURAL HISTORY 2 a nas. cemis minoribus alaribus, calice quinquefido. Tab. 2. f. 2. The lefſer branched Petefia with a divided cup. PETESIA 3. Fruticoſa foliis ſubvilloſis ovatis oppoſitis, ftipulis ſetá ter- minatis, racemis alaribus. The Petefia with villous leaves. Theſe two laſt ſpecies grow pretty frequent in the hills above Bull-Bay; and are not uncommon in thoſe between Sixteen-mile Walk and St. Mary's; they are moderately robuſt, and riſe generally to the height of ſeven or eight feet. COCCOCIPSILUM 1. Herbaceum repens, foliis venoſis ovatis oppofitis, pedunculis brevibus fubumbellatis ad alas alter- Tab. 6. f. 2. The creeping Coccokipfilum. This plant is very like the ſmalleſt ſpecies of the Ruellia both in leaves and appear- ance, and is frequently obſerved in the cooler mountains of Liguanee and Mount-diable : it grows in ſpreading tufts, each ſtalk creeping about eighteen or twenty inches from the root, and ſhooting out a few lateral branches as it runs; the leaves are oppoſite, and the following flowers and fructifications riſe on ſhort divided foot-ſtalks from their alternate alæ. Periantium. Monophyllum prægnans ad baſem ferè in quatuor lacinias lineares erectas diviſum. Corolla. Monopetala tubulata infundibuliformis; limbus patens in quatuor la- cinias breves ovatas equales feElus. Stamina. Filamenta quatuor erecta, longitudinis tubi floris; antheræ oblonge erectæ. Piftillum. Germen fubrotundum calice tectum, Aylus fimplex longitudinis floris ad apicem bipartitus; ftigmata oblonga. Pericarpium. Pars infima calicis cum germine abit in capſulam fucculentam, baccatam, Sphericam, inflatam, bilocularem, laciniis calicis coronatam. Semina. Plurima parva compreſſa diſepimento affixa. SICELIUM 1. Scandens, foliis ovato-acuminatis nitidis oppoſitis. The climbing Sicelium. This plant grows very common in the upper parts of Sixteen-mile Walk, and is ſometimes found in the mountains towards St. Mary's: It is a climber and riſes fre- quently very high, but the main ſtalk is pretty ſlender. The following are the cha- racters of its fructifications. Periantium. Campanulatum ad baſem leniter ventricoſum, germine prægnans; col- lum coar&tatum, limbus quadricrenatus. Corolla. Confimilis longior & magis profundè inciſa. Stamina. Filamenta quatuor tubo adnata, antheris fubrotundis in fauce fitis. Piſtillum. Germen fubrotundum, Nylus corolla longior ad medietatem bipartitus, ſtigmata tenuia fimplicia. Pericarpium. Bacca Spherica bilocularis intra calicem fita. Semina. Plurima dilepimento infernè tumido umbonato afixa. BUDDLEJA 1. Afurgens incana, foliis majoribus molli lanugine obductis, Spicis afurgentibus terminalibus. Budleja L. Sp. Pl. Planta a I O FIJAMA I CA. HE 145 ateis para Planta Ajurgens verbaſci facie, foliis majoribus ovatis oppofitis. lq vasara . 25. latino ob ang men dr lovers The long-ſpik'd Budleia. This plant is very common in the cooler hills of Liguanee; it riſes generally to the height of four feet or better, and terminates in long slender flower-ſpikes : it is uſed in emollient baths and fomentations, and thought to have all the pro- perties of the true Mullen. ACHMATICO AMMANNIA 1. Hirta, foliis parvis orbiculatis, floribus fingularibus ad alas. The ſmaller Ammannia with round leaves. bio Periantium. Pedunculo tenui incidit Periantium monophyllum campanulatum oc- DOS todentatum. Corolla. Monopetåla quadripartita parva, laciniis acuminatis oblongis. Stamina. Filamenta quatuor brevia; antheræ ovata. Piſtillum. Germen depreſſum in fundo calicis fitum ; ſtylus brevis bifidus; ſtig- mata erečt a oblonga. to 10, Pericarpium. Capſula bilocularis calice ferè te&ta, binis placentulis referta. Semina. Pauca placentulis adnata. 192 This little plant is very rare in Jamaica ; it grows chiefly in the mountains be- tween St. Thomas's in the Vale and St. Mary's, and ſeldom riſes above four or five inches from the ground: it anſwers the characters of the claſs very perfectly. CROSSOPETALUM 1. Fruticulofum tenue, foliis ovatis tenuiſſimè denti- បាន ) culatis oppoſitis, racemis alaribus. T. 16.f.1. The ſmall ſhruby Croſſopetalum. Periantium. Coloratum monophyllum patens in quatuor vel quinque partes ſextum. Corolla. Tetrapetala vel monopetala ad bafem fe&ta, petalis obovatis fimbriatis patentibus. Stamina. Filamenta quatuor brevia ere&to-patentia, ad interſticias petalorum po- ſita; antheræ fubrotunda. . Piftillum. Germen fubrotundum, ſtylus brevis fimplex, ftigma fimplex. Pericarpium. Capſula ſubrotundo-ovata unilocularis monoſpermis. Gal I found this little ſhrub in the woods below Marta-Bree river in St. James's; it grows among the rocks, and ſeldom riſes above three or four feet : the flowers riſe in ſmall looſe bunches from the upper alæ of the leaves, SCOPARIA 1. Erekta ramoſa, foliis linearibus denticulatis verticillato- ternatis, Scoparia L. Sp. Pl. Veronica Dulcis, &c. Pk.'t. 311. " f. 4. & 215. f. 1. Veronica Fruticofa erecta dulcis, &c. Sio. Cat. 81. & H. t. 108. 2.144 The Liquoriſh-weed, or ſweet Broom-weed. This plant is very common in moſt of the ſugar-colonies; it grows by a very branched ſtalk, and riſes generally to the height of eighteen or twenty inches. The whole plant, efpecially the tender ſhoots at the top are frequently uſed in diluting and pectoral infufions, and may deſervedly be conſidered as an excellent vulnerary. 90 m bonic... He PLANTAGO Foliis latioribus fubrotundis quinque-nerviis ad marginem odontoiator appendiculatis. Plantago. Scapo fpicato, foliis ovatis L. flo. Lap. 62, & Sp. Pl.220) This plant, whether introduced here originally, or a native, is very common in moſt parts of the Iſland, eſpecially in the cooler mountains ; it is indeed found in Qq many j 30 1. 146 THE NATURAL HISTORY ز ; many places, where we have no reaſon to think it had been ever cultivated by any of the human ſpecies; but the birds (the general planters of ſeeds and ſmaller berries) might have probably done the work. Every part of the plant is confider- ed as a gentle fubaftringent; the ſeeds are frequently uſed in vulnerary waters and mixtures; and the leaves often applied with ſucceſs to ſores and wounds by the poorer ſort of people. OLDENLANDIA 1. Minor caule teretimo, foliis linearibus oppoſitis, ramu- lis minimis floriferis & pedunculis ramofis vel fim plicibus ad alas. Oldenlandia. Plum. t. 36. Oldenlandia. Ehret. t. 2. Ale The flender Oldenlandia with ſmall narrow Leaves. This plant is found in the moſt barren Savannas, and riſes generally to the height of 10 or 14 inches from the root : the foot ſtalks of the flowers are ſometimes ſimple, but oftener branched, and riſe immediately from the alæ of the leaves, or ſhoot from the top of the ſmaller ramifications : all the parts of the plant are very delicate. OLDENLANDIA 2. Aquatica foliis obovatis oppoſitis, floribus fingu- laribus ad alas. Oldenlandia Pedunculis fimplicifimis fructibus hiſpidis. L. Sp. Pl. The Water-Oldenlandia. Periantium. Quadriphyllum perfiftens, foliis lanceolatis germini incidentibus. Corolla. Petula quatuor minima, vix perſpicua, ad interſtitias foliorum calicis pofita. Stamina. Filamenta quatuor brevia, foliolis calicis ſuppoſita ; antheræ ma- jores elipticæ incombentes. Piſtillum. Germen oblongum obverſe-pyramidatum calici fuppofitum ; ftilus erectus longitudine faminum, ſtigma capitatum obtufum. Pericarpium. Capſula oblonga Seffilis obverſe pyramidata quadrigona bi vel quadrilocularis. Semina. Plura fubrotunda. This plant is very common about the ferry; it is found frequently in the waters, and then it grows of a length proportioned to the depth of the place, and yields and bends with the ſtream ; but both the leaves and ſtalks are of a reddiſh colour : ſometimes it is found upon the banks, and then it is of a green colour, and a creeper ; and generally runs more or leſs, according to the quantity of moiſture it can obtain. I have, before examination, taken it for a ſpecies of the Onagra. PTEROTA 1. Subſpinoſa, foliis minoribus per pinnas marginato-alatas difpofitis, Spicis geminatis alaribus. Tab. 5. f. 1. Roi. Similis, &c. Pk. t. 107. f. 4. Schinus Foliis pinnatis foliolis oblongis, &c. L. Sp. Pl. Lauro affinis Jaſmini folio, &c. Slo. Cat. & H. t. 162. f. 1. The Saven-tree, or baſtard Ironwood. This ſhrub is very common in the lower lands of Jamaica, and riſes by a branched and ſomewhat prickly ſtalk frequently to the height of eight or ten feet : the wood is very hard, and the branches abundantly furniſhed with little leaves, and ſmall white flowers that riſe on double ſpikes from the alæ of the ribs. Its charac- ters have not been yet deſcribed; they appear in the following manner, viz. Periantium. Minimum quadridentatum. Co- OF OF JAMA I CA. 147 А. 1 Corolla. Tetrapetala, petalis oblongis cochleatis patentibus. Stamina. Filamenta quatuor erecta Corolla dupla longiora ; antheræ globoſa majores. Piſtillum. Germen ovatum; ftilus erectus fimplex longitudine Corolla ; ſtigma obtuſiuſculum bilobum. Pericarpium. Capſula Spherica unilocularis bivalvis, ab apice ad baſem de- hifcens, & ſemen unicum rotundum atro-nitens ample&tens. IRSIOLA 1. Triphylla, ſcandens & claviculata, foliis craſis ferratis. Sicyos. Foliis ternatis inciſis. L. Sp. Pl. Bryonia. Alba, &c. Slo.Cat. 106. & H. t. 142. f. 1. - Bryonoides. Pk. 152, f. 2. & H. M. P.7 ? t. 45. AIVOTA The ſhady Irſiola with ſucculent Leaves. This plant is very common in the low lands of Jamaica ; it is always found climbing on the neighbouring buſhes, and is generally divided into a great many very ſhady branches : the leaves are thick and juicy, and the berries round, ſmooth, and ſucculent ; its flowers are ſmall, and diſpoſed in the form of an um- brella. Theſe are the characters of the genus. Periantium. Vix notabile quadridenticulatum. ไว้ 2.215 Corolla. Tetrapetaia decidua, petalis rigidis cochleatissa Stamina. Filamenta quatuor breviſima ; antheræ fubrotunda verſatilis. Piſtillum. Germen fubrotundum, ftilus brevis, ftigma fimplex. dalili Pericarpium. Bacca ſpherica fucculenta femine unico nguco proprio tenui tetto referta (a). IRSIOLA 2. Scandens, foliis oblongo-ovatis ad margines denticulis fe- taceis refertis. Tab. 4, f. & 1. 2. An, Wattow-Valli. H.M. P. 7. t. 32. Bryonia. Alba geniculata, &c. Slo. Cat. 106, & H. t. 144. I. The larger Irſiola, or Baſtard Bryony with ſimple Leaves. This plant is common about the town of Kingſton, and generally found climbing upon all the pinquin-fences, and other low buſhes: Its leaves are pretty large and ſimple, and the ſtalk ſlender and flexile. The flower-bunches are very ſpreading and even in all the ſpecies. IRSIOLA 3. Triphylla ſcandens, foliis ovatis ſubdentatis, petiolo com- muni marginato, caliculis majoribus. Bryonia. Alba triphylla maxima. Slo. Cat. 106, & H. tab. 144. The larger triphyllous Irfiola. CORETA 1. Foliis minoribus ovatis crenatis, floribus fingularibus. Corchorus. Capſulis linearibus compreſis bivalvibus. L. H. Upf. & Sp. Pl. Corchoro. Affinis, &c. Slo. H. tab. 94, f. 1. & Cat. 50. Corchoroides. L. H, C. Broom-weed. Periantium. Nullum. Corolla. Titrapetala, petalis anguftis primo erectis, etate patentibus. Stamina. Filamenta quatuor erecta longitudine floris, antheræ fimplices. (a) Mr. Ehret, who has diffected the ſpecimen repreſented here, has drawn it with four feeds, but I could never obſerve more than one in any of the berries. Pir- 70 2 148 THE NATURAL HISTORY a sot 997 DOS Piſtillum. Germen anguſtum oblongum; ftilus ſimplex ; ſtigma ampliatum laceratum. Pericarpium. Capſula longa teres bilocularis quadrivalvis apice quadri- fariam dehiſcens ; ſuturis majoribus diſcepimento oppo- fitis. Semina. Plura fingulatim poſita. noir : This plant is very common in all the ſugar colonies, and ſeldom riſes above two feet and a half from the root; it grows in dry ſandy places, and ſeems to thrive beſt in the open air ; it is generally uſed in beeſoms by the negroes. CATONIA (a) 1. Foliis ovatis oppoſitis vená tenui utrinque margini pa- rallela. DOO or bontol The ſhruby Catonia with oval Leaves. Van Periantium. Quadriphyllum germini incidens, foliolis orbiculatis. ir bogor Corolla. Nulla.ro in bas, no Brdub - mu ne Stam. Filamenta quatuor longitudine calicis; antheræ fubrotunde. ' Piſtillum. Germen globoſum calice coronatum vertice depreſſo ; ftilus fimplex longitudine calicis ; ftigma fimplex. Pericarpium. Bacca ſucculata nigra coronata. . Semina. Bina hemiſpherica cum rudimento tertii & quindoque quarti. .zili sekil sterlins on This little ſhrub is frequent in the road between Spaniſh-town and Sixteen-mile-walk. 07391 co ISNARDIA? 1. Foliis ſeſſilibus lanceolatis auritis quafi amplexantibus, oppos fitis feu verticillatis ; floribus 'ternatis ad alas. - 2 Ammannia: Foliis Semi-amplexantibus. caule tetragono. L. H. C. & Sp. Pl. AIOII The larger Iſnardia with lanceolated Leaves. Periantium. Tubulatum breve ſubventricoſum, fere equale , limbo quadri-corni- corniculis minoribus erectis membranâ tenui interne veſtitis 2919 I ol atque adnatis. It bi Corolla. Nulla, niſi membranam illam pro corolla habere vis. guid Stamina. Filament a quatuor inferne tubo leniter adnata, & calice breviora ; of miton antheræ fubrotunda. DE A Piftillum. Germen fubrotundum calice inclufum, ftilus brevifimus ; ftigma obtu- fum quaſi quadrilobum. pogled 10 Pericarpium. Capſula tenuis globoſa calice tecta & corniculis coronata, quadri- locularis, ſeptis tenuiſſimis diviſa. 12 Semina. Quam plurima minima. This herbaceous plant is pretty common about the ferry ; it grows generally by a ſimple ſtalk while young, but throws out a few branches the ſecond year, and ſel- dom riſes above twenty-four or thirty inches in height : the ſtem is commonly qua- drangular, and furniſhed with long lanceolated leaves without foot-ſtalks whoſe lobes ſhoot obtuſely backwards on either ſide, by which they ſeem to encompaſs the main ſtalk ; they are diſpoſed in an oppoſite or ternate order, and embrace the flowers at their inſertions; but theſe are ſeldom more than three together, and always join- ed by ſhort foot-ſtalks to a common pedeſtal fixed cloſe to the ſtalk in the boſom of culato; 19 every leaf. RIVINA 1. Dichotoma erecta, foliis ovato-accuminatis, Spicis laxis late- ralibus aſſurgentibus. Tuo (a) a Catone, authore antiquo de re ruſtica. Ri- 0 F I AM AÍ C A. HT 149 Coro Rivina. Plum. t. 39. Rivina L. H. C. & Sp. Pl. 2. Rivina. Humilis racemoſa, baccis puniceis. Plum. The ſmaller Rivinia with Scarlet Berries.co This plant grows very common about St. Anne's, and in moſt places in the moun- tains where the ſoil is ſandy and well ſhaded; it riſes commonly to the height of two or three feet, ſometimes more, and is well ſupplied with berries towards the top; theſe are very ſucculent, and of al fine ſcarlet colour, but the juice is apt to change (a). Brods alont il 10 nomo RIVINIA 2. Sarmentoſa, farmentis crafforibus, foliis ovatis, floribus ſpi- catis dodecandris, Tab. 23. fig. Rivinia. Scandens racemoſa amplis ſolani foliis, baccis violaceis. Plum. & L. Sp. Pl. Let, b. The Hoop Withe. Periantium. Quadriphyllum, foliolis ovatis cochleatis reflexis perfiftentibus. Corolla. Nulla. Stamina. Filamenta duodecem parva, ab octo areolis diſtinctis orta, alterna ge- . , minata ; antheræ majores eblongæ ere&ta caduca. Piſtillum. Germen conico-ovatum, tilus nullus vel breviſimus, ſtigma obtufum, ſubrugofum. Pericarpium. Bacca ſubrotunda, fucculenta, ſubcærulea unilocularis. Semen. Nucleus unicus oleojus orbiculatus leniter compreſſus, naucâ tenui fra- gili te£tus. 90 This plant is very common in the low lands, and ſtretches a great way among the neighbouring ſhrubs and buſhes; the inain ſtalk grows to a moderate thickneſs, being ſeldom under an inch or two in diameter; and throws out a few ſlender branches to- wards the top, which are generally adorned with flowers at their extremities. The berries make the principal part of the food of the American thruſh, or nightingale, while they are in ſeaſon; they contain a very oily ſeed, and after that bird has ſwallowed a good many of them, you may frequently obſerve it to fly to the next bird-pepper- buſh, and pick a few of theſe warm berries alſo. Nature doubtleſs has taught it what was neceſſary to promote the digeſtion of that oleaginous heavy food. The ſtalk is very tough and flexile, and often made into hoops, when there is ſcarcity of thoſe imported from Europe or North-America ; but they are not ſo ſtrong or durable, and therefore uſed only in time of need. con و sus comprelit, * a SECT. T. II. Of ſuch as have two Stiles or female Parts in every Flower. CUSCUTA 1. Ramoſa repens, floribus conglomeratis. Cuſcuta Floribus fefilibus. L. Sp. Pl. Cuſcuta Caule aphylla volubili repente, flo. Virg. Cuſcuta Inter majorem & minorem media, &c. Slo. Cat. This paraſitical thready plant is frequently found creeping upon the graſs, and lower buſhes in Jamaica : it has been always eſteemed as a diuretic and aperitive, and formerly uſed as an ingredient in ſome of the compoſitions of the ſhops. (a) This plant has no more than four Filaments in every Flower. SECT 1 RE 150 THE NATURAL HISTORY SECT. III. Of ſuch as have four Stiles or female Parts in every Flower. POTAMOGETON 1. Aquaticum foliis oblongis , floribus ſpicatis. Potamogeton Foliis oblongo-ovatis innatantibus. L. Flo. Lap. 68. The aquatic Potamogeton with oblorig flower ſpikes. This aquatic plant is very common in thoſe little rivulets about the Ferry; the narrowneſs of its leaves proceeds probably from its long continuance under water. CL A S SV. Of the Pentandria, or Vegetables that have five Filaments in every Flower SECT. I. Of ſuch as have five Filaments or male Parts, and one Stile or female Part in every Flower. BORRAGO 1. Calicibus patentibus. L. H. C. Borrago Foliis omnibus alternis, calicibus patentibus. L. H. Upf. & Sp. Pl. Borrago Officinarum. Borrage. This plant grows and thrives very luxuriantly in the mountains of New Liguanee; it has been always eſteemed as an excellent cooling cordial in all febrile caſes; and may be juſtly regarded as a proper ſimple to be uſed in ſuch over-heated ſtates of the blood : it is generally adminiſtered in decoctions and infuſions with other cooling medicines. A diſtilled water of both the leaves and flowers of this plant has been formerly kept in the ſhops, as well as a conſerve of the bloſſoms; but theſe are very little regarded in modern practice, eſpecially in England, where moſt of the diſeaſes proceed rather from inaction and the viſcidity of the juices. HELIOTROPIUM 1. Herbaceum majus hirſutum, foliis rugoſis cordato- ovatis, fpicis craſlis geminatis terminalibus. Heliotropium Foliis cordato-ovatis acutis ſcabriuſculis , fructibus bifidis. L. Sp. Pl. Heliotropium Indicum hormini foliis latioribus. Thez. Zey. p. 120. Heliotropium Majus. Slo. Cat. 94. 2. Heliotropium Americanum cæruleum, &c. Pk. t. 94. f. 3. The larger villous Turnſole or Heliotrope. HELI OF J AM A I CA. FЈА М 151 a HELIOTROPIUM 2. Hirſutum læte virens, foliis rugoſis ovatis, Spicis gracilioribus fingularibus lateralibus, quandoque terminalibus. Heliotropium Indicum foliis bormini minus. Par. Bat. & Thez. Zey. Heliotropium Curaſavicum bormini foliis anguſtioribus, &c. Slo. Cat. 94. f. 4. Jacua Acunga Piſ. 229. / An, Heliotropium Etc. Pk. 49. f. 7. The ſmaller hairy Turnſole. Both theſe plants are natives of Jamaica, and pretty common about every ſettle- ment almoſt in the lower lands; the former grows more rank and luxuriant, and generally is of a livid green colour and furniſhed with thick flower-ſpikes; the other ſeldom riſes above two thirds of the height of this, and is always more delicate in every part; it is of a fine green colour, and bears its flowers on long and ſlender ſpikes that riſe from the ſides of the upper branches, ſometimes alone, and ſometimes from the alæ of the leaves. HELIOTROPIUM 3. Supinum leucopheum molle, foliis anguſtis. Heliotripium Foliis lanceolato-linearibus glabris aveniis, Spicis conjugatis. L. H. C. & Sp. Pl. Heliotropium Monoſpermum Indicum procumbens glaucophyllum. Pk. t. 36. f. 3. Heliotropium Maritimum, &c. Slo. Cat. 94. & H. t. 132. The ſupine aſh-coloured Turnfole. This weakly plant grows in tufts, and is always found ſpreading about the root; it feldom ſhoots above fourteen or fixteen inches in length, and is eaſily diſtin- guiſhed by its whitiſh ſmooth narrow leaves. HELIOTROPIUM 4. Fruticuloſum hirſutum, foliis lanceolatis minori- bus, fpicis fingularibus terminalibus. Heliotropium Minus Lithoſpermi foliis. Slo. Cat. 95. & H. t. 132. The ſmall ſhruby Turnfole. This little plant grows commonly about Old Harbour, and feldom riſes above five or fix inches; the leaves are ſmall and hairy, and the ſtalks of a ſhruby appearance. The flower-ſpikes in all the other ſpecies are generally paired or double paired, and arched in a ſpiral form, bearing all the flowers and ſeeds on the upper fides of them and that generally in a double range or line ; but the ſpikes of this laſt fort are always ſingle and not much bent. MENYANTHES 1. Aquatica Nymphea foliis cordato-orbiculatis, petiolis floriferis. Menyanthes Foliis cordatis , corollis internè piloſis. L. Sp. Pl. Nymphea Indica minor floribus cum petiolis ex foliorum pedunculis. Pk. t. 209. f. 2. Vedal-Ambel H. M. P. II. t. 28. a The large round-leafʼd Menianthes. This plant grows at Mr. Price's Decoy in the mountains, and has all the appear- ance of a ſmaller Water-lilly. The flowers ſhoot from the foot-ſtalks of the leaves about three or four inches below their inſertions. MYRS a 152 THE NATURAL HISTORY MYRSTIPHYLLUM 1. Minus fruticoſum, foliis ovato-acuminatis ni tidis ſubrigidis oppoſitis. The ſmaller Myrſtiphyllum with ſhining leaves. Periantium. Minimum monophyllum campanulatum, ore quinquedentato. Corolla. Monopetala campanulata calice duplo major, limbo quinquepartito. Stamina. Filamenta quinque brevia hirſuta ad faucem corolla porre&ta, antheræ cordata. Piſtillum. Germen fubrotundum in fundo calicis fitum, ſtylus longitudinis ferè floris, ftigma ampliatum bilobum. Pericarpium. Drupa ficca ſubrotunda bilocularis bilpermis. This ſmall ſhrub is common about the Ferry and in the Savanna near Hunt's- Bay; but it ſeldom riſes above four or five feet in height. It is eaſily diſtinguiſhed by its tufted buſhy form and ſmooth leaves. CONVOLVULUS 1. Scandens, foliis trilobis quandoque cordatis ſepti- nerviis, pedunculis minus ramoſis alaribus. Convolvulus Foliis cordatis Panduræformibus, calicibus levibus. L. Sp. Pl. Convolvulus Folio lanato in tres lacinias diviſo. Slo. Cat. 55. H. t. 98. Mecapatli Hernandes, 304. The wild Potato-ſlip." This plant is very common in all parts of Jamaica; it ſhoots by a very flender ſtem, and climbs to the tops of the talleſt trees in the woods. Hern, ſays that a de- coction of the freſh leaves purges moderately, and deſtroys the worms. CONVOLVULUS 2. Polyanthos ſubhirſutus, foliis cordato-ovatis quando que lobatis, floribus faſciculatis alaribus, calicibus longioribus hirſutis. Convolvulus Foliis trilobis tomentoſis caule lanuginoſo. L. Sp. Pl. Convolvulus Minor lanuginoſus, folio fubrotundo, &c. Slo. Cat. 58. & I. 27 a H. t. 99. The ſmaller climbing Convolvulus with long hairy cups. CONVOLVULUS 3a. Herbaceus repens minor, corolla quinquefidá, ſtylo ad baſem uſque quadripartito, floribus fingularibus ad alas. The ſmaller creeping Convolvulus. This little plant is found on the ſide of the road that leads to the foot of the long mountain in Liguanee ; it creeps and roots upon the ground, but ſeldom grows above two or three inches in length; the leaves are roundiſh, and the flowers tubular, but moderately open and divided at the margin ; the ſtile is divided in four parts to the very baſe, and the fruit is a capſule, and contains two or four feeds like the reſt of the ſpecies, nor are the ſtamina very equal in their length, which obliged me to place it under this denomination. CONVOLVULUS 36. Herbaceus erectus, foliis linearibus, pedunculis longis tenuiſſimis bibracteatis alaribus. Tab. 10. f. 2. An, Alcines Facie Mioſotis &c. Pk. t. 9. f. 1. The ſmall erect Convolvulus. This YOO FIJA M A TLAGI A. H I 1 53 This little plant is ſometimes found in the low lands of Jamaica, and ſel- dom riſes above ten or fourteen inches from the root : the ſtalk is generally ſimple or but very little divided, ſlender and upright ; the leaves are narrow and few, and throw out ſo many long and delicate flower-ſtalks from their alæ, each furniſhed with a very ſmall exterior biphyllous cup about the middle: the files are two and bifid; and the capſule divided into two or four cells, and contain many ſeeds. The whole plant has the appearance of a very fine ſpecies of the flax. CONVOLVULUS 3° Erectus herbaceus ſubhirſutus, foliis linearibus, pe- dunculis brevibus fimplicibus ſolitariis ad alas. Tab. x. f. 3: The ſmall erect Convolvulus. This plant grows in the fame foyl with the foregoing, and is ſo extremely like it that you can hardly diſtinguiſh the one from the other without great attention ; the flower-ſtalks are very ſhort in this, the cups ſingle, and every flower furniſhed with four ſtiles. forl: to subito CONVOLVULUS 4. Herbaceus repens, foliis fubrotundis, floribus quinque- crenatis fingularibus alaribus. Convolvulus Foliis fubrotundis caule repenti. L. Sp. Pl. Convolvulus Minor repens &c. Slo. Cat. 58. & H. t. 99. f. 2. Veſtnu Ilandi H. M. P. 11. t. 64. The ſmall creeping Convolvulus. This little plant is very common about the Savannas; it throws out a few flender creeping ſtalks furniſhed with roundiſh leaves, from whoſe alæ riſe ſo many flowers, ſupported by ſlender foot-ſtalks and double cups: the flowers are pretty deeply crenated both in this and the foregoing ſpecies. 3070995 on sede CONVOLVULUS 5. Maritimus, foliis nitidis ſubrotundis emarginatis, torba 20 U VOVVIO petiolis biglandulis . U Convolvulus Foliis emarginatis, pedunculis trifloris. L. Sp. Pl. Convolvulus Maritimus major noftras &c. Slo. Cat. 57. f. 1, & 2. Convolvulus. Maritimus. Pil. 258. Convolvulus Maritimus Zeylonicus &c. Thez. Zey. 00 The purging Sea-bindweed. This plant grows generally near the ſea, and is very common in many parts of Jamaica; it creeps a conſiderable way, and throws out ſome ſhort foliated branches from ſpace to ſpace as it runs: the leaves are beautifully veined and have each a ſmall notch at the top; the root is a ſtrong purgative, and ſometimes uſed with ſucceſs in hydropic caſes, the whole plant is very milky. od dag CONVOLVULUS 6. Minor ſcandens, floribus plurimis alaribus, calicibus glabris, capſulis quadriſpermis, foliis oblongo- 38110 mol blucri ordoi The ſmaller climbing Convolvulus with ſmooth cups. CONVOLVULUS 7. Polianthos glaber undique repens, racemis fubcomojis ele Sparfis & alaribus, capſulis monoſpermis. I cordatis. SE Convol- CD 154 THE NATURAL HISTORY Convolvulus Major polianthos &c. Slo. Cat. 55. & H. t. 972. Chriſtmas-Gambol. 3:23 . This plant is common about Spaniſhtown, and ſpreads very thick upon all the buſhes that grow near it ; it blooms about Chriſtmas, and bears a great abundance of white flowers from the alæ of the upper leaves and branches, which are ſucceeded by ſo many oblong capſulæ that ſeldom contain more one ſeed each. All the parts of the plant are ſmooth. CUJUVIOTROS CONVOLVULUS 8. Foliis cordato-acuminatis, floribus umbellatis luteis, ſuſtentaculis longis alaribus. The yellow flowered Convolvulus. This plant is common about the Ferry, and grows frequently in the buſhes be- tween that place and Mr. Price's; it bears beautiful yellow flowers, and the ſtalks are always margined on one ſide, but the capſulæ are generally ſmall and oblong; and the figure of the leaves very various. CONVOLVULUS 9. Repens, foliis amplifimis cordatis, pedunculis longis ramoſis alaribus. Deulovlotno . The large heart-leafʼd Convolvulus.vivlovno Hands CONVOLVULUS 10. Uliginoſus repens, foliis amplioribus orbiculatis venops. santo w 100 anouls The Swamp-Convolvulus. i dosiqaleleid THOMWA Both theſe plants are found in Jamaica, the former about Mangeneel, the latter about the Lagoons eaſtward of Kingſton ; both ſpecies ſpread generally a great way, and are remarkable enough for the ſize and diſpoſition of their leaves, 2UJUVOV400 CONVOLVULUS 11. Repens floribus paucioribus, pedunculis longis ala- ribus, radice craſſo carnoſo albo: Et CONVOLVULUS 12. Etc. radice craſo carnoſo luteo.com Convolvulus Foliis cordatis angulatis radice tuberoſo. L. H. C. & Gro. flo. Virg. nads öntavlono Bermudas Potatoes. Cateſby. vol. ii. t. 60. 23 Ages Mart. page 6. & Jeteiba Piſ. 254. The Potatoe and Potatoe-ſlip. Both theſe plants are now cultivated all over America, and ſupply the Negroes and poorer ſort of people with a great part of their food in many places; they are hardly diſtinguiſhed by the tops, but the roots of the latter are conſtantly of a yellow co- lour, and thoſe of the former white : the plant riſes equally from the bits and ſlips, tho' generally propagated by the latter, and is cultivated by laying a few ſhort juncks of the ſtem, or larger branches in ſhallow interrupted trenches, and covering them with the mould from the banks. The roots grow to full maturity in three or four months, and the propagation is continued by covering the ſtems, bits and ſmaller protuberances with mould as they dig up the more perfect bulbs for uſe. The leaves make a very agreeable fodder for ſheep, goats, hogs, rabbits and horſes upon occaſion ; and the roots boiled, maſhed and fermented, make a pleaſant cool. ing drink. Slov 12 IPO- a oo F Ј А М А Іс А. Α Ι 155 IPOMEA 1. Foliis capillaceis pinnatis, floribus rubellis folitariis. Ipomea Foliis pinnatifidis linearibus floribus ſolitariis. L. Sp. Pl. Quamoclit Foliis tenuiſſimis & pinnatis. Inſt . & Thez. Zey. Convolvulus Exoticus annuus &c. Slo. Cat. 58. Tsjuria-crante H. M. p. 11. t. 6o. The American Jeſſamine. This plant is cultivated in many of the gardens of Jamaica on account of its beau- tiful flowers and thick foliage; it is a weakly climber, and ſeldom riſes above four feet from the ground, but its minutely diſſected heavy foliage renders it very remarkable. IPOMEA 2. Silveſtris foliis & floribus ampliffimis, tubis florum fubte- retibus. Convolvulus Maximus, &c. Slo. Cat. 55. & H. t. 96. f. 1. Munda Valli H. M. p. II. t. 50. The large white-flower'd Ipomea. This plant grows in great abundance about the Ferry, and along Spaniſhtown river in the road to Sixteen-mile Walk; it runs a great way among the buſhes, and is adorned with many white flowers whoſe tubes are ſeldom under three to four inches in length: the leaves of this plant, and indeed of all the ſpecies of both theſe ge- nus's, are very variable, being ſometimes of the form of a heart, and at other times lobed. IPOMEA 3. Foliis cordatis productioribus, tubo floris arcuato, limbo Ipomea Foliis cordatis acuminatis bah anguftioribus, pedunculis multifloris. L. Sp. Pl. The Ipomea with arched flower-tubes. This plant grows pretty common about St. James's, and bears a beautiful rediſh bloſſom: it is remarkable for the curved or arched figure of the tube of its flowers. IPOMEA 4. Hirſuta repens minor pentaphylla, foliis oblongis leviter crenatis. Ipomea Foliis palmatis digitatis, fupra glabris, caule pilofo, pedunculis multi floris. L. H. Up. & Sp. Pl. Convolvulus Zeylonicus hirſutus, &c. Thez. Zey. 70. Pulli Schovadi H. M. p. II. t. 59. The hairy Tiger’s-foot. IPOMEA 5. Levis minor pentaphylla, calicibus hiſpidis, floribus quafi um- bellatis. Ipomea Foliis digitatis glabris, foliolis ſeſſilibus caule levi. L. Sp. P. Convolvulus Indicus, &c. Thez. Zey. 71. The ſmooth-leafʼd Tiger's-foot. crenato. а Both theſe plants are frequent in the low lands of Jamaica, and generally found creeping upon the ground, or ſpreading over the lower buſhes. IPOMEA 6. Heptadactyla major ſcandens, flore majori campanulato, calice membranaceo, feminibus majoribus villohis. Ipomea Foliis palmatis, lobis ſeptenis lanceolatis integerimis. L. H. Upf. & Sp. Pl. Convol- 156 THE NATURAL HISTORY a Convolvulus Etc. Profp. Alp. 211. TOT Convolvulus Major heptaphyllus. Slo. Cat. 55. & H. tab. 96. f. 2. The ſeven-year Vine, or Spaniſh Arbor-Vine. This plant has been probably introduced here from ſome part of the main conti- nent, and is now cultivated in many places about the towns : it is naturally a climber, and ſpreads many yards from the root, which with its thick foliage and large flow- ers, render it extremely fit for arbors, and very pleaſing to the eye: it is much uſed for fhade in thoſe parts of the world. ANTHELMENTHIA 1. Quadriphylla, Spicis terminalibus & e centro frondis. Spigelia Ramis indiviſs, foliis terminalibus verticillatis. Butneri, Spigelia Linnei. Sp. & Gen. Plant. Arababaca Quadrifolia fructu teſticulato. Plum. Brazeel-Parfly Etc. Pet. Gar. t. 59. f. 10. Worm-graſs. T37 This plant grows naturally in moſt parts of South America, and is now cultivated in many of the gardens of Jamaica : it riſes from a ſmall tapering root well charged with fibres on all ſides, and ſhoots by a ſtreight, ſmooth, roundiſh hollow ſtalk, which ſeems to grow thicker as thicker as it riſes to the height of five, ſeven, nine or thirteen inches, its uſual growths; the main ſtem emits two, four or fix lateral and oppoſite branches as it riſes, which like the parent ſtalk, are furniſhed with four oval, pointed, and almoſt equal leaves, diſpoſed in the form of a croſs at the top: from the center of theſe it throws out one, two, or more ſpikes, which bear all their fluwers and ſeed- veſſels on one ſide of them, and are commonly from one half to two or three inches in length This vegetable has been long in uſe among the Negroes and Indians, who were the firſt acquainted with its virtues ; and takes its preſent denomination from its pe- culiar efficacy in deſtroying of worms; which, I dare affirm, from a great num- ber of ſucceſsful experiments, it does in ſo extraordinary a manner, that no other ſimple can be of equal efficacy in any other diſeaſe as this is in thoſe that proceed from theſe inſects, eſpecially when attended with a fever or convulſions. The method of preparing this medicine is as follows, viz. You take of the plant, roots and all, either freſh gathered or dry, two moderate handfulls, and boil them over a gentle fire in two quarts of water until one half of the liquid is conſumed; then ftrain off the remainder, and add a little fugar, and lemon juice to give it a more agreeable taſte, and keep it from growing viſcid or clammy. It may be however ob- ſerved, that the decoction is ſometimes clarified, and ſweetened, and is then equally efficacious; which gives a hint to have it made into a fyrup. ELTOS The common method of adminiſtering this medicine is as follows, viz. To a full grown perſon, you give half a pint at the hour of reſt, and a proportionate quantity to all weaker and younger ſubjects, which is to be repeated once in twenty four hours for two or three days after : but as the largeneſs of this doſe may render its operation too violent, and the uſe of it both unſafe and precarious ; I would recom- mend the following method, as leſs hazardous and as effectual. Give about four ounces to a full grown perſon for the firſt doſe, and about two or three every ſix hours after, if its anodyne quality will permit; but to perſons of a weaker conſti- tution, it ſhould be repeated only every ten or twelve hours: this is to be continued for the ſpace of thirty fix, or forty eight hours, when the double doſe may be again repeated; and after this takes its full effect, it muſt be worked off with ſome gentle purgatives, ſuch as the infuſion of Senna or Rhubarb with Manna, &c. a a 2 The OF JA MA I CA. 157 А. Т. over. a a 100 3 This medicine procures ſleep almoſt as certainly, and in an equal degree with opium; but the eyes ſeem diſtended, and appear bright and ſparkling as they gene- rally do before the eruption of the ſmall pox and meaſles, after the ſleepy effects are In a ſhort time after this firſt doſe is adminiſtered the pulſe grows regular and begins to riſe; the fever cools ; the convulſions, if any, abate; all the ſymptoms appear more favourable ; and the worms are generally diſcharged in great quantities, by the uſe of the ſubſequent purgatives, if not before ; often above a hundred at a time : but when a few only come away, and thoſe alive, which ſeldom is the caſe, the doſe muſt be again repeated, and this ſcarcely ever fails. I never knew this medicine ineffectual when there was the leaſt probability of ſuc- ceſs; nay, have often found it ſerviceable when there was not the leaſt reaſon to ex- pect it. I have been however cautious in ordering it for children; for tho' I never knew it at all hurtful, its effects upon the eyes are ſuch as frequently deterred me; eſpecially, as their fibres are weakly, and more ſenſible of irritation, and the fevers ariſing from this ſource in ſuch ſubjects, ſeldom ſo violent as to hinder the adminif- tration of ſome other medicine, that may prove equally as effectual when the ſymp- toms are not too urgent. LISIANTHIUS 1. Erectus, foliis lanceolatis floribus fingularibus ter- minalibus. Tab. 9. f. 1. Dista Lifianthius Etc. Thez. Zeyl. 145. 2. t. 67: Rapunculus Fruticoſus linifoliis, &c. Slo. Cat. 58. & H. t. 101. I The larger Liſianthius with lanceolated leaves. Periantium. Pentaphyllum, foliis anguſtis acuminatis carinatis erecto-conniven- tibus, ad dorſum angulatis acutis & ſubalatis, marginibus membranaceis. Corolla. Monopetala tubulata; tubus longus ad apicem calicis coar&tatus, & inde ad faucem gradatim ampliatus; limbus patulus in quinque lacinias lanceolatas diviſus. Stamina. Filamenta quinque infima floris parti adnata, ere&ta & tubo longiora ; antheræ oblongo-ovata. Piſtillum. Germen ovato-acuminatum, ftylus fimplex longitudinis ftaminum, flig- ma capitatum bilobum. Pericarpium. Capſula oblongo-ovata bilocularis, ſeminibus plurimis referta. This elegant little plant is not uncommon in the road to Sixteen-mile Walk ; and frequently met with in the mountains of St. Ann's; t grows in a dry ſandy but cool ſoyl, and riſes generally to the height of fourteen or ſixteen inches or better : it is not much divided, but all the branches ſhoot commonly to the ſame height, and are furniſhed with oblong, pointed leaves diſpoſed in an oppoſite order : the flowers are large in proportion to the plant; they are generally longer than the leaves, and ſtand at the extremities of the branches, The whole plant makes an elegant ap- pearance in the woods. LISIANTHIUS 2. Foliis cordato-acuminatis, petiolis brevibus, floribus terminalibus quandoque geminatis. Tab. 9. f. 2. 9 The heart-leaf'd Liſianthus. This plant may be deemed a variation of the foregoing ; they are at leaſt ſo very like in the general make and habit, that the form of the leaves is almoſt the only difference obſerved between them; I found this plant growing on the banks of Mam- . mee River between the hills above Bull-bay. Tt PLUM- a 158 N A T U R A L HISTORY THE PLUMBAGO 1. Spicis ramoſis terminalibus, petiolis brevibus, flore albo. . Plumbago Foliis petiolatis. L. H. C. & Sp. Pl. Dentellaria Lychnoides flvatica, &c. Slo. Cat. 91. & H. t. 133. Tumba Cadiveli H. M. P. 10. t. 8. Ante arba The larger Plumbago with branched flower-ſpikes. This plant is very common among the buſhes in all the low lands: it is of an acid corroſive nature. has bota CEDRELA 1. Foliis majoribus pinnatis, floribus laxè racemoſis, ligno levi odorato. Tab. 10. fig. 1. Cedrus Barbadienfum alatis fraxini foliis, &c. Pk. Phy. t. 157. f. 1. Pruno forte Afinis Arbor maxim., &c. Slo. Cat. 182. & Hii. t.220. f.2. Barbadoes Cedar. Periantium. Monophyllum tubulato-campanulatum quinque crenatum. Corolla. Monopetala calice duplo longior, ultra medietatem in quinque lacinias oblongas feeta. 1 Stamina. Filamenta quinque corolla breviora, infernè craffiora & germini adnata, fupernè libera; antheræ fubrotunda. Piſtillum. Germen fubrotundum, ftylus longitudinis paminum, ftigma craffum capitatum. Pericarpium. Capſula ovata quinquelocularis, quinquevalvis & quinquefariam vel à baſi vel ab apice dehiſcens, ex involucro gemino con- ſtructa; exterius craſſum ligneum, interius tenuius contiguum, & feminibus immediate ſuperimpofitum. Lo, Receptaculum. Columnare oblongum inequale pentagonum per axem longitudi- nalem capſulæ porre&tum, angulis fifjuris capſule oppoſitis. Semina. Plurima oblonga compreſſa, infernè tumida, ſupernè membranacea ala- to-caudata, imbricatim poſita, & nervo tenui per alam porrecto apici receptaculi adnata. This tree was very common, and ſtill continues to grow in many parts of the Iſland; it is one of the largeſt timber-trees in the woods, and frequently found about fix or ſeven feet in diameter: the trunk is covered with a rough bark marked with longitu- dinal fiſſures, which as well as the berries and leaves, has ſo diſagreeable a ſmell (a) while freſh, that few people care to go into the woods where any of thoſe trees have been recently cut down: the timber, however, has a pleafant ſmell ; it is very full of a dark reſinous ſubſtance, light, porous, and eaſily worked; and much eſteemed for wainſcoting, and the internal partitions of moſt forts of cabinet ware. It makes good planks and ſhingles for houſes, but cannot be made into caſks, as all ſpirituous liquors diffolve a great quantity of its natural reſin, and acquire a ſtrong bitter taſte from thence : it is the beſt wood we know of for canoes and petiagers of a larger ſize, and frequently made into worm-tubs as well as other water conveniencies. CEDRELA 2. Foliis pinnatis, floribus ſparſis , ligno graviori. Arbor Foliis pinnatis, &c. Cateſ. Vol. ii. t. 81. & Miller. in Appen. Mahagony. This tree grew formerly very common in Jamaica, and while it could be had in the low lands, and brought to market at an eaſy rate, furniſhed a very conſiderable Осса (a) The ſmell of all the outward and more tender parts of this tree perfectly reſembles that of Afa fæ- tida, but is rather heavier, branch a 2 Тя о ЕГА Е Т А мя Ат си. А, нт 159 and wh ز a 3 CUISITO branch of the exports of that Iſland; it thrives in moſt ſoyls, and varies both its grain and texture with each: that which grows among the rocks is ſmaller, but very hard and weighty, of a cloſe grain and beautifully ſhaded; while the produce of the low and ficher lands is to be ved to be more the low and richer lands is obſerved to be more light and porous, of a paler co- lour and open grain ; and that of mixed foyls to hold a medium between both. The tree grows very tall and ſteight, and generally bears a great number of capſula in the ſeaſon; the flowers are of a reddiſh or ſaffron colour, and the fruit of an oval form and about the ſize of a turkey's egg, while that of the foregoing ſpecies hardly exceeds the ſize of a nutmeg. The wood is generally hard, takes a fine po- lith, and is found to anſwer better than any other fort in all kinds of cabinet-ware; it is now univerſally eſteemed and ſells at a good price; but it is pity that it is not cultivated in the more convenient waſte lands of that Iſland. It is a very ſtrong timber, and anſwers very well in beams, joiſts, plank, boards and Thingles; and has been frequently put to thoſe uſes in Jamaica in former times. gad CEDREL A 13. Coroli folio ampliori, fructu pentagono. Houſt. apud Mill. to usail Sailolo atoorn stoor Sit ad swol This plant does not grow in Jamaica, and is only inſerted here to ſhew that there is another ſpecies of the kind known: it was diſcovered by Mr. Houſton near the Gulf of Honduras, and is ſaid to grow very large. L. MUHOITOHOT24 CONOCARPUS 1. Foliis eliptico-hvatis, petiolis biglandulatis, racemis be basedio hiber il laxis, fructibus ſejúnelis 75-lavo T Mangle Foliis elipticis ex adverfo nafcentibus. Slo. Cat, 156. & H. vol, ii. 66. OL . The white Mangrove. selles soi tin saudita la loro it Periantium. Germen compreſſum obovatum, ad utrumque. latus medio margine denticulo notatum, ad apicem excavatum, quinque, foliolis mini- mis ſubrotundis cochleatis conniventibus coloratis coronatum. Corolla. Petala quinque minima, foliolis calicis fuppofita, conniventia, decidua. Stamina. Filamenta quinque brevia conniventia ; antheræ globoſa. Piftillum. Germen ut fupra defcriptum calicula coronatum, ftylus brevifimus, ſtigma obtufum fungofum. Pericarpium. Capſula fungofo-corticofa compreffa obovata, ad utrumque mar- ginem prominula & fubangulata, unilocularis, coronata. Semen. Unicum oblongum, membraneâ propria obvolutum, intra capſulam germinans. , CONOCARPUS 2. Foliis oblongis, petiolis brevibus, floribus in caput conicum colletis. Conocarpus Erecta foliis oblongis. L. Sp. Pl. Alnus Maritima myrtifolia corariorum. Pk. t. 240. f. 3. Alnifructu Laurifolia Arbor, &c. Slo. Cat. 135. 8 H. t. 161. ". t Flotta di nomor The Button-tree, or Button-wood. Both theſe trees are very common in Jamaica, and grow very luxuriantly in all the low fandy bays and marſhes round the Iſland; they feldom riſe above fifteen or ſix- teen feet, and are of little uſe : the bark of the latter is ſaid to tan leather well. MORENDA 1. Subfruticoſa, foliis oblongis anguſtis utrinque acutis, radice Cris 210 , croceâ. MUITO SITOHO YA Morinda Procumbens . L. H. C. & Sp. Pl. An, Periclimenum Surre&tum, &c. Pk. t. 212. f. 5. 21010 Sidi muddorio o doril rogisi od The ſmaller ſhruby Morinda. $ 2 MORIN 160 THE NATURAL HISTORY a 2009 MORINDA 2. Anguſtifolia ſcandens. Periclimenum Re&tum Perhica foliis, &c. Pk. t. 212. f. 5. The narrow-leafʼd climbing Morinda. Sacolorit rol MORINDA 3. Scandens, foliis oblongo-ovatis. Periclimenum Americanum è cujus radice fit atramentum. Pk. t. 212. f.4. Morinda Arborea pedunculis folitariis. L. fo. Zey. & Sp. Pl. Polo bobox best The oval leafʼd climbing Morinda. bandit eis il MORINDA 4. Fruticoſa foliis amplioribus ovatis, pedunculis longioribus ramofis. The larger ſhruby Morinda. is often apurt Theſe plants are very common about the low lands, and frequently found climbing among the buſhes in all the lower hills; the roots colour linens of a dark hue, and may probably prove a uſeful ingredient among the Dyers. PSYCHOTROPHUM 1. Fruticoſum foliis venoſis ovatis oppofitis, petiolis fti- pulatis, racemis terminalibus, baccis compreffis. The oval-leafʼd Pſychotrophum with rediſh veins and ſpikes. Periantium. Monophyllum conico-tubulatum, infernè compreſſum pregnans quin- que dentatum. Meillw IT Corolla. Monopetala tubulata, tubus ferè equalis calice duplo longior, fauce (in bác fpecie) villofá; limbus erectus quinquepartitus. Stamina. Filamenta quinque brevia ut plurimum tubo adnata ; antheræ erette ovatæ in fauce fita. Piſtillum. Germen fubrotundum calice textum denticuliſque coronatum, ſtylus fimplex ad apicem bifidus, longitudinis tubi corolla ; ftigmata, in prima ſpecie, oblonga reflexa; in fecundá, cirrofa reflexa ; in ſextá, vaginata, in ceteris fimplicia. Pericarpium. Bacca ſubrotunda ſucculenta calice tecta & coronata, bilocularis. Semina. Nucleoli bini hemiſpherici ſolitarii, feminibus coffeæ fimiles. . PSYCHOTROPHUM 2. Fruticulofum, foliis amplioribus ovatis ftipulis ri- gidis interpofitis, ramulis craffioribus, racemis umbellulatis, ſuſtentaculis ternato-ternatis. Tab. 17. f. 2. The ſmaller ſucculent Pfycotrophum. The figure of the fruit repreſented here was taken from a dry ſpecimen, in which the pulp had been greatly ſhrunk up. PSYCHOTROPHUM 3. Fruticofum, foliis ovatis venofis, fipulis bidentatis, racemis terminalibus croceis. Tab. 13. f.1. & 2. The ſmaller Pfycotrophum with a foxy top. 1on PSYCHOTROPHUM 4. Foliis ovatis venofis, floribus quafi umbellatis, fuften- taculis longioribus. The larger ſhruby Pſychotrophum with ſpreading flowers. PSYCO- TOTA ފް OF JA M A IC A. AT 161 CUSTO a PSYCHOTROPHUM 5. Hirſutum foliis ovatis.fronto tostado la 0019 is to propos The hairy Pſychotrophum. quod svo PSYCHOTROPHUM 6. Fruticofum foliis plumbeis ouato acuminatis, flo- ribus laxe racemofis. asimdo od iliwas nooit sts The ſhruby Pſychotrophum with a livid foliage. PSYCHOTROPHUM 7. Herbaceum repens filvaticum foliis fubrotundo-cor- datis oppofitis, floribus paucioribus alaribus, laci- niis corolle ere&to-patentibus. Viola folio Bacifera. Slo. Cat. 115. 1979 Saco WV 1 ) , ស… ! bo Jaſminum. Inodorum repens &c. Barreri 63. obertes Pri lo son Karinta Kab. H. M. tab. 21. bi ant bas ning dolz. The ſmall creeping Pſychotrophum with Ground-Ivy Leaves. All theſe plants are very common in Jamaica ; they are for the moſt part ſhruby, and riſe generally from three to fix or ſeven feet in height. The leaves are difpofed in an oppoſite order in all of them, and the foot-ſtalks generally ſupported with ſtipula at their inſertions: the flowers are commonly in looſe cluſters, and ter- minate the ſtalks and branches ; but the laſt fort, whoſe characters agree pretty well both with theſe and the coffee, is intirely a creeper, ſhoots by a veryſlender ſtalk, and roots almoſt at every joint: They are all natives of the woods, and grow beſt . ។ ព. . in a rich ſhady foil. The ſeeds of all the ſpecies are pretty much like thoſe of coffee. ds si lliw stois bolo vloomance COFFEA 1. Frufticoſa foliis oppoſitis, floribus plurimis feffilibus ad alas. Coffea. L. Sp. Pl. & H. Cl. Coffea Arabica, &c. Pk. Ph. t. 272. f. 1. Buttoo oog Ilso ves Arbor Yemenſis. Fructum Coffé ferens, &c. &c. Duglas. tavidlo tavom En boy and I The Coffee-tree. il est at montsulano 3 No. 5 3 a a a This ſhrub has been long introduced and cultivated in the Illand of Jamaica ; where it grows very luxuriantly, and riſes frequently to the height of eight or nine feet, ſpreading its flexile branches to a conſiderable diſtance on every ſide: it thrives beſt in a rich ſoil, and cool ſhaded ſituation, where it can be duly refreſhed with a moderate ſhare of moiſture ; and in ſuch a ſoil and ſituation, it generally produces ſo great a quantity of fruit, that the branches can hardly ſuſtain the weight, tho® bending to the ground; and you may frequently obſerve the very trunk to yield to the load. The tree however is obſerved to grow and thrive almoſt in every foil about the mountains, and will frequently produce great quantities of fruit in the drieſt ſpots, tho' in Arabia, where this plant is a native and had been firſt propa- gated and brought into uſe, it is obſerved to be cultivated between the hills; and yet the drought of the place is ſuch, that they are frequently obliged to refreſh the roots with water, which, as it is often wanted in that country is generally conveyed by gutters or chanels thro' every piece. ola It is a general remark in England, and indeed a certain one, that the coffee im- ported from America does not anſwer ſo well as that of the growth of Arabia, nor is it owing (as ſome imagine) to any foreign fume, or vapours it might have contracted in the paſſage, tho' great care ſhould be always taken to prevent any acquiſition of this nature ; for even there, what is commonly uſed will neither parch, or mix like the Turkey coffee ; but this has been hitherto owing to the want of U u 162 THE NATURAL HISTORY Show of obſervation, or knowing the nature of the grain, moſt people being attentive to the quantity of the produce, while the qualities are but ſeldom conſidered. I have been many years in thoſe colonies ; and being always a lover of coffee, have been often obliged to put up with the produce of the country in its different ſtates : This gave me room to make many obſervations upon this grain, and I dare ſay they are ſuch as will be conſtantly found true, and (if rightly regarded) will ſoon put the inhabitants of our Americans Colonies, in a way of ſupplying the mother country with as good coffee as we ever had from Turkey, or any other part of the world: For the eaſier underſtanding of this aſſertion, I ſhall ſet down the Remarks I have made, as they occur. 1. New coffee will never parch or mix well, uſe what art you will. This pro- ceeds from the natural clammineſs of the juices of the grain, which requires a ſpace of time proportioned to its quantity to be wholly deſtroyed. 2. The ſmaller the grain, and the leſs pulp the berry is, the better the coffee and the ſooner it will parch, mix, and acquire a flavour. 3. The drier the ſoil, and the warmer the ſituation, the better the coffee it pro- duces will be, and the ſooner it will acquire a flavour. 4. The larger and the more ſucculent the grain, the worſe it will be, the more clammy, and the longer in acquiring a flavour. 5. The worſt coffee produced in America will in a courſe of years, not exceed- ing ten or fourteen, be as good, parch and mix as well, and have as high a flavour as the beſt we now have from Turkey, but due care ſhould be taken to keep it in a dry place, and to preſerve it properly. 6. Small grained coffee, or that which is produced in a dry ſoil, and warm fitua- tion, will in about three years be as good, and parch as well as that which is now commonly uſed in the coffee-houſes in London. From sau orbis to Theſe are facts founded on repeated experiments, which I have tried from time to time, during my reſidence in Jamaica, tho' it be very rare to ſee what a man may call good coffee in the Inland, for they generally drink it a la Sultan (a), and never reſerve more than is fufficient to ſupply them from one year to another. I have examined the Turkey coffee with great care ſince I came to England, and conclude from the ſize of the grain, the frequent abortion of one of the ſeeds, and the narrowneſs of the ſkin that contains the pulp, that the ſhrub muſt be greatly ftunted in its growth; and from hence judge, that whoever endeavours to produce good coffee, and ſuch as would mellow as ſoon as that of Arabia ; or expect ſeeds that may have the ſame flavour, muſt try what can be produced in the lower hills and mountains of the ſouthern part of the Iſland; nay, even try what the Savannas will bear; and I am perſwaded it would anſwer well in many places about the foot of the long mountain near Kingſton: an acre or two may be eaſily tried in any part, and the experiment will be well worth the labour ; but whoever is for having greater crops, muſt keep among the mountains, where the trees grow and Thoot out more luxuriantly. Where-ever this ſhrub is cultivated, it ſhould be planted at diſtances proportioned to its growth, for in a dry gravelly, or mixed foil, it ſeldom riſes above five feet, and may be conveniently planted within that diſtance of each other ; but among the mountains of Jamuica, where it frequently riſes to the height of nine or ten feet, or more, it requires a larger ſcope, and in ſuch a ſoil can be hardly planted nearer than eight or ten feet to each other ; I have however frequently known them crowded in ſuch places, and yet produce a great quantity of fruit . The gentlemen of Jamaica imagine, that a great deal of the richneſs and fla- vour of the Turkey coffee depends upon their methods of drying it; but this is boo 1909 (a) This I take to be rather the infuſion of the half-burnt Aakes of new coffee, (for it never will parch, grind, or mix properly while freſh) like that commonly uſed by the coffee.planters in Jamaica, than a decoction of the covering, as it is commonly reported to be. an ; 20. . lor it heren Yя о Е. ЈА FJ A M A IC A. M. 163 1 а. a a the feeds, and a fresh colour 3 an ill-grounded notion, for the berries, as well as the trees, being naturally ſtunted in their growth in moſt parts of Arabia, they have but little pulp, and are very eaſily dried in that warm climate, where a few days fun generally compleats the work, without being at the trouble of ſtriping them of any part of their more juicy coats before hand: but tho' I am ſatisfied the Turkey coffee receives no addition from any peculiar method of drying it, I am equally convinced that great quan- tities of that produced in the woody parts of Jamaica, where the berries are large and ſucculent, and the ſeeds lax and clammy, are greatly prejudiced by the methods uſed there ; ſuch berries ſhould be undoubtedly ſtriped of a great part of the pulp, and the ſeeds carried down to the low-lands, where the heat is much greater and more conſtant, to be dried; and not left foaking in their clammy juices, to dry but flowly in a damp air, as they generally do in many parts of that Iland; but this is no prejudice to the ſale of it among the northern purchaſers, who generally look upon the largeſt and fatteſt grain as the beſt, nor do they chuſe it by any other marks than the plumpneſs of the ſeeds, and a freſh colour which generally is a blueiſh- pale in new coffee. Such as have large coffee-walks, ſhould be provided with a convenient bar- bakue, or platform, to dry theſe ſeeds more commodiouſly upon; and I think it would be well worth while to try whether ſweating would deſtroy any of the clammineſs peculiar to the ſeeds of the larger berries; but theſe ſhould be always pulped and dried as ſoon as poſſible ; nor do I imagine but the caſe and ſpeed whereby they might be dried in the low-lands, would be a ſufficient recompence for the trouble of carrying them there, as they are picked from the trees. id two After the fruit is well dried, it muſt be huſked, and the ſeeds cleared from all the outward coverings, to fit and prepare them for the market. This is generally done in Jamaica by pounding the dried berries lightly in large wooden mortars, until, after a long continued labour, both the dried pulp and inward membranous coverings are broke, and fall to pieces among the ſeeds : The whole is then winnowed, cleared, expoſed afreſh to the ſun for ſome days, and then caſked for the market. But the Arabians, after having dried their coffee ſufficiently on matts, ſpread it on an even floor, and brake off the covering by paſſing a large weighty roller of ſome heavy wood or ſtone to and fro upon it, and when the huſks are well broke in this , manner, it is winnowed and expoſed to the ſun a-new, until it is very well dried ; for other- wiſe it is apt to heat on board the ſhips, and then it loſes all its flavour. The drink prepared from the ſeed of this plant is now generally uſed all over Europe, and many parts of Apa and America: it is generally eſteemed as an excel- lent ſtornachic, and ſtrengthner of the nerves ; and peculiarly adapted for ſtudious and ſedentary people. The plants are propagated by the ſeeds, and, to raiſe them ſucceſsfully, the whole berries ſhould be ſown foon after they are gathered from the trees ; for if they be kept but a ſhort time out of ground, they are apt to fail : but when the plants riſe about five or fix inches above the earth, if double, (as they generally are) they ſhould be ſeparated, which is done by drawing one or both, parting the roots, and planting them again in ſeparate beds. When the young plants are removed from a bed, or from under the parent-tree where they generally grow in great abundance, great care ſhould be they are replanted; for Jure the roots, and to preſerve the earth about them until , are very ſubject to periſh, which is the reaſon they have not this beautiful tree more common in the gardens about the lower lands of Jamaica, where very few tranſ- plants of the kind thrive, being generally pulled up very bare, the layers laid-by commonly for thirty or forty hours afterwards, and then carried a conſiderable diſtance in the heat of the ſun : but ſuch as would have 'em proſper well, ſhould be careful to procure plants that are well ſupplied with mould from their native beds; or to raiſe them immediately from the ſeeds, 5 ragul T 3 CHI a 164 THE NATURAL HISTORY on 32 too 9 10 cotton baton CHIOCOCCA 1. Sarmentoſa foliis myrtineis oppoſitis, Spicis plurimis tenu- iſſimis & terminatibus & ex alis fupremis. sib Lonicera. Racemis lateralibus fimplicibus floribus pendulis foliis integerimis. L. Sp. Pl. biel w Obud.ba od Jaſminim. Forte folio myrtineo, aliorum adminaculo fe fuftinens, &c. Slo. Cat. 169, an. Hift. 1. p. 97, t. 188. Pittonia. Plum. & Hert. Parifienfis. Ons Snow-berry, or David's-root. tano zbura arlo bas douro Periantium. Minimum ſubtumidum pregnans, quinque denticulis coronatum. on ei Corolla. Satis magna monopetala conico-campanulata caduca, limbus quinque-partitus, laciniis acuminatis ere&tis brevibus. Stamina. Filamenta quinque ere&to patentia flore longiora, antheræ ovata. Piſtillum. Germen minimum fubrotundum calice te&tum & coronatum, ſtilus tenuis fimplex longitudine ſtam. ftigma fimplex. 800 790. Pericarpium. Bacca ſubrotunda leniter compreſſa pulpoſa nivea bilocularis, den- ticulis calicis coronata.) Semina. Duo ſubrotunda, compreſa ſolitaria. To ert 1 This genus has been hitherto confounded with the Tournefortia, from which have now juſtly ſeparated it: The plant deſcribed here grows very common in the lower hilly lands of Jamaica, eſpecially thoſe between Spaniſh-town and St. Faith's; it begins to branch immediately above the root, riſes by many ſhoots and flender twigs, from four to ſeven or eight feet, ſometimes more; but when ſo luxu- riant, it requires to be ſupported by ſome of the neighbouring ſhrubs, without which it would not be able to ſtand : The flower-ſpikes are very ſlender and numerous towards the top of the branches, and ſhoot from thence as well as from the alæ of the upper leaves, or leſſer branches; the berries are of a ſnowy colour, and looſe texture, very numerous, and of a round but ſomewhat compreſſed figure, each containing two compreſſed feeds. The root of the plant has much the ſame bitter acrid taſte with the ſenekā ſnake root, and has been a long time uſed as a ſtrong reſolutive and attenuant in thoſe co- lonies: I have known it adminiſtered with great ſucceſs in obſtinate rheumatiſms, and old venereal taints ; nor is it intirely uſeleſs even in the Spina Ventoſa (common- ly called Boneake.) I have frequently obſerved very ſtubborn complaints eaſed, and ſometimes removed by the continued uſe of this, and a few mercurial alterants ; but it is beſt uſed in decoctions, which may be made either ſtronger or weaker, or impregnated with other ingredients as occafion requires. The ſmaller the plant grows the more ſharp and biteing the root is, and conſequently the better. CHIOCOCCA. 2. Scandens farmætis tenuiſſimis & fere indivifis. on The climbing Snow-berry. do I have ſeen one plant of this kind in the woods between St. Thomas's and Man- geneel; it grew to a conſiderable height among the trees, and threw down ſome of its ſlender twigs again to the ground : Iam apt to think it a different ſpecies, tho' the leaves are very like thoſe of the former plant. PORTLANDIA 1. Foliis majoribus nitidis ovatis oppofitis, floribus am- pliſſimis Tab. xi, An, Tecomaxachill. H. 408?, bloom <7201 , yo :00 An, bailaquitow us only 1000 of The large-leafʼd Portlandia. voisibonuci mata 3 Pk. 329.6. men du 2 Pe. Y TO OF Tj А М А I c A. HI 165 Periantium. Pentaphyllum, foliolis oblongo-lanceolatis, germini incidentibus. Corolla. Monopetala tubulata ; tubus longiſſimus (ſex ſcilicet vel ſeptem unciarum) fenfim ampliatus, & fere infundibuli-formis, limbus quinque crenatus. am. Filamenta quinque valida longitudine fere floris; antheræ longifſime. Piſtillum. Germen oblongum pentagonum, foliolis calicis coronatum, ftilus fima plex, longitudine ftam. Stigma oblongum quafi accretum. Pericarpium. Capſula oblongo-ovata, quinque friis longitudinalibus ſulcata, re- No , tufa, & foliolis calicis coronata ; bilocularis, bivalvis , ab apice Semina. Plurima ſubrotunda compreſa. This ſhrub grows chiefly about the foot of the mountains, and thrives very luxuá riantly among the rocks : it riſes by a branched ſtem, and ſhoots generally to the height of eight or nine feet ; but the trunk ſeldom exceeds two inches and a half in diameter, and is covered with a thick furrowed bark. The leaves are large, ſmooth, and oppoſite, of an oval form, and entire at the edges; the flowers are white, pretty open, and long; and the fruit a moderate lignous capſula, crowned with five diſtinct leaves, and divided into two cells, adorned with five longitudinal ridges. This plant is called by the name of Portlandia, after the preſent dutcheſs of Portland, whº is a great lover of Botany, and well acquainted with the Engliſh plants. ALIS ERITHALIS 1. Fruticulofa foliis obovatis craffis nitidis oppofitis, pedunculis ramofis ad alas fuperiores. Tab. 17. f. 3. . & The ſhruby Erithalis. Periantium. Subrotundum truncatum cyathiforme minimum germine pregnans. Corolla. Monopetala in quinque lucinias linearis ere&ta-patentes ad baſem fecta. Stam. Filamenta quinque ere&to-patentia Corolla dimido breviora, antheræ oblongæ. Piſtillum. Germen fubrotundum margine calicis coronatum, ftilus fimplex longi- tudine ſtam. Stigma acutum. Pericarpium. Bacca decem-locularis globoſa parva ſeminibus plurimis referta. See tab. 17. f. 3a 3а. :23 nedolygon ERITHALIS 2. Arboreſcens floribus racemofis foliis venofis integris. The arboreſcent Erithalis. Both theſe ſhrubs are found about the north-eaſt parts of the Iſland; the former grows among the cliffs that lie to the weſt of Port-Antonio, and ſeldom riſes above two or three feet. I found the other about Mangenul-bay, where it grows to the height of eight or ten feet. 2 III MACROCNEMUM 1. Arboreſcens foliis ovatis oppoſitis, racemis ſuſtena taculis longis incidentibus. old The oval leaf'd Macrocnemum. Periantium. Minimum quinquedentatum germine pregnans. Corolla. Monopetala tutulata, minor ; limbus in quinque lacinias ovdtas erectos conniventes ſectus. Stam. Filamenta quinque villofa longitudine tubi floris & inferne tubo ad- nata, ſuperne libera ; antheræ ovate compreſa in fauce corolla lòa cate. XX I Pic 166 THE NA TAU RAL HISTORY I 3 NOVOTE Piſtillum. Germen longum obverſe conicum denticulis calicis coronatum, ſtilus fimplex longitudine tubifloris , ftigma bilobum obtufufculum. Ida Pericarpium. Capſula oblonga abverſe conica bilocularis. Semina. Plurima imbricatam pohta. This ſmall tree is ſometimes found about Mangenul; it riſes generally to the height of twelve or fourteen feet, and ſeems by the fruit to approach pretty near the Campanula, but the diſpoſition and make of the filaments are very different. OD 1.0101 93.9 CAMPANULA 1. Arboreſcens foliis ovat o-acuminatis verticillatem terna- tis, Nipulis acuminatis interpofitis; capſulis quinque locularibus. An, Nerio affinis, &c. Slo. H. t. 183. ST oboty CAMPANULA 2. Minor fruteſcens, foliis ovatis oppofitis ftipulis acutis is basertoni o interpofitis, capſulis quinque locularibus. Tab. 14. fig. I. ' tout corrals The ſhruby American Campanula's. bin sortit be The ſize of theſe plants, and the different diſpoſitions of their leaves, ſeem to make the whole difference between the two ſpecies, the firſt grows generally to the height of nine or ten feet, the latter ſeldom exceeds four : the flowers are yellow, and the leaves intire in both. por lo torweb BUTNERIA 1. Arborea foliis majoribus oblongo-ovatis oppoſitis, floribus fitte 165 gularibus. SATIE An, Ebenus Arbor India Orientalis, &c. Thez. Zey. P.91? The Bull-Apple-tree. Periantium. Campanulatum quinque dentatum minus, dentibus acutis reflectens tibus. contains Corolla. Monopetala tubulata major fauce leniter ampliata, limbus in quinquè greco stads_lacinias lanceolatas fe&tus. 12 Stamina. Filamenta quinque breviffima; antheræ longe adnata per longitudinem tubi & faucis floris porre&te. Piſtillum. Germen fubrotundum calice te&tum & laciniis coronatum, ftilus ſimplex longitudine tubi floris ; ftigma obtufum. Pericarpium. Pomum magnum globofum coronatum, malo punico fimillimum, uniloculare, linea longitudinali intere bifariam fulcatum, pul- pá repletum. Semina. Plurima nidulantia. Protoioder o 3. This tree grows very common in the pariſh of St. James's; and riſes generally to the height of fourteen or fixteen feet the leaves are large, loval, and oppoſite; and the fruit very like a pomegranate both in fize and form. . MIRABILIS 1. Foliis ovatis feminibus pulchre reticulatis, radice carnoſa. - Mirabilis L. Sp. Pl. & H. C. UMO Jalappa Parvo fore, &c. Inf. & Th. Zey. Admirabilis Peruviana, &c. Slo. Cat. 91. Mirabilis Peruv. Piſ. 208. Jalap, or the Four o’ Clock Flower. This plant is very common in the Illand of Jamaica, and riſes generally by a branched ſtalk to the height of about two feet and a half: the leaves are oval and pointed, and diſpoſed pretty thick along the branches; the flowers grow ſingle, they are of a moderate fize, and like thoſe of the tulip, change their colours with the ſoil , 10 and OF A ЈА М А І С А. Н. 167 and methods of culture ; they are ſometimes wholly yellow, often red, but commonly mixed, and change their ihades to a great variety; theſe are followed by ſo many roundiſh ſeeds that ſtand upon the expanded cups. The root ſliced and preferved opens the body ; it has been ſometimes dried and powdered, and then adminiſtered for Jalap; it purges moderately, but requires too large a doſe to be adminiſtered in fo diſagreeable a form, and ſeldom anſwers to our wiſhes even in that quantity. It is cultivated in Jamaica chiefly for the beauty of its flowers, which are always obſerved to open with the cool, and from thence called Four O'Clock Flowers. 05 se a , NICOTIANA 1. Foliis amplis oblongo-ovatis, floribus comojis. Nicotiana. Foliis ovatis. L. H. C. & Sp. Pl. Pecume Pir. 206. arole Tobacco This plant was probably firſt introduced here by the Spaniards. But it is ſtill cultivated by the negroes and poorer fort of white people in many parts of the Iſland: it has ſome narcotic qualities, but it is chiefly uſed among us as a ſternu- tatory. The lighter decoction of the leaves, &c. are both purgative and emetic, as well as the juice ; but when it continues for a conſiderable time upon the fire, the more acrid particles evaporate, and it becomes a ſtrong reſolutive and ſudorific, and has been frequently obſerved to anſwer beyond expectation in old catarrhes, and aſthmas. The fumes are ſometimes injected by the way of gliſter in the Co- lica Pictonum and Miſerere, and have been often found to provoke a diſcharge downward when no other medicines would anſwer. The leaves pounded are fre- quently applied to foul or neglected fores in America, and obſerved to anſwer better than any ointments in moſt of thoſe that lie in the depending parts. Both the infuſion and juice of the plant is uſed indiſcriminately to waſh and cleanſe the fores of cattle, for it has been long obſerved to preſerve them free from maggots, and to deſtroy moſt forts of vermin. DOT DATURA 1. Poliis profunde crenatis, fructu ere&to ſpinoſo. Datura Pericarpiis ſpinoſis erectis ovatis . L.H. C. & Sp. Pl. Stramonium Zey. Thez. Zey.& humatu ja. &c. H. M. p. 2. f. 28. Stramonia Altera major five Tatura, &c. Slo. Cat. 59, & Hift. p. 159. cs The Thorn-apple or Burn-weed. This plant is very common in moſt of the low-lands of Jamaica, and indeed all over America, where it generally riſes to the height of three feet, or better. All the parts of this plant are remarkably narcotic, tho' ſeldom adminiſtered inwardly on account of thoſe dreadful perturbations of the mind that generally attend the taking of it: the juice however and ſeeds are frequently uſed with great ſucceſs in external appli- cations in thoſe parts of the world; they are commonly made into ointments, and applied in ſcalds and other painful fores, where they give very evident marks of thoſe narcotic qualities with which they are plentifully endowed. The ſeeds have been ſometimes given internally to half a fcruple. Todo otot enob and COLLOCOCCUS 1. Foliis rugoſis venoſis oblongo-ovatis, floribus laxe race- mofis. AI Ceraſo Affinis Arbor baccifera, &c. Slo. Cat. 169, & H. t. 203. Ceraſa Americana Filiis rugoſis, fructu viſcido. Pk. Phy. t. 158, f. 1. Malpigia Ramis divaricatis. Miller. POV in si ort The clammy Cherry, or Turkey-berry-tree. Periantium. Parvum monophyllum campanulatum perhſtens ore tri vel quinque crenato. Corolla. Monopetala in quinque lacinias ovatas, & calice duplo longiores ad baſem fere feeta. Sta- a I 168 THE NATUR À HISTORY و Stamina. Filamenta quinque hirſuta infiJuris floris oppofita & inferne tubo Corolla adnata, antheræ cordato-lamellata. Piſillum. Germen ovatum, ftilus inferne ſimplex erectus, ad apicem diviſus in quatuor lacinias divaricantes ; Stigmata oblonga irregularia. Pericarpium. Bacca fubrotunda oblique & lateraliter aucta, ſucco viſcoſo tur- gida, unilocularis, monoſpermis. An aliter in germine? Semin. Nucleus bilobus nauco oſſeo rugoſo præditus. This tree grows frequently in the lower lands of Jamaica, and in moſt of the other Iſlands, but it ſeldom riſes above 14 or 16 feet, and ſpreads pretty much at the top. The leaves are oval, rugged, obliquely veined, and diſpoſed alternately; the berries are red, ſucculent, of the ſize of our ſmalleſt European cherries, and diſa poſed in umbellated groups. The turkeys and other poultry feed much upon the fruit of this tree ; the pulp is ſweetiſh, and of a clammy conſiſtence. COLLOCOCCUS 2. Platyphyllus major, racemis umbellatis. . Prunus Racemoſa foliis oblongis birſutis maximis, &c. Slo. Cat. 184, & H. 2. 130, t. 221. The Broad-leafʼd Cherry-tree. This tree grows chiefly in the lower woods, and riſes to a conſiderable height, but is ſeldom found above twelve or fixteen inches in diameter, and ſhoots generally by a ſtraight trunk. The leaves are very large and rough, and the berries white, and much of the ſize of thoſe of the foregoing: the heart of the tree is of a yellowiſh colour, and a pretty good timber wood. EHRETIA 1. Arborea, foliis oblongo-ovatis alternis, racemis terminalibus. Tab. 16. f. 1.. Ceraſo affinis Arbor baccifera racemoſa, &c. Slo. Cat. 169. & H. t. 203. The Baſtard Cherry-tree. Periantium. Monophyllum parvum quinque crenatum perfiftens. Corolla. Monopetala campanulata ad medietatem in quinque lacinias reflexas ovato-acuminatas fe&ta. Stamina. Filamenta quinque longitudine floris, recedentia ; antheræ fubrotunda. Piſtillum. Germen ſubrotundum ; ftilus leniter bifidus, longitudine ſtaminum; ſtig- mata obtufuſcula. Pericarpium. Bacca ſucculenta bilocularis, binis nucleolis bilocularibus & bi- Spermibus hinc convexis inde planis, referta. This tree is pretty common in the lower lands of Jamaica, and riſes generally to the height of fixteen or twenty feet : the berries are ſmall, and ſeldom exceed the largeſt of our European currants in ſize; they ſerve to feed our poultry, and are ſometimes eat by the poorer ſort of people. This tree has been called Ehretia, after the ingenious G. D. Ebret, who has already obliged the world with many botanical diſcoveries of his own, beſides a great number of beautiful and accurate diſſections of plants, which he has done for other people. BOURRERIA 1. Arborea foliis ovatis alternis, racemis rarioribus tere minalibus. Tab. 15, fig. 2. Jaſminum Periclimeni folio flore albo, &c. Slo. Cat. 169, & H. t. 204. The Bourreria with oval Leaves. Pe- 3 ; 10 OF TA MA IAC A. 169 a , . OD Periantium. Monophyllum in quinque partes lanceolatas ad medietatem fere divi- ſum, inciſuris & laciniis aliquando inequalibus. Corolla. Monopetala tubulata ; tubus Cylindraceus calice duplo longior, limbus in quinque lacinias equales oblongas obtufas patentes ſeetus. Stamina. Filamenta quinque, inferne tubo corolla adnata, erecta & tubo floris lon- giora ; antheræ ſagittata. Piſtillum. Germen ovato-quadrigonum, ftilus longitudine ftaminum ad apicem bi- fidus ; ftigmata craſſiuſcula. Pericarpium. Bacca ſucculenta, quatuor nucleis bilocularibus, quadantes Sphere mentientibus referta. 18 Semina. Nuclei biloculares biſpermes, externe ſulcis membranaceis five lamel- bomore loſis parallelis obligue diſpoſitis ornati, lateribus glabris. This tree grows in the Savannas, and ſeldom riſes above fourteen or fifteen feet from the ground; its leaves are generally of an inverted oval form, and its berries of a faffron colour. I have called it after Mr. Bourer, an apothecary of Nuremberg, who was a great promoter of natural hiſtory. TOURNEFORTIA 1. Scandens foliis birtis rugoſis ovatis fpicis ramoſis. Tournefortia. Foliis ovato-lanceolatis fpicis ramoſis pendulis. L. Sp. Pl. Heliotropii Flore frutex baccifer, folio rugoſo fætido maximo ſubrotundo hirſuto, fruétu albo. Slo. Cat. 173. & H. t. 212. cos The larger Scandent Tournefortia. This plant raiſes itſelf generally by the help of the neighbouring trees, and ſhoots ſometimes to a conſiderable height in the woods ; every plant of the whole genus ſeems to have a great analogy with the turnſole, for they generally bear their flowers, and throw out their ſpikes in the ſame manner. Plumier has always con- founded the ſpecies of the Chionodus, (which we have already deſcribed) with theſe plants; and this confuſion has impoſed on Linnæus, who deſcribes this genus with two ſeeds and a covered berry, but continues the ſpecies like the other, they are however very diſtinct, for in this the flower is perfectly the ſame as that of the Heliotrope, the ſpikes and diſpoſition nearly the ſame, but the fruit is a pulpy berry, containing four ſeparate ſeeds, and is always lodged upon the calex. TOURNEFORTIA 2. Fruteſcens humilis, foliis maximis oblongo ovatis ru- gofis, Spicis pendulis rarioribus, ramulis craſis fulcatis. Tournefortia Foliis ovatis integerimis nudis, Spicis cymofis. L. Sp. Pl. Heliotropii Flore frutex folio maximo, &c. Slo. Cat. 173, & H. t. 212. The large leafʼd Shruby Tournefortia. This plant is ſometimes obſerved in the woods, and may be reckoned rather a plant of a few years ſtanding than a ſhrub ; it riſes generally from five to ſeven, or eight feet in height, and is remarkable for the thickneſs of its upper branches, and the length of its pendulous flower-ſpikes: the leaves are very large, ſometimes a foot or more in length. TOURNEFORTIA 3. Reclinata diffufa, & hirſuta, foliis ovatis, ramulis rectis validis. 30 The Baſket-Withe. citi srods able wolor This do ti bodlitbir ފް a a ху 170 THE NATURAL HISTORY This plant is pretty much like the firſt ſpecies, grows very luxuriantly, and ſtretches ſometimes many feet from the main root : it is generally uſed for dung- baſkets about the country. TOURNEFORTIA 4. Fruticofa ſcandens ; baccis niveis maculis nigris notatis. Tournefortia Foliis ovatis acuminatis, peteolis reflexis caule volubili. L. Sp. Pl. Pittonia Scandens bois de Chaplet Gallis dieta Dom. de Juſieu. Brionia Nigra fruticofa, &c. Slo. Cat. 106, & H. t. 143. 2. The climbing Tournefortia with ſpotted Berries and flender Branches. This plant is very common about Kingſton ; it is a weakly climbing ſhrub with very ſlender flexile branches, and riſes generally to the height of ſeven or eight feet, or better ; it is very remarkable for the black ſpots upon its berries, but they vary with the number of the ſeeds, which are ſometiines one, ſometimes two or more ; tho' conſtantly four in the germen and more perfect ſpecimens. TOURNEFORTIA 5. Subfruticoſa, foliis ſubincanis oblongis, fronde comoſa. Thymeliæ Facie frutex marinus, &c. Slo. Cat. H. t. 162, f. 4. The Aſh-coloured Sea-ſide Tournefortia. This plant is found by the ſea-ſide, near the burough in St. James's ; it is of a fhruby make, and ſeldom riſes above three or four feet from the ground. GERASCANTHUS I. Foliis ovato-oblongis, utrinque produ&is, racemis 1. terminalibus. Tab. 29 f. 3. 6 Cordia Foliis ovatis integerimis. L. Sp. Pl. An, Nerio affinis Arbor verſicoloræ materie, &c. Slo. Cat. 155. & H. t. Cordiæ & Sebaſtina botanicorum ſpecies.de Jooww 7 oe wod on in Spaniſh Elm, or Prince-wood. to басitsi. Periantium. Cylindraceum oblongum ftriatum tri quadri vel quinque crenatuni perſiſtens. Corolla. Monopetala infundibuliformis perfiftens, tubus cylindraceus calice longior fauce limiter ampliata; limbus major patens & obliquus in quinque lacinias oblongas retufas, ad facem fere fectus. Stamina. Filamenta quingue tubo corolle inferne adnata, in fauce libera ere&ta; antheræ oblonga. Piftillum. Germen ovatum intra tubum floris fitum, ftilus eretus faminibus hloe zodinirao erecta adnata. brevior bipartitus, laciniis remotis bifidis ; ftigmata oblonga Pericarpium. Drupa oblongo-cvata intra calicem immutatum & tubum corolla diſtentum repoſita, & floreque marcido perfiftenti coronata; nux tenuis lignoſus quadrilocularis, dilepimentis duobus quando- que omnibus interruptis. Semina. Oblongo-cvata ſolitaria, quorum tria plerumque abortiunt. TUOT This tree grows in many parts of Jamaica, and is generally eſteemed as one of the beſt timber woods in the Iſland; it riſes to a conſiderable height, but ſeldom exceeds twenty or thirty inches in diameter, eſpecially in the low lands, where it is moſt common : it is pretty much branched towards the top, and furniſhed with ob- long nervous leaves ; the flowers are very white, and grow in great numbers at the ex AO FI AM A I CA. 171 a a . extremities of the branches; but as the Germen grows larger, they fade and turn of a dark or dirty brown colour, and continue upon the tree until the whole fruit, which ſeldom grows to a perfect ſtate, falls off. The diſpoſition of the cup and ſtile fhew this to be very nearly allied to the clammy cherry and Cordia; but as we are now acquainted with two diſtinct ſpecies of this laſt fort, that have each fix Stamina conſtantly, and as I have never been able to obſerve above one lodge and embrio in the Germen's of the Collococcus, I have ſeparated them, according to rules of the ſyſtem I now follow. The wood of this tree is of a dark brown colour, and gently ſtriped ; it is tough and elaſtic, of a fine grain, and eaſily worked. CHRYSOPHYLLUM 1. Fructu majori globoſo, foliis ſubíus ferugineis. Tab. 14. f. 2. Chryſophyllum L. Gen. Sp. P. & H. CI. Anona. Foliis ſubtus ferugineis fručtu rotundo, & Slo. Cat. 206. H. t. 219. Anona. Frutu rubicundo, &c. Muf. & Thez. Zey. lo The Star Apple-tree. Pericarpium. Pentaphyllum foliolis minoribus cochleatis ovatis. Corolla. Monopetala campanulata in quinque lacinias ovatas erecto-patentes ad medietatem fexta. Stamina. Filamenta quinque breviſſima ab imâ laciniarum corolla ſupra faucem orta ; antheræ cordatæ conniventes. Piſtillum. Germen ſubrotundum decemloculare, ftilus nullus vel breviſſimus, ftigma obtufuſculum radiatum. Pericarpium. Bacca globofa fucculenta decemlocularis. Semina. Ovata compreſſa nitentia, ad alteram marginem rugoſa & cicatricula quafi obdučia. in lache CHRYSOPHYLLUM 2. Fructu minori glabro, foliis fubtus ferugineis. 1911 ont en The Damſon Plumb. The laſt of theſe plants is found wild in many parts of Jamaica, but feldom grows to any conſiderable ſize : the other is cultivated all over the country, and thrives with very little care; it riſes commonly-to a conſiderable ſize, and ſpreads much in its growth, but its branches, like thoſe of the other fort, are very flender and flexile, and hang down whenever they are charged with fruit. This, like the Achras (to whom both the fruit, ſeeds, and other particulars, ſeem to ſhew it very nearly allied) is full of milk, and the fruit retains it even in the moſt perfect ſtate'; but tho’ this juice be rough and aftringent in the bark, and other parts of the tree, and even in the fruit before it ripens; yet when it grows to full perfcction, it becomes ſweet and gelatinous with an agreeable clammineſs, and is very much eſteemed. The juice of this fruit (a little before it is perfectly ripe) being mixed with a ſmall quantity of orange juice, (or eating both fruit at a time,) binds the body more than any thing I have ever known, and doubtleſs would make a very powerful remedy on many occaſions ; but I doubt if the action of the fire would not take off a great deal of the native roughneſs of the juice, in caſe it had been in- ſpiſſated by that means. I doubt if this ought to be ſeparated from the Achras on any account, tho’ the characters of the flower differ in many reſpects ; the Germen has ten diſtinct łodges, but moſt of the ſeeds abort, and when the fruit is ripe, it ſeldom contains above four or five. IA VAR- a 172 THE NATURAL HISTORY OH t. 194. do ou did ; VARRONIA (a) 1. Fruticoſa foliis rugoſis ovatis fubhirſutis ferratis alternis, capitulis fubrotundis. Tab. 13. f. 2. Lantana Foliis alternis floribus corimboſis . L. Sp. Pl. Periclimenum Rectum, &c. foliis alternatum fitis. Slo. Cat. 164. & H. mens gbol Coo olur 07 The round ſpiked Varronia. Receptaculuin. Commune ſimplex in caput ſtinctum colligit flores ſepiles. Periantium. Monophyllum campanulatum perhſtens ; limbus in quinque lacinias tenuiſſimas, longas reflexas vel intortas diviſus. Corolla. Monopetala tubulato-campanulata, limbus quinquecrenatus fimbriatus. Stamina. Filamenta quinque inferne tubo corolla ad medietatem adnata Corolla breviora, antheræ fagittata. Piſtillum. Germen ovatum liberum in fundo calicis fitum, ftilus fimplex longi- tudine fere ftam ; ftigmata quatuor oblonga ere&to-patentia ab apice ſtili aſſurgentia. Pericarpium. Bacca ovata fucculenta bilocularis calice fuffulta. Semina. Nucleoli fubrotundi ſolitarii biloculares, biſpermes . VARRONIA 2. Afurgens farmentoſa, foliis & capitulis oblongis. An, Lantana Foliis alternis fpicis oblongis . L. Sp. Pl. Sed non ſalvia bars badienſibus, &c. Pk. t. 221. f. 3. The Varronia with oblong Spikes. Both theſe plants are common in the lower and woody lands of Jamaica ; they are both ſhruby, but the former ſeldom riſes above three or four feet in height, and is furniſhed with a number of flender, crooked, and intermixed branches : the other is much of the ſame make towards the top, but is generally found climbing or leaning on the neighbouring ſhrubs, by whoſe help it riſes frequently to the height of many feet above the root. The flowers and texture of the leaves are very like in both. out RHAMNUS. 1. Arboreſcens minor foliis ovatis venofis, pedunculis umbel- lulatis, alaribus fructibus Sphericis. Tab. 29. f. 2., . 2. The ſhruby Rhamnus with bilocular Berries. RHAMNUS 2. Arboreus foliis ovatis venoſis, capfulis Sphericis inferne ad medietatem caliptratis, pedunculis umbellulatis alari- bus, cortice glabro. UT learcoald 3 The larger Rhamnus with a ſmooth Bark. .bs no conto RHAMNUS 3. Foliis ovatis glabris fructibus bilocularibus ſubcaliptratis. f. W0 RHAMNUS 4. Sarmentoſus foliis ovatis venoſis, capſulis trigonis racemofis. 61 Radix fruticoſa lutea, &c. Slo. Cat. 214, & H. 11, 185. of sigo 11 10 The Chaw-ſtick. bistarsty ods 10 ud aybol (a) Ab antiquo illo authore qui de re ruſtica ſcriptis, nomen deſumitur. 10 Covoda All 3 a Tab. 12. I. Sen YOOF JA M A IC A. HT 173 a All theſe ſpecies of the Rhamnus are found in Jamaica; the two firſt ſorts grow generally among the other ſhrubs in the low lands, but the third is a climber, and generally found in the drier hills. The bark of all theſe plants is of a pleaſant bitter taſte, and raiſes a great fermentation in the ſaliva, or any rich liquor it may be agitated with. The third fort is frequently uſed to ferment, and give a lavour to thoſe ſmall diluting liquors called cool drinks ; but is generally kept to rub and clean the teeth, which it really whitens and preſerves far better than any thing I have yet known; for it ſerves both as a bruſh and cleaning powder upon theſe occaſions, RHAMNUS ? An Ziziphus. Arboreſcens foliis oblongo-ovatis hirſutis & leniter ſerratis, floribus minimis, racemis alaribus. Tab. 12. f. 2. Periantium Nullum. Corolla Monopetala, in quinque lacinias oblongas carinatas erecto-conniventes ad bafim ſexta. Stamina. Filamenta quinque brevia intra lacinias corolla recondita; antheræ oblongo-ovata. Piſtill. Germen ovatum, ftilus aqualis fimplex brevis, ftigma fimplex. Pericarpium. Bacca pulpoſa fubrotunda nucleo unico fæta, nauco proprio tecto. This ſhrubby tree grows at the foot of the hill, near Doctor Gregory's at Plan- tain garden river. It ſeldom riſes above ten or twelve feet, and throws out a great a number of looſe branches. od CESTRUM 1. Fruticofum, foliis oblongo-ovatis, floribus faſciculatis pedunculatis alaribus. Ceftrum Floribus pedunculatis, L. H. C. & Sp. Pl. Jaſminum Laurinis foliis flore palide luteo &c. Slo. Cat. 169. & H. t. 204. Blue Poiſon Berries. 12Dole This ſhrub is very common in the lower lands, and ſeldom riſes above feven or eight feet from the ground; the leaves are ſmooth and oval, and the flowers diſpoſed in large groops at the alæ of the leaves; they are ſucceeded by ſo many berries of the ſize of our European black currants, and full of a blue pulp, but the colour is eaſily changed by every acid. The nightingales are ſaid to feed upon the berries of this ſhrub, which are reckoned very poiſonous. a SOLANUM 1. Hirfutum & fpinofum, fructu maximo, calice majori fpinofo. Solanum Caule aculeato fruticoſo foliis repandis calicibus aculeatis, L. Sp. Pl. Solanum Pomiferum &c. Pk. t. 226. f. 3. & Slo. Cat. 108. mesto f hoa Melongena Fru&tu oblongo, &c. Flor. & The. Zey. Nila-Barudena, H. M. p. 10. t. 74. Bmwand The Brown-Jolly, or Bolangena. This plant lives ſome years, and ſeldom riſes above three or four feet in height; it was firſt imported into Jamaica by the Jews, and is now cultivated there by many people. It generally bears a number of large berries, which ſhoot and ripen very gradually; theſe ſliced, pickled for a few hours, and boiled to a ten- derneſs, are uſed inſtead of greens, and frequently ſerved up in plates among the Jews. odlitw od ulio SOLANUM 2. Villofum & ſpinofum, fručtu majori mucronato luteo.ml Solanum Caule aculeato herbaceo, foliis cordatis quinque lobis, calicibus aculea- tis. L. Vir. Clif. &. Sp. Pl. cllow Love a Z z 174 THE NATURAL HISTORY Τ a Love Apple, and Cock-roch Apple. This plant is a native of Jamaica, and makes a beautiful appearance when ad- orned with its large yellow berries : it grows in tufts, and bears its fruits on ſingle footſtalks. The ſmell of the apples is ſaid to kill the Cock-roches, bi SOLANUM 3. Affurgens villoſum & leniter fpinofum, foliis fuperioribus ovato- angulatis geminatis, fructibus faſciculatis & quafi umbellulatis SH minoribus, faſciculis Sparſis. An Solanum Caule inermi fruticoſ, foliis geminis altero minore, floribus ci moſis. L. Sp. Pl. Solanum Bacciferum caule & foliis tomento incanis, &c. Slo. Cat. 107, & H. t. 144. An Juripeba 2. Pil. 181. UTRO 103 Turky Berries. SOLANUM 4. Affurgens trichotomum, foliis ovatis, fructibus minoribus laxe racemoſis, racemis terminalibus. The larger Turky Berries. Both theſe ſpecies are very common in the low lands of Jamaica, and ſo like each other, that they have been commonly taken for the ſame plant: both forts grow much to the ſame height and thickneſs, and ſeldom riſe above ſeven feet from the ground. They bear pretty thick, and the berries, which generally are about the ſize of our European cherries, ſerve to feed the Turkies, from whence they have received the preſent appellation. SOLANUM 5. Ere&tum, caule tereti aculeatiſſimo, foliis oblongis ad bafim inæqualiter porre&tis. Solanum Spiniferum fruteſcens. Pk. t. 225. f. 5. Solanum Fruticoſum bacciferum ſpinofum, &c. Slo. Cat. 108. & H. t. II. The Canker Berry. This plant ſeldom riſes above three feet from the root; but both the ſtem and branches are every where full of ſharp thorns. The berries are bitteriſh, and thought to be very ſerviceable in ſore throats. SOLANUM 6. Humilius diffufum ; foliis ovatis, ramulis marginatis, umbel- lulis florum fparfis. Solanum Caule inermi herbaceo, foliis ovatis dentato-angulatis, umbellis nutantibus, L. Sp. Pl. An Solanum Somniferum off. Thez. Zey. & Aquara-guia, Piſ. 224. The branched Caleloe. This plant is very common in the low lands of Jamaica, and grows frequently in the graſs pieces ; but it ſeldom riſes more than two or three feet from the root. It is remarkable that this plant, which is equally common in Europe, and of a viroſe heavy ſmell and very narcotic quality in theſe cold climates, is void of both in Jamaica, where it is daily uſed for food, and found by long experience to be both a pleaſant and wholeſome green. The negroes at the ferry make uſe of it every day almoſt in the year. The length of the common foot ſtalks, and the length and ſmoothneſs of the branches is the only difference between the two plants, if they be not wholly the ſame; but the European ſeems to grow more twiggy and luxu- riant. 2 SOLA- J. AMA 175 o F Ј А М А І СА. OF JA SOLANUM 7. Scandens, foliis ovatis utrinque acuminatis, fafciculis florum fubumbellulatis ſparſis. An, Solanum Caule inermi fruteſcenti flexuoſo racemis cymoſis, &c. L. Sp. Pl. The Climbing Solanum. Periantium Cyathi forme breve, vix quinque dentatum. Corolla Infundibuli-formis, inferne tubulata, Limbus erecto patens, fere integer, craſſus, ex parte rudis & ex parte coloratus. Cætera, ut in Solano vulg. SOLANUM 8. Spinofum & villoſum, foliis angulato-ovatis, baccis minoribus, faſciculis florum ſparſis. The thorny, tufted, and hairy Solanum. This plant grows in ſpreading tufts, and ſeldom riſes above three feet from the ground: it is very hairy, full of prickles, and bears a great number of ſmall tufted berries. The leaves pounded, are frequently applied to kill the maggots that infeſt large fores in cattle; it keeps them clean, and is obſerved to deſtroy moſt ſorts of vermin. LYCOPERSICON 1. Foliis abrupte pinnatis, radice tuberoſa. Solanum Caule inermi herbaceo ; foliis pennatis integerrimis. L. Vir. Cli. & Sp. Pl. 190 The Iriſh Potato. Great quantities of this root are annually imported into Jamaica from Lan- caſter and Ireland; and the plant often cultivated in the cooler mountains of the iſland, but does not thrive ſo well as many other European vegetables, though frequently raiſed with ſuch ſucceſs, as to be ſold in large quantities in the public markets. LYCOPERSICON 2. Subhirſutum, foliis varie inciſis interrupte & abrupte pennatis, calicibus feptempartitis. Solanum Caule inermi herbaceo, foliis pennatis inciſis, racemis fimplicibus. L. Sp. Pl. The Tomato. LYCOPERSICUM 3. Subbirſutum, foliis interrupte & abrupte pennatis, calicibus quinquepartitis. An, Solanum Caule inermi herbaceo, foliis pennatis inciſis, racemis bi- partitis reflexis. L. Sp. Pl. The ſmaller wild Tomato. Theſe are all annual plants, and, except the laſt, imported here from foreign parts. The berries of the ſecond ſpecies are often uſed in loops and ſauces, to which they are obſerved to give a very agreeable and grateful flavour: they are ſometimes roaſted, and then chiefly uſed with mutton : they are alſo fryed with eggs, and ferved up in ſingle plates. The Jews make uſe of this fruit in almoſt all their diſhes. Obſ. The flowers in theſe plants grow chiefly on common footſtalks, and are feldom above ſeven or eight together; they are diſpoſed in an alternate and diſtich order, and grow commonly at ſome diſtance from the alæ of the leaves. PHYSA: 176 Τ THE NATURAL HISTORY Piſo. 223. PHYSALIS 1. Herbacea major, foliis et fructibus fingularibus ad divarica- tiones fuperiores. Phyſalis Ramofilima divaricationibus germinantibus, &c. L. Sp. Pl. Solanum Veſicarium erectum Solani vulgaris folio. Slo. Cat. 110. Alkekingi Indicum glabrum Capfici folio. H. Elt. t. n. & The. Zey. Camiru TOD The American Winter Cherry. This plant is frequent in moſt of the low and moiſt lands of Jamaica; it grows by a thick ſucculent ſtalk, but feldom riſes above two feet and a half from the ground, and ſeems rather to divide than to branch in its growth: it is furniſhed with a ſhady foliage, and always bears a ſingle leaf and flower, or either of them, at each of the upper diviſions of the plant. The berrries have been generally looked upon as diuretic, and may be deſerved- ly eſteemed ſo in over-heated or febrile habits, for they have a gentle ſubacid taſte, joined with a light bitter, which renders them very agreeable to the palate in moſt inflammatory cafes. The fumes of the plant (while yet pretty ſucculent) burnt with wax, and received into the mouth, has been obſerved to kill the worms in and about the teeth, and to eaſe the tooth ach. Vid. Etmuller, CAPSICUM 1. Fru&tu maximo cordiformi biloculari rubro. Capſicum Indicum. Muf. &. The. Žey. Bell Pepper. CAPSICUM 2. Fructu cordiformi minori luteo. Goat Pepper. The ſmell of the fruit of this ſpecies is very differently received in the world ; ſome find it extremely agreeable and reviving, while others think it as rank and diſagreeable. It is much uſed in all the ſugar colonies. CAPSICUM 3. Fructu conico oblongo majori. 3 Finger Pepper. CAPSICUM 4. Fructu minimo conico rubro. Piper Mart. 418. Bird Pepper All theſe ſpecies of the Capſicum or Indian pepper (as it is called in America) are cultivated, or vegetate naturally in moſt parts of Jamaica. They grow generally in ſmall tufted buſhes, and feldom riſe above three feet from the ground: the laſt ſort however is more weakly than the reſt, and when it meets with a ſupport, ſhoots to a moderate height; and in ſhady places, is frequently obſerved to riſe many feet from the root. The capſule and ſeeds of theſe plants are full of a warm acrid oil, and generally prove an agreeable ſeaſoning with thoſe ſorts of food that require a gentle ſtimulus to promote the proper digeſtion; and indeed ſuch a ſtimulus becomes more gene- rally requiſite in thoſe warm countries, where a more free and conſtant perſpiration ſeldom fails to produce a weakneſs and languor in the bowels. They are uſed by moſt people in theſe colonies, and always obſerved to give an appetite, to help digeſtion, to promote the tonic motion of the viſcera; and in more robuſt habits is ſometimes obſerved to purge with a heat and tenſion about the podex. There IT 4 a OF JAMAIC 177 А. A. a a a a There is a mixture made and uſed in ſome of our colonies, called Mandram, in which a deal of either the one or the other of theſe is employed, and which ſeldom fails to provoke an appetite in the moſt languid ftomachs. The ingredients are, fliced cucumbers, eſchalots or onions cut very ſmall, a little lime-juice, and Madeira wine, with a few pods of bird or other pepper well maſhed and mixed in the liquor. The pods of this laſt fort dried, and pounded with a ſufficient quantity of ſalt, is the Cayan pepper or butter of the Wejl-Indians. LYCIUM 1. Spinofum, foliis inferioribus confertis ovatis, ad petiola reflexis quandoque crenatis. The aculeated Lycium, or Lance-wood. This ſhrub is common in moſt parts of the iſland, but ſeldom grows to any con- ſiderable ſize or thickneſs: the leaves are oppoſite in the young branches, and from the alæ of theſe it generally throws out ſo many long and flender thorns. The wood is tough and elaſtic, and chiefly uſed for lances. LYCIUM? 2. Fruticoſum foliis inferioribus minoribus ovatis vix petiolatis, fuperioribus oppofitis. The ſmaller Lycium, or Lance-wood. Periantium Tubulato-campanulatum, quinque foliolis minimis quaſ ter- minatum. Corolla Monopetala tubulata, tubus cylindraceus calice triplò longior in fauce villoſus, limbus patens quinquepartitus, laciniis ovatis. Stamina. Filamenta quinque tubo corolla adnata, antheræ oblongæ inter villos floris recondite. Piftill. Germen conicum depreffum ; ſtylus bifidus; ſtigmata oblonga; cætera; defiderantur. I found this little ſhrub at the entrance into Sixteen Mile-walk, on the ſide of the eaftern cleft above the river; the whole ſtalk was not much above an inch and a half in diameter. The appearance of the plant induced me to range it in this claſs, tho' I had not ſeen the fruit. METOPIUM 1. Foliis fubrotundis pinnato-quinatis, racemis alaribus. Tab. 13. Terebinthus Maxima pennis paucioribus &c. Slo. Cat. 167. & H. ii. f. 3. tab. 199. - The Hog-gum Tree. Periantium Monopbyllum cyathiforme quinquecrenatum parvum. Corolla Pentapetala, petalis oblongis parieti calicis inferne adnatis. Stamina. Filamenta quinque brevia petalis fuppofita, antheræ erectæ ob- longa. Piſtill. Germen ovatum calice quaſi inclavatum, ſtylus brevis, ſtigma acutum. Pericarpium. Capſula oblongo-ovata fucco acri terebinthinaceo turgida. Semen Unicum bilobum capſulam quaſi e calice formatam vix replens, membrána propria te&tum, et fundo capſula ſub- ftantaculo proprio ligatum. This tree is frequent enough in Jamaica, and well known for its medicinal gum, to which the very hogs are ſaid to have recourſe when wounded in the woods. It ſeldom riſes to more than 25 or 35 feet, and is very ſpreading towards the top. It is fur- niſhed with round pinnated leaves, which are ſeldom above five on every rib: and the Ааа flowers, : 178 THE NATURAL HISTORY flowers, which grow in cluſters, are ſucceeded by ſo many reddiſh ſucculent capſulæ. It yields a great quantity of a gummy-reſin; which, when pure, is of a yel- low colour, and, after a ſhort time, acquires a hard fragil conſiſtence. It is daily uſed in ſtrengthening-plaiſters, for which it is deſervedly much recommended. It is of a warm diſcutient nature, and may be uſed, with great propriety, in all ſwel- lings ariſing from colds, the weakneſs of the veſſels, or poverty of the juices, both externally and internally. The gum diſſolved in water, is an eaſy purgative, and thought to be an extra- ordinary diuretic. See Sloane. CUPANIA 1. Arborea, foliis oblongis crenato-ferratis diſtiche & alternatim fitis, racemis laxis propendentibus. Cupania Plum. tab. 19. Loblolly-wood. This ſhrubby tree is pretty common in the lower hills of Jamaica, and riſes, generally, to the height of 12 or 14 feet: the leaves are pretty large, and the wood ſoft and uſeleſs, from whence its name. Each of the ſeeds has a proper cup with- in the capſule. VITIS 1. Silveſtris, farmentis læte repentibus, uvis minoribus nigris. Vitis fructu minore rubro acerbo, &c. Sl. C. 171. & H. 104. f. 110. Vitis vinifera ſylveſtris Americana, &c. Pk, Phy. t. 249. f. 1. Vitis foliis cordatis ſubtrilobis dentatis fubtus tomentofis . L. Sp. PI. Cevalchichiltæ Hern. 128. The Jamaica Grape-vine, commonly called Water-withe. The withe of this grape-vine, when it grows luxuriant, as it generally does in the higher woody lands of this iſland, is ſo full of juice, that a junk of about 3 feet will yield near a pint of clear taſteleſs water; which has faved the lives of many who have wandered long in the woods, without any other refreſhment of a liquid fort. It produces a great quantity of ſınall black grapes in the lower hills; but they are of a rough taſte, and would doubtleſs make an excellent red wine, if properly managed: they ſeem to thrive beſt in the red hills. VITIS 2. Vulgaris uvis nigris & albis. The common Grape-vine, with black and white berries. This grape-vine is planted in gardens, as well as the following, for the ſake of their berries; but no man has yet attempted to plant them in any quantity, or to make wine of them, in this country; though the ifland affords a thouſand other fruits, to inlarge the quantity and enrich the favour of the juice. It is ſaid that grapes do not ripen regularly in thoſe ſultry climates, and I believe the aſſertion is generally true; but declare I have no where ſeen grapes ripen more regularly than the Muſca- dine, and natives do, in that ifland. VITIS 3. Uvis majoribus albis fucco melleo turgidis. The Muſcadine Grape-vine. This plant thrives very well in Jamaica, and anſwers better than any of the other forts that have been hitherto introduced there. It grows well in the lower lands, ripens all its berries nearly at a time; and doubt not but it may be brought, with care, to great perfection. Its cluſters are generally very large, and the grapes very mellow and ſweet in thoſe parts; and, doubtleſs, would produce a mellow I OF JA MA I c А. 179 mellow and rich wine, if proper care had been taken to cultivate it in any quantity. IRON 1. Herbaceus minor foliis oblongis leviſime crenatis, ftipulis cilia- tis, floribus fingularibus ad alas. Tab. 12. f. 3. The ſlender reclining Iron. Periantium Pentaphyllum, foliolis lanceolatis erecto-patentibus, Corolla Pentapetala, petalis oblongis fimbriatis. Stamina. Filamenta quinque breviffima, antheræ oblonge filamentis duplo longiores. Piſtill. Germen oblongo-ovatum, ſtylus longitudine floris, ftigma fimplex. Pericarpium. Capſula ovato-acuminata unilocularis. Semina Plurima ſubrotunda parva. This beautiful little plant riſes, generally, in an oblique direction, and ſeldom ſhoots above ten or twelve inches from the root; the ſtalk is delicate, ſmooth and round; and caſts a few ſlender branches on every ſide, without any certain order : the leaves are ſmall, oblong, ſmooth on the upper fide, very lightly crenated, and diſpoſed in an alternate but irregular order ; they are fixed by ſhort foot-ſtalks, and adorned with remarkably ciliated ears, or ftipula, on each ſide, at their inſertions. The plant is very rare. I have found the ſpecimens, from which theſe characters are taken, in the paſtures between Mount Diable and St. Ann's. SARCOMPHALUS 1. Foliis ovatis glabris alternis ad apicem leniter emara ginatis, cortice interiori ferugineo. An, Boflia, L. Sp. Pl? Baſtard Lignum-Vitæ Timber-wood. Periantium Monophyllum ultra medietatem quinquepartitum, laciniis lan- ceolatis patentibus. Corolla Nulla. Stamina. Filamenta quinque brevia umbilico floris adnata, & inciſuris cali- cis oppoſita, antheræ ſubrotunda. Piſtillum. Germen ovatum umbilico carnoſo circumdu&tum, ſtilus brevis bifidus, ftigmata fimplicia. Pericarpium. Bacca Drupa-ve, ſubrotunda bilocularis. Semina Bina ſemi-Sphærica ſolitaria. This tree grows in many parts of the iſland, and riſes, generally, to a very conſiderable height: the trunk is often above two feet and a half in diameter, and covered with a thick ſcaly bark. The wood is hard, of a dark colour, and cloſe grain ; and is looked upon as one of the beſt timber-woods in the iſland. CELOSIA 1. Foliis oblongis, floribus racemoſe Spicatis, fere fefilibus. An, Celoſia foliis oblongo-ovatis, pedunculis teretibus ſubſtriatis, &c. L. . a a ; Sp. PI? Amaranthus fruteſcens erectus, Spica viridi laxa & ſtrigoſa, Slo. Cat. & H. t. 91 The ſhrubby Celofia. CELOSIA 2. Major Sarmentoſa affurgens, foliis majoribus ovatis. Baſtard Hoop-withe. Both 180 THE NATURAL HISTORY Both theſe ſpecies are common among the buſhes in the low lands about Spaniſh Town and Kingſton : the latter ſeems to be only a variation of the other. ACHIRANTHES I. Caule geniculato ere&to, foliis ovatis oppoſitis, Spicis terminatricibus, appendicibus multifetis. Achiranthes caule ere&to, calicibus reflexis Jpicæ appreſis. L. Sp. Pl. Blitum Zeylonicum Bur. Th. Zey. & Centaurium ciliare minus, &c. Pk, t. 82. f. 2. An, Scoru Cadelari. H. M. P. 10. t. 79. The larger Achiranthes. Periantium Monophyllum in quinque lacinias anguftas erecto-patentes ad bafim fextum. Nectarium? É ſuperiori parte calicis, bafim verſus, aſurgit appendix e ſetis aliquot aduncis formata, quæ forem & calicem refe&tit. Corolla Nulla. Stamina. Filament a quinque in orbem poſita, vix calicis dimidiæ longitudi- nis, erecto-patentia; antheræ fimplices. Piſtillum. Germen ovatum, ftilus ſimplex ſtaminibus brevior, ſtigma ob- tufum. Pericarpium. Capſula membranacea fubrotunda unilocularis laciniis calicis tefta. Semen Unicum oblongum cylindraceum. ACHIRANTHES 2. Foliis ovatis, floribus fpicatis, appendicibus bifetis. The ſmaller Achiranthes. Both theſe plants are very common about the Creſcence; they have much the appearance of a Blitum, and ſeldom riſe above two feet, or two feet and a half from the ground. RAUVOLFIA 1. Fruticoſa foliis verticillatis tenuiſſime villoſis. Rauvolfia. L. G. H. C. & Sp. Pl. Son Org 3 The ſhrubby Rauvolfia, with the leaves diſpoſed in a verticillated order. This little ſhrub is very common in the Savannas about the town of Kingſton, and ſeldom riſes above three or four feet from the ground; the berries are ſmall , black, and ſucculent, and the leaves very beautifully covered with a light down, which is hardly perceptible to the naked eye. The whole thrub is full of milk, and, more or leſs, of a deleterious nature. . a 19 a NERIUM? 1. Sarmentoſum, foliis oblongis acutis oppoſitis fubtus cinereis, tubo floris fauce ampliato. The marſhy Nerium. This plant riſes by a weakly trunk, to the height of four or five feet, and throws out a few long, ſlender and flexile branches, that ſtretch to a conſiderable diſtance from the main ſtem. a NERIUM 2: Sarmentum foliis nitidis ovatis venoſis, pedunculis longis ra- moſis, floribus fauce ampliatis. The larger Savanna-flower. 4 This OF JA. MA I CA. 181 This plant, like the former, has a weakly ſtem, whereby it commonly riſes to the height of two, three, or four feet above the root; and then throws out a good many long and ſlender branches, that ſpread and climb among the neighbouring Thrubs. All the parts of this plant are extremely poiſonous. NERIUM 3 Foliis lanceolatis verticilliter ternatis, flore quandoque pleno. Nerium. H. M. P. 9. t. I, 2. Frangi-panier a fleur double rouge. Barreri. The South-fea Roſe. This ſhrub is cultivated in moſt gardens in Jamaica on account of its full and frequent flowers; it riſes by a ſoft lignous ſtalk, and ſhoots commonly to the height of fix or eight feet, throwing out many ſlender and flexile branches on all fides. It is a very agreeable flowering ſhrub in a garden, and generally bears large com- poſite flowers; but I have ſometimes found them ſimple and fertile, with all the characters of the claſs. NERIUM 4. Sarmentoſum ſcandens, ramulis tenuibus folliculis gracilibus 4 toroſis. Tab. 16. f. 2. The flender-branched Nerium. This curious plant is frequent about the foot of the mountains in Liguanea; I met with it in the road thro' Mr. Ellet fon’s. It is a weakly plant, which commonly ſuſtains itſelf by the help of the neighbouring buſhes, and frequently riſes to a conti- derable height among them. The branches and follicules are extremely ſlender and delicate, PLUMERIA 1. Arboreſcens foliis lanceolatis, floribus fauce ampliatis fub- campanulatis. The narrow-leafed Plumerià. This plant grows commonly from four to ſeven or eight feet in height, and is always full of Ilender Alexile branches; the flowers are yellow, and moderately open below the margin: it grows near Port Moria, in St. Mary's, and near Morante Bay, in St. Thomas's in the Eaſt. PLUMERIA 2. Arboreſcens ramulis craſſis, foliis oblongo-ovatis, petiolis biglandulis, floribus geminatis per Spicas terminales. Plumeria foliis ovato-oblongis. L. H. C. & Sp. Pl. Plumeria flore roſeo odoratiſimo. Inf. & Ehret, t. xi. Plumeria Cateſo. ii. t. 92. & Pk. t. 207. f. 2. The Jaſmin Tree. This Ihrub riſes by a robuſt divided trunk, to the height of ſeven or eight feet, or better. It is planted in the gardens on account of the beauty and ſmell of its flowers: the branches are pretty thick, and the leaves veined and oval. It always bloſſoms before it throws out its leaves, PLUMERIA 3. Arboreſcens racemis terminalibus pedunculis longis nudis in- cidentibus, The white-flowered Jaſmin Tree. This tree is very like the foregoing both in ſize and diſpoſition; but the leaves are narrower, and ſerrated; and the flowers without ſmell, and diſpoſed in a dif- Bbb ferent 182 THE NATURAL HISTORY ferent manner. It grows in the lower mountains of Liguanea, and in the hills be- yond Mrs. Guy's, in the road between Sixteen-mile-walk and St. Mary's. 3 ECHITES 1. Scandens foliis ovatis nitidis venoſis; floribus herbaceis. Apocynum ſcandens majus, &c. Slo. Cat. 89. & H. t. 131. f. 2. Àn, Katu-pal-valli . H. M. p. 9. t. 11. The Savanna Flower, with a ſimple narrow flower-tube. Periantium Pentaphyllum parvum, foliolis anguſtis erecto-patentibus. Corolla Monopetala tubulata; tubus longus anguſtus ad medietatem leniter tumidus, quinque ſtriis notatus; limbus patens in quinque laci- nias oblongas contra motum folis reflexas fectus. Stamina. Filamenta quinque brevia, tuba corolla adnata ; antheræ ſagit- tata longiores, in centro tubi floris conum formantes. Nectarium? Glandula quinque minores circa germen diſpoſita. Piſtillum. Germen ovatum obſcure bifidum; ſtylus ſimplex longitudine ſtami- num; ftigma craſſiuſculum oblongum, obtufum molle antberis agglutinatum. Pericarpium. Folliculi duo oblongi horiſontaliter reflexi anguſti univalves. Semina Numeroſa imbricata pappo-longiori coronata. Receptaculum. Faſciola membranacea per longitudinem folliculi porrecta. This plant is common in the Savannas about Kingſton, and climbs on every buſh it grows by: its flowers are of apale yellow colour, with a pretty long and ſlender tube; and the leaves of an oval form, large and oppoſite: it is (like the reſt of the claſs) more or leſs of a deleterious nature. There is a ſmall variation of this plant, with pointed leaves and very ſlender ſtalks: it grows in the drier parts of the Savannas. CAMERARIA 1. Arborea foliis ovato-acuminatis nitidis rigidis reflec- tentibus, folliculis alatis. An, Cameraria Foliis fubrotundis utrinque acutis. L.H.C &. Sp. Pl. The Baſtard Mangeneel. This tree is frequent in Weſtmoreland and St. James's; it grows commonly to the height of 29 feet or more, and is ſaid to be a good timber-wood, but is full of an acrid milky juice: the leaves are ſomewhat like thoſe of myrtle, the flowers ſmall and tubular, like thoſe of the greateſt part of this claſs; and the follicules or pods ſwelling at the baſe, and ending each in a large membranous wing. TABERNÆMONTANA 1. Fruteſcens foliis fubnitidis ovatis venoſis. Tabernæmontana foliis oppofitis ovatis. L. Sp. Pl. Tabernæmontana Citri folio undulato. Plum. Curutu Pala. H. M. p. 3. t. 46. The large leafed Tabernæmontana. This ſhrub is common in the low lands, to the eaſt of Hunts-bay; it ſeldom riſes above five feet from the root, and is every where ſupplied with large oblong leaves, not unlike thoſe of a citron-tree, either in ſize or form. ; S E C ΤΙ Ο Ν II. Of ſuch as have five Filaments or Stamina, and two Styles in every Flower. SCLEPIAS 1. Fruteſcens incana, foliis majoribus fubrotundis, petiolis breviffimis, floribus umbellatis. Aſclepias A YO F1J A M A I CA. 183 Aſclepias foliis amplexantibus oblongo-ovatis, L. Flo. Zey. & Sp. Pl. Apoſinum Indicum maximum, &c. Thez. Zey. Ericum. H. M. p. 2. & Pk. t. 175. f. 3. The Auriculas or French Jaſmin. This ſhrub is now common in all the Savamas about Kingſton and Old-harbour ; the trunk is pretty much divided above the root, and the branches furniſhed with large roundiſh leaves, which ſeem to embrace them at their inſertions. The bark of this plant is whitiſh and ſpongy, and the leaves beſet with a whitiſh down; the flowers are diſpoſed in umbellated groups at the extremities of the branches, and ſucceeded by ſo many large oval follicules. a a ASCLEPIAS 2. Ere£ta foliis anguſtis acuminatis verticilliter ternatis, flo- ribus umbellatis terminatricibus. Apocynum ere&tum folio oblongo, &c. Slo. Cat. 89. & H. t. 129. Wild or Baſtard Ipecacuanha. This plant is very common in all our ſugar-colonies ; it grows upright, and ſel- dom riſes more than two or three feet above the root : the Aowers are of a fine faf- fron colour in the low lands, but in the cooler inland paſtures they change to a white. The juice of the plant, made into a ſyrup with ſugar, has been obſerved to kill and bring away worms wonderfully, even when moſt other vermifuges have failed; it is given to children from a tea to a common ſpoonful. The juice, and pounded plant, is applied to ſtop the blood in freſh wounds, and is ſaid to be a very powerful aſtringent in ſuch caſes . The root dried and re- duced to powder, is frequently uſed by the poorer ſort of people as a vomit. ASCLEPIAS 3. Funiculacea lætè ſcandens, foliis rarioribus cordato-lanceo- latis, floribus umbellatis. Apocynum fruticoſum ſcandens, &c. Slo, Cat, 89. & H. t. 131. This plant riſes by very ſlender weakly ſtalks, and frequently ſpreads itſelf to the diſtance of ſome yards from the main root: the plant is furniſhed with very few leaves, but it has a good many flowers diſpoſed in large umbellated groops: the ſtalks are fender, and the whole plant of a dark green colour ; it is very fuNof milk, and common in the larger inland woods. ASCLEPIAS 4. Scandens villoſa major, foliis & capſulis majoribus ovatis. An, Michuacanna. Hernandes, 1647 The climbing Aſclepias, with large pods. ON I found this plant at Mr. Farrell's, in Portland, and near Mr. Beckford's, in St. Thomas in the Eaſt; it is a climber, and generally ſupported by the help of the neighbouring buſhes, or found creeping among the rocks: the follicules, or pods, are ſmooth and oval, and ſeldom under two inches in the tranſverſe diameter. It has all the appearance of the Mechuacanna of Hernandes, and do not doubt its being the fame. a a ASCLEPIAS 5. Minor ſcandens foliis rariffimis, floribus paucioribus race- moſis racemis Sparfis. This plant is pretty much like the third ſpecies, but does not ſpread near fo much, nor bear its flowers in the ſame manner: it is more frequent in the lower ſwampy lands 4 HERNIARIA 184 THE NATURAL HISTORY HERNIARIA 1. Hirſuta repens ad nodos alternos florida, foliis ovatis, petiolis marginatis ſemi-amplexantibus, floribus confertis Tefilibus. An, Herniaria hirſuta. L, Sp. Pl. Amaranthoides humile Curaſavicum, &c. Slo. H. t. 86. & Petiv. Pl. Amer. t. 3. f. 22. The hairy Rupture worth. This little plant is found creeping in all the low lands, and dry Savannas about Kingſton; it grows generally in tufts, and ſpreads about fix or eight inches from the root. Motivos CHENOPODIUM I. Humile multiflorum, foliis maculatis ovatis, floribus racemofis alaribus. * The ſmaller Gooſe-foot, with ſpotted leaves. This plant is frequent in all the gardens about Kingſton; it generally riſes from three or four inches to ſeven or eight, or more; and is remarkable for its ſpotted leaves, and great quantity of flowers. It is ſometimes gathered and uſed as a green. BETA 1. Latifolia alba vel rubra. C. B, Beta. L. H. C. & Sp. Pl. Beet. This plant has been introduced to, and is now cultivated in many parts of Jamaica ; it thrives pretty well in the cooler mountains; but as the ground is generally more ſtiff, and the exhalations by the leaves more abundant in thoſe parts, theſe fieſhy roots ſeldom grow ſo luxuriant, or ſhoot ſo direct into the ground. The root is ſometimes uſed in Jamaica, but not much eſteemed. GOMPHRENA 1. Ere&ta hirſuta, foliis oblongo-ovatis, petiolis brevibus amplexantibus, capitulis ſolitariis. Gomphrena Caule ere&to, foliis lanceolatis ovatis, pedunculis diphyllis. L.H. C. & Sp. Pl. Gomphrena &c. The. Zey. pag. 15. p. 6? Batchelors-Button. Whether this has been originally introduced to that iſland, or a native, I am not able to determine; it does however now grow wild about the town Savannas, and may be obſerved every where among the buſhes, when the flowering ſeaſon comes on : it riſes generally to the height of twelve or fifteen inches, and is a pretty flowering plant in a garden. GOMPHRENA 2. Repens rufeſcens, foliis linearibus craſſiuſculis, capi- tulis alaribus. Gomphrena, foliis lanceolato-ſubulatis, caule dichotomo, capitulis axillari- bus pedunculatis. L. Sp. Pl. The Creeping Gomphrena. This creeping plant is very common about Rock-river, and ſpreads a great way among the graſs ; the ſtem is pretty ſender, and throws out a few fibrous roots at every joint: the whole plant has a reddiſh-brown caſt in its colour, and ſomething of the appearance of Purſlane. 199 9 a I NAMA OF JA MA I CA. 185 I a NAMA 1. Reclinata villoſa, foliis ovatis, petiolis marginatis recurrenti- bus, floribus ſolitariis. Tab. 18. f. 2. The ſpreading hairy Nama. Periantium Monophyllum in quinque lacinias lineares erectas acutas ad ba- H fim fextum. Corolla Monopetala tubulata; tubus cylindraceus longitudine fere calicis, limbus patulus quinquecrenatus. Stamina. Filamenta quinque; antheræ fubrotunda. Piftillum. Germen oblongum; ftyli duo longitudine fere flaminum; ftigmata fimplicia acuta. Pericarpium. Capſula oblonga unilocularis bivalvis longitudinaliter dehiſcens. Semena Plurima ſubrotunda diſepimento affixa. This little plant is not common in Jamaica : I have met with a few ſpecimens of it about the Angels beyond Spaniſh Town; it ſpreads about the root, and ſeldom grows above five or ſix inches in length. The whole plant is ſomewhat hairy, and the ſtalk and branches margined. ERYNGIUM 1. Fætidum foliis inferioribus anguftis ferratis, ſuperioribus laciniatis & aculeatis. Eryngium foliis gladiatis ferrato-ſpinoſis multifidis. L. Sp. Pl. Eryngium fætidum foliis anguſtis ferratis. Slo. Cat. 127. & H. t. 156. The ſtinking Eyrngo, or Fittweed. This plant is frequent in Jamaica, as well as in moſt of the other ſugar colonies ; it riſes from a thick proportioned root, and ſpreads a good many leaves about the crown, before it throws up a ſtalk; but as the ſeaſon advances, it ſhoots into a branched ftem, which generally riſes to the height of one or two feet above the ground, and bears all its flowers in roundiſh radiated heads. All the parts of this plant are reckoned very powerful antihiſterics, and much uſed by the negroes and poorer whites, on all occaſions of that nature; it is chiefly adminiſtered in decoctions or infuſions. HYDROCOTYLE 1. Foliis orbiculatis peltatis crenatis, umbellis multifloris. Hydrocotyle, foliis peltatis, umbellis multifloris. L. Sp. Pl. Hydrocotyle, foliis peltatis orbiculatis undique emarginatis. L. H. C. & Gro. Fl. Virg. Cotyledon aquatica, &c. Slo. #. 212. Hydrocotyle vulg. Tournef. Inft. 328. Water Pennyworth. HYDROCOTYLE 2. Humilior, foliis ſemi-elipticis crenatis, fcapo florifero partiali brevi nudo. Hydrocotyle foliis reniformibus æqualiter crenatis. L. H. C. & Sp. Pl. An, Afarum e terra Mariana. Pk. t. 15. f. 3? An, Ranunculo-affinis umbelliferis accedens ejuſdem. Tab. ic. f. 5? Codagen. H. M. p. 10. t. 46. The Mountain Pennyworth. Both theſe plants are frequent in Jamaica: the former grows in all the marſhes and ſtagnating waters about the lower lands; the other is found in the mountains between Sixteen-mile-walk and St. Mary's. The root of the firſt fpecies is reckoned aperitive and deobftruent; but all aqua- tic plants of the umbelliferous claſs, are deſervedly ſuſpected, and ſeldom uſed in pre- fcriptions. Сс с DAUCUS е 1 186 THE NATURAL HISTORY U DAUCUS 1. Tenuifolius ſubhirſutus, umbella in centro depreſa. Daucus. L. H.C. & Sp. Plant. Daucus Seminibus hiſpidis. Roy. & vulgaris. C. B. The Carot. This plant is cultivated in the mountains of Jamaica, and thrives ſo well in all parts of New Liguanea, that moſt people in the towns of Kingſton and St. J ago are plentifully ſupplied with the root during the ſummer-ſeaſon. ANETHUM I. Fruétibus ovatis. L. H.C. & Sp. Pl. Fæniculum dulce. Bau. Pin. Sweet Fennel. This plant was, doubtleſs, firſt introduced here from Europe; but it now grows wild in many parts of the iſland, and thrives every where as well as if it had been a native. The roots are aperitive and diuretic; and the feeds carminative, and richly impregnated with a warm aromatic oil. Onund A water diſtilled from the plant uſed to be kept in the ſhops formerly, and was frequently ordered in ophthalmic lotions. APIUM I. Foliis caulinis linearibus. L. H.C. & Sp. Pl. Parſly. This plant is cultivated in every garden in Jamaica, and grows very luxuriantly in all parts of the ifland: the roots are aperitive and diuretic, and frequently or- dered in deobſtruent apozems. The ſeeds are carminative, and the leaves aperitive and nutritive: they are chiefly uſed in fallets and ſeaſonings. ha F APIUM 2. Foliis caulinis cuneiformibus. L. Sp. Pl. & H. C. Apium paluſtre C. B. & paludapium quorundam. On 10 20 d bei Celeri or Smallage. be afrais bre This plant is cultivated, and thrives extremely well in all the mountains of New Liguanea : it is a gentle wholſome aperitive and diuretic ; is chiefly uſed in foops and fallets, and is ſometimes ordered in aperitive apozems. mert A asdj to 20 30 ز PASTINACA 1. Foliis laceratis pinnatis. . Paſtinaca foliis fimpliciter pinnatis. L.H.C. & Sp. Pl. 000 ...The Parſnip. This plant has been introduced in Jamaica fome years ago, and is now fre- quently cultivated in the mountains of New Liguanea, where it is ſometimes ob- ſerved to grow wild in great luxuriance, and to propagate itſelf without any care; but it is not liked by many in that part of the world. It is a ſtrong nutritive root, and ſometimes ſerved up at table like carrots, and other roots. alito SECTION III. Ν Of ſuch as have five Filaments and three Styles in every Flower. 10 HUS? 1. Foliis pinnatis ovato-acuminatis ſubtus villoſis, floribus racemoſis te- trandris terminatricibus. Tab. 8. f. 3. ods to 000 -54 cible The villous Rhus, with tetrandrous Flowers. CUOUAS Periantium RHUS? OF JA MIA I CVAT HT187 UTION 1 dig Periantium Monopbyllum minimum quadridentatuin Corolla Tetrapetala, petalis lanceolatis refleEtentibus.ow selai Stamina. Filamenta quatuor erecta, longitudine petalorum floris; antheræ cordato-fagittate. on or adds todas ob Piſtillum. Germen ſubrotundum leniter deprefum ; ftylus nullus ; ſtigmata binin duo glanduloſa fubrotunda parva fummor germini impoſita. old Pericarpium &c. defiderantur. This ſmall tree grows in the road that leads from New Greenwich to Liguanea; it ſeldom riſes above ten or twelve feet in height, and is plentifully furniſhed with branches towards the top: the flowers are very numerous, and blow generally before the ſhooting of the leaves, or very ſoon after. CHLOROXYLUM 1. Foliis ovatis glabris rigidis trinerviis, floribus fingu- laribus, Tab. 7. f. 1. The Greenheart or Cogwood Tree. all 45 Periantium Monopbyllum rotatum in quinque partes lanceolatas profunde Sextum. Corolla Floris vicem gerunt foliola minima inæqualia, laciniis calicis ad- nata; aliud nullum. Stamina. Filamenta quinque erecta ex umbilico germini circumducto afur- gentia, et incifuris calicis oppofita; antheræ fubrotunda? Piſtillum. Germen ſubrotundum minimum umbilico craſſo carnoſo circumdu- n Etum; ftyli tres fubulati breves; ſtigmata acuta. Pericarpium. Drupa ſpherica unilocularis. An, germen triloculare? Semina. Nucleus bilobus pericarpio ligneo corticato te&tus et membraná propria obvolutus. This tree is common in many parts of the mountains, and riſes by a ſtrong branched trunk to a very conſiderable height; the inward bark is of a light blood colour, and incloſes a ſtrong greeniſh timber within the fap: the leaves are ſmooth, of an oval form, and adorned with three conſiderable arched nerves each ; they re- , ADE ſemble thoſe of the Camphire tree, both in ſhape, ſize, and texture. This tree bears its fruit, which ſeldom exceeds a naked haſel nut in ſize, ſcattered up and down upon the branches. The wood is very tough and hard, and obſerved to anſwer better than any other fort for the coggs uſed in the rolls of a ſugar-mill. It is generally eſteemed one of the beſt timber-woods in the iſland, and uſed on all occaſions where ſtrength and durability is required. SD SPATHE 1. Caudice ſimplici, fronde pinnat a comoſa, racemo ſpatiofiffimo laxo terminali. Aceri aut paliuro affinis, arbor caudice non ramofa, &c. Slo. Cat. 138. Carpinus Zeylonica filiculofa. The. Zey. 54. The Maiden Plumb Tree. Periantium Pentaphyllum coloratum ; foliolis oblongis, . Corolla Pentapetala, petalis oblongis. Stamina. Filamenta quinque inferne latiora fubhirſuta & appendiculá denti- culiformis utrinque referta, ſuperne tenuia & arcuata; antheræ ovatæ. Piſtillum. Germen ovatum ftaminibus dimidio brevius ; ftylus nullus; ftig- ង ១, soal sids 110 mata tria fubrotunda. girou brolan avviso di 1900 Pericarpium. Capſula oblonga trigona trilocularis. of 90:100n adt ods doon Semina Solitaria triquetra oblonga. NUM This 2 188 THE NATURAL HISTORY This tree is frequent in the rocky hills above the ferry, and makes a moſt beautiful appearance in the woods when in bloom: it riſes by a ſingle flender ſtem, like the palms, and bears all its oval leaves in a pinnated order, on moderate ribs diſpoſed cloſely together about the top, from the center of which the flower-ſpike riſes in its due ſeaſons: this is very ſpreading, and generally ſhoots fo as to appear a large blooming pyramid many feet above the foliage. The trunk is ſeldom divided, but is ſo very like what we have already deſcribed under this Engliſh appellation, both in ſize and appearance, that I could never diſtinguiſh them when out of flower; nor do I yet know which of the two is the true timber-tree. This would make a moſt beautiful flowering-ſhrub in a garden, for it feldom riſes above fourteen or fix- teen feet from the ground, and its flowering-top is generally from four to fix feet in height. PHYLLANTHUS 1. Foliis latioribus utrinque acuminatis apicim verſus cre- natis, ad crenas floridis. Phyllanthus foliis lanceolatis ſerratis, crenis floriferis. L. H. C. & Sp. Pl. Phyllanthus. Cat. ii. t. 26. & Hemionitidi affinis, &c. Pk. t. 36. f. 7. The large-leafed Phyllanthus. Periantium Nullum. Corolla Monopetala ad baſim uſque in quinque partes festa. Stamina. Filamenta quinque breviſſima; antheræ fubrotunde circa baſim germinis fitæ. Piſtillum. Germen ſubrotundum ; ftyli tres breviores, ſtigmata tenuia quan- . doque lacerata, Pericarpium. Capſula ſubrotunda tricocularis. Semina In fingulo loculamento bina. PHYLLANTHUS 2. Foliis anguſtis longioribus leviſime crenatis, quando- que confertis. sool Phyllanthus Americanus anguftiori et longiori folio. Pk. t. 247. f. 4. The narrow-leafed Phyllanthus. Both theſe ſmall ſhrubs are very common in the rocky hills of Jamaica, and ſel- dom riſe more than four or fix feet above the root, but are often much lower: they are both remarkable for the diſpoſition of their flowers and feed-veſſels. altic PUMILEA. 1. Minima fubhirſuta, foliolis anguftis profunde ſerratis. Chamæcyſtus, &c. Petiv. Gaz. t. 38. f. 9. Chamæcyſtus urticæ folio, &c. Slo. Cat. 87. & H. t. 127. The ſmaller Pumilea. Periantium Tubulatum infundibuliforme, bra&teis geminis linearibus fuf- fultum ; limbus quinquepartitus. Corolla Pentapetala, petalis ovatis, unguibus anguſtis tubo calicis adnatis. Stamina. Filamenta quinque longitudine tubi calicis; antheræ cordatæ in collo calicis fite. Piſtillum. Germen ovatum; flyli tres longitudine ſtaminum; ftigmata ramofa. Pericarpium. Capſula ovata unilocularis trivalvis. Semina Sex Reniformia leniter compreſſa. This little plant grows about Old-barbour, and the foot of Liguanea-moun- tains; it is always ſimple and upright, and never riſes more than two or three inches above the root: the flowers are always ſingle, and diſpoſed at the alæ of the upper leaves. PUMILEA OF J A MA I CA. 189 PUMILEA? 2. Subbirſuta fimplex, foliis linearibus fubcrenatis. Chamæcyftus caule hirſuto, &c. Slo. Cat. 87. & H. t. 127. The larger Pumilea. Periantium Monophyllum in quinque lacinias ultra medietatem fe&tum. Corolla Pentapetala, petalis anguſtis longioribus, inciſuris calicis oppofitis Stamina. Filament a quinque longitudine fere floris; antheræ oblongæ ina- quales, quaſi lacerata. Piſtillum. Germen ovatum; ftyli tres ultra medietatem bipartiti; ſtigmata lacerata. Pericarpium. Capſula ſubrotunda unilocularis trivalvis, receptaculis lie nealibus, valvis longitudinaliter interne adnatis. Semina Plura fubrotunda. This little plant grows, with the foregoing, at Mr. Smith's Pen in Liguanea, and ſeldom riſes above four inches from the root: the plant ſtands erect; and is furniſh- ed with very narrow leaves; and the flowers grow ſingle at the alze of the upper leaves. TURNERA 1. E petiolis florens, foliis ſerratis. L. H. C. & Sp. Pl. The yellow-flowered Turnera. This plant grows in great abundance about the red hills, and ſeldom riſes above four or five feet from the root; it has a ſhrubby but weakly ſtalk, adorned with a few ferrated oval leaves, and bears large yellow flowers, that have ſomewhat of the appearance of the malvaceous tribe, at firſt ſight. S E C T IV. Of ſuch as have five Filaments and five Styles in every Flower. ba A RALIA 1. Arborea foliis nitidis oblongo-ovatis, umbella laxa, radiis fingu- lis glandula notatis. An, Laurifolia arbor flore tetrapetalo, &c. Slo. Cat. & H. t. 163. f. 2. The Galapee, or Angelica Tree. This tree grows at the foot of the red hills near the Angels, and ſeldom riſes above fourteen or fifteen feet in height; the leaves are moderately large, and the tops of the branches adorned with a great number of flowers, diſpoſed in an umbellated but ir- regular order, which are ſucceeded by ſo many ſmall, whitiſh, ſucculent berries : the ſmall umbellæ have each from eight to thirty radioli. ZANTHOXYLUM 1. Foliis oblongo-ovatis pinnatis & leviter crenatis, flori- bus racemofis, caudice Spinosa, ligno fubcroceo. An, Zanthoxylum foliis pinnatis. L. Sp. Pl.? Prickly Yellow-wood, or yellow Hercules. Periantium Monophyllum minimum quinquepartitum, vix notabile. Corolla Monopetala in guingue lacinias oblongo-ovatas patentes, ſubcocble- atas, ad bafin. fere feeta. Stamina. Filamenta quinque erecto-patentia, flore longiora ; antheræ fub- . rotunda. Piſtillum. Germen depreſſum; ſtyli, vix ulli; ftigmata quinque erecta oba longa, in orbem poſta. D dd Pericarpium 10 190 T HE NATURAL HISTORY Pericarpium. Capſula gibboſa quinqueloba, ultra medietatem diviſa; lobis ſubovatis unilocularibus, loculamentis diſtinctis. Semina, ovato-angulata ſolitaria. This tree is frequent in moſt parts of Jamaica, and grows to a very conſiderable fize; it branches pretty much towards the top, and riſes frequently to the height of twenty or thirty feet, or better : it is looked upon by many as a dye-wood, but is generally uſed in buildings, and eſteemed a good timber-tree. SURIANA 1. Maritima foliolis lanceolatis, floribus fingularibus, ſtaminibus ſubhirſutis. - Suriana. Plum. t. 40. & Suriana. L. H. C. & Sp. Pl. The narrow-leafed Suriana. 5 This little ſhrub is frequent by the ſea-ſide in the pariſh of St. James, and ſel- dom riſes above three or four feet from the root; the branches are pretty flender and flexile, and the leaves diſpoſed more thickly towards the tops. SCIODAPHYLLUM 1. Foliis majoribus oblongis petiolis communibus umbel- latim affixis, floribus fpicatis. Tab. 19. fig. 1, 2. The long-leafed Sciodaphyllum. od Periantium. Margo germinis minimi guinguedenticulata, denticulis parvis obtufis. Corolla Monopetala tubulato-campanulata quinquecrenata, &c? Stamina. Filamenta quinque breviffima; antheræ oblonga. Piftillum. Germen minimum obverſe conicum, caliculâ coronatum ; ſtyli quinque breves ; ſtigmata obtufiufcula. Cætera deſiderantur. I have never ſeen but one of theſe trees; it grew on the right-hand ſide of the road between Mr. Jones and Mr. Adams's, in the mountains of New Liguanea, to the ſouth, immediately under the top of the hill; the trunk was about twelve or thirteen inches in diameter, and raiſed its branched top to the height of fourteen or fifteen feet from the ground. The leaves are generally from ſixteen to twenty together, ſimple, oblong, and ſupported by moderate foot-ſtalks, whereby they are faſtened in an umbellated form to the top of ſo many common ſupporters; but thefe are generally longer than the leaves; they are of a moderate thickneſs, and ſuſtain their burthen with great eaſe, while the others ſpread themſelves like an umbrella, and caſt a beautiful ſhade below them: the flowers ſtand on ſimple robuſt ſpikes; but as they were not grown to perfection when I gathered this ſpecimen, I could not give the characters with all the exactneſs I could have wiſhed. CLASS VI. Of the Hexandria, or Vegetables that have fix Filaments in every Flower. every Flower SECT. I. Of ſuch as have fix Filaments, and one Style or female part, in . ORYPHA 1. Palmacea, foliis flabelliformibus cum appendicula ad imum, petiolis tenuioribus flexilibus compreſſis. Palma Braſilienſis prunifera, &c. Slo. Cat. 170.8 H. t. 213. Palmeto 4 CORYPHA OF JAMAICA. J 191 Palmeto-Royal, or Palmeto-Thatch. Spadix Ramoſus, ramulis fimplicibus, Spathis propriis fimplicibus te&tis ; ita ut Spadix imbricatus evadit. Genitalia omnia hermaphrodita funt. Periantium Nullum. Corolla Nulla. Stamina. Filamenta ſex brevia gerinini lateraliter adnata vel incidentia; antheræ oblonga. Piſtillum. Germen parvum globoſum; ftylus brevis fimplex; ſtigma amplia- tum vaginatum & quafi infundibuliforme. Pericarpium. Bacca unilocularis, nucleo unico nauco offeo texto, referta. This tree is frequent in Jamaica, and covers whole fields in many parts of the iſland: it grows both in the rocky hills, and low moiſt plains near the ſea, but ſeems to thrive beſt in the former. It ſhoots by a ſimple ſtalk, and riſes generally from four or five, to ten or fourteen feet in height. It is always furniſhed with leaves of the form of a fan, ſuſtained by ſlender compreſſed foot-ſtalks, and bears a great abundance of ſmall berries, which ſerve to feed both the birds and beaſts of the wood, when they are in ſeaſon. The trunk ſeldom exceeds four or five inches in diameter; it is called the Thatch-pole , and is much uſed for piles in wharfs, and other buildings made in the ſea ; for it has been obſerved to ſtand the water very well, and is never corroded or touched by the worms: the foot-ſtalks of the leaves are very tough, and ſerve (when ſplit and pared) to make baſkets, bow-ſtrings, ropes, and a thouſand other conveniencies, where ſtrength and toughneſs is required. The leaves are called Thatch, and are daily uſed as ſuch in moſt new ſettlements and plantations, eſpecially for all the out-houſes, and is found to ſtand the weather for many years; but ſuch coverings are apt to harbour rats, and other vermin, which prevents a more general uſe of them. CORYPHA? 2. Palmaeca aſſurgens, foliis flabelliformibus ſemipinnatis, pe- tiolis majoribus compreſis. Corypha. L. H. C. & G. Pl. The larger Palmeto. This tree is as common in the leeward parts of Jamaica, as the other is in the eaſtern; and each equally ſcarce in the territories of the other. It grows by a ſtrong ſimple ſtalk, and riſes commonly to the height of fixteen or twenty feet; it is adorned with a number of large palmated leaves at the top; but the rib, which is always compreſſed, and about two inches or more in breadth near the middle, tapers from the baſe to the top, and runs forward to the very center of the leaves, demitting its connected ribs or foliage equally on both ſides, at the extremity; theſe are very large, and terminated by ſo many radiated points in the circumference of the fan; but throw out ſo many thready nerves from their interſtices, as they ſeparate. I have not ſeen the flowers of this plant, but have been induced to place it here, from its likeneſs to the foregoing. The trunk is put to no uſe in that iſland, that I could learn, but doubtleſs would ſerve for the ſame purpoſes with the foregoing, and likely better, as it grows to a larger ſize. The foct-ſtalks of the leaves are ſometimes ſplit and made into baſkets; and the leaves much uſed for thatch, and, probably, are much better than the others, as they are extremely tough; they are alſo ſplit into ſmall ſlips, and uſed for mending old chairs. TRIOPTERIS 1. Erecta fruticoſa, foliis oblongis acuminatis ramulis gra- cilibus. Tab. 18. f. I. Triopteris. L. Sp. Pl. Carpinus 192 Τ THE NATURAL HISTORY 3 Carpinus forte viſcofa, &c. Bur. Th. Zey. Aceri vel palicero affinis angufto oblongo liguſtri folio. Slo. Cat. 138. & H. t. 162. The Switch-Sorrel. Periantium Triphyllum, foliolis ovatis cochleatis amplexantibus. Corolla Nulla. Stamina. Filamenta fex tenuia breviſſima; antheræ majores inæquales oblongæ & leniter arcuata, ftriata erecto-conniventes. Piſtillum. Germen fubrotundum triquetrum ; ftylus fimplex erectus brevis; ſtigma obtufè trilobum. . Pericarpium. Capſula membranacea oblonga triangularis, tribùs alis membranaceis aucta, trilocularis. We Semina "Oblong a folitaria. This ſlender ſhrub is very common in the moſt barren parts of the red hills, and ſeldom riſes more than ſix or ſeven feet above the root : both the trunk and branches are very flexile and tapering. The taſte of the whole plant is acerb and bitteriſh. TO BROMELIA 1. Fru&tu conico-ovato, carne lutea, foliis coronæ brevioribus, Bromelia. Plum. t. 8. botoriot 10 bob Bromelia foliis ciliato-ſpinoſis, mucronatis ; ſpica ſubtus carnofa. L. Sp. Pl. The Sugar-loaf Pine-Apple. This plant is now common in Jamaica, and cultivated by moſt people in their gardens; it is propagated both by the crown and the ſprouts or ſide-branches, but theſe come to perfection earlier, tho' the other ſeems the moſt natural gem, as it always caſts its roots in the fruit itſelf, while yet in a growing ſtate; they thrive beſt in a rich mould and a warm ſituation, but ſeldom riſe above three feet from the ground; the ſtalk ſhoots from the center of the leaves (which and her a heap of poſed very thick about the root) and bears a large ſingle fruit, or rather a heap of ſmall ſucculent capſulæ concreted into a common maſs towards the top; but the fibres of the main ſtem continue their courſe thro' the center of this maſs, and, in moſt ſpecies, turn into a ſhort foliated ſprout, or young plant, at the top, caſting a few tender radiculi on every ſide, into the pulp of the fruit. This has been always eſteemed the richeſt and beſt fruit in America; and indeed its form, ſize, and flavour, contribute alike to give it the pre-eminence : it is in general agreeable to the ſtomach; but the natural mellowneſs of its juice renders it more agreeable to the natives and old ſtandards, than it poſſibly can be to new comers, who generally think it too rich and cloying. The following forts are thought to be only variations of this, but they are ſeldom ſo luſcious, grow gene- rally of a different ſhape, and are vaſtly more agreeable to heated ſtomachs. The juice fermented would make a good wine; it is ſometimes mixed with the rum- liquor, when it ferments, and is thought to give it a pleaſant flavour: it is ſerved up with other fruit at moſt gentlemen's tables in America. BROMELIA 2. Fructu oblongo turgido, carne fublutea, foliis corone lon- YO gioribus. astle 15.tod ote droog Kapa tsjakka. H. M. p. 10. t. 1 & 2. 3 til alle The Black Pine-Apple. XITO BROMELIA 3. Fruftu rotundiori, carne albida feminibus vidua, foliis co- rona brevioribus quandoque inermibus. The Queen Pine-Apple. Theſe o F JA MA I c А. F Τ Α Α Ι 193 a Theſe two laſt ſpecies are more common than the firſt, and planted in moſt gardens in this country; their fruit is generally larger and roundiſh, but grows ſeldom yellow, even in the ſurface, nor is the pulp of the fruit ſo rich, tho' generally more agree- able to new comers, and people of a warm habit. Piſo ſays, p. 195. Animum languidum recreat, ſtomachum nauſeabundum reſti- tuit; liquor vel vinum urine fuppreffioni fuccurrit. 123 BROMELIA 4. Caule aſſurgenti, racemo terminali, fructibus ſejun&tis. Bromelia foliis ciliato-fpinofis mucronatis, racemo terminatrici. L. Sp. Pl. Caraguata Pil. The Pinguin. This plant is very common in Jamaica, and grows wild in moſt of the Sa- vannas and rocky hills, where it has been firſt carried either by chance or deſign ; the edges of its leaves are very prickly, and theſe generally arched backwards, which makes them' extremely hurtful to either man or beaſt, that may chance to fall among them; and are, for this reaſon, generally uſed in all the fences and in- cloſures round the country. The leaves are very thick about the root, and from the center of theſe ſprings the ſtalk, which generally riſes to the height of twelve or fix- teen inches above the foliage, and divides into a number of little lateral branches, that bear ſo many ſingle flowers. When the plant begins to ſhoot into bloſſom, all the leaves become of a fine ſcarlet colour towards the ſtalk, and continue ſo until the fruit begins to ripen, but it then begins to change, and afterwards fades gradually away. The fruits of this plant are ſeparate, and each nearly of the ſize of a wal- nut; the pulp has an agreeable ſweetneſs joined with ſuch a ſharpneſs, that if you make much uſe of it, or let it lie for any time in the mouth, it will corrode the palate and gums, ſo as to make the blood ouze from thoſe tender parts. The pulp ſliced and laid in ſugar or fyrup over night, is frequently given to children for the worms; and I doubt not but it may be very effectual on thoſe occaſions. The leaves of all the forts (but this in particular) being ſtripped of the pulp, yields a ſtrong thready ſubſtance not much inferior to hemp, which is commonly uſed in ropes and whips by the wainmen in that part of the world, and made into hammocks among the Spaniards. Induſtry may probably find better uſes for this ſubſtance in time. RENEALMIA 1. Paraſitica, caule filiformi ramoſo, geniculato, longifimo; foliis fubulatis. Renealmia filiformis intorta. L.H. C. & Sp. Pl. & Gro. Virg. Viſcum Cariophylloides tenuiſimum, &c. Slo. Cat. 77. & H. t: 122. Old-man's Beard.stor This flender paraſitical plant is found upon the trees in many parts of Jamaica, but does not grow ſo common nor ſo luxuriantly there as it does in the more northern provinces of the main continent, where it is ſaid to over-run whole foreſts. It is frequently imported to Jamaica from North America, for the uſe of the fadlers and coach-makers, who commonly ſtuff their pannels, cuſhions, &c. with this weed. In Louiſiana, or New France, and the other neighbouring ſettlements, this plant is very carefully gathered and ſtripped of the bark; and the fibres, which are very like, and no ways inferior to horſe-hair, made into matreſſes, cuſhions, pannels, &c. Theſe fibres are only the lignous or internal body of the weed, which is manufac- tured there in the following manner, viz. When they have gathered as much of the plant as they think neceffary, they tie it looſely into bundles, and ſink it in wa- ter, or bury it under ground in a moiſt place, until the bark rots; it is then taken up, boiled in water, and waſhed until the fibres are quite cleared of the pulp; and theſe are not only uſed inſtead of horſe-hair; but are ſo very like it, that a man Eee cannot 194 THE NATURAL HISTORY cannot diſtinguiſh the one from the other, without a ſtrict examination, and thar even with a glaſs, unleſs he obſerves the branchings of it. Sobarici-oil The Bonana bird's neſt is always made of the fibres of this weed, and generally found hanging by a few threads from the tops of the moſt expanded branches of the moſt lofty trees, eſpecially thoſe that ſpread over ponds or rivers. bide TILLANDSIA 1. Paraſitica parva pruinoſa, ſcapo tenui bifloro. Renealmia foliis fubulatis ſcabris, pedunculis unifloris. L. Sp. Pl. 22:50 Vifcum Cariophylloides minus & pruinofum, &c. Sło. Cat. 77. & H. t. 121. 1. The ſmall froſted Tillandſia, commonly called Old-man's Beard. TILLANDSIA 2. Paraſitica parva, foliis tenuiſſimis erectis, Spica breviori fimplici diſticha. Viſcum Cariophylloides minus foliorum imis viridibus, &c. Slo. Cat. 77. & H. t. 122. The ſmall narrow-leafed Tillandſia. TILLANDSIA 3. Media paraſitica, foliis oblongis- obtufis, floribus comoſis terminalibus. An, Tillandſia, foliis limonii ligulatis integerrimis bafi ventricoſis. L. Sp. Pl. Viſcum Cariophylloides maximum, capitulis in ſummitate conglobatis. Slo. H. t. 122. The Tillandſia, with tufted flowers. Si TILLANDSIA 4. Paraſitica major foliis attenuatis bafi ventricofis, racemo laxo ſpatioſo aſurgenti. Tillandſia culmo paniculato. L. Sp. Pl. The looſe-headed Tillandfa, or Wild-Pine. TILLANDSIA 5. Paraſitica major, foliis amplioribus attenuatis bafi ventri- cofis; Spicâ aſſurgenti, compreſa, brachiatâ; floribus fere Seſilibus. Viſcum Cateſb. v. ii. t. 89. TILLANDSIA 6. Paraſtica foliis majoribus obtufis ; Spica aſſurgenti di- viſa, ſquamoſa. The larger Tillandſia, with obtuſe leaves. TILLANDSIA? 7. Paraſtica maxima, foliis amplioribus obtufis, ciliato- ſubſpinoſis, racemo aſſurgenti piramidato. Tillandſia foliis fuperne dentato-ſpinofis. L. Sp. Pl. The largeſt Tillandſia, or Wild-Pine, with a variegated Power-ſpike. All theſe ſpecies of the Tillandha are frequent in Jamaica, and go among the people there by the name of Wild-Pine : they grow upon the trees, and by the eaſy bend, and broad hollowed baſe of the leaves, become ſo many natural reſervoirs, which hold a ſufficient quantity of the water that falls in the rainy ſeaſons, to ſupply them with moiſture for a conſiderable time, in long conti- nued droughts; and in fandy deſarts have been frequently ſerviceable to both men and beaſts. 3 PANCRATIUM 1. Foliis compreſſis obtufis, fcapo nudo, floribus umbellatis. Pancratium Y OF J A M A I CA. . 195 Pancratium Spatbá multiflord, foliis lanceolatis. L. H.C. & Sp. Pl. Ecoo Lilio-narciſſus maximus Zeylonicus, &c. The. Zey. p. 142. ylltugg brts bow eitis The White Lilly 90 29dorsid basexs This plant grows wild in moſt parts of Jamaica, as well as in the other ſugar- colonies, and ſeldom riſes above ſixteen or eighteen inches in height; the leaves are pretty large in thoſe countries, and the flowers numerous and white, which ren- ders it an agreeable flowering-plant in a garden: the root is pretty acrid, and has been ſometimes uſed in poultices by antiquated and pale-faced ladies, to raiſe a forced bloom in their fading cheeks. brigo a AMARYLLIS 1. Flore croceo nutanti, ſcapo nudo unifloro. Amaryllis Spatha multiflora, corollis æqualibus campanulatis, genitalibus declia natis. L. H. C. & Sp. Pl. Lilio-narciſſus Indicus ſeu narciſſus liliflorus, &c. Pk. 246. f. 2. This plant, like the foregoing, grows wild in many parts of the iſland, and is now cultivated in moſt gardens for the ſake of its flowers: it thrives beſt in a rich ſoil and ſhady place. PONTEDERIA 1. Aquatica cauleſcens, foliis majoribus orbiculatis nitidis, floribus fpicatis ad alas. An, Pontederia foliis cordatis floribus fpicatis. L. Sp. Pl. & H. C. Michelia. Houſtoni, The round-leafed Water-Plantain, or Pontederia. Periantium E ſinu petioli fupremi ſurgit ſpica fimplex, floribus plurimis geminatis referta, & prima ætate Spatha univalvi obdu&ta ; aliud nullum. Corolla Monopetala tubulata infundibuliformis. Tubus anguſtus ſtriatus et quaſi canaliculatus. Limbus in ſex partes diviſus, quarum tres, quaſi exteriores, oblongæ et erecte ſunt : tres vero interiores inaquales; laterales exterioribus fimiles et alternata, pauloque minores funt; tertia fuperior eſt et major, ere&taque, et in fauce maculata: Stamina. Filamenta fex, quorum tria fuperiora longiora funt & inæqualia, ad bafim tubo adnata; tria vero inferior a breviora & inæqua- lia, in fundoque floris fita. Antheræ omnibus erecte ob- longa. Piſtillum. Germen oblongum; ſtylus fimplex longitudine fere floris; ſtigma crafiuſculum. Pericarpium. Capſula oblonga trilocularis. Semina Plurima parva. I obſerved this plant in moſt of the Lagoons and rivers about the Ferry: the leaves are roundiſh, thick, and ſmooth; the flowers moderately large; and the ſtalk about an inch in diameter: it grows very luxuriantly, and throws up its flower-ſpike a good way beyond the ſurface of the water. ORNITHOGALUM? 1. Herbaceum, foliis gramineis, floribus geminatis pedunculis longißmis alaribus incidentibus, Ornithogalum, Virginianum luteum, &c. Pet. Gaz, t. I. Ornithogalum, &c. Pk. t. 350. f. 8. 31 The graffy-leafed Ornithogalum. Periantium I 196 Τ THE NATURAL HISTORY 3W Periantium Nullum : fpatha minima linearis ad baſm finguli floris, cali- cis vicem fupplet. OHISTA OHI Corolla Monopetala tubulata; tubus cylindraceus ſimplex; limbus patens in fex lacinias oblongas ad faucem tubi feftus. - Stamina. Filamenta fex, brevia, erecto-patentia, e margine interiore tubi geleid dorta; antheræ ſagittata. il voda ali mobil ba - Piftillum. Germen oblongum, tubo floris immerſum & adnatum; ftylus coni- 379 cus brevis; ſtigma obtufuſculum. bool Pericarpium. Capſula oblonga obtufe-trigona trilocularis. Semina Plura ſubrotunda minora. blogno 301b . This beautiful little plant is frequent in Sixteen-mile-walk, and in many parts of the road over Mount Diable; it has no ſtalk, and its graffy leaves ſeldom ſpread above five or fix inches from the root : the foot-ſtalks of the flowers riſe from the alæ of the upper leaves ; they are generally above three inches in length, and ſuſtain each two ſtar-like yellow flowers: the plant grows beſt in a rich and cool ſoil. ai basa DEW canicg970) il ALLIUM I. Caule planifolio bulbifero, radice compoſta, ftaminibus tricu- Spidatis. L. H. Upf. & Sp. Pl. Allium radicis bulbo multipartito, capitulo bulbifero, &c. L. H.C. La Garlick. 211 19 ALLIUM 2. Scapo nudo ventricoſo informi & longiori, foliis teretihus concavis. L. H. Upf. & Sp. Pl. Cepa ſcapo ventricoſo, folio longiori, radice depreſa. L. H. C. Irrott The Onion. ALLIUM 3. Caule planifolio umbellifero, radice tunicata, ftaminibus tricu . Porrum radice ambienti tunicata, oblonga, Jolitaria. L. H.C. DIV The Leek. 2 fisgisl od ALLIUM 4. Foliis. ſubulatis, radicibus oblongis conglobatis. L. Sp. Pl. Cepa foliis fubulatis, radicibus oblongis conglobatis. L. H. C. Ciud try The Eſchalot.us contra do Bros vampaa ghtsgH All theſe plants are now cultivated in the mountains of Jamaica, and thrive fo luxuriantly in thoſe parts, that moſt people of the iſland are now ſupplied with a ſufficient quantity of the roots from thence; eſpecially, with thoſe of the firſt, third, and laſt forts. 22 10. .23 TO BRE METIC 25 sido ASPARAGUS 1. Caule herbaceo erecto, foliis ſetaceis, ftipulis paribus. L. Flo. Sw. & Sp. Pl. dio vio en Aſparagus bortenfis & pratenſis. C. B. & Sperage, or Sparrow-graſs. This plant has been introduced, and is now cultivated with great care in Jamaica, where it frequently grows to a pretty moderate fize; but the exhalations are too great, and they ſeldom bury it deep enough, or crop it ſufficiently to bring it to any great perfection. It is remarkable that this plant grows without any ſort of care, and in great perfection, in the ſand-hills near Catwich in Holland; from whence we may conclude, that it naturally requires a depth of free looſe ſoil, as well as heat. The 0 F 197 JA J A M A I CA. М І С The root of this plant is reckoned a good diuretic and aperitive; but the tender {prouts, eſpecially thoſe of the ſixth and ſeventh growth, are chiefly uſed for food; they are very delicate eating, and eaſy of digeſtion. SCURRULA? 1. Paraſtica foliis ovatis oppoſitis, racemis rarioribus ala- ribus, The larger Scurrula, or Miſletoe, with hermaphrodite flowers. Periantium Duplex ; germinis, triphyllum parvum : floris, margo germinis integra. Corolla Hexapetala, quandoque pentapetala, petalis lanceolatis conniven- tibus. Stamina. Filamenta ſex vel quinqué, petalis adnata & breviora : antheræ oblonge. Piſtillum. Germen ovatum, calice proprio ſuffultum, & fummitate florem fuftinens ; ftylus erectus fimplex, longitudine floris; ftigma fimplex. Pericarpium. Bacca oblongo-ovata fucculenta ſuperne fufca, ad bafim cro- cea, nucleo unico, nauco ligneo texto, referta. This plant, as well as the following, approaches very much to the Viſcum, both by its berry and nature, but all the flowers are hermaphrodite ; and as Linneus has already conſtituted a genus under this denomination, that ſeems to be much of the ſame nature, I have placed thoſe under it : I have however diſpoſed them according to the number of the ſtamina I myſelf have obſerved in the freſh plants. This ſpecies is frequently found on the Mangeneel trees about Hunts-bay; and has been obſerved to grow into ſmall twiggy ſhrubs beyond the Careening-place, on the Paliſados. SCURRULA? 2. Paraſtica foliis majoribus fubrotundis, Spicis-florum fima plicibus, alaribus. Viſcum latioribus & fubrotundis foliis. Slo. Cat . 168. & H. t. 200. An, Viſcum foliis ovatis racemis lateralibus ? L. Sp. Pl. . The largeſt Scurrula, or Milletoe, with hermaphrodite flowers. All the flowers of this plant have fix filaments and petals conſtantly; but the germen burſts, as it were, out of the ſide of the flower-ſpike, and is conſe- quently deprived of a proper cup. I found this plant upon ſome pomegranate- trees in Mr. Hall's garden, near Hope-river in Liguanea, a POLIANTHES 1. Caule ſimplici laxè Spicato, Spathis vagis imbricato. Polianthes. L. Gen. & Sp. Pl. Tuberoſa. Heiſt. The Tuberous. This plant is raiſed, and thrives very well, in all the gardens about Kingſton : it is planted much for the ſake of its ſweet-ſcented bloſſoms, and makes a pretty orna- ment in a flower-garden. ALOE 1. Foliis turgidis ciliato-dentatis purpurafcentibus, fcapo florifero of urgenti ſpicato. Aloe foliis ſpinoſis confertis dentatis vaginantibus planis maculatis. L. H. C. & Sp. Pl. Aloe Dioſc. & aliorum. Slo. Cat. 115. Caraguata 39 Piſ. 193. The Aloes Plant; or Semper-vivie. Fff This 198 T HÈ NATURAL HISTORY a a This plant was originally introduced to famaica from Bermudas, and is now found in many parts of the iſland, where it has grown without any care. It is ge- nerally cultivated in the moſt dry and barren ſoils where few other vegetables are obſerved to grow, and thrives wherever it finds mold enough to cover a part of its. roots: it is propagated by the ſuckers that ſhoot from the ſtumps of the old plants, which they ſet in little ſhallow pits placed from fix to twelve inches aſunder ; but great care muſt be taken to keep them free from weeds for a conſiderable time after they are planted. When the plants are grown to a perfect ſtate, and every thing ready for the manufacture of this commodity, the labourers go into the field with tubs and knives, and cut off the largeſt and moſt ſucculent leaves cloſe to the ſtalk; theſe are immediately put into the tubs, and diſpoſed one by the ſide of another in an upright poſition, that all the looſe liquor may dribble out at the wound. When this is thought to be almoſt wholly diſcharged, the leaves are taken out one by one, paſſed through the hand to clear off any part of the juice that may yet adhere, or ſtick in their leſs open veins; and the liquor put into ſhallow flat-bottomed veſſels, and dried gradually in the ſun, until it acquires a proper conſiſtence. What is obtain- ed in this manner is generally called Succotrine Aloes, and is the cleareſt and moſt tranſparent, as well as the higheſt in eſteem and value: but the method of making the common Aloes is not ſo tedious, nor does it require ſo much care; for in manu- facturing this fort, all the leaves are cut off, ſevered into junks, and thrown into the tubs, until all the looſe liquor runs out; they are then hand-ſqueezed, and the li- quor mixed with a little water (about a quart to every ten quarts of the juice) to make it more fit for boiling; it is then put into convenient cauldrons, and boiled to a proper conſiſtence ; which may be eaſily known by dropping a ſmall quantity from time to time upon a plate, and obſerving the thickneſs as it cools ; but this is readily diſcovered by the touch or the eye, after a little experience: when the li- quor comes to a proper thickneſs, it is emptied out into large coolers; and after it it has acquired a convenient conſiſtence in theſe, it is put into gourds, or ſmall barrels, which commonly hold from one to twenty pints a-piece. The Aloes is naturally purgative, and an active warm ftomachic; it is an excel- ·lent medicine in all weakneſſes and obſtructions of the viſcera proceeding from colds, inaction, an over-load of the veſſels, or languor of the fibres; it brings on the menſes and hæmorroids, promotes digeſtion, raiſes the appetite, and ſtrengthens the ſtomach. It is frequently preſcribed for the worins, and deſervedly eſteemed one of the moſt effectual medicines in nervous caſes proceeding from inaction, or a viſcidity of the juices: it is often given with great ſucceſs in many diſorders of the head ariſing from indigeſtion, or a foulneſs of the viſcera; but is generally or- dered mixed up with other medicines that are more ready in their operations, and of a warm or purgative narture. It is an ingredient in many cornpofitions of the ſhops, but is always obſerved to be moſt effectual when mixed with the more gummy juices of the plant. This commodity has been alſo lately put to ſome mechanical uſes, and tried, with great ſucceſs, in thoſe mixtures with which they cover the bottoms of ſhips trading to the Eaſt and Weſt-Indies, where the water-inſects are obſerved to burrow through all the planks that lie below the ſurface, in every veſſel that anchors for any time in the harbours of thoſe ſeas; and it will probably be the means of ſaving many thouſands a year, both to the merchants, and the crown, when it is more univerſally known and employed: its reſinous quality renders it a very fit ingredient in the compoſition, and its bitter and nauſeous acrimony, a very proper defence againſt all ſorts of inſects. Nor can the ſcarcity of the commodity prevent the gene- ral uſe of it; for the Savannas, and more barren hills of Jamaica alone, would produce more than could be employed for all the ſhips belonging to the dominions of Great-Britain: but to render the application more effectual, a thin coat of this alone may be laid within the common coat, or the planks waſhed over with a ſtrong ſolution of it, ſome time before the common mixture is laid on. 4 AGAVE a Ο OF J AM A I CA. 199 a AGAVE 1. Foliis fubcompreſis mucronatis, ad margines fpinofo-dentatis; fcapo valido affurgenti, racemo ſpatioſo ramoſo. Agave foliis dentatis, ftaminibus corollam æquantibus. L. Sp. Pl. Aloe fecunda ſeu folio in oblongum aculeum abeunti. Moriſ. & Slo. Cat. 117. Aloe Americana fobolifera. Herm. H. Lugd. t. 17. Coratoe, or Curaça. There are but few plants more common than this in Jamaica. It grows natu- rally in the moſt barren rocky bills, and, when it flowers, affords the moſt pleaſing fight of any ſhrub or plant in that part of the world; which is ſtill more curious, as ſo blooming a plant cannot be well expected to thrive in that ſoil where it's moſt commonly found growing. This curious plant throws out ſome ſharp-pointed in- dented leaves, that ſpread into a tuft about the root at firſt; and continues to in- creaſe, though flowly, both in ſize and quantity of foliage, for many years: at length it acquires a certain degree of perfection, and then it throws up a ſtem from the center of its leaves, which generally riſes to the height of eight or ten feet above the root. This is ſimple and naked immediately above the leaves, but very much divided and branched towards the top, where it bears almoſt an infinite number of moderately large yellow flowers, by which it may be diſtinguiſhed for many miles. The ſtalk is very ſhort during the firſt ſtage of the plant, and the leaves diſpoſed cloſely together, ſtanding in an oblique, or ere&to-patent pofition, and ſhooting gradu- ally one above another ; while a few of thoſe neareſt to the ground, wither wholly away. But when it begins to throw up a ſtalk, the circulation grows very ſtrong, and this part is generally compleated and fully adorned with its bloſſoms in a few weeks: the natural operations of propagation are then carried on with great vigour, and the whole top foon after appears adorned with a thouſand vegetated ſeeds; or rather plants, furniſhed with a convenient number of roots and leaves, to ſeek and raiſe the neceſſary food, whenever they fall from the parent-ſtalk; but this ſeldom happens until they have acquired a itated degree of perfection, and then they are blown off gradually by every wind that ſhakes the withering ſtem, which, with the leaves, now dies gradually away, and ends its life with the completion of the laſt, leaving ſo many thouſands to renew the kind. The leaves of this plant are pretty ſucculent, and generally uſed to ſcour both floors and kitchen-utenſils, in moſt of the ſugar-colonies in America. The pulp is a warm pungent deterſive, and would probably prove a very active medicine in many cafes, had it been properly prepared, and adminiſtered with caution. The inward ſpungy fubftance of the decayed ſtalk takes fire very readily, when tho- y roughly dried; and for this reaſon is generally uſed inftead of tinder, by moſt tra- vellers, and all mariners that reſort to thoſe parts. a PARSONSIA 1. Herbacea, foliis ovatis oppoſitis, floribus fingularibus foliis bon ad alterutrum latus interpofitis . Tab. 2 1. f. 2. sondatav tabThe ſmall reclining Parſonfia. a odden HOME ani is. Periantium Monophyllum tubulatum ftriatum, baſi leniter ventricoſo, ore Vio fex denticulis (quandoque tantum quinis) ornato. insit Corolla Petala ſex oblonga emarginata patula, unguibus teretibus parieti Sort calicis adnata. briga Stamina. Filamenta fex inæqualia, ex infima tubi parte orta, longitudine DO calicis; antheræ fubrotunda, in fauce tubi locate, de Piſtillum. Germen oblongum liberum in fundo calicis fitum ; ftylus brevis ; ſtigma obtufiufculum. no Mode ode 170 Pericarpium. АЛНА 200 THE NATURAL HISTORY Pericarpium. Capſula tenuis membranacea oblongo-ovato unilocularis, intra calicem fita. Semina; Bina, quaterna, vel ſena, orbiculata compreſa, placentule adnata. Cat This little plant grows pretty common in Clarendon-Park, and is ſometimes found in the Savannas about Spaniſh Town. It riſes from a ſmall fibrous root, and ſhoots in an oblique direction, but ſeldom exceeds ten or fourteen inches in length. The ſtalk is ſlender, and throws out a few ſmall branches towards the top. The leaves are ſmall and oppoſite, and the flowers riſe ſingle from the intermediate ſpace be- tween the leaves, on the one ſide or the other, but ſeldom or never on both. I have called it after Dr. Parſons, who has publiſhed a treatiſe on the ſeeds of vegetables, and many other curious remarks on different parts of natural hiſtory. a ACHRAS 1. Fru£tu eliptico ſcabro majori, floribus ſolitariis alaribus, cica- triatriculâ feminis ultra mucronem porrecta. Tab. 19. f. . 3. The Sapodillia Tree. Periantium Hexapbyllum, laciniis ovato-acuminatis perhftentibus, tribus magis externe fitis. Corolla Monopetala tubulata erecta, fere æqualis; limbus in ſex partes breves & acutas fe&tus. Nectarium. E fauce tubi ſurgunt nectaria quinque, oblonga, compreſſa, conniventia; inciſuris floris fuppofita, & laciniis fere fimilia. Stamina. Filamenta ſex brevia, e tubo corolla orta, & antheris cordato- Sagittatis in fauceque fitis, prædita. Piſtillum. Germen ovatum, umbilico villoſo circumductum ; ftylus brevis craſſus; ftigma obtufum, truncato-radiatum. Pericarpium. Bacca ſucculent a ſubrotunda duodecimlocularis. Semina Nuclei ſolitarii (ſed maxima parte plerumque abortiunt) naucis pro- priis nitidis fuboſeis, ad alteram marginem cicatriculâ rugoſå notatis, teeti. This tree is cultivated in many gardens in Jamaica, and riſes, like moſt of the other ſpecies, to a conſiderable height, throwing out its branches on all ſides as it ſhoots: the leaves are ſmooth and beautiful, and the fruit, which generally grows among them, of a moderate ſize, and when ripe, of a delicate mellow talte. All the tender parts of theſe trees are full of a milky juice, which is extremely harſh and bitteriſh ; but the fruit, tho' full of this, while young, is very ſweet and agree- able when it ripens, which it generally does upon the tree; but if full grown, it will foften and maturate in a few days, tho' plucked from the branch. The ſhells that cover the ſeeds of theſe plants are generally of a ſhining or gloſſy brown caft; but the inward edge, or margin, is always whitiſh and rugged. The kernel has a bitter taſte, and may be uſed occaſionally in ſtrengthening emulſions. a a ACHRAS 2. Brachiatus diffuſus, fru£tu ſubrotundo, cicatriculå mucrone breviori. Sapota. Plum. t. 4. Anona Cateſb. v. ii. t. 87. Anona foliis laurinis glabris, &c. Slo. Cat. 206. The Niſberry Tree. ACHRAS o F Ј А М А Ї С А. 201 ACHRAS 3. Caudice altifimo, fructu minori, femine mucronato. Anona maxima, &c. Slo. Cat. 206. & H. t. 169. The Bully, or Niſberry Bully-Tree. This is called the Bully-tree, becauſe it generally grows the talleſt of all the trees in the woods : its fruit is ſmall, and the ſeeds oblong and narrow. It is eſteemed one of the beſt timber-trees in Jamaica. ACHRAS 4. Fructu coriaceo fubrotundo verucoſo, feminibus anguftis, margi- nibus rectis. An, Xylobocion baccifera frondoſa. Pk. t. 238. f. 1. Beef-wood. This tree is commonly called by the name of Beef-wood by moſt people in Ya- maica, from the fleſhy colour of the interior bark, ACHRAS 5. Fructu maximo ovato, feminibus paucioribus oblongis turgidis. Malus Per fica maxima foliis magnis integris. Slo. Cat. 18o. & H. t. 218. The Mamee-ſapote Tree. ACHRAS? 6. Fructibus minoribus glabris per ramos Sparfis, feminibus fubro- tundis, cicatricula minima ovata. The Baſtard Bully-Tree. ACHRAS? 7. Fru&tu minori glabro, foliis ovatis, floribus confertis alaribus. The Mountain Baſtard Bully-Tree. ACHRAS? 8. Foliis oblongis nitidis utrinque productis, floribus confertis, faſcia culis infra frondes fparfis. Tab. 17. fig. 4. Salicis folio lato Splendente arbor, &c. Slo. Cat. 170. & H. t. 206. An, Arbor, &c. Pk. t. 360. f. 4. The White Bully-Tree, or Galimeta-wood. Periantium Parvum penta- vel hexaphyllum, foliolis fubrotundo-ovatis. Corolla Monopetala campanulata, calice major; limbus in quinque vel fex lacinulas erectas oblongas fe&tus. Nectarium. E fauce tubi ſurgunt nectaria totidem lacerata, laciniis floris interpofita fed breviora, conniventia. Stamina. Filament a quinque vel ſex flore longiora, laciniis corollæ fuppó- fita &e tubo orta; antheræ oblongæ. Piſtillum. Germen ſubrotundum ; ftylus brevis; ftigma craſſuſculum. Pericarpium. Bacca ſucculenta bilocularis. An quinque 10 vel 12 locularis in germine? Semina. Nuclei ſolitarii oblongi, naucis propriis atronitentibus ſulco longi- tudinali notatis, tecti. This tree grows to a conſiderable height, and is generally furniſhed with many branches towards the top; but theſe riſe irregularly, and at diſtant ſtages, as they uſually appear in moſt of our Firrs in Europe. It is commonly obſerved to grow ſtraight and tapering, and moſt frequently found in the lower lands, eſpecially about Liguanea and Mangeneel: it is of a pale yellow colour, and reckoned a good timber-wood, but is moſtly uſed in ſuch parts of the building as are leaſt expoſed to the weather. The berries of this tree are black, ſmooth, and very ſmall; and no part of the plant milky. All the ſpecies of this genus are found either growing naturally in the woods, or cultivated in the gardens, a Ggg 202 THE NATURAL HISTORY gardens, for the ſake of their fruit, which is generally agreeable in moſt of the forts, eſpecially the firſt five; but the laſt of theſe thrives only in a few parts of the iland: its fruit is very large and pleaſant, and its ſeeds proportioned, and mode- rately tumid, having ſeldom more than one or two that come to perfection. The bark of each of the firſt four ſpecies is reckoned very aſtringent, and all indiſcriminately now go by the name of Cortex Jamaicenfis; their bitter aftringent taſte having for a time impoſed on ſome of the people, who thought either the one- or the other to be the true Jeſuits Bark, and on this account had frequently admi- niſtered them among the negroes, where they were often obſerved to anſwer all the pur- poſes of that medicine, as all bitter aſtringents will do in robuſt conftitutions, when the diſeaſe proceeds immediately from a weakneſs of the viſcera, and a groſs undi- geſted chyle: this brought them firſt into ſome vogue, and they have been frequently, ſince that time, brought into England for further experiments; but are much more likely to prove ſucceſsful here than in America, where thoſe fevers that generally put on the appearance of intermittents, are attended with nervous ſymptoms, and often mortal; therefore muſt require medicines that act more effectually on the whole habit, and whoſe active particles can ſtimulate and provoke the oſcillations of the nervous filaments in the more remote parts of the body. Theſe different barks yield a large quantity of extract, which in taſte and appearance ſeems to be the ſame with that of the Jeſuits Bark, which has occafioned it to be frequently ſubſtituted in the room of that drug; and this, I am perſuaded, coſt many a life in thoſe colonies, where remittent fevers are ſo frequent and mortal. It is, however, an excellent aftringent, and a very convenient and elegant preparation in that form, which may be adminiſtered with great propriety and ſucceſs, whenever aftringents of a long continued action are properly required. CORDIA 1. Foliis amplioribus hirtis ovatis, tubo floris fubæquali . Cordia foliis oblongo-ovatis repandis fcabris. L. Sp. Pl. a 10A Cariophyllus Spurius inodorus, &c. Slo. Cat. & H. t. 164. The buſhy Cordia, with large ſcarlet flowers. 12 Periantium Monophyllum tubulatum ſtriatum æquale, ore tridentato erecto. Corolla Monopetala tubulata, ſatis ampla, fere infundibuliformis: tubus rectus cylindraceus fubftriatus, vix ampliatus , calice duplo-lon- gior; limbus amplus patens criſpatus, in ſex ſegmentas ſubful- catas obtuſas ad trientem diviſus. dosoofi a 1012 Stamina. Filamenta ſex tubo corolla ad faucem fere adnata, ſuperne libe- ra erecta, tubo floris paulo longiora; antheræ anguſte ob- longa. Piſtillum. Germen ovatum calice immerſum; ftylus erectus, longitudine fere tubi corolla, Superne bipartitus, laciniis remotis bifi- dis; ftigmata oblonga, ex parte adnata, defluxa. Pericarpium. Drupa ovata calice diſtento te&ta ſed non adnata, nauco lignoſo quadriloculari referta. Semina Solitaria, fed, præter unum vel alterum, plerumque abortiunt. This ſhrub grows on the banks above the beech lying between the ſmall Lagoon eaſtward of Kingſton, and Capt. Corniſh's; and is ſaid to grow in great abundance on thoſe little iſlands about Old-barbour. It feldom rifes more than fe- ven or eight feet above the root, and is furniſhed with rough oval leaves, and adorned with large bunches of fine ſcarlet flowers, the moſt beautiful and agree- able of any I have yet obſerved in America ; but the form of them is quite different from that delineated by Plumier, wherein the tube ſwells above the cup, and con- ſequently muſt be conſidered as a different ſpecies. This would make a moſt agreeable flowering-ſhrub in a garden or a foreſt; and may probably be uſeful, could . Ο F Ι Α Μ Α Ι C Α. 203 could it be brought to bear perfect fruit, which it hardly ever does in the ſtate I have obſerved it. S E C T. II. Of ſuch as have ſix Filaments and two Styles in every Flower. RYZA 1. Culmo ſubſtriato nodoſo, panicula ſparſa. O Oryza. Raii Hiſt. Slo. Cat. 24. & L. H.C. Oryza. L. Sp. Plant. This plant is now cultivated in ſmall ſpots in many parts of Jamaica, and thrives extremely well in moſt of the moiſt bottoms between the mountains. Mr. Wallen planted ſome at the Ferry, a little before I left that iſland, but I could not yet learn how it ſucceeded there. It is a nouriſhing grain, and very beneficial whenever it thrives: it grows almoſt like oats. Rº S E C T. III. Of Vegetables that have fix Filaments and three Styles in every Flower. UMEX I. Sylueftris fcandens, foliis cordato-angulatis, ab altera parte ma- joribus. An, Begonia. L. & Plumeri, Gen. Aceris fru&tu berba anomala, flore tetrapetalo albo. Slo. Cat. 83. & H. t. 127 2. DAS Tſeria Narinampul. H. M. p. 9. t. 86. 20. Lo di The large climbing Sorrel. Total This plant is very common in the woods of Jamaica, and raiſes itſelf frequently to a conſiderable height by the help of the neighbouring ſhrubs. The leaves are of an irregular heart-form, and generally increaſe more from one ſide of the mid- dle vein or rib than they do of the other. The whole plant joins a bitter with the acid, which chiefly prevails; but when it grows in a more free and open air, the flowers have an agreeable flavour, and are ſometimes uſed in making of whey, where wine can't be admitted, and the other acids are thought too active and irri- tating for the ſtomach. wil olib od SAURURUS 1. Foliis amplis orbiculato-cordatis, finu aperto, petiolis vagi- nantibus. Aquaxima. Pif. 197. Piper longum racemoſum malvaceum, &c. Slo. Cat. 45. The open-leafed Colt's-foot, or Santa-Maria leaf. This plant is very common in the woods of Yamaica, and ſeldom riſes more than three or four feet above the roots : the leaves are very large and round, and the foot-ſtalks embrace the ſtem at the inſertion. Piſo affirms, that the root of this plant is a warm, active remedy againſt poiſons. There is a ſyrup made of it, in many parts of our ſugar-colonies, which is much uſed by the inhabitants in colds and catarrhs. for 13 SAURURUS 2. Foliis amplis orbiculato-cordatis, peltatis; petiolis vaginan- tibus. GODS 1900W . The larger Colt’s-foot, with umbilicated leaves. bre 10 bin This 204 THE NATURAL HISTORY This is only a variation of the foregoing, or is ſo like it, that the diſpoſition of the finus of the leaves makes the whole difference between them: it is not, how- ever, uſed like the other in thoſe colonies. SAURURUS 3. Repens foliis craffis fubrotundis glabris, fpicis terminalibus. The ſmaller creeping Saururus, with roundiſh ſucculent leaves. SAURURUS 4. Major repens, foliis craffis obverſe-ovatis, baſi anguftatis & fimbriatis. Piper longum humilius, &c. Slo. Cat. 45. The larger creeping Saururus, with thick oval leaves. SAURURUS 5. Repens, foliis parvis oblongis craffis & fucculentis. The creeping Saururus, with oblong leaves. SAURURUS 6. Minimus repens foliis orbiculatis tumentibus. Piper longum minimum herbaceum ſcandens rotundifolium. Slo. Cat. 45. The ſmall creeping Saururus, with round ſwelling leaves. SAURURUS 7. Minor repens foliis cordatis quinque- vel feptinerviis. 7 The ſmall creeping Saururus, with nervous leaves. SAURURUS 8. Ere&tus minor, foliis orbiculatis verticillatis fumentibus, Spicis terminalibus. The ſmaller erect Saururus, with round verticillated leaves. SAURURUS 9. Erectus minor foliis ovatis trinerviis verticillatis, Spica 9 multiplici. The ſmaller erect Saururus, with veined verticillated leaves. SAURURUS? 10. Affurgens fimplex, foliis trinerviis lanceolatis oppoſitis, pe- tiolis brevibus. I have found all theſe ſmall ſpecies of the Saururus in the woods of Jamaica, and can avouch them to be very different from each other in the general form and exture of their parts ; but none of them exceed eight or ten inches in length. The laſt plant riſes above eighteen or twenty inches, by a ſimple ſtalk: I have found it about the Upper Water-fall in Hope-river, but do not know if it be really of this kind, as I never had an opportunity of ſeeing it in bloſſom. SECT. IV. Of Plants that have fix Filaments and many Styles in every Flower A LISMA 1. Foliis lunulato-ſagittatis venoſis, fcapo afurgenti ramoſo, angulato- ſulcato ; ramulis ternatis, verticillato-verticillatis. Aliſma foliis cordatis obtufis. L. Sp. Pl. Sagitta. Caſt. Dur. &c. Slo. Cat. 76. Culi-tamara, H. M. p. 11. t. 45. The Great Water-Plantain. 1 This O FH JA MUA I CA. I T 205 This plant grows very common in all the ſtagnating waters about the Ferry, and riſes generally to the height of two or three feet above the root : all the flowers are hermaphrodite, and furniſhed each with twelve filaments, and a numerous family of gems, or germens. The whole plant has ſo much the appearance of an arrow- head, that it ſeems to have exchanged flowers with the plant we deſcribe under that denomination, which has all the appearance of a Water-Plantain, though it anſwers the characters of the other very perfectly. 2003 CL A S s LA VII. Of the Heptandria, or Vegetables that have ſeven Filaments in every Flower. SEC S E C.T. I. Of ſuch as have ſeven Filaments and one Style in every Flower. COMINIA OMINIA 1. Arborea foliis undulatis pinnato-ternatis, floribus minimis, racemis terminalibus. SVI GUMIJA Baccifera Indica trifolia, fruti rotundo monopyreno, &c. Raii. & Slo. Cat. 170. & H, t. 2c8. Arbor Jamaicenfis denfori tilia folio, &c. Pk. t. 147. f. 5. The trifoliated Cominia. cu comintu..da muito muitocina Periantium Minimum coloratum, quaſi triphyllum. tool iloto Corolla Irregularis; monopetala videtur quadri, vel quinquecrenata. Stamina. Filamenta feptem brevia; antheræ oblongo-ovata.ca Piſtillum. Germen parvum fubrotundum; ftylus erectus fimplex, flore lon- gior; ftigma bipartitum laciniis revolutis. cooling Pericarpium. Bacca parva ſubrotunda unilocularis, rubra. Semen Solitarium fubcompreſum, orbiculatum, nauco fragili tectum. This little tree is frequent about the Angels, and in the upper parts of Liguanea; it grows in the hedges, and ſeldom riſes above eight or ten feet in height: the leaves are roundiſh, and the berries. very thick and ſmall. The whole plant ſeems to have ſomething of the appearance of a Rhus. bol based I have deſcribed the characters exactly as I have obſerved them in the freſh ſpeci- mens; but they are very ſmall, and not eaſily obſerved, even by the help of glaſſes, me bowo grow oli obiec HALESIA 1. Arboreſcens, foliis fubrotundis fubtus argenteis ; ſpicis florum bi- geminis, ſuſtentaculis longis alaribus infidentibus. Tab. 20. f. I. The round-leafed Halefa. . . QUAV 1978 I I Periantium Monophyllum breve, tubulatum, fere truncatum, prægnans. Corolla Monopetala tubulata; tubus anguflus æqualis cylindraceus, calice quadruplo longior; limbus patens, in quatuor, quinque, vel ſex lacinias oblong as obtufas æquales ad baſim Jectus. Stamina. - Filamenta, ut plurimum feptem (quandoque pauciora) brevia & ex tubo nata; antheræ oblongæ fagittate, in fauce floris fitæ. Piſtillum. Germen fubrotundum depreſſum in fundo calicis fitum & adna- tum; ſtylus ſimplex aſurgens; ſtigma oblongum, obtufuſculum, inter antheras locatum. Pericarpium. Bacca videtur quadris vel plurilocularis feminibus folitariis to preferta, calice tecta & coronata, or Hhh This 3 3 206 NATURAL HISTORY This ſmall tree grows pretty frequent in Sixteen-mile-walk, and may be always ſeen in the ſmall wood beyond the church: the bark is ſmooth, and the leaves large and roundiſh. The plant feldom riſes above eight or ten feet in height, or exceeds three or four inches in diameter, and the diſpofition of the flowers is very remark- able, as well as the texture and form of the leaves : I have not ſeen any of the fruit in a perfect ſtate. It is called after the reverend Dr. Hales, author of the Vegetable Statics, &c. one of the greateſt philoſophers of the preſent age. tas ti CL AS S VIII. Of the Octandria, or Vegetables that have eight Fila- ments in every Flower. SE C T. E c I. Of ſuch as have eight Filaments and one Style in every Flower. HTM HALIMUS ALIMUS 1. Minimus, foliolis oblongis fucculentis tumentibus, fummis ra- mulis denhſime hitis. bi An, Portulaca erecta ſedi minoris facie, &c. Slo. Cat. 88. & H. t. 129? The ſmaller woolly Halimus. Periantium Biphyllum minimum, foliolis lanceolatis. Corolla Monopetala campanulata, in quinque lacinias ovatas erecto-patentes profunde fecta. Stamina. Filamenta octo, quandoque decem, quandoque pauciora, crecla; al- ternis minoribus. Antheræ fubrotunda. Piſtillum. Germen ovatum parvum; fýlus ſimplex longitudine ftaminum; ſtigma obtufum tri- vel quadripartitum. Pericarpium. Capſula ficca membranacea fubrotunda, unilocularis, in duas partes æquales horizontaliter dehiſcens. Semina Pauca ſubrotunda, funiculis propriis fundo capſulæ affixa. This little plant is frequent in the dry Savannas about Spaniſh Town and King- fton : it grows in beds, and ſpreads a little upon the ground, but the ſtems ſeldom exceed two or three inches in length : the leaves are diſpoſed pretty thick at the top of the branches, and the flowers blow in the center of them. There is a ſort of cotton ſhoots about the flowers, as the weed grows old, which in time ſpreads over moſt parts of the plant. LAH SAPINDUS 1. Foliis oblongis, vix petiolatis, per coſtam amplè alatam dif- pofitis. Sapindus. L. Gen. & H. C. Sapindus foliis pinnatis. L. Sp. Pl. 1.40jorter Prunifera racemoſa folio alato, &c. Slo. Cat. 184. & H. ii. 131. Prunifera live nuciprunifera. Pk. t. 217. 7. Guity Pifonis. 162. The Soap Tree. Stamina Osto, inferne hirſuta, longitudine fere floris; antheræ, eretta cordatæ. Piſtillum. Germen ovatum trilobum, quandoque quadrilobum; ſtylus brevis fimplex, ftigma obtufuſculum. Cætera ut in Linneo. r This OF JA MA I CA. 207 This ſhrubby tree is very common in the Savannas to the eaſtward of Kingſton, and in many other places about the low lands. It branches pretty much towards the top, and ſeldom riſes above ten or fifteen feet in height: the leaves are always of yellowiſh pale green, and the flowers ſmall and white; and diſpoſed in looſe bunches at the tops and ſides of the branches. The feed-vefſels of this plant are very deterſive and acrid; they lather freely in water, and are frequently uſed inſtead of ſoap; for a few of them will cleanſe more linnen than fixty times the weight of that compoſition ; but they are rather too ſharp, and obſerved to corrode or burn the linen in cime; and the water, in which the tops or leaves have been ſteeped or boiled, are obſerved to have the ſame quality in ſome degree. The ſeeds of this tree are round and hard, have a fine poliſh, and are frequently made into buttons and beads among the Spaniards. The whole plant, eſpecially the ſeed-capſules, being pounded and ſteeped in ponds, rivulets, or creeks, are obſerved to intoxicate and kill the filh. a SAPINDUS 2. Fruticoſus caudice ramis ſpinofifimis, foliis ovatis pinnatis. Tab. 20. f. 2. An, Sapindus, &c. Pk. t. 392. f.it The Licca Tree. I found this ſhrub in the Boroug? in St. James's : it is very remarkable for the pricklineſs of its trunk, which ſeldom exceeds feven or eight feet in height, or two or three inches in diameter. The fruit of this tree is much ſmaller than that of the other ſpecies; and though the embrio's are always trilocular, as in the other, no more than one of the cells and feeds ever grows to perfection: the capſulæ are, however, marked with longitudinal ſutures, that run down between the two abor- tive embrio's, which have been formed by the laceration of the ſtyle in the growth of one of the loculaments; for there is no more than one ſtyle in any of the flowers of theſe ſpecies. Daribastieto TROPEOLUM 1. Foliis fubquinquelobis peltatis, petalis obtufis. L. Sp. Pl. Tropeolum foliis peltatis orbiculatis. L. H.C. Indian Creſs. soitto solocoa nhorst in Whether this plant was introduced to “Jamaica, or be a native of that place, is not certain. It grows and thrives very luxuriantly in the cooler mountains of New Li- guanea, and runs frequently to the length of fifteen or twenty feet from the rout. The flowers have a great deal of the taſte of water or garden-creſſes, and máy be uſed with equal propriety in fallets. It is a beautiful flowering plant, and makes a pretty appearance in all the gardens of New Liguanea. a DODONEA. I. Arboreſcens, foliis pinnatis ovatis glabris alternis inte- gerrimis, coſta marginata, racemis terminatricibus. The ſmooth-leafed Dodonea. Periantium Parvum monophyllum, ad medietatem in quinque partes fe&tum. Corolla Nulla. Stamina. Filamenta octo, quandoque pauciora, brevia. Antheræ oblonga. Piſtillum. Germen fubrotundum; ſtylus brevis fimplex; ſtigma trilobum. Pericarpium. Capſula fubrotunda triloba trilocularis. Semina Solitaria. I found this tree in the upper parts of Sixteen-mile-walk; and below the Decoy, in the mountains of St. Mary's. HYPELATE 4 208 Τ THE NATURAL HISTORY HYPELATE 1. Fruticoſa, foliis obovatis pinnato-ternatis, petiolo mar- ginato affixis. The trifoliated Hypelate.se Periantium Tetraphyllum, foliatis ovatis. ni Corolla Tetrapetala tenuis; petalis ovatis foliolis calicis fimilibus. Nectarium. Umbilicus carnoſus germini circumductus. Stamina. Filament a octo, germen inter & umbilicum enata ; inde deflexa, & umbilico quaſ adnata ; ſuperne libera, erecto-patentia. An- theræ fubrotunda. nod 40 Piſtillum. Germen minimum oblongum angulatum truncatum; ftylus brevis; ſtigma acutum. This ſhrubby tree is very common in the low lands, and ſeldom riſes above eight or nine feet in height. It is full of ſlender branches, and furniſhed with many leaves of the ſame texture and grain with thoſe of Lignum-vita ; they are, how- ever, remarkably different both in form and diſpoſition. I have never ſeen the fruit of this plant in the perfect ſtate, 3120 OENOTHERA 1. Afurgens glabra, foliis lanceolatis alternis integerrimis, floribus folitariis alaribus. Halho The ſmooth Primroſe-willow. soite OENOTHERA 2. Aſfurgens hirſuta, floribus folitariis. The hairy Primroſe-willow. all alotto OENOTHERA 3. Herbacea repens. i bomo The ſmall creeping Primroſe-willow. Theſe three ſpecies are natives of Jamaica, and found about moſt of the rivulets, lagoons, and marſhy lands in the iſland: the laſt fort is frequent in the low lands about Plantain-garden river. All the plants of this tribe are mild ſubaſtringents and vulneraries, which may be very properly adminiſtered in infuſions, upon all occa- ſions were ſuch medicines are required. ; AMYRIS. 1. Arboreus, foliis bijugatis ovatis glabris, racemis laxis termina- libus. Lauro afinis, & lignum Rodium. Slo. Cat. 137. & H. t. 168. White Candlewood, or Roſe-wood. tal Periantium Minimum monophyllum quadridentatum. Corolla Tetrapetala, petalis oblongo-ovatis, ætate refleEtentibus, cito de- ciduis. Stamina. Filamenta octo ere&ta, quorum quatuor cæteris paulo breviora funt & petalis fuppofita; antheræ fubrotunda. Piſtillum. Germen oblongo-ovatum; ftylus nullus vel brevifimus; ſtigma obtufum fubrotundum. Pericarpium. Bacca oblongo-ovata unilocularis, nucella unica, quandoque ge- mina, ſolida, uniloculari-referta. This tree is found in the woods of St. Ann's, and thoſe back of Bull-bay, in the pariſh of Port-Royal; it grows to a conſiderable ſize, and is conſidered as one of the moſt valuable timber-trees in the iſland, but is not common. The wood is white, and of a curled grain when young, but grows of a dirty clouded aſh-colour with age : it bears a fine poliſh, and has a fine ſmell. The younger trees are fre- quently cut for fire-wood in the mountains; they are full of reſin, burn very freely, and a OF JA MA I c A. H1 1 209 and with a moſt agreeable ſmell. The wood is heavy, and in great vogue among our cabinet-makers. All the parts of this tree are full of warm, aromatic particles, and may be uſed in baths and fermentations, upon occaſion. The berries are of an oblong form, and have much of the taſte of the balſam Copaiba. AMYRIS 2. Fruticoſus minor, foliis orbiculatis venofis, pinnato-ternatis; ra- cemis terminatricibus. The ſmaller ſhrubby Sweetwood. This little plant is very common in the hills about the Ferry; it grows chiefly among the rocks, and ſeldom riſes above four or five feet in height, or exceeds an inch and a half in diameter. The leaves are very round, and diſtant from one another; and the flowers ſmall, and diſpoſed in looſe bunches at the tops of the branches. The leaves and outward parts of this ſhrub have no remarkable warmth, nor does the trunk burn with that fragrance, tho' it contains a great quantity of the like aromatic particles. AMYRIS? 3. Arboreſcens foliis ovatis glabris, vetuftioribus confertis ; petiolis ſubmarginatis; floribus folitariis. The buſhy Amyris . Periantium Monophyllum minimum quadridentatum. Corolla Tetrapetala, petalis lanceolatis, erecto-patentibus, refle&tentibus, in- terne verſius bafim hirſutis. Stamina. Filament a octo, corolla dimidio breviora; antheræ oblonga. Piftillum. Germen ovatum; ftylus fimplex longitudine ftaminum; ftigma obtufufculum. Pericarpium. Drupa baccave oblongo-ovata unilocularis, nuculo unico uni- loculari referta. I found this ſhrubby tree in the road near the river Grandee in St. George's; it was very buſhy, and divided much towards the top, tho' not above eight or nine feet in height. The trunk of the tree was about four inches and a half in diameter, and very ſimple towards the root: the leaves are not above an inch in length, of an oval form, and diſpoſed very thick uopn the ſmaller branches. 7019 COCCOLOBIS. 1. Foliis crafis orbiculatis, finu aperto. Uvifera foliis fubrotundis amplifimis. L. H. C. & Polygonum foliis fubrotundis caule arboreo, &c. Sp. Pl. Uvifera littorea foliis amplioribus, &c. Pk. t. 236. f. 7. Prunus maritima, &c. Slo. t. 129. & Cateſb. ii. t. 96. Nuli Tali. H.M. p. 4. t. 56 & 32. The Mangrove or Sea-ſide Grape. Periantium Monophyllum perfiftens, in quinque lacinias coloratas obovato- oblongas, ere&to-patentes, ad bafim fe&tum. Corolla Nulla. Nectarium? Umbilicus carnojus germen cingit. Stamina. Filamenta o&to, quandoque feptem vel pauciora, erecto-patentia laciniis calicis breviora & ex umbilico orta, decidua. Piſtillum. Germen ovatum; ftylus brevis; ſtigma laceratum. Pericarpium. Calix, poſt ſta minum delapſum, erigitur, germen involvit, ac- creſcit, & abit in baccam ſucculentam fubrotundam uni- locularem, ad apicem ſtellatam. Semen. Nucleus unicus cordato ovatus bafi quinquelobus, nauco tenui lignoſe teEtus. lii This ce т 210 THE NATURAL HISTORY 100 i This tree is common in moſt of the ſugar-colonies; and is generally found near the ſea. It grows frequently to a conſiderable ſize, and is then looked upon as a beautiful wood for all ſorts of cabinet-ware, but it ſeldom riſes ſtraight or regular. The leaves are large, round, ſmooth, thick, and open at the baſe; the foot-ſtalks are ſtrong, and vaginated at the bottom in all the ſpecies, and the flowers ſmall, and placed on flender ſpikes at their alæ. The berries are generally about the ſize of common grapes; they have an agreeable flavour, but the pulp is not conſiderable. The kernel is lobed at the bottom; it is a very great aſtringent, and may be uſed in emulſions, bolus's, or electuaries, of that na- ture, with great propriety; but its action is not of a long continuance: it has all the taſte of Biſtort. Bm OM COCCOLOBIS 2. Arborea foliis orbiculatis integris. Home 000 An, Scortea arbor Americana, &c. Pk. t. 222. f. 8. vel 43 1. f.6? out істом im sus lo via The Grape-Tree, with whole leaves. This tree is very common between Kingſton and Bull-bay; but it ſeldom riſes above five or eight feet in height. The berries of this ſpecies are not eſteemed. COCCOLOBIS 3. Foliis oblongo-ovatis venoſis, uvis minoribus punetatis. Uvifera arbor Americana fru&tu pun£tato. Pk. t. 237. f. 4. The chequered Grape-Tree. redits COCCOLOBIS 4. Montana major arborea, foliis ſubrotundis, cortice levi. • An, Guanabanus montana. Pk. t. 363. f. 4. anim mo The Mountain Grape-Tree. This tree is frequent about the Croſs in Clarendon : it grows to a conſiderable fize, and is looked upon as a fine timber-wood. 12 ni edom 620793 COCCOLOBIS? 5. Fruteſcens, foliis ſubrotundis, fructu minori trigono. Tab. 14. f. 3. The ſmall Grape-Tree, with dry triangular berries. av be OLVO This tree grows among the rocks in the hiils above Bull-bay. The cup is ſeldom divided into more than three parts, and the nut is triangular; but all the outward parts, and the natural appearance of the plants, agree. The bark and kernels of all the ſpecies are looked upon as powerful aſtringents; and the flowers are always diſpoſed on ſimple ſpikes in each of them. tivo MELICOCCUS 1. Foliis ut plurimum bijugatis ovatis, per pennas alatas difpofitis. Nux Americana, coſta foliorum appendiculis aucta. Pk. t. 207. f. 4. The Genip Tree.mod Periantium Parvum monopbyllum, in quatuor lacinias lanceolato-ovatas, pa- tentes profunde fe&tum. Corolla Petala quatuor oblonga, ad inciſuras calicis fere fita. Stamina. Filamenta o&to brevia, erecta, in orbem circa germen poſita, ad bafim fere adnata ; antheræ erectæ oblonga. Piftillum. Germen ovatum; ftylus. brevis ; ftigma vaginatum. 0 Pericarpium. Bacca ovata bilocularis, binis nucleis naucis propriis ſubofſeis glabris teftis, referta. bzon 5970 SO 1 This O FIJAMA I CA.. HT 2II a a This tree was brought to Jamaica from Surinam, and is cultivated with great care by one Guaf, a few. It thrives very well in the low lands about Kingſton, and riſes ſometimes to the height of fixteen or eighteen feet, or better. The fruit is very mellow, and grows to the ſize of a large plumb; but it ſeldom brings more than one ſtone or ſeed to perfection, and that is generally found in the center. RHIZOPHORA 1, Utrinque brachiata; foliis eliptico-ovatis, fummis ramis diſpoſitis. Rhizophora foliis acutis, fructibus ſubulato-clavatis. L. Sp. Pl. The Mangrove of Cateſb. ii. t. 63. Mangle arbor pirifolia, &c. Pk, t. 204. f. 9. Mangle pirifolia cum filiquis longis, &c. Slo. Cat. 155. Kandel. H.M. p. 6. t. 34. ang laparaiba. Pif. 204. The Mangrove, or Black Mangrove Tree. This tree is generally found on the borders of the fea, in whoſe waters alone it ſeems to thrive ; and there, only in ſuch places as have a ſoft and yielding bottom. Its larger branches frequently emit ſoft and weakly appendicles, that have the appear- ance of ſo many flender aphyllous branches, and bend always downwards: but as theſe are ſofter, and furniſhed each with a large column of a lax ſpongy pith in the center; they grow more luxuriantly than the other parts of the tree, and reach the mud in a ſhort time; where they throw out a numberleſs ſeries of ſlender fibres, which in time turn into roots, to ſupply the ſtem more copiouſly with nouriſh- ment, while they become ſo many props or limbs to the parent tree. Thus it conti- nues to enlarge its bulk, as its weight increaſes, or its branches ſpread, (theſe con- ftantly throwing out new appendicles as they multiply their ſhoots ;) and by thoſe means forms thoſe interwoven groves we ſo frequently meet with on the ſea-ſhore in thoſe parts of the world; which, beſides many other advantages, ſerve to ſtop the mould that is conſtantly waſhed down by thoſe rapid floods that come from the in- land pårts; and thereby, in time, turn, what might have otherwiſe continued uſeleſs ponds, or open creeks, into rich and fertile fields. The fruit of this tree germinates within the cup, and grows from the top down- wards, until it acquires a due degree of weight and perfection: then it falls off ; and as the root part is always thickeſt, and hangs loweſt, it drops in that direction, and is thus received in the natural poſition in the mud below: the leaves im- mediately unfold, and in a few minutes you ſee a perfect plant, ſometimes of ten or twelve inches in length, which ſoon begins to ſhoot its roots, and puſh its growth like the parent ſtem; for the germen is frequently a foot in length before it falls, and always furniſhed with two leaves at the top; but theſe are folded up and incloſed within the cup while it continues upon the tree, UVODY10 The trunk of the Mangrove ſeldom grows to any conſiderable thickneſs, but the wood is very tough and hard, bears the water well, and is much uſed for knees and ribs in long-boats, and other ſmall craft; for which the archings and angles of its limbs moſt naturally adapt it. Its lower branches become frequently the ſupporters of the American oyſter, which has given riſe to the fabulous account of the growth of this ſhell-fiſh. Piſo ſays, that a piece of the root toaſted, and applied warm , , to the painful wounds infected by the ſting of the fiſh Nigui, does ſoon quiet the pain. N. B. The number of the Filaments varies from four to twelve, in the flowers of this plant; but eight is the moſt conſtant number of them in that part of the world. SECT. 212 THE NATURAL HISTORY 1 SECT. II. T. Of ſuch as have eight Filaments and two Styles in every Flower. WINDMANNI INDMANNIA 1. Fruticoſa foliis fubrotundis ſerratis, per pennas cordato- alatas diſpoſitis; racemis terminalibus; pennis & ramis oppofitis. The ſlender Windmannia, with winged ribs. Periantium Tetraphyllum parvum, foliolis ovatis ere&to-patentibus. Corolla Tetrapetala, petalis foliolis calicis majoribus & alternatis. Stamina. Filamenta otto erecta, brevia; e finu petalorum floris & foliorum calicis pariter orta. Antheræ ſubrotunda. Piſtillum. Germen ſubovatum; ſtyli duo longitudine ſtaminum ; ftigmata ſubacuta fimplicia. Pericarpium. Capſula oblongo - ovata, coriacea, bilocularis, biroftrata, Seminibus ſex vel oeto referta, parvis & fubrotundis. I have met with this elegant little ſhrub on the top of the blue mountains in New Liguanea, in the road between Mr. Jones's and Cold Spring; and have once before obſerved it in the mountains above the ſulphur, in Mountſerat, but never in any other part of either iſland. It riſes by a weakly fender ſtem, and ſhoots frequently to the height of ſix or feven feet. The branches are few, lender, and oppoſite, as well as the ribs, which we have always found beautifully alated or winged between the leaves; but the flowers riſe in looſe bunches at the extremities of the branches. The whole plant ſeems to have ſomething of the appearance of a Sumack. , SECT. III. Of Plants that have eight Filaments and three Styles in every Flower. OLYGONUM 1. Glabrum, floribus hexandris, Stylis bifidis, vaginis fub- Polygonnm floribus hexandris femidigynis, foliis lanceolatis, ftipulis fubmu- ticis. L. Sp. Pl. Perſicaria procumbens longiſima. Slo. Cat. 47. & H. t. 3. Scovanna-Mudela, &c. H. M. p. 12. t. 77. The ſmooth Arſe-ſmart. POLYGONUM 1. Subhirfutum, vaginis ſetofis, floribus octandris, ftylis tri- fidis. Polygonum floribus octandris trigynis racemoſis, caule patulo: L. Sp. Pl. Perſicaria Madera patina, &c. Pk. Phy. t. 210. f. 7. Velutta-Mudela. H. M. p. 12. t. 76. The hairy Arſe-ſmart Both theſe plants grow naturally in Jamaica, and are very common about all the lagoons and rivulets in the iſland. PAULINIA 1. Sarmentoſa, foliis ternato-ternatis, ad apices crenatis; infimis minoribas, quandoque tantum auritis. Paulinia foliis bipinnatis, petiolis marginatis. L. Sp. Pl. T Paulinia. H. C. Planta Y OF o FЈА М І СА J A M A IC A. 213 il a Planta fruticoſa ſcandens, &c. Slo. Cat. 214. & H. t. 231. Cordis Indi folio & facie fruteſcens, &c. Pk. t. 168. f. 6. Cururu-ape. Piſ. 250. Souple Jack. This plant is very common in the woods of Jamaica; it has a ſlender, lignous, flexile ſtalk, and raiſes itſelf frequently to a very conſiderable height among the buſhes. The ſtem of this plant is ſo tough and yielding, that it is commonly cut into junks, barked, and uſed for riding-ſwitches, or carried in the hand, in thoſe parts, as we do ſmall ratans in Europe. CARDIOSPERMUM I. Scandens, foliis ternato-ternatis, acuminatis, ſerratis. Cardioſpermum. L. H.C. & Sp. Pl. Cor Indum ampliori folio fructu majori. The, Zey. The larger Cardioſpermum. CARDIOSPERMUM 2. Villofum, ftylo bifido, faminibus fubcoalitis oppoſito. Cor Indum five Halicacabum peregrinum minus, &c. The. Zey. The ſmaller hairy Cardioſpermum. Both theſe plants are natives of Jamaica, and frequently found climbing in the lower woods. The firſt ſort is very common; it has but a ſlender ſtem, and climbs to the top of the talleſt trees in the foreſts. I have ſeen only one or two plants of the other fort; they grow in the low lands towards the foot of the Long-mountain in the upper part of Liguanea: the leaves are minutely divided, and have ſomething of the appearance of Parſly. All the filaments of the flower are connected at the baſe in this laſt ſpecies; and diſpoſed, as it were, in a tuft on one ſide, and oppoſite to the ſtyle. a CL AS С s IX. | Of the Enneandria, or Plants that have nine Filaments in every Flower. L SECT. 1. Of ſuch as have nine Filaments and one Style in every Flower. AURUS 1. Foliis oblongo-ovatis, alternis, venofis ; racemis terminalibus, calici- bus fimplicibus. Laurus foliis lanceolatis perennantibus venoſis planis, floribus racemofis. L. Sp. Pl. & H. C. Laurus folio longioré, &c. Slo. Cat. & H. t. 165. Laurus Cateſb. t. 63. & Pk. t. 176. f. 2. Sweetwood. This tree grows to a conſiderable fize in Jamaica, and is looked upon as one of the beſt timber-trees in the iſland : it grows in great abundance in the lower hills ; K k k but 214 THE NATURAL HISTORY but its leaves vary between the oval and the oblong, according to the ſoil, and the age of the tree. The wood, leaves, and flowers, have a very agreeable ſmell. LAURUS 2. Foliis venoſis ovatis, fructu majori, calicibus tumidis, laciniis reflexis. Laurus, &c. Pk. t. 304. f. 1. & t. 369. f. 4. Loblolly Whitewood, or white Sweetwood. I have ſeen this tree in the mountains of St. Ann's; its berries are as large as cherries, plump and black; and the cups pretty thick and ſwelling. The leaves and tender ſhoots is excellent fodder for all ſorts of cattle. LAURUS? 3. Foliis obverſe ovatis fubtus cinereis, fructibus oblongis Sparſis, calicibus deciduis. The ſmaller Laurel, with oblong berries. I found this tree in the road between Mount Diable, and the thickets in St. Ann's; it divided into a great number of branches toward the top, was about twelve feet in height, and four inches in diameter near the root. The berries of this ſpecies are oblong and even, of an ecliptic form, and ſeldom under an inch or better in length: they are of a black colour, very ſucculent, and contain each a ſingle bi- lobed kernel, without any partial covering. I have not ſeen the flowers. LAURUS? 4. Foliis oblongo-ovatis, fručtu obverſè ovato, pericarpio bu- tyraceo. Laurus foliis ovatis coriaceis, floribus corymboſis. L. Sp. Pl. Perſea Plum. t. 20. Prunifera arbor fructu maximo, &c. Slo. Cat. 185. & H. t. 222. Plotanus Mart. 513. The Avocato, or Alligator Pear-Tree. This tree grows commonly to the fize of our largeſt apple-trees in Europe, and ſpreads pretty wide at the top. The branches are very ſucculent and ſoft; the leaves oblong and veiny, and the fruit of the form of a pear ; but the pulp is covered with a tough ſkinny coat, and contains a large rugged ſeed, which is wrapped up in one or two thin membranous covers. The fruit of this tree is one of thoſe that is held in the greateſt eſteem, among all ſorts of people in thoſe colonies; the pulp is of a pretty firm conſiſtence, and has a delicate rich flavour: it gains upon the palate of moſt people, and becomes ſoon agreeable even to thoſe who cannot like it at firſt; but is ſo rich and mild, that moſt people make uſe of ſome ſpice or pungent ſubſtance to give it a poignancy; and for this purpoſe, ſome make uſe of wine, ſome of ſugar, ſome of lime-juice, but moſt of pepper and ſalt. Moſt ſorts of creatures are obſerved to feed on this fruit with pleaſure; and it ſeems equally agreeable to the horſe, the dog, the cow, and the cat, as well as to all ſorts of birds; and, when plenty, makes a great part of the delicacies of the negroes. The tree requires ſome care, a rich ſoil, and a warm fituation, to raiſe it to per- fection. It was firſt introduced there from the continent. VOLKAMERIA 1. Arborea, foliis oblongo-ovatis, alternis, ſuperne glabris, fubtus fubvilloks & nervoſis; Spicis ramoſis, termina- libus. Tab. 21. f. 1. An, Baccifera arbor caliculata, foliis laurinis, &c. Slo. Cat. 165. & H. t. 198. The Volkameria, with oblong leaves. Periantium I OF Í A M A I CA. 215 ; Periantium Monophyllum campanulatum, ultra medietatem in quatuor vel quinque lacinias ovatas fe&tum. Corolla Monopetala, in quatuor vel quinque lacinias ovat as, conniventes, ad bafim fere feeta. Stamina. Filamenta novem brevia; antheræ cordatæ ere&tæ. Piftillum. Germen fubrotundum parvum, vaginula urceolata inclufum ; ftylus brevis fimplex ; ftigma trilobum, tripartitum, obtufum. Pericarpium. Bacca trilocularis, tribus feminibus oblongis, ſolitariis, re- ferta. This ſhrubby tree is very common in Sixteen-mile-walk, and riſes generally to the height of twelve or fourteen feet. It ſeems to have a near reſemblance to the Locuft-berry tree, which we have placed among the Malpigiæ ; but it is really very different, for the parts and diſpoſition of the flowers are entirely peculiar. The filaments riſe from the bottom of the flower, juſt about the germen, and are not ſo long as either the petals, or the cup. The flower-tops are rather ſo many bunches compoſed of fimple ſpikes, riſing gradually one above another; but each of the flowers are ſupported by a ſubulated ftipula, or ear, while young. We have called this tree by the name of Volkameria, to perpetuate the memory of that famous botaniſt; having ranged the ſhrub that uſed to go under that deno- mination with the Clerodendrums, of which it is a ſpecies. MELANIUM 1. Herbaceum reclinatum, foliolis ovatis oppoſitis, floribus fin- gularibus ad alas alternas. The reclining Melanium, with ſingle flowers. Periantium Monophyllum tubulatum, ad imum, ab altero latere, prominulum ; tubus re&tus æqualis, ore in ſex crenas fe&tus. Corolla Hexapetala, petalis oblongis fauci calicis adnatis. Stamina. Filamenta novem vel oeto, cum rudimento unius vel alterius, bre- via, inæqualia, inferne tubo adnata ; antheræ cordata in fauce calicis fita. Piſtillum. Germen oblongum intra calicem fitum; ſtylus ſimplex longitu- dine fere ſtaminum; ftigma acutum. Pericarpium. Capſula membranacea oblonga unilocularis. Semina Pauca (tria inter & ſena) placentulis propriis adnata. I found this vegetable among the cane-pieces in Capt. Fuller's eſtate at Luidas; it is but a weakly plant, and grows generally with a fender ſtem well ſupplied with branches towards the top. The whole plant has a diſagreeable ſharp ſmell, which approaches much to that of the Guinea-Henweed, but is more fubtile and leſs perceptible when placed cloſe to the noſe. I had frequent occaſions to obſerve the ſmell of this plant while it was under examination, but never found any more diſ- agreeable beſides that of the Guinea-Henweed. The leaves and flowers are very much like thoſe of the Parſonha, as well as the diſpoſition and make of the cap- fulæ, but that plant does not branch ſo much, nor has it any thing of this ſmell. I am at a loſs whether to place it among the Enneandria or Decandria; the number of the flower-leaves ſeems to claſs it with the former. a CLASS 216 THE NATURAL HISTORY C LA S S X. Of the Decandria, or Vegetables that have ten Fila- ments in every Flower . SECT. I. Of ſuch as have ten Filaments and one Style in every Flower. WIN. B. We place thoſe that have their Filaments, in an erect and regular poſi- tion, before the reſt. BARBILUS ARBILUS 1. Foliis cordato-ovatis nitidis pinnatis, floribus racemoſis, cortice ſcabro. The Barbilus, with pinnated leaves, or Baſtard Iron-wood. 370 Periantium Parvum campanulatum, quandoque quadrifidum, quandoque quinquefidum. Corolla, Vel tetrapetala, vel pentapetala; petalis parvis lanceolatis, mar- gini interiori calicis affixis. Stamina. Filamenta vel oeto, vel decem, compreſa latiuſcula erecta, e fundo calicis orta; antheræ parva ovata. Piſtillum. Germen ovatum; ſtylus brevis fimplex ; ftigma obtufiuſculum, fubrotundum. Pericarpium. Capſula trilocularis ovata ; fingulis loculamentis feminibus binis refertis. This tree is very rare in Jamaica. I have ſeen it only once in the woods at the back of Bull-bay, where it grew to a conſiderable ſize, and mounted to the height of about forty feet. The trunk is generally ſtraight, and covered with a rough furrowed bark; the wood is of a light brown caſt, with a free porous texture, and is thought to be a good timber-wood; the leaves and tops are ſmooth, and reſemble thoſe of the Mahogany tree pretty much. I have examined a great number of the flowers of this tree, and found them ſo equally divided between the two claſſes, that I was for a time in doubt which to refer it to; nor have I placed it now with any cer- tainty, tho' the formation of the fruit ſeems to thew it more nearly allied to this. It ſeems to be very nearly a-kin to the Trichilia, tho' the filaments are not connected. CUPHEA 1. Erecta foliolis oblongo-ovatis, oppoſitis; floribus ſpicatis termi- nalibus. The ſmall erect Cuphea, with the flowers diſpoſed in ſpikes. Periantium Monophyllum tubulatum coloratum adimum, ab altero latere, pro- minulum ; tubus anguftus æqualis, ad faucem leniter ampli- atus, recurvus, villoſus, quinque crenatus, Corolla Pentapetala, petalis obovatis, unguibus tenuibus fauci calicis ad crenas inſertis. Stamina. Filamenta decem breviſſima, e tubo orta, in fauce libera; antheræ globoſa, corolla coloris. Piſtillum. Germen oblongum calice inclufum; ſtylus ſimplex longitudine fere ftaminum; ftigma obtufuſculum. Pericarpium. Capſula membranacea oblonga unilocularis. . Semina 2 OF JA MA I c А. м А 217 Semina Plura orbiculata compreſa, receptaculo oblique adnata. Receptaculum Columnare, in centro capſule pofitum. This little plant was found in Clarendon ; it has a delicate ſlender ſtalk, emits but a few branches, and ſeldom riſes above ten or twelve inches in height. It bears its flowers in ſpikes at the extremities of the branches. a ACISANTHERA 1. Ere&ta ramoſa, ramulis quadratis, foliolis trinerviis ovato-crenatis, oppofitis; floribus fingularibus ad alas alternas. Tab. 22. f. 1. The branched Akifanthera. Periantium Monophyllum ventricoſum prægnans, ore profunde quinqueden- tatum. Corolla Pentapetala, petalis obverſe ovatis, fauci calicis infertis. Stamina. Filamenta decem, vix æqualia, declinata, corolla breviora ; antheræ oblongæ fagittata & ſubarcuate, verſatiles. Piſtillum. Germen ſubrotundum calice tectum & coronatum; ſtylus brevis fimplex, ftigma acutum. Pericarpium. Capſula ſubrotunda bilocularis, binis placentulis referta. Semina Plurima parua fubrotunda, placentulis affixa. This plant grows in the paſtures eaſtward of Luidas, and ſeldom riſes above fourteen or fixteen inches in height. The ſtem is pretty firm and ſquare, and emits a good many branches towards the top; the leaves are ſmall, and remarkable; and the flowers riſe ſingle from the alternate alæ, or boſoms of the leaves. Mr. Ebret's delineation does not anſwer exactly to this deſcription, which was taken from the plant while freſh; but this, I ſuppoſe, may be owing to ſome va- riation, or defect in the ſpecimen. SAMYDA 1. Fruticoſa foliis nitidis cordatis, leviffime crenatis; rudimentis mollibus rubentibus; racemis tenuioribus alaribus. Tab. 23. 3 f. 3: The ſhrubby Samyda, with waxen rudiments; Or the larger Cloven-berry Buſh. Periantium Monophyllum coloratum, campanulatum, in quinque partes ovatas ultra medietatem fe&tum. Corolla, Alia nulla. Stamina. Filamenta erecta brevia e pelve calicis orta; in aliis octo, in aliis novem, in aliis decem; rudimentis totidem, variis, interpoſitis ; antheræ ovata caducæ, filamentis tantum conceſa. Piſtillum. Germen globoſum in fundo calicis fitum ; ftylus brevis fimplex ; ſtigma craſſuſculum, obtuſum. Pericarpium. Capſula carnoſa ſubrotunda unilocularis trivalvis, tribus li- neis nota ; valvis maturitate reflexis, & a receptaculo co- lumnare pulpoſo recedentibus. Semina Plura nidulantia, receptaculo pulpoſo ereto perſiſtenti immerſa. n SAMYDA 2. Foliis ovatis cum acumine, fru&tibus plurimis minoribus con- fertis. Arbor baccifera foliis oblongis acuminatis. Slo. Cat. 173. & H. t. 211. The ſmaller Samyda, or Cloven-berry Buſh. LII SAMYDA 218 THE NATUR A L HISTORY - SAMYDA 3. Foliis ovatis villoſis, floribus confertis, fafciculis fparfis. Samyda. L. Sp. Pl. Frutex baccifera folio oblongo integro, &c. Slo. Cat. 173. The hairy Samyda, or Cloven-berry Buſh. Theſe ſpecies of the Samyda are frequent in Jamaica, and grow commonly in the low lands; they are all of the Thrubby kind, tho' neither of the two laſt forts ever riſes above four or five feet in height; but the firſt fhoots ſometimes to the height of ſeven or eight. The pigeons are ſaid to feed much upon the ſeeds, and the pulp of the berries of the laſt fort, when in ſeaſon; and the bitteriſh taſte of both has probably given riſe to the notion: but I am apt to think that that flavour, ſo peculiar to the wild pigeon, proceeds rather from the fruit of the Xylopicron, which is always in ſeaſon about the ſame time, and an agreeable wholfome bitter, on which they are well known to feed. The firſt ſpecies has no more than eight filaments in each flower ; but the two laſt always have nine or ten, with as many villoſe rudiments. TRICHOGAMILA 1. Fruticoſa, erecta, indiviſa; foliis orbiculatis alternis. The ſimple erect Trichogamila. Periantium Duplex ; exterius diphyllum, parvum, deciduum; interius mono- phyllum cyathiforme, in quinque partes ovatas ad medieta- tem feftum. Corolla Pentapetala, vel monopetala ad bafim fe&ta; laciniis oblongis retu- fis, erecto patentibus. Stamina. Filamenta decem tomentoſa, erecta, corolla breviora ; antheræ fubrotunda. Piftillum. Germen minimum in fundo calicis fitum; ftylus tomentoſus lon- gitudine flaminum; ftigma obtuhufculum. Pericarpium. Drupa ſphærica lignea tenuis, & tenuiter corticata, unilocu- laris, inflata, ſuperficie ſubinæquali . Semina Nuclei bini biloði oblongo-ovati , quorum alter ut plurimum abortit, minorque, laxatus, & divinětus est; alter vero fundo drupæ afigitur, nec dimidium loculamenti replet. Bolt This ſhrubby plant grows cloſe to the beach at Bull-bay, and ſeldom rifes above three or four feet from the root. The ſtem is ſtiff and ſimple, and ſeldom exceeds three or four lines in diameter: the leaves are round, ſmooth, and alternate; the , flowers ſmall and whitiſh ; and the berries of the ſize and appearance of gall-nuts, but light and hollow. RUTA 1. Foliis decompoſitis, laciniis latiuſculis, petalis fubvillofis. Ruta foliis decompofitis . L. Sp. Pl. &c. Ruta Off. Rue. This plant has been long introduced to, and cultivated in Jamaica; but does not grow fo luxuriantly as many other European vegetables; nor is it indeed ſo neceſſary in this climate. It is an active, warm, nervous medicine, and much impregnated with ſubtile penetrating particles of a very volatile nature, and contains a great quantity of a more fixt refinous ſubſtance. It ſtimulates the ſolids to a more vigo- rous oſcillation, rarefies the juices, promotes both ſweat and urine, provokes the menſes, reſolves obſtructions, ſtrengthens the viſcera, and attenuates the blood. It is recommended equally in peſtilential fevers, and thoſe ariſing from a lentor of the juices; is found very ſerviceable in moſt hyſteric and ſcorbutic caſes; and often ordered, OF JA M A ICA: 219 ordered, with other antielminthics, in extemporaneous preſcriptions, for worms. It is generally adminiſtered in infuſions or bolus's; for which purpoſes both a conſerve of the leaves, and the freſh or dried plant, is generally kept in the ſhops, as well as the oil. Sp. Pl. MELASTOMA 1. Subarboreſcens foliis oblongis, petiolis marginato-fimbriaa tis, racemis terminatricibus, flore majori. Melaftoma. Bur. The. Zey, t. 72. The Cock-roch Tree. MELASTOMA 2. Arboreſcens, foliis ovatis ſubtus cinereis, racemis termi- natricibus, floribus majoribus. Melaſtoma foliis integris ovato-lanceolatis fubtus fericeis, nervis ante bahim coadunatis. L. Sp. Pl. Groſſularia fru&tu arbot maxima ſpinoſa. Slo. Cat. 164. & H. t. 196. f. 2. The arboreſcent Melaſtoma. MELASTOMA 3. Fruticoſa minor, foliis tenuibus ovatis, racemis termia nalibus. Melaftoma foliis lanceolatis ſcabris. L. Sp. Pl. The ſmaller ſhrubby Melaſtoma, or Indian Currant-Tree. MELASTOMA 4. Hirſuta, foliis cordatis reticulatis fcabris, floribus laxe racemofis ad alas. Melaftoma foliis denticulatis lanceolatis quinquenerviis, caule hiſpido. L. Groſſularia fruétu, &c. Slo. Cat. 165. & H. t. 197. f. 2. & Pil.217. The hairy Melaſtoma. MELASTOMA 5. Subhirſuta ; foliis cordatis fcabris, minutiffime denticulatis & pulchre reticulatis; racemis minoribus alaribus. Tab. 24. f. 3 : The hairy Melaftoma, with delicate leaves. MELASTOMA 6. Foliis ampliffimis fubtus ferrugineis, racemis terminatri- cibus. Melaſtoma foliis denticulatis ovatis acutis. L. Sp. Pl. The large-leafed foxy Melaftoma. MELASTOMA 7. Foliis amplioribus, per petiolum recurrentibus & contractis; faſciculis florum Sparſis. Tab. 24. f. 1. & 2. Melaſtoma foliis denticulatis ovatis acuminatis, nervis interioribus ante ha- fim coadunatis. L. Sp. Pl. The large-leafed Melaſtoma, with the flowers diſpoſed in ſcattered tufts. MELASTOMA? 8. Foliis ovatis nitidis minutiſſime denticulatis, venis & ra. mulis purpurafcentibus. An, Groſſulariæ fructu arbor maxima, &c. Slo. Cat. 164. & H. t. 196? The ſmooth-leafed Melaftoma, with purple veins. MELASTOMA? 220 THE NATURAL HISTORY a MELASTOMA? 9. Minima fcandens, ſarmento tenui, foliis quinquenervis ovatis ciliatis oppofitis. The ſmall climbing Melaſtoma. All theſe ſpecies of the Melaſtoma are frequent in Jamaica, and found fome in one part, ſome in another part of the iſland. The eighth ſpecies is a native of the coldeſt mountains of Liguanea; the others grow chiefly in the hills and lower mountains : they are all of the ſhrubby kind, and ſeldom exceed five or fix feet in height; we muſt, however, except the two firft fpecies, which are ſometimes obſerved to riſe by moderate trunks, and to put on the appearance of ſmaller trees, The leaves, in all the ſpecies, are furniſhed with three or five veins, that run in an arched form from the footſtalk to the top; and the ſpaces between theſe are beauti- fully nerved or areolated, and of a very ſingular ſtructure. smolus M TRIBULUS 1. Foliis ſex jugatis ſubæqualibus, flore amplo odorato. Tribulus foliis fex jugatis ſubaqualibus. L Sp. Pl. Tribulus foliolis ſex parium pinnatis. L. H.C. ANOTSAIG The Turkey Bloſſom. This plant, whether a native, or originally introduced to famaica, is now very common about Kingſton, and grows very luxuriantly both in the eaſtern and the ſake of its flowers, which yield a pleaſant agreeable ſmell. It is a ſpreading creeper, and runs frequently the length of three or four feet from the main root, throwing out many lateral branches on all ſides. The fowls are obſerved to feed much on the bloſſoms of this plant where it grows wild, and is thought to heighten the flavour, as well as to contribute to the fattening of them. TRIBULUS? 2. Foliis fenis pinnatis, extimis majoribus, floribus fingularibus. Tab. 21. f. 3. Tribulus foliolis trium parium pinnatis, L.HC. & quadrijugis Sp. Pl. Tribulus tereſtris major, &c. Slo. Cat. 9o. & H. t. 132. The field Tribulus. Pedunculo Oblongo, excavato obverſe conico, ad apicem applanato incidit periantium pentaphyllum, foliolis anguſtis acutis hirſutis, & remotis ; primo ætate erectis, maturitate reflexis. Corolla Monopetala decidua, in quinque lacinias orbiculatas, calice bre- viores ad bafim feɛta. Stamina. Filamenta decem brevia: antheræ fubrotunde; alternæ tantillo minores. Piſtillum. Germen ſubrotundum mucronatum ; ftylus vix ullus, ftigma conicum, decem ſtriis notatum. Receptaculum Columnare capitatum ere&tum, in centro frutificationis log be catum. an Pericarpium Nullum. Semina Decem angulata fubrugoſa & ſubcompreſſa, ad baſm columnæ in or- bem pofita, tandem decidua. This creeping plant is ſomething like the foregoing, both in fize and diſpoſition : it grows in all the paſtures, is frequently gathered with the other fodder-plants, and fed upon indiſcriminately by all ſorts of cattle, HÆMALOXYLUM o F ЈА м А і с А. OF A M I 22 I HÆMALOXYLUM 1. Spinofum, foliolis pinnatis, racemis terminalibus. Hæmaloxylum. L. H. C. & Sp. Plant. Lignum Campechianum, Species quædam Braſ. &c. Slo. Cat. 213. & H. t. 231. Coatli, &c. Hernandes 119. & Lignum Nephriticum. Off. Logwood. This ſhrub was firſt introduced to Jamaica from ſome part of the main, and is now cultivated in many parts of the iſland. It thrives beſt in low ſwampy lands, or ſhallow waters, where the bottom is rich and inoderately firm; and ſeldom riſes above twelve or fourteen feet in height, or exceeds ſeven inches in diameter ; but the trunk is generally ſhort and uneven. This wood is the chief ingredient in all purple dyes, and a principal one in our beſt blacks. It gives a purple tincture by infuſion, which is eaſily changed, or heightened, by acid or alkalious admixtures; and varies its appearance in different poſitions, like the Opal, or the feathers of a pea- cock. Both the bark and gum of this tree are gentle fubaftringents'; but the laſt excels, and adds a ſweetneſs to its virtue, which makes it the more agreeable to the palate. BUCERAS 1. Ramulis flexuoſis tenuioribus, foliis obovatis confertis, Spicis plurimis terminalibus. Tab. 23. f. 1. Mangle Julifera, foliis fubrotundis confertis, &c. Slo. Cat. 156. The Black Olive, or Bark-Tree. Periantium Monophyllum urceolatum, inferne ventricoſum ſubrotundum; collo coar&tatum ; limbus ere&to-patulus, integer. Corolla Nulla. Stamina. Filamenta decem ereto-patentia, limbo paulo longiora & e collo calicis enata. Antheræ erecta cordata. Piſtillum. Germen oblongum in fundo calicis fitum & adnatum; ftylus fimplex longitudine jlaminum ; ftigma acutiuſculum. Pericarpium. Calix una cum-germine mutatur in capſulam urceolatam unia locularem, quæ femen unicum oblongo-ovatum involvit. This tree is called the Black-Olive in Jamaica ; but in Antigua, where it is equally common, goes by the name 'of French Oak. It is a native of the lower ſwampy lands, or adjoining banks, and grows to a very confiderable ſize: it is fre- quent about the Ferry, and remarkable for its ſlender crooked branches, and the tufted diſpoſition of its leaves. On the flower-Tpikes of this tree you may ſometimes find one or more fructifications, that ſhoot into a monſtrous ſize, being ſeldom under three inches in length, tho' never above a line and a half in diameter; and ſome- thing in the form of a bull's horn. It is reckoned an excellent timber-tree; and the bark is greatly eſteemed among the tanners. HYMENÆA 1. Foliis geminatis parallelis, paginis inæqualibus, racemis terminatricibus. Hymenæa. L.H.C. & Species Plant. Courbaril Plum, t. 36. fed corolla inaccurate delineata eft. Ceratia diphyllos Antegoana, &c. Pk. Phy. t. 82. f. 3. Reſina Lutea pallida, &c. Slo. Cat. pag. 216. & H. 186. Jataiba. Piſo 123. The Locus Tree. Periantium Duplex; exterius biphyllum amplexum deciduum ; interius pena taphyllum, vel monophyllum ad bafim fere fe&tum; laciniis ovatis. Mmm Corolla a 222 THE NATURAL HISTORY ovata. Corolla Pentapetala, petalis ovatis ere&to-patentibus, fere æqualibus. Stamina. Filamenta decem brevia fimplicia declinata; antheræ oblongo- Piftillum. Germen oblongum compreſſum parvum; ftylus brevis intortus, incuruus ; ftigma acutum. Pericarpium. Capſula ligneo-corticea, magna, leniter compreſa, oblonga, utrinque retuſa, filiqua formis, unilocularis, pulpå fari- naceo-fibrofà repleta. Semina Pauca, tria ſcilicet vel quatuor, ſubrotunda & leniter compreſſa, nidulantia. The flowers of this tree were very young when I examined them; but the parts have been ſufficiently diſtinct, and appeared in the ſame form that we have deſcribed them here. It grows to a very conſiderable fize, and is looked upon as an excel- lent timber-tree; but it muſt be very old before it is cut, otherwiſe the heart will be but ſmall. It is a ſpreading ſhady tree, and found in many parts of Liguanea ; but whether a native, or originally imported there, I can't determine. It is very common in Antigua, and there I am ſatisfied it does grow naturally. This tree yields a fine clear reſin, which is called Gum Anime in our ſhops, and makes the fineſt varniſh now known; but this is beſt made without a mixture. It is diſſolved only by the moſt dephlegmated ſpirits, but it burns readily, and with a clear flame, and grateful fragrant ſmell, for which it is ſometimes ordered by way of fumigation, in the bed-chambers of people labouring with aſthmas, or ſuffoca- tive catarrhs. PARKENSONIA 1. Aculeata, foliolis minutiſimis pinnatis, penná longiori compreſa. Parkenfonia. L. H.C. & Sp. Pl. The Jeruſalem Thorn. This ſhrub was firſt introduced to Jamaica from the main, but it now grows wild in many parts of this, as well as the other iſlands, where it has been originally cultivated for the uſe of inclofures. It ſeldom riſes above eight feet in height, and is well ſupplied with ſtrong thorns on every part. The branches are flexile and ſmall, and the trunk ſeldom grows to any conſiderable thickneſs. CASSIA 1. Arborea, foliis paucioribus ovatis atque pinnatis, filiqua maxima cylindracea. Caſſia foliis quinquejugatis ovatis acuminatis glabris, petiolis glandulofis. L. Sp. Pl. Caflia fiftula, &c. Thez. Zey. pag. 56. Caflia nigra, ſeu fiſtula prima, &c. Slo. Cat. & H. Caſſia ſolutiva Bontii & Offic. Conna. H. M. p. 3. t. 22 The Caſſia-ſtick Tree. This tree grows in many parts of Jamaica; but I believe it was firſt introduced there from ſome other part of the world. The pulp that ſurrounds the ſeeds be- tween the ſeptæ, in the long cylindric pods of this plant, is an eaſy gentle laxative, which may be ſafely uſed on every occaſion, where a perſon would avoid raiſing a ſtrong irritation in the fibres of the inteſtines, and yet lies under a neceſſity of opening the paſſage : but it is apt to grow rancid when it has been long out of the cells, and generally acquires an acrimony that renders the adminiſtration of it pre- carious or dangerous in that ſtate, , . CASSIA OF JAMAICA223 А. . Sp. Pl. CASSIA 2. Foliis plurimis oblongis pinnatis, flore rubello, filiquis maximis, craſioribus trinerviis. Caffia foliis duodecim-jugatis oblongis obtufis glabris, glandula nulla. L. Caſſia nigra, feu fiſtulofa fecunda, &c. Slo. Cat. & Hift. The Horſe-Caffia. This tree grows to a moderate ſize, and ſtretches frequently to the height of eighteen or twenty feet. The leaves are finall and oblong, the flowers reddiſh, and the pods very large, having each three conſiderable nerves running the whole length of them, from the foot-ſtalk to the top: two of theſe are cloſe together, and run along the back ſuture; but the other is alone, and fixt oppoſite to them. It is a purgative, like the foregoing, but not ſo agreeable. CASSIA 3. Arboreſcens diffufa, filiquis longis comprefis. The Senna Tree. This ſhrub is very common in the low lands about Kingſton, and riſes frequently to the height of twelve or fifteen feet: the branches are ſlender and ſpreading, the leaves pretty ſmall, the pods long and compreſſed, and the flowers diſpoſed in thick bunches at the ends of the branches, CASSIA 4. Fruticoſa erecta, foliis ovatis acutis quinquejugatis, filiquâ com- preſa, glandulâ ad imulum. The ſhrubby Senna, with flat pods. CASSIA 5. Fruticoſa erecta, foliis plurimis pinnatis ovato-acutis, filiquis tur- gidis. The ſhrubby Senna, with ſwelling pods. Theſe ſpecies are very like each other, but neither of them grows above four or five feet in height, or exceeds half or three quarters of an inch in diameter. They are both common about the Angels. CASSIA 6. Fruticoſa, foliis minoribus obverſê ovatis Sexjugatis, floribus gemi- natis vel bigeminatis, racemis alaribus. The flowering ſhrubby Senna. CASSIA 7. Fruticoſa foliis acuminatis, filiculis ſubrotundis monoſpermis. The ſhrubby Senna, with ſmall round pods. I found a branch of this ſpecies preſerved among my ſpecimens, but do not rea member when I gathered it, nor the particulars of its growth; though, from the ſpecimen, it appears to be a ſhrub with very ſlender branches, and very different from all the other ſpecies. а CASSIA 8. Viminea, foliis ovato-acuminatis , bijugatis ; racemis laxis alaribus, filiquis brevioribus compreſſis. The weakly Senna-ſhrub. This plant is a native of the coldeſt mountains of Liguanea, and riſes frequently to the height of ſeven or eight feet, among the buſhes; but it is very weakly, and could a 224 THE Τ a NATURAL HISTORY could not ſupport itſelf upright without their affiftance. I found it on the hide of the hill near Cold-Spring. CASSIA 9. Siliquis quadrialatis, Spicis terminalibus; foliis plurimis pinnatis, majoribus obovatis. Caffia foliis očtojugatis ovali-oblongis, inferioribus minoribus ; ftipulis patu- lis. L. Sp. Pl. Caſſia filiqua quadrangulari. H. Elt. t. 631. & The. Zey. pag. 56.D br The Ring-worm Buſh. Dumbo ved lov bogos This plant is a native of Jamaica, and common about the Ferry, and in the up- per parts of Sixteen-mile-walk. It lives but a few years, though it puts on the ap- pearance of a ſhrub in its growth; and when cultivated, riſes ſometimes to the height of feven or eight feet, but ſeldom exceeds four in its native ſoil. The ants are very fond of the flowers of this plant. The juice of the leaves or buds is ſaid to cure the ring-worms. CASSIA 10. Herbacea major ere&ta ramofa, foliis ovato-acuminatis , filiquis an- guſtioribus compreſſis, ſpicis laxioribus terminalibus aſurgen- tibus. On boot An, Caſſia foliolis quinquejugatis ovato - lanceolatis margine ſcabris. L. Sp. Pl. Senna occidentalis odore opii viroſo, &c. Slo. Cat. & Hift.NICAD Paiomirioba. Pif. 185. og is Stinking-weed.com on T This plant is very common about Kingſton, and riſes generally to the height of two feet and a half, or better : it is looſe in its ramifications, and well ſupplied with flowers, diſpoſed in looſe ſpikes at the extremities of the branches. The ribs on which the leaves are ſet, are, in almoſt every ſpecies of this kind, furniſhed with a gland, which in fome is placed higher, in others lower upon the ſhank, and in many be- tween the leaves themſelves ; but in this particular ſort it is ſituated very low, and near the inſertion of the rib. Ho Piſo ſays, that the juice of this plant applied outwardly, or injected, is a ſpecific in the inflammations of the anus; and Markgrave adds, that the root is a power- ful diuretic and antidote: but the top is the only part that is uſed in Jamaica, where the plant is commonly employed in all reſolutive baths, and is accounted a very powerful ingredient on ſuch occafions. NA CASSIA 11. Herbacea major diffuſa, foliis obverſê ovatis trijugatis, filiquis longis turgidis alaribus. Caffia minor fruticofa bexapbylla fena foliis. Slo. Cat. 146. & H, t. 180. to Paíomirioba ii. Pif. 185. folog I 19 danger tonis The tufted Senna, with obtuſe leaves. contos also This plant is common among the buſhes in all the Savannas about Kingſton, and feldom riſes above two or three feet in height. The gland is yellow in this ſpecies, and placed between the loweſt pair of leaves. а CASSIA 12. Suffruticofa ere&ta hirſuta, floribus fingularibus alaribus. Caffia foliolis multi-jugatis linearibus, &c. ftipulis ſetaceis. L. Sp. Pl. Senna occidentalis filiqua fingulari, foliis mimofæ, &c. Slo. Cat. & H. gode The hairy ſlender divided Senna, with ſmall leaves. 3 This OF J AM A I CA. 225 This little plant grows in many parts of the iſland, and ſeldom riſes above two feet and a half in height: the ſtem and branches are very flender, and the leaves narrow and ſmall. It is rather ſubdivided than branched in its growth. CASSIA 13. Suffruticoſa erecta, foliis linearibus plurimis pinnatis ; floribus fingularibus vel geminatis, fparfis. Caflia foliolis multijugatis, glandula pedicellata, ftipulis enfiformibus. L. Sp. Pl. 3 An, Sena humilis Americana, herbæ mimoſæ filiquis ere&tis, &c. Pk. t. 223. f. 3. The fmooth Senna, with ſlender branches and ſmall leaves. CASSIA 14. Suffruticofa & fubbirſuta, minor; foliolis paucioribus pinnatis, floribus fingularibus alaribus. The little ſhrubby Senna, with few ſmall leaves. This plant is very common about the upper parts of Liguanea, but ſeldom riſes more than ten or fourteen inches above the root; tho' its ſtalk be tough and woody, like thoſe of the three foregoing forts : nor do the leaves ever exceed three or four pair, on each of the common ribs ; but in all other reſpects it is like the twelfth ſpecies. CASSIA 15. Herbacea, tenuiſſima, procumbens; floribus fingularibus alaribus. Caflia foliolis multijugatis, caule procumbente. L. Sp. Pl. The flender herbaceous Caſia, with very ſmall leaves. . This little plant grows every where in the paſtures of Jamaica, and creeps among the graſs: its ſtalk is very weakly, and not much thicker than a middle- fized pin, but ſtretches generally to the length of fourteen or fixteen inche, from the root. It does not ſeem to have any of that rankneſs peculiar to this claſs, no more than the three other ſpecies mentioned juſt before it. POINCIANA 1. Aculeata, foliis bipinnatis, floribus croceis pulcherrimis, pe- dunculis longis ſpicatis incidentibus. Poinciana aculeis geminis. L. H. Upr. & Sp. Pl. Crifta pavonis flore elegantiſſimo. The. Zey. Sena ſpuria arborea Spinoſa, &c. Slo. Cat. & H. . Frutex pavoninus feu chriſta pavonis Breynii Cent. Barbadoes Pride. This plant has been, I fancy, firſt carried to Jamaica, from ſome of the other colonies, of which it is a native : but it now grows wild in many places about Li- guanea, and makes a beautiful ſhew when in bloom. The flowers of this plant feldom ſhoot ſo luxuriantly in that iſland, tho' the ſhrub riſes frequently to the height of five or fix feet. All the parts of the plant are thought to be very powerful emmenagogues, and are frequently uſed for that purpoſe among the negroes. GUAJACUM 1. Foliis fere impetiolatis, bijugatis, obovatis & leniter radiatis; pinnis & ramulis dichotomis. Guajacum foliolis bijugatis obtuſos. L. Sp. Pl. Guiacum Jamaicenſe, &c. Pk. t. 35. f. 3 & 4. Guiacum. Plum. t. 17. & Guiacum Off. Pruno vel Evonimo afinis arbor, &c. Slo. Cat. 186. & H. t. 222. > Non Lignum- 226 THE NATURAL HISTORY a a Lignum-Vitæ. This tree grows in great abundance on the ſouth-ſide of Jamaica, but ſeldom of never in any other part of that iſland. It is an ever-green of a dark gloomy caſt, which continues its verdure in the moſt droughty ſeaſons, and, at times, throws out a great number of blue bloſſoms, which are ſucceeded by ſo many compreſſed berries of a roundiſh form. The tree grows frequently to a very conſiderable ſize, but takes up a ſeries of years, to come to that perfection: the roots are thick in proportion to the growth of the tree, and run a great way into the ground, in a perpendicular di- rection; contrary to the uſual growth of timber-trees in that country, which gene- rally ſhoot the largeſt prongs of their roots in an horizontal direction, and are com- monly obſerved to run very near the ſurface: the bark is thick and ſmooth; the wood of a dark olive colour, and croſs-grained; the ſtrata running obliquely into one another, in the form of an X. It is a hard, heavy timber-wood; and anſwers on all occaſions where ſtrength and duration is required, and its weight no impediment. It takes a fine poliſh, and anſwers well in the turner's lathe; but is now chiefly uſed for ſhip-blocks. The freſh bark opens the body, and is deemed a ſweetner of the blood; but the pulp of the berries purges and vomits very violently (three or four of theſe are a doſe) (a). The reſinous parts of the tree are of a warm active nature, and found (by long experience) to attenuate and diffolve the blood : they are eſteemed ſpecifics in old venereal taints, chronical rheumatiſms, and other diſorders ariſing from the fizyneſs of the juices; and generally adminiſtered in decoctions (the refin ſometimes, in bolus's) ordered for a continuance: but great care muſt be taken to moderate or temper the native acrimony of theſe medicines in the beginning of a courſe, and to prepare the body for the uſe of them ; the neglect of which has been frequently the cauſe of very diſmal conſequents in thoſe warm climates, and may probably have the like effects ſometimes in colder regions. There is a tincture made with the gum of this tree, that has been ſometimes ad- miniſtered with ſucceſs, as well as the powder itſelf, in obſtinate intermittent and remittent fevers ; in which caſes they commonly procure a few ſtools, as well as promote a general diſcharge by the ſkin. The foliage of the tree is of a very de- terſive nature, and frequently uſed to ſcour and whiten the floors in moſt houſes about Kingſton: the infuſion of them is alſo uſed to waſh painted linens, and other ſtained garments; which it is ſaid to do very effectually, without changing or diminiſhing the luſtre of the dyes. ANACARDIUM 1. Fruetu obverſè ovato, nuce reniformi, racemis termina- libus. Anacardium. L.H. C. & Sp. Pl. Pomifera, ſeu potius prunifera, &c. Slo. Cat. 187. & H. Acaiaiba. Pif. 120. & Acaju Bontii 198. The Caſhew Tree; and Caſhew Tree of Cateſ. App. t. 9. This tree is very common in moſt parts of Jamaica; and ſeems to be a very dif- ferent ſpecies from the Anacardium of the eaſt, and of the ſhops, whoſe nuts are of the form of a heart moderately compreſſed, and not ſo large as thoſe of this ſpecies. It grows frequently to the height of twelve or fixteen feet, and ſpreads much as it riſes; for the trunk feldom Toots above four or five feet before it begins to divide and branch. It yields a great quantity of gum, not inferior to Gum Arabic either in virtue or mechanical uſes; and carries a light aſtringency with it, which in many a (a) The gum, or rather refin of this plant, tranfudes frequently of its own accord, and may be ſeen concreted on many parts of it at all ſeaſons of the year; but is generally found in greateſt abundance where the bark has been cut or wounded. caſes 0 F JA MA I CA. 227 13N caſes renders it ſuperior to the other. The fruit is very agreeable, and full of a ſubaſtringent cooling juice; which has been ſometimes expreſſed in conſiderable quan- tities, fermented, and obſerved to make a fine rough wine, that may be uſed with great propriety on many occaſions, eſpecially where the viſcera or ſolid ſyſtem has been greatly relaxed; and in ſuch caſes the crude juice is ſometimes allowed with ſucceſs. The ſhell of the nut contains a great quantity of cauſtic oil, lodged in the cells between its laminæ; with which ſome of our American beauties ſkin their faces from time to time. This troubleſome operation they undergo with great patience; during which they are obliged to refrain from all manner of com- pany and converſation, and to keep in cloſe confinement: it holds generally for fourteen or fifteen days; and the inflammations raiſed, during the proceſs, fre- quently give thoſe ladies reaſon to repent of this piece of vanity; for it leaves the countenance ſometimes more deformed, than any ſpots or freckles could have made it. Happy, had they been ſo intent on the improvements of the mind, which they but too frequently neglect ; while they bear ſo much pain, with a thorough reſignation, to imitate our ſnakes and adders: The almond or kernel is of a delicate taſte, and thought not inferior to any of our European delicacies of this ſort; but you have it generally roaſted; for they are obliged to burn the ſhell, to procure the kernel free from the taint or acrimony of the oil. N. B. Some of theſe trees bear a yellow, and ſome a red fruit; but this va- riation I take to be owing to ſome difference in the ſoil or culture. boer CÆSALPINIA 1. Arborea, inermis; foliis minoribus paribus bipinnatis, ligno kermeſino. Cæfalpinia foliolis ovatis integerrimis. L. Sp. Pl. & M. Med. Pſeudo-Santelum croceum, &c. Şlo. Cat. 213. & H. t. 132. 17379 in Braſiletto Bog Oturint se sot 990 diw beina Periantium Monophyllum, inferne ventricofum, in quinque lacinias profunde fextum; quorum ſuperiores æquales, erecto-patentes; poximæ coordon to laterales minores ; infima maxima, carinata & fimbriata. Corolla Pentapetala; petalis fere æqualibus ; infimum pulchre variegatum. Stamina. Filamenta decem, diſtincta, declinata, longitudine germinis, intra laciniam infimam calicis repofita, Antheræ fubrotunda. Piſtillum. Fulchrum breviſimum; germen oblongum, longitudine & fitu ſia- minum; ftylus ſimplex affurgens; ftigma obtufum. Pericarpium. Siliqua membranacea compreſa major oblongo-rhombaa bival- 2012 vis unilocularis. Semina Tria vel quatuor remota compreſſa rhombea. . This tree grows in every part of Jamaica where the ſoil is dry and rocky: it is an excellent timber-wood, but feldom exceeds eight or ten inches in diameter, in the moſt perfect ſtate. The wood is elaſtic, tough, and durable; and bears a fine poliſh: it is of a beautiful orange-colour, full of reſin, and yields a fine full tincture by in- fuſion; but is ſeldom cut for the dyers uſe in Jamaica. ind 1990 CÆSALPINIA 2. Spinoſa, foliis minoribus obverſè cerdatis, bipinnatis ; racemis terminalibus. Sena Spuria arborea ſpinofa, &c. Slo. Cat. & H. t. 181. TS Baſtard Nicarago. This prickly ſhrub is common about the Ferry, and the lower lands of Liguaned ; but it ſeldom riſes above eight or ten feet in height: the wood is of a brown colour, -0% the , ; a 2 228 THE NATURAL HISTORY а cup the foliage is of a dark gloomy green, and the flowers of a fine yellow, which are ſucceeded by pods of a thickih oblong form. The lower ſegment of the is not fringed, nor any of the flower-leaves variegated in this ſpecies. GUILANDIA 1. Spinoſa, foliis bipinnatis ovatis cum acumine, feminibus ci- nereis. Guilandia aculeata foliolis ovatis acuminatis. L. Sp. Pl. Lobus echinatus fructu cæfio, foliis longioribus, &c. Slo. Cat. 144. Acacia glorioſa Lentiſci foliis. Pk. t. 2. f. 2. Acacia qui lobus echinatus. Cluf. & The. Zey. ng 102 The Grey Nickar. This weakly plant grows in many parts of Jamaica, and ſpreads a great way about the root; or riſes among the neighbouring buſhes, if it finds but a due ſupport. The ſtalk and branches are very full of thorns that arch backwards. The ſeeds are of a grey colour, and commonly uſed inſtead of marbles by all the boys in our ſugar-colonies. It grows chiefly by the ſea-ſide, but thrives well in the in- land parts alſo. GUILANDIA 2. Inermis, ſeminibus flaveſcentibus. Lobus echinatus fru&tu flavo, foliis rotundioribus, Slo. Cat. 144. & H. Guilandia foliis ſubpinnatis, foliolis inferioribus ternatis. L. Sp. Pl. & Fl. Zey. The yellow Nickar. This plant reſembles the foregoing both in growth and appearance, but it is not prickly: the feeds are round and yellow, and not inferior to thoſe of the other fort in hardneſs. It grows more frequently in the inland parts of the iſland. The ſeeds, bark, and root of both theſe ſpecies are thought to be aſtringents, and ſaid to be ſometimes given in gleets. The ſeeds toaſted and powdered are given to provoke the menſes. H. M. N. B. The flowers are all hermaphrodite, in theſe ſpecies ; tho' ſome of them frequently abort. The germen is always oblong, and a little hairy; a and the ſtyle arched, pointed, and of the ſame length with the fila- ments. a 3 S E C T. II. of Plants that have ten Filaments and two, three, or four Styles in every Flower. Hi EDO DYANTHUS YANTHUS 1. Floribus folitariis, Squamis calicinis fubovatis, corollis cre- natis. L. Sp. Pl. & H. C. The Clove-gilliflower. This plant is frequently cultivated in the gardens of Jamaica: but tho' it gene- rally grows well there, and throws up a few branches, it ſeldom appears in flower to any ſatisfaction. SPONDIAS 1. Diffufa, foliis plurimis minoribus pinnatis, penna compreſa Julcata, floribus præcocibus. Cryſobalanus Linnei . H. C. & Sp. Pl . Sodravi ad Myro- TO F o F JA MA I c A. HT ЈА м À I 229 Myrobalanus minor, folio fraxini, alato, fructu purpureo, &c. Slo, Cat, 182. & H. t. 219. fed male depista. Mombin. Plum. t. 22. The Spaniſh Plumb Tree. Periantium Monophyllum parvum, ad medietatem quinquepartitum. Corolla Pentapetala, petalis parvis lanceolatis, erecto-patentibus . Stamina. Filamenta decem, quorum quinque petalis interpoſita ſunt; cætera vero paulo minora funt & petalis ſuppoſta. Antheræ cordata. Piftillum. Germen ovatum; ſtyli ut plurimum tres, quandoque quatuor, bre- ves; ftigmata obtufiuſcula. Pericarpium. Bacca ſucculenta ſubrotundo- elongata unilocularis, linea lon- gitudinali notata. Semina. Naucum ligneo-fibroſum ſolidum inæquale tri- vel quadriloculare, nucleis ſolitariis refertum. This is a ſmall ſpreading tree, which ſeldom riſes above ten or twelve feet in height: its foliage is of a dark gloomy green, and generally begins to ſhoot as the bloſſoms fall. It is cultivated by many for the ſake of the fruit, which is pretty pleaſant, although not held in any great eſteem in Jamaica, where they are always furniſhed with a great variety of the richeſt fruits. There is a variation of this plumb, called the Leather-coat, from the appearance of its ſkin; but this pro- ceeds from the dry ſoil in which it is produced. This, as well as the two fol- lowing ſpecies, the firſt ſort of maiden-plumb, the ſilk cotton-tree, and ſome other American plants, vegetate ſo eaſily, that a limb or branch ſtuck into the ground, feldom fails to ſhoot up a-new; and generally appears, in a few weeks, ſupplied with roots and leaves like the parent ſtalk. It is remarkable that in this, and many other American bacciferous plants, where the cup ſtands under the germen, the embrio is always ſurrounded by a fleſhy navel, which ſwells as that increaſes, and forms the pulp gradually about it. a SPONDIAS 2. Foliis paucioribus pinnatis ovatis nitidis, racemis termi- nalibus. Spondias. L. H.C. & Sp. Pl. Prunus Braſilienfis. Slo, Cat. 182. & H. The Hog Plumb Tree. SPONDIAS 3. Foliis plurimis pinnatis ovatis, racemis terminalibus, cortice in- 3 terne rubenti. Myrobalanus folio fraxini alato, fru&tu luteo. Slo. Cat. & H. t. 219. 1, 2. The yellow, or Jamaica Plumb Tree. It is not eaſy to determine, whether the two laſt plants are variations, or different ſpecies; they are indeed very like each other, and riſe generally to a very conſiderable height, whether they grow in the low lands or the mountains. The leaves are large and oval in both, and the fruit much of the ſame appearance: but the nut or ſhell, appears as if it had been compoſed of lignous fibres ſtrongly interwoven and con- nected into a maſs together, in all the ſpecies. The filaments of the flower ſtand upright, and grow in an even circular order round the germen in theſe two ſorts; and the ſtyles are always four, compreſſed, and enlarged at the top. The fruit of the ſecond ſpecies is much eſteemed by ſome people in thoſe iſlands, and ſupplies the principal part of the food of the wild hogs in the ſeaſon, MALPIGIA 1. Viminea foliis oblongis hiſpidis, racemis alaribus. Malpigia. Plum. t. 36. Ооо Malpigia 230 Τ THE NATURAL HISTORY Malpigia, foliis oblongo-ovatis, fetis rigidis decumbentibus, &c. L. Sp. Pl. Arbor baccifera folio oblongo fubtiliffimis ſpinis obfito. Slo. Cat. 172. & H. t. 207 The Cowhage Cherry. This weakly ſhrub grows frequently about the town of Kingſton, and is remark- able for the itchy ſetæ upon its younger leaves: theſe are very delicate, and lie lengthways parallel to the ſurface; they are double-pointed, and ſuſtained by pedi- cles of the fame fragile and tranſparent ſubſtance, deſcending from the middle of them: theſe are eaſily broke, but the ſetæ enter pretty deep in, and ſtick cloſe to whatever has forced them off. The leaves ſtand in an oppolite order in almoſt every ſpecies of this and the following genus. MALPIGIA 2. Fruticoſa erecta, foliis nitidis ovato-acuminatis, floribus umbel- latis, ramulis gracilibus. Malpigia foliis ovatis integerrimis glabris, pedunculis umbellatis. L. Sp. Pl. The ſhrubby erect Malpigia, with ſlender branches. This is a ſmall ſhrub, which ſeldom riſes above ſix or ſeven feet in height; it is erect in its growth, and divided into very delicate ſlender branches. MALPIGIA 3. Fruticoſa erecta, ramulis gracilibus patentibus, floribus folite- riis. Malpigia mali punici facie. Plum. core bo The Chereeze, or Barbadoes Cherry Tree. This ſhrub has been but lately introduced to, or cultivated in Jamaica: it has much of the appearance of a pomegranate plant, is full of ſlender flexile branches, and ſeldom riles above ſeven or eight feet. The fruit is of the ſame ſize and make with our common Engliſh cherries; very ſucculent, they are of a light reddiſh colour, and a pleaſant ſubacid taſte : but the cup, flower, and ſeeds, anſwer the common characters of the genus perfectly well. MALPIGIA 4. Humilis & minus diviſa, foliis ovatis nitidis, baccis du- rioribus. The ſmaller ſhrubby Malpigia. This plant is a native of Jamaica, and common in the lower hills of St. Eliza- beth: it feldom riſes above three feet in height, but throws out many ſlender upright branches, and bears large hard berries, which are ſaid to be much uſed by the turkeys, and other large fowls, in the ſeaſon. MALPIGIA 5. Altiſſimè ſcandens, ſarmento valido. The larger climbing Malpigia. This plant is a native of Jamaica, and pretty frequent in the pariſh of St. Elizabeth. The ſtem is ſometimes above an inch and a half in diameter ; and it climbs with eaſe to the top of the talleſt trees in the wood. The berries are ſmall and hard, and the leaves roundiſh and ſmooth. a MALPIGIA 6. Arborea floribus ſpicatis, foliis ovato-acuminatis. Malpigia foliis ovatis integerrimis fubtus tomentofis, &c. L. Sp. Pl. Baccifera Arbor caliculata, foliis laurinis, &c. šlo. Car. 165. H. t. 198. & Titie affinis laurifolia arbor, &c. Ejufd. H. t. 163. The ToFi JA MA I c A. 231 The Locus-berry Tree. This tree is very common in the lower hills of Liguanea, and riſes frequently to the height of thirty or forty feet, or better. The flowers and cup anſwer the charac- ters of the genus thoroughly; but two of the ſeeds generally abort in the berry. The leaves, while young, are covered on both ſides with down; but this falls off gradually, and they appear pretty ſmooth and ſhining after a ſhort time. There is a remarkable ftipula, or ear, at the ala of every leaf, which, with its oppoſite, ſeems to embrace the ſtalk. MALPIGIA 7. Arborea, foliis fubrotundis, alternis, inferne fublanuginofis ; Spicis craſis compoſitis terminalibus. The larger Locus-berry Tree. The upper branches of this tree terminate in looſe bunches of flowers; but each of the diviſions is ſimple, as well as the top of the main ſupporter, which terminates alſo in a ſingle ſpike. The glands of the calix, or cup, are remarkably diſtinct in this ſpecies, which ſeems to have all the habit and appearance of the Cominia. BANISTERIA 1. Foliis ovatis, ſeminibus unialatis glabris, racemis latera- libus. Baniſteria foliis ovato-oblongis acuminatis, feminibus patentibus. L. Sp. I Pl. Serjania. Plum. t. 35. 2005 The oval-leafed Baniſteria, with one-winged ſeeds. BANISTERIA 2. Foliis orbiculatis, petiolis biglandulis, feminibus uni alatis, rugofs, racemis fubumbellatis alaribus. Acer ſcandens minus, apocyni facie. Slo. H. t. 162. The round-leafed Baniſteria. BANISTERIA 3. Seminibus trialatis, foliis ovato-acuminatis, racemis ter- minalibus. The oval-leafed Baniſteria, with three-winged ſeeds. All theſe ſpecies of the Baniſteria grow in the gravelly hills about Kingſton and St. James's: they are climbers, and generally riſe by flender ſtems to the height of ſeven, ten, or fourteen feet, among the neighbouring buſhes. They differ from the Malpigia chiefly by the nakedneſs of their ſeeds. 15 19 SE CT. III. Of Plants that have ten Filaments, and five or more Styles in every Flower. OXA XALIS 1. Caule erecto ramoſo, pedunculis multifloris. Gronov. Fl. Virg. Oxalis caule ramoſo, pedunculis multifloris. L. H. C. Trifolium acetoſum corniculatum luteum, &c. Slo. Cat. 90. Oxis flore luteo vulgaris minor, &c. The. Zey. The yellow Wood - Sorrel. INS - CHO This plant is very common in the woods, and cooler inland parts of Jamaica, where it grows very luxuriantly. It is a pleaſant cooler and diuretic, and was for- merly adminiſtered often in inflammatory caſes; but is little uſed, ſince the 2 more 232 THE NATURAL HISTORY , ; , . ORIES more agreeable acid fruit-trees have been ſo much cultivated and ſpread among us. It may be ordered, upon occaſion, in cooling and other diluting infuſions, n PHYTOLACCA 1. Erecta, fimplex aut vix diviſa; foliis integris, ſuſtenta- Jarid culis ſpicarum rotundatis. HOY W Goron Spaniſh Calaloe. This plant is a native of Jamaica, and now cultivated in moſt of the kitchen- gardens in the iſland. It is a palatable wholſome green, and, as ſuch, commonly uſed at moſt people's tables : the tender ſtalks are frequently ſerved up for young Sperages, and often prove a very agreeable ſuccedaneum. The plant riſes generally to the height of two or three feet, and branches but very little : it ſhoots up ſpon- taneouſly in every fertile ſpot in the iſland. a PHYTOLACCA 2. Aſſurgens ramoſa, fpicis florum longifimis, fuftentacu- lis trigonis. Phytolacca foliis integerrimis. Gro. Fl. Virg. & Lin. Sp. Pl. Mountain Calaloe, or Poke-weed. This plant is a native of Jamaica, and commonly found in all the cooler hills and mountains of the iſland, where it grows very luxuriantly: it riſes generally to the height of four or five feet, and divides pretty much towards the top. It is call- ed either red or white, from the colour of the flower-ſtalks; for all the branches terminate in long and ſlender ſpikes of thoſe colours. The leaves and more tender ſhoots are frequently uſed for greens, by the negroes, inſtead of the other ſort. The infpiffated juice of this plant has been for ſome time in uſe among the inha- bitants of North America, and there, is thought to be a ſpecific, or, at leaſt, a very powerful remedy in open cancers; it is applied plaiſter-ways, and has ſucceed- ed in ſome caſes that had all the appearance of beginning cancers. It is hoped the ingenious gentleman, who publiſhed his remarks on thoſe occa- fions, will continue his obſervations, and (if he finds the medicine prove ſucceſsful) give the world a further and more ſatisfactory account of its action. a HA vol C LA CL A S S S XI. Of the Dodecandria, or Vegetables that have twelve Filaments in every Flower. SECT. I. Of ſuch as have twelve Filaments and one Style in every Flower. RIUMFETTA 1. Subvilloſa, foliis rotundioribus undulatis atque dentatis; TRIUMFETTA dentibus poftremis in fetas inermes abeuntibus, floribus alaribus. Tab. 25. Lorio The round-leafed Triumfetta. 2 balai noloo 5. od As the characters of theſe different ſpecies differ more or leſs from one another, I ſhall give a particular account of the flowers and fructifications of each of them ſeparately. 4 Periantium f. I. Y OF J A M A I CA. HN 233 . a Periantium Pentaphyllum deciduum, foliolis coloratis anguftis. or a Corolla Pentapetala, petalis anguftis oblongis patentibus. Stamina. Filamenta duodecim, erecta, longitudine floris; antheræ ſubro- tunde. Piftillum. Germen oblongum, obtufe trigonum; ftylus ſimplex longitudine ftaminum; ftigma obtufum. Pericarpium. Capſula oblonga priſmatica obtufe trigona trilocularis, angu- lis biſulcatis verrucoſis . Semina Plura ſubrotunda triplici ſerie diſpoſita. This plant is a native of Jamaica, but not common there. The ſtem and branches are very ſlender, and riſe two or three feet above the root; the leaves are roundiſh, jagged, and undulated, and the bark of a brown colour. Though I am very uncertain of the genus of this plant, which ſeems to claim a place between the Bartramia and the Triumfetta, the diſpoſition of the petals and filaments induced me to range it with the latter ; but I am ſatisfied, from the natural habit of both, that they do belong more properly to the next claſs. TRIUMFETTA 2. Villoſa, foliis inferioribus angulato-ovatis, ferrato-dentatis; floribus ternatis; faſciculis geminatis, foliis ſuboppoſitis. Triumfetta. Plum. t. 8. Triumfetta. L. H. C. & Sp. Pl. Agrimonia lappacea inodora, &c. Slo. Cat. 92. & H. sito Lappula Bermudienfis, &c. Pk. t. 245. f. 7. Voici The Bur-Bark. Periantium Pentaphyllum, foliolis lanceolato-linearibus; prima ætate, ere- Etis, & agglutinatis; provectiori vero patentibus, deciduis. Corolla Pentapetala, petalis anguftis ere&to-patentibus. Nectarium: glan- dula minima fingulares, ad inſertiones petalorum floris. Stamina. Filamenta duodecim inter & octodecim, erecta, fimplicia, longi- tudine floris; antheræ cordatæ. Piſtillum. Germen minimum ſubrotundum; ſtylus ere&tus fimplex, longitu- dine flaminum; ftigma obtufiufculum. Pericarpium. Capſula ſubrotunda quadrilocularis , ab apice ad medietatem ſetis validis uncinatis armata. Semina Solitaria, quandoque duplicata. Obf. The anthera are always of the form of a heart in the flowers of this plant; and the bloſſoms, which generally grow in two diſtinct parcels near the alæ of the leaves, are ſuſtained by a few narrow ftipulæ, that perform the office of an Involucrum; and half the capſula is echinated, the other ſmooth. a The plant is common in Jamaica, and riſes frequently to the height of fix or feven feet, where the ſoil is rich and well ſupplied with moiſture. The leaves and tender buds, when infuſed for any time in water, yield a fine clear mu- cilage; from whence we may conclude it to be an excellent emollient. The bark is tough and ſtrong, and ſerves for ropes, and other little conveniencies of that kind, among thoſe that inhabit the inland parts of the country. PORTULACA 1. Foliis cuneiformibus, floribus feſilibus. L. Sp. Pl. Purſlane. This is one of the moſt common plants in all the ſugar-colonies, and frequently, a very troubleſome weed in the gardens and cane-pieces. It is never ferved up as a fallet PPP 234 THE NATURAL HISTORY a 2 fallet in thoſe parts, but is ſometimes uſed by the ſervants and poorer ſort of people, as a green, with falt proviſions; and its fubacid, nitrous taſte renders it not only agreeable, but wholeſome, to all thoſe that are obliged to make frequent uſe of ſuch food in thoſe warm countries. It bears every ſort of weather well, and grows very luxuriantly, almoſt, in every ſoil in America. ANACAMPSEROS 1. Foliis radicalibus, mollibus, ovatis, glabris; ſcapo af- furgenti, paniculato. The round-leafed Anacampſeros. use Periantium Pentaphyllum, foliolis fubrotundis cochleatis ereto-patentibus. Corolla. Petala quinque vel ſex, foliolis calicis fimilia. Stamina. Filamenta duodecim inter & octodecim, erecto-patentia; antheræ ſubrotunda. Piſtillum. Germen fubrotundum; ftylus ere&tus, trifidus, longitudine ſtami- Salom num; ftigmata fimplicia obtufiufcula patentia. Ida Pericarpium. Capſula ovata, unilocularis trivalvis. Semina Plura ſubrotunda. TULIT I found this plant in the road thro' Cambridge-bill. The leaves are round and ſucculent, and all diſpoſed about the bottom of the ſtalk, which riſes generally to the height of fixteen or twenty inches above the root. It is a beautiful plant, and grows in a gravelly foil in that place. ANACAMPSEROS? 2. Supina minor, foliis linearibus turgidis, floribus fummis ramulis confertis, ftylo quinquefido . The creeping narrow-leafed Anacampſeros. chlore This plant is cultivated in many of the gardens about Kingſton, where it has been introduced, on account of its conftant greenneſs, and the frequent ſhooting of its flowers. It is a native of the Keys, or ſmaller ſandy iſlands beyond Port-Royal ; and grows in ſpreading tufts, or beds, about the root. All the parts of the plant are very bitter, and frequently uſed by the poorer ſort of people as a ftomachic, and provocative of the menfes. It roots from the lower joints, and is very eaſily pro- pagated; but thrives beft in a warm rich foil. 12 bostela do 21 SECT. II. 10 of Plants that have twelve Filaments, and two or three Styles in SO every Flowers bocine UPHORBIA 1. Reclinata minor ſubhirſuta, foliis ferratis oppofitis, florum faſciculis axillaribus. to ei ole An, Euphorbia dichotoma foliis ferratis, ab altero latere majoribus ; floribus faſciculatis terminalibus. Catal, noftri. Euphorbia dichotoma, foliis ferrulatis ovatis acuminatis, pedunculis capita- tis axillaribus, caulibus piloſis. L. Sp. Pl.cont banga Tithymalus Botraides Zeylonicus. Burm. The. Zey.blodt grote Cajatia. Pif. & Trap. pag. 138. The creeping hairy Spurge. This little plant is common in all the dry Savannas of Jamaica : it is a weakly a reclining herb, and feldom grows above ſeven or eight inches in length. Piſo reckons it a ſpecific againſt cold poiſons, and directs it to be given either in powder EUPHORBIA or OF JAMAICA235 . . or decoction. It, probably, is a powerful reſolutive and deobftruent; for it provokes , , both ſweat and urine very abundantly; and, I doubt not, may be given with ſucceſs in moſt diſeaſes ariſing from a lentor, or ſpiffitude of the juices. EUPHORBIA 2. Minima reclinata, foliolis ovatis denticulatis ab altero la- tere majoribus ; floribus quaſi umbellatis, terminalibus & lateralibus. Tithymalus erectus acris, &c. Slo. Cat. 82. & H. t. 126. The ſmall ſmooth Spurge. This little plant is very common about the Ferry; it is a ſlender weakly creeper, and ſeldom runs above three or four inches from the root : its branches are ſmooth and ſlender, and the leaves ſmall and oval. 3 a EUPHORBIA 3. Trichotoma, foliis ovatis verticilliter ternatis, fafciculis florum Sparſis. The trichotomous Spurge, with verticillated leaves. This plant grows very common on both ſides of the road, between Kingſton and Hunts-bey; it is furniſhed with moderately thick branches, but ſeldom riſes above four feet in height. EUPHORBIA 4. Dichotoma erecta tenuis, foliis linearibus, floribus quaſi umbellatis terminalibus. The ſmall erect Spurge, with linear leaves. This is greatly recommended as an antidote by Pifo; and is the Cajecia of Trapa ham, page 138. who extolls it as an excellent ingredient in baths, for people afflicted with the dry belly-ach: but there is no need either of this, or any other herbage, on that occafion; warm water alone being generally fufficient to give im- mediate eaſe. It is, however, requiſite to take ſome active warm medicines after a paſſage is procured, to recover the tone of the veſſels; and I take this to be as powerful a remedy as can be given upon that occaſion; or any other, where reſolu- tive medicines are required. A decoction ſeems to be the moſt appropriated way of adminiſtering it. EUPHORBIA 5. Erecta minor, ramulis oppoſitis, ftipulis minoribus rigidis cua neiformibus patentibus ad nodos, floribus comofis termina- libus. The ſmall erect Spurge, with narrow leaves. EUPHORBIA 6. Erecta, foliolis ovatis oppoſitis, ramulis tenuibus alternatis. The erect Spurge, with oppoſite oval leaves. 15? Theſe three plants are pretty much like one another in the make and delicacy of their ſtalks and branches, which ſeldom riſe above twenty-four or thirty inches in height, when they grow moſt luxuriant; but rarely exceed ten or twelve inches in the low lands. 0. EUHORBIA 7. Trichotoma fruticofa ; ramulis craffis tumentibus; foliis lon- . gis anguflis, ad fummitates crebris, inferioribus deciduis. The narrow-leafed ſhrubby Spurge. This is a native of the rocky hills of Port-Royal: it is a fhrubby plant ; and riſes by a moderate ſtalk, and ſwelling branches, commonly, to the height of five a I 236 THE NATURAL HISTORY five or fix feet. The leaves are long and narrow, and diſpoſed pretty thick about the extremities of the branches: the flowers are red, and riſe on long branched foot-ſtalks from the upper diviſions, or extremities of the branches. It grows very near the Waterfall in Mammee-river. EUPHORBIA 8. Minima fupina rufeſcens, foliolis fubrotundis nitidis oppo- fitis, ramulis floriferis foliolatis ad alas alternas. The ſmall creeping Spurge. This little plant is very like the ſecond ſpecies, and common in all the unfrequent- ed ſtreets and gardens about Kingſton : it has a weakly ſlender ſtalk like the other, and ſeldom ſhoots above three or four inches from the root; but the leaves are whole, and the flowers ſeem differently diſpoſed. EUPHORBIA 9. Humilior ere&ta; ramulis rarioribus, verticilliter ternatis; foliis inferioribus orbiculaiis, ſuperioribus obovatis. The ſmaller erect Spurge, with verticillated branches. This is a native of the cooler mountains, and ſeldom riſes above twelve or four- teen inches in height. a 19 , -; 15 SECT. III. AT Of Plants that have twelve Filaments and many Styles in every Flower. LUSIA 1. Arborea, foliis craſſis nitidis, obovato-fubrotundis ; floribus ſolitariis. Cluſia foliis aveniis. L. Sp. Pl. Terebinthus folio fingulari non alato, &c. Slo. Cat. 167. & H. t. 200. Cencramidea Catefo. vol. ii. t. 99. & Pk. Phy. t. 157. The Balſam Tree. Periantium Polyphyllum imbricatum, ex Squamis ſex vel oito fubrotundis, quatuor feriebus diſpoſitis, conflata; ſuperioribus fenfim ma- joribus. Corolla Tetrapetala, petalis craffis oblongo-ovatis chochleatis. Stamina Filamenta duo, quandoque tria ad fingula petalorum interſti- tia, brevia, erecto-patentia & ex areolis diſtinctis orta; an- theræ fubrotunde. Piſtillum. Germen craſſum ſubrotundum, obtufe quadrigonum, truncatum; ſtylus nullus; ftigmata duodecim diſtincta, in orbem circa verticem germinis depreſum poſita, Pericarpium. Capſula craſſa ſubrotunda plurivalvis, in duodecim loculamen- ta, a vertice ad bafim dehiſcenția, diviſa ; feminibus plu- rimis fubrotundis, pulpa crocea obvolutis, referta. This ſhrubby tree is frequent enough in Jamaica, and riſes generally to the height of fourteen or fifteen feet: it grows moſtly in the lower hills, and delights in a dry ground; but thrives in moſt light ſoils alſo. Wherever the trunk or larger branches of this tree are wounded, they throw out a thick reſinous gum, which is ſometimes uſed as a vulnerary among the inhabitants of Jamaica ; but it has no ex- traordinary ſmell, or pungent taſte. 160 4 12 10 oradan CLASS o 237 OF ЈА Ј А М А і с А. F CLASS XII. Of the Icofandria, or Vegetables that have twenty Filaments in every Flower. Note, The filaments, in this claſs, vary from twenty to a great number ; but the diſpoſition of them conſtitutes the diſtinguiſhing mark of the order, for they riſe from the ſides of the cup in all the genera. S E C T. 1. Of ſuch as have twenty, or more, Filaments, and one Style in every Flower. CACTUS YACTUS 1. Sarmentoſus foliatus & Spinofus, Spinis geminatis recurvis, foliis mollibus ovatis. Cactus caule tereti arboreo Spinoſo, foliis lanceolato-ovatis. L. H. Up. & Sp. Pl. Pereſkia. L. H.C. & Plum. t. 26. Groſularia fructu majori arbor Spinoja, &c. Slo. Cat. 165. & H. The Gooſeberry, or Barbadoes Gooſeberry Buſh. CACTUS 2. Brachiatus & articulatus, articulis ovatis compreſis, aculeis longiffimis confertis. Cactus articulato-prolifer, articulis ovatis, fpinis ſetaceis. L. Sp. Pl. Cactus compreſſus articulatus ramofifimus, &c. L. H. C. & Gronovii. Flo. Virg. Opuntia major folio oblongo rotundo, Spinis longiffimis. Slo. Cat. & H. t. 224. The prickly Pear. CACTUS 3. Brachiatus & articulatus, articulis oblongo-ovatis compreffis, cau- dice tereti erecto ferociſimo, aculeis brachiorum brevibus con- fertis. Cactus articulato-prolifer, articulis ovato-oblongis, fpinis ſubulatis. L. Sp. Pl. Opuntia major fpinofa cauleſcens, &c. Slo. Cat. & H. The upright prickly Pear, with ſcarlet flowers. CACTUS 4. Brachiatus & articulatus fubinermis major, articulis oblongis & leniter compreſſis. Cactus articulato-prolifer, articulis ovato-oblongis fubinermibus. L. Sp. Pl. Opuntia maximá, folio oblongo rotundo majori. Slo. Cat. & H. The Cocheneal Indian-Fig. CACTUS 5. Mitis minor, Sarmento flexili rotundo; frondibus longis compres- fis crenatis, ad crenas floridis. Cactus, prolifer enſformi-compreffus, ferrato-repandus. L. Sp. Pl. Cactus foliis enſformibus obtuſe ſerratis. L. H. C. Opuntia non ſpinoſa minima čauleſcens, &c. Sto. Cat. 216. & H. The jointed Ingo of Petiv. Gaz. t. 59. f. 12. The ſmall Ca&tus, with long notched leaves. Q_99 CACTUS 238 THE NATURAL HISTORY CACTUS 6. Debilis, brachiatus, æqualis, triquetrus, Scandens vel repens ; Spi- nis breviffimis confertis. Cactus, repens triangularis. L Sp. Pl. Cactus triangularis Jcandens articulatus. L.H.C. Vino Ficus-Indica folio triangulari enfiformi, &c. Slo. C. & H. 20 vioo 19 The Strawberry Pear. CACTUS 7. Cylindraceus, ſulcatus, pufillus, repens; aculeis ſetaceis confertis. 3-l: Cactus repens decemangularis. L. Sp. Pl. & Cereus minimus, &c. Ehr. t. 11. ods to Opuntia minima ferpens Americana. Slo. Cat. 197. & H. 10 The creeping Indian Fig, with a round furrowed ftalk. CACTUS 8. Cylindraceus ere&tus ſulcatus major, fummitate obtufus; aculeis confertis. Cactus erectus longus ſuboet angularis, angulis obtufis. L. Sp. Pl. Cactus novemangularis longus erectus, angulis obfoletis. L. HC. Cereus craſſiſſimus, fru&tu utrinque rubro. Slo. Cat. 196. & H. The larger erect Indian Fig, or Dildo Pear Tree. CACTUS 9. Ere&tus cylindraceus ſulcatus tenuior, fummitate attenuatus ; 9 aculeis confertis. An, Cactus erectus longus fubnovem angularis, angulis obſoletis, Spinis land brevioribus. L. Sp. Pl. Cereus altiffimus gracilior, fruclu flavo, &c. Slo, Cat. 197. & H. ii. 158. ., , , The ſmaller erect Indian Fig, or Dildo Pear Tree. CACTUS 10. Humilis fubrotundus ſulcatus & coronatus, fpinis confertis. Cactus quatuordecim-angularis fubrotundus. L. Sp. Pl. & H. CI. The Turk’s-head, or Pope's-head Indian Fig. CACTUS 11. Paraſiticus, inermis, aphyllus, ramofus, propendens; ramulis gracilibus, teretibus, ftriatis. The ſlender paraſitical Currant-Cactus or Indian Fig. This plant is pretty frequent in St. Mary's, and grows chiefly on the largeſt trees in the wood, hanging commonly to the length of three or four feet from its faſtening, or root. Moſt of theſe ſpecies of the Cačtus, or Indian fig, grow in many parts of Jamaica ; but the fourth fort is more rare than any of the reſt. All the ſpecies bear fucculent berries, which are no ways diſagreeable to the palate; but the fruit of the ſixth and ninth ſpecies are moſt eſteemed, and ſometimes ſerved up at table with other fruit. The pulp of the ſecond ſort is of a delicate red colour ; but it is of a gummy nature, and can't be fixt ſo as to ſerve either for the dyers or painters purpoſe. Moſt of the ſpecies thrive beſt in a dry gravelly ſoil, and a warm ſituation. PSIDIUM 1. Fruticoſum, foliis ovatis venofis, fructu majori. Pfidium ramis tetragonis. L. Sp. Pl. & H. C. Guajanus. Mart. 537. & Guajavas fructu palide dulci. Bur. Thez. Zey. Malo punica afinis pomifera, &c. Slo. Cat. 198. & H. The Guava Tree. This ſhrub is very common every where in the paſtures of Jamaica, and riſes generally from eight to twelve feet in height. It bears a round fruit of a mode- rate ſize, which is much eſteemed among the natives: this, while immature, is aſtringent, 2 OF JAM AI O A. 239 aftringent, like all the other parts of the tree; but when it ripens, it is rather lax- ative, and then much uſed both in jellies and cream-diſhes; tho' in theſe caſes, the inner pulp and the rind is thrown away, and the fleſhy part of the fruit only uſed: this is boiled, and when brought to a ſufficient degree of tenderneſs, it is ſet to cool, and afterwards ſerved up with cream, as we do ſtrawberries or raſp- berries in many parts of Europe. The wood is very tough, and generally uſed for bows in cattle-yokes. PSIDIUM 2. Arboreum maximum, foliis ovatis nitidis, ligno fuſco, fibris un- dulatis. The Mountain Guava. This is one of the largeſt trees in the woods of Jamaica, and grows frequently to the height of fixty or ſeventy feet, with a proportioned thickneſs: it is an ex- cellent timber-wood, of a dark colour and curled grain; works eaſily, and takes a fine poliſh. It makes very beautiful walking-ſticks, and is very different from the fore- going ſpecies. a a PUNICA 1. Fruticoſa humilior, ramulis gracilibus patentibus. Punica. L. H. C. & Sp. Pl. The dwarf Pomegranate. PUNICA 2. Fruticoſa major, ramulis crafíoribus erectis. Malus punica fativa, aliis fimplici flore. Slo. Cat. & H. The Pomegranate. Both theſe ſpecies, or variations, are cultivated by many people in Jamaica, and thrive very well in moſt parts of the iſland. The flowers, when double, are the balauſtia of the ſhops, which is reckoned a powerful aſtringent, as well as the rind of the fruit: they are both in uſe, and commonly kept in our ſhops, DALEA 1. Arboreſcens, foliis majoribus venofis ovatis ; racemis plurimis, per ramos infra frondes ſparſis. An, Malo-poenna. H. M. p. 5. t. 9. The Dalea, with oval leaves. Periantium Minimum, monopbyllum, campanulatum, truncatum. Corolla Nulla. Stamina. Filamenta numeroſa, antheris minimis fubhirſutis. Piſtillum. Germen fubrotundum calice immerfum; ftylus brevis; ſtigma acutum. Pericarpium. Bacca minima ſubrotunda, nucleo unico nauco duro tecto, re- ferta, This ſmall tree is common in the cooler woods of Jamaica, and very re- markable, for the number of ſmall looſe cluſters of little berries, that grows upon its branches, below the leaves. The tree is of a ſpreading form, and riſes com- monly to the height of fourteen or fifteen feet. The flowers and fruit are very ſmall, and diſpoſed like thoſe repreſented in t. 31. of Burm. Thez. Zey. but the leaves and flowers of this ſeem to be different from thoſe repreſented there. CHYTRACULIA 1. Arborea, foliis ovatis glabris oppofitis, racemis termi- nalibus. Tab. 37, f. 2. An, Chytraculia, &c. Pk. t. 274. f. 2? An, Belluta. H. M. p. 5. t. 20? Baſtard Green-heart. Periantium 240 THE NATURAL HISTORY Periantium Monophyllum obverſè conicum, concavum, operculo proprio fub- concavo & lateraliter adnato, prima ætate tectum. Corolla Nulla; fed operculo maturitate reflexo, obviam ſe produnt Filamenta Plurima longiora contorta caduca, e parietibus calicis orta; antheræ fubrotunde. Piſtillum. Germen minimum in fundo calicis ftum; ftylus fimplex longitu- dine ſtaminum ; ftigma acutum. Pericarpium, &c. defiderantur. This tree grows chiefly in the pariſh of St. John, and is generally reckoned an excellent timber - wood; but it ſeldom exceeds fourteen or fifteen inches in diameter. The ſize and ſhape of the under part of the cup, with its filaments, is very well repreſented in Pk. tho' I very much doubt if he intended the ſame plant. I have not ſeen any of the fruit or enlarged germina of this tree, though I have ex- amined many of the flowers in all ſtates. - SUZYGIUM 1. Fruticoſum, foliis ovatis nitidis & ramulis ubique jugatis. Tab 7. f. 2. The ſhrubby Suzygium, with coupled leaves and branches. Periantium Urceolato-globoſum apertum, ad apicem truncatum. Corolla Nulla. Stamina. Filamenta numeroſa e parietibus calicis orta; antheræ irregulares. Piſtillum. Germen ſubrotundum depreſum, calice tectum & coronatum ; ſtylus fimplex, ftaminibus paulo longior ; ftigma acutum. Pericarpium. Bacca globoſa calice coronata, quatuor feminibus glabris, ſubangulatis, referta: Obf. Jemen unum vel alterum tan- tum, plerumque ad maturitatem pervenit. This ſhrub grows near the Ferry, and ſeldom riſes above ten or twelve feet in height: the whole plant is buſhy, and bears black berries, crowned with the margin of the cup. I have never ſeen but one tree of the kind; it grew at the corner of the road under the hill, as you turn directly towards the bridge. PHILADELPHUS? 1. Arboreſcens, foliis myrtineis nitidis oppoſitis, ramulis gracilibus, pedunculis bipartitis alaribus. An, Eugenia foliis integerrimis, pedunculis unifloris . L. Sp. Pl? Myrtifolia arbor cortice argenteo, &c. Slo. Cat. 162. & H. t. 187. An, Eugenia, &c. Mich. Hill. t. 24. ? The ſhrubby Philadelphus, with Myrtle leaves; or the Silver Tree. Periantium Duplex ; inferius, feu fructus, biphyllum, foliolis ovato-acutis : ſuperius feu floris, monophyllum prægnans ; limbus quadri- partitus. Corolla Tetrapetala, petalis majoribus fubrotundis. Stamina. Filamenta numeroſa, é fundo calicis & fummo germine orta, lon- gitudine corolla; antheræ fubrotunda. Pilillum. Germen ovatum depreſſum, calice te&tum & coronatum ; ftylus fimplex, longitudine floris ; ftigma obtufufculum. Pericarpium, Bacca fve capſula carnoſa bilocularis feminibus plurimis referta: This little tree is frequent in the red hills, and remarkable for its ſlender branches and myrtle leaves : it is now commonly called Rod-wood by the negroes, and is looked upon as a good timber-wood; but it ſeldom grows above four or five inches in diameter. There is a variation of it with ſinaller leaves, but they are juſt of the ſame make. It is common in the lower parts of the pariſh of St. David. PHILA a 4 Ο F J Α Μ Α Ι C Α. F JA A I CA. 241 PHILADELPHUS? 2. Arboreſcens, foliis ovato-acuminatis, leniter crenatis, oppoſitis; racemis lateralibus. The larger Philadelphus. Both theſe plants are pretty frequent in Jamaica ; but neither of them has any thing of a warm taſte. The latter riſes frequently to the height of fifteen or fixteen feet, and has ſomething of the appearance of Myrtle. The parts of the flower agree very perfectly in both; but as I have not ſeen the fruit of either ripe, I can't determine whether it be a berry or a capſule, though the germen ſhews the diſpo- ſition of the fruit, as to its formation and parts, to be perfectly the ſame in both: and I think they belong more properly to the following claſs ; for the leaves of the flower riſe in an alternate order with the ſegments of the cup, and the filaments thoot immediately from the top of the germen. AMYGDALUS 1. Foliis oblongis ſerratis, ſerraturis acutis; pericarpio molli. L. Sp. Pl. The Peach Tree. AMYGDALUS 2. Foliis petiolatis, ſerraturis infimis glandulofis. L. Sp. Pl. & H. C. The Almond Tree. Both theſe plants were introduced to Jamaica fome years ago, and have been fince cultivated both in the higher and lower mountains; but do not thrive well enough to bear fruit in either. SECT II. Of Vegetables that have twenty Filaments, and five Styles, in every Flower. PYRUS YRUS 1. Foliis ſerratis, pomis baſi concavis. L. Sp. Pl. The Apple Tree. A great many variations of this tree have been introduced to Jamaica, from time to time; and cultivated in the cooler mountains of the iſland: but they do not grow to any great perfection, and ſeldom have any ſeeds in the fruit, which is generally very tart, and uſed only becauſe uncommon. logi AIZOON 1. Repens, foliis oblongis turgidis, floribus feffilibus fingularibus ad alas. Portulacca Aizoides maritima procumbens, &c. Slo. Cat. 88. The creeping Aizoon. This plant is very common in all the low lands about the Ferry, and grows in thick beds, on every ſpot of ground that riſes above the level of the water. It is very ſucculent, and full of a neutro-alkaleſcent ſalt, which may be eaſily extracted; and would probably anſwer all the purpoſes for which the falts of the Kali are now uſed. Rrt SECT 342 THE NATURAL HISTORY IT IS DAN SECT. III. Of Plants that have twenty Filaments, and many Styles, in every Flower. ROSA OSA 1. Caule aculeato, pedunculis levibus, calicibus ſemipinnatis glabris. L. Sp. Pl. by vosi Roſa rubra, flore valde pleno & ſemipleno, &c. L.H.C. che si och The Rofe Plant. a a a Sp. Pl. This plant was introduced to Jamaica fome years ago, and cultivated in many parts of the iſland with ſucceſs. It thrives ſo luxuriantly in the mountains of New Liguanea, that, with a little care, it may be kept conſtantly in bloom almoſt the year round; and, even without any borrowed affiſtance, is now obſerved to pro- duce a moſt amazing number of flowers, in a gradual, and almoſt perpetual ſuc- ceſſion: but the flowers are ſeldom ſo large, and open rather too ſoon in that cli- mate. The leaves of the flowers vary their qualities more or leſs, with their co- lours; they are more aſtringent with a deeper red, and more laxative when of a paler caſt. There is a ſimple water and a conſerve, as well as the dried leaves of the flowers, commonly kept in the ſhops. RUBUS 1. Aculeatus, foliis digitato-quinatis, ſerratis, ſubtus argenteis. Rubus foliis quinato-digitatis ternatifque; caule petiolifque aculeatis. L. Rubus foliis longioribus, &c. Slo. Cat. 173. & H. t. 212. The Blackberry Bramble. This plant is a native of Jamaica, and grows frequent in the mountains of St. Mary's, and thoſe beyond Mount Diable, towards St. Ann's; but is ſeldom ſeen in any other part of the iſland. RUBUS? 2. Maximus, vix aculeatus; foliis ternato-ternatis, ovatis, quandoque crenatis, omni The larger climbing Bramble. This plant grows in many parts of Jamaica, and is frequently found climbing among the talleſt trees in the wood; though it ſeems to grow more freely in the more open parts of the mountains. . I have not ſeen any of its flowers, and placed it here only from its appearance. The ſtem and foot-ſtalks are ſometimes furniſhed . with a few prickles. a FRAGARIA 1. Flagellis reptans. L. H. C. & Sp. Pl. Fragaria vulg. C.B. ετίας ID A ni awong barya The Strawberry Plant. www.rafat 10 v This plant has been carried to Jamaica from Europe, and is now cultivated, with fucceſs, in the mountains of Liguanea : but it does not bear above once a year; nor, then, ſo luxuriantly as it is obſerved to do in the northern climates. TO 32 CLASS YO FJAMA I CA. HT 343 SODAN CL A S S XIII. Of the Polyandria, or Vegetables that have many Filaments in every Flower. G. Saappi inal como HT do SECT. I. Of ſuch as have many Filaments and one Style in every Flower. NY TYMPHÆA 1. Foliis amplioribus profunde crenatis, ſubtus areolatis. Nymphæa foliis cordatis dentatis. L. Sp. Pl. Nymphæa Indica tuberoſa, foliis ad marginem crenatis, &c. The. Zey. Nymphæa Indica folio in ambitu ſerrato. Slo. Cat. 120. Nymphæa & Lotus Ægyptia authorum. Ambel. H. M. p. 11. t. 26. The Ægyptian Lotus, or Water-Lilly, with crenated leaves. uzd Testo to seriod This plant is very common in all the ponds, lagoons, and rivers, about the Fer- ry; and throws up ſome beautiful large white flowers, ſuſtained, each, by a ſimple long cylindric foot-ſtalk. All parts of the plant may be uſed for the ſame purpoſes, for which thoſe of the common water-lily are recommended; for it is, like that, an excellent cooler, and, probably, would anſwer well in the yellow fever, where ſuch gentle cooling calmers alone can be adminiſtered with ſucceſs. duino NYMPHÆA 2. Foliis orbiculatis, peltatis, ſubtus radiatis ; fru&tu obverſe conico, ſe minibus majoribus nidulantibus. Ines son vlita 300 Nymphæa foliis undique integris. L. Sp. Pl. & H.C. Nymphæa Indica maxima, flore albo fabifero. Muf. & Thez. Zey. Nymphæa Ægyptia fabifera, pedunculis afperfis . Pk, t. 322. f. 1. Nelumbo. Tournefortii. Faba Ægyptia authorum. Tamara. H. M. p. ll. t. 30. The Ægyptian Bean, or Great Water-Lilly. This plant is pretty common in the lagoons beyond the Ferry; but I have not ob- ſerved it in any of the deeper waters. It ſeems to grow beſt in a looſe boggy ground, where the leaves may ſtand in open air, while the roots, and lower parts of the ftem are plentifully ſupplied with moiſture. I ſhall not mention any thing of the doubts and confuſion, which the ambiguous deſcriptions and accounts , left us by the ancient writers, concerning the form and uſes of this plant, have occaſioned in the works of our moſt noted botaniſts: but were I to give my own thoughts upon the occaſion, I ſhould, without heſitation, attribute it to a miſtake in the original writers; who, under the title of Faba tia, have given a thorough deſcription of the upper parts of this plant; and as ac- curate an account of the roots of the leſſer Collocafia, now commonly called Caccos, in Jamaica. This is fo agreeable to truth, that every man who is acquainted with both theſe plants, may, by ſeparating the parts of the deſcription, form a thorough idea of each; and ſo exact a one, as to anſwer all the eſſential marks and noted characters peculiar to the reſpective parts of both; tho' they never agree with either, in the whole; nor with any other known plant, even in a confiderable part. And from hence we may conclude, that the whole confuſion proceeds from an error in the ori- ginal deſcriptions, ariſing, probably, from ſome erroneous information. 92 Ægyp- 3 MARC- 4 244 THEA NATURAL HISTORY а. a MARCGRAVIA 1. Scandens, foliis caulinis fubrotundis, ad margines glan- dulatis; ramorum integris, ovatis, alternis , diſtiche fitis; floribus umbellatis terminalibus. Tab: 26. Marcgravia. L. Sp. Pl. & Plum. Gen. Philitidi Scandenti affinis major, &c. Slo. Cat. 15. & H. t. 28:10 . t The climbing Marcgravia. This curious plant is frequent in the woods of Jamaica; and appears in ſuch various forms, that it has been often miſtaken for different plants, in the different ſtages of its growth. . It is but a ſlender weakly climber at firſt, (See Tab. 26. f. 1.) and, as it riſes, throws out a few leaves, ſomewhat of the form of a heart, on both fides: theſe are ſuſtained by very ſhort foot-ſtalks, and ſtand always oppoſite to a number of ſlender radical fibres, whereby it ſticks and grows to its ſupporter. By theſe means the plant continues its growth, until it gains the top, and lays its trunk more commodiouſly over ſome of the larger branches of the tree: then it begins to ſtrengthen, and caſts many ſlender, dependent, and ſubdivided, branches froin the upper parts. But as it increaſes at the top, the ſtem grows thicker, ſeparates from the ſupporter, throws off its now uſeleſs leaves and roots, and appears a ſtrong withey ſhrub, whoſe trunck is frequently no leſs than four or five inches in diameter, The branches of this plant hang always downwards, (See Tab. 26. f. 1.) bearing their leaves, in an alternate but diſtich order. The flowers are ſuſtained by long foot- ſtalks, and diſpoſed in the form of an umbella, about the extremities of the branches; but the ſummit, or crown of the ſupporter, is conſtantly adorned with four, five, or more hollow, divergent, glandular bodies, that occupy the center of the umbella : theſe are of an arched oblong form, obtufe and roundiſh; they are hollow within, and affixed by very ſhort foot-ſtalks, that riſe immediately from one ſide of the aper- ture, or opening of the gland; which is ſo diſpoſed, as to receive the water that dribbles down along the branch in rainy weather. What the real uſe of theſe may be, is not eaſily determined: it is, however, remarkable, that the leaves of the branches are plain, of an oblong oval form, with a ſmooth membranous edge; while thoſe of the younger plants are always obſerved to have many little glands, ſet gradually round the margin. who 155 Bida oyoqov ARGEMONE 1. Spinofum fucco luteo turgidum. borste Argemone capitulis quinquevalvibus, foliis ſpinoſis. L. Sp. Pl. & H.C. Papaver spinofum. C. B. ИМАН The yellow Thiſtle. This plant is pretty common in all the ſugar-colonies, where the ſeeds are looked upon as an excellent remedy, and frequently adminiſtered by the inhabitants, in diarrhoeas, and bloody-fluxes : they have a pungent warm taſte; but it does not ma- nifeſt itſelf for ſome time upon the palate. They work both by ſtool and vomit, and have been frequently adminiſtered in the dry belly-ach, by the good women; but we have much ſafer and better medicines for both theſe diſorders; though this may be adminiſtered with ſucceſs, where the parts are relaxed or weakly; or the diſorder proceeds from an indigeſtion; which is frequently the caſe in thoſe climates. As this medicine is given only by the country people, the doſe is yet very various ; for they commonly meaſure the ſeeds with a thimble, and give from one to five of theſe (well pounded) at a time. The juice is very deterſive, and generally uſed in the diſeaſes of the eyes : but the infuſion is looked upon as a ſudorific and reſolu- tive, which may be uſed, with ſucceſs, on many occaſions. 3 BOCCONIA 1. Ramoſa, foliis majoribus finuatis, racemis termina- libus. 2 Bocconia OF JA MA I CA. 245 Bocconia. L. Gen. Sp. Pl. & H.C. & Bocconia. Plum. t. 25. Cheledonium majus arboreum, &c. Slo. Cat. 82. & H. t. 125. Parrot-Weed. This thrubby plant is pretty common in all the ſhady gullies, that lie among the hills and mountains, in the inland parts of the iſland: it is full of a thick yellow juice, like the Argemone and Celandine; and riſes commonly to the height of eight or nine feet. CALOPHYLLUM? 1. Foliis tripedalibus obovatis, floribus per caulem & ramos Sparſis. An, Calophyllum foliis ovatis obtuſs. L. Sp. Pl. Palmis affinis malus perſica maxima, &c. Slo. Cat. 179. & H. t. 216, 17. The Anchovee Pear Tree. Periantium Monophyllum integrum cyathiforme, ætate in quatuor partes, ut plurimum, laceratum. Corolla Tetrapetala, petalis ſubrotundis crafis cochleatis. Stamina. Filamenta numeroſa e fundo floris orta, corolla longiora ; an- theræ fubrotunde. Piftillum. Germen leniter depreſſum, calice immerſum ; ftylus nullus ; ftig- ma craſum quadrigonum, cruciatim in foſſulam excavatum. Pericarpium. Drupa magna eliptico-ovata utrinque acuminata, unilocu- laris. Semen Nucleus magnus folitarius, nauco ligneo molliori, oéto vel decem fulcis longitudinalibus notato, tectus. This beautiful tree is frequent in many parts of Jamaica, and grows, generally, in low moiſt bottoms, or ſhallow waters. It riſes commonly to the height of twenty or thirty feet, or more; and is furniſhed with large oval leaves about the top: but bears all its fruit and bloſſoms from the body and larger limbs of the tree; which, with its upright growth and large leaves, gives it a very elegant appearance. The ſeeds grow very readily, wherever they meet with a fufficient quantity of moiſture, and propagate ſo thick, that the trees are always found formed into thickets, or large cluſters, wherever they grow. a THAMNIA 1. Foliis ovatis leviſſime crenatis latè virentibus nitidis alternis, petiolis brevibus, pedunculis geniculatis. The ſhrubby Thamnia, with a light green foliage. Periantium Nullum. Corolla Tetrapetala, petalis fubrotundis cochleatis. Stamina. Filamenta numeroſſima brevia, ad bafin leniter coadnata; an- theræ fubrotunda. Piſtillum. Germen ovatum; ftylus nullus vel breviſſimus ; ftigma obtufum, ftriato-radiatum. Pericarpium. Bacca videtur unilocularis nucleo unico referta. Immatura & minora tantum obſervare licuit. This ſhrub was found in the red hills, above the Angels : it is not common in the illand. MUNTINGIA 1. Fruticofa & villoſa; foliis ferratis oblongis, ab uno latere brevioribus. Sss Muntingia. 1246 THE NATURAL HISTORY Muntingia. Plum. t. 26. Muntingia. L. Sp. Pl. & Muntingia pedunculis unifloris. H.C. The villoſe Muntingia. This ſhrub is frequent in all the hills and lower mountains of Jamaica, and riſes commonly to the height of ten or twelve feet. The branches are very irregular and ſpreading, the twigs ſlender, and the leaves hairy and narrow, ſtretching much further back on one ſide of the foot-ſtalk, than they do on the other. BREYNIA 1. Fruticofa, foliis oblongis obtufis. Tab. 27. f. 1. Breynia. Plum. t. 16. Breynia foliis oblongo-ovalibus. Roy. & L. Sp. Pl. Cynophallophoros five penis caninus, &c. Pk. t. 172. f. 4. An, t. 221. f. I? Accaciis affinis filiquoſa arbor. Et cerationiæ affinis, &c. Slo. Cat. & H. The ſhrubby Breynia. BREYNIA 2. Arboreſcens, foliis ovatis utrinque acuminatis, ſiliqua toroſa longifima. Breynia, &c. Pk. t. 327. f. 6. Agati. H. M. p. 3. t. 51. The larger Breynia. The firſt of theſe plants is very common in the lower hilly lands of Jamaica; it grows in a tufted form, and feldom riſes above five or fix feet in height: but the other is more rare, and grows into a ſhrubby tree. I have ſeen only one plant of this ſecond fort: it grew near Port Antonio. a BREYNIA 3. Fruticoſa, foliis fingularibus, oblongo-ovatis, fuperne nitidis, fi- liquis minoribus teretibus æqualibus. Tab. 27. fig. 2. The Muſtard-ſhrub, with a willow-leaf. This plant is common in all the Savannas, and low lands about Kingſton. It grows generally to the height of nine or ten feet, and throws out a number of flen- der ſub-erect branches, adorned with oblong leaves; which appear dirty and opake, as if they were duſted, underneath. All the parts of the plant have a ſtrong pun- gent ſmell and taſte, like moſt of the muſtard tribe. CRATEVA 1. Arborea triphylla, foliis ovatis glabris, racemis terminalibus, Arbor Americana triphylla, &c. Pk. t. 147. f. 6. The thin-leafed Crateva, or Garlick Pear. Periantium Monophyllum campanulatum, ad marginem incraſfatum, fo- liolis quatuor linearibus ornatum. Corolla Tetrapetala, petalis anguſtis inæqualibus declinatis, e margine in- teriori calicis unguibus tenuibus ortis, & interſtitiis. foliorum periantii oppoſitis. Stamina. Filamenta octodecim, vel plura, ab imulo ſuſtentaculo germinis orta, corolla duplo longiora, decliñata ; antheræ oblonga. Piftillum. Suſtentaculum inferne craffum, Nylobatiforme; ſuperne attenua- tum, & longitudine ſtaminum; germen fubrotundum parvum fuftinens : ſtylus fupra, nullus : ſtigma obtufiuſculum, germini impofitum. Pericarpium 3 2 OF JA MA I CA. 247 Pericarpium. Capſula carnoſa, maturitate baccata, in duo loculamenta bicel- lulata, ſepto membranaceo ſemidiviſa. Semina Plura nidulantia. . CRATEVA 2. Arborea triphylla, foliis craffis ovatis. Crateva inermis. L. Sp. Pl. Anona trifolia, &c. Slo. Cat. 205. & H. t. 225. Tapia Piſonis. The Garlick Pear Tree. CRATEVA 3. Fruticoſa ; foliis fingularibus oblongis utrinque acutis, fubtus quaſ villohis; foribus octandris, racemis comofis alaribus. Tab. 28. f. 1. The Muſtard ſhrub, with willow leaves. This plant is common every where in the low lands of Jamaica, and ſtrongly impregnated with an acrid volatile falt; like moſt of the muſtard tribe, among whom it ought to be placed. The two firſt ſpecies are very like each other, and riſe frequently from ten to twenty feet in height: but the laſt fort ſeldom ſhoots above eight or nine; and is more regular in the form and diſpoſition of the cup and flower-leaves, as well as nectaria; which we find to agree in every reſpect with the general diſpoſition of the Tetradynamia, to which claſs it properly belongs. It may be ranged in a peculiar diviſion with the Cleome of Linneus. CARYOPHYLLUS 1. Foliis oblongo-ovatis oppoſitis, racemis lateralibus & terminalibus. The Bayberry Tree, and Bayberry of Hughes. Pl. X. This tree is common enough both in Antigua and Jamaica, as well as Barbadoes, and grows generally to a conſiderable fize. It fills the woods with the fra. grant ſmell of its leaves, which nearly reſembles that of cinnamon; but the bark has no warmth of that ſort, tho' the berries reſemble our cloves very much, both in form and flavour. As the characters of this plant differ but very little from thoſe of the following ſpecies, we will content ourſelves, at preſent, with the deſcription of the parts of the other. This fort is called the Wild Cinnamon or Wild Clove tree, by moſt people, both in Antigua and Jamaica. CARYOPHYLLUS 2. Foliis oblongo-ovatis glabris alternis, racemis terminas libus & lateralibus. Myrtus foliis alternis. L. Sp. Pl. Caryophyllus aromaticus Americanus, &c. Pk. t. 155. f. 4. Myrtus arborea aromatica, &c. Slo. Cat. 161. & H. t. 171. An, Cambery. Pif. 178? Pimento, or All-ſpice. Periantium Duplex : fructificationis minimum quadridentatum; floris mo- nophyllum germini impofitum, in quatuor partes fubrotundas FeEtum. Corolla Tetrapetala, petalis interſtitiis calicis oppoſitis. Stamina. Filamenta numeroſa e parietibus calicis & ſummitate germinis orta, erecto-patentia; antheræ fubrotundæ. Piſtillum. Germen fubrotundum calice floris coronatum; ftylus erectus fimplex, longitudine ſtaminum ; ftigma obtufum. Pericarpium. 248 THE NATURAL HISTORY Pericarpium. Bacca ſucculenta globoja bilocularis. MMAL Semina" Orbiculato-reniformia, leniter compreſja, ſolitaria, 1906 This tree grows naturally almoſt every where in Jamaica ; and is now cultivated, with great care, in many parts of the iſland, where it is planted in regular walls. The trees begin to bear in three years after they are firſt planted, but are not perfect under ſeven; and then they begin to pay the labour beſtowed upon them very abundantly. They thrive beſt in thoſe rocky lands, that can be hardly put to any other uſe; but they alſo grow very luxuriantly, and bear very plentifully, in every rich mould that ſtands upon a gravelly bottom; and ſeldom fail the expectation, be they planted where they will. The root is branched, and ſpreading; the trunk ſmooth and ſhort, and feldom above eight or ten inches in diameter ; tho' you may ſometimes meet with ſome above fourteen. The tops of the trees are generally pretty much divided, and riſe in cloſe tufts: the leaves and bark are very warm, and full of aromatic particles, which makes them extremely cautious of fire, in all Pimento- walks, where, if it ſhould once catch, it runs with great fury. the When the berries arrive to a full growth, they are picked: (but this muſt be done before they begin to ripen) they are then dried in the ſun, upon barbicues or boarded floors, raiſed a little from the ground, and edged, and divided into four or more lodges; that each may contain a day's picking. During the firſt and ſecond day, they are turned very often, to expoſe them the more to the fun; but when they begin to dry, they are frequently winnowed, and put into ſheets, that they may be the more eaſily preſerved from the dew or rain; ftill expoſing them to the fun every day, until they are ſufficiently dried, which is known by the colour, and the rattling of the ſeeds in the berries; and then they are put up in bags, or hogſheads, for the market. Such of the berries as come to full maturity, do, like many other ſeeds, loſe that aromatic warmth for which they are eſteemed, and acquire a taſte perfectly like that of Juniper-berries; which renders them a very agreeable food for the birds, the moſt induſtrious planters of theſe trees. Some of theſe trees are frequently obſerved to be barren, which has introduced a notion among the people of Jamaica, of their being male and female trees, in general; and that ſome of the male, or barren trees, were requiſite in every walk; ; which, as they are commonly many, is a vaſt detriment. It is, however, certain, that all thoſe I have obſerved, were hermaphrodites: and I am credibly informed that thoſe they call males, when lopped and broke like the reſt, for one or two years, do bear very well: which I am the more apt to believe, as I have never obſerved a diſtinct male or a female flower on any of them. The berries of this tree have an agreeable aromatic and ſubaftringent taſte, which recommends them beyond any other ſpice, both in the kitchen and the Thop. We now have a delicate aromatic oil diſtilled from them, which anſwers all the purpo- fes, for which the oils of cinnamon and cloves have been generally uſed; and is thought to be rather better than either, as it joins an aſtringency to its warmth. All the parts of the tree are more or leſs aromatic and ſubaſtringent; but the leaves ſeem to abound moſt in volatile warm particles. CARYOPHYLLUS 3. Fruticoſus, foliis lanceolatis oppofitis, floribus geminatis alaribus. Tab. 25. f. 3. The narrow-leafed Caryophyllus. This is a very beautiful little ſhrub, and riſes commonly to the height of three or four feet, ſometimes more: it anſwers the characters of the genus in every part of the flower and fruit; but does not ſhew the leaſt warmth in the taſte. I had it from Mr. Robertſon, a ſurgeon, in Clarendon, who found it growing in that pariſh. a a I MAMMEA couco YO FIJAMA I CA. HITT 249 MAMMEA 1. Maxima, foliis longioribus, cortice fulcato cinereo. Mamei. Plum. t. 4. An, Mammea ſtaminibus flore longioribus. L. Sp. Pl. Mali Perſica Mammeæ di&ta folio longiori. Slo. Cat. 180.no An, Dhumba Zeylonenſibus? o 518035379 w do do mygdj2991 The large-leafed Mamee Tree. ad neds bare 1975) plod, fed svodo vody MAMMEA 2. Foliis ovalibus nitidis , fru&tu fubrotundo ſcabro. is par sad Mammea ſtaminibus flore brevioribus. L. Sp. Pl. varstad Malus Per fica maxima, &c. Slo, Cat. 179. & H. t. 217. liv vads now dogu aband Pythakaya, & Mameia. Mart. 39ods mobla, bris de The Mamee Tree. got vodis orno Theſe trees grow wild in all the inland woods of Jamaica ; but the firſt is more rare, and ſeems to ſhoot higheſt: though the other grows to a very conſiderable fize, and is generally looked upon as one of the largeſt trees in the iſland. Both abound with a ſtrong reſinous gum, and are eſteemed among the beſt timber- trees of the place. The leaves and younger branches of both are full of a yellow milky juice: and the ſecond ſpecies bears a large agreeable fruit; but it is too ſtrong and groſs for a weakly ſtomach, and leaves a bitterneſs behind it, that continues for a conſiderable time upon the palate. When this fruit is in a perfect ſtate, it contains four rugged, oblong, and angular nuts, which contain ſo many kernels of the ſame ſhape. 976 lindi yedt laut ab visus sa sa about 90 Zo ontsnada bas MENTZELIA 1. Setis uncinatis munita, foliis lobatis, fructibus fingularibus Seſilibus ad divaricationes ramorum. sto nem Mentzelia. Plum. t. 6. Wifərq onupos bons Mentzelia. L. Sp. Pl. & H. C. mondom, buid adi tol boot oldags 2993 The tufted herbaceous Mentzelia. slads to smo os This plant is very common among the buſhes in all the dry Savannas about King Ston; and eaſily diſtinguiſhed by its yellow flowers, tufted form, and ſtiff un- cinated briſtles. It ſeems to be an annual plant, and feldom riſes above three or four feet in height. The fruit is a ſucculent cylindric capſule, well furniſh- ed with ſhort, rough, unchinated briſtles, like the reſt of the plant, and contains only three or four rugged ſeeds, compreſſed on one ſide, and diſpoſed at ſome di- ſtance from each other, in the pulp. Breakinada GUIDONIA 1. Foliis ovatis utrinque porre&tis, alternis, quandoque crenatis ; alb racemis laxis alaribus. Tab. 29. f. 4. bo An, Samyda. L. Sp. Pl. Rod-wood. ode Periantium Tetra vel pentaphyllum, foliolis oblongo-ovatis Corolla? Siccam & imperfe&tam tantum obſervare licuit. 10 YAR Stamina. Filamenta numeroſa longitudine calicis; antheræ ſubrotunda. Piſtillum. Germen fubrotundum obtuſa quadrigonum; ftylus ſimplex longi- tudine ſtaminum; ftigma? 70 Pericarpium. Capſula craffa carnoſa quadrivalvis unilocularis.. ai dT on Receptaculum. Cuique valvula adnafcitur placentula propria, maturitate mont ofte sdini decedens. obd bao won a Semina Plura ovata placentulis illis adnata, cogus no kodas God AMMAM Tit In 250 TH EANA TU RAL HISTORY f. 5. In the fruit of this tree, (which ſeems very nearly allied to the Samyda) the lines between the valves are of a beautiful red colour, as well as the placenta; and the filaments of the flower very numerous. The tree grows to a conſiderable fize, and is eſteemed a fine timber-wood: it is much uſed in all ſorts of buildings. Sauditool CHRYSOBALANUS I. Fruticoſus, foliis orbiculatis alternis, floribus laxe racemofis. Tab. 17. . Chryſobalanus. L. Gen. & Sp. Plant. AGMAM Icaco. Plum. t. 5. & Pk. t. 217. f. 1 & 2. Wil nogam The Cocco Plumb Tree. This ſhrub is very common both in St. Elizabeth's and Portland, and ſeems to thrive beſt in a cool moiſt foil. It grows generally to the height of ſeven or eight feet, and bears a fruit not unlike our European plumb, either in fize or ſhape : of theſe, ſome are black, ſome white; but no effential difference appears in the ſhrubs that bear them. The fruit is inſipid, and contains a large nut, marked with five longitudinal furrows: it incloſes a ſingle kernel of a very pleaſant flavour; which makes up abundantly for the inſipidity of the pulp; and for which it probably had been ſo much eſteemed by the native Indians. When this ſhrub is planted in a dry funny ſoil, the fruit remains always a dry drupa; the nut being covered only by a thin ſkin or bark. SLOANEA? 1, Foliis majoribus, oblongo-ovatis, integris, venis arcuatis re- fertis. An, Sloanea. Plum. pag. 49. t. 15. An, Jacapucaia. Pif. 155. An, arbor, &c. Thez. Zey. pag. 255? The large oval-leafed Sloanea, or Brake-axe Tree. Pericarpium. Capſula magna, cordata, obtulè quadrigona, craſſa, lignea, e fibris radiatis texta, & denticulis erectis rigidis numero- Siſimis oppofita; quadrivalvis, quadrilocularis, quadrifa- riam ab apice ad bafim dehiſcens. Semina. Nuclei duo, tres, vel plures in fingulo loculamento pericarpii, pulpâ crocâ obducti. I have ſeen only one tree of this kind in Jamaica ; but it is ſaid to be pretty common in the mountains of St. Ann's, and eſteemed as one of the beſt and largeſt timber-trees in the wood : though ſo very hard, that it is found a difficult matter even to cut it down; and from thence it takes its common appellation. The leaves are about five inches in length, and two and a half in breadth. The fruit is about two inches and a half in diameter; and contains ſome bilobed kernels, of an agree- able taſte, inveloped in a ſoft mucilaginous ſubſtance, of a ſcarlet colour. The ſeeds are much coveted by the mackaws and parrots, the only birds that can break thro' thoſe thick and lignous ſeed-veſſels, which are not eaſily broken, even with a ham- mer: but when they are thoroughly ripe, they ſplit naturally into four parts, and drop or expoſe their feeds. 60 XYLOPICRUM? 1. Fruticofum; foliis ovato-acuminatis, productis, alternis; capſulis pun&tatis; floribus confertis ad alas. Tab. 5. fig. 2. An, Xylopicron, &c. Pk. t. 238. f.4? The ſmaller Bitter-wood. Periantium Monophyllum, breve, cyathiforme, tri- vel quinquedentatum, perfiflens. Corolla а a a ز WOO Y OF FЈА T J AM A I CA. ЕРТ 251 Corolla Hexapetala, petalis lanceolatis, tribus quaſ exterioribus, majoribus: * Pre Stamina. Filamenta plurima parva, e pelvi calicis orta, germini approa pinquata, & quaſi adnata ; antheræ oblonga. Piſtillum. Germen ovatum ; ftylus ſimplex longitudine floris; ſtigma obtu. pufculum. Pericarpium. Capſula ſubrotunda unilocularis monofpermis. Semen. Nucleus amygdalino-glutinoſus, cavus. I found this little tree at the foot of the mountains in Sixteen-mile-walk, where it grew to the height of fifteen or twenty feet. I have made no remarks upon bark or wood of this ſpecies. the root. XYLOPICRUM 2. Foliis amplioribus, nitidis, ovatis; petiolis brevibus; fru- Etibus glabris. An, Xylopicron arbor Barbadienfibus Bitter-wood, &c. Pk. t. 238. f. 4. 2 mo 35 The larger Xylopicron, or Bitter-wood. brador Pericarpium. Capſula coriacea, unilocularis, duplex; interior tenuior mema branacea. 99 893 am doin Semen. Nucleus fubrotundus amygdalinus, primo ætate gelatinoſus, & nu- cleorum palmarum more, cavus, fuccoque lento repletus. CAT10 mil muda s I met with this tree in the mountains, back of Bull-bay, where it grew to a very conſiderable ſize, and raiſed its branches to the height of fifty or fixty feet above the The wood, bark, and berries, have an agreeable bitter taſte, not unlike that of the orange-ſeed; and would probably prove excellent medicines, had they been brought into uſe. The wild pigeons feed much upon the berries, and owe all that delicate bitteriſh flavour, lo peculiar to them in the ſeaſon, wholly to this part of their food. I have eat many of the berries juſt off of the tree, and found them both agreeable to the palate, and grateful to the ſtomach. The bark is alſo richly impregnated with this fame juice, as well as the wood; and both yield a very agreeable bitter in the mouth, while freſh : but that delicacy diminiſhes greatly after they are dried. The wood is eaſily wrought, and eſteemed as a good timber- wood; but muſt be uſed where it may it may not be eaſily expoſed to the weather. This tree ought to be cultivated, for it will, probably, be found very ſerviceable in time : it ſeeds at Mr. Anderſon's mountains, near the Mine. I have not ſeen any of the flowers in a perfect ſtate; but ſuch imperfect ones as came under my exami- nation, ſeem to Thew it of the ſame claſs and genus with the foregoing plant. admits MIMOSA 1. Tortuofa, aculeis rectis geminatis, foliis tenuifimis, Spica globoja, filiquis craffis. Acacia Americana filiqua ventricofa, &c. Slo. Cat. & H. Acacia Zeylonica fpinis maximis albis, flore globofo, &c. Bur. Thez. Zey. The common Acacia, or Acacee-buſh. There is no plant more common than this, in the low lands of Jamaica, though but of little ſervice; for the ſmell of the whole plant, is ſo rank and diſagreeable, that it can't be uſed even for fire-wood. It riſes commonly from five or fix to ten or twelve feet in height; and is well ſupplied with ſtrong, ſtraight, white thorns, and minute pinnated leaves. The cattle are ſaid to browſe upon its more tender ſhoots, in dry weather, to whom moſt people attribute the rankneſs of the milk in that iſland. The pods are richly impregnated with a ſticky aſtringent gum, which may be eaſily extracted; and would prove an excellent medicine, where rough aftringents are requiſite. MIMOSA 252 THE NATURAL HISTORY . a MIMOSA 2. Diffufa, Spica oblonga, filiquis longioribus compreſis. lo aidT 15 216 39donsid do si bos 1978wong jud 2010 asdi bavi do sad The Poponax. de bas bas bas bailah This ſhrub has been introduced to Jamaica, from the main continent, and thrives very luxuriantly in many parts of the low lands, where it is obſerved to riſe, fre- quently, to the height of fourteen or fifteen feet, or better: it is not ſo prickly as the foregoing ſpecies, and its leaves are rather larger. It is of a ſpreading growth, and furniſhed with oblong flower-ſpikes. JU MIMOŠA 3. Arborea, cortice cinereo, ſpica globoſa, filiqua interne rubenti, podonsid bar feminibus Sphæricis atro-nitentibus. Acacia arborea maxima non ſpinoſa, pennis majoribus. Slo. Cat. & H. pabralaboc t. 182. alq sisis ចុះ ilya bo The mountain or wild Tamarind Tree. This is a native of Jamaica, and found in moſt parts of the iſland : it grows os to a very conſiderable fize, and is looked upon as an excellent timber-wood. The leaves are ſmall, and bipinnated, and the ſeeds of a ſhining black colour. be MIMOSA F. Fruit MIMOSA 4. Fruticoſa, foliis ovatis binato-binatis; feminibus compreffis, atro- blow 5000 nitentibus, flocculis rubellis adnatis. gad esd neta en Mimoſa inermis , foliis bipinnatis, leguminibus Spiraliter circumvolutis, &c. bas MISODE L. Sp. Pl. borsteux Acaciæ quodammodo accedens, &c. Pk. t. 1. f. 4. & Avaramothemo. Pif. Acacia arborea major ſpinoſa, pinnis quatuor majoribus, &c. Slo. baadoled do Acacia foliis amplioribus. Cateſb, ii. t. 97. id 2 The Black-bead ſhrub, or large-leafed Mimofa. This plant is frequent in moſt parts of America, where it generally grows from ſeven to ten feet in height. Piſo deſervedly mentions the bark of this tree, as a great aſtringent, and recommends the decoction of it by way of lotion, or fomen- tation, when the parts are more than uſually relaxed in the other fex: but ſuch ap- plications ſhould be uſed with great caution, and only at particular times. MIMOSA 5. Fruticofa, Spinis aduncis undique armata; cortice cinereo, foliis ja minutis pinnatis, Spicis globoſis . Mimoſa foliis conjugatis pinnatis, foliolis æqualibus, caule aculeis incurvis munito. L. Sp. Pl. Acacia aculeata multiflora, foliis pinnas avium referentibus. Bur. Thez. Zey. atls of vico Fingrigo, or the thorny Mimoſa. 5937so be ; This prickly ſhrub is frequent in moſt of the ſugar-colonies, eſpecially in Antigua ; where the leaves are frequently uſed, mixed with corn, for their riding-horſes; and is thought to free them from botts and worms. It grows in a tufted form, and ſeldom riſes above five or fix feet from the ground; tho' it ſpreads a great deal more in its growth. MIMOSA 6. Fruticoſa inermis diffufa major, fpicis globoſis, pinnulis minutiſ- or lo me fimè foliolatis.is, um Domodi TO Domodt af alu Acacia arborea maxima, fore flavo odoratiſſimo, &c. Slo. Cat. yddad se vollsach ad gud 1991 Idzio 101111 *** The ſmooth Accacee.bing ady to molar bom Higiene virondige en bas nely donde This UU I 0 F Í A MA I CA. HT 253 This plant is common about Spaniſh Town, and ſeems very like the fi e the firſt ſpé- cies; but it grows larger, and is of a more ſpreading form. The branches are very delicate and flender, and the leaves very ſmall and ſenſitive; I have obſerved them to ſpread and contract, after they have been for a month or fix weeks in paper. a MIMOSA 7. Fruticoſa major, diffuſa & inermis; pinnis longifſimis; pinnulis minutiſime foliolatis. aniogaroton The ſpreading long-winged Acacee, or Senſitive. diant bris This ſpecies, like the foregoing, ſeems to be but a variation of the firſt fort; but the wings are very long, in proportion to thoſe of the others; and the branches, which are long and ſlender, ſo peculiarly diſpoſed, that I could not but give it a ſeparate place. The flower-ſpikes are round, in this ſhrub, and the pods ſlender and cylindric: it grows pretty frequent in the road between Mr. Price's Pen, at the Caymanas, and Spaniſh Town. MIMOSA 8. Fruteſcens media inermis, filiquis compreffis falcatis & umbel- latis, pedunculo longiffimo. The larger ſmooth Senſitive. This plant has been introduced to Jamaica, from ſome other part of the world; and is now cultivated at Mr. Ellis's garden at the Caymanas, where it grows very luxuriantly. The branches of this ſpecies are moderately thick and fucculent, and and the pods pretty broad and compreſſed. MIMOSA 9. Fruticoſa erecta inermis, cortice cinereo, floribus laxe congloba- tis, Spicis plurimis comofis terminalibus, foliolis minimis bi- pinnatis. The ſhrubby wild Tamarind. This ſhrub reſembles the wild Tamarind, both in its foliage and colour; but it is never obſerved to riſe above ſeven or eight feet in height, rarely ſo much. The dif- poſition of the flowers diſtinguiſhes it fufficiently from any of the reſt. MIMOSA 10. Foliis majoribus ovatis, per pinnas alatas & glandulatas diſpo- fitis; floribus fejunctis. Mimoſa foliis pinnatis quinquejugis, petiolo articulato-marginato. L. Sp. Pl. luglandis folio fruticofa, &c. Slo. Cat. & H. t. 283. Inga flore albo fimbriato, fruétu dulci. Plum. pag. 13. The Inga Tree, or large-leafed Senſitive. This ſhrubby tree is pretty frequent in St. Mary's, and riſes commonly to the height of fifteen or twenty feet: the pod is pretty long and compreſſed; and marked with two ridges along each ſuture. MIMOSA 11. Fruteſcens, Spinoſa & aculeata; filiquis birſutis . Mimoſa foliis conjugatis pinnatis; foliolis æqualibus; ftipulis ſpinoſis. L. Sp. Pl. The thorned Senſitive, from Panama. This is the moſt curious plant of the fort, I have obſerved in that part of the world; it was introduced to Jamaica from the main continent, and is now culti- vated in ſome of the gardens of the curious; but is yet rare. It is a ſhrubby plant, and riſes commonly to the height of ſeven or eight feet; but the ſmaller Uuu branches 254 THE NATURAL HISTORY : root. T branches and ribs are full of ſhort recurved thorns: and each rib again emits à number of long and ſlender aculei, from the inter-ſpaces of its foliations, or ſmalleſt ribs; which, like ſo many needles, guard and defend their tender leaves. The branches of this ſhrub are moderately thick; but the leaves are ſmall, and very apt to move on every occaſion. The filiques, or pods, are compreſſed and hairy; and, when ripe, divide into as many ſegments, or parts, as there are ſeeds, which fall off ſeparately: theſe parts or portions are held, in the natural ſtate, between two ribs, that run along the margins of the pod; in the inward grooves of which they moye with great eaſe, when contracted and detached from each other. od bars so vd balu yo balda MIMOSA 12. Nobiliſſima armata repens, pinnis bigeminatis pinnatis. quae st som The prickly creeping Senſitive. This little plant was, probably, introduced to Jamaica from ſome other part of the world; but it is now cultivated in many of the gardens about Kingſton: it grows in ſmall tufts, and ſpreads generally from one, to two or three feet about the Its leaves are very ſmall, and the flower-ſpikes oblong; but the pods ſeldom ripen in that iſland. The foliage of this plant is extremely ſenſitive, and moves rea- dily with every perturbation; or even, a ſudden change in the atmoſphere. MIMOSA 13. Minima herbacea, vix tripolicaris; capſulis monospermibus bir- futis. An, Mimoſa foliis conjugatis pinnatis, partialibus bijugatis fubrotundis, caule herbaceo inermi. L. Sp. Pl. Mimoſa herbacea non ſpinoſa minima repens, &c. Slo. Cat, & H. t. 182. 7. bozool ycontier The ſmalleſt creeping Senſitive of Jamaica. sldsibilnog svo no es moqu sys This little plant is frequent in many of the paſtures of Jamaica, eſpecially thoſe ſituated at the foot of the mountains, in Sixteen-mile-walk, and St. Thomas in the Eaſt. It grows in beds, and creeps by very delicate ſtalks along the ground; but theſe feldom exceed three or four inches in length. It is very ſenſitive, and con- tracts its leaves on every flight touch, or fudden change of the atmoſphere. XE stig zbritik zinc SIT AMET BIXA 1. Foliis cordatis cum acumine, floribus racemofis terminalibus. 8s1 Bixa. L. Sp. Pl. & H. Cl. qui sig eiers . SIG Mitella maxima tinctoria. Tourn. consileul T Urucu Pil. & Urucu of Knivet. Slo. Cat. 150. & H. t. 131. f. 1. oz glorioupont alati list boj milos bid boodsalt ad atto ad hout! esvdolad bas zobrol bo The Roucou, or Arnotto Tree. Mogrel ads to goals This curious ſhrub is pretty frequent in the cooler vales of Jamaica, and riſes com- monly to the height of eight or nine feet, ſometimes more: it thrives beſt in a cool rich foil, and Moots moſt luxuriantly near ſprings and rivulets. All the ſeeds of this plant are covered with wax, which is carefully gathered in many parts of America; and is what generally goes by the name of Terra Orellana, Roucou, and Arnotto. This commodity is manufactured in the following manner, viz. When the ſeed-veſſels are full grown, and in a perfect ſtate of maturity, they are picked off and opened; and the feeds gathered and put into convenient jars. When they have a quantity of theſe, proportioned to their veſſels and deſign, they throw in as much hot water as may be ſufficient to dilute and ſuſpend the pulp or wax, with eaſe, which is gradually waſh- ed away from the ſeeds, both with the hands and ſpatula. When all the wax is waſhed off, and the ſeeds appear quite naked, they are taken out, and the waſh left to ſettle: but when the wax is thoroughly ſubſided, the clear incumbent waters are decanted off, and the ſediment put into ſhallow veſſels, to be dried gradually in the flade. When this maſs acquires a due conſiſtence, it is made into balls, or cakes, and а . a Ol 2. I didsc05 DAS 2015 YOOF HJ A M A IC A. HT 255 and left to dry in fome open airy place, until it grows firm and hard; and then it is fit for uſe, or the market. 290591 19 brollbns zool to 19dmont od This plant is propagated by the ſeeds, and may be cultivated with great eaſe, in every moiſt and fertile vale among the hills. The wax is a cool agreeable rich cordial, and has been long in uſe among the Indians and Spaniards in America, who ſtill mix it with their chocolate, both to heighten the flavour, and raiſe the colour. It is ſaid to be a ſucceſsful remedy in bloody-fluxes: it is alſo uſed as a pigment; and not unfrequently mixed up with other ingredients, both by the painters and the dyers. The roots have much the ſame properties with the wax; but theſe are obſerved to work more powerfully by the urinary paſſages: they are uſed by ſome people in their broths, and ſeem to anſwer all the purpoſes of the pulp; but in a more faint degree. 3003 every Flower. t. 130. One SE CT. II. sti Of Plants that have many Filaments, and four or more Styles in 000 or foldo at aeqi TETRAC ETRACERA? 1. Foliis amplis ferratis, obovatis cum acumine; capſulis bi- geminis. Arbor maxima forte prunifera, cortice canabina, &c. Slo. Cat. 184. & H. An, arbor Americana convolvulacea, &c. Pk. t. 146. f. 1. The Broad-leaf Tree. stomil This tree is pretty frequent in the woods of Jamaica, and commonly looked upon as one of the beſt timber-trees in the iſland. It grows to a very confiderable fize, and riſes, generally, by a ſtraight well-proportioned trunk; bearing its foliage chiefly about the extremities of its branches. I have not met with any of the flowers of this plant in a perfect ſtate, ſo that I am obliged to range it from a very uncertain examination. sibirido most stod CLEMATIS 1. Scandens, foliis quinquenerviis ovatis nitidis pinnato-ternatis. Clematis. Muſei & The. Zey. AXI Clematis prima five ſylveſtris latifolia, &c. Slo. Cat. 84. & H. 6. 128. The three-foliated Climber, or Traveller's-Joy. I found this plant in the red hills; it is a climber, and raiſes itſelf frequently to the top of the largeſt trees in the wood: the ſtalk is tough and flender, and the leaves roundiſh and ſhining. mustadt hot na ANNONA 1. Foliis oblongo-ovatis nitidis, fructibus fpinis mollibus tumentibus slon obhitis. Annona foliis ovali-lanceolatis nitidis planis, pomis muricatis. L. Sp. Pl. & H. C. Anona maxima, &c. Slo. H. t. 225. & Anona fructu conoide viridi, &c. Pk. t. 135. f. 2. basi el Anona fructu vireſcenti . Muſ. & The. Zey. Απο τοσο Guanabanus. Plum. 9. t. 10. briqi Consibifu od lis cor slut. The Sour-fop Tree. to bord This ſhrubby tree grows wild in all the low lands of Jamaica, and is one of the moſt common plants in every Savanna. It riſes generally to the height of twelve or fifteen foot, ſometimes more; and bears a very large ſucculent fruit, which is gene- sua rally agreeable to all new comers, and moſt other over-heated habits: but it is ſo com- 4 mon, SIS to . ou vows b ca 256 Τ THE NATURAL HISTORY hen mon, and ſo much in uſe among the negroes ; that it is now hardly ever uſed among the better fort of people. ANNONA 2. Foliis oblongo-ovatis undulatis venoſis, floribus tripetalis fructi- bus mamillatis. Annona foliis oblongis, fructibus obtufë Squamoſis . L. Sp. Pl. Anona foliis odoratis, &c. Slo. Cat. 205. & H. t. 227. , . The Sweet-fop, or Sugar Apple Tree. This, like the foregoing, is a native of the low lands, and Savannas of ya- maica; but it ſeldom grows fo large as that. The fruit of this ſpecies is pretty much eſteemed by many of the fair ſex, tho' ſeldom ſerved up at table. ANNONA 3. Foliis oblongis undulatis venofis, fructibus areolatis. Annona foliis oblongis, fructibus ovatis reticulato-areolatis. L. Sp. Pl. Anona maxima, &c. Slo. Cat. 204. H. t. 226. The Cuſtard Apple Tree. ANNONA 4. Uliginoſa, foliis nitidis ovatis, fructibus areolatis odoratis. Anona aquatica. Slo. Cat. 205. & H. t. 228. Anona Americana juxta fluviorum ripas innaſcens. Pk. t. 240. f.6. Anona, &c. Thez, Zey. p. 30, 5. The Alligator Apple Tree, or Cork-wood. Both theſe ſpecies are common in the low lands. The firſt grows in dry places, and bears a fruit, which is much eſteemed by many people: the other is moſt com- monly found in ſoft marſhy places, and bears a fine ſweet-ſcented fruit, of no diſ- agreeable flavour ; but it is ſaid to be a ſtrong narcotic, and is not uſed on that ac- count. The wood of this tree is ſo very ſoft, even after it is dried, that it is fre- quently uſed by the country people, inſtead of corks, to ſtop up their jugs and cala- baſhes; from whence it has now univerſally obtained the name of Cork-wood in Jamaica. ANNONA 5. Foliis amplioribus ferrato-crenatis, fructu rotundo Spinis mola libus ornato. The Annona, with ſerrated leaves. I found this ſpecies near the cave in Weſtmoreland, but have never ſeen a ſecond plant of the fort: it grows much of the ſame ſize with the other ſpecies, but the fruit is much ſmaller, and the prickles more cloſe. The diſpoſition and form of the leaves diſtinguiſh it ſufficiently from all the others. Toon of CLASS у я оF JAMA I cA. на 257 geois balu Tsve viber wone gnome Alum doum ot bas tom CL AS S XIV.9 to 170) 191190 ods Of the Didynamia, or Vegetables that have four Filaments in every Flower; of which two are re- markably longer, and more perfect than the reft. wat N.B. The flowers of this claſs are generally irregular and labiated. eidT 2010 ung mobil i juda noite :: นี้ to vasm yd bomisafis doum SECT. I. АЙОМИА Of ſuch as have only one, two, or four naked ſeeds to ſucceed every flower; and theſe diſpoſed regularly in the bottom of the empalements. Italy M ESOSPHÆRUM 1. Hirſutum, foliis cordatis ſerrato-ſubſinuatis, flori- bus verticilliter fpicatis. Tab. 18. fig. 3. Marrubium odoratiſſimum betonice foliis. Burm. The. Zey. t. 71. Mentaftrum maximum. Slo. Cat. 64. & H. t. 102. si SAIOA nr. 38 snon A boow-ho Spikenard. A Toisgil A T Cole Periantium Monophyllum tubulatum, rectum, leniter ampliatum, decem Cmos for ſtriis notatum; ore ſubobliquo, quinque fetis rigidis ter- libor berminato. 2 * Corolla Monopetala tubulata: limbus bilabiatus : labium fuperius reétum, 5 diasd Boit bifidum, fauce variegatum ; inferius tripartitum, patens, sa ban egoi nors anguftum ; laciniis lateralibus ovatis; mediâ minori , reflexã, ad mes ont yd Bolu phiioup Som 670 apicem compreſa, apicem compreſá, carinata, Stamina. Filamenta quatuor, quorum duo inferiora funt & longiora, tubo- que floris ad faucem uſque adnata; duo vero ſuperiora, libera Stott no & breviora; antheræ fubrotunde. Piſtillum. Germen bilobum oblongum; ftylus bifidus, longitudine ſtaminum; ſtigmata acuta. Pericarpium Nullum; calix in finu ſemina fovet. bno Semina Duo fubcompreſja , oblongo-quadrata, ſulcá longitudinali per medium Son of od WOW to Your awon 1101 od to a in This plant grows wild in many parts of Jamaica, eſpecially in the low gravelly lands about Kingſton and Old-harbour, where it commonly riſes to the height of two or three feet. It is one of the moſt grateful cephalics, and alexipharmics, of this claſs of plants; and may be uſed, with great propriety, in moſt diſorders of the nerves, and viſcera, where ſuch warm medicines are required. TEUCRIUM 1. Subhirſutum ; foliis ovatis, dent ato-ferratis; Spicis ftri&tiori- bus, craſs, terminalibus. The hairy Teucrium. This is a native of Jamaica, and pretty frequent in the lower parts of St. Mary's, where it grows very luxuriantly; tho' it feldom riſes above two feet and a half in height. The flower-cup ſeems a little inflated in this plant, urt 189dos the collo 19 dueta, notata. a а Xxx LAVAN- 258 THE NATURAL HISTORY LAVANDULA 1. Incana, foliis lanceolatis integris, Spicis nudis. L. Sp. Pl. & H. C. Lavender. DONOVI This plant was introduced to Jamaica fome years ago, and has been ſince culti- vated in many parts of the iſland; particularly in the mountains, where it is obſerved to thrive extremely well. It is a grateful warm cephalic, and a principal ingre- dient in a ſpirituous tincture, and a compound water, now kept in the Tops; which take their common appellations from the plant. GLECOMA 1. Repens, foliis reniformibus crenatis. L. Sp. Pl. & H. C. Ground-Ivy. This creeping plant grows now wild in the mountains of Liguanea, and in ſome other parts of the iſland, where it had been formerly planted: but it does not thrive in many places; for it requires to be well ſhaded, and a looſe rich foil. It is a mild aromatic, and a good vulnerary; and is much recommended in the diſorders of the breaſt, and viſcera. SIDERITIS 1. Viminea, foliis minoribus obovatis, pedunculis trifloris ala- ribus. The weakly All-heal. This curious plant is a native of the cooler mountains of Liguanea : it grows among the buſhes, and ſpreads its ſlender weakly branches to a moderate diſtance; ſtretching ſeldom leſs than ſix or ſeven feet from the root. All parts of the plant have an agreeable aromatic ſmell. MENTHA 1. Supina, caule rubenti; foliis oblongo-ovatis, dentato-ferratis; Spicis terminalibus. Mentha floribus ſpicatis, foliis oblongis ſerratis. L. H. Up. & Sp. Pl. The herb Mint. This plant was, doubtleſs, firſt introduced to Jamaica, from ſome part of Eu- rope ; but it grows ſo luxuriantly in the mountains, that it may be now conſidered as a native; for it is found wild in many parts of the iſland, where nothing but chance, or the birds, could have planted it. MENTHA 2. Floribus verticillatis, foliis ovatis obtufis fubcrenatis, caulibu fubteretibus repentibus. L. Sp. Pl. & H. C. Pennyroyal. This plant was alſo introduced to that iſland ſome time ago ; and is now cultiva- ted in many places in the mountains, where it thrives beſt . Theſe plants are agreeable warm ftomachics, and pretty much uſed, both, in the kitchens and the ſhops. NEPETA 1. Aſurgens villoſa; foliis cordatis, acuminatis, crenatis; Spica craſa foliolata. Nepeta maxima, flore albo, &c. Slo, Cat. 65. The large villofe Nepeta. GALEOPSIS 1. Spica multiplici, tenui & longiori; foliis ovato-acuminatis, ferratis. I The O FI AM A I CA. 259 The ſmaller Galeopſis or Dead-nettle, with ſlender flower-ſpikes . This plant is pretty frequent in the pariſh of St. Mary; but it ſeldom riſes above two or three feet in height. GALIOPSIS 2. Procerior ; foliis ovato-acuminatis, ſerratis; Spicis majoribus, compoſtis, terminalibus; Spicillis geminatis, unoverfu flo- ridis. Wild Spikenard. This plant is a native of Jamaica; and very common in all the low lands, and dry Savannas, about Kingſton and Spaniſh Town. It riſes, generally, to the height of five or ſix feet, or better ; and bears its flowers very thick, and curiouſly diſpoſed on the ſmalleſt ſlips of its branched tops. All the parts of the flowers are very ſmall; and the neck of the cup, as well as the filaments, commonly covered with down. a THYMUS 1. Minimus herbaceus, foliis orbiculatis crenatis, floribus fingula- ribus ad alas. The ſmaller herbaceous Thyme. Pedunculo breviſimo incidit periantium tubulatum anguſtum, in fauce villo- fum, guinguedentatum. Corolla Monopetala ringens, labium fuperius leniter bipartitum, erectum; inferius tripartitum, erecto-patens ; lacinia media majori, cordata. Stamina. Filamenta quatuor, quorum duo multo breviora ; antheræ ſubro- tundæ. Piftillum. Germen quadrigonum; ftylus fimplex, flore longior ; ftigmata bina attenuata. Semina Quatuor ovato-turbinata, in fundo calicis fita. This little plant is a native of Jamaica, and grows wild in many parts of the iſland. I have met with it in plenty at the Decoy; and in the bottom below Mr. Bright's, in St. Mary's. a THYMUS 2. Ere&tus, foliis margine reflexis ovatis, floribus verticillato-ſpi- catis. L. Sp. Pl. & H.C. Thyme. This plant grows very plentifully in all parts of the mountains, and is now much cultivated there. CLINOPODIUM 1. Subbirfutum, foliis crenatis utrinque acuminatis, flori- bus conglobatis pedunculis longis alaribus incidentibus. Et foliis rugoſis, capitulis axillaribus, pedunculatis explanatis radiatis. L. Sp. Pl. Sideritis Spicata Scrophularia folio, &c. Slo. Cat. 65. & H. tab. 109. Wild Hops. Involucrum Commune, e radiis paucioribus linearibus patenti-reflexis con- flatum. Periantium Monophyllum tubulatum oblongum incurvum ad utrumque ex- tremum anguſtiorem, ore quinque denticulis ſetaceis in- ſtructum. Corolla Tubulata ringens. Stamina, 260 THE NATURAL HISTORY Stamina. Filamenta quatuor erecta, ferè æqualia, corolla longiora ; antheræ oblonga. Piſtillum. Germen fubrotundum quadrilobum; ftylus longitudine tubi floris; ſtigma acutum. Pericarpium Nullum. Calix immutatus in finu ſemina fovet. Semina Quatuor oblonga. This plant is common in moſt parts of the country : it grows chiefly in rich and ſhady places, and ſeldom riſes above three feet in height. ORIGANUM 1. Foliis ovalibus obtuſs, Spicis fubrotundis compactis pubeſcen- tibus. L. Sp. Pl. & H. C. Marjorum. This plant is cultivated in the mountains of New Liguanea, where it thrives well, and is propagated with eaſe. MELISSA 1. Floribus ex alis inferioribus ferme Seſilibus. L. H.C. & Meliſſa racemis axillaribus verticillatis ; pedicellis fimplicibus. Sp. Pl. Baum. This plant is cultivated in ſome of the gardens of Jamaica ; but it ſeldom thrives with that luxuriancy, that many other European plants do. SCUTELLARIA 1. Sylveſtris, erecta, ramoſa; foliis ovatis; floribus ternatis Seſilibus, per Spicas terminales oppoſtis. Ocimum rubrum medium. Slo. Cat. 65. Wild Baſil. This plant is met with in all parts of the country; and may, with great reaſon, be deemed one of the natives of the iſland. It has much the ſame make, ſmell, and taſte, with the common garden Baſil; from which it differs only by the invers fion of the flower, and formation of the cup. OCYMUM 1. Erectum ramoſum & fpicatum, foliis ovatis glabris. Ocimum foliis ovatis glabris, calicibus ciliatis. L. Sp. Pl. & H. C. Great Bafil. There is no plant more common than this, in the gardens of Jamaica; nor one that thrives more luxuriantly in every ſoil, and part of the island. EUPHE S E C T. II. Of ſuch as have their feeds incloſed in convenient feed-veſſels. UPHRASIA 1. Repens, foliis oblongis integris, capſulis longioribus fub- arcuatis. The creeping Eyebright. This is a native of Mountferat : it is a low creeping plant, and generally ſpreads about ſeven or eight inches round the root. It grows near Mr. William Lee's, at the foot of the main mountain, STEMO 2 OF HJ A MAI 261 А CA. STEMODIACRA 1. Maritima odorata; foliis minoribus, Seſilibus, denticu- latis, haftatis ; floribus folitariis alaribus. Tab. 22. fig. 2. Scordium maritimum, &c. Slo. Cat. 66. & H. t. 110. f. 2. The Sea-ſide, or Baſtard Germander. Periantium Monophyllum, in quinque lacinias anguftas erectas ad bafim fere fe&tum. Corolla Monopetala tubulata; tubus longitudine fere calicis, fubæqualis; sis limbus erecto-patens, bilabiatus; labium ſuperius integrum ova- tum ; inferius tripartitum, laciniis ovatis & fere æqualibus. Stamina. Filamenta quatuor fubæqualia, bibrachiata, longitudine tubi co- rolla, antheris geminis inſtructa; fingula fcilicet, fingulo bra- chio filamenti. Piſtillum. Germen oblongo-ovatum ; ftylus fimplex, longitudine ſtaminum ; ftigma obtufiufculum. Pericarpium. Capſula oblongo-ovata bilocularis bivalvis. Semina Plurima diſſepimento affixa. This plant is a native of Jamaica, and very common by the ſea-ſide, in all the ſouthern parts of the iſland: it has a pleaſant aromatic ſmell, with a bitteriſh taſte; and will, probably, prove an excellent ftomachic and aperitive; but it is not yet much uſed. The leaves are pretty thick upon the branches, and ſlightly beſet with down. a BLECHUM 1. Foliis oblongo-ovatis, Spicis craſſis foliolatis conico-quadratis ſubhirſutis. Brunella elabor flore albo. Slo. 65. & H. t. 109. f. 1. An, Wadapee. H. M. p. 10. t. 37, 8. The thick-ſpiked Blechum. Periantium Parvum monophyllum, in quinque lacinias anguftas acutas pro- funde fe&tum. Corolla Monopet ala tubulata ; tubus anguftus calice longior; faux inflata; limbus in quinque lacinias oblongas, erecto-patentes, fere æqua- les fectus. Stamina. Filament a quatuor, quorum duo paulo breviora; antheræ oblongæ in fauce floris fita. Piſtillum. Germen compreſſum ovatum; ftylus ſimplex, longitudine ſtaminum; ſtigma ligulatum. Pericarpium. Capſula compreſa ovata bilocularis bivalvis, valvis carinatis. Semina Plura compreſa fubrotunda, umbilico capſule adnata. This plant is pretty frequent, in moſt dry and ſhady places, among the lower hills: it thrives beſt in a gravelly ſoil; but ſeldom riſes above two feet and a half in height. GESNERIA 1. Erecta, foliis lanceolatis rugoſis birſutis, pedunculis longifi- mis ramoſis ex alis ſuperioribus. Geſneria foliis lanceolatis crenatis birſutis, pedunculis lateralibus longisſimis corimbiferis. L. Sp. Pl. & H. c. Digitalis folio oblongo, &c. Slo. Cat. 6o. & H. t. 104. f. 4. The hairy erect Geſneria, with open flowers. This plant is common about moſt of the river-courſes in the iſland, eſpecially where the banks are dry and rocky. It has a firm upright ſtalk, furniſhed with leaves; and riſes commonly to the height of four feet. The flowers are large and open, a Yуу 262 THE NATURAL HISTORY open, in this ſpecies, and the diſpoſition of the filaments ſomewhat like that of the Sage; but the capſule is bilocular, and crowned with the diviſions of the cup, as in the following plant. GESNERIA 2. Rupeſtris indiviſa, foliis oblongis rugofis fummo caule diſpo- fitis, floribus fingularibus ad alas. Rapunculo afinis, &c. Slo. Cat. 59. & H. t. 102. f. 1. The ſmall tufted Geſneria, with ſcarlet flowers. Periantium Monophyllum, germine prægnans, in lacinias anguftas profunde fe&tum. Corolla Coccinea, monopetala, tubulata ; tubus longus, arcuatus, ſubincurvus, leniter ventricoſus, fere æqualis, ore coarctatus, quinquecrenatus. Stamina. Filament a quatuor, corollâ paulo breviora, fere æqualia; antheræ con fimplices fubrotunda.com Piftillum. Germen obverſè ovatum, calice inclavatum, & laciniis corona- tum; ftylus fimplex, corolld paulo longior; ftigma obtufuf- culum, Pericarpium. Capſula calice te&ta & coronata, bilocularis. Semina Plurima minima. This plant grows in the fiffures of the rocks, on both ſides of the road, between Spaniſh Town and Sixteen-mile-walk : the ſtem is always ſimple, and creeps along the rocks, bearing a pretty large tuft of leaves at the extremity; from whoſe alæ ſpring ſo many ſingle flowers. ve ELLISIA 1. Fruteſcens quandoque fpinofa ; foliis ovatis, utrinque acutis, ad apicem ſerratis ; Spicis alaribus. Tab. 29. f. 1. An, Alaternus, &c. Pk. Phy. t. 126. f. 3? The Tea-leafed Elliſia. Periantium Monophyllum parvum cylindraceum ere&tum quinquedentatum. Corolla Monopetala tubulata; tubus æqualis ſubarcuatus, calice duplo lon- gior; limbus patulus, in quinque partes fere æquales fectus. Stamina. Filament a quatuor, quorum duo paulo longiora & ultra medieta- tem tubi porrecta ſunt ; antheræ fubrotunde. Piſtillum. Germen ſubrotundum calice textum & coronatum; ſtylus ſimplex, longitudine ſtaminum; ftigma craſſiuſculum. Pericarpium. Bacca ſubrotunda calice tecta & coronata, nucleis octo, nau- cis quatuor oſeis bilocularibus angulatis tečtis, referta. This ſhrub grows chiefly in the low lands, and riſes frequently to the height of fix or ſeven feet. The leaves are oppoſite, and ſo very like the leaves of green tea, that I was obliged to try ſome experiments, before I could be ſatisfied it was not the ſame plant. The branches of this plant are ſometimes beſet with thorns, but often otherways. I have named it after Mr. Ellis, a gentleman who has lately publiſhed ſome curious obſervations on the plant-like marine productions of an animal nature. CLERODENDRUM 1. Fruticoſum, Spinofum; foliis inferioribus confertis, fuperioribus oppofitis; pedunculis tripartitis, tri- floris, alaribus. Tab. . 30. f. 2. Volkameria, Spinis petiolorum rudimentis. L. Sp. Pl. Paliuro affinis, liguſtrifolia, &c. Slo. Cat. 137. & H. & Pk. t. 352. f. 2. The ſmall-leafed Clerodendrum. Periantium Yя oo FH JAMA 263 А С А. 3 I c date Periantium Monophyllum campanulatum breve, in quinque lacinias lanceo- tas reflextentes fe&tum. Corolla Monopetala tubulata; tubus longus anguſtus; limbus patulus, in quinque lacinias oblong as ad baſim oblique fe&tus. Stamina. Filamenta quatuor fere æqualia, corolla duplo longiora, & tubo floris ad faucem fere adnata; antheræ cordatæ. Piftillum. Germen fubrotundum in fundo calicis ftum; ftylus longitudine ſtaminum ; ftigma acutum. Pericarpium. Bacca ſubrotunda, nuculis binis bilocularibus referta. Semina. Nuclei oblongi ſolitarii. This thorny ſhrub is one of the moſt common plants in the low lands of fa- maica : it grows in a dry gravelly foil, and ſeldom riſes above five or fix feet in height. It is very common in moſt of the other fugar-iſlands, as well as in that ifland. BONTIA? 1. Foliis integris oblongis oppofitis, petiolis craffis breviffimis fub amplex antibus, floribus racemoſis. Mangle lauro-ceraſ foliis, flore albo tetrapetalo. Slo. Cat. 156. & H. ii. p. 66, 7. The Olive Mangrove Tree. Periantium Polyphyllum imbricatum, foliolis fubrotundis. Corolla Monopetala quaſi perſonata; tubus brevis cylindraceus ; limbus quadripartitus, inæqualiter fectus; laciniis patentibus ovatis. Stamina. Filamenta quatuor tubo longiora; (borum duo paulo breviora funt ;) antheræ biloba ſubrotunda. Piſtillum. Germen oblongum ovatum; ftylus brevis fubulatus; ſtigma acum tum, quandoque bifidum. Pericarpium. Capſula coriacea, compreſa, ſubrhumbæa, oblique elongata, unilocularis. Semen Unicum quadrilobum germinans, lobis foliaceis. This tree is frequent near the ſea, both on the north and ſouth ſide of Jamaica; and remarkable on account of its cineritious colour, and the narrow form of its leaves. It grows in a low moiſt ground, and riſes commonly to the height of fifteen or eighteen feet. Its capſules are compreſſed, and ſomewhat roundiſh; but irregu- lar, and obliquely lengthened; and contain each a compreſſed foliaceous feed, that ſwells and germinates before it falls. a 3 BIGNONIA 1. Pentaphylla arborea, flore fubrubello. Bignonia foliis digitatis integris. L. Sp. Pl. & H. C. Bignonia, &c. Pk. t. 200. f. 4. Nerio affinis arbor filiquoſa, folio palmato, &c. Slo. Cat. 154. & H. ii. 62. White Cedar, or White-wood. This tree is found in many parts of Jamaica; tho' it ſeldom thrives there, ſo well as it does in fome of our other fugar-colonies: it grows beſt in a free foil, and a low warm ſituation ; but is more frequently met with in the hills, and more woody inland parts of that iſland. It grows to a conſiderable fize, when raiſed in a kind foil, and is generally looked upon as a good timber-wood; but when its growth is not luxuriant, it is only fit for cattle-yokes, and ſuch other ſmall conveniences as require a tough yielding wood. The juice, and tender buds, of this tree, are ſaid to be an antidote againſt the poiſonous juice of the Mangeneel: they are indeed bitter, and may ſerve to prevent excoriations, or bliſters, for a time; and thereby protract the ope- ration of that cauſtic juice, until a part of its virulency wears off, or other aſſiſtance can 264 THE NATURAL HISTORY can be obtained: but emulſions, and oily medicines, will be always found to anſwer much better on thoſe occaſions. BIGNONIA 2. Arborea, foliis ovatis verticillito-ternatis, filiqua gracili longiffima. Bignonia foliis fimplicibus cordatis, caule erecto, floribus diandris. L. Sp. Pl. French Oak. Obf. Periantium Biphyllum, foliolis fubrotundis cochleatis, fingulis denticulo acuto terminatis. Stamina. Filamenta quatuor, quorum duo longiora funt & ad facem be corolla porre&ta, antheriſque compreſis duplicatis (quarum altera ere&ta ſedet, altera reflečtitur) ornata : duo vero breviffima abortiva, in fundo floris fita funt ; antheriſque irregularibus donata, This beautiful tree is now cultivated in many parts of Jamaica; eſpecially in the low lands, and Savannas, where it ſeems to thrive very luxuriantly. It grows to a conſiderable ſize, and is generally looked upon as an excellent timber-tree. Its numerous flowers, and fender filiques, add a peculiar grace to its growth. j BIGNONIA 3. Fruticoſa, foliis pinnatis ſerratis ovatis, floribus luteis. Apocyno afine Jelſaminum Indicum, &c. Slo. Cat. 216. The Aſh-leafed ſhrubby Bignonia. This Shrub is very common in all the ſugar-iſlands: it grows chiefly in a dry, rocky, or gravelly foil; and ſeldom riſes above ſeven or eight feet in height. The flowers are yellow, and diſpoſed in looſe cluſters towards the top. The leaves are of an oval form, and pinnated; and the trunk ſmall and woody. CITHAREXYLON 1. Fruticoſum, cortice cinereo, foliis oblongo-ovatis oppo- fitis, petiolis marginatis pedatis, floribus fpica- tis, fructu majori. Citharexylum. L. Sp. Pl. Citharexylon arbor, &c. Fiddle-wood Barbadienfibus dieta. Pk. t. 162. f. 1. The Old-woman's Bitter. Periantium Monopbyllum tubulato-campanulatum quinque crenatum. Corolla Monopetala tubulata; tubus calice longior; limbus patulus quinque partitus, laciniis ovatis. Stamina. Filamenta quatuor, cum rudimento quinti, inferne tubo adnata, fere æqualia; antheræ ovata biloba, in fauce corolla locatæ. Piſtillum. Germen ovatum ; ftylus ſimplex longitudine tubi floris; ftigma bilobum obtufum. Pericarpium. Bacca ſucculenta, nuculis binis bifidis ſuboſeis, hinc convexis, inde cochleatis, bilocularibus, referta. Semina. Nuclei folitarii. This plant is very common in all the Savannas of Jamaica: it is but a ſmall fhrub, and ſeldom riſes above eight or nine feet in height. The veins of the leaves, and all the tender buds, are of a brown colour; and the bark of the trunk and lower branches, of a whitiſh ath-colour, CITHA- a I o F JA MA I c А. 263 CITHAREXYLON 2. Foliis rugoſis ovatis oppoſitis, petiolis geniculatis, ra- cemis terminalibus, calicibus quadrifidis. An, Berberis fructu arbor maxima baccifera racemoſa, &c. Slo. Cat. 170. Black-heart Fiddle-wood. This tree grows chiefly in the low lands, and Savannas; where it is frequently obſerved to riſe to the height of forty or fifty feet: and is generally looked upon as one of the hardeſt and beſt timber-trees in the iſland. The body of the tree grows to a conſiderable thickneſs, and is covered over with a thick whitiſh bark, which, like the grain of the wood, winds in a looſe ſpiral form. The leaves are pretty long, rugged, and ſlightly ſerrated ; and the bloſſoms diſpoſed in bunches, at the extremities of the branches. The berries are ſmall, and of a yellow colour; they contain each two hemiſpheric ſhells, that contain twice ſo many feeds as in the fore- going ſpecies; but the nuts, or nuculi of theſe, may be eaſily parted into two lobes, or ſegments. The berries are ſometimes eat by the negroes. CITHAREXYLON? 3. Erectum, foliis oblongis , cortice levi, fructibus Sparſis. White Fiddle-wood. This tree is moſt frequent in the more hilly inland parts of the iſland : it grows to a very conſiderable fize, and is commonly looked upon as a good timber-tree; but ſhould be uſed where it may not be expoſed to the weather. I have ſeen many of theſe trees in the mountains of St. Elizabeth's; but I have not obſerved any in bloſſom, and have only ranged them in this claſs, from the appearance of their berries, which agree in every reſpect with thoſe of the other ſpecies. CITHAREXYLON? 4. Foliis venofis ovatis alternis, cortice ſcabro longitu- ? , dinaliter fillo. The Green-heart Fiddle-wood. This tree is frequent in the woods about the Ferry, where it grows to a very con- fiderable fize; and is generally looked upon as one of the beſt timber-trees in the iſland. I have not ſeen any of its fruit, or flowers ; therefore could not claſs it with any certainty: but have placed it here, from its outward appearance, and the grain and texture of its wood. CITHARÉXYLON 5. Fruticoſum, foliis fubelipticis , petiolis pedatis, calici- bus truncatis, Spicis terminalibus longioribus. Tab. 28. f. 2. The long-ſpiked Fiddle-wood. This is but a ſhrub, which feldom grows above ten or twelve feet in height; and bears a great number of ſmall berries, diſpoſed on divided ſpikes at the extremities of the branches. It is pretty common about Sixteen-mile-walk. CRESCENTIA 1. Arboreſcens ; foliis confertis, obovato-oblongis, baſi anguftio- ribus; fručtu Sphærico maximo. Creſcentia, foliis lanceolatis utrinque attenuatis. L. Sp. Pl. & H. CI. Arbor Cucurbitifera Americana folio fubrotundo, &c. Slo. Cat. 206. & H. The larger Calabalh Tree. This tree grows chiefly in the low lands, and feldom riſes above fixteen or twenty feet in height. The trunk is generally irregular, and the branches crooked and ZZZ ſpread- 266 THE NATURAL HISTORY ſpreading: they bear all their leaves in tufts, and are ſometimes adorned with a few fingle flowers, from ſpace to ſpace. The wood is very tough, and flexile, which renders it very fit for the coachmakers purpoſes; where it is obſerved to anſwer better than any other ſort of timber hitherto known. The ſhell of the fruit makes a light and convenient drinking-cup, and is frequently large enough to hold a gal- lon, or more, of any fluid. The pulp is eat by the negroes, upon occaſions, but not looked upon as either agreeable, or wholeſome: it is much uſed by way of poultice; for which purpoſe it is thought to anſwer extremely well. The ſhell of the fruit is ſo thin and cloſe, that it ſerves to boil water, or any other fluid, as well as an earthen pot; and is obſerved to bear the fire equally, on re- peated tryals. The thicker parts of it are frequently uſed for button-moulds, in all the colonies. 5 3 CRESCENTIA 2. Arboreſcens, foliis confertis, fructu ſpherico minori. CRESCENTIA 3. Arboreſcens, foliis confertis, fručtu oblongo-ovato minori. The Calabaſh Trees, with ſmall fruit.is Both theſe ſpecies ſeem to be but variations of the foregoing: they grow generally to the ſame fize, and of the ſame form; but the fruit is conſtantly leſs, and of thoſe ſtated ſhapes. All the parts of theſe trees are put, indifferently, to the ſame uſes with thoſe of the other fort. gontuoddyjen Boil geles alus USC rogo 101 at abowo CRESCENTIA 4. Arboreſcens, foliis fingularibus ovatis nitidis, fručtu mi- nori. 3.) The larger Calabaſh, with ſingle oval leaves. bas blod edwo I have ſeen one tree of this fort, at Mr. Denis's, in St. Mary's: it grows pretty if ſtraight, and is much larger than any of the other ſpecies; from which it differs very remarkably in every reſpect. I have ſeen no part of the fructification beſides the fruit, which was then pretty thick upon the tree, and perfectly anſwered the cha- racters of the claſs. ge CRESCENTIA? 5. Scandens, ſarmentis crafioribus, foliis majoribus ovatis nitidis oppoſitis. SIS solusi bhainos pr. The large-leafed withey Creſcentia. борів tamos Periantium Monophyllum, ventricoſum, truncatum, integerrimum. thuis Corolla Monopetala, campanulata, ſubcompreſa, quinquecrenata, baſi coar- Etata, Stamina. Filamenta quatuor fere æqualia, tubo corolla breviora ; cum ru- dimento quinti. Antheræ cordata. Piſtillum. Germen quadrato-fubrotundum; ftylus ſimplex, longitudine tubi floris; ſtigma bilobum. Pericarpium, Drupa, ſeu potius capſula craſa corticoſa fubrotunda unilocu- laris, ſed interne bifariam notata, & pulpâ bifariam lo- batá, repleta. Semina Plurima nidulantia, hood, wol This weakly plant ſuſtains itſelf, generally, by the help of the neighbouring trees ; or is found ſpreading upon the ground, where it does not meet with a ſupport. Its ſtem is moderately thick, and ſtretches frequently about ſeven or eight feet from the root. The leaves are thick, oval, and ſhining; and the fruit round, and ſmooth. It is found about Port Antonio ; near the Caſcade, in St. Ann's; and in many parts of the mountains, eſpecially thoſe between Sixteen-mile-walk and Luidas. Us CRESCENTIA? SO I Η Ο F J Α Μ Α Ι Ο Α. Η 267 3 a CRESCENTIA? 6. Scandens, foliis inferioribus pinnato-ternatis, ſuperioribus Hoido lixsh bro alguos geminatis clavicula interpofitis. mioniswon signit Cucurbitifera fruticoſa triphylla ſcandens, &c. Slo. Cat. 207. 8 H. ii. Dan 175. do varie 191130 og blodt os doumi oynos bas adgil todo The trifoliated climbing Creſcentia. Vaalo 1000 10 tol Periantium Monophyllum oblongum tubulatum truncatum integrum., plug 2. sodu besloot ton Corolla Monopetala, tubulata, longißima, (heptapollicaris;) tubus cylindra- ceus, anguſtus, ad faucem leniter ampliatus; limbus erecto pa- ра- tulus, in quinque lacinias ovatas fere æquales ſectus. als caso Stamina. Filamenta quatuor, cum rudimento quinti, tubo adnata, in fauce libera ; antheræ oblonga, biloba, quaſi geminatæ, Piſtillum. Germen ſubrotundum liberum in fundo calicis ftum; ftylus fim- plex, longitudine ſtaminum ; ftigma bilamellatum obtuſum. Pericarpium. Drupa magna oblonga unilocularis, ſed interne bifariam no- tata, & pulpâ bifariam lobatá, repleta. Semina Plurima nidulantia. Pellent This climbing plant is frequent in many parts of the iſland; but ſeems moſt common between St. Elizabeth's , and Weſtmoreland. It riſes, with great eaſe, to the top of the talleft trees in the woods; and then ſpreads a great way over the limbs of the neighbouring trees, or bends again towards the ground. It is generally more luxuriant towards the top; and as this part requires a greater ſupport, nature has ſupplied it, in a peculiar manner, with tendrels : for the leaves, which are always three on every common foot-ſtalk, towards the root, are never more than two at the top; but the extremity of the common ſtalk, which generally holds the third leaf in the lower branches, ſhoots, here, into a long winding tendrel, by which it. holds and ſticks to every twig, or branch, it meets.moeid to 9917 ono (1991 ved I asftib it ibidwa Hoidon est 1991 doom ei bris dgist si VITEX 1. Arboreus, foliis ovatis, crenatis, quinato-digitatis; petiolis commu-19 nibus oppoſitis, racemis laxis alaribus. Storlew doid Aur Vitex foliis quinatis ternatifque ferratis, floribus racemoſo paniculatis. Lo Sp. Pl. lo ad АІТИЯргаяр The larger Chaſte-Tree, with jagged leaves. This tree is frequent in St. Mary's, and grows generally to a very conſiderable ſize: it is eaſily diſtinguiſhed by its crenated leaves, bunchy flowers, large berries, and the variegated under-lip of its bloſſoms; the main diviſion of which, is of the figure of a heart. The ſtyle is bifid, and each part pretty Thort. M slovo RUELLIA 1. Procerior, ſubcinerea, hirſuta; pedunculis ramoſis; flore mul- tiplici. Ruellia pedunculis dichotomis paniculatis, foliis petiolatis. L. Sp. Pl. Ruellia pedunculis multifloris dichotomis, foliis longioribus. L. H. C. Speculum veneris majus impatiens, &c. Slo. Cat. 59. & H. 1. 100.99 Chriſtmas Pride. This plant is very common about Spaniſh Town, and in many other parts of the low lands; where it generally blows in the months of December and January: and makes a very beautiful appearance among the buſhes, in that bleak ſeaſon of the year. The plant is weakly, and ſeldom riſes above a foot or two, if alone: but when ſupported by any of the ſmall neighbouring fhrubs, or buſhes, it runs fre- quently to the diſtance of three or four feet from the root, and bears a great num- ber of flowers. -kir I bas illauraalsesse mai apowiöd blods vilsizsqls anistoon ses lo when low АТИ СОНЯЮ RUELLIA US 268 THE NATURAL HISTORY 96 a RUELLIA 2. Ere&ta, asphodeli radice, pedunculis tripartitis alaribus. Ruellia foliis Seffilibus, pedunculis trifloris. L. H.C. Gentianella flore Cæruleo integro, &c. Slo. Cat. 52. & H. t. 95. Ruellia foliis petiolatis, pedunculis longis fubdiviſis nudis. L.H. Up. Sp. Pl. Menow-weed, Spirit-weed, and Snap-Dragon. This plant is very common in moſt parts of Jamaica, and riſes generally to the height of twelve or fixteen inches, feldom more. It is remarkable for its oblong fleſhy roots; which are frequently uſed in fevers, among the negroes. Theſe, when freſh, have a little pungency, which ſoon waſtes upon the palate; but, when dry, they are quite inſipid. RUELLIA 3. Capſulis crafioribus, foliis oblongis vix petiolatis, floribus folia tariis vel geminatis fubfeflibus ad alas. The ſmaller Ruellia, with a thick capfule. I found one or two plants of this ſort in Sixteen-mile-walk: it is the ſmalleſt of all the forts that grow in Jamaica, and ſeldom riſes above nine or ten inches in height. CAPRARIA 1. Ere&ta ramoſa, foliis alternis ad apicem ſerratis, floribus fingularibus alaribus, pedunculis tenuiſſimis . Capraria foliis alternis corollis quinquefidis. L. Sp. Pl. & H. C. An, Chichival. Hern. 172? The ſhrubby Capraria, or Goat-weed. This plant is very common in Jamaica; it grows about moſt houſes in the lower Savannas, and thrives very luxuriantly every where : but it feldom riſes above three feet and a half in height, tho' it divides into a great number of ſlender ſub- erect branches. The leaves are narrow at the bottom, and ſtand on very ſhort foot-ſtalks; and the peduncles of the flowers are very fender. If this be the Chichival of Hern. that author recommends it as an admirable febrifuge. LANTANA 1. Erecta minor fubaffurgens, foliis verticillato-ternatis, pe- dunculis longis, Spicis ovatis. Lantana foliis ternis, Spicis oblongis imbricatis. L. Sp. Pl. The Lantana, with verticillated leaves. LANTANA 2. Fruteſcens, foliis cordato-ovatis, floralibus linearibus; floribus croceis, pedunculis longis. Lantana foliis oppoftis, caule inermi ramoſo, floribus capitulo umbellatis. L, Sp. Pl. Camara. Piſo. pag. 177. Periclimenum re&tum urticæ folio hirſuto majore, &c. Slo. Cat. 163. & H. t. 195: Wild Sage. LANTANA 3. Fruteſcens, foliis cordato-ovatis, floralibus orbiculatis; floribus fubcarneis. Periclimenum rečtum ſalviæ folio flore albo, &c. Slo. Cat. 163. & H. Wild Sage, with white flowers. 2 LANTANA OF JA MA I CA. 269 Sp. Pi. LANTANA 4. Fruteſcens Spinoſa, foliis amplioribus fubrotundo-ovatis, pea dunculis longifimis, floribus kermeſinis. Lantana foliis oppofitis, caule ramoſo aculeato, florum capitulis umbellatis. L. Viburnum Americanum Spinofum, &c. Pk. t. 114. f. 4. f 4. The prickly Lantaña. Theſe ſpecies of the Lantana are frequent in moſt parts of Jamaica : they grow chiefly in the hills, and lower lands; but ſeldom riſe above two, three, four, or five feet in height. The ſecond and third ſpecies are uſed by many people in America, inſtead of European Sage; and are obſerved to anſwer the ſame purpoſes : but theſe plants ſeem to be of a more active nature; and contain a large ſhare of reſin. MONIERA 1. Minima repens, foliis fubrotundis, floribus fingularibus ala- ribus. Tab. 28. f.3. The ſmall creeping Moniera. Periantium Heptaphyllum ; foliolis lanceolatis ; duobus exterioribus, latera- ten) libus, anguftioribus, ere&to-patentibus, ætate provectiori deci- duis; tribus intermediis, majoribus, erectis & æqualiter in orbem fitis; duobus vero interioribus, lateralibus, anguſtiori- bus, amplexantibus, exterioribus oppofitis. os Corolla Monopetala tubulato-campanulata; tubus re&tus, longitudine cali- cis; limbus patulus, in quinque partes fere æquales fe&tus. Stamina. Filamenta quatuor ; quorum duo longiora funt, tubum corolla fere æquantes; antheræ compreſa ſubrotunda. Piſtillum. Germen ovatum ; ftylus ſimplex, longitudine tubi corolle; ſtigma obtufum. so Pericarpium. Capſula ficca ovata bilocularis, bivalvis, bifariam debifcens. Soda Semina Plura parva, ſepto medio incraſſato utrinque afixa. This little creeping plant is very common in every ouzey ſpot, about the harbour of Kingſton : it ſticks very cloſe to the earth, and caſts a few fibrous ſlender roots, from every joint, as it creeps. The whole plant feldom exceeds ſeven or eight inches in length, reckoning from the firſt roots: but it grows generally in beds, and ſpreads thick upon the ground; throwing out a few ſimple fide-branches, from ſpace to ſpace; which give it a pretty beautiful appearance, when in flower, and makes it exceedingly remarkable. It has a bitteriſh taſte, and thrives beſt in a low moiſt foil. The name of Moniera was given to this plant by Monſ. Bernard de Yuſeu, who raiſed it in the garden of Paris. Doctor Schloſſer was kind enough to let me examine a ſpecimen of it, with which he was favoured, among other curious productions, by that worthy gentleman; and obſerving the plants to be the ſame, I have, in defe- rence to the author, continued the appellation he was pleaſed to give it. The cha- racters are ſet down here as they appeared in the recent plant. PHÆLYPEA 1. Erecta; foliis fefilibus, anguftis, auritis, ad apicem ferra- tis, oppoſitis vel verticillatis; floribus fingularibus ala- ribus. Veronica caule hexangulari, foliis ſaturia, Slo. Cat. 81. & H. t. 124. An, Liſimachia galearica ejufdem, p. 66. The erect Phelypea. This plant is very common in the road between Paſſage Fort and Spaniſh Town; and grows chiefly in thoſe floughs, where the mud has been worked up by the DOLAN 4 A different of side by a a I. ? 270 THE NATURAL HISTORY different carriages, in the rainy ſeaſons. It riſes generally to the height of twelve or fourteen inches; and bears its leaves, ſometimes two, often three, and ſometimes four, in an oppoſite or verticillated order. The flowers of this plant are variegated in the gorge, and more regularly labiated than thoſe of the foregoing; and the cup (if I remember right) is made up of five lanceolated leaves: but the reſt of the cha- racters are, very nearly, the ſame in both plants. budi SÉSAMUM 1. Foliis inferioribus trifidis dentatis, fuperioribus oblongis fer- ratis. Seſamum foliis inferioribus trifidis. Roy. & L. Sp. Pl. Digitalis orientalis feſamum di&ta Tournefortii, &c. Th. Zey. t. 38. Seſamum veterum, &c. Slo. Cat. 59. & Pk. t. 109. f. 4. The Vanglo, or Oil-plant. SESAMUM 2. Foliis omnibus oblongis ferratis. Schit-Elu. H. M. p. 9. f. 54. The Vanglo, with ſimple leaves. TO did Theſe plants were introduced to Jamaica by the Jews, and are now cultivated in moſt parts of the ifland: the feeds are frequently uſed in broths, by many of our Europeans; but the Jews make 'em chiefly into cakes. The plants are in great eſteem among many of the oriental nations, who look upon the ſeeds as a hearty wholeſome food; and expreſs an oil from them, that is not unlike, or inferior to, the oil of almonds; which uſed to be formerly kept in the ſhops, in many parts of Europe. A decoction of the leaves, and buds, is looked upon as a good reſolu- tive; and frequently ordered in inflammations of the eyes, where warm fomentations become requiſite. The Seſamum plant is cultivated in Carolina, with great ſucceſs ; , and it is computed there, that nine pounds of the feed yield upwards of two pounds of neat oil, which they find to grow more mellow and agreeable, with age; and to continue without any rancid ſmell, or taſte, for many years. ERIPHIA 1. Foliis ovatis ferratis oppofitis, venis obligue arcuatis, floribus confertis ad alas. The Eriphia, with ferrated leaves. Periantium Monophyllum ventricoſum quinquedentatum prægnans. Corolla Monopetala tubulata ; faux leniter ampliata ; limbus quinquepar- titus, laciniis parvis ſubrotundis. Stamina. Filamenta quatuor, cum rudimento quinti, inferne tubo adnata, ſuperne libera, arcuata, conniventia ; antheræ agglutinata. Piſtillum. Germen globoſum, calice tectum; ftylus ſimplex, longitudine tubi corolla ; ſtigma bifidum. Pericarpium. Bacca globoſa, calice tecta & coronata, unilocularis, fed bifa- riam longitudinaliter notata. Semina Plurima minutiſſima, umbilico columari adnati. I met with this plant in fome part of Sixteen-mile-walk; but do not directly re- member where, nor the peculiars of its growth. The characters are put down juſt as they were taken upon the ſpot, 11014 f. 3. ACHIMENES 1. Major, herbacea, ſubbirſuta, oblique affurgens ; foliis ovatis crenatis oppofitis, alternis minoribus; floribus geminatis ad alas alternas. Tab. 30. Rapunculus fruticoſus, foliis oblongis integris, &c. Slo. Cat. 58. & H. t. 100. The larger hairy Achimenes. Periantium I Яoo F JA MA I c А. 271 A. to Periantium Monophyllum, magnum, utrinque hirſutum, baſi leniter ventrico- bonsoids fum, collo coarctatum ; in quinque lacinias lanceolatas, basta un disley pinnatifidas, erecto-patentes, ad bafim fere feftum. Corolla Monopetala, tubulata, calice longior, externe birſuta, variegata ; ringens ; tubus oblongus, ad bafim fuperne gibbus, in ne&tarium post CC prominulum concavum obtufum turgens; fauce leniter ampliaa tus: limbus erectus, in quatuor lacinias inæquales, inæqualiter ſectus; lacinia ſuperior recta, latiuſcula, profunde crenata, five bifida; laterales oblongæ &a fuperiori oblique decedentes ; infima angufta patula, ad medietatem floris inciſa, longiſſima. Stamina. Filamenta quatuor, tenuia, ere&ta, æqualia, longitudine fere co- rolla : antheræ compreſa, quadrata, oblique incumbentes, marginibus agglutinatæ, coronam liberam ſtigmati formant. Piſtillum. Germen ovatum liberum, in fundo calicis ſitum; ftylus longitu- dine ftaminum; ftigma liberum, bilobum, obtufum, antheris fubpofitum. Pericarpium, Capſula bilocularis ovata, feminibus plurimis parvis referta. This beautiful vegetable is a native of the cooler mountains; and moſt commonly met with in the woods of New Liguanea, and St. Ann's. It is a very ſucculent plant, and grows luxuriantly in every rich and ſhady ſoil; throwing its branches fre- quently to the height of four or five feet; and higher, when ſupported by ſome neighbouring ſtump, or ſhrub. The ſtem is pretty thick, and the leaves oppoſite, and alternately larger. The flowers are large, beautifully variegated, and hairy on the out-lide, like the other parts of the plant. The diviſions of the cup are of a fingular ſtructure; and pinnated at the ſides, ſomewhat like thoſe of the garden roſe. The whole plant has an uncommon, but beautiful appearance; and deſerves to be cultivated in all the flower-gardens, in the cooler parts of the iſland, where it is moſt likely to thrive. lion to ACHIMENES 2. Minor, eretta, fimplex; foliis crenatis, ovatis, oppoſitis vel ternatis; floribus petiolatis fingularibus ad alas. Tab. a 30. f. 1. a The ſmaller erect Achimenes. I found this beautiful little plant near Hope-river, in the lower mountains of Liguanea : it has a ſlender even ſtem, furniſhed with ſome oval leaves, diſpoſed in an oppoſite or verticillated order, at ſtated diſtances; and ſeldom riſes above ten or fourteen inches in height. It throws out a beautiful ſingle reddiſh flower, from the ala of each of the upper leaves : and, tho' it agrees in the moſt eſſential parts with the foregoing, it differs much from it in appearance ; for the diviſions of the cup are ſimple, and narrow; and the lower part of the germen connected to the bowl of the empalement. The tube of the flower is more open, though equally furniſhed with a ne&tarium, of the fame form, at the baſe. The limb, or margin, is pretty much expanded, and ſlightly, but unequally, divided. The filaments are longer than the flower, and ſomewhat twiſted as they riſe: but the formation and diſpoſition of the anthera, is the ſame as in the foregoing ſpecies; and the ſtigma is divided into two flattiſh lobes, in this, alſo. This little plant has a great deal of the beauty and elegance of the foregoing fpe- cies; and richly deſerves to be cultivated in all the flower-gardens in America. It thrives beſt in a cool gravelly foil, well furniſhed with moiſture, and intermixed with rich mould CLASS 272 THE NATURAL HISTORY 19 CLASS XV. Of the Tetradynamia, or Vegetables that have fix Filaments in every Flower; whereof four are equal, and longer than the reft; and the two ſhorteſt al- ways placed oppoſite to each other. SECT S E C T. 1. Of fuck-as have their Filaments diſpoſed regularly round the Germen, or baſe of the Fulchrum; and have only one Style in every Flower. HOCHLEARIA 1. Foliis radicalibus lanceolatis crenatis, caulinis inciſis. L. Sp. Pl. &c. Horſe-radiſh. This plant has been long cultivated in the mountains of Jamaica, where it grows and ſeeds ſo luxuriantly, that it has all the appearance of a native; and thrives fre- quently without the leaſt care. COCHLEARIA a Sp. Pl. LEPIDIUM 1. Ere&tum ramoſum, foliis inferioribus oblongis pinnatifidè lo- batis, ſuperioribus anguftis ferratis. An, Lepidium foliis oblongis multifidis. L. Sp. Pl? Iberis humilior annua Virginiana, &c. Slo. Cat. 8o. & H. t. 1232 The upright branchy Pepper-graſs. This plant is a native of Jamaica, and grows wild in all the cooler hills of the iſland. It ſeldom riſes above ten or twelve inches in height; and ſpreads all its branches in the form of an umbrella, towards the top. SISYMBRIUM 1. Aquaticum; foliis fubrotundis, abrupte pinnatis, baſi in- æqualibus. Sifymbrium filiquis declinatis, foliis pinnatis, foliolis ſubcordatis. L. Naſturtium aquaticum vulgare, &c. Slo. Cat. 79. Water-Creſs. This plant is a native of Jamaica, and grows very luxuriantly in all the running- waters about the Ferry, and in many other parts of the iſland: but it is rather too warm, and raiſes too great a ferment in the blood, to be much uſed in thoſe cli- mates. It is an excellent antiſcorbutic, where the diſorder proceeds from inaction, or a viſcid chilly ſtate of the juices; but, in thoſe parts, it generally overheats the blood, and raiſes a high florid colour in the ſkin immediately. RAPHANUS 1. Siliguis teretibus torofis bilocularibus. L. Sp. Pl. & H. C. The Radiſh. This plant was, doubtleſs, firſt introduced to Jamaica. It is now cultivated in the mountains, where it thrives and feeds very plentifully, and is often obſerved to grow wild in many parts of New Liguanea. BRASSICA . OF JAM A I CA. 273 BRASSICA 1. Radice cauleſcente tereti carnofa. L. Sp. Pl. 8 H. C. Cabbage. BRASSICA 2. Radice cauleſcenti orbiculari depreſa carnofa. L. Sp. Pl. & H. C. The Turnep Oro bm Both theſe plants have been introduced to, and cultivated in Jamaica, from time to time; but they do not generally anſwer, in thoſe parts of the world, ſo well as many other European vegetables. I have, however, ſometimes obſerved the firſt ſort to grow very large, and to produce a good head there; and then it is generally much better taſted than that which grows in Europe : for it loſes all that raw- neſs, or crudity, with which it is commonly attended in the colder climates; and acquires a mellowneſs, and delicacy, that recommends it in a country, where a hun- dred other forts of tender, wholeſome, and palatable greens grow naturally, a SINAPIS T. Siliquis biſpidis, roſtro obliquo longifimo. L. H.C. Sinapi foliis fubrotundis ferratis, femine ruffo. Slo. Cat. 79. The Muſtard Plant. SINAPIS 2. Erecta herbacea, foliis oblongis, floribus folitariis. Leucoium minimum, ſeu Keiri, &c. Slo. Cat. 79. & H. t. 123. The ſmall Savanna Muſtard. It is hard to determine whether theſe plants were originally introduced to y a- maica, or are really natives; for both ſpecies are now common, and grow wild in every part of the iſland, where the land is clear, and well manured. The firſt fpe- cies is ſometimes cultivated for the ſake of the ſeed; but the other is of no uſe, and commonly found wild among the graſs, in all the Savannas, S E C T. II. Of ſuch Plants as have their Filaments more irregularly ſituated, and frequently adhering to the Fulcrum, or Foot-ſtalk of the Fruit. N. B. In theſe, the filaments are, commonly, as irregular in their numbers, as in ſituation; tho' the diſpoſition of the fruit, and general properties of the claſs, appear evidently in all of them. CLEOME C LEOME 1. Aſurgens ramoſum & Spinofum, heptaphyllum; Spica multiplici foliolato. Sinapiſtrum Ægyptium heptaphyllum, &c. Slo. Cat. 8. The prickly branched Sambo. CLEOME 2. Erectum triphyllum, floribus ſolitariis alaribus, Cleome floribus dodecandris. L. H. C. Sinapiſtrum indicum triphyllum. Slo. Cat. 8o. & H. t. 124. The erect trifoliated Sambo. CLEOME 3. Procumbens pentaphyllum, Spica longiore terminali. Cleome floribus gynandris. L.H. C. Sambo. Theſe 4 B 274 THE NATURAL HISTORY Theſe plants are natives of Jamaica, and pretty common in moſt parts of the low lands. The firſt, and third, thrive beſt in a dry foil; but the ſecond grows chiefly in moiſt bottoms. The firſt ſpecies divides into many branches, and riſes generally to the height of three or four feet. The ſecond is pretty ſimple, and ſeldom riſes above twenty or twenty-five inches. But the laſt is generally found growing in tufts, upon the ground, and ſeldom runs above eight or ten inches in length: it is, how- ever, more ſucculent than either of the others, and generally looked upon as a very wholeſome green; but it has a bitteriſh taſte, and requires long boiling, and the waters being frequently ſhifted, to render it palatable. It is deemed a preſervative againſt the dry belly-ach; and, doubtleſs, claims a precedency, if any green can be ſaid to be effectual, that way. Obr. The Crateva, and other plants referred to that genus, do, undoubtedly, belong to this claſs; and ought to be inſerted after the Cleomæ, 3 3 SECT. III. Of Plants that have fix unequal Filaments, and four, or more, Styles, in every Flower. PETIT ETIVERIA 1. Foliis oblongo-ovatis, Spicis longioribus terminalibus. Petiveria. Plum. t. 39. & Lin. Gen. & Sp. Plant. Verbenæ feu Scorodoniæ affinis, &c. Slo. Cat. 64. Guinea Hen weed. Periantium. Periantii fefilis vicem fupplent Squama tres, lineares, erecto- patentes, laterales. Corolla. Squamas inter & Spicam emergit flos tetrapet alus, perſiſtens ; petalis lanceolatis, anguſtis, juventute albidis, erecto-patentibus, fene&tute erectis, virentibus. Stamina. Filamenta ſex, quorum duo cæteris breviora funt & oppofita; antheræ ſubrotunde. Piftillum. Germen fubhirſutum, breve, obtufum; ftyli quatuor, tenues, fe- Il tacei, reflexi; ftigmåta acutiſſima. Pericarpium. Capſula coriacea, oblonga, obtufa, compreſa, unilocularis, bi- cornis; fingulis ſetis binis rigidis reflexis, munitis. Semen Unicum oblongum, ad apicem appendicula ligulatá reflexã inſtructum. This plant is very common in all the lower lands of Jamaica; and ſo remark- ably acrid, that you can hardly bear either to ſmell or taſte any part of it. It is thought to be much coveted by the Guinea hens; and frequently a part of the food of other animals: but, on chewing a little of any part of the plant, it burns in the mouth, and leaves the tongue black, dry, and rough; as it frequently appears in malignant fevers. It thrives beſt in a dry gravelly foil, and a ſhaded ſituation. 3 a ITVO malice 2 bolsilolist CMU CLASS OF JA M A I CA. 275 s os ello XVI. for bio L A S S Of the Monadelphia, or Vegetables that have all the Filaments of every Flower, joined into one hollow column, or tube, at the baſe; but more or leſs diſtinct at the top. S E C T. I. Of ſuch as have no diſtinɛt Filaments in their Flowers; but bear the Antheræ on the outſide of a truncated Cone, or Cylinder, that ſtands round the Germen, and the Style. CANELLA 3 ANELLA 1. Foliis oblongis obtufis nitidis, racemis terminalibus. Tab. 27. f. 3. Laurus foliis enerviis. L. Sp. Pl. & Winterania. L. H.C. Arbor baccifera laurifolia aromatica, &c. Slo. Cat. 165. & H. t. 191. Arbor Cinnamomiformis. Mart. 7. Caſſia Lignea Jamaicenfis, &c. Pk. t. 81. f. 1. Canella alba of. and Winter's-Bark of Cateíb. ii. t. 50. Canella, or Winter's-Bark. Periantium Monopbyllum, ſubcampanulatum, ultra medietatem tripartitum; laciniis fubrotundis, cochleatis, crenulatis. Corolla Pentapetala, petalis oblongis calice duplo longioribus. Stamina Nulla; fed vicem eorum ſupplet tubus tenuis, levis, fimplex, conicus, truncatus, longitudine fere floris; externe, e medietate fere ad apicem, antheris fexdecim circiter, anguftis, oblongis obfitus, a fe invicem remotis, & in orbem regulariter fitis. Piſtillum. Germen ovatum ; ftylus longitudine tubi; ftigma obtuſum bi- vel trifidum, lobis obtufuſculis. Pericarpium. Bacca fubrotunda bi- vel trilocularis. Semina, In fingulo loculamento, gemina, cordata. This tree is very common in all the lower woods, and rocky hills of Jamaica, where it grows without any care; and is chiefly propagated by the induſtry of the birds. For the berries, like thoſe of the Piemento, Black Pepper, and other aromatic plants, grow ſoft and pulpy, when ripe, and loſe all that pungency that is natural to them in the immature ftate: they are then greedily devoured by the wild pigeons, and other inhabitants of the woods, who diſperſe the feeds up and down in their dung. The tree grows pretty much like the Piemento, and ſeldom exceeds fixteen or eighteen feet in height; or is more than five or fix inches in diameter. The bark is whitiſh, and warted; the branches pretty erect; the leaves ſmooth and oval, having the ſmaller end towards the foot-ſtalk; and the berries diſpoſed in depreſſed cluſters, at the extremities of the branches. The bark of this tree is the Canella alba of the ſhops : it is a pungent warm aromatic, and would, doubtleſs, anſwer all the purpoſes for which moſt of the other ſpecies are employed; but it is too cheap to be ſo much eſteemed. By diſtil- lation it yields a warm aromatic oil, which is often ſold for, and generally mixed with, the oil of Cloves; nor is the adulteration any prejudice to the medicine. SECT. 2 276 THE NATURAL HISTORY S E C T. II. of ſuch as have the Staminal-Tube divided into five diſtinɛt Filaments, towards the top WALTHERIA ALTHERIA 1. Foliis anguſtis ovato-acuminatis rugoſis ferratis, floribus confertis, ad alas. The ſmall ſhrubby Waltheria, with rugged leaves. WALTHERIA 2. Fruticoſa ſubhirſuta, foliis oblongo-ovatis ſerratis, flori- bus capitatis, pedunculis communibus longiufculis, fin- gulis folio fingulari ornatis. The ſhrubby Waltheria, with the leaves riſing out of the foot- ftalks of the flowers. WALTHERIA 3. Foliis fubrotundis undulatis ferratis, floribus confertis ala- ribus. Waltheria foliis ovatis ſerratis undulatis. Raii. & L. Sp. Pl. The ſmaller Waltheria, with roundiſh waved leaves. All theſe ſpecies of the Waltheria are found in the lower hills of Jamaica, and ſeldom riſe, any of them, above four or five feet in height. The ſecond fpe- cies is very ſingular; it bears its flowers in cloſe compact heads, ſuſtained by long common foot-ſtalks, each furniſhed with a ſingle leaf towards the bottom. I found both this, and the firſt fort, at Mr. Smith's Pen, at the foot of the moun- tains in Liguanea. MELOCHIA 1. Fruteſcens, foliis fubincanis, villofis, oblongo-ovatis, crenato- ſerratis; floribus racemoſis, cortice fuſco. The larger ſhrubby Melochia, This plant is very common in moſt parts of America, and grows generally in every dry gravelly foil. It is a fhrub, and riſes frequently to the height of fix or ſeven feet, ſometimes more. The bark of the whole plant is of a darkiſh brown colour, the leaves whitiſh, and the flowers of a light fleſh colour. MELOCHIA 2. Erecta minor, foliis ovatis ferratis, petiolis geniculatis. The ſmaller Melochia, or Broom-weed. This plant is found in many parts of Jamaica, and riſes commonly to the height of two or three feet, throwing out a few ſlender flexile branches on all ſides. The leaves of this plant ſpread themſelves every day, about noon, to receive the heat of the ſun more freely; but as the air grows cooler, they generally riſe upright, and ſtand almoſt parallel to the ſtem, or branches. This mechaniſm of the leaves is greatly forwarded by the knee in the foot-ſtalk of each. MELOCHIA 3. Herbacea tenuiffima ramoſa, foliis oblongo-ovatis, florum um- bellulis lateralibus foliis approximatis. The ſlender weakly Melochia. I found this plant among the Pinguin buſhes, near Old-harbour; where it com- monly ſhoots to the height of three feet, or better : but the ſtem is flender and weakly, and som caires ſome ſupport to hold it up. The flowers are very diſpoſed OF JA M A I CA. 277 diſpoſed in ſmall umbellæ ; which are generally placed pretty near, and on one ſide of, the foot-ſtalks of the leaves; each little umbella being compoſed of five or fix radii, fixed upon a common foot-ſtalk. It is a very elegant little plant. 2 j BOMBAX 1. Foliis digitatis, brachiis erełto-patentibus. Bombax foliis digitatis, caule aculeato & non aculeato. L. Sp. Pl. Goffipium arboreum maximum ſpinoſum, & non ſpinoſum. Slo. Cat. 157 & H. Goſlipium alterum. Mart. 562. The Silk Cotton-Tree, with erect branches. Periantium Monophyllum, ventricoſum, ſubcampanulatum, erectum crenatum ; crenis incertis Corolla Pentapetala; petalis oblongo-ovatis , ſubcochleatis, unguibus angu- ftis inferne tubo ſtaminum adnatis. Stamina, Filamenta quinque, inferne coalita in tubum brevem, collo coar- &tatum, petalis adnatum, germini impoſitum ; ſuperne libera, erecto-patentia, longitudine floris: antheræ maxima cordate. Piſtillum. Germen ovatum, tubo ftaminum textum ; ftylus fimplex, longitu- dine ftaminum, intra tubum tenuiſſimus ; fupra faucem, tu- midus, gibbus ; inde æqualis, declinatus: ftigma, obtufum quin- quelobum. Pericarpium, Capſula ſubrotundo-ovalis, quinquelocularis, quinquevalvis. Semina Plurima ſubrotunda tomento obvoluta. BOMBAX 2. Foliis digitatis, brachiis horizontaliter porre&tis. Bombax foliis digitatis caule levi. L. Sp. Pl. The Silk Cotton-Tree, with horizontal branches. It is not eaſy to determine whether theſe are different ſpecies, or variations of the ſame plant: but the diſpoſition of the branches is remarkably different, in different trees; and that even in thoſe that grow within the ſame field. The trees are very com- mon both in the Eaſt and Weſt-Indies; they grow generally in the low lands, and riſe frequently to the height of eighty or an hundred feet, and more, by a ſtraight and well-proportioned ſtem. The genus is evidently of the Mallows tribe, and partakes diſtinctly of all the natural characters of the claſs; but by what chance it happened to be ſo variouſly ranged, by Linneus, I can't determine. The flowers grow in large tufts; and ſhoot commonly in great abundance, before the leaves appear: they are moderately large, and of a dirty white colour. The trunk, while young, is always armed with thorns; but theſe ſeldom appear, after it has acquired a degree of height and ſtrength, fufficient to protect it. The cotton of this tree makes very good beds, but does not bear the water for the hatters uſe, nor has it a ſtaple to ſerve for any other purpoſe. The leaves, while young and tender, are often boiled for greens, and frequently uſed by the negroes; and the trunks of the full-grown trees ſerve for Conoas (a), or long- boats. It is a ſtately ſhady tree, while it ſtands; but when it falls, it becomes a neſt for Macaccas, and other inſects; and the chief bed, or mould, for the table muſhroom; and is of little uſe beſides. The bark of the root has been ſometimes uſed with ſucceſs, as a vulnerary and ſubaſtrin- gent; and the ſeeds may be adminſtered, with propriety, in emulſions and pectoral infuſions. (a) A Canoa, Conoa, or Conoo, is but a junk of ſome large tree, hollowed as much as the dimenſions of its axis will bear: the length being regulated by fancy, or proportioned to the uſe it is intended for. They are ſometimes very large, and hold the water ſo well, in thoſe ſmooth ſeas, that people fre- quently venture twenty or thirty leagues from the ſhore in 'em. SECT 4 C 278 THE NATURAL HISTORY gat SECT. III. Of ſuch as have the Staminal-Tube divided into ten diſtinɛt Filaments at the top ERYTH a RYTHROXYLUM 1. Foliis elipticis, lineis binis longitudinalibus fubtus notatis; faſciculis florum fparfis. Tab. 14. f. 3. & Tab. 38. f. 2. An, Bucephalon. Plum. t: 20. An, Malifolia ſubtus albicanti arbor baccifera, &c. Slo. Cat. 170. & H. t. 206? Red-wood, or Iron-wood, with oval leaves. Periantium Campanulatum parvum, ultra medietatem in quinque partes lanceolatas fe&tum. Corolla. Petala quinque oblongo-ovata, appendiculis totidem foliaceis, fim- briatis, ad bafim interne ornata. Stamina. Filamenta decem, brevia, inferne coalita, fuperne diſtinctifima; antheræ oblonga. Piſtillum. Germen oblongo-ovatum ; ftyli tres, erecto-patentes, ab ipfà fum- mitate germinis orti, recedentes, flaminibus longiores; ſtigmata globoſa craſſiuſcula. Pericarpium. Bacca parva oblonga unilocularis. Semen. Nucleus unicus trilobus inæqualis, nauco ligneo tectus. This is a ſmall, but a beautiful tree: the leaves are of an ovai form, and marked with two ſlender longitudinal lines upon the back, which were the utmoſt limits, of that part of the leaf that was expoſed, while it lay in a folded ſtate. The flowers grow in little cluſters, and are very thick upon the branches. The inward bark is of a feſhy colour; and the wood of a reddiſh brown. It is reckoned an excellent timber-wood, for the fize of the tree, which ſeldom exceeds fixteen or eighteen feet in height, or five or fix inches in diameter. ERYTHROXYLUM 2. Foliis minoribus ſubrotundis confertis, ſtylis brevif- fimis, ramulis tenuifimis. The ſmall round-leafed Erythroxylum, or Red-wood, with very flender branches. This tree differs much from the foregoing, both in ſhape and the manner of its growth; but it anſwers the eſſential characters, thoroughly. It grows in the low lands, like the other; and riſes commonly to the height of eighteen or twenty feet. Its leaves are roundiſh, and ſmall; and the branches very flender. , TRICHILIA 1. Subbir ſuta, foliis pinnatis ovatis, racemis alaribus. Evonimus caudice non ramoſo, folio alato, &c. Slo. Cat. 171. & H. t. 210. An, Guidonia Plumeri? The ſhrubby Trichilia. Periantium Campanulatum minimum quadri- vel quinquecrenatum. Corolla Pentapetala, petalis oblongis patentibus ætate reflexis. Stamina. Filamenta decem, compreſa, in tubum corolla breviorem coalita; antheræ erecte, aſ urgentes, e margine tubi orta, deciduæ. Piftillum. Germen obovatum, obtuſe trilobum ; ftylus brevis; ftigma capi- tatum tridenticulatum, Pericarpium. 2 OF JAMAICA. J . 279 Pericarpium. Capſula ſubrotunda, obtufè triloba, trilocularis, trivalvis, de- hifcens. Semina Subovata, membrana propria carnoſa te&ta; in fingulo locula- mento fingula, quandoque gemina. TRICHILIA 2. Foliis oblongo-ovatis, pinnatis, nitidis; racemis laxis, rario- ribus. An, Pruno forte affinis arbor, &c. Slo. Cat. 182. & H. t. 128 & 220. The ſhrubby Trichilia, with ſmooth leaves. Both theſe ſhrubs are very common in the Savannas about Kingſton: they thrive beſt in a dry gravelly ſoil, and ſeldom riſe above eight or ten feet in height. The ſeeds of all the ſpecies are generally inveloped in a ſcarlet waxen ſubſtance, within their cells; which generally burſt open as ſoon as the capſule is ripe, and expoſe them to the fun; all the valves ſtretching out almoſt in an horizontal poſition. ZYGI SECT. IV. Of ſuch as have the Staminal-Tube, divided into a great number of Filaments, at the top. YGIA 1. Arboreſcens, foliis ovatis paucioribus jugatis, floribus fpicillatis. Tab. 22. f. 3. Horſe-wood, or Hoop-wood. Periantium Minimum, æquale, quinquecrenatum. Corolla Monopetala, tubulata, quinquedentata, angufta, longa, perfiftens: Stamina, Filamenta fexdecim plura, inferne in tubum fimplicem anguſtum, germen ftrite amplexantem, redacta ; fuperne libera, tenuif- fima: antheræ minimæ fubrotunda. Piſtillum. Germen oblongum ; ftylus ſimplex, longitudine tubi ſtaminum; ſtigma fimplex. Pericarpium. Legumen longum compreſjum, feminibus octo vel novem fubro- tundis, refertum. Semina Oblonga, compreſa, remota. This ſhrub is very common in St. Mary's: it grows chiefly in low moiſt lands; but is ſometimes found in the mountains, where it commonly riſes to the height of ten or twelve feet, or better. The wood is pretty tough, and ſometimes cut for hoops. SIDA 1. Erecta fubincana villofa, ramulis brevioribus, foliis oblongo-cor- datis ferratis, floribus confertis ad alas fuperiores. Althea Zeylonica incana, flore luteo parvo, &c. Bur. The. Zey. Althea flore luteo parvo, &c. Slo. Cat. 96. The Marſhmallow of Jamaica. This plant is very common in all the low lands and Savannas of the iſland: it grows generally upright, and throws out a number of ſhort branches towards the top; but it ſeldom riſes above two or three feet in height. The flowers, and tender buds, are full of a fine mucilage; and generally uſed inſtead of Marſhmallow, in all the ſhops of Jamaica. SIDA 280 THE NATURAL HISTORY ز Y erisquisite hain Drac SIDA 2. Fruticuloſa, vifcofa & villofa ; foliis cordato-acuminatis, fuperiori- bus leniter & acute crenatis; petiolis longis, pedunculis tenui- bus folitariis ad alas. Alcea populi folio villoſo, &c. Slo. Cat. 98. AGILE The Sida, with very flender foot-ſtalks to the flowers. This little ſhrubby plant ſeldom riſes above four or five feet in height. The trunk is pretty lignous, and covered with a whitiſh bark. The leaves and ſmaller branches are a little villoſe. The ſeed-veſſels are but few, flatted at the top, and compoſed of many cells. SIDA 3. Ere&ta, glabra ; foliis cordato-acuminatis, ſubtus incanis, integris ; pedunculis longiſſimis , tenuiffimis, fingularibus, alaribus. Sida foliis cordato-lanceolatis integerrimis. L. Sp. Pl. Althea ſcamonii folio, floribus albis, &c. Pk. t. 74. f. 7. Sida, &c. Thez. Zey. pag. 24. Pl. 2a. The heart-leafed Sida, with a looſe riſing flower-ſpike. yd SIDA 4. Erecta, foliis cordato-acuminatis integris , fubtus fubvillofis ; pedun- , culis longiffimis, tenuiffimis, ramofis, per fpicam laxam afurgentem alil song gal diſpoſitis. baguo The ſlender erect Sida, with whole leaves. USU This is ſo like the foregoing, in ſize, colour, and the form of its leaves, that it is generally confounded with it; but the diſpoſition of the flowers and flower- ſtalks, diſtinguiſh it fufficiently. SIDA 5. Humilior, foliis ovatis ſerratis alternis, diſtiche fitis; petiolis & els pedunculis brevibus, ramulis floriferis foliolatis alaribus. Voy yo so be The broad-leafed Broom-weed. - bas This plant is very common in all parts of the iſland : it grows very much like the ſecond ſpecies of the Melochia ; and nearly reſembles the ſixth fort of Mal- lows. The leaves and tender buds of this plant contain a great quantity of mu- cilage ; and lather, like ſoap, with water: they are frequently uſed in ſhaving- waſhes, by ſuch as can't conveniently bear the ſmell or acrimony of ſoap. The leaves are purgative. SIDA 6. Hirta urticata, foliis cordatis ferratis, floribus capitatis, peduncu- lis communibus alaribus. The Nettle Sida. SIDA 7. Foliis cordato-acuminatis, ſerratis; pedunculis longis, tenuifimis, alaribus, inferioribus fimplicibus, fuperioribus ramofis. The Sida, with long capillary flower-ſtalks. This plant is a little villoſe; it grows upright, and riſes generally to the height of three feet, or better. The foot-ſtalks of the flowers are extremely delicate. TSIDA 8. Humilior ramoſa teres, foliis cordatis ſerrato-crenatis, pedunculo fimplici unifloro & altero bifloro foliolato ad alas. Althea morifolia, &c. Pk. t. 132. f. 1. byM The ſmall sida, with roundiſh leaves, , A MODIA Polo : This OF J A M A I CA. 281 This plant ſeldom riſes above a foot and a half, or two feet, in height: it is pretty frequent in the low lands about Kingſton. Wool SIDA 9. Erečta, ſubvilloſa, ramoſa, tenuis ; foliis cordato-acuminatis, refle- čtentibus, leniter & acutè crenatis; flore Angulari @ramulo florifero foliolato ad alas. The ſhrubby Sida, with reflected leaves. This plant is very common in the hills about the Ferry, and riſes generally to the height of four or five feet. The flowers are diſpoſed chiefly towards the top, and the leaves commonly reflected a good way backwards. There is a variation of this plant, with very ſmall leaves. SIDA 10. Hirta aſſurgens, foliis angulato-cordatis, obtuſe lobatis, atque dentatis; floribus conglobatis, capitulis foliolatis, pedunculis validis alaribus. Sida capitulis pedunculatis triphyllis ſeptemfloris. L. Sp. Pl. Baſtard Ochro. This plant grows chiefly in low rich bottoms, and is frequently met with in marſhy places. The ſtem is pretty thick and ſucculent, the leaves large, and all the parts of the plant rough and hairy. The tender buds are full of mucilage, and a little purgative. SIDA 11. Major, affurgens, fubfruticoſa & ſubvillofa ; foliis cordatis, quan- doque angulatis; capſulis depreſſis; pedunculis longioribus ſolita- riis ad alas. Bolocrin. H. M. p. 6. t. 45. AVE The larger Sida, with crowned feed-veſſels. I found this plant near the cod of the bay, beyond Rock Fort; and there it grows naturally, on the banks above the beach. The whole plant is villoſe, and of a whitiſh colour: the leaves are large, and angular, or of the figure of a heart: the flowers are fingle, and ſtand on long foot-ſtalks at the alæ of the leaves; and the ſeed-vefſels, which are pretty large, are compoſed of about twenty particular de- prefled lodges. The American matrons ſometimes order an infuſion of the leaves, and tender buds of this plant, for women in difficult labours; and deem it a very powerful medicine in ſuch caſes. 3 URENA 1. Fruticuloſa, foliis ferratis, oblongis; floribus conglobatis, pedunculis longiſimis terminalibus incidentibus. The ſhrubby erect Urena, with bearded ſeeds. This plant is very common in the woods, and grows generally to the height of four or five feet, ſometimes more. The leaves are pretty large; and the ſeed-vel- ſels, which are compoſed, each, of five cells looſely connected together, carry three long bearded briſtles, or ſetæ, on the top of each cell; whereby they adhere to every thing that touches them. be URENA 2. Foliis profunde quinquelobis; lobis inferne anguftioribus, denti- culatis; floribus confertis ad alas. Malva ſive alcea fruticoſa ribefii foliis, &c. Slo. Cat. 96. & H. t. ii. f. 2. Alcea Indica fruteſcens, &c. Pk. t. 5. f. 3. & Alcea Indica. Thez. Zey. The 4 D 282 THE NATURAL HISTORY . 3 259 , The branched Urena, with lobed leaves. g ali bas 1911 10 29. star-ho This plant grows commonly in the lower hills: it is remarkable for the lobed form of its leaves, and the compreſſed make of its rugged capſule. 20 otho MALVA 1. Repens, foliis orbiculatis crenatis, petiolis longifimis, pedunculis binis vel ternis, fimplicibus ad alas. ugo Malva, caule repenti, foliis cordato-orbiculatis obſoletè quinquelobis. L. Sp. Pl. &c. The Mallows of the ſhops. This plant was introduced to Jamaica by Capt. Jones; who planted it in the mountains of New Liguanea, where it now grows without any care, and is likely to thrive very well. Its emollient qualities are too well known to need being men- tioned here. - MALVA 2. Minima fupina, foliis oblongis ferratis, pedunculis unifloris mo- od od (99110111 e not a nophyllis, calice exteriori remoto, foliolis anguftiffimis ciliatis. Malva minor Jupina, &c. Slo. Cat. 96. & H. t. 137. f. 2. ng 090w bas insieve vdib The ſmall creeping Mallows. I look at bruloop Soon This little creeping plant is very common in the low lands, and ſeldom runs above ſeven or eight inches in length. The flowers grow ſingle; and each of the foot-Italks is generally adorned with one leaf, and three ciliated ftipulæ; which compoſe the outward cup: but thoſe towards the top of the plant, are very ſhort, ſo that the flowers appear as if they were diſpoſed in ſmall heaps at the alæ of the leaves. sloot og bus bolog-basd a Wi MALVA 3. Humilior ſubvilloſa, foliis ovatis ſerratis, floribris confertis ala- soittosto lo- ribus. - do not top viv s Dimi won doidw GOITIALIOS SloThe ſmall ſlender Mallows, with oval leaves." Jis yada 101 Cadirolo 10 10 10 10 do Dodati somn bauti sei b MALVA 4. Humilior, foliis ferratis, ovatis, diffichis, alternis; petiolis longio- con mi bliv i obribus, pedunculis brevibus folitariis ad alas. fiom vinse lion The Broom-weed Mallows. och at non 1189 otse T MALVA 5. Affurgens, ſubvilloſa, viminibus tenuioribus lentis, floribus Seſili- ni ada bebus, Spicis oblongis terminalibus & alaribus. 975 1970 bormol The erec Mallows, with long ſlender branches. ab odanand sols 1 Tom S13 1912 19 rol itu ustis MALVA 6. Ajurgens villoſa, ramulis tenuibus, floribus feffilibus; Spicis ſubrotundis alaribus, inferioribus pedunculatis. The erect Mallows, with long ſlender branches, and round flower- du ſpikes. Theſe laſt ſpecies are common in all the low lands. The third and fourth feldom riſe above fixteen or eighteen inches; but the fifth and fixth grow generally to the height of four feet, or better. 9 non los GOSSIPIUM 1. Procerius, foliis trilobis, feminibus minoribus virentibus. asop French Cotton. This ſhrub is planted in a few gardens in Jamaica, but is not much cultivated : for the Cotton is not thought to be ſo good; and the ſeeds are ſo ſmall, that it is a difficult matter to ſeparate them from the wool. It grows, however, more luxuriant than the other, 103 bomouc a 9 a 2 YO FIJAMA I CA. HP 283 eu-veliels on all t a 2:00 other, and riſes generally from ſeven to nine feet in height, bearing a great number of ſeed-veſſels on all the branches. wrong aslo ad GOSSIPIUM 2. Fruticoſum, foliis trilobis, feminibus majoribus. 251 io ao Goſfipium foliis trilobis integerrimis. L. Sp. Pl. Goffipium. Mart. 7. & Goffipium Braſilianum flore flavo Hern. Slo. Cat. 156. M The Cotton ſhrub. This plant is of a quick luxuriant growth; and riſes, generally, from four to fix feet in height, throwing out a good many branches from all parts, as it ſhoots. It is now cultivated much in Jamaica, and ſupplies a very conſiderable and beneficial branch of the exports of that iſland. It thrives beſt in a rich gravelly ſoil, and generally yields two crops a year; the one in May; the other in September. It is planted in regular walks, and at a moderate diſtance from each other, ſo as to let the branches ſpread; which, however, are ſometimes pruned, if the ground be too rich, and the growth over-luxuriant. When the pods are full grown, and ripe, they burſt, and expoſe their ſeeds, wrapt up in their native flocks, to the fun: and when a great part of them are thus opened, the negroes begin to gather the wool with the ſeeds, from which it is afterwards cleared by a convenient machine, commonly called a Gen; which is made of two even, ſmooth, and ſmall rollers, placed cloſe, and parallel to each other in a frame: theſe are : faſtened to different wheels, at the oppoſite ſides of the machine, and turned in contra-directions by the ſame foot-frame. The cotton is put to thoſe rollers, as they move round, and it readily paſſes between them, leaving the ſeeds, which are too large for the inter-ſpace, behind. What paſſes in this operation, is afterwards hand-picked, and packed up in bags for the market. All our fuſtians, calicoes, Mancheſter velvets, &c. are made of this commodity; which now maintain a very conſiderable branch of the commerce of Great Britain: for they are generally worn in all parts of the world, particularly in thoſe countries ſituated more immediately under the ſun. Nor can there be any other ſort of cloaths, ſo appropriated to thoſe climates ; for it caſily exhales the vapours of the ſkin, and is not ſo eaſily moiſtened by them, as either linnen or woollen; nor does it yield or rot fo foon. W moota ad The greateſt part of the cotton now produced, annually, in Jamaica, is imported into England, and wrought up chiefly about Mancheſter; where, I am credibly in- formed, there are no leſs than 120,000 people, conſtantly employed in the different branches of the manufacture are of this ſingle ſtaple. And indeed it is from this place that moſt foreign markets are now ſupplied with the various ſorts of cotton cloaths; there being but little worked up in the places of its growth, except what is made into hammocks; and even that little branch of induſtry has not yet reached Jamaica. The plant is propagated by the ſeed, which is generally lowed in September, or Oxtober; but the ground muſt be kept very clean about the young plants, until they riſe to a moderate height; for they are, otherways, very much ſubject to be de- ſtroyed by caterpillars. The ſeeds ought to be but ſlightly covered with mould, at firſt; and the earth ſhould be well looſened about them; that the young plants, which are very tender, may take a proper root in time. An emulſion of the ſeeds is recommended much in bloody-fluxes : they yield a great quantity of oil by expreſſion; and ſupply many plantations with a ſufficient quantity of that commodity, for their boiling-houſe lamps. ALTHEA 1. Erecta minor, foliis ferratis , haſtato-cordatis ; pedunculis tenui- bus fingularibus ad alas. oid.os idguod.1on ) ornadox The ſmaller erect Marſhmallows, riedy szacolo C. Obj. 3 3 284 THE NATURAL HISTORY t. 134 . Obf. Periantium exterius o&tophyllum, foliolis linearibus; capſula quinque- locularis, quinquefper mis. Sit luisa ALTHEA 2. Maritima, arboreſcens, diffuſa ; foliis orbiculato-cordatis, leniter crenatis, ſubtus cinereis. Malva arborea, folio rotundo, cortice ductili, &c. Slo. Cat. 95. & H. An, Hibiſcus foliis cordatis integerrimis. L. Sp. Pl. & Fl. Zey. . Pariti. H. M. p. 3. t. 30. TA shine The Moboe, or Bark-Tree. This tree is frequent by the ſea-ſide, in many parts of Jamaica ; and grows very luxuriantly in ſeveral places. It riſes commonly to the height of fixteen or eighteen feet, and throws out ſome large flowers, which generally appear of a yellow, of ſaffron colour. The bark of the tree is very tough, and not much inferior to either hemp, or flax, on many occaſions: it is naturally white, and of a fine, ſoft, fila- mentous texture; which muſt, undoubtedly, render it extremely fit for the paper- mill. The negroes, and country people, make all their ropes of it; which, had they been tarred and well twiſted, would probably be no ways inferior to thoſe that are made of the beſt hemp. All the parts of the tree, eſpecially the flowers, abound with a fine mucilage; and are both emollient and laxative. de ALTHEA 3. Uliginofa fruteſcens, foliis cordato-acuminatis leniterque crena- tis, Spicis laxis terminalibus. Malva maritima folio fubrotundo minori, Slo. Cat. 95. & H. t. 134. SV The ſmaller Moboe. al ends to Tot slod This ſhrub grows, in great abundance, in all the marſhes about the Ferry; where it generally ſhoots to the height of five or fix feet: but the flowers are much ſmaller, and the bark not ſo ſtrong as that of the other ſpecies. It ſerves to tie up the Scotch graſs, and is ſometimes made into ropes. HIBISCUS 1. Arboreus, foliis angulato-cordatis, flore amplo croceo, ligno vi- olaceo. Hibiſcus foliis cordatis crenatis, angulis lateralibus extimis parvis, caule arboreo. L. Sp. Pl. & H. C. Bupariti . H. M. p. 34. t. 29. The Mountain Moboe. lq bas This tree grows commonly to a conſiderable ſize : it is frequent in the inland woods about Bath; and is generally reckoned an excellent timber-tree. The wood is of a dark olive colour ; the bark pretty ſmooth; the trunk tall and ſtraight; and the flowers large and open, and not unlike thoſe of the yellow lilly, either in ſize or appearance. All the tender parts of the tree abound with a delicate mucilage, and may be uſed, upon occaſions, inſtead of the more uſual medicines of this tribe. BUD Dalam HIBISCUS 2. Frutėſcens, foliis angulatis , cordato-acuminatis, crenatis; pe- talis ab uno latere auritis. An, Hibiſcus foliis cordatis crenatis; angulis lateralibus ſolitariis parvis. L. H. C? ad wisdw od The ſhrubby Mountain Mohoe, with eared petals. ti to ilots . 4 This a 13 0 F JA MA I CA. ТА 285 This ſhrub is very common in the woods, but ſeldom ſeen in the lower lands. The flowers are of a deep fleſh-colour, and ſucceeded by ſo many moderately large capſules. HIBISCUS 3. Ramoſus, hirfutus; foliis lobatis, irregulariter crenatis, fructu longiori. Hibiſcus foliis quinquepartito-pedatis, calicibus interioribus latere rumpena tibus. L. Sp. Pl. Alcea maxima, malva roſca folio. Slo. Cat. 98. & Hift. tab. 133. Guinambo 2a. Piſ. 211. An, Guanambanus. Bont. 155? The Okro Plant. The pods of this ſhrubby plant are full of a nutritive mucilage ; and the prin- cipal ingredient in moſt of the foops, and pepper-pots, made in America; diſhes fre- quently uſed in thoſe parts of the world. They are generally boiled ſeparately, and added juſt before theſe meſſes are taken off the fire: but the ſeeds may be boiled in broth, like barley or any other ingredient; for they are not ſo mucilaginous. The pods, boiled and buttered, make a rich plate: but they are uſed only in pri- vate families, in this form, a yors a BEDOL HIBISCUS 4. Hiſpidus, foliis quinquelobis, lobis acutis, femine muſcato. Hibiſcus foliis peltato-cordatis , Jeptangularibus ferratis hifpidis. L. H. C. & Sp. Pl. On Guinambo 1a. Piſonis 210. Ketmia Ægyptia femine muſcato. Inſt. & Thez, Zey. P: 1346 HTJA . p GU The Muſk Okro. The ſeeds of this plant, when grown to full maturity, have a ſtrong and perfect ſmell of muſk; a few grains being ſufficient to perfume a whole room, It may be, undoubtedly, uſed, with great propriety, in powders and pomatums, &c. inſtead of that ſcarce commodity: nor do I doubt but they might be uſed, with as much elegance, in emulſions, in many medical caſes. 15 HIBISCUS 5. Rufeſcens acetofus, foliis trilobis. Hibiſcus inermis, foliis ferratis, inferioribus ovatis integris, fuperioribus tri- lobis. L. H. C. & Sp. Pl. Ketmia Indica Goſipii folio, acetofa ſapore. Inf. & Thez. Zey. 135. TIVX Red Sorrel. iqb The flower-cups and capſalæ, freed from the ſeeds, are the only parts of this plant that are uſed : they make very agreeable tarts; and the decoction of them, ſweetned and fermented, is what people commonly call, Sorrel Cool-drink, in America : it is a ſmall diluting liquor, that is much uſed in all our ſugar-colonies , and reckoned very refreſhing in thoſe ſultry climates. There is a variation of this ſpecies, that is thoroughly green; which is uſed, in all reſpects, like the other. Rufeleens acetofies, a HIBISCUS 6. Arboreus; foliis fubrotundo-angulatis, in junioribus aculea- tiſſimis. Dean The prickly Bark Tree. This tree is very rare in Jamaica : I have ſeen it in the woods back of St. Ann's bay, where it grows pretty ſtraight and tall. The leaves of all the younger ſhoots . are full of thorns, on both ſides; which preſerves them from injuries, while in that 4 E tender 286 THE Τ NATURAL HISTORY tender ſtate; but, as the tree riſes, that defence becomes uſeleſs, and the foliage grows, almoft, quite ſmooth. The inward bark is very tough, and fit for ropes ; but it is more coarſe and fibrous than that of the Moboe. HIBISCUS 7. Fruticoſus, bracbiatus; foliis cordato-lobatis; flore variabili. Hibiſcus foliis cordato-quinqueangularibus, obfolete ſerratis; caule arboreo. L. Sp. Pl. Hibiſcus foliis cordato-quinque angularibus obſolete ſerratis. L.H. C. Ketmia Sinenſis fru&tu ſubrotundo, &c. Thez. Zey. 133, 8. Hina-paretti. H. M. p. 6. t. 38, 9. The Chinaiſe Roſe. This ſhrub is cultivated in many parts of Jamaica, on account of its flowers ; which appear of a pale white in the morning; turn to a light fleſh colour, after they bear the action of the ſun, for ſome hours; and contract and cloſe with the night, to be ready for the like changes the enſuing day. HIBISCUS 8. Fruticoſus diffufus, foliis cordato-angulatis cum acumine ; cap- ſulis & interne & externe birtis, pruriginoſis. The ſhrubby Mohoe, with briſtly capſules. HIBISCUS 9. Hifpidus, foliis cordato-acuminatis, ferrato - dentatis, auritis; floribus fingularibus ad alas. The ſmall Nettle Hibiſcus, or Moboe. HIBISCUS 10. Arboreſcens, trichotomus; foliis amplifimis, cordato-angulatis ; feminibus laná obuolutis. 1199 The Bombaſt Mohoe, with very large leaves. This tree is frequent on the banks of Spaniſh Town river, in the road to Sixteen- mile-walk. The capſulæ are very long and thick; and the loculaments full of a fine down, which invelopes the ſeeds. The leaves of this tree are ſometimes above a foot and a half in diameter. a a CL A S S A S S XVII. Of the Diadelphia; or Vegetables that have the Fila- ments of their Flowers connected into two diſtinct columns at the baſe, but looſe and ſeparate at the top. BA SECT. I. Of ſuch as have leſs than ten Filaments in every Flower. AUHINIA 1. Foliis bilobis, Spicis laxis terminalibus. sllano Bauhinia foliis ovatis, lobis acuminatis ſemiovatis. L. Sp. Pl. Bauhinia. Plumeri. Plumeri. Senæ ſpuria aut aſphalatho affinis arbor, &c. Slo. Cat. 150. Mountain . . 2 YOOF J A MAI CA. 287 a ogsilo sdi bas aislamo Mountain Ebeny. 29901 bas duoty art Periantium Monophyllum, in quinque lacinias, anguftas, declinatas, ad ba- fim fere diviſum. Corolla, Pentapetala; petalis oblongis, anguftis, fere æqualibus, irregulari- ter fitis. Stamina. Filamenta diadelphia : inferius fimplex validiffimum & longifi- mum, ſubulatum; anthera oblonga : fuperiora coalita, ad api- cem vix fejuncta; antheræ minimæ abortiva. POLYGALA 1. Herbacea, minor, erecta; foliis linearibus ; Spicá multiplici, terminali, folioja. 2190 The ſmall erect Polygala. This beautiful little plant is a native of Jamaica, and pretty frequent in the drier hills of St. Faith's and St. Catherine's. It has a great deal of the ſmell and ta of the Seneka Snake-root; but is not ſo ſtrong, or diſagreeable : is a mild at- tenuant, and fudorific; and may be adminiſtered in infuſions, or decoctions, with great propriety, where ſuch medicines are requiſite. It grows, generally, to the height of ſix or ſeven inches, and is ſeldom branched below the middle. POLYGALA 2. Fruticoſa, foliis ovatis glabris, floribus confertis, pedunculis baſi gibbis. The ſmaller ſhrubby Polygala. POLYGALA 3. Fruticoſa; foliis glabris, ovatis; capſulis fubrotundis, com- preſis, emarginatis; racemis minoribus, laxis, alaribus. Tab. 5. f. 3. . Polygala floribus imberbibus, racemofis ; caule arboreo, foliis variis. L. , - 2 o botons Sp. Pl. -32 natalo The Baſtard Lignum Vitæ, of the red hills. This ſhrub grows very plentifully in the red hills; and there, it generally riſes to the height of ſeven or eight feet, or better. It is called Baſtard Lignum Vita, in thoſe parts, becauſe it taſtes not unlike the gum of that wood; and is ſometimes uſed for the ſame purpoſes. POLYGALA 4. Arborea, foliis lanceolato-ovatis ; capſulis compreſſis, bilobis, ultra medietatem divifs. on vsi s' The larger Polygala. I have ſeen this tree in the woods of St. Elizabeth's: it grows to a more conſide- rable ſize than either of the others, being frequently above twenty feet in height. L sri hadi SECURIDACA 1. Fruticoſa, foliis fubrotundis, ramulis tenuiſſimis, Spicis laxis terminalibus. The ſmaller ſhrubby Securidaca. Periantium Triphyllum, foliolis ovatis. Corolla Papillionacea : vexillum nullum; alæ ampliores, erecte, ſubro- tunda ; carina ſemilunata, compreſſa, genitalia amplectens. Stamina. Filamenta o&to, in tubum arcuatum, fuperne fillum, ad bafim co- alita; fuperne libera : antheræ ovata. E baſ vero tubi, utrin- que, aishuoM 288. THE NATURAL HISTORY a que, emergit appendix ligulata, majuſcula, invicem appropinquata, vexilli minoris vicem fuppeditans. Piſtillum. Germen ovatum ; ftylus ſubulatus, longitudine ſtaminum; ftig- ma latiufculum. Pericarpium. Capſula unilocularis, monoſpermis, fubrotunda, ſcabra, in alam membranaceam oblongam majorem definens. SECURIDACA 2. Scandens, foliis oblongis, Spicis ramoſis. Securidaca. L. Sp. Pl. The larger climbing Securidaca. 109 Both theſe plants are natives of Jamaica, but not common. I found the firſt ſpecies in St. James's, the other in the red hills. The former grows upright, and divides into a number of very delicate ſpreading branches: the other is a climber, and more luxuriant in every part. AMERIMNON 1. Fruticoſum ; foliis nitidis, fimplicibus, cordato-acuminatis, Tab. 31. f. 3. The ſhrubby Amerimnon, with ſimple alternate leaves. Periantium Breve cylindreceum, quaſi bilabiatum ; labium fuperius crena- tum; inferius tridentatum. Corolla Papillionacea : vexillum ere&tum, oblongum, obverſè cordatum ; alæ oblonga, erecte, laterales, longitudine & pofitione vexilli : carina brevis, ovata, compreſa, ad ungues alarum pofita. Stamina. Filamenta novem, ad bafim coalita, ſuperne libera ; antheræ fub- rotunde. Piſtillum. Suſtentaculum breve; germen oblongum compreſſum; ftylus bre- vis recurvus; ftigma acutum. Pericarpium. Siliqua oblonga compreſa, feminibus binis vel ternis referta. This ſhrub is very common in the low lands, and remarkable for the vaſt quan- tities of white flowers it throws out, after every rain. It grows very buſhy, and riſes generally to the height of ſeven or eight feet, ſometimes more, E ; , SECT. II. Of ſuch as have ten Filaments in every Flower. RYTHRINA 1. Arborea, Spinofa & non Spinoſa; foliis rhombæis, pinnato- ternatis. Erythrina foliis ternatis, caule arboreo ſpinoſo. L. Sp. Pl. & H.C. Coral arbor Clufii. Slo. Cat. 142. & H. t. 178. Corallodendron triphyllum Americanum, &c.' Thez. Zey. Muruca. H. M. p. 6. t. 7. The Coral or Red Bean Tree. This tree grows in many parts of Jamaica, and riſes, generally, to the height of ſixteen or eighteen feet. There are many reaſons that induce me to think it not a native; but to have been introduced to that iſland in the time of the Spaniards, who uſed to plant it among their Cacao trees, where the walks lay moſt expoſed to the weather; in order to break the force of the wind, in hurricane times; from whence it has acquired the appellation of Mader di Cocco, among them. The feeds of this tree are of a beautiful red colour. I NEANTHE o F Ј А М А с А. F 289 NEANTHE 1. Arboreſcens, foliis oblongis nitidis pinnatis, racemis termina- libus. The Neanthe, with pinnated leaves. Periantium Monophyllum, tubulatum, quinquedentatum. Corolla Tripetala ; tertium cæteris duplo majus, omnia involvens. Stamina. Filamenta decem, diadelphia; antheræ fubrotundæ. Piſtillum. Germen oblongum ; ftylus ſubulatus fimplex ; ftigma acutum. Pericarpium Legumen. Cætera deſiderantur. I found one of theſe trees near Port Antonio ; but could never meet with another of the fort, in any part of the iſland. ز 3 9 GALEGA? 1. Fruticofa, foliis fubrotundis pinnatis; Spicis fimplicibus termi- nalibus. Tab. 31. f. 1. Corallodendron folio pſeudoaccacia, ſubtus tomentoſo; flore luteo. Plum. Cat. Arbori Coral affinis non Spinoſa, fraxini folio rotundiore, &c. Slo. Cat. 144. The ſhrubby Goat-rue, with round aſh-coloured leaves. Periantium Campanulatum, leviſfimè dentatum, fere truncatum. Corolla Quafi leguminoſa, pentapetala irregularis ; fuperius fubovata ; late- ralia oblonga agualia, unguibus tenuibus incidentia ; infima ad apices agglutinata. Stamina. Filamenta decem, baſi leviſfimè adnata ; inde libera : antheræ cordatæ. Piftillum. Suflentaculum breve; germen oblongum; ftylus brevis; ftigma obtufuſculum. Pericarpium; Legumen longum torofum. Semina plurima oblongo-ovata. This ſhrubby plant grows chiefly in the low lands, near the ſea; and riſes, ge- nerally, to the height of fix or ſeven feet. It is of a dark aſh colour, and bears many long pods of a roundiſh cylindric form, but ſwelling about the ſeeds. I doubt whether the leaves of this plant would not make a good Indigo. GALEGA? 2. Herbacea fubcinerea villofa, foliolis oblongis pinnatis, Spicis laxioribus ad alas. The ſmall herbaceous Goat-rue. Periantium Parvum, ultra medietatem in quinque lacinias anguftas acutas feltum. Corolla Papillionacea : vexillum amplum omnia tegens; alæ anguſte ob- longæ ad latera vexilli poſitæ : carina bipetala; petalis angu- ftis, alis longioribus, ad apices adnatis, ad latera genitalium fitis. Stamina Decem ere&ta, baſi in tubum brevem coalita; antheræ globoſa. Piftillum. Suſtentaculum brevifimum: germen oblongum & leniter compreſ- Jum: ſtylus longus ad medietatem flexus, recurvus; angulus acutus, flexurâ tumida : ftigma obtufum ciliatum. Pericarpium. Legumen teres feminibus plurimis, refertum. This plant is common among the buſhes in all the Savannas about Kingſton ; and ſeldom grows above eleven or twelve inches in length. ONONIS 1. Ere&ta minor, filiquis monospermibus confertis. The ſmaller erect Reft-harrow. ONONIS 4 F 290 THE NATURAL HISTORY al ; OGU ONONIS 2. Erecta, major, fubhirſuta ; filiquis majoribus. aut basedir ads sostiul slow dos The larger erect Reſt-harrow. I to noito bantuiblat A Both theſe plants are common in Jamaica; the former grows chiefly in the low lands, the other among the hills: but the firſt feldom ſhoots above one foot in height, while the other is frequently obſerved to riſe between two and three, with a pretty luxuriant ſtalk and foliage. TERAMNUS 1. Triphyllus ſubhirſutus, foliis oblongo-ovatis, filiquis gracilibus compreſſis, Spicis laxioribus alaribus. The fubhirſute Teramnus, with aſh-coloured leaves. Periantium Parvum, in quinque lacinias anguftas acutas æquales profunde fe&tum. Corolla Leguminofa ; vexillum cordatum, reflectum ; ala erecte, oblongo- ovata, longitudine fere vexilli; carina minima, lacinia infima calicis texta, genitalia breviſſima ampleétens. Pericarpium. Legumen longum gracile compreſſum, uniloculare, bivalve. Semina Plurima reniformia. This creeping, or climbing plant is pretty common in the lower hills; and runs generally the length of fix or ſeven feet from the root. The leaves are oblong, and covered, moderately, with down: the flowers are ſmall, and diſpoſed on ſlender ſpikes, at the alæ of the leaves ; and the ſeed-veſſels are long, ſlender, and compreſſed. STIZOLOBIUM 1. Spicis multifloris pendulis alaribus, floribus ternatis. Tab. 31. f. 4. . f Phaſeolus Americanus, foliis molli lanugine oppoſitis, &c. Pk. t. 214. f. 1. Phaſeolus indicus lobis undiquaque pilofis, &c. Bur. Thez. Zey. Phaſeolus utriuſque India, lobis villoſis pungentibus. Slo. Cat. 69. The Cowhage, or Cow-itch plant. STIZOLOBIUM 2. Pedunculis bipartitis alaribus. The ſmaller Cowhage, or Cow-itch plant. Periantium Monophyllum, tubulato-campanulatum, ſubventricoſum, ringens; labium fuperius majus, obtufum, emarginatum, reflectens; in- ferius tridentatum fuberectum. Corolla Leguminofa ; vexillum amplum ſubrotundum reflexum, ungue va- lido munitum. Ale oblongæ patentes, carina breviores, ad ba- fim quaſi adnatæ ; carina bipetala, petalis oblongis ad apices agglutinatis. Stamina. Filamenta decem, inferne connata, ſuperne libera ; antheræ ova- ta, alternæ ſubmonſtroſa oblonga tumentes. Pitillum. Germen oblongum; ftylus ſubulatus, ftaminibus longior ; ftigma fimplex. Pericarpium. Legumen longum ſubæquale, ad utrumque extremum adverſe ſubarcuatum, birtis pungentibus opfitum, feminibus qua- tuor, quinque- vel fex reniformibus, refertum, Theſe climbing plants are common in all parts of the Weſt-Indies, and riſe generally to the top of the talleſt trees about them, wherever they grow; or ſpread in proportion, if they chance to ſhoot among lower buſhes. The ſtems of both forts are round and ſlender, and the leaves oval and villoſe ; and always three on every foot-ſtalk. The flowers, which are of a dark purple colour, are diſpoſed in ſpikes at the alæ of a 4 the я о FJA MA I c A. 291 the ribs, and ſucceeded by ſo many oblong pods, of a moderate length and thick- neſs, whoſe ſurface is thickly beſet with ſhort, rigid, itchy hairs. A decoction of the roots of theſe plants is reckoned a powerful diuretic, and clean- ſer of the kidneys: and a vinous infuſion of the pods (twelve in a quart) is ſaid to be a certain remedy for the dropſy: the doſe half a pint, when made in beer. In the windward Iſlands, ſome of the inhabitants make a ſyrup of the pods, which is faid to be very effectual againſt worms. a 1 a PHASEOLUS 1. Minor, foliis ovatis, floribus ternatis alaribus, calicibus ex- terioribus triphyllis. The ſmaller Phaſeolus, with the flowers diſpoſed in a ternate order at the alæ of the ribs. PHASEOLUS 2. Suberectus major, ſiliquis maximis oblongis glabris, ſatura alterâ nervo majori utrinque inhgnitä. Dolicos leguminibus gladiolatis dorfo fulcatis, feminibus arillatis. L. Sp. Pl. Phaſeolus maximus ſiliquis enfiformibus, &c. Slo. Cat, & H. t. 114. Phaſeolus ſylveſtris maximus, &c. Bur. Thez. Zey. The Horſe-Bean. This plant grows in many gardens in Jamaica, where it is cultivated chiefly out of curioſity. It ſeems to keep a main between the upright, and the climbing ſpecies of the Phaſeolus ; for the ſtem feldom riſes above three or four feet, though it emits ſome ſlender delicate ſhoots, that run much further. The pods are commonly between ten and fourteen inches in length, and generally con- tain about ten or eleven ſeeds; but the pulſe is very ſeldom uſed, being generally thought, more or leſs, of a deleterious nature. PHASEOLUS 3. Minor erectus pratenfis, foliis oblongis, vexillo minori, fili- quis gracilibus. Phaſeolus ere&tus lathyroides, &c. Slo. Cat. 71. & H. t. 116. The ſmall erect Phaſeolus, witli red flowers. This plant is pretty common in the Savannas about Spaniſh Town; and riſes ge- nerally to the height of twelve or fourteen inches, or better. The bloſſoms are of a deep red colour; and the fide-leaves, or alæ of the flower, very long, in propor- tion to the other parts. PHASEOLUS 4. Scandens, Spicis laxis terminalibus, filiquis compreffis tetra- Spermibus, utrâque futura rugoſa. Phaſeolus maximus perennis, &c. Slo. Cat. 67. & H. t. 113. Bonaviſt . This plant is cultivated by moſt of the inhabitants, in the country parts of fa- maica; for it thrives better than any of the other ſpecies ; and the ſeeds are gene- rally reckoned very wholeſome and palatable. It grows luxuriantly in the dryeft foils, and ſpreads a great way upon the rocks, or neighbouring buſhes. PHASEOLUS 5. Suberectus, filiquis quinquefpermibus oblongis & leniter compreffis, feminibus quandoque mifcellis. The Kidney-Bean, or Cock-ſtone. This plant is cultivated in moſt parts of the world. The pods are generally, while in a tender ſtate, boiled whole and ſerved up by way of greens: but, when advanced in ſeed, a THE NATURAL HISTORY 292 ſeed, the pulſe is picked to feed the negroes, in thoſe colonies. The whole plant feldom riſes above a couple of feet in height. PHASEOLUS 6. Perennis, floribus herbaceis minoribus; Spicis alaribus & terminalibus; filiquis compreffis tetra permibus, futura al- tera rugofa. The Lima Bean. This climbing plant was introduced to Jamaica fome years ago, and is fince much cultivated in all parts of the iſland; for the ſeeds are very tender and palata- ble; and far ſuperior to any other pulſe, of the fort, now cultivated in that iſland, It requires a rich ſoil, and continues to bear four or five years ſucceſſively; but does not produce ſo frequent as ſome of the other ſpecies. PHASEOLUS 7. Erectus; filiquis gracilibus, teretibus, polyſpermibus ; femini- 7 bus rufefcentibus, oblongis. Phaſeolus erectus major, &c. Slo. Cat. 71. & H. t. 115. Calavances, or Red Peaſe. This ſpecies is pretty much cultivated in Jamaica: it is a hardy fruitful plant, and thrives almoſt in every ſoil; tho'it ſeldom riſes above a couple of feet in height. The ſeeds ſerve to feed the negroes; and are frequently uſed by the poorer ſort of white people: they are obſerved to be a hearty wholeſome food. PHASEOLUS 8. Erectus; filiquis gracilibus, teretibus, polyfpermibus ; ſemi- nibus fubrotundis, hilo nigro notatis. Phaſeolus erectus minor, ſemine fphærico, &c. Slo. Cat. & H. t. 117. The Black-eyed Pea. This plant is pretty much like the foregoing, both in fize and growth; and cultivated in the ſame manner, and for the ſame purpoſes: but it is more commonly uſed by the better ſort of people. PHASEOLUS 9. Erectus; filiquis gracilibus, teretibus, polyſpermibus; ſemi- nibus oblongis, abidis. Cuckolds-Increaſe. This plant reſembles the ſeventh ſpecies very much, both in fize and the manner of its growth, as well as in the form of the pod and ſeeds. It is a very profitable pulſe, and now much cultivated throughout the whole iſland. PHASEOLUS 10. Scandens, filiquis glabris compreſſis, tri- vel quadrifper- mibus. The Jamaica Bean, or Sugar-Bean. This plant is cultivated in all parts of Jamaica; and the pulſe generally made uſe of at every gentleman's table. It is of an eaſy growth, and continues to bear a conſiderable part of the year. PHASEOLUS 11. Scandens, filiquis compreſſis quinque permibus falcatis, feminibus lineis fufcis radiatis. The poiſoned or wild Phaſeolus. This OF J A M A I CA. 293 This plant reſembles the foregoing, pretty much, both in the manner of its growth, and the form of its pods; but the ſeeds are remarkably ſtriated, and gene- rally thought to be of a very deleterious nature. The plant is never cultivated, nor the feeds uſed, but through ignorance or inadvertency. 3 PHASEOLUS 12. Maximus perennis, filiquis majoribus compreſis, tetra- vel pentafpermibus. Phaſeolus maximus perennis , &c. Slo. Cat. 66. The Broad Bean. This plant is cultivated more for the ſake of its ſhade, and ſpeedy growth in arbours, than for its feeds; tho' theſe are known to be both wholeſome and palata- ble, and frequently uſed at the beſt tables in the iſland. It is not cultivated ſo much as the other forts. PHASEOLUS 13. Minimus repens, foliis linearibus, filiquis oblongis an- guſtis. The ſmalleſt creeping Phaſeolus. This little plant is generally found among the graſs, in the Savannas about Spa- niſh Town. It is a very delicate plant, and ſeldom riſes above twelve or fourteen inches in length. It is different from the Cat's-claw, which it reſembles very nearly. DOLICHOS 1. Scandens, foliis nitidis; filiquâ majori quinqueſpermi oblonga, fulco longitudinale utrinque notata. The larger ſmooth-leafed Dolichos. I found this plant in the mountains of St. Faith's; it grows pretty luxuriantly, and ſpreads a good way among the buſhes. The pod is generally about five or fix inches in length. DOLICHOS 2. Scandens ; filiquis geminotis compreffis, feminibus plurimis miſcellis oblongis, refertis. An, Phaſeolus fubhirſutus Americanus, &c. Pk. t. 214. f. 2. The ſmaller climbing Dolichos, with narrow pods, diſpoſed by pairs. DOLICHOS 3. Scandens, filiquis polyfpermibus geminatis, quafi hexagonis. The larger climbing Dolichos, with angular pods, diſpoſed by pairs. Both theſe plants are common about the Angels, and generally found climbing among the neighbouring buſhes. The form of the pods is a fufficient diſtinction between the two ſpecies. DOLICHOS 4. Maritimus repens, foliis orbiculatis nitidis, filiquis com- preſis, ſaturâ alterá trigona. Phaſeolus maritimus rotundi folius, -flore purpureo, &c. Slo. Cat. 69. Phaſeolus maritimus Zeylonicus. Burm. & Pk, t. 112. mudes The large Sea-ſide Dolichos, with round leaves. Tata DOLICHOS 5. Maritimus, minor, repens ; pedunculis longioribus; filiquis 5 polyfpermibus, gracilibus, teretibus. The ſmaller Sea-ſide Dolichos. 4G Both 294 THE NATURAL HISTORY CI Both theſe plants grow pretty common by the ſea-ſide, in the pariſh of St. George's; but I could never obſerve the laſt fort in any other part of the iſland. The root of the other ſpecies is a ſtrong purgative. Sot owtv 2 cooble DOLICHOS 6. Herbaceus minor, foliis linearibus, filiquá polyſpermi com- prefa. 11 Cats-Claws. This little plant is frequent about Old-harbour : it grows among the buſhes, but ſeldom ſtretches above three or four feet in length. The pods are long, and com- preſſed ; and the fligma, or top of the ſtyle, almoſt naked. This plant is uſed as a purgative-ingredient in diet-drinks, by ſome of the inha- bitants of Mountſerat ; and is ſaid to anſwer well in hydropic caſes. DOLICHOS 7. Minimus fætidus repens, filiculis biſpermibus. Dolichos leguminibus racemofis comprefis tetrafpermibus, foliis rhombæis. L. Sp. Pl. Phaſeolus minimus fætidus, &c. Slo. Cat. 71. & H. t. 115. The ſmall fatid Dolichos. This little weakly plant is frequent in the lower lands of Jamaica : it grows chiefly among the buſhes, and riſes by a very ſlender branched ftem, furniſhed with a great number of ſmall leaves, diſpoſed, three together, on every foot-ſtalk : but it ſeldom exceeds two or three feet in height. VICIA 1. Minor berbacea; foliolis linearibus ſubtus birſutis. The ſmall creeping herbaceous Vetch. This little plant is frequent about Old-harbour, and ſeldom runs above a foot, or fixteen inches, in length. The pods are compreffed. VICIA 2. Subincana minor affurgens, foribus geminatis per fpicas termi- nales. An, Coronilla Zeylonica tota argentia. Bur. Thez. Zey. The more erect wild Vetch. a This plant grows pretty erect, and is not uncommon on the brow of the hill, juſt above Mr. Elletſon's, in Liguanea. The pods are compreſſed, and diſpoſed looſely, by pairs, along the flowery extremities of the branches. VICIA 3. Caule erecto, petiolis abſque cirrhis. L. Sp. Plant. Faba. Bau. & omnium authorum. Beans. 8000 This plant is ſometimes cultivated in the mountains of New Liguanea; but does not thrive ſo well as many of the other European vegetables, that are planted there from time to time. : 2 PARTI PISUM 1. Stipulis inferne rotundatis, crenatis; petiolis teretibus, pedunculis multifloris. L. Sp. Pl. & 13 Piſum ſtipulis crenatis. H. C. biddim OSIMO solo Of Peaſe. 313 TS This 13 | YЯ О ОF ( LOCO FJAMAICA ЈА А І , 296 This plant was alſo introduced to Jamaica, from Europes and is now frequently cultivated in ſeveral parts of the iſland, but does not thrive well any where; for it ſeldom riſes above two feet in height, and ſhoots into bloſſoms before the ſtem is half grown: it does, however, produce a good many pods, which makes it not uncommon at the gentlemens tables there. ARACHIS 1. Tetrapbylla, filiquas infra terram recondens; feminibus oblongis. Arachidna. Plum. t. 36. Arachis. Gen. & L. Sp. Pl. 12 Arachidna utriuſque India, &c. Slo. Cat. 72. Sena tetraphylla, ſeu aphi congener folliculos condens, &c. Pk. t. 6o. f. 2. ន Pindar's, or Ground-Nuts. The ſeeds of this plant are frequently imported to Jamaica, in the ſhips from Africa; and ſometimes cultivated there, though it is but very rarely, and in very ſmall quantities. It thrives beſt in a free foil, and warm ſituation; and would grow very well in many parts of that iſland, was it regularly cultivated. ÆSCHINOMENE 1. Procumbens, foliolis pinnatis mimulis, ramulis tenuif- fimis. Æſchinomene caule hiſpido, foliolis acuminatis, leguminum articulis ſub- orbiculatis. L. Sp. Pl. Hedyſarum caule hirſuto, mimoja foliis, &c. Slo. Cat. 74. Hedyfarum annuum, minus Zeylonicum. Bur. Thez. Zey. The flender ſenſitive Æſchinomene. This plant is very common in many places, on the ſouth-ſide of the iſland; eſpe- cially about Old-barbour, and near Mr. Ellet ſon's, in the lower hills of Liguanea. It is a delicate ſlender plant, and grows rarely above two feet and a half, or three feet, in height; but it ſeldom ſtands upright. ZOOPHTHALMUM 1. Siliquis majoribus birtis tranſverſe fulcatis, pedun- culis communibus tenuibus longiſīmis flexilibuſque appenſis. Phaſeolus Braſilianus fruteſcens, &c. Pk. t. 213. f. 2. U Phaſeolus Indicus lobis villoſis pruritum excitantibus. Muf. & Thez. Zey. bei The Ox-eye Bean. Periantium Monophyllum, tubulato-campanulatum, bilabiatum : labium ſu- rius re&tum, obtufum & leniter crenatum : rinferius majus, tridentatum, Corolla Leguminoſa: vexillum maximum, rectum, cordatum, ad apicem le- niter crenatum, cæteris fructificationis partibus incumbens : alæ oblonga, ad ungues aurita, & carina adnata : carina oblonga compreja; petalis rectis, fuperne liberis, ad ungues adnatis. Stamina. Filamenta decem diadelphia : fuperius anthera depreffà donatum ; inferiora vero antheris oblongis; prædita funt. Piſtillum. Suſtentaculum nullum, germen oblongum; ftylus longus; ſtigma obtufum fimplex. Pericarpium. Siliqua major, ſubcompreſſa, hirta & tranſverſe fulcata, ad utrumque marginem craſſa, feminibus paucis referta. Semina Orbiculata fubcompreſſa, putamine duriſſimo tecta, & faſcid tri- colori variegata, per totam fere marginem duetá, notata. This plant is very common in the inland parts of Jamaica, and climbs to the top of the talleſt trees in the wood, throwing down its long ſlender flower- (talks 10 2 296 THE NATURAL HISTORY ſtalks to a moderate diſtance from the alæ of the upper ribs, from whence they ge- nerally riſe: theſe are not above the thickneſs of a common packthread, but feldom under four or five feet in length, and bear the flowers in cluſters at their extremities. The plant carries three leaves on every common foot-ſtalk, like the Phafeoli; and, like moſt of that claſs, raiſes itſelf by a ſlender winding ſtem. I have ſeen the ſeeds of another ſpecies of this fort, in Mr. Baker's curious col- lection: he had it from the Eaſt-Indies. Sp. Pl. CYTISUS 1. Fruticoſus, erectus, ramofus, triphyllus ; foliis fubcinereis ob- longis; vexillo variegato; filiquâ compreſſá, ad femina torofa. Cytiſus racemis axillaribus erectis, foliolis fublanceolatis tomentofis. L. Cytiſus folio molli incano ſiliquis orobi, &c. Thez. Zey. t. 37, Laburnum humilius, filiqua inter grana, & grana juneta. Slo. Cat. 139. Pigeon or Angola Peas. This ſhrub is frequently cultivated by the negroes, becauſe it is a perennial, and does not require ſo much care. It grows commonly to the height of four or five feet, and bears a great many pods. The ſeeds are much uſed among the poorer fort of people, and reckoned a hearty wholeſome pulſe. CYTISUS? 2. Fruticoſus, eretus & villoſus; foliis plurimis pinnatis, Spicis florum terminalibus. Surinam Poiſon, or the fmaller ſhrubby Cytiſus. Periantium Cyathiforme quinquedentatum, laciniis fuperioribus minoribus & minus profunde divifis. Corolla Leguminofa ; vexillum majus, ere&to-patens: alæ oblonge, carina longiores: carina ſemilunata, elongata & leniter compreſa. Stamina. Diadelpbia regularia. Piſtillum. Germen oblongum; ftylus fubulatus villoſus: ſtigma acutum. Pericarpium. Siliqua longa jubtéres cylindracea, feminibus plurimis referta. This plant has been introduced to Jamaica from the main, and is now cul- tivated in many parts of the iſland, on account of its intoxicating qualities. It is a fpreading ſhrubby plant, and riſes generally to the height of five or fix feet. The leaves and branches of this plant, being well pounded, and thrown into any river, pond, or creek, are obſerved to infect the waters very ſoon; by which all the fiſh are immediately intoxicated, and riſe and float upon the ſurface, as if they were dead; from whence they are eaſily taken. But moſt of the large ones that are left, recover from this trance, after a ſhort time; tho' the greateſt part of the ſmall fry periſh on thoſe occaſions. ICHTHYOMETHIA 1. Foliis pinnatis ovatis, racemis terminalibus, filiquis quadrialatis . Erythrina foliis pinnatis, leguminibus membranaceis tetragonis. L. Sp. Pl. Phaſeolo afinis arbor Indica Coral dieta polyphyllos. Pk. t. 104. f. 3. & 263. f. 3. 3 ts, Coral arbor polyphylla, non ſpinofa. Slo. Cat. 143. & H. t. 176. Dog-wood. Periantium Monophyllum, ventricoſum, breve, quadricrenatum : laciniâ fu- periori majori, obtuſa. Corolla Leguminofa ; vexillum amplum fubrotundum, limbo reflexo. 1 vodi do got Stamina. a OF Ј А М А Т с А. 297 Stamina. Filamenta decem diadelphia regularia. Piſtillum. Suſtentaculum breve; germen compreſſum oblongum; ftylus breviss ſtigma oblongum reflexum. Pericarpium. Legumen oblongum quadrialatum. Semina Pauca oblonga. This tree is a native of Jamaica, and grows chiefly in the low lands, where it generally riſes to the height of twenty or thirty feet; fometimes more. It flowers about the month of May or Yune, and throws out all its bloſſoms before the ap- pearance of the foliage; but the leaves ſucceed pretty ſoon, and are regularly diſpo- ſed on common ribs upon the ſmaller branches. The bark of the root of this tree is uſed for the ſame purpoſes, and with the ſame effects, as the leaves and branches of Surinam poiſon, already deſcribed: it is pounded, and mixed with the water in ſome deep and convenient part of the river, or creek, &c. from whence it may ſpread itſelf more diffuſively around; and in a few minutes after it is well mingled, you'll ſee the fiſh, that lay hitherto hid under the neighbouring rocks, or banks, riſing to the ſurface, where they float as if they were dead ; in which ſituation they con- tinue for a conſiderable time: but moſt of the large ones that are left, recover after a time; while the ſmaller fry are all deſtroyed, and float upon the ſurface, for ſome days after. The eel is the only fish I have obſerved, that could not be intoxicated with the common doſes of this bark, tho' it affects it very fenfibly; for the moment the particles ſpread where it lies, it moves off, and ſwims with great agility thro' the water : I have ſometimes ſeen them chaſed to and fro, in this manner, for ſome minutes, without being any ways altered, The tree is generally conſidered as one of the beſt timber-trees in the iſland. The wood is very hard, and reſinous; and laſts almoſt equally in or out of water. It is of a light brown colour, coarſe, croſs-grained, and heavy. а ICHTHYOMETHIA 2. Foliis oblongo-ovatis, pinnatis; filiquis compreſis oblongis. The Mountain Dog-wood. This tree is ſo like the foregoing, both in appearance and ſmell, as well as in the grain and texture of its wood; that a man can hardly diſtinguiſh the one from the other, until he obſerves the fruit; which, in this, is quite compreſſed and plain. It grows to a very conſiderable ſize; and the wood (which is rather darker than that of the other fort, and equally as good,) may be had almoſt to any di- menſions. GLYCINE 1. Scandens, foliolis pinnatis, Spicis nodoſis axillaribus. Glicine foliis pinnatis conjugatis, pinnis ovatis oblongis obtufis. L. Sp. Pl. Phaſeolus arboreus alatus & volubilis major, &c. Pk. t. 214. f. 5. Phaſeolus glycyrrhizites folio alato, &c. Slo. Cat. 70. & H. t. 112, f. 4. The Wild Liquorice, or Red-Bead Vine. This weakly climbing plant is very common among the buſhes, in all the low lands of Jamaica. The infuſion of the leaves, and tops, is much uſed in all our ſugar-colonies; and obſerved to open both the body and the ſkin, very mildly: it helps expectoration ; relieves all loads of the breaſt, proceeding from temporary colds; and is frequently uſed as a diluent in fevers; and the more generally liked, as the taſte is ſomewhat ſweetiſh, but does not leave any clammineſs upon the palate. The ſeeds are of a very beautiful ſcarlet colour, with a black ſpot on one ſide. They are of a very deleterious nature, and cannot be taken inwardly without great danger ; though, if ſwallowed whole, they commonly pafs entire, and are feldom attended with many of thoſe violent ſymptoms that follow when taken in powder; which always 4 H 298. THE NATURAL HISTORY 3 a always works both upwards and downwards, with the greateſt violence; the opea ration being attended with anxiety and convullive ſpaſms. Herman ſays, that three or four ſeeds is a mortal doſe; but that he has made an extract from the roots, no ways inferior to that obtained from the roots of liquorice. See Muf. Zey. pag. 16. GLYCINE 2. Sylveſtre ſcandens, foliis pinnato-ternatis, floribus Spicatis.; filiquis biſpermibus medio coar&tatis. The climbing trifoliated Red-Bead Vine. I have never ſeen but one plant of this fort; it grows wild, a little below the De- coy, in St. Mary's; climbs to a conſiderable height, and bears a good many flowers towards the top. GLYCINE 3. Arboreum, foliis oblongis, ſeminibus majoribus, The Red-Bead Tree. I have ſeen this tree pretty often in Mountſerat, where it grows naturally. It riſes by a moderate trunk, and ſpreads a good deal towards the top. The ſeeds are pretty large, and well marked with a proportioned black ſpot, like thoſe of the two other ſpecies. CLITORIA 1. Major ſcandens, foliis fubrotundo-ovatis, floribus geminatis, Clitoria foliis ternatis; calicibus campanulatis, geminatis. L. Sp. Pl. The larger climbing Clitoria. Is botas CLITORIA 2. Minor ſcandens, foliis fubvilloſis oblongo-ovatis, floribus gee minatis, Clitoria foliis ternatis. L. H.C. The ſmaller Clitoria, with downy leaves. Both theſe ſpecies are natives of Jamaica ; but the firſt fort is very rare: I found it near Mr. Whitehorn's, in St. Ann's, where it grew very luxuriantly. The other ſpecies is pretty common in all the hills and lower lands of the iſland. GALACTIA 1. Foliis ovatis glabris pinnato-ternatis, Spicis elongatis termi- nalibus. Tab. 32. f. 2. Phaſeolus minor lacteſcens, &c. Slo. Cat. & H. t. 114. The Galattia, with ſmooth leaves, and long reddiſh flowers. Periantium Duplex: exterius diphyllum, minimum, deciduum; interius breve, campanulatum, quadridentatum, lacinia fuprema & infima majoribus. Corolla Leguminoſa, pentapet ala; petalis omnibus longis, anguſtis: vex- WOT illum re&tum, cæteris latius, incumbens. 3d Stamina. Filamenta decem diadelphi a regularia : antheræ ovata. Piſtillum. Germen tenue ; ſtylus rectus ſubulatus ; ftigma acutum. tie b Pericarpium. Siliqua longa tenuis, feminibus plurimis fubrotundis, referta. This plant grows chiefly in the lower hills; and is eafily diſtinguiſhed by its long reddiſh flowers, milky branches, and ſmooth leaves. It is a weakly climber, and raiſes itfelf by the help of the neighbouring buſhes, to the height of eight or nine feet, the uſual limits of its growth. TRIFOLIUM 1. Procumbens, foliis ciliatis nervoſis; filiculis monoſpermibus, acuminatis, quinqueftriatis. Anonis Continuing 20 SIIS 25 1 OF JA M A ICA 299 Anonis non ſpinoſa minor glabra procumbens, &c. Slo. Cat. 75. 8 H. t. 1195 An, Trifolium procumbens Zey. &c. Burm. Thez, Zey. t. 106. The ſmall creeping Trefoil, with ciliated leaves. This ſmall plant is not uncommon in the low lands of Liguanea : it is a creeper, and ſeldom runs above ſeven or eight inches in length. The leaves are ſmall, beautifully nerved, ciliated, and ſhining; and the pods, which feldom exceed two lines in length, never contain above one ſeed. TRIFOLIUM 2. Suberectum & ſubhirſutum ; ſiliculis minoribus, fingularibus. Loto pentaphyllo filiquofo & villoſo fimilis, Anonis, &c. Slo. Cat. 75. & H. t. 119. The ſmall downy fub-erect Trefoil. This plant is rather more common than the foregoing: it grows in the low lands, and riſes generally to the height of twelve or fourteen inches. Both forts are kind paſture herbs. TRIFOLIUM 3. Repens, foliis maculatis, floribus conglobatis, pedunculis longis axillaribus. Trifolium Spicis ovalibus, calicibus inflatis, &c. L. Sp. Pl. & H. C. The common field Trefoil, or Clover-graſs . This plant was introduced to Jamaica fome years ago, and planted at Captain Fones's, in the mountains of New Liguanea; where it now grows very luxuriantly without any ſort of care. I. 3 ECASTAPHYLLUM 1. Fruteſcens, reclinatum; foliis ovato-acuminatis, in- tegris, alternis. Tab. 32. f. 1. f The ſhrubby Ecaſtaphyllum, with ſingle leaves. Periantium Breve campanulatum, quinquedentatum ; laciniis ſuperioribus majoribus, obtufioribus, minus profunda diviſis. Corolla Leguminoſa: vexillum obcordatum reflečtens; alæ oblonga, longi- tudine fere vexilli, unguibus tenuibus incidentes; carina ſub- bog compreſa, cocbleata, ad apicem bifida. Stamina. Filamenta decem, in duos faſciculos compreffos, æquales adnata; faſciculis ad latera germinis fitis. Piſtillum. Suſtentaculum oblongum : germen oblongum compreſum ; ftylus brevis fimplex : ftigma fimplex ſubacutum. Pericarpium. Siliqua lata compreſa, feminibus paucis reniformibus com- prefis, referta. This ſhrubby plant is not uncommon in the low lands about Kingſton : it chiefly in ſwampy places, and runs generally to the length of ſeven or eight feet, in an oblique direction from the root. When the plant is young, the more ten- der leaves are beſet with down; but this falls off as they grow more hardy, and in time, they appear quite ſmooth: they are always ſingle in this plant. BRYA 1. Arboreſcens, erecta, Spinofa ; foliolis confertis, floribus geminatis. Tab. f. 2. 019 Aſpalathus arboreus, feu pſeudo-ebenus, &c. Slo. Cat. 140. & H. t. 175. , & Sideroxylum alterum. L. H. C. & Spinofum. Sp. Pl. Ega Jamaica Ebony Periantium grows 300 THE NATURAL HISTORY Periantium Monophyllum, campanulatum, profundè quinquedentatum. Corolla Leguminoja: vexillum cordatum, reflexum ; alæ oblonga, longitu- dine fere vexilli, unguibus tenuibus parieti calici adnatæ : ca- rina oblonga ; petalis, ad apicem & bafim, Sejunétis. Stamina. Filamenta novem vel decem, diadelphia, regularia. Piſtillum. Germen oblongum, compreffum, ad alterum marginem re&tum, ad alterum, in duos lobos profundè crenatum ; ftylus fubulatus, ſtaminibus longior; ſtigma acutum. Pericarpium, Siliqua latiuſcula compreſſa bivalvis, in duos lobos mono- Spermes fubrotundos ad alterum marginem profundè cre- nata. a This ſhrubby tree is common in all the lower hills and Savannas of Jamaica; and grows generally to the height of fourteen or fifteen feet: but the ſtalk ſeldom exceeds three or four inches in diameter. It is a fine timber-wood, has a ſmooth even grain, and takes a fine poliſh; but the ſmall dimenſions of its trunk render it fit only for few purpoſes. The slender branches of this thrub, are very tough and flexile: they are, for this reaſon, frequently uſed for riding-ſwitches; and gene- rally kept at all the wharfs about Kingſton, to ſcourge the refractory flaves. LOTUS? 1. Erectus ; foliis lanceolatis, pinnato-ternatis, ad apices denticula- tis; foribus denſe Spicatis, terminalibus. Surinam Grafs. This plant was lately introduced to Jamaica, from ſome of the Dutch ſettle- ments, and cultivated in the mountains back of Bull-bay, where it thrives well. I have not ſeen it in ſeed; but the characters of the flower agree very well with thoſe of the Lotus, as they are laid down by Linneus. 3 To HEDYSARUM 1. Triphyllum minus, tenue & ramoſum ; foliis ovatis glabris, quandoque maculatis; filiquis compreſſis, variè con- tortis. The flender reclining Fmoroch Honey-fuckle. HEDYSARUM 2. Triphyllum minus, foliolis obtufis, filiquis reétis fubcom- preffis articulatis. The ſmalleſt herbaceous French Honey-ſuckle, with ſtraight pods. ON Both theſe ſpecies are very ſmall, and frequent among the graſs, in all the Sa- vannas about Kingſton and Spaniſh Town: the latter feldom riſes above eight or nine inches ; but the other grows fometimes to the height of two feet, or better; and is generally found ſtretching among the lower graſs, unleſs ſupported by ſome neigh- bouring plant or ſhrub, HEDYSARUM 3. Gracillimum repens, caule birto trigono, foliis pinnato- ternatis ſetula terminatis. The weakly French Honey-fuckle, with a triangular ſtem. I found this little plant in one of the Pinguin fences, near Old-harbour; where it generally ſhoots to the height of three feet, or better. It is a weakly plant, and requires a ſupport. Its rough and ſlender ſtem diſtinguiſhes it very fufficiently from all the other ſpecies. HEDYSARUM 4. Minimum triphyllum, foliolis linearibus. The ſmalleſt French Honey-fuckle, with very narrow leaves. I found 2 OF ЈА CA. 300 JÁ MÁ I м А А. I found this uncommon little plant on Coftly's hill: it never riſes above ſeven or eight inches in height. HEDYSARUM 5. Triphyllum majus repens, foliis venoſis ovatis, Spicis ter- minalibus & alaribus. Hedyfarum trifoliatum ſpicatum, foliis oblongis glabris. Thez, Zey. t. 53. The larger creeping French Honey-ſuckle. HEDYSARUM 6. Triphyllum majus repens ; ſcapis axillaribus, aſurgentibus, inferne nudis, fuperne picatis, The larger creeping French Honey-ſuckle, with naked flower-ſtems. Both theſe creeping plants are very like each other, and generally obſerved to run many feet from the main roots: but they commonly caſt a few radical fibres from all the joints that touch the ground, which greatly forwards their luxuriant growth. The leaves are marked with ſome prominent veins on the under-ſide, and ſeldom un- der an inch and a half in length. Both the ſpecies are pretty common in the more ſhady hills of Jamaica. a HEDYSARUM 7. Triphyllum, maximum, ſcandens; caule trigono, birtis uncinatis munito; ſpicis amplis terminalibus. The large climbing French Honey-ſuckle. This plant is pretty frequent in Jamaica, and a native of the mountains: it is a climber, and raiſes itſelf generally to the top of the talleſt trees in the wood. The ſtem is triangular, and every where beſet with ſmall hooked briſtles, or rough hairs. The leaves are oval, and much like thoſe of the Kidney-bean tribe; and all the branches terminate in ſo many large and beautiful flower-ſpikes. The plant is moſt common about Hope-river. HEDYSARUM 8. Caulefcens erectum triphyllum, floribus minimis, fpicis laxis terminalibus. Hedyſarum triphyllum ere&tum, &c. Slo. Cat. 73. & H. t. 116. The larger erect French Honey-fuckle. This plant is pretty frequent in the more remote hills, and inland parts of the illand: it grows erect, and riſes generally to the height of two feet and a half, or better. The leaves are moderately large; and the ſtipula, that ſhoot about their inſertions, roundiſh and broad, HEDYSARUM 9. Triphyllum, birfutum, minus, repens; racemis ftri&tis bir- Jutis. The Hare’s-foot French Honey-ſuckle. I found this rare and curious ſpecies of the Hedyſarum, a little beyond Guy's hill, in the road between Sixteen-mile-walk, and St. Mary's. It grows in tufts, and feldom riſes above fixteen or ſeventeen inches from the root. HEDYSARUM 10. Herbaceum, procumbens; foliis geminatis; ſpicis folio- latis, terminalibus. Hedyfarum foliis binatis petiolatis, floralibus fefilibus. L. Sp. Pl. Hedyſarum bifolium, foliolis ovatis, filiquis afperis. Thez. Zey. t. 50. Onobrichis maderafpatana diphyllos, &c. Pk, Phy. t. 102. f. 1. 4 I The 302 THE NATURAL HISTORY 790 : S3 cies: a The ſmaller French Honey-fuckle, with coupled leavesnt made na నిగి blo This plant is very common in all the Savannas about Old-barbour, and many other parts of the iſland : it feldom riſes above fixteen or ſeventeen inches in height; is furniſhed with leaves, diſpoſed by couples, on common foot-ſtalks; and bears its numerous yellow flowers, on foliated ſpikes, at the extremities of the branches. sisviluotsdt slodeinela con nom od non vloob HEDYSARUM 11. Pentaphyllum minus, reclinatum.r 10 asupis99 o 299) di w911 yllevang jud The ſmaller pentaphyllous French Honey-fuckle. ooit msgs more I have met with this curious ſpecies near the barracks, in the road thro' the mountains of Weſtmoreland : it is a weakly reclining plant, and ſeldom grows above fixteen 'or eighteen inches in length. It is generally found in beds. biosis 9189 Siom il no1 bato vino Boon Gott 01 gribrou 18 INDIGOFERA 1. Decompofita, diffuſa, minor & humilior; ramis gracilibus. Indigofera leguminibus arcuatis incanis, racemis folio brevioribus. L. Sp. Pl. ad esimo Indigofera L.H. C. & anil five Indigo Indica, Moriſ. & Caachira. Pif. 198. 2o Do Colutea Indica humilis ex qua Indigo, folio viridi. Muf. & Thez. Zey. edino b.Coluteæ afinis fruticoſa floribus Spicatis, &c. Slo. Cat. 141. & H. t. 179. brics bas brooo od to qor The Indigo Plant. budete solo atan antar a: 79: , duinot 100 bao This plant is not ſo hardy, nor does it give ſo good a pulp as the following ſpe- but it yields a great deal more of the dye than either of them; and is, for that reaſon, generally preferr’d, though ſubject to a great many more miſchan- cesos The plant ſeldom riſes above two feet and a half in height, and ſeems to di- vide, rather than to branch in its growth. ug 9) libro Bau di IC sgtede to ownshiwabarodnosno doidw llaw od: Floqiuqted 20t boosla 790 not deiw INDIGOFERA 2. Afſurgens minufque diviſa, ramulis craffioribus ftriatis, 918 4191 sad od bollson Spicis axillaribus. 0931 od Tbosql_791801890 -189d ni blo ed of bsbn The Guatimala Indigo Plant.rab. 1915fiib lo abso sd ot sliezot binibus tartad 10 gnishow 70 gui This plant is much hardier than the foregoing, and affords a finer pulp: but it does not yield ſo great a quantity of it; and is only cultivated where the ſeaſons are not ſo certain, or in mixt fields. It grows commonly to the height of three or four feet, and throws out a good many ſub-erect branches as it riſes. 1o aism orli wolad od bluont ameftis slot si qoob INDIGOFERA 3. Aſurgens, fubvilloſa & fubcinerea ; ramulis craffioribus; sood swallop toplo od borloqob teha ſiliquis arcuatis, brevioribus, reflexo-patentibus. tu ai -20d ads avods adoni smo) be. The wild Indigo. Yd to awerb ei biult 19des to This laſt fpecies is very common in Jamaica, and grows wild in all the Savannas , where, doubtleſs, it had been cultivated in former times: for there, we often meet with ſome of thoſe Indigo-works, that were then built; which remain very perfect to this day. The plant is harder than any of the other forts, and grows very luxu- riantly even in the dryeſt Savanna lands; but it does not yield ſo much pulp as either of them: the dye, however, that is extracted from it, is generally the beſt; of a fine copperiſh caſt, and a cloſe grain. bidw metro All the ſpecies ſeem to thrive beſt in a free rich ſoil, and a warm ſituation ; but, to anſwer the labourers toil to his ſatisfaction, they ſhould be cultivated where they may be pretty frequently refreſhed with moiſture. All the different forts are now propagated in every part of America, where Indigo is made ; and generally cultiva- ted and manufactured in the following manner, viz. lows diw bodinut olls Having firſt choſen a proper piece of ground, and cleared ſuch a part of it as you purpoſe for the immediate culture of this vegetable; you may begin to plant in any ſeaſon of the year: but the land muſt be firſt howed into little trenches, nor above two inches, or two inches and a half, in depth ; nor more slod godt stup97 5990 20 10W 4300-10 1911 Up 1321 tad 95 5 а than erallor S are Yя о тог ЈА мА І с OF .ΤΑ HT JA A M I A. 303 than fourteen or fifteen inches afunder: the feeds are ftrewed pretty thick in the bottom of theſe, and immediately covered from the adjoining banks, where the mould of the trenches was laid. But, as the plants ſhoot, the field ſhould be frequently weeded; and kept conſtantly clean, until they riſe and ſpread fufficiently to cover the ground.de 1912 wolf wolley avoir un Tho' this be the moſt regular method of raiſing theſe plants, thoſe that cultivate great quantities of them, are ſeldom ſo formal in the diſpoſition of their fields; and only ſtrew the ſeeds pretty thick, in little ſhallow pits, howed up irregularly, but generally diſpoſed within four, five, or fix inches of one another ; covering them again from the banks, as we obſerved in the other method. The plants, raiſed in this manner, obſerved to anſwer as well, or rather better than the others; but they require more care and attention in the weeding: the diſtances must be, however, varied, ac- cording to the fort you cultivated; theſe being the moſt commonly uſed for the firft ſpecies . The plants grow to full perfection in two or three months ; a and are generally obſerved to anſwer beſt, when cut in full bloſſom. Your feeds being thus fowed, your next care muſt be to ſee that the works be ready, and in good order; well cemented, terraſſed, and ſeaſoned. Theſe conſiſt of three or five ſquare ciſterns, or vatts, made gradually ſmaller : and fo ſituated on the fide of ſome riſing ground, as to have the plain at the top of the ſecond and third upon a line with the bottom of the firſt, or a little lower; and the plain at the top of the fourth and fifth, upon a line with, or lower than, the bottom of the ſecond and third. The firſt, which is the largeſt and called the ſteeper, is generally made about eight or ten feet ſquare, by four deep; and opens into the ſecond, or fe- cond and third, by one or two round holes, made cloſe to the bottom; fo as to diſ- charge all the tincture readily: theſe generally run through a log of ſome hard tim- ber, placed for that purpoſe, in the wall; which is ſometimes bored with two or three holes, placed one over the other , or triangularly ; to diſcharge the liquor with the greater ſpeed. The ſecond, or ſecond and third vatts, called the beaters, are made of different dimenſions; according to the method intended to be uſed in beat- ing or working of the tincture: for if you have but one ciſtern, and intend to work up the liquor with hand-buckets; it ſhould be eight or ten feet ſquare, and fix, or fix and a half deep: but if you have two ciſterns, and intend to beat your t tinc- ture with an engine; they ſhould be ſo deep as to hold all the liquor a good way below the main, or horizontal axis , into which the buckets are fixed; and the walls, in thoſe ciſterns, ſhould be nearly as high over the rollers, as the as the ciſtern is deep e below them; to keep the tincture from being waſted. After the liquor is well beat in theſe ciſterns, it is left to ſettle; and when the pulp is depoſited, the clear in- cumbent fluid is drawn off by a convenient vent, placed ſome inches above the bot- tom of each ciſtern; and the remaining magma diſcharged into the fourth and fifth ciſterns, by convenient outlets, placed cloſe to the bottom; like thoſe in the firſt, Theſe laſt ciſterns are but ſmall; they are, however, generally made ſquare, and pro- portioned to the quantity of pulp ſuch works commonly produce at a time. The beſt engine I have feen for beating of Indigo, was built in the following form, viz. In the intermediate ſpace between the two beaters or main ciſteros, and in the middle of a line drawn through the center of both, you raiſe a main column; which is fixt ſo as to move with a point, or pivot, lodged upon a ground- fil, at the bottom; and ſecured with a convenient frame at the top; where it alſo moves by a pivot, in a beam, or timber that runs from the upper part of the wall of one of the beaters, to the oppoſite wall of the other. This column is ſupplied, below the center, with a pair of arms, by which it is turned round; and, over this, it is alſo furniſhed with a wheel, well fupplied with coggs, fixed ſo as to riſe in a perpen- dicular direction to the plane of the wheel : theſe, as the main column turns round, work either or both the horizontal rollers, into which the buckets are fixed; and which are ſo contrived, at the ends adjoining to the main column, as to be wedged higher or lower, at pleaſure ; ſo that one, or both, may work as need requires . Theſe rollers AG a 2 s 304 T HE NATURAL HISTORY rollers run horizontally thro’ the middle of the beaters, or main ciſterns; and, be- ing lodged upon pivots in the further walls, paſs thro' two holes in the nearer, and move again by pins, in a frame dropped (from the upper beam, or timber, that lies between the walls) parallel to the main column; being each ſupplied with a ſett of coggs, to work in thoſe of the main wheel: and, at proper diſtances, within the beaters, they are alſo furniſhed with three or four croſs arms, to the ends of which are fixed twice ſo many pyramidal and truncated veſſels , open at both ends; to run thro' and agitate the liquor the better. Each of theſe is of a moderate ſize; and, if bottomed, would hold between two and three quarts. The whole frame is moved with great eaſe and celerity, by one horſe; for whoſe courſe, fufficient room is always left between the beaters, in the building of the works; which occaſions them to project beyond the angles of the ſteeper. With this machine you may beat more liquor, in half or three quarters of an hour, than fix negroes can do in fix: ſo that it fully anſwers the expence and labour ; and fre- quently brings a weakly and imperfect tincture, to grain, which could be hardly done without infinite labour, other ways. Your works now ready and fit for uſe, you begin to manufacture your Indigo in the following manner, viz. The plants are cut with rape-hooks, a few inches above the root: they are then tied in loads ; carried to the works; and laid by ſtrata in the ſteeper. When this is pretty full, the weed is overlaid with boards, and theſe ſupported by props, from the beams that overlay the ciſtern: theſe being well fettled, you put in as much water as will cover the weed, and leave it to digeſt, and ferment, until the greateſt part of the pulp is extracted; without letting the tender tops of the weed Fun to putrefaction, which would ſpoil the whole. On this critical juncture chiefly depends both the quantity and quality of your Indigo ; and in the inanagement of this point alone, she judgment of the planter chiefly conſiſts: he muſt be there- fore very cautious and watchful to know it perfectly; for if he draws off the water but two hours too ſoon, he loſes the greateſt part of the pulp; and if the fermenta- tion runs but two hours too long, the whole is ſpoiled. To avoid both inconveni- ences, you muſt, when the fermentation riſes, frequently draw out a handful of the weed; and when you find the tops grow very tender, and pale ; and obſerve the ſtronger leaves to change their colour to a leſs lively pale ; you may be fure you are then at the proper point, and ought to draw off the liquor without delay. But you ſoon learn to know this critical juncture, by the height of the fermentation, and grain of the tincture; of which you may frequently beat a little in a ſilver cup, or a foop-plate, for that purpoſe; tho' the other is, by far, the beſt and fureft way, until a perſon is well experienced in the courſe of the operation. The pulp being thus extracted, the vents are opened, and the tincture diſcharged by the proper taps, into the beaters; where it is agitated and worked up by two or three negroes, each with a bucket fixed to the end of a pole, (or by a proper engine,) who continue this labour, until the dye begins to granulate, or float in little fio- culæ in the water; which ſeparation is greatly forwarded by a gradual addition of ſome clear lime water. But a perſon muſt cautiouſly diſtinguiſh the different ſtages of this part of the operation alſo; and carefully examine the appearance and colour of the floculæ, as the work advances : for the grain paſſes gradually from a greeniſh to a fine blue, which is the proper colour of the floculæ, when the liquor is ſufficiently worked; too ſmall a degree of agitation leaving the grain green and coarſe, while too vigorous an action brings it to be almoſt black. But the different ſtages may be eaſily diſtinguiſhed on examining a ſmall quantity of the liquor in a ſilver cup, from time to time, as the proceſs advances; and a little experience will ſoon learn you to know them as well by a ſingle drop upon your nail; ſo that you may ſtop at any degree of height, and have your Indigo of a deep copperiſh blue, or of a paler colour, as you chufe: and when the liquor, in which the floculæ ſwim, is quite clear, you may be ſatisfied there is lime-water enough; but this muſt be very clean, for otherways your Indigo will be very much ſpeckled; and not in too great a quan- tity, which would make it too hard, and of a greyiſh caft. The 4 a a a a 9 o F Ј А М А Т с А. 305 9 The liquor being now well beat, and the pulp granulated; it is left undiſturbed until the floculæ ſettle at the bottom: then the incumbent water is diſcharged by a tap, fixed for that purpoſe, a few inches above the floor of the ciſtern; and the magma, or mud, let out by a lower vent into its proper receptacles. This is again, by ſome, put into a cauldron, and heated over a gentle fire, but not ſo far as to boil; and then emptied into little ozenbrick bags to drain : by others it is not heated, but immediately put into the like bags to drain ; and when fufficiently cured that way, it is, by all, put into little ſquare boxes, whoſe fides muſt not be above four inches deep; that it may dry the ſooner, and without crumbling, which it is otherways apt to do. Good Indigo ſhould be of a fine copperiſh blue colour, deep, and ſhining, with a ſmooth grain; it ſhould break eaſily, ſwim in water, and burn very freely, leaving ſome fine white cinders behind. The faults in Indigo generally ariſe, 1. From too long a putrefaction; and then it is of a dirty caſt, and looks like black mould, or mud. 2. From too little beating; and then it is of a coarſe grain and green colour. 3. From too much beating, which always gives it a black colour. 4. From over-heating, which makes the grain very a coarſe; but the colour is ſeldom vitiated by this. 5. From a mixture of ſome par- ticles of the lime, or too great a quantity of the water ; which renders it hard. The quantity of the pulp falls ſometimes below expectation, 1. For want of pro- per ſeaſons; whereby the growth of the plants is ftunted. 2. For want of a fuffi: cient degree of fermentation ; for then the ſtronger leaves do ſtill retain a confider- able part of the dye. 3. For want of a due granulation; which oftens happens, where lime-water is not uſed: the menftruum, in ſuch caſes, never ſettles well, and depoſites but an inconſiderable part of the ſubſtance. This valuable commodity is the only ingredient known to dye a fine blue: but the culture of the plant has been wholly neglected among the Engliſh, for many years; though no part of the world affords a better ſoil, or more commodious ſitua- tions for that purpoſe, than Jamaica. The people, however, now begin to plant it, both there and in South Carolina ; and it is not doubted but the ſucceſs will an- ſwer their expectations. It is principally uſed in dyes and paintings. be N. B. Seventeen negroes are ſufficient to manage twenty acres of Indigo, through- out the year ; and do other work, at times. And one acre of rich land, well planted, will, with good ſeaſons and proper management, yield five hundred pounds of Indigo in twelve months: for the plant ratoons, and gives four or five crops a year, but muſt be replanted afterwards. One negroe's load of good plants, will produce one pound of good Indigo. fa ers it e grey and a a 02 DONDE CLASS 4K 2011 ಮg) dan dagbolto ng balita Cobos bei la blugwi 306 THE NATURAL HISTORY words SN Dosos baſe. Tigre Both sido hand of ques979 olsa (635 bin Wils svswonovo Ons briwang Ad bh b c L AS CL S XVIII. (serodra hofst Of the Polyadelphia; or Vegetables that have their Filaments joined into three or more bundles at the od 5 Biz siw bogusest yleisnimuoliboi zados E C CT T.I. Honda bis benecos badow Wirigri010Of ſuch as have but five Filaments in every Flower. (138 beisb97 THEOBROMA 1. Foliis oblongo-cordatis, ferratis, ab altero latere majori- THEO bus; fructu minori ſcabro. Theobroma foliis ferratis. L. Sp. Pl. & H.C. NOG Stroke conso Guazuma. Plum. t. 18. care temor omists Alim Alni fručtu mori folia arbor, &c. Slo. Cat. 135. 11919 yliminar 1 510sisiborami obor Baſtard Cedar. Si9Risvolstadt 941 19 con o siwon Ilow bas sds lla bamsetts This tree is a native of Jamaica; and peculiar to the low lands, where it often forms a very agreeable ſhade for the cattle: and frequently ſupplies them with food in dry weather, when all the herbage of the fields is burned up, or exhauſted; moſt ſorts being obſerved to feed very greedily both upon the fruit and foliage of the tree. The ſeeds are very mucilaginous, but, otherways, agreeable to the palate. The wood is light, and ſo eaſily wrought, that it is generally uſed by our coach and chaiſe makers in all the ſide-pieces. The flowers grow in cluſters at the alæ of US 159 or aigud ebb odb9119tarist 915 790 H5 of blo siq banque b THEOBROMA 2. Fručtu ovato-acuminato, ſubverrucoſo, decem fulcis longi- 25913 907 to 2900and bit tudinalibus fubarato. sen Cachaos. Mart. 369. . stodobne Daug, bluoma The Chocolate Tree, with long pods., bets 150700l brown ebbud zavoy d 135107 budzasoy od o has need THEOBROMA 3. Fructu fubrotundo, ſubverrucoſo, decem fulcis fubarato. Hi Theobroma foliis integerrimis . L. Sp. Pl. & H. C. Som Cacao. Ger. Ema. &c. Slo. Cat. 134. & H. t. 160. bet givel Cacao. Cateſb. App. t. 6. & Chacolata. Bontii, pag. 198. Bloodheid 10 vlongg bai bom dob dsolby sosydbogenbod angap insis The Chocolate Tree, with round pods. Suislamuoy a Both ſpecies of the Cacao, or Chocolate tree, are pretty frequent in Jamaica; and often found wild in the woods, where doubtleſs they had been cultivated in the time of the Spaniards: but they are ſeldom planted there in regular walks, as they are on the main; where hurricanes are neither ſo frequent, nor ſo deſtructive. The trees are very delicate, and rarely ſurvive when once they are looſened in the ground (a); which is generally the caſe, when they are not well ſhaded, in hurri- cane times : for the ground is then quite ſoft and yielding for the ſpace of many feet under the ſurface; and the force of the wind, often ſuch, as to break or bend the moſt robuſt trees. The Spaniards, to prevent ſuch inconveniences, uſed to in- termix many of the Coral Bean trees (6) (from whence they have been fince, gene- the leaves. vd 300 1000157 (a) The root cankers generally on thoſe occaſions, and decays moſt commonly afterwards : but I query, whether many of them would not recover, had they been pulled up, and pruned both at top and bottom, when they begin to weather; and then tranſplanted ? (6) The Erythrina. rally Yя oo FjА М А Т с ИТА. 307 3 P3 19 $ rally called Mader di Cacao) in their walks; which helped greatly to break the force of the wind, and thereby generally preſerved their Cacao trees. I have, however, feen numbers (c) of them thrive well, without any ſhelter of this kind; and bear the force of many ſtorms without damage: but, probably, they were protected while young, and yet too tender to bear any extraordinary ſhocks; for I generally obſerved them to be planted in a good deep mould, and a warm, well covered ſituation. Theſe trees grow naturally to a moderate ſize; and ſeldom exceed fix or ſeven inches in diameter, or riſe above fifteen or fixteen feet in height. They are very beautiful, and, in general, extremely engaging to the fight, when charged with fruit; which grows from all parts of the trunk, and larger branches, indifcriminately. When the ſeeds are looſe, and rattle in the pods, they are picked off, opened, and the kernels picked out and expoſed daily to the ſun, until they are thoroughly cured, and fit for the ſtore, or market. Theſe ſeeds are remarkably nouriſhing, and agreeable to moſt people; which oc- caſions them to be now commonly kept in moſt houſes in America, as a neceſſary part of the proviſions of the family: they are generally ground or pounded very fine, at leiſure hours; and made into paſte, to be the more in readineſs upon occaſion. It is naturally pretty much charged with oil; but mixes very well with either milk or water, the uſual vehicles with which it is prepared for immediate uſe. It is much eſteemed in all the ſouthern colonies of America ; and well known to make up the principal part of the nouriſhment of moſt of the old people in thoſe parts, as well as of a great number of Jews. The plant is propagated by the ſeed; but requires a great deal of care to raiſe it with ſucceſs. It is generally planted and cultivated in the following manner, viz. You take a full grown pod, that has lain by ſome days; and cut off the top at the point- ed extremity, ſo that the ſeeds may be fully expoſed to view : you then bury it two thirds, or deeper, in mould, in ſome moiſt and ſhady place. In a few days the ſeeds begin to germinate; and then they ought to be taken out, one by one, and tranſplanted in proper beds: but the mould, to which they are transferred, ſhould be rich, well divided, and free; moiſt, properly ſhaded, and diſpoſed at proper di- ftances; ſo as to leave convenient room for the roots and branches of the trees to ſpread in. In each of theſe beds you plant one or two feeds, with the root part downwards, ſcarcely covering them at the top; you then moiſten the mould gently about them, and cover the bed with ſome large leaves, to protect the young budding plants from the more active rays of the fun; which may be ſtill guarded by ſome little ambient bulwark, to ward off ſuch accidents as may happen from heavy rains, or blowing windy weather. They ſeldom require to be watered after the firſt day but, if this ſhould become neceſſary, it muſt be done with great tenderneſs; and is beſt managed, by laying a piece of wet cloth, or ſome watered weeds, gently round the young plant; which, ſhould be left there until the earth ſoaks a ſufficient quantity of the moiſture. But great care muſt be taken not to break off the feed-leaves of the plant, on thoſe occaſions; for theſe are only the tender divided lobes of the kernel, and the loſs of them would wholly prevent its further growth. The plantain-walks afford the moſt natural and agreeable ſhade for thoſe plants, while young; but, as they riſe, they ſhould be ſupplied with a more ſubſtantial guard, to protect them from the inclemencies of the weather ; which ought to be continued until they grow to full perfection, and muſt be removed with caution even then. a (.) There is a ſmall open walk at Dr. Tully's, in Mount ferat, which has ſtood for many years. SO TO cari SECT. 308 THE NATURAL HISTORY CITRU a a BATI SECT. III. Of ſuch as have from eight to twenty Filaments in every Flower. VITRUS 1. Fructu Spherico-ovato, punctato, lævi, minori, acido. Malus Aurantia fruétu limonis pufillo, &c. Slo. Cat. 211. & H. The Lime Tree. This buſhy ſhrub is very common in Jamaica, where it is often raiſed for the fake of its fruit; and not unfrequently planted for fences. When it grows luxuri- antly, it is feldom under twelve or fourteen feet in height, and ſpreads greatly about the top; but it is often ſtunted, and of a ſmaller ftature. The bark and fibres of the root, are excellent ſtrengthening aperitives; and found frequently effec- tual in obſtinate febrile caſes, as well as in weaknefſes and obſtructions of the viſcera. The leaves are generally uſed in diſcutient baths ; and the juice of the fruit, as a principal ingredient in punch: the moſt appropriated and agreeable liquor that can be uſed in any country, where the juices are overheated and in a ferment; as they generally are in moſt people, in thoſe colonies. CITRUS 2. Fručtu ſphærico-ovato, punctato, inſipido; ſuperficie inæquali. The ſweet Lime or Lemon Tree. This tree grows much like the foregoing; but it riſes generally more upright, and bears a fruit which in fize, as well as form, ſeems to hold a mean between the Lime and the Lemon. The juice is very infipid; but the bark and fibres of the root have a great deal of that bitter ſo peculiar to the Lime tree. I have ſeen ſome of theſe at Dr. Brady's, in St. Ann's. O CITRUS 3. Fructu ovato acido, fuperficie inæquali. halom Citrus petiolis linearibus. L. Sp. Pl. solop won ban Limo arbor, ejuſque fructus limo, Cord, &c. Slo. Cat. 209. vody The Lemon Tree. pothu son tudta torta CITRUS 4. Fructu majori acido ovato, ſuperficie inæquali. Brasil to abort The St. Helena Lemon Tree. boog voor blow This tree was but lately introduced to Yamaica: but it is now cultivated by moſt people, on account of its large fruit; one of which frequently yields above half a TIGE pint of juice. Badr bir CITRUS 5. Fruétu Sphærico, punčtato, croceo, acido; cortice interiori Spongioſo; petiolis alatis. Malus Aurantia vulgaris major, &c. Slo. Cat. 210. & H. PO The four or Seville Orange Tree. Theſe two laft fpecies grow more bulky and upright than any of the foregoing; and the juice of their fruits, which is far more mild than that of lime, is generally moſt eſteemed among the natives and old ſtandards, whoſe juices begin to chill: they are, however, differently received by different people, each praiſing moſt, what agrees beſt with his own palate. The juice of the laſt fort is the leaſt uſed in Ja- maica, tho' more mild than any of the reſt; but the rind is much eſteemed in bit- ters, and ſtomachic wines. CITRUS olgoon 1 YO FÍ Y OF J A MA I CA. ЈА А І С А. Е. T 309 CITRUS 6. Fructu oblongo majori, cortice craſſo carnoſo, ſuperficie inequali veficulato. Digitgitt Citrus arbor & malus Citrea Cord. &c. Slo: Cat. 208. & H. om The Citron Tree. The rind of the fruit of this tree is very thick and ſucculent, and makes a fine ſweetmeat. It is ſometimes ſteeped in ſpirits; and to them, when diſtilled, it gives both an agreeable flavour, and its name. 3 CITRUS 7. Fru&tu Sphærico, punčtato, croceo, dulci ; petiolis alatis. MER Citrus petiolis alatis. L. Sp. Pl. Malus Aurantia Sinenſis, &c. Slo. Cat. 211. to be Aurantium, quæ malus Aurantia regia dulcis, &c. Thez. Zey. The China Orange Tree. This tree is very common in moſt parts of Jamaica; and the fruit much eſteem- ed by all ſorts of people. It is always in flower, or bearing fruit, in thoſe parts of the world. CITRUS 8. Fructu Sphærica obovato, maximo; cortice æquali, veſiculato, pal- lidè luteo. UTTLE Malus Aurantia fructu rotundo maximo, &c. Slo. Cat. & H. t. 12. Aurantium, quæ malus Aurantia Indica, fructu omnium maximo. T.Zey: beronquio The Shaddock Tree. il do osilo CITRUS 9. Fručtu Sphærico-ovato minori, cortice equali veſiculató pallida luteo, petiolis alatis. The Forbidden Fruit, or ſmaller Shaddock Tree. Theſe two laſt ſpecies grow to a more conſiderable ſize than any of the others, and are now cultivated in moſt parts of the country; particularly on the ſouth ſide, where they are obſerved to thrive beſt. The fruit of both ſpecies is agreeable to moſt palates, and of a pleaſant grateful flavour; but the laſt excels in ſweetneſs, while the other partakes a little of the bitter, which recommends it to moſt people. The ſeeds of all the ſpecies have a bitterith, but pleaſant taſte; and doubtleſs would make very good emulſions, which may be uſed with great ſucceſs, when the ſtomach is weak or languid, and cannot bear the ſtronger bitters: nor is it im- probable but they may prove an excellent mixture with milk, in conſumptive cafes. They are very ſucceſsfully adminiſtered in dry belly-aches and convulſive ſpaſms; and one of the moſt effectual medicines that can be uſed to reſtore weakly limbs to their former vigour: but it ſhould be continued for a conſiderable time; aided by regularity, and other aſſiſtants; and uſed before the parts are emaciated. a Obf. I do not apprehend that any of thoſe, except the ſecond, fifth, and ninth, can be conſidered as variations; for they generally retain the ſame appear- ances and ſpecific characters, even in the wild ſtate. 9910 SECT. III. Of ſuch as have a great number of Filaments in every Flower. AS SCYRUM 1. Fruticoſum minus, ſupra-decompoſitum ; ramulis gracilibus marginatis; foliis linearibus, Seſilibus, baſi biglandulis. Aſcyrum 4 L 310 THE NATURAL HISTORY . Soft, ONS . blist V157 9 Aſcyrum foliis ovatis, caule compreſſo. L. Sp. Pl. Nobomoak F Hipericoides. Plum, t. 7. martalotaitos ano . za ceinos. I en The ſhrubby Aſcyrum, with ſlender edged branches. al bobivibn Flores fingulares funt & terminales. sidw dT bul from 1 Periantium Quadriphyllum, foliisi exterioribus ovatis, majoribus, op- Maloos te bonozost a poſtis, petala floris fulcientibus : interioribus minimis vix Showing perſpicuis. Holo bag biwibl Corolla Tetrapetala; petalis fere æqualibus, ovatis, erecto-patentibus, ad utrumque latus vergentibus. SUOMOD Stamina. Filamenta numeroſa tenuia erecta, petalis breviora; antheræ globoſa. Piftillum. Germen oblongo-ovatum, leniter compreffum, longitudine fere It ftaminum ; ftylus nullus; ſtigmata bina fimplicia. Pericarpium. Capſula ovato-acuminata unilocularis bivalvis, feminibus plu- rimis utrique lateri affixis referta, 1 blod This elegant little ſhrubby plant is common in the cooler mountains of New Li- guanea. It is very full of leaves and branches, and ſeldom riſes above three feet in height: but the filaments of the flower do not ſeem to be joined at the bottom. MUIDAGIH googlepinguri zagroldo 3 om begwol ugl og CL A S S XIX. of yllsingali bo enisten alle som eq ai inslq aid Of the Syngeneſia; or Vegetables that have the antheræ, vititor tops of the filaments connected together, and to od ti 10 formed into a cylindric tube round the upper part of the ſtyle; the filaments themſelves being ſeparate. IT THIS CITY CHIPIORai SUN . sv.9 WOTIS SECT. I. Dobro oT Home of ſuch as have all the Flowers hermaphrodite and fertile.adT Air Wo Ons moet die noswisd, bisoras LA ACTUCA 1. Foliis rotundatis, caule Corymboſo. L. Sp. Pl. enla ubishi The common Garden Lettice.IA VAZIA This plant was formerly introduced to Jamaica ; and is fince cultivated, with good ſucceſs , in all the cooler mountains of the iſland; where the air is generally freſh and damp, and the ſoil rich and well ſhaded. luvit adi lo nomi CICHORIUM 1. Foliis radicalibus, fimbriatis, oblongis; caule aſ urgenti ra- ggi besig tilst to od mofo, pene nudo; ramulis floriferis. ta Where 1o Cichorium caule fimplici, foliis integris crenatis. L. Sp. Pl. & H. C. vidol boog e Baior doidw. sobra 1990:38 90 exis-100 all Succory 02 isd words of word vow This plant is alſo cultivated in Jamaica, and thrives very well in all the cooler mountains ; but the taſte being ſomewhat bitter, it is hardly ever uſed. It wholeſome fallet, and proves an agreeable green when boiled. 19 Bagwaldo neuqoriadala LEONTODON 1. Foliis radicalibus, oblongis, obovatis, fubtus lanuginoſis incanis ; Scapo fimplici nudo monofloro. 9 os 12.ole a I An ? OF JAMAIC A.HT) 311 Som An, Leontodon calyce inferne reflexo. L. Sp. Pl? lo muvola Dens Leonis, folio ſubtus incano, flore purpureo, &c. Slo. Cat. 123. & H. OC 291 onsd by t. 150. f. 2. . yddud HT The white-leafed erect Leontodon, with an undivided ſtalk. This plant grows in moſt of our ſugar-colonies, and is generally found in moiſt ſhady places; but thrives beſt in a cool gravelly foil. It is reckoned an excellent diuretic, and is uſed as ſuch by many people, in thoſe parts of the world. SONCHUS 1. Foliis ciliatis obtufis, varie & profunde finuatis. Sunchus pedunculis tomentofis, calycibus glabris. L. Sp. Pl. Sow-thiſtle. This is a native in moſt of the ſugar-colonies; and grows wild in every fallow field. It is an excellent ingredient in all cooling, diuretic and aperitive apozems: but it is ſeldom uſed for that purpoſe in America, tho' generally gathered for hog- meat in all the colonies. 11 garbi sudlqarlig HIERACIUM 1. Erectum hirſutum majus, foliis oblongis finuato-laceris, 10 floribus fubftri&tè comofis. Sonchus afper laciniatus, &c. Slo. Cat. 123. bi QUELL The large hairy Hawk-weed. This plant is pretty common in the all lower mountains, and riſes generally to the height of three feet, or better. The leaves are long, and appear as if torn at the margin. The common flower-cups are moderately large, and diſ- poſed pretty thick at the top of the plant, from whence its little branches chiefly riſe; for it throws out but very few from the body of the ſtem. 11.69.1999 mi bənnot HIERACIUM 2. Ere£tum minimum fubhirſutum, foliis anguftis, capitulis pau- cioribus. Hieracium minimum, longis integris & anguftis foliis, &c. Slo. Cat. 123. The flender erect Hawk-weed, with narrow leaves. This little plant is pretty frequent in all parts of famaice, but moſt common in the road between Spaniſh Town and Sixteen-mile-walk. It grows chiefly in cool ſhady places, and feldom riſes more than ſeven or eight inches in height. A LAPSANA 1. Erecta; foliis majoribus, lunatis, dentatis; ramulis tenuiori- dhiw bazvišu somn bus, fubnudis, afurgentibus . ) , Sonnot, SAW helg Eid ythston The branchy erect Nipple-wort, with very thin leaves. thin leaves. 2 hoog 9 Salsas This plant grows pretty frequent in the gravelly banks of moſt of the rivulets in the mountains, and ſhoots often to the height of three feet, or better. It riſes ge- nerally by a ſlender ſtalk, divided into a great number of delicate, ſpreading, ſubdivided branches, towards the top. The leaves are nearly of the figure of a heart, with a large open finus at the baſe; the middle of which projects a good way back, to throw out their ſlender lengthened foot-ſtalks. 15100 svilu olle ei insig eid SELEPHANTOPUS r. Erectus hirſutus ; foliis inferioribus ovatis, utrinque baliodni productis, floralibus oblongis; capitulis alaribus. Elephantopus foliis oblongis ſcabris. L. Sp. Pl. osiguralicamuodo. 601 VOSOTNOST Bröllosrosa, mis kogus etter og 100.0 The S. 312 Τ THE NATURAL HISTORY 3 The ſmaller erect Elephantopus, with the flowers diſpoſed at the alæ of the upper leaves. This plant is common in moſt parts of Jamaica : it grows chiefly in open gravelly lands; and riſes generally to the height of fifteen or twenty inches, fometimes more. The common receptacles of the flowers riſe fingly from the alæ of the upper leaves, and ſeem diſpoſed in the form of a ſpike; but we ſeldom find more than four bloſſoms in each of them. The ſeeds are, each, crowned with four little briſtles, or ſetæ. ELEPHANTOPUS. 2. Erectus; foliis oblongo-ovatis rugofis atque fecratis, floralibus cordiformibus ternatis; capitulis remotis terminalibus. Elephantopus foliis integris ferratis. L. H.C. Scabioſa J avana, Bontii. Bontii. id lobort Scabiofæ affinis anomala ſilvatica, &c. Slo: Cat. 127. & H. t. 156. The upright Elephantopus, with large flower-heads. This plant is not ſo common as the foregoing, tho' frequent enough, in many places, on the north fide of the ifland. It rifes generally from half a foot, to three or four, in height; and is generally adorned with a great number of flowers, ga- thered into pretty large heads, at the extremities of the branches. The ſeeds are of an oblong form, and crowned, each, with five little briſtles. The common foot-ſtalks are very long, and terminate the branches; but, at the feparations of them, you may always obſerve a ſmaller head growing to the ſtem, without any ſupporter. This plant is a good vulnerary; and much uſed in conſumptive caſes , among the natives of Java, in the Eaſt-Indies. The leaves are frequently uſed, inſtead of Carduus Benedi&tus, among the inhabitants of the French iſlands. TRIXIS 1. Fruteſcens, foliis nitidis ovatis dentatiſque, floribus comojis. Tab. 33. fig. 1. The ſhrubby Trixis. Periantium Duplex : exterius quadriphyllum erectum majus, calycem com- munem involvens; interius e Squamis octo circiter, lanceo- latis, erectis, ſubſinuatis, in cylindrum agglutinatis, conflatum. Corollulæ Uniformes, aquales, hermaphroditæ : propria monopetala tu- bulata, in tres lacinias profunde fe&ta; exterior ligulata pa- tens tridentata; interiores agglutinata, exteriori oppoſita, anguftiores, revolute. Stamina. Filamenta quinque : antheræ in cylindrum adnata. Piſtillum. Germen oblongum; ftylus erectus bifidus; ſtigmata tenuia. Semina Oblonga pappo capillari coronata: receptaculum nudum. This little ſhrub is very common in the Savannas about Kingſton, and ſeldom riſes above four or five feet in height. The common receptacles are diſpoſed at the extremities of the branches ; and the outward diviſions of the flowers grow gradually ſmaller, and curl more downwards as they approach the center; which gives the whole ſomething of the appearance of a-radiated flower, at the firſt ap- pearance. a a- STRUCHIUM 1. Herbaceum ſubaſſurgens, foliis oblongo-ovatis utrinque pro- ductis, capitulis conſtipatis ad alas. Tab. 34. f. 2. An, Cadelari. H. M. p. 10. 155. The herbaceous Struchium, with oblong leaves, See Tab. 34. fig. 2. Peri- OF J. А М А Т с А. FT 313 Periantium Commune campanulatum, imbricatum ; Squamis inæqualibus, anguftis, acuminatis, erecto-patentibus ; proprium tubula- tum, breve, erectum, quadricrenatum, germini incidens. Corollulæ Subæquales, monopetale, infundibuliformes, bermaphrodite; mar- ginales trifida, centrales quadripartite. Stamina, Filamenta breviſima e tubo corolla orta; antheræ latiuſculæ, ob- longa, adnata. Piftillum. Germen oblongum, angulatum, calyce proprio coronatum; ftylus bifidus corolla longior; ftigmata oblonga revoluta. Receptaculum Tumidum punctatum nudum. I found this plant at the Ferry: it grows pretty luxuriantly by the river-ſide, and riſes, generally, to the height of two feet and a half, or better. The leaves are diſpoſed in an alternate order, oblong, and entire ; and the flower-bunches inter- ſperſed with a few ſmaller ones, that riſe between the common cups, as they ſtand compacted together at the alæ of the leaves. a EUPATORIUM 1. Erectum birſutum, foliis oblongis rugofis; floribus fpica- daron tis, per ramos terminales declinantes uno verfu dif- contot 100 pofitis Coniza fruticoſa, flore palide purpureo, &c. Slo. Cat. 124. The erect Eupatorium, or Hemp-Agrimony. This plant grows chiefly in the low lands, and riſes commonly to the height of three feet and a half, or better. The leaves are diſpoſed in an alternate order, rough and oblong. The branches bend generally forwards, and bear their flowers in looſe ſpikes, along their extremities; where they are diſpoſed in a gradual ſucceſ- fion on the upper fides only. 27 EUPATORIUM 2. Odoratum hirſutum; foliis ovato-acuminatis, bafim verſus crenatis, oppoſtis; floribus comoſis. Eupatoria Conizoides, folio molli, &c. Pk. t. 177. f. 3. The Archangel. This weakly ſhrubby plant is very frequent in the lower hills of Jamaica; and generally obſerved to grow among the other buſhes, where it frequently cafts its long, flender, flexile, and oppoſite branches to a moderate diſtance. The flowers are ſometimes impregnated with a ſmell perfectly like that of the European Meadow- ſweet; but this is not obſerved in every plant of the ſame ſpecies, nor conſtant even in the ſame bloſſoms. EUPATORIUM 3. Fruticoſum, affurgens, incanum ; foliis amplioribus, cor- dato-acuminatis, crenatis ; floribus comofis. The ſhrubby aſh-coloured Eupatorium, with oppoſite leaves and branches. This ſhrubby plant is common in moſt of the mountains of Jamaica; and riſes generally to the height of ſeven or eight feet. The leaves and branches are op- poſite; and the flowers diſpoſed pretty thick at the extremities of the branches, CNICUS 1. Caule diffuſo, foliis dentato-finuatis. L. Sp. Pl. & H. C. Carduus Benedi&tus. Offic.de The Carduus, and Carduus Benedi&tus of the ſhops. 4 M This 314 THE NATURAL HISTORY This plant was introduced to Jamaica fome years ago; and has been fince culti- vated, with great ſucceſs, at Mr. Jones's, in the mountains of New Liguanea; where it ſeeds as well as in moſt parts of Europe. It makes a fine ſtomachic infu- fion; and may be uſed with ſucceſs, in all weakneſſes of the viſcera, and over-abundant diſcharges of bile. 3 CYNARA 1. Incana, foliis ſpinoſis omnibus pinnatifidis, calycinis ſquamis ovatis. L. Sp. Pl. The Cardoon, or Spaniſh-Chardon. This plant was lately introduced to Jamaica by Mr. Wallen ; and is now raiſed in many of the gardens, both in the low lands and the mountains. CYNARA 2. Foliis ſubſpinoſis pinnatis indivifiſque; calycinis ſquamis ovatis. L. Sp. Pl. The Artichoke. This plant, though a native of Europe, grows very luxuriantly in the cooler mountains of Liguanea, where it is now cultivated with ſome fuccefs. It is propagated by flips, or fuckers; taken from the old roots; but, to make it bear a luxuriant top, great care ſhould be taken to pull off moſt of the younger ſhoots early in the ſpring; leaving only two of the ſtraighteſt and moſt pro- miſing of the under plants, to each, for a crop: theſe, however, ſhould be well and cloſely moulded, and put as far aſunder as they will conveniently bear; obſerving to crop off the tops of all the leaves that hang downwards. Mr. Miller (who is the author of this method of preparing them for a crop) ſays, that in forming a new plantation of artichokes, the ground ſhould be well ſupplied with decayed dung ; and tells us that care ſhould be taken to chooſe ſuch plants as may be found leaſt woody, cleareſt and foundeft, with ſome fibres at their bottoms. He alſo adviſes, to cut off the woody part that joins them to the ſtalk, as well as the larger outſide leaves. The plants thus prepared, (if the weather be dry) ſhould be placed upright in a tub of water, for three or four hours before they are planted ; which, he obſerves, refreſhes them greatly. fundario 2017 The plant thrives beſt in a moiſt rich ſoil. The bottom of the leaves, as well as the receptacle of the ſeeds and flowers, is fleſhy, and delicate eating, inslq adt agal vleismasi medio bolu doumbaa CARTHAMUS 1. Foliis fefilibus, denticulatis, oblongis, obtufis; caule af ſurgenti, fummitatem verſus ramoſo. Carthamus foliis ovatis integris aculeatis. L.H.C. AVIJOTVA Carthamus. Off. . Baſtard Saffron. AT b. This plant was introduced to Jamaica by the Spaniſh Jews, who ſtill call it by the name of Saffron. It is cultivated in moſt of the gardens about Kingſton; and the florets are frequently uſed in broths and ragoo's by moſt people there; eſpecially the Yews. Ett sissa И JOTTA ТАа DALEA 1. Fruticofa ; foliis oppoſitis, oblongis, anguftis, fubferratis, utrin- que produetis ; racemis terminalibus. Tab. 34. fig. 1. .. wou. The ſhrubby Dalea. is loodT Periantium Commune conicum, imbricatum anguſtum. tiroo Corollulæ, In fingulo periantio, tres vel quatuor, tubuloſa, hermaphroditæ, equales. Semina a 1 YOFJAMA I CA. HT 315 -blo Semina Conico-cordata, pappo ramoſo coronata. ini aswang aid Receptaculum Minimum nudum. alsoul 18913 ditivo This ſhrub is frequent in the lower hills of Liguanea; and riſes frequently to the height of nine or ten feet, or better : it has a moderate thick lignous ſtem; and throws out its branches in a pretty open poſition. SANTOLINA? 1. Affurgens major, fere fimplex ; foliis amplioribus, varie & profunde finuatis; petiolis marginatis & aua ritis; floribus corymboſis. The annual Santolina, with large lobed leaves.nl ២.id Periantium Cyathiforme ; ſquamis plurimis æqualibus erecto-patentibus. Corollulæ Æquales: propria monopetala, tubulata, quinquecrenata, ſo- litaria, paleis oblongis membranaceis diſtincta. Semina Solitaria, oblongo-obcordata, fubcompreffa, binis alis aucta, & binis denticulis coronata. Receptaculum Paleaceum. 29100 This luxuriant plant is common in moſt parts of the iſland, and riſes frequently to the height of ſeven or eight feet. It is an annual; but frequently throws up new branches from the ſtalk of the laſt year. The leaves grow very large, and divided into deep roundiſh lobes. gevolgoi oi yltes sood) llawad ble 90 goly SANTOLINA 2. Erecta ſubhirſuta ; foliis ferratis, haftatis, vel fimplicilus ei only) til MM & utrinque porrectis; foribus comolis, os ad no qoros Dom 15 mm . gaimmal mi The Halbert-weed. 10 bodista aids to soddis ads et boek is bloot bays nezodoins to postalg wa Onuol Periantium Commune campanulatum, imbricatum: fquamæ plurima, cochle Oils oHood rate, tranſlucida, oblongæ ; interiores longiores. bopw fool odt a Corollulæ Uniformes hermaphroditæ ; propria tubulata profunde quin- bror (bad 198 quepartita, &.c. and are adTe999! silmuo 79918! bois Semina Solitaria, obverſè conica, pappo ſetaceo coronata, loira boosta ar Receptaculum Paleaceum, paleis ſquamis calycinis Similibus, femina ame ellow 26 evral od to mplexantibus. io non stiam HORES abvidi anslqodT This plant riſes generally to the height of four or five feet. It is an excellent bitter, and much uſed in America; where a ſpirituous infuſion of the tops is generally kept at moſt plantations, which is often adminiſtered as an active warm ftomachic. omo SANTOLINA? 3. Subhirſuta ; foliis ovato-acuminatis, oppoſitis; capitulis ax- illaribus, pedunculatis ternatis ſingulari Seſili aſſociatis. The larger downy Santolina. This plant is found chiefly in the woods and inland parts of the iſland, and grows generally to the height of fix or ſeven feet, or better. It is furniſhed with large hairy leaves, of an oval form.ight bha onda point ೩ws 31 SANTOLINA? 4. Erecta; foliis linearibus oppoſitis, quandoque ternatis; flo- S ribus remotis terminatricibus. ALLAG Coipatlis. Hern. 36. The ſmall erect Santolina, with narrow leaves. Semina Nuda ſolitaria, obverſè cuneiformia, paleis, Squamis calycinis fic Stormilibus, tefta. Solat digitalElulo 10 2011 islaps snimaa This 7 316 THE NATURAL HISTORY This plant grows in the lower mountains of Liguanea ; and riſes generally to the height of two feet and a half, or better. The upper branches are naked and flen- der, and bear all the flowers at their extremities. TANACETUM 1. Herbaceum, ere&tum ; foliis cordatis, crenatis, oppofitis; capitulis paucioribus, remotis, terminalibus. Chryſanthemum ſylvaticum repens, &c. Slo. Cat. 126. & H. t. 155. The ſmall herbaceous Tanſey, with round crenated leaves. Periantium Polyphyllum; foliolis oblongis anguſtis æqualibus. Corolla Compoſita æqualis; propria tubulata bermapbrodita. Semina Oblonga & leniter falcata, ad apices latiora. Receptaculum Nudum punctatum. This little plant is found chiefly in the moſt cool and ſhady woods of the iſland ; and generally riſes from ſeven to nine inches in height. TANACETUM 2. Foliis pinnatis; pinnis pinnatifidè inciſis; laciniis ferratis. Tanacetum foliis bipinnatis inciſis ferratis. L. H. C. Tanacetum. Off. Tanſey. This plant-is cultivated, and thrives well in many parts of Jamaica; eſpecially in the cooler mountains. It is an excellent bitter, and an active, warm, nervous medi- cine; which is much uſed to promote the lochia and menſes. The leaves and eſſential oil are kept in moſt apothecary's ſhops. a CHRYSOCOMA 1. Ere&ta; foliis inferioribus anguſtis ſerratis, fuperioribus lanceolatis. The narrow-leafed Chryſocoma. This plant is very common in the low lands, and riſes generally to the height of three feet, or better. The leaves are very numerous on all parts of the plant: they are long and narrow, and of a dirty green colour. CHRYSOCOMA? 2. Arborea, ramofffima ; ramulis teretibus, quadrato- fubmarginatis; foliolis paucioribus minimis linearibus. Tab. 34. f. 4. The Mountain Broom Tree. This is a native of Jamaica; and there found only in the coldeſt parts of the mountains. The flowers are compoſite; the florets even, tubular, and hermaphro- dite; the cup imbricated; the feeds crowned with a beard; and the receptacle naked. It reſembles our European Broom, and is the only tree, of the fame appearance, I have obſerved in that country. The leaves are very ſmall, and but few on any part of the plant. KLEINIA? 1. Scandens; foliis triangularibus, angulis acutis. Tab. 34. f. 3: Clematis novum genus, Cucumerinis foliis, &c. Pk. t. 162, 3. The climbing Kleinia, with triangular leaves. Periantium Commune cylindraceum ; Squamis paucis, quatuor quinque vel ſex fcilicet, anguftis ere&tis equalibus. Corollulæ Hermaphrodite tubulate pauca. Semina Y OF J A MA I CA. 2 317 a Semina Oblonga, angulata, ftriata, ſetis tenuibus, & quafi barbatis coronata. Receptaculum Nudum. This plant is frequent about St. Thomas's in the Eaſt, and Mangeneel: it is a climber, and ſtretches a great way among the neighbouring buſhes. The leaves are of a triangular figure, with very ſharp corners. KLEINIA? 2. Caule molli fucculento; foliis amplioribus ovatis atque denticu- latis, utrinque porre&tis ; petiolis appendiculatis. The ſoft ſucculent Kleinia. Periantium Commune fimplex, cylindraceum, connivens ; e ſquamis paucioribus (lex fcilicet, feptem, vel o&to inferne craffioribus, conflatum. Corolla Uniformis : propria hermaphrodita tubulata, ſtylo longiori bifido in- ſtructa. Semina Conica, pappo fimplici coronát a. Receptaculum Nudum. I found this plant in the rocky hills of Portland, near Port Antonio: it grows commonly about three feet in height. AMELLUS 1. Ramofus, foliis ovatis dentatis, floribus remotis terminalibus, fulcris longis divaricatis. Eupatoriophalacron, ſcrophularia aquatica foliis oppoſitis. Thez. Zey: pag. 95. t. 42. An, Cerato-cephalus ballotes foliis , Achmella diftus, &c. Thez. Zey, 53, The long-fhanked Amellus. Periantium Commune imbricatum, campanulato-patens; Squamis fere equalibus. Corolla Æqualis ; propria tubulata, infundibuliformis, ore quinquedentata. Semina Oblonga angulata ſolitaria. Receptaculum Paleis numeroſis inſtructum. This plant is very common about Bull-bay river, and in all the back hills of the pariſh of Port-Royal. It riſes generally to the height of two or three feet; and car- ries its flowers at the extremities of its lengthened branches. bu BIDENS 1. Hirſutus, foliis cordato-dentatis, petiolis brevibus, floribus ad fum- mitatem confertis. The hairy Bidens. This plant grows chiefly in the dryeſt and moſt open parts of the mountains: it is full of down, and of a dark green colour; but ſeldom riſes above two feet in height. BIDENS 2. Suffruticoſus, vimineus; foliis oblongo- ovatis, oppofitis; floribus co- mofis. The weakly ſhrubby Bidens. This plant is frequent in the hills above Bull-bay. It is a weakly branched ſhrub, and riſes generally to the height of five or ſix feet, or better; but requires the ſupport of the neighbouring buſhes to keep it upright. SI a 4N SECT. (318 THE NATURAL HISTORY GN a qald el corte inggo 2010 Hot ASYVOO S E C T. II. Of ſuch as have all the central Flowers hermaphrodite and fruitful; and bool 991ds to is io none but female fruitful flowers in the margin. qolg eid bogbo oft or sllsfroot now odt, Idgion NAPHALIUM 1. Erectum, Spicatum, fimplex, villoſum & incanum ; foliis longis, anguſtis, ſefilibus & ſemiamplexantibus. An, Gnaphalium caule fimpliciſimo, floribus coloratis. L. Flo. Lap. 302. The narrow-leafed undivided Cud-weed. 19:42 This plant is a native of the coldeſt mountains of Liguanea; and grows gene- rally in the moſt open places, but ſeldom riſes above fix or nine inches in height. The flowers are yellowiſh, and diſpoſed pretty thick about the top of the ſtalk, which puts on the appearance of a ſhorter ſpike. doldsomt beban od brisi dation To ARTEMISIA 1. Foliis compoſitis, multifidis; floribus ſubgloboſis, pendulis; receptaculo pappoſo. L.H.C. Wormwood. tudio AVT This plant was firſt introduced to Jamaica from Europe, and is fince cultivated in moſt parts of the iſland; but thrives beſt in the mountains, where it is often obſerved to grow as luxuriantly as in moſt provinces of Europe. It yields an active lixivial ſalt, an oil, and a conſerve, which are commonly kept in the ſhops; and is a principal ingredient in a compound water, to which it gives its name. It is a wholeſome bitter, and much uſed as a ftomachic, in vinous and other infuſions. to mogo animo di 211 21 А ИГРЯЯЯЯ CONYZA 1. Odorata minor erecta, purpurafcens, corymboſa ; foliis ovatis, villofis. Conyza major odorata, &c. Slo. Cat. 124. & H. t. 152. f. 1. doned moble The fweet-ſcented Flea-bane. Metode gaslead adgid ai doniruot-vintos 102 sorge dog en stabiri The ſmell of this plant is agreeable to moſt people: it is frequent in all fow marſhy lands, and ſeldom riſes above fixteen or twenty inches in height. The ſtalk is generally pretty ſimple below the middle ; bat, as it riſes, it throws out a good many branches, which reach nearly to an equal height, and carry their flowers in a ſhady ſpreading form at the top. It is kept by ſome people among their cloaths, and is ſaid to preſerve them from moths, and other vermin. asla gnitowolt eidi Vinog od 10 entsg Is i 15 CONYZA 2. Anguſtifolia fubincana, caule alato, Spica multiplici; floribus and inferioribus ternatis, mediis binatis, fuperioribus fingularibus. The narrow-leafed Flea-bane, with an edged ſtalk. Obſ. Semina Subbirſuta, pappo capillari coronat a. I found this plant on the ſouth ſide of Mount Diable: it is pretty hairy, and riſes generally to the height of two feet and a half, or better. The flower-branches are very long and ſlender, and diſpoſed in the form of ſpikes at the top. HOWM CONYZA 3. Fruteſcens afurgens, foliis ovatis denticulatis oppoſitis. 170x750 a 10 Qube 675 20 ipocht diiod of sest y The ſhrubby Flea-bane, with denticulated oval leaves.mp3 This plant grows pretty frequent in the woods above St. Ann's bay; and riſes gene- rally to the height of fix or eight feet.bos saben voltado 10gion to Sobal owo 0991dgis svods 25lir mobil bas CONYZA? . a ad 1. А А С OF JA M A IC A. 319 CONYZA? 4. Foliis lanceolatis, amplexantibus, oppoſitis; caule alato; flori- bus purpurafcentibus comofis. The purple Flea-bane, with an edged ſtalk. This plant is a native of the low lands, and feldom riſes above two or three feet in height. The leaves are narrow, and without footſtalks; the ſtem edged in ſeveral places ; and the flowers diſpoſed in a ſhady form at the top. data 650 VERBESINA 1. Foliis oblongo-ovatis, ſubdentatis, recurrentibus; floribus remotis terminalibus. Verbeſina foliis alternis decurrentibus undulatis obtufis. L. Sp. Pl. & H. C. Chryſanthemum alatum, &c. Slo. & Chryſanthemum Americanum. Pk. t. 84. f. 3. 3. crofon The larger tufted Verbeſina, with edged ſtalks. This plant is pretty common on the north ſide of the iſland, and remarkable for the edgings of its ſtalk. The ſeeds are of an oval form, compreſſed, and terminated, each, with a ſingle ſubulated tail. VERBESINA 2. Foliis inferioribus fimplicibus oppofitis, fuperioribus pinnato- ternatis. The larger upright Verbefina, vlasnika o lo Jo en This plant is a native of the coldeſt mountains of Liguanea, and riſes generally to the height of three of four feet. The leaves are of an oval form, and intire. u dua bag VERBESINA 3. Erecta birſuta, foliis fubfefilibus ovatis oppoſitis, floribus confertis alaribus. ngolo TÓ olto The erect Verbefina, with ſimple oppoſite leaves. This plant is common every common every where in the low lands: it ſeldom branches, or divides in its growth; and riſes generally from eighteen to twenty-four inches in height. TAGETES 1. Caule fubdiviſo diffuſo, foliis ferratis, bipinnatis vel compoſitis. boog Tagites caule fubdiviſo diffufo. L.H. C. & Sp. Pl. in die The French Marygold. It is cutol gribar em wood isols 1200 kao This flowering plant is cultivated in moſt gardens in Jamaica; and thrives well in all parts of the country. TAGETES? 2. Minor, caule fubdiviſo diffuſo, foliis linearibus integris. Hieracium fruticoſum, anguſtifimis gramineis foliis. Slo. Cat, 123. & H. instead t. 149. The ſmaller diffuſe French Marygold. ba TAGETES? 3. Caule ere&to, ad fummitatem ramoſo; foliis oblongo-cordatis, , leniter crenatis. The larger erect French Marygold. ASYWOO In both theſe laſt ſpecies, the common cups are made up of five, fix, or ſeven narrow equal ſcales, joined together into a cylindric tube ; which contains ſo many female ligulated florets, diſpoſed, very orderly, round the margin; and a few hermaphro- dites in the center. The firſt is ſpreading and flender; it grows much about the Savan- nas, and ſeldom riſes above eighteen or twenty inches in height: the other is more ALYMO 4. upright, а. 27 320 THE NATURAL HISTORY 23 upright, and riſes frequently above three feet in height. Both forts grow in moft of the ſugar-colonies. SOLIDAGO? 1. Villoſa, incana; foliis ovatis, oppofitis; caule affurgenti, fub nudo, tripartito ; floribus fubumbellatis. Tab. 33. f. 2. cor An, Scabioſa. Thez. Zey? gad Scabiofæ affinis Anomala ſylvatica, &c. Slo. Cat. 127. & H. 1156. ! The downy Wound-worth, with large oval leaves. SIV Involucrum Univerſale quadriphyllum. Calix communis imbricatus; Squa- 1992 mis anguſtis lanceolatis, interioribus longioribusa V Corollulæ Æqualesa hermaphrodita panciores, tubulata, in diſco femineæ plures ligulatæ anguſte bifida, in radio. Stamina, Hermaphroditis quinque: antheræ in tubum coalita. Piftillum, Omnibus, getmen obverſe conicum; ftylus bifidus; ftigmata ge- mina, longa, revoluta. Semina Omnibus obverſe conica, pappo fimplici coronata. Receptaculum Setaceum. Imt This beautiful and uncommon plant is a native of the cooler woods and moun- tains of Jamaica. It ſhould be a fine vulnerary; for the taſte is acerb, and leaves a ſweetneſs upon the palate, that is not common in the plants of this claſs. The leaves are pretty large, and grow chiefly about the bottom of the ſtalk; the upper part be- ing commonly naked, and generally divided into three branches; each of which is again ſubdivided into many ſmall flower-branches at the top. The whole plant fel- dom riſes above two feet and a half in height. SENECIO 1. Tomentoſus, foliis oblongo-ovatis , leviffimè denticulatis; petiolis brevibus. The downy Indian Groundſel. ANTHEMIS 1. Minima arvenſis; foliolis ſuperioribus tridentatis, inferiori- bus laciniatis. Anthemis foliis triternatis, pedunculis terminalibus ramo longioribus. L. Sp. Pl. & H.C. Chryſanthemum paluftre repens, &c. Slo. Cat. 126. & H. t. 155. f. 3. The ſmall creeping Anthemis. This little plant is frequent in all the Savannas of Jamaica, and ſeldom riſes above three or four inches in height. The flowers are yellow, and ſtand upon pretty long foot-ſtalks, at the extremities of the branches. BUPHTHALMUM 1. Foliis oblongis, leviſimè crenatis, oppoſitis; floribus geminatis vel ternatis, ad alas, pedunculis tenuio- ribus & longioribus incidentibus. The tufted Ox-eye, with ſlender oblong leaves. BUPHTHALMUM 2. Subfruticoſum maritimum incanum, foliis oblongis, floribus folitariis ad divaricationes ramorum. Chryſanthemum fruticoſum maritimum, foliis oblongis glaucis, &c. Slo. 3 Cat. 125. Samphire, or the ſea-ſide Ox-eye. tous I The Y OF JAMAICA.HT 321 The firſt of thoſe plants is pretty frequent in all the low marſhy lands about Kingſton ; and in every ditch where the rain-water ſettles for any time. The other grows only near the ſea-ſide; and is moſt common in the pariſh of St. James : It grows in a buſhy tufted form, and ſeldom riſes above two or three feet in height. BUPHTHALMUM 3. Hirſutum, foliis oblongis fubferratis obtufis, floribus minoribus, pedunculis geminatis alaribus. The larger hairy Ox-eye, with oblong leaves. O Periantium Commune fimplex, ere&to-patens; Squamis lanceolatis, paucioribus, (feptem inter & duodecim ) equalibus ; aliis interioribus, aliis majus externe ſtis. Flos radiatus. Corollulæ Numeroſe hermaphrodite in diſco; feminina ligulate non pauca in radio. Piſtillum. Germen compreſſum oblongum; ftylus fimplex; ftigmata duo ob- tufufcula. Semina, Et hermaphroditis & femininis, oblonga rugoſa leniter compreſſa caa liculis propriis coronata. Receptaculum Planum ſetis rugofis deciduis inftru£tum. BUPHTHALMUM 4. Hirſutum ; foliis trilobis, ad bafim anguftioribus, op- pofitis; floribus folitariis aloribus. The larger creeping Ox-eye. Both theſe laſt ſpecies are natives of Jamaica, and frequent in all low marſhy lands: they are weakly plants, and creep a good way among the other vegetables ; but are, both, more luxuriant and upright towards the top. a 3 S E C T. III. Of ſuch as have hermaphrodite and fertile flowers in the center, and ſterile or abortive flowers in the circumference. MOREOPSIS 1. Viroſa, foliis inferioribus bipinnatis, fuperioribus plurifariam COREOPSIS diviſis. The virous Coreopſis, with a various foliage. COREOPSIS 2. Major ramoſa ; foliis lanceolatis, ferratis, quinato-pinnatis, quandoque fublobatis, inæqualibus. The larger branched Coreopſis, with narrow ferrated leaves. COREOPSIS 3. Scandens ; foliis ferratis, ternato-pinnatis; receptaculo nudo. Coreopſis foliis fubternatis cuneatis ſerratis. L. Sp. Pl. The climbing Coreopſis. I found the firſt of theſe plants at Mr. Read's, in Mangioneel, where it generally grows to the height of three or four feet. The ſecond is more common, and found in moſt of the ditches about Kingſton, where the waters ſettle in the rainy ſeaſons. The third is a native of the hills, and a climber; but the florets of the margin are all neuter, and riſe immediately from the bottom of the inward ſcales. The ſeeds are bidented in all the ſpecies. 40 SECT. ADA 322 THEAN A TURAL HISTORY CALENDULA S ilontol dioptrix 210 gal ALLAJ SIT SECT. IV.id Of ſuch as have all hermaphrodite, but ſterile flowers in the center; and ziinoldo female, but fertile flowers in the circumference. not zuálik ainot zith NALENDULA 1. Vulgaris, foliis anguftis feffilibus, capitulis fingularibus ter- minalibus. Calendula feminibus radii cymbiformibus, echinatis; diſci bicornibus. L. 190taso 399 Die Sp. Pl. sequoyd stila Marygold. This plant is cultivated, with great ſucceſs, in the mountains of Liguanea ; and thrives ſo well in thoſe parts, that it is daily ſold with the other pot-herbs, in the markets. SYM1132 S SIT gift 2 LÀ Soft E CT. V. Youtube Of ſuch as have only ſingle flowers in all the beds or empalements; and 1. they generally more various both in the number and diſpoſition of their filaments. stoin yliobág din -new bastoor omnibus zabib ao voza Hobs dagop ' LO OBELIA 1. Foliis lanceolatis, dentatis ; pedunculis breviffimis, lateralibus ; tubo floris tenui, longiſſimo. L. Sp. Pl.anna dom Rapunculus aquaticus , foliis cichorei, flore albo. "Slo. Cat. 58. & H. t. 101. 75droits artementaw, 1207 10D 17120 baroq 1. The ſmall Lobelia, with four-inch flowers. tambid This plant is frequent in Jamaica, and grows generally in moiſt, cool, and ſhady places : but it feldom riſes above fourteen or fixteen inches in height. It is very remarkable for the length of its ſingle white flowers, which have no more than five filaments each, and theſe joined to the tube almoſt to the top. The ſtigma, or tremity of the ſtyle, is always obtuſe and hollow. 15999 L O LOBELIA 2. Foliis oblongis, anguftis, leniter & acute ferratis; caule fimplici, inferne foliolato, fuperne in ſpicam longam definenti, Lobelia caule ere&to, foliis lanceolatis ferratis , Spica terminali. L. Sp. Pl. Rapunculus folio oblongo ferrato, &c. Slo, Cat. 58. & H. t. 95. The ſimple upright Lobelia. 72 LOBELIA 3. Major brachiata, aſſurgens ; foliis oblongo-ovatis , denticulatis, baſi appendiculatis, utrinque produétis; Spicis termina- libus. The large branched Lobelia. Both theſe plants are natives of Jamaica. The former grows generally in the lower ſhady hills, and ſeldom riſes above three feet in height: but the other is found chiefly in the cooler mountains, where it ſhoots frequently to the height of five or fix feet. am 03 extr IMPATIENS 1. Pedunculis confertis unifloris. L. Sp. Pl. & H.C. The Capuchine, or Balſamine. bas This plant was introduced to Jamaica many years ago, and has been fince culti- vated in moſt of the gardens for the ſake of its flowers. It thrives well in all parts of the iſland; and grows ſo luxuriantly in many places, that it becomes a troubleſome weed. BLAKEA 2 Yя от FIJA Mя А І СИАЛ HT 323 BLAKEA 1. Fruticofa; foliis elipticis, trinerviis, nitidis; floribus laterali- burs. Tab. 35. सा home potego ads si zawoll The wild Roſe. onerad Ilo gund 20 do 40 Periantium Duplex. Germinis hexaphyllum ; foliis fubrotundis, cochleatis, femiamplexantibus, per pares gradatas fitis : floris; diſcus zardisegni cili membranaceus, amplus, patens, bex angularis, integer, margi- nem germinis cingens. Corolla Hexapetala; petalis ovatis majoribus rofaceis. slubaals Stamina. Filamenta duodecim, ſubulata & ſubarcuata, erecta; anthera maxime, triangulares, quinquelateres, verticaliter fubcompreſa, in orbem coalitæ; angulis acutis interioribus. be Piftillum. Germen obovatum, apice depreffum, planum, marginatum; margine ampliore bexangulari florem ſuſtinente: ftylus fimplex, ſub- erectus, ſubulatus, longitudine floris; ſtigma acutum. Pericarpium. Capſula obverſè conico-ovata ſexlocularis. Semina. Plurima minora. This vegetable is certainly one of the moſt beautiful productions of America. It is but a weakly plant at firſt; and ſupports itſelf, for a time, by the help of ſome neighbouring ſhrub or tree: but it grows gradually more robuſt, and at length acquires a pretty moderate ſtem, which divides into a thouſand weakly de- clining branches, well ſupplied with beautiful roſy bloſſoms, on all ſides, that give it a moſt pleaſing appearance in the ſeaſon. It is chiefly found in cool, moiſt, and ſhady places; and grows generally to the height of ten or fourteen feet: but riſes always higher when it remains a climber, in which ſtate it continues ſometimes. It thrives beſt on the ſides of ponds, or ri- vulets; and thoſe that would chuſe to have it flouriſh in their gardens, where it muſt naturally make a very elegant appearance, ought to ſupply it with ſome ſupport while it continues young and weakly. id lori to dignol sdi o oldestrame It is called Blakea, after Mr. Martin Blake, of Antigua, a great promoter of every ſort of uſeful knowledge; and a gentleman to whoſe friendſhip this work chiefly owes its early appearance, Origami alimnazin on Sustino ezillargmo zagroldo 2011 : 3 Ago Familih mogaol maiquam talasio stot VOA 19.92 mit sloganlio Bas sa silado, 2 H88 oladen og trolda bir cologiqsa 38.83 pro orado. I Jilonqu əlqar edT เวลาสองราคาได้ เลย ลญเสอเข็ง มีงานว่าจะ 15 ไอมา ปราก 14 168) კი 41ებასაც ვ so that be sits de bodasid u HT di listansy leworigentot or inviton 918 erosiq sledi, diod binuot a 15dto odidad udgadintal 59 gode his quoblol bosallid yard wo). ho vi to udgid odto sloobant dood erwaniem tloostada viida 1595 x H:19.98 Ауэткыhs 1 гишITASMI 5 ST og sohn-1990 and basic is bouboutii estasla aidT odlito ang ils ni llow zavida arowoftesi too!) odziotansbieg od 1 CLASS . bawemotelduou s onood sitsrl caosla, non si vlasituxul olewong bas basili АЗДАЈ:8 324 THE NATURAL HISTORY CL A S S XX. Of the Gynandria; or Vegetables in whoſe flowers the filaments are connected with, or fixed to the ſtyle. SE CT. I. Of ſuch as have only two filaments, or male parts, in every Flower. I muſt remark, before we proceed further, that under the generic appellation of Satyrium, we ſhall comprehend all the plants of this tribe now found in the iſland of Jamaica. For the nextaria are very various in their figures; and, fre- quently, not conformable to any of the characters already eſtabliſhed: tho' they all agree in the general formation of the more eſſential parts, and ſeed-veſſels . But we ſhall, however, endeavour to be more particular in the ſpecific marks of them, as the productions of the claſs are very numerous. SATYRIUM ATYRIUM 1. Erectum fimplex, foliis ſeſſilibus ab altero latere recurrentibus, Spica terminali, nectariis longiffimis. The Satyrium, with one-eared leaves and long ſpurs. I found this plant near Colonel Williams's, in Liguanea : it is very uncommon, and grows generally to the height of eighteen or twenty-two inches. The leaves are oblong, and the ſtalk ſimple and upright. SATYRIUM 2. Ere&tum, foliis oblongis, petiolis vaginatis amplexantibus, Spica terminali, nectariis longißimis. The upright Satyrium, with vaginated foot-ſtalks and long ſpurs. SATYRIUM 3. Paraſticum ; foliis paucioribus, radicalibus ; fcapo fimplici, ſubſquamoſo, Spicato; nectariis adnatis. Viſcum radice bulboſa minus, delphinii flore, &c. Slo. Cat. 119. & H. t. I2I. The paraſitical Satyrium, with red flowers and bulbous roots. This is one of the moſt beautiful ſpecies of this tribe of plants. It is a paraſitic, and grows indifferently on all the trees and rocks in the low lands of Jamaica: but it ſeldom riſes above twelve or fifteen inches in height. SATYRIUM 4. Erectum minus, aſphodeli radice; foliis oblongo-ovatis, ra- dicalibus ; fcapo aſſurgenti. ſubſquamoſo, Spicato. Cardamomum minus, &c. Slo. Cat. 61. & H. t. 103. f. 3. The ſmall upright Satyrium, with oval leaves. SATYRIUM 5. Erectum minus ; foliis tenuiſſimis, ovatis, venoſis, radicali- , bus; ſcapo aſſurgenti, ſubſquamoſo, Spicato. The ſmaller upright Satyrium, with large leaves. 2.2. AJO Both 0 F JA MA I CA. 325 Both theſe plants are frequent in the woods, and more ſhady hills of Jamaica; but neither of them riſes above ten or twelve inches in height. Both ſpecies are very like each other in form and appearance, and bear all their leaves alike round the bottom of the ſtalk; but the texture of the ſtalk and foliage ſhew them to be different. SATYRIUM 6. Paraſticum, folio fingulari longo ſinuato ; Spicâ aſurgenti, ab infimo finu orta. Epidendrum foliis radicalibus ſubulatis acutis nodo radicatis. L. Sp. Pl. Viſcum delphinii flore minus, &c. Slo. H. t. 121. f. 3. & Viſcum arbo- reum flore Spatioſ, &c. Pk. t. 117 The lark-ſpur paraſitical Satyrium. This plant grows chiefly upon the trunks of trees, and ſeldom riſes above ſeven or nine inches in height. The roots are fibrous and interwoven ; and the flower- ſpike riſes from the bottom of the hollow, or groove of the leaf. SATYRIUM 7. Aphyllum, ſcapo ere&to fimplici ſubſquamoſo Spicato. The naked Satyrium. I found this plant at the Angels, on one ſide of the road that leads to the red hills: it was then in bloſſom, and about the height of twelve or fourteen inches, but without any leaves. The flowers are of a fleſhy colour, oblong and ſucculent. SATYRIUM 8. Paraſticum bulbofum, foliis fere gramineis, labio inferiore fimbriato. MAZAT 2 The ſmall graſſy paraſitical Satyrium. alq ada kanal! SATYRIUM 9. Erectum fimplex, bulbofum atque ſpicatum; flore majori, la- bio inferiore tripartito, lacinia media productiori fimbri- atá, nectario prominulo. MOLNYTA The upright Satyrium, with large flowers. The flower of this plant is pretty much like that of the foregoing ſpecies; but the ſtalk is furniſhed with oblong leaves about the bottom. It grows in the hills above Mrs. Guy's, in the road to the Decoy and St. Mary's. MOISTA A SATYRIUM 10. Foliis liratis longiffimis, ſcapo florifero partiali, ſubſqua- mofo. The Jamaica Salop. Site The leaves of this ſpecies (which is found only in the cooler parts of the moun- tains) perfectly reſemble thoſe of a young Cocao-nut plant; and generally run from fifteen inches to two or three feet in length. The flower-ſtalk grows cloſe to theſe, but ſeparate, and riſes commonly to the height of two or three feet. The root is fleſhy, ſomewhat tranſparent, and fixed in the ground by ſome ſtringy fibres: its taſte is bitteriſh, and attended with a clammineſs that leaves a light prickly warmth behind it; but this wears off ſoon, leaving the palate free from every ſenſation but that of the bitter. As the root dries, it acquires a great deal both of the colour and taſte of rhubarb; but it ſhould be ſliced, and kept a long time in the open air, or ſun, to be properly cured. It may be uſed, with great propriety, as a ſtomachic; and is generally obſerved to thicken the ſaliva, when chewed, thic; and is SATYRIUM 11. Bulboſum, vel paraſiticum vel terreſtre; caule compreſſo, foa liis diſtichis oblongis, Spica fimplici terminali. The 4 P 326 THE NATURAL HISTORY a The upright Satyrium, with a compreſſed foliated ſtalk. This plant grows indifferently either upon trees, or the ground; and ſhoots generally to the height of two or three feet. The leaves are oblong, reſembling thoſe of the lilly kind pretty much; and the ſtalks always terminate in fimple flower-ſpikes. SATYRIUM 12. Ere&tum majus, caule ſubrotundo, foliis majoribus amplex- antibus oblongis, Spica terminali ramoſa, The larger upright Satyrium. This is very like the foregoing, both in form and difpofition: but it riſes generally to the height of three feet, or better; and the ſtalk terminates in a branched ſpike. SATYRIUM 13. Paraſiticum, foliis majoribus oblongis radicalibus ; fcapo aſſurgenti longißimo Sarmentoſo fimplici nudo, ad ſum- mitatem fpicato. The large-leafed Satyrium, with a long farmentous ſimple ſtalk. SATYRIUM 14. Paraſticum, foliis oblongis radicalibus, fcapo fubaffurgenti longo farmentojo nudo ad apicem ramoſo, labio inferiori floris cordato. The large-leafed Satyrium, with a long weakly branched ftem. SATYRIUM 15. Paraſiticum, foliis oblongis radicalibus maculatis, fcapo af- furgenti longo farmentoſo nudo ad apicem ramoſo, floribus miſcellis. An, Epidendrum foliis radicalibus lanceolatis, petalis retuſis. L. Sp. Pl. The large ſarmentous Satyrium, with mottled flowers. This is a very beautiful ſpecies of the Satyrium, whoſe flowers are like ſo many little patches of thoſe Dutch calicoes with a dark ground; they open wide, and are pretty much like thoſe of the 13th ſpecies before deſcribed; tho' the plants are different. This fort is pretty frequent on the rocks near the Ferry; but I never could ob- ſerve it in any other part of the iſland. EPIDENDRUM 1. Scandens; foliis elliptico-ovatis, nitidifſimis, margine membranaceo cinetis, fubjefilibus; inferioribus clavi- culis jugatis, fuperioribus oppoſitis . Epidendrum foliis ovato-oblongis nervoſis Seſilibus caulinis, cirrhis Spirali- bus. L. Sp. Pl. Angurek. Kæmpferi. H. 868. & Vanilla. Plum. G. 28. Lobus oblongus aromaticus. Slo. Cat. 70. & Epidendron, &c. Pk. t. 30. f. 4. The Vanilla Plant. This plant is a climber, and riſes, with great eaſe, to the tops of the talleſt trees in the woods. The ſtalk is moderately ſlender, and throws out a long winding tendrel oppoſite to each of the lower leaves, by which it ſticks and holds to the branches, or bark of the tree: but after it gains the top, theſe become uſeleſs, and the place of each is ſupplied by a fellow leaf. It is found wild in all parts of the mountains of Jamaica, particularly in the pariſhes of St. Ann and St. Mary; and grows moſt luxuriantly in cool and ſhady places. The plant is cultivated chiefly in low warm lands: it is propagated by the gem, and generally planted along walls, or at the foot of trees, or other props, whereby it OF JA M A I CA. 3279 it may be ſupported. The pods grow in pairs, and are generally of the thickneſs of a child's finger ; they are green at firſt, grow yellowiſh afterwards, and turn of a browniſh caſt as they ripen. When they come to a full ſtate of maturity, they are gathered, and hanged by the ends to dry in the ſhade: but, when dry enough to keep, they are rubbed over with oil, to hinder them from growing light or ſpungy, and to prevent their breaking; after which, they are put into little bags, from 50 to 150 in each, to keep them ready for uſe, the market, or exportation. Some people let the pods remain upon the ſtalks too long, and then they tranſude a black fragrant balfam, which carries off both the ſmell and delicacy of the feeds, for which alone the plant is cultivated; theſe being frequently mixed in chocolate, by the French, Spaniards, and Italians, to which they are thought to give both a delicate ſmell and an agreeable flavour. They are generally looked upon as a cool- ing cordial, a ftomachic, and a good nervous medicine: and are ſometimes uſed to perfume fnuffs, and many other ſubſtances. & SE Е С T. . II. Of ſuch as have three, four, or five Filaments in every Flower. ISYRINCHIUM 1. Foliis anguftis, liratis, productis. SISY Siſyrinchium caule foliiſque ancipitibus. L. Sp. Pl. & H. C. Bermudiana. Tour. & H. R. Paris, The Palm-leafed Bermudiana. This plant was introduced to Jamaica from North America, and is now cultiva- ted there by many of the curious. It thrives very well in moſt parts of the iſland, and grows generally to the height of twelve or ſixteen inches. PASSIFLORA 1. Veſicaria; florum involucris triphyllis, multifido-capilla- ribus. L. HC. Paſſiflora foliis trilobis cordato-piloſis, involucris multifido-capillaribus. L. Sp. Pl. Pafliflora veficaria herbacea, &c. Pk. t. 104. f. 1. The large creeping Paſſion-flower, with diffected cups. . PASSIFLORA 2. Foliis amplioribus cordatis, petiolis glandulis fexe notatis, caule quadrigono alato. An, Paffiflora foliis indiviſis ferratis. L. Sp. Pl. The Granadilla Vine. This plant is cultivated in many of the gardens of Jamaica, for the ſake both of its fhade and berries; for it is frequently made arbours in moſt of thoſe ſultry coun- tries, and produces an agreeable cooling fruit. PASSIFLORA 3. Foliis ovatis, petiolis biglandulis, baccá molli ovatá. Paſſiflora foliis indiviſis integerrimis, involucris dentatis. L. Sp. Pl. The Honey-ſuckle. This plant is cultivated in many parts of America, for the ſake of its fruit: it is a climber, and ſpreads, like the Granadilla, ſo as to be frequently employed in ar- bours. The fruit is very delicate, and much eſteemed by moſt palates: it is about the ſize of a hen's egg, and full of a very agreeable gelatinous palp, in which the feeds are lodged. PASSI- a I 328 THE NATURAL HISTORY PASSIFLORA 4. Foliis cordatis productis, petiolis biglandulis, fructu Sphe- 2779 trico, pericarpio duro. Paffiflora foliis indivifis cordato-oblongis , petiolis biglandulis, involucris in- baraflinicabs vltegerrimis. L. Sp. Pl. balutni vlnamerica ol colloqmox ad bus The Water-Lemon. I have not known this plant to be yet cultivated in any of the gardens of Ya- maica, tho' a native: it grows frequent in the woods, and ſupplies the wild hogs with a great part of their food in the ſeaſon. bobation PASSIFLORA 5. Foliis nitidis trilobis, medio angufto longiori, lateralibus quandoque auritis, fručtu baccato minori nitido. Pafliflora foliis trilobis ſubpeltatis, cortice fuberoſo. L. Sp. Pl. The little creeping Paſſion-flower, with ſmall, ſmooth, blue berries. inston PASSIFLORA 6. Foliis trilobis, medio minori, lateralibus.ovatis. Paffiflora foliis trilobis, oblongis, ſubtus punetatis, medio minori. L. Sp. Pl. The large climbing Paſſion-flower. PASSIFLORA 7. Foliis trinerviis nitidis, ad apices latioribus, ſubtrilobis; lobis æqualibus. Paſſiflora foliis trilobis cordatis æqualibus obtufis glabris integerrimis. L. Sp. Pl. The larger climbing Paſſion-flower, with ſmooth leaves. PASSIFLORA 8. Foliis quinquelobis profunde diviſis, lobis oblongis. PaſliAora foliis palmatis, quinquepartitis, integerrimis. L. Sp. Pl. The climbing Paſſion-flower, with digitated leaves. PASSIFLORA 9. Foliis fubhaftatis, petiolis biglandulis, Stylo longiori, fructu Wool yayrab a bré le ſubhirſuto rubello. Win Paffiflora foliis trilobis ferratis. L. Sp. Pl. The Paſſion-flower, with oblong crenated leaves. PASSSIFLORA 10. Foliis trilobis ; cruribus oblongis obtufis, intermedio fere obſoleto & ſetula terminato. Flos-paffionis perfoliatus, feu periclimeni folio. Slo. Cat. 104. The larger Paſſion-flower, with two-fhanked leaves. PASSIFLORA 11. Foliis trilobis; cruribus anguſtis oblongis, intermedio fere obſoleto. Coanenepilli, & Contra-Yerva. Hernand. 301. The ſmaller Paffion-flower, with two-fhanked leaves. PASSIFLORA 12. Foliis tenuioribus, trinerviis, bicornibus, lunatis; finu anteriori obtufo. An, Paſſiflora foliis bilobis obtufis baſi indivifis, nectariis monophyllis. L. Sp. Pl. 53 The Bull-hoof, or Dutchman's Laudanum. ab This plant (like moſt of the other ſpecies) is a climber ; whoſe fruit is of an oblong oval form, about the ſize of a large olive, and of a fleſhy colour when ripe. Both the a go F Ј А М А І СА. 329 the ſyrup and decoction of the plant is now much ufed in the leeward parts of the iſland, where it is frequent; and is ſaid to anſwer, effectually, all the purpoſes for which the ſyrup of poppies and liquid laudanum are generally adminiſtered. The flowers have been hitherto the moſt in uſe: they are commonly infuſed in, or pounded and mixed immediately with, wine or fpirits; and the compoſition gene- rally thought a very effectual and eaſy narcotic. All the ſpecies mentioned here, grow in the different parts of the iſland; but the firſt, fifth, tenth and eleventh, are moſt commonly found in the lower lands, or to- wards the foot of the mountains. The root of the eleventh is much extolled by Hernandes, who ſays, That taken, to the quantity of three ounces, it cures the ſpleen, eaſes pains, creates an appetite, provokes a diſcharge by urine, cools the body, and prevents the effect of poiſons. The ſecond and third are cultivated in the gardens for the ſake of their fruit and ſhade: and the fixth, ſeventh, eighth, and ninth, are natives of the cooler woods, as well as the laſt; and riſe to a greater height than any of the others. But the leaves of the tenth fort are only applied to the ſtalk, by the natural bent of the foot-ſtalks. Α' , SECT. C T. III. Of ſuch as have fix or more Filaments in every Flower. RISTOLOCHIA 1. Scandens, foliis cordato-acuminatis, florum flabellis amplis purpureis. Ariſtolochia caule volubili, foliis cordato-oblongis planis, fructu pendulo, &c. L. H. C. Ariſtolochia ſcandens odoratifima. Slo. Cat. 6o. & H. t. 104. Phetruome. Hern. 162. The Contra-Yerva of the ſouth ſide of Jamaica. This plant is a climber, and riſes frequently to a conſiderable height among the neighbouring trees and buſhes. The root has a ſtrong ſmell, and is deſervedly looked upon as a warm attenuant, and an active diaphoretic and ſtomachic: it is adminiſter- ed in infuſions, and greatly uſed among the flaves in Jamaica. ARISTOLOCHIA 2. Scandens, foliis amplioribus cordatis; forum flabellis maximis variegatis, in appendicem longam tenuemque definentibus. The large climbing Birth-worth, with variegated flowers; or the poiſoned Hog-meat. This plant is very common in St. Ann's , and bears very large flowers, which are ſeldom under five or ſix inches round the margin; but the rima, or opening of the flower, continues glewed up, longitudinally, for a conſiderable time; and terminates in a long ſlender appendix, at the lower extremity. ARISTOLOCHIA 3. Scandens, foliis fublobatis obtufis, floribus ampliffimis. Ariſtolochia foliis trilobis. L. Sp. Pl. The Contra-Verva of the north fide. The roots of this plant are uſed on the north fide of the iſland, where it is moſt common, in the ſame manner as thoſe of the firſt ſpecies are on the ſouth ſide. PISTIA I. Aquatica villoſa, foliis obovatis ab imo venofis, floribus Spar- Sis foliis incidentibus, 4 Q. Piſtia. 330 THE NATURAL HISTORY f. 20. 101 Piftia. Lin. & Hill. t. 15. f. , op siltaqa ន Piftia. Plumeri. Gen. & Kodda-pail. H. M. P. xi. t. 32. Sibsga Stratiotes Ægyptia Diofcoridis, Veſlengii & Raii . H. Lenticula paluftris fexta, vel Ægyptia, &c. Slo. Cat. 11. & H. t. 2. The Great Duck-weed, or Pond-weed. od 5. E fuperiori pagina foliorum, verfus baſes, affurgit Periantium Nullum. Corolla Monopetala inæqualis, tubulata, oblonga, inferne ventricoſa, ad medietatem coar&tata, ſuperne dilatata. Limbus oblique ligu- 05 latus, erectus, acuminatus, integer; auris eguince figura. Stamina. E pariete floris, infime rima parti oppofito, Jurgit ſuſtentaculum ere&tum, verſus bafim diſco membranaceo inde ligulato cin&tum,(li- gula ad apicem germinis porregla) ad apicem antheris octo, (quandoque paucioribus) fubrotundis, patentibus, in orbem fi- tis ornatum. Piſtillum. E fundo floris emergit, germen oblongum, ftigmate obtuſo coro- natum. . Pericarpium. Capſula oblongo-ovata, in fex loculamenta diviſa, & feminibus aliquot oblongo-ovatis, referta. This plant is rare in Jamaica. I have not obſerved it above once in that iſland; it was in a pond between Mr. James's, and Doctor Thene's, in St. James's: but it is very common in Antigua, where the greateſt part of their waters is collected and preſerved in ponds, for the public uſe. It grows and thrives very luxuriantly in theſe reſervoirs, and keeps the waters always freſh and cool; which would be greatly ſubject to putrefaction, and charged with a multitude of inſects, had they continued expoſed to the heat of the ſun. It has its inconveniences, however, and , thoſe not very trifling; for the plant is, of its own nature, acrid; and when the droughts ſet in, and the waters are reduced very low, (which frequently happens in that iſland) they are over-heated, and ſo impregnated with the particles of this ve- getable, that they frequently give bloody-fluxes to ſuch as are obliged to uſe them at thoſe ſeaſons: but this inconvenience may be, in ſome meaſure, remedied, by mixing flower, or ſome other ſheathing ſubſtance with it, if neceſſity obliges the uſe of it in ſuch a ſtate. Its acrimony gives me room to think that it is not the Stra- tioles of Proſp. Alpinus, or Bauhin. HELICTERES 1. Villofa & fruticoſa; foliis cordato-acuminatis, ſerratis, Helicteres. L. Gen. & H. C. & Iſora. Plumeri. Helicteres arbor India orientalis, &c. Pk. t. 245. f. 2, 3. & H. Mal. vi. a gro t. 30. Abutilo affinis arbor althea folio, &c. Slo. Cat. 97. sto Iſora Murri. H. M. p. 6. t. 30. The Screw Tree. This curious ſhrub is very frequent in the low gravelly hills of Jamaica. It riſes bed generally to the height of nine or ten feet, and has much of the habit of the Mallows tribe; from which it is diſtinguiſhed by the ſpiral form and connection of its capſular feed-veſſels, and the peculiarities of the parts of the flower. CHAMÆROPS 1. Acaulis, foliis flabelliformibus maximis, petiolis validis rotundis, Spicis brevioribus partialibus. An, Chamærops. L. Gen. & H. C. - Palma non Spinoſa humilior, &c. Slo. Cat. 177. & H. 41121 The humble Palmeto, with round foot-ſtalks. Spatha Хя о Е ЈА м A 331 А I c А. GRI is acuta. Spatha Tri- vel quadriphylla, foliis oblongis mollibus amplexantibus, Spadix Simplex conico-cylindraceus, capſulis baccatis Sefplibus obtufis de- prefis & fere connatis, in ſpicam uniformem redactis, onuftus. Corolla. Flores alii mares, alii feminæ, alternatim mixti in eodem Spadice. og sluitne Mas. be Periantium Quadrigonum, cuneiforme, carnofum, ad apicem lineis variis notatum. Corolla Nulla. SA Stamina. Rudimenta quatuor craſa brevia, antheris numerofffimis oblon- gis inſtructa. Femina. Periantium Craſſum carnofum quadratum, maſculinis interpoſitum, foliolis quatuor minimis margini incumbentibus ornatum. Corolla Nulla. Stamina Nulla. Piſtillum. Germen craſſum, quadratum, coronatum, prægnans; ſtyli qua- tuor vel plures, longifimi, incumbentes; ftigmata fimplicia Pericarpium. Capſula fucculenta, baccata, angulata, inferne craffior, ad , apicem anguftior, quadrilocularis. Semina Plurima minima ovata. This plant is very frequent in Jamaica, particularly about the Creſcence; and is often uſed for thatch, tho' not ſo good as the other leaves commonly employed for that purpoſe. The foot-ſtalks are exactly like ſo many joints of well-grown walking- canes, both in ſhape and lize; but they ſoon wither and ſhrivel up. The berries are ſweet, and fed upon much by the birds. Bao nobelsug og fordi v won ARUM 1. Caule eretto, geniculato, inferne nudo; foliis majoribus oblongo- ovatis. 101 tulid aufind (1973 - An, Arum cauleſcens foliis fagittatis. L. Sp. Pl?ds, bas. 191 cl Arum caule geniculato, canna Indica foliis, &c. Slo. Cat. 63. bra Aninge 14. Pil. 220. Visitoupit ni Ted Idds Fairladenois) słoils ir do ya This plant is common in moſt parts of America, and grows chiefly in cool and moiſt places. The ſtalk is uſed to bring ſugar to a good grain, when the juice is too viſcid, and cannot be brought to granulate rightly with lime alone. Trapham recom- mends a decoction of the plant by way of fomentation in hydropic caſes: and it certainly muſt be a ſtrong reſolutive, which cannot fail to ſtrengthen and ſti- mulate the relaxed fibres, in ſuch caſes. 2519 3 3901 bs 1107513 The Dumb Cane. o amoladowch a ARUM 2. Scandens triphyllum. foliis exterioribus auritis, petiolis vaginan- tibus. MmuM sol Arum maximum ſcandens, geniculatum & trifoliatum. Slo. Cat. 63. The trifoliated Arum, or Wake-Robin. 8 This plant is pretty frequent in all the hills of Jamaica, and generally found climbing among the neighbouring trees. It is the only ſpecies that is obſerved to be furniſhed with compound leaves in that iſland. ishov-bash slog ARUM 3. Scandens, foliis majoribus crenato-laceris, petiolis fimplicibus. Arum maximum altiſſime ſcandens, &c. Slo. Cat. 63. An, Elitta di Maravara. H. M. p. 12. t. 2o? To 7e med bicho si The large climbing Wake-Robin, with torn leaves. TO O Osmus? Idiod oT ARUM 332 THE NATURAL HISTORY 4 ARUM Acaule purpureum, foliis amplifimis cordato-fagittatis. Colocafia quod Arum Indicum, Colocaſia dictum, pediculis atris, &c. Thez. Žey. 68. The purple Cocco, and Tannier. The tops of this plant are commonly uſed to feed the hogs; but the root is more valuable, and ſupply many of the poorer fort of people with what they call- Bread-kind, in thoſe parts of the world. cante. a ARUM 5. Acaule maximum, foliis cordato-fagittatis. Arum acaule, foliis peltatis ovatis repandis, bah femibifidis. L. Sp. Pl. & H. C. Colocaſia, ſeu fabe Egyptiæ veterum flos. C. B. &c. Thez. Zey. 68. Arum maximum Ægyptiacum, quod vulgo Colocatia. B. Pin. &c. Slo. Cat. 61. The white Cocco, and Tyre. The tops of this plant do ſometimes ſupply the tables of Jamaica with greens; but they are not reckoned ſo good as thoſe of the feventh ſpecies, which is the moſt in uſe. The young roots are very wholeſome, dry, and nouriſhing; and ſometimes uſed in broths, by the poorer ſort of people. The old heads are called White Coccos, and the young roots that ſhoot round the top, Tyres. ARUM 6. Acaule maximum, foliis cordato-Sagittatis, radice leniter mordi- Arum acaule, foliis cordatis acutis cum acumine, angulis rotundatis. L. H. C. & Sp. Plant. The Scratch Cocco. The root of this plant is uſed like thoſe of the other forts; but it is not ſo fre- quently cultivated. The old roots are generally called Scratch Coccos, from a little pungency with which they are always impregnated; and the young ones that ſhoot round the top, Edyes. ARUM 7. Acaule medium, foliis cordato-fagittatis quandoque auritis, ra- dice minori carnoſa. Arum acaule, foliis peltatis ovatis integerrimis, bafi femibifidis. L. Sp. Pl. & H. C. Arum minus nymphea foliis Eſculentum, &c. Slo. Cat. 62. & H. t. 106. Colocaſia quod Arum Zeylonicum minus, &c. Thez. Zey. 68. Indian Kale. The leaves of this plant boiled, make a wholeſome agreeable green: it is ten- der and mucilaginous, and pleaſing to moſt palates. The plant is much cultivated by all ſorts of people; eſpecially in the country parts, where cabbage and kidney- beans are not always to be had. A ſmall bed of it is ſufficient to ſupply one or two families with greens throughout the year; for it grows very luxuriant and quick, and the oftener it is picked, the better. It grows very ſmall if it be not tranſ- planted from time to time. ARUM 8. Acaule, foliis triangularibus fagittatis, angulis divaricatis acutis. Arum minus eſculentum, fagittaria foliis viridi-nigricantibus. Slo. Cat. 63. & Hift. t. 106. f. 2. 4 The vyso F Í Á M A I CA. HT Τ Α Μ Α Ι C 333 δίαιτα a The ſmaller Indian Kale. sh. МОЯА beso sitegola This plant is cultivated by many people in Jamaica : it is much like the former, and frequently uſed for the ſame purpoſes. ARUM 9. Acaule majus ſylveſtre, radice oblonga fibrata, foliis amplioribus cordatis. bris Arum acaule, foliis peltato-ovatis baſi bipartitis. L.H.C. An, Colocaſia quod Arum maximum Zeylonicum, radice craſa. Thez. Zey. 68 ? The large wild Wake-Robin. This plant is very common among the rocks, in many parts of the iſland: the leaves are very large, and riſe immediately from a thick lengthened root. ARUM 10. Acaule ſubcæruleum maximum, foliis ampliffimis cordato-fagit- tatis. Colocaſia Strongylorrhiza Zeylonica, &c. Thez. Zey. 68. The Baboon or Hog Cocco.ch nie bid to 2001 borc The root of this plant grows to a monſtrous fize, and is very coarſe: it is of an eaſy growth, and planted chiefly for the hogs, which it is ſaid to fatten very well: . ARUM 11. Scandens, foliis cordatis, petiolis rotundis. The climbing Wake-Robin, with round foot-ſtalks. ARUM 12. Tenue fcandens, foliis oblongis, petiolis alatis amplexantibus, Phylitidi ſcandenti affinis major, &c. Slo. Cat. 15. & H. t. 27. The climbing Wake-Robin, with oblong leaves and edged foot-ſtalks. This plant is only to be met with in the moſt lonely inland woods: it climbs with great eaſe, and grows more ſucculent and luxuriant towards the top, artsid ARUM 13. Paraſiticum minus, foliis ovatis punctatis glabris, Spica brevi. The ſmall paraſitical Wake-Robin. I found this little paraſitical plant in the woods above St. Ann's bay. The ſtem is flender and ſhagged, and adorned with a few oval leaves: it ſticks pretty cloſe to the trunk of whatever tree it grows upon; but ſeldom runs above two or three feet in length Old ap si solo 100 3. cars are some more and more a การงาน ng isang osloboked al cim do Waltra buta a instations sq lontognitely be conigaisa bu bo maddeo song into di visuals bigo Tonoll ils yd vd china to bad bad ottenente ad up bunul sito Control yours 1993 div. Silnikowa to od tistilisco yo twory jou od babiq etti 1900 lo sri bas youd bobbig is olemnit mama motige only 8 AA S. 4 R CLASS 334 THE NATURAL HISTORY C L A S S XXI. Of the Monoecia; or Vegetables that throw out diſtinct male and female Flowers, from different parts of the fame Plant. SE CT. I. Of ſuch as have one, two, three, four, or five Filaments in every male Flower CYNO VYNOMORIUM 1. Ere&tum, breve, cylindraceum, nudum; prima ætate Squamatum. Cynomorium. Miche. t. 12. The upright Cynamorium. This little plant is ſeldom met with but in the moſt ſhady inland woods: it grows in beds, and riſes generally to the height of three, four, or five inches; but is commonly ſmalleſt towards the bottom. At firſt it is covered pretty thick with ſcales of the figure of a heart; which fall off gradually as it riſes, and expoſe the body of the plant thickly beſet with little tranſparent denticles , intermixed with a few tubular trifid flowers, that jet above the level of the ſurface. The ſtem of the plant is ſucculent and fleſhy, and all the parts aftringent. LEMNA 1. Minima monorbifos, foliolis orbiculatis. An, Lemna foliis fefilibus planiufculis, radicibus folitariis? L. Sp. Pl. Lens paluſtris. Raii H. Duck-weed. This little aquatic plant grows in ſome of the ſmall ponds of Jamaica; but it is not common, nor put to any uſe there. Ilse OMPHALANDRIA 1. Fruteſcens diffufa, foliis amplioribus ovatis, petiolis biglandulis, racemis terminalibus. The large-leafed Omphalandria, with two Antheræ or male parts. Flores alii mares, alii femina in iifdem racemis. Mas, Periantium Quadri- vel quinque-phyllum, foliolis cochleatis fubrotundis. Corolla Nulla. Stamina Nulla. Nectarium craſſum umbonatum fubrotundum, in medio cali- cis ftum, fuftentaculum præbet antheris geminis, lateribus necta- rii oppoſitis longitudinaliter immerſis. Fæmina. Periantium Ut in mare. Corolla Nulla. Stamina Nulla. Piſtillum. Germen ovatum ; ftylus brevis; ſtigma ſubtrifidum. Pericarpium. Capſula carnofa, ovata, trilocularis. Semina Solitaria oblonga, ОMРНА. OF: J A M A IC A. 335 OMPHALANDRIA 2. Foliis obovatis glabris, ad bafim biglandulis; floribus triandriis. Tab. 22. f. 4. The larger Omphalandria, with three Antheræ. Theſe plants are chiefly found about Port Antonio, and Mangeneel. There are no filaments in the flowers of either of them; but the antheræ are lodged in ſo many grooves, diſpoſed longitudinally and at equal diſtances from each other, in the ſide of a roundiſh naval ſituated in the center of the cup. The firſt fort is a weakly ſpreading ſhrub; the other, a ſmall tree. ZEA 1. Seminibus ſubcompreſis obovatis. Zea. L. Gen. Sp. Pl. & H. C. Maizium. Mart. 6. & frumentum Indicum mays diétum, &c. Slo. Cat. 26. Great Corn, or Maize. This plant is much cultivated in all parts of Jamaica, and thrives very luxuriant- ly every where: It is generally planted among the young canès, and grows to per- fection before theſe ſhoot to any conſiderable height. The grain is reckoned a wholeſome hearty food, and much uſed among the negroes, who make it into va- rious meffes, according to their fancy. It is given to horſes, in thoſe parts, as we do oats, beans, or peaſe, in Europe; and is the principal ſupport of their poultry and ſmall ſtock, of which the people of that iſland raiſe great quantities. COIX I. Arundinacea eretta indivifa, foliis brevioribus latiufculis, Spica ra- cemoſa terminati.39019 Gramen paniceum majus, ſpica fimplici levi, &c. Slo. Cat. 30. & H. t. 64. Lachryma Fobi H. E. Thez. Zey. p. 137, 8. An, Coix feminibus ovatis. L. Sp. Pl. & H.C? The Coix, with fimple flender-fhanks. This plant grows wild everywhere in the woods, and is excellent foda der for all ſorts of cattle. It has all the appearance of a reed; and riſes commonly to the height of four feet, or better. CAREX 1. Tenuior, altiſſime ſcandens. An, Carex, Spiculis oblongis feſlibus remotis androgynis, capſulis ovatis acutis. L. Sp. Pl. The climbing Carex. This plant is frequent in St. Elizabeth's, and grows very luxuriantly in all parts of the pariſh. The ſtalk is very ſlender, and riſes to a conſiderable height, when ſupported by neighbouring buſhes. a CAREX 2. Foliorum vaginis marginatis & ab altero latere appendiculatis; Jpicis qnandoque mixtis, quandoque maſculinis; caule trian- gulari. The common Carex. This plant is extremely like the common European fort: it grows very plentifully in all the lagoons about the Ferry. CAREX 3. Paluſtris major, caule arundinaceo. The upright Carex, with a fmooth hollow ſtalk. The 336 THE NATURAL HISTORY a OVIC 12 The ſtalk of this plant is thick, round, finooth, and jointed like a reed; but it is not of the ſame texture: it's frequent in the Ferry-river, and about the great pond. TYPHA 1. Simplex, foliis longis anguftis compreſſis, Spica duplici terminali. 0 Typha foliis fubenfiformibus, fpicis approximatis. L. Sp. Pl. Hooler 12 The Great Reed-Mace. Til This plant is a native of Jamaica, and grows very common in all the lagoons about the iſland. The leaves make good matts; and are fometimes uſed for thatch in the low lands. music.IAS TRAGIA 1. Scandens, foliis haftatis Jerratis hiſpidis . sa Tragia foliis cordato-oblongis, caule volubila: L. Sp. Pl. A Urtica ramoſa fcandens, &c. Slo. Cat. 38. & H. t. 82. The creeping Cowhage. In this plant, the foot-ſtalks of the flowers riſe from the ala of the leaves; and divide foon after, into two ſimple branches; whereof, the one bears a number of male flowers, diſpoſed gradually in the form of a ſpike, towards the top; while the other ſuf- tains only a ſingle female bloſſom, which is fixed at the extremity of the branch. There is no more than two filaments in each of the male flowers of this plant; and what Linneus calls a cup, or periantium, ſeems to be rather a real flower. The plant is very common in Jamaica, and well known on account of its ſharp itching hairs. The root is looked upon as a good aperient and diuretic; and both the decoction and juice are frequently uſed among the negroes for thoſe for thoſe purpofes. TRAGIA 2. Subfruticoſa, foliis oblongis glabris, fructu bifpido. An, Tragia foliis lanceolatis obtufis integerrimis. L. Sp. Pl? 1 An, Pee-Tsjerou. H. M. p. 5. t. 23? The ſmooth-leafed Cowhage.no I found this plant at the Angels, on the ſide of the road that leads to-Sixteen-mile- walk : it grows commonly to the height of four or five feet. URTICA 1. Humilior hiſpida, foliis ovatis crenatis, Spicis alaribus. The ſmall hairy Nettle. This plant was introduced to Jamaica by Mr. Wallen; and thrives well at the Ferry, where it was firſt planted. It is a native of the iſland of Madera, ز a t this a URTICA 2. Erecta, foliis cordatis ferratis, racemis compreffis terminalibus. The larger Dead-nettle, with ſpreading flower-bunches. This plant is very common in Jamaica, and grows chiefly in cool ſhady places. The leaves are pretty large and luxuriant, and the flower-bunches ſpread- ing and compreſſed, and diſpoſed at the extremities of the branches. The plant riſes frequently to the height of three feet, or better. URTICA 3. Minor ſupina, foliis ovatis ferratis oppoſitis, floribus confertis terminalibus. The ſmall creeping Nettle. URTICA? 4. Humilior, diſticha, diffuſa, compreſa, obliquè aſſurgens; foliolis minimis. Herniaria OF J A M A I CA. 337 Herniaria lucida aquatica, &c. Slo. Cat. 50. & H. tab. 93. f. 2. The little reclining Nettle, with very ſmall leaves. URTICA 5. Humilior, reclinata, fere fimplex ; foliolis minimis diſtichis. The ſmaller reclining Nettle, with very ſmall leaves. Both theſe plants are like each other, and ſeem to be only variations of the fame ſpecies. They are very different in appearance from all the other forts of nettle; but the parts of the flowers, which are very ſmall, ſeem to place them in the ſame claſs. The following is a deſcription of the bloſſoms, as nearly as I could make it out. Flores, alii maſculini femininis intermixti. Mas. Periantium Nullum. Corolla, Tetrapet ala, petalis cochleatis oblongis. Stamina. Filamenta quatuor, petalis fere tečta : antheræ fubrotunde. Femina. Calix Nullus; Corolla Nulla. Piftillum. Germen oblongum; ftylus brevifimus; ftigma ciliatum, They grow chiefly in cool gravelly places; but neither of them riſes above twelve or fourteen inches in height. The diſpoſition of the leaves and branches is nearly the ſame in both; tho' one of the ſpecies ſeems to divide a good deal in its growth, while the other riſes almoſt with a ſimple ſtem. a URTICA 6. Erecta, foliis ovato-acuminatis trinerviis nitidis, racemis come preſis. Urtica Iners racemoſa, &c. Slo. Cat. 38. & H. t. 83. f. 2: The larger Dead-Nettle, with ſmooth leaves and bunched flowers. URTICA 7. Fruticulofa, glabra; foliis fubrotundo-ovatis, crenato-ferratis. The erect Nettle, with ſmooth leaves. Theſe plants grow chiefly in cool and ſhady places, and riſe generally to the height of two feet and a half, or better. The firſt ſort has large oval leaves, and wide ſpreading bunches of flowers, diſpoſed at the top of the branches: It is common in all the cooler gravelly banks of the higher hills. The other grows more upright; it is of a more delicate make, firm and lignous; and adorned with ſmaller roundith leaves: I have met with it at Mangeneel. URTICA 8. Arboreſcens ; foliis ovatis, birtis, pruriginoſis, oppoſitis, The Nettle Tree, with itching hairy leaves. This plant grows commonly to the height of eight or ten feet, and is pretty fre- quent in the woods about St. Mary's and Portland. URTICA 9. Fruteſcens; foliis amplioribus ovatis, finuato-dentatis; nervis, petiolis & caulibus aculeatis. The large prickly Nettle. I met with this plant in Blue-mountain Valley, but could not obſerve it in any other part of the iſland: it was not at that time perfect enough to bear either flowers 4 S or 338 THE NATURAL HISTORY URTICA 10. Fruteſcens; foliis rugoſis ovatis, in acumen produétis ; ramulis ſeeds; and have placed it here only from the common diſpoſition and appearance of its leaves and branches. The plant was about the height of five feet, or better; furniſhed with large glofly leaves, of the figure of a heart; and every where ſupplied with ſharp prickly thorns, eſpecially about the trunk and leaves. sta - , sisargill :zibilid, la gracilibus. The ſhrubby Nettle, with ſlender branches and lengthened oval leaves. muss URTICA 11. Fruticoſa; foliis ampliſſimis, ovatis, ſerratis ; Spicis longiſſimis, tenuibus, ex alis propendentibus. sig vibs ar yfido darride pedoasid bis in The Nettle Tree. Both theſe plants are natives of the cooler woods of Jamaica, and grow com- monly to the height of ten or fifteen feet. The laſt fort is more frequent in the cooler mountains of Liguanea, and furniſhed with very broad leaves. SAPIUM 1. Arboreum, foliis ellipticis glabris, petiolis biglandulis, floribus Spicatis. The Gum Tree. Flores alii maſculini, alii feminini, in iiſdem Spicis : illi e ſuperiore ſpicæ parte, totslód w bas 199w1 si oriuntur; hi vero infra enafeuntur. visita a doidiw 104 or if 9180 stodwyd adin si bagni s boutons sont aud 1918919 diw bsteg.qoi ad ol 2 Mas. Gendang Periantium Nullum. Corolla "Nulla. Stamina. E fingula lacuna biglanduld emergunt filamenta quatuor, quinque, JULIOM vel ſex, breviffima ; antheris globoſis inſtructa. flow yiov 29viel bris noir Femina. nibm BV aid to 2917isdarlo vise deng tud, bon! woloth Periantium E lacunis paucis biglandulis, circa baſm ſpica digeftis, emergunt periantia totidem ventricoſa, minima quadridentata. polos Corolla Nulla. Stamina Nulla. 19.40 Piſtillum. Germen oblongum, intra calicem ftum; ftylus brevis tripartitus ; ſtigmata fimplicia. Pericarpium. Capſula ſubrotunda, obtufè triloba, trilocularis, ſeminibus baligi vleis 1990, av, tribus folitariis referta. plads This tree grows to a very conſiderable ſize, and yields a great quantity of refin, of a thick ſticky conſiſtence, dirty colour; opake, and of little ſmell: which generally ſerves for the boiling-houſe lamps, in every part of the country where the tree is frequent; and is much uſed for bird-lime, which purpoſe it is obſerved to anſwer ex- tremely well. The wood is ſoft and coarſe, and not much eſteemed. old Аяа ARGYTHAMNIA I. Fruticoſa, tota albida; foliis oblongis, nervis 1. Leovisol- bsni paucioribus arcuatis. Durpetinatoros The ſhrubby aſh-coloured Argythamnia. 978903 i , . Flores alii maſculini, alii feminini, in eâdem planta. Mas. AI2O ЯМА Periantium Tetrapbyllum; foliolis lanceolatis, villoſis. 20 Mot sloda 8160 20 wat ons storm Corolla у я op . Не о F І JA MA I CVA. 339 10 són Corolla Tetrapetala ; petalis minoribus lanceolatis. i bosiq svad ban 791190 Stamina. Filamenta quatuor, longitudine fere floris; antheræ oblongo-ovate. builogul row views bus 237636 to the sta to 2541631 violgono c9vsel bus aru Femina. sylls199415 sodiana gran oth Periantium, Ut in mare, villoſum. Corolla Nulla. Stam. Nulla. Piſtillum. Germen Jubgloboſum, obtul2 trilobum, villoſum; ftyli tres, ul- tra medietatem tripartiti ; laciniis fingulis, bifidis : ftigmata 29159yo bonor lacerata. eard abouwrddisit pd Pericarpium. Capſula obtuſè trigona, trilocularis, triſpermis. , Semina Subrotunda ſolitaria. Этят This ſhrub is pretty frequent in the lower hills, and grows chiefly in a dry gravelly foil: it ſeldom riſes above five feet in height; and the trunk and branches are co- vered with a whitiſh bark. I a a mulle cauta 30 MORUS 1. Laftefcens; foliis oblongis acutis, paginis exterioribus productiori- bus, ligno citrino. Morus foliis ovatis hirſutis. L. Sp. Pl. Morus fructu viridi, ligno fulphureo tinctorio. Slo. Cat. 128. & H. 6.15 Itainſba. Pil. 163. The Fuſtic Tree. This is a fine timber-wood; and a principal ingredient in moſt of our yellow dyes, for which it is chiefly imported into Europe. The berries are ſweet and wholeſome, but not much uſed, except it be by the winged tribe, by whoſe care it is chiefly planted. It is a native of Jamaica, and deſerves to be propagated with greater care. loto 5 MORUS 2. Foliis obliquè cordatis. L. Sp. Pl. blagog The Carolina Mulberry. This tree is cultivated in many gardens in Jamaica, and thrives very well in the low lands; but it ſeldoms bears any quantity of fruit. The berries of this fort are longer than thoſe of the European mulberry, and generally of a whitiſh colour. ovil CA ន2 Flora MORUS 3. Foliis cordatis, fubtus villoſis; ament his cylindraceis. L. Sp. Pl. Jismith, The Virginia Mulberry. pp.cursotta , A few of theſe trees, which are natives of Virginia, have been lately raiſed in Jamaica by ſome curious gentlemen; and are ſaid to be of that fort on which the filk-worm feeds and thrives beſt. It grows in that iſland as well as any of the other ſpecies, but does not bear any quantity of fruit; and was planted there only to ſatisfy the curioſity of the people. sootud wamil-brid not balu domains ofta do Home Bloodboaw.pdan ATERAMNUS 1. Foliis oblongis, leviſimè crenatis, alternis; Spicis fingularibus, ad alas. AIMMAHTYO The Ateramnus, with oblong crenated leaves. Flores alii maſculini, alii feminini, in iiſdem ſpicis. Mares plurimi, conferti , qua- driſtaminei : feminæ pauciores, tribus ſtylis præditæ, & ad bafim ſpice hita. An, ad Sapiam referri debet? AMBROSIA 1. Ere&ta ramoſa, foliis plurifariam diviſis , laciniis crenator ferratis, racemis paniculatis terminalibus. Ambrofia foliis bipinnatis, racemis paniculatis terminalibus. L. Sp. Pl. Ambroſia elatior, foliis artemiſia atrovirentibus. Slo, Cat. 38. . Wild 340 THE NATURAL HISTORY 192 TO Wild Tanſey. 1991 Said This plant grows very common and luxuriant in all the dry ſandy banks of the larger river-courſes; where the mould is waſhed away by the floods, and nothing left but gravel mixed with ſtiff clay. It is a powerful vulnerary and re- folutive; and frequently uſed in warm baths and fomentations of that nature. The juice of the leaves, mixed with honey, is recommended in exulcerations of the lungs. PARTHENIUM 1. Subbir futum ramofum, foliis multipliciter incilis, flori- bus terminalibus. Parthenium foliis compoſito-multifidis. L. Sp. Pl. & H. C. Achoavan. Proſp. Alp. 56. yote Wild Wormwood. This plant grows wild in moſt of the open fields round the iſland; and thrives very luxuriantly about all the ſettlements in the low lands. It is obſerved to have much the ſame qualities with the Feverfew; and may be uſed, like that, in re- folutive baths, and infufions. AMARANTHUS 1. Aculeatus rufeſcens, floribus confertis fefilibus, capitulis alaribus. Amaranthus, racemis pentandris cylindricis erectis, axillis ſpinoſis . L, folioooooooo The prickly Calaloo. 105 the utile ole This plant is frequent in the mountains, as well as the lower hills of Jamaica; and much uſed as a green, when the more valuable forts are ſcarce. It is reckoned both a wholeſome and an agreeable vegetable. AMARANTHUS 2. Coma terminali varia, monſtrofa & fimbriata. The Cock's-comb. This plant grows now in moſt parts of Jamaica; and thrives ſo luxuriantly every where, that it may be conſidered as native. It makes a beautiful appearance among the other flowering-plants cultivated in our gardens, and is often raiſed for that purpoſe in all parts of America. 119 So y do 23 mullihin 27 Sp. Pl. SECT. T. II. 1 ss multas 99 Basne Of ſuch as have fix, or more, Filaments in every Flower. DOS IZANIA 1. Panicula effuſa. L. Sp. Pl.me olla eninta The larger Zizania, with a ſcattered panicle. Siz This plant is common in all the lagoons of Jamaica: the joints of the ſtalk are ſhorter than thoſe of the common fort; and ſwell a little on one ſide at the baſe. Z" ZIZANIA? 2. Sylveſtris, afſurgens, tenuis & ramoſa; panicula laxa ra- cemoſa. of An, Zizania panicula racemoſa. L. Sp. Pl. Nom ni bensla ei 0913 adT Id gian sabanos hom The branched ſlender Zizania, with a looſe panicle. ewog Is gaitsed ai alia diri i drgasl babilo 29.9l woman griot riw hodinu ad I have а 1 TA VAHE SV r : រំ 19. Ο F J Α Μ Α Ι C Α. 341 yW I have claffed this plant, already, among the reeds ; but believe it does more pro- perly belong to this genus. oraz EK 8 វិគq qE EXPR bloom 900 9151 1031991 ZEUGITES 1. Arundinaceus, ramofus, minor, rufefcens ; panicula fparfa teren LEON minali. Tab. 4. f. 3. 3. bort vlasupaik bas to 16 anos 15ls eval ads, lo me The Mountain Reed-Grafs. Periantium Gluma trivalvis triflora ; valvulis inferioribus æqualibus; ovato-ſubobtufis; tertia interior triplo major obtufa, & ſe- tula terminata : e finu hujus emergit germen oblongum, ſtylo fimplici villoſo, & ftigmate obtufiufculo, villoſo, inſtructum. Ex eodem ſinu etiam ſurgit pedunculus tenuis biflorus; flo- ribus bivalvibus, calicibus deftitutis; fingulis, ſtaminibus tri- bus refertis: antheræ oblonga biloba, utrinque bifurca. blin I found this curious little plant at Cold-Spring, in the mountains of New Ligua- nea: it grows in a rich ſhady foil, and ſeldom riſes above two feet or twenty-fix inches in height. noihini bir erlend svisco) PALMA 1. Spadicibus alaribus; fručtu maximo; caudice fubæquali, cica- triculis circularibus ſcabro; foliis enſiformibus, replicatis, pinnatis. ni zuds A Coccos. L. Sp. Pl. & H. C. Coccos & Coccoifera. Mart. 388. Palma Indica Coccifera angulofa C. B. Thez. Zey. Palma Indica nucifera Coccos di&ta Raii, Slo . Cat. 132. pont a mala Tinga varia. H. M. p. 1 & 3. f. 1, 2, 3, 4. (w notgts as bola na baa The Cocco-Nut Tree, as as bas smo plody s dio Flores, alii maſculini, alii feminini, in eodem ſpadice. ASAMA m Mas hins Periantium Triphyllum breve. Corolla Tripetala, petalis oblongis, foliolis calicis alternatis. siq edT Stamina. Filamenta fex, brevia, antheris majuſculis, ſagittatis, inſtructa. Piſtillum. Germen obſoletum ; ftyli tres, ſubulati, breves; ftigmata acuta. lo que Femina. Periantium Nullum nifi petala exteriora floris pro calice fumas. Corolla Hexapetala, petalis fubrotundis cochleatis; quorum tria majora interiora funt. Stamina Nulla. Germen craffum, fubrotundum; ftylus nullus; ftigma tri- Pericarpium, Drupa quandoque ficca, & fibroſa; quandoque baccata, & Pericarpium angulare, obtufè trilobum, excavatum. , 10 aniol pulpoſa; nauco osſeo magno triloculari tribus foraminulis Sul ſubobſoletis perforato referta. Loculamenta pulte amyg- dalino vel aqueo ſemper repleta funt; bina tamen quan- doque obſoleta fiunt. Semina. Tot funt germina minora, quot loculamenta perfe&ta, in faucibus foraminum five lacunarum fta. This tree is planted in moſt parts of America, both for its beauty and productions: it grows generally in the low lands, and riſes frequently to a conſiderable height, bearing all its foliage at the top, like the reſt of the kind. This conſiſts of many ſtrong ribs, furniſhed with tong narrow leaves folded lengthways, which riſe in a con- tinued 4 T 342 T HÈ NATURAL HISTORY a a tinued ſeries on both fides, and ſpread very evenly both ways. Theſe ribs Moot gra- dually from the top; and as the younger ones ſtretch out fufficiently to raiſe the fap; the lower ones decline, wither away gradually, and fall off in time. The flowers of this tree riſe in ſpreading bunches from the alæ of the ribs, and are ſupported by ſo many large branched foot-ſtalks: theſe, while young, are very thickly beſet with bloſſoms, and covered with a ſimple, thick, fibrous Spatha or ſheath, of an oblong form, pointed at the top, and moderately contracted at the bottom. When all the parts of the flowers have gained a :due degree of perfection, the ſpatha ſplits on the under fide, from the bottom upwards, and expoſes the common bunch, with all its flowers, to the open air: moſt of theſe are males, and fall off gradually as the fpatha withers, leaving the embryo fruit, which is generally fixed to the lower and ſtronger part of the ſtalk, to increaſe and ripen gradually. Theſe grow very large in time, and are compoſed of thick fibrous huſks, containing ſo many large hollow nuts; which, in moſt of the tribe, are trilocular: though in this, as well as ſome of the other ſpecies, two of the cells are obliterated, and the third only comes to perfection. The nut or ſhell is formed of a hard compact ſubſtance, and filled with a ſweetiſh water, while young; but as the fruit advances in its growth, this depoſites a ſoft gelatinous cruft upon the ſides of the ſhell, which hardens gradually with age, until at length it acquires a ſtrong concreted tex- ture, and then it is not unlike the fubftance of an almond, either in taſte or conſiſtence. The water contained in the nets, is very pleafant while they are young, and generally looked upon as one of the greateſt dainties of America ; but, as they grow old, the liquor grows more ſharp and cooling, and far more agreeable to over-heated habits. The kernel is very nouriſhing, and may be uſed inſtead of almonds, in milks, emulſions, and a pozems; and with greater propriety, as it may be always had freſh. The ſhells ferve for drinking and water cups; and the huſks, which are very fibrous, are made into various forts of cordage, in fome of the eaſt- ern parts of the world; but in Jamaica they are only uſed to ſcour the floors. The leaves of this tree are uſed for thatch, upon occaſions; and the tender ſhoots at the top afford a pleaſant green, or cabbage: the outward part of the trunk is made into lattings; and the juice obtained by tapping it about the top, being mixed and fermented with moloſſes, affords a very pleaſant wholeſome ſpirit, which differs but very little from arack. At the bottom of the ribs, we find a coarſe fi- brous net-work, that ſerves for ſtrainers; and the kernel is frequently raſped, and made into fritters and ſmall cakes. The roots of the tree are very flender, ſimple, and flexile ; they riſe ſeparately from the bottom of the trunk, and ſpread from thence in all directions; ſome run- ning to a great depth in the ground, while others creep almoſt parallel to the ſurface. it is no 3 3 PALMA 2. Caudice altifſimo, ad imulum turgido; pinnis infernè vaginan- tibus; foliis anguſtis replicatis; fructu minori. Caunga. H. M. p. 3. t. 5. The Barbadoes Cabbage Tree. This is the moſt beautiful tree I have ever ſeen, and may be very lawfully eſteem- ed the queen of the woods: it grows to a very conſiderable fize (a); riſes by a tall ſtraight trunk, which bilges moderately at fome diſtance above the root; and ſhoots by a ſtraight cylindric tapering body from thence to the top, where it ſpreads into a large and beautiful foliage, not unlike that of the Cocco-nut tree. The lower part of each rib is pretty broad in this plant, and formed into a ſheath, which embraces all thoſe that grow between it and the center; ſo that they continue the form of the trunk for ſome ſpace above the real ſummit of the item, from whence it throws out, on oppoſite ſides, two large branched bunches, well be- (a) Ray makes mention of one of theſe trees that was obſerved to grow to the height of 270 feet, or thereabouts. ſet a Yя ООF III AM A I c А. 343 3 ſet with mixed flowers: but theſe continue covered by a fimple Spatha, until all the parts are ready for the operations of generation. Both the bunch and ſheath reſem- ble thoſe of the Cocco-nut palm very much; but the ſpatha of this is more foft and delicate, and the bunch more fertile and ſpreading; tho' the fruit is very ſmall, and feldom exceeds the ſize of an Engliſh pea. The ſeeds of this beautiful plant were firſt carried to Jamaica by the preſent go- vernor, His Excellency Admiral Knowles; and it has been ſince cultivated there with great care. The lower part of the inward ribs, and the embryo leaves, are very ten- der; and, when boiled, become a delicate wholeſome green, which is generally called cabbage in all the colonies: but this ſpecies is chiefly planted for its beauty, and feldom or never cut down for that, or any other uſe. 4137 won OH vilrube 59 PALMA 3. Pinnis inferne vaginantibus, caudice æquali annulato, fructu minori. Ilava Palma altiſima non Spinoſa, fru&tu pruniformi minori, &c. Slo. Cat. 176. doobs & H. t. 215. 16 ello ow ben comedet for The Jamaica Cabbage Tree. gondot De ou aliai navbe Jiptio d. This plant is frequent in moſt of the ſugar-iſlands, and grows commonly to a moderate fize. The body of the tree is generally pretty tall, upright, and even; and throws out its flowers (like the foregoing) immediately under the column form- ed by the ſheathed bottoms of the ribs: theſe, in the fize and diſpoſition, as well as in the form of both their bunches and covers, are very like thoſe of the Barbadoes Palm; and its foliage (like thoſe of that plant) affords a delicate wholeſome green, which is commonly called Mountain-Cabbage, in the ſugar-iſlands; and for which it is generally cut down. The outward part of the tree is uſed for lathing, and boards for out-houſes: the ſeeds ferve to feed the wild hogs in the ſeaſon; and the Spathas are frequently made into matts by the negroes. ai bam tooft dx 110o) ou bolo viata vod 1. PALMA 4. Pinnis inferne vaginantibus, caudice tereti aculeatiſimo, fructu obem ai muti odo lo minori. wino od goddse box Palma Spinofa minor, caudice gracili. Slo. Cat. 178. & H. ii. 121. Hardw ini seriošlow of The a shop s bail sw edit ads The prickly Pole. boit 10- br This flender tree is very common in the inland woods of Jamaica, and ſupplies the wild hogs with abundance of food, when its berries are in ſeaſon. It is ſeldom above four inches and a half in diameter, tho' it generally riſes to the height of twelve or fifteen feet: but both the leaves and flowers are diſpoſed like thoſe of the cabbage tree. The outward part of the trunk is extremely hard and elaſtic, and looks much like whalebone; it is very fit for bows and rammers. PALMA 5. Caudice aculeatiſſimo, pinnis ad margines spinoſis, fructibus ma- juſculis. Palma ſpinofa minor, fructu pruniformi, &c. Slo. Cat. 178. & H. ya wel ved : tucad thom This tree is very common in moſt of the ſugar-colonies; and the rind of the fruit which is pretty thick, yields a fattiſh fubſtance, not unlike, or inferior to the real palm- oil. The trunk is uſed for lathing; and the ſeeds, which are of a black colour, about the ſize of walnuts, and bear a fine poliſh, are frequently made into beads by he negroes. solai bomot hrs Jasla eic ar bord ai V119 ouano yadt dedi ob 1970s of bus mowaad world con las pard DOT PALMA 6. Inermis, caudice recto, pinnis amplexantibus fubvaginatis, bac- Lod llaw zorbaud boscis minoribus. w sobil pilog99 word 2009 2001 ore Palma non fpinofa foliis minoribus, &c. Slo. Cat, 172. & H, ii. 118. The 01991 LISTE 999 od y. The Mackaw Tree. 00 A DI I AM MA 344 THE NATURAL HISTORY The Thatch Tree. The leaves of this tree are frequently uſed for thatch, and reckoned better than thoſe of the other forts, for that purpoſe. The outſide of the trunk is uſed, inſtead of other boards, for the walls of out-houſes: it is very hard, and bullet-proof. PALMA 7. Pinnis & caudice ubique aculeatifimis, fructu majuſculo. 7 Palma tota ſpinoſa major, &c. Slo. Cat. 177. & H. ii. 119. An, Palma fručtu pruniformi luteo aleoſo ejuſdem. C. 175. & H. 113. tab. 214. The Great Mackaw Tree. The fruit of this kind differs but little from that of the ſmall Mackaw tree: the huſks of both are full of oil, and the nut black and ſhining. The negroes ſay, that this is the tree which yields the true palm-oil: the outſide of the trunk is made into laths, bows, and darts; like thoſe of ſome of the other ſpecies. PALMA 8. Subcinerea, foliis brevioribus pinnatis quaſimodo confertis, infimis breviſſimis & in Spinas quaſ redactis. Phænix. Lin. G. & H. C. Palma daεtylifera major vulg. &c. Slo. Cat. 174. & H. 11, 111. The Date Tree. This tree is now cultivated pretty much in Jamaica : the fruit is very wholeſome, and ſupplies a principal part of the ſuſtenance of many people; particularly in the iſland of Socotra, where the berries are frequently ſtoned and preſerved. The liquor that runs from the over-ripe fruit, ferments and becomes vinous; and if the trunk be tapped near the top, it yields a quantity of juice which ferments very freely, and makes good wine. Slo. PHARUS 1. Foliis nervofis, oblongis, obtufis; petiolis ita contortis, ut ad- verſa pagina folia fimper Cælum refpiciant. T. 38, f. 3. Gramen avenaceum ſylvaticum, foliis latiffimis. Slo. Cat. Wild Oats. Flores alii maſculini, alii feminini in eâdem plantå. . Mas: Periantium. Gluma bivalvis, brevis, fimplex. Corolla Nulla. Pift. Nullum. Stam. Filamenta ſex brevia: antheræ angufta oblonga. Femina. Periantium. Gluma bivalvis fimplex. Corolla. Gluma univalvis, oblonga, angufia, ætate rigida & a tergo, limæ inftar exaſperata. Stamina Nulla. Piſtillum: Germen parvum, oblongum, intra corollam clauſum; ſtylus longitudine floris, bifidus, vel trifidus; ftig- mata oblonga cirrhoſa. This plant is pretty frequent in all the woody hills of Jamaica, and reckoned a hearty wholeſome food for all ſorts of cattle. The male flowers are ſmaller than the female ones, and ſtands on pretty long foot-ſtalks at the back of the others. 2 TERE OF J AM A I CA. JE 345 TEREBINTHUS I. Foliis cordato-ovatis pinnatis, cortice levi rufeſcente floribus maſculinis fpicatis. Piſtacia foliis pinnatis deciduis, foliolis ovatis. L. Sp. Pl. za Terebenthus major Betula cortice, &c. Slo. Cat. 167. & H. Brett Sima-ruba. L. M. Med. 33 ooo The Birch or Turpentine Tree. Flores alii maſculini, alii feminini, in eadem planta. Site Mas. Periantium Minimum quinquedentatum. Corolla Parva monopetala, ad bafim fere in quinque lacinias oblongo-ovatas ſexta. Stam. Filamenta decem brevia; antheræ globofa. Piſtillum Nullum. Obf. Aliquando corolla maſculina demittit, quintam generationis partem. Femina. Periantium ? Corolla Pift. - Pericarpium. Bacca ſubtrigono-ovata, tribus lineis longitudinalibus notata, unilocularis, trivalvis ; fucco Terebenthenaceo turgida, & nucleo unico turbinato, referta. This tree is very common in all the ſugar-iſlands. The bark is very thick, and ex- ſudes a clear and tranſparent reſin, which hardens foon in the air, and looks much like the maſtic of the ſhops: but it yields a conſiderable quantity of a more fluid ſubſtance, by inciſion; which has much of the ſmell and appearance of turpentine, and may be uſed for the fame purpoſes with ſucceſs. The bark of the root of this tree is thought to be the Sima-rouba of the ſhops, which is the moſt effectual remedy we have yet known in bloody-fluxes: it is ad- miniſtered in decoctions; and one or two drachms is ſuflicient for a quart of wa- ter; for if it be ſtrong, it purges, or vomits; and does not, in ſuch caſes, ſtop thoſe diſcharges with ſo much certainty. SAGITTARIA 1. Foliis maximis, fimplicibus, oblongis, utrinque productis; ramulis verticillatis ; caule glabro. The great American Arrow-head, with large oblong leaves. This plant is very common about moſt of the ſtagnating waters in Jamaica, para ticularly thoſe near the Ferry. The ſtem grows very luxuriant, in general , and riſes frequently to the height of two or three feet above the foliage. The branches of the lower verticilla ſeldom exceed three in number, and are generally ſubdivided in the ſame manner themſelves; but thoſe of the higher orders conſiſt chiefly of five long ſimple flower-ſtalks, and thoſe about the top of three only. The flowers that grow about the extremities of the ſtem and branches, are generally male, and adorned with a great number of filaments, which are always obſerved to ſtand on longer foot-ſtalks than the female flowers, which commonly occupy the lower part of the main, as well as of the lateral flower-ſpikes. Both the ſtalk and branches are ſmooth and roundiſh. CERATOPHYLLUM 1. Foliis verticillatis & tuberculatis, multifariam in- cilis; laciniis conicis acutis. MOTO Ceratophyllum. L. Sp. Pl. & H. C. The Moraſs, or Moraſs-weed, This 4 U 346 THE NATURAL HISTORY This plant is very common in all the brackiſh waters in Jamaica; and generally uſed to cover whatever filh or water-plants they carry a long way to market; for it retains a deal of moiſture, which keeps them freſh and cool for a conſiderable time. It may be alſo uſed, with great ſucceſs, to cover the tender ſeeds of the Cacao, for a few days after they are planted. CORYLUS 1. Stipulis ovatis obtufis . L. Sp. Pl. The Hafel-Tree. This ſhrub, like the following, was introduced to Jamaica from Europe : but it does not thrive in any part of the iſland; and ſeldom riſes above a foot and a half, or two feet in height, even in the mountains, JUGLANS 1. Foliis ovalibus glabris, fubferratis & ſubæqualibus. L. Sp. Pl. & H. C. The Walnut-Tree.al This plant was firſt introduced to Jamaica by Mr. Jones, and planted in the mountains of New Liguanea : but it does not thrive as well as many of the other European vegetable that are cultivated there. . 50 JUGLANS 2. Foliis oblongis obtufis pinnato-ternatis, fructibus fingularibus baccatis ad alas. Nux Juglans trifoliata, &c. Slo. Cat. 128. & H. The Jamaica Walnut. This ſhrubby tree is frequent about the Ferry, and often riſes to a confiderable height. The outward part of the fruit is ſoft and pulpy, when ripe ; but the hard lignous ſhell, and the partitions and lobes of the ſeeds, as well as the parts of the flower, agree perfectly with the general characters of the genus from 0:31 SECT. III. Sort: Of ſuch as have the Filaments of the Male Flowers joined together at the baſe. A ort CALYPHA 1. Humilior, foliis cordato-crenatis, Spicis mixtis; alaribus & terminalibus. Tab. 36. f. 1. Acalypha, involucris femineis cordatis inciſos, foliis petiolo longioribus. L. Sp. Pl. 1 sro The Acalypha, with mixed flower-ſpikes. ACALYPHA 2. Erecta virgultoſa, foliis ovato-acuminatis atque crenatis, Spicis uniformibus alaribusi i Tab. 36. f. 2. d. wong do Ricinokarpos, &c. Thez. Zey. p. 203.10 foot Osno The Acalypha, with diſtinct flower-ſpikes. I have met with this plant at Mr. Jones's, in New Liguanea, where it grows to be a ſmall twiggy fhrub; but ſeldom exceeds four feet and a half in height. CROTON 1. Minus trichotomum fubhirſutum, foliis oblongis dentatis, Spicis ad divaricationes ramorum ftis. The ſmall trichotomous Croton. a I This Ο F J Α Μ Α Ι Ο Α. Τ Η Τ 3.47 This plant grows in many parts of the Savannahs of Liguanea, but ſeldom riſes above fixteen or ſeventeen inches in height. The ſeeds are ſmall, and much uſed both by the wild and tame fowls, who pick it up every where in the fields. CROTON 2. Fruticuloſum minus, foliis villofis cordato-acuminatis, ramulis gracilibus glabris. An, Croton foliis ovatis tomentoſis integris ferratis? L. Sp. Pl. & H. C. The ſmall Sea-ſide Balſam. This plant is common in the Savannahs about Kingſton : it is very hot and pungent upon the palate; and frequently uſed in baths and fomentations for nervous weak- neſſes. CROTON 3. Fruticulofum & villoſum, foliis cordato-acuminatis, ramulis craſioribus tomentofis. The yellow Balſam. This plant is common in the Savannas about Kingſton, and riſes frequently to the height of two or three feet: it is pretty much like the foregoing, both in ſize and the general form ; but is eaſily diftinguiſhed by the thickneſs of its extreme branches, which, in this ſpecies, are pretty ſoft and luxuriant. All the parts of the plant are equally ſharp; and, like that, ſometimes uſed in reſolutive baths. a از این دار CROTON 4. Fruticulofum erectum & fubvillofum, foliis cordato - acuminatis, Spicis terminalibus. The Sea-ſide Balſam. On breaking the more tender branches of any of theſe ſpecies, a large drop of a thick balſamic liquor ouzes from the wound; from whence they have obtain- ed this appellation. This fort is larger than either of the others, and grows fre- quently to the height of four or five feet; but is moſt commonly found in low moiſt bottoms. The leaves and tender tops are ſaid to heal fores of all ſorts very well; and frequently uſed in baths and fomentations, like the other ſpecies." IT 11 CROTON 5. Fruticulofum; foliis longis, anguftis, fubtus incanis, margine -reflexis. Ricino affinis odorifera fruticofa, &c. Slo. Cat. 44. & H. t. 86. Wild Roſemary solo bi This ſhrubby plant reſembles the European Roſemary pretty much, both in the manner of its growth, and the form and colour of its leaves; from whence it has ac- quired its common appellation. It is frequent on the ſouth ſide of the ifland, and the moſt generally uſed in warm reſolutive baths and fomentations. CROTON 6. Erectum glabrum, foliis ovatis oppofitis vel ternatis, Spicis ter- minalibus. 119CITAI An, Ricinoides Indica folio lucido, &c. Thez. Zey. t. go? c our An, Tiliæ affinis laurifolia abulili floribus albis, &c. Slo. Cat. & H. The ſmooth erect Croton. This plant is frequent about Mr. Boyd's, in St. Elizabeth's, but it ſeldom riſes above three feet in height: it is pretty ſimple towards the root, and divides into three or four fimple branches towards the top. The leaves are oval, and pointed both ways. CROTON 348 THE NATURAL HISTORY a CROTON 7. Fruticoſum; foliis fubrotundo-ovatis, fubtus fubincanis, alter- nis; Spicillis alaribus. An, Croton foliis ovatis glabris, caule arboreo, &c. L. Sp. Pl. An, Malifolio arbor artemiſia odore, &c. Slo. Cat. 139. & H. An, Ricinoides aromatica arborea. Thez. Zey. t. 91. The larger Croton, with roundiſh leaves. This plant is pretty common in all the low lands about Spaniſh Town and King- fton : it grows in a ſhrubby form, and is feldom under ſeven or eight feet in height. All the parts of the plant are of an active warm nature, and have a pretty agreeable ſmell. It is a fhrub, like this, and of the fame genus, that yields the gum lac of the ſhops. 999 JATROPHA 1. Aſſurgens, ficus folio, flore herbaceo. to Jatropha foliis cordatis, angulatis. L. Sp. Pl. & H. C. s box Ricinus ficus folio, flore pentapetalo, &c. Slo. Cat. 40. id Munduy-Guaçu. Pif. 179. eroch subodom The Phyſic-Nut Tree. - This plant is very common in all the ſugar-colonies, and cultivated frequently in incloſures : it grows ſometimes to the height of ſeven or eight feet, or better ; but dies after a few years. The leaves are much uſed in reſolutive baths and fomenta- tions, and the ſeeds ſometimes as a purgative; but they operate very violently, and therefore, now, but little uſed. a 10 JATROPHA 2. Humilior ſetis ramoſis ornata; foliis trilobis vel quinquelobis, door Oini leviſimè denticulatis. mo 200g Jatropha foliis quinquepartitis, lobis ovatis integris, fetis ramofis glandulofis. Padroad L. Sp. Pl. Ricinus minor ſtaphiſagria folio, flore purpureo. Slo. Cat. & H. t. 84. Wild Cafava, or Caſadar. This plant is very common about Kingſton; and in moſt other parts of the iſland, where the ſoil is dry and gravelly, and the ſituation warm. It grows moſt luxuri- antly about houſes, where the ground is warmed with dung; and riſes, in ſuch places, to the height of three feet and a half, or better. It is a very beneficial a . plant in every plantation where they raiſe any quantity of poultry; for moſt ſorts of birds, eſpecially thoſe of the craw'd kind, feed much on its feeds. Mr. Hughes, of Barbadoes, aſſures us, that an excreſcence is generally found in the body of the ftalk of this plant, which, he ſays, is a powerful purgative and fternutatory: but the ſwellings, in which it is generally found there, is feldom obſerved in any of thoſe plants in Jamaica; and probably may be the effect of ſome inſects peculiar to that iſland. A decoction of the leaves is ſometimes uſed as a purgative in the dry belly-ach. IATROPHA 3. Afurgens, foliis digitatis, laciniis anguftis pinnatifidis. Iatropha foliis multipartitis levibus, ftipulis ſetaceis multifidis. L. Sp. Pl. & H.C. Ricinus Americanus leniter diviſo folio. Slo. Cat. 40. French Phyſic Nut. This plant is pretty much raiſed in Jamaica, and forms no ſmall ornament in many of their flower-gardens. It grows generally to the height of five, fix, or ſe- ven feet, and throws out pretty large bunches of beautiful reddiſh flowers, that 4 ſtand у я 349 5.0 о F J A MA I CA.HT ftand on long foot-ſtalks at the extremities of the branches. The leaves are divided into many narrow lobes; and each of theſe is again variouſly cut into ſmaller ſeg- ments at the edges. The capſule are moderately large, and grow yellow as they ripen. The ſeeds are purgative, but ſo very violent in their operations that they are now but rarely adminiſtered; tho' formerly, they were almoſt the only medicines of the purgative kind uſed among the Spaniards. IATROPHA 4. Foliis palmatis pentadactylibus, radice conico-oblonga, carne ſublačtea. Iatropha foliis palmatis, lobis lanceolatis levibus integerrimis. L. Sp. Pl. Ricinus minor viticis obtufo folio, &c. Slo. Cat . 41. & H. t. 85. Mandihoca. Pif, 114. & Yucca & Cazzavi. Martiris, pag. 6. 228. & 544. The Caſſava, Caſſada, or Caſadar. SORT - This plant, which formerly ſupplied the greateſt part of the ſuſtenance of the native Indians, is now raiſed in moſt parts of America; and generally conſidered as a very beneficial vegetable, which yields an agreeable wholeſome food; and this, with its eaſy growth and hardy nature, recommends it every where. - It ſhoots from a tough branched lignous root, whoſe ſlender collateral fibres ſwell into thoſe fleſhy conic maſſes for which the plant is cultivated; and riſes by a ſlender woody knotted ſtalk, to the height of four, five, or fix feet, fometimes more. It thrives beſt in a free mixt foil, is propagated by the bud or gem, and generally cultivated in the following manner: The ground laid out for the culture of this plant is firſt cleared, and howed up into ſhallow holes, of about ten or twelve inches ſquare, and ſeldom above three or four inches in depth; but without order or regularity. When they intend to plant, they provide a ſufficient number of full-grown ftems, and cut them into junks, of about fix or ſeven inches length, as far as they find them tough and lignous, and well furniſhed with prominent, well-grown, hardy buds: of theſe they lay one or two in every hole, and cover them over with mould, from the adjoining bank; but care muſt be taken to keep the ground clean, until the plants riſe to a ſufficient height to cover the mould and to prevent the growth of all weaker weeds. The plant grows to perfection in about eight months; but the roots will remain for a confidera- ble time, uninjured, in the ground, tho' the want of plants, or ſtormy weather, ſhould oblige the cutting of the ſtalks. The bulbs are commonly dug up as occaſion requires, and prepared for uſe in the following manner, viz. Being firſt well waſhed and ſcraped, then rubbed to a pulpy farine on iron graters, they are put into ſtrong linnen, or palmata bags, and placed in convenient preſſes (a), until the juice is entirely expreſſed: the farine is then taken out and ſpread in the fun for ſome time, pounded in large wooden mortars, run thro' coarſe fieves, and afterwards baked on convenient irons. Theſe are placed over proper fires, and, when hot, beſtrewed with the fifted meal to whatever ſize or thickneſs people pleaſe to have the cakes made: this agglutinates as it heats, grows gradually harder, and when thoroughly baked, is a wholeſome well-taſted bread. The juice of the root is ſweetiſh, but more or leſs of a deleterious nature both freſh and in the putrid ſtate; though it hardly retains any thing of this quality while it ferments. What is expreſſed from the farine is frequently preſerved by ſome people, and prepared for many economic uſes: in the boiling it throws up a thick viſcid ſcum, which is always thrown away; and the remaining a a : (a) The preſſes generally uſed on this occaſion, are both cheap and effectual; they are contrived by placing one or more large fat ſtones near the root of ſome convenient tree, in the ſide of which they cut a hole or notch about the height of the ſtones: and into this they fix the end of a ſtrong plank, which is ſtretched over the flat ſtones on which the Caſava bags are ſet; placing as many weights as the ſtrength of the board will bear, or may be requiſite to expreſs the juice, on the other end. 4 X fluid 350 Τ THEA NATURAL HISTORY SNIS Auid (being found by long experience to be both wholeſome and agreeable) is fome- times diluted and kept for common drink; and is thought to reſemble whey very much in that ſtate. kinds of foods; purpoſes for which it was known to be employed among the Some uſe it in fauces for all ſorts of fiſh as well as many other that fate. native Indians, long before any European had landed in thoſe parts of the world. See Peter Martyr's Decades, pag. 420. But however unwholeſome or violent the rough juice may be found immediately after it is expreffed, it is certain that the roots are daily thrown and eat by the hogs without prejudice: and it has been lately diſcovered by an ingenious gentleman, who has practiſed many years in the warm parts of America, that a little mint water and ſalt of wormwood will calm the moſt violent ſymptoms that ariſe on taking it; and prevent all bad conſe- quences, even in the human ſpecies, if it be but timely adminiſtered. 5. The farine, as yet, impregnated with the juice, makes an excellent falve, which ſeldom fails to clean and heal the moſt deſperate fores: but where theſe are very foul, or the parts too much relaxed, it is ſometimes mixed with a few pounded tobacco-leaves; and has been often found effectual where common ointments have not had the leaſt force: it is alſo uſed by way of poultice, and is an excel- lent reſolutive. sordos YON IATROPHA 5. Foliis palmatis, lobis incertis, radice oblonga funiculo valido per centrum dueto, carne nivea. 33 js oftlog soojal slrytri The Sweet Caſſada. This plant is very like the foregoing both in habit and appearance, and raiſed and cultivated in the ſame manner ; but the root is free from any of that deleterious quality that is generally obſerved in the juices of the other fort. It is al- ways planted in ſeparate pieces for fear of a miſtake, and roaſted or boiled for uſe; but the latter ſeems to be the beſt method of dreſſing it; for in this ſtate, the out- ward part is commonly brought almoſt to a jelly, and is extremely delicate and agreeable. 09egil on grande bordo blog od osta 7501194 EN Erilog ibang tao sasha RICINUS 1. Fruticoſus aſſurgens, foliis majoribus peltato-lobatis, lobis ferratis -Todo solo in acutis . ,,, Ricinus foliis peltatis palmatis ferratis, petiolis glanduliferis. L. Sp. Pl. 8 H. C. adi vd Ricinus Americanus fructu racemoſo hiſpido, &c. Slo. Cat. 38. veidt givi point Ricinus foliis maximis, &c. Clayt. Flo. Virg. 119. dois an , Ismet sahn.ca Ilst od 9010-10, WOD SAV is tofild or as ai didy V tov bas nistga to moito The Oil-Nut Tree. plads aboovad This luxuriant plant is frequent in all the ſugar-colonies, and cultivated by many people for the ſake of its oil, which is commonly obtained by pounding the ſeeds or kernels freed from the huſks, and boiling them in water until all the oily par- ticles riſe to the top; which they carefully ſkim off, ſtrain, and preſerve for uſe. be This is burned in the boiling-houſe lamps, by many of the planters; and is fome- times uſed by way of phyfic. I have often ordered it made into an oily mixture, in A the dry belly-ach, to two, three, or four ounces; and do not know any thing that li procures a paſſage ſo certainly, or with ſo much eaſe. It is quite free from acrimony in this ſtate, and ſtays freely upon the ſtomach, even when it loaths moſt other medi- cines: but its mildneſs ſeems to be chiefly owing to the action of the fire; for the expreſſed oil, as well as the mixt juices of the ſeeds, are far more active and violent in their operations. The roots of the plant are looked upon as ſtrong diuretics; and the leaves are generally uſed to dreſs bliſters, of which they make too frequent uſe in thoſe parts of the world. SS 15 9 H 3.19.02 DH AIS 180018 8.1 svad 2stod disszamela anfurt 97 HIPPO- AT .. o bird SIS OD 19a edifika I Y O OF HJ A MA I CA. H T 351 . SHIPPOMANE 1. Arboreum lacteſcens, ramulis ternatis, petiolis glandula yaev yadw oldalo o digu notatis ; floribus ſpicatis, mixtis. zł bas beiplib can foto y Hippomane foliis ovatis ferratis. L. Sp. Pl. & H. C. 515ft jadi ni dout Ods 2. Juglandis afinis arbor Julifera la&teſcens venenata, &c. Slo. Cati 129. & zno blow H. ii. p. 3. tab. 159. and the Mangeneel of Cat. ii. t. 95.101 20 hor I ovitsa ods as Mançanilla. Plum. t. 30. 18 osi 350 251 2M 9199 372 adi. Arbor mire moxia. Mart. 105. vansiber bauet ad yem sonu guoz vatsibomo aut and 1 976 21001 niy yasa buong The Mangeneel Tree. words labs soon and o tid bare voolib ylsisl need Itiw boowie Flores alii maſculini, alii feminini, in iiſdem Spicis. 16 miw adt no bad Ils novo bas un nogovi neloivom ad cnlso 55 Mas. ali netuil edt ni nov 200000 dodw. Per ſpicam, e finu fingula ſquame deciduæ biniſque glandulis inſtructás confertim emergunt caliculi ſeu capſule membranacea, cyathyformes, Sobot Seſiles, fere integra. PERO lar doim oz 21159 5 0 Inot Corolla Nulla. bro n99deod bas 291.00l-obosdos soxa Stamina. E centro finguli caliculi, ſurgit ſtamen unicum, erectum, calice duplo longius; antheris quatuor fubrotundis in orbem pofitis, inſtructum. gital coming of AHIOSITAT Femina. obiloc Fructificatio tantum unica vel altera, ad bafim fingula ſpice pofita eft, & bi fic ſe habet. Periantium; Inter glandulas binas erigitur calix triphyllus parvus, germen , 15101 involvens, tandem deciduus. Crasm'sms of a bit Corolla Nulla. Stam. Nulla. Doido vllaznisg ai 150 yileup Piſtillum. Germen ovatum, calice fere tectum; ſtylus brevis ; ftigma con- sto od bans alsoilab visto cavo-campanulatum, limbo in ſex vel plures lacinias angu- ſtas, poſt glandularum delapfum reflectentes, diviſum. bir Pericarpium. Drupa ætate baccata, fphærica; nauco ligneo, rugoſo, in- æquali epwenst zido) lithodol-975 TagucaliTominter & duodecim loculamentis varie dipofitis refertodonata. Semina. Nuclei folitarii tot quot funt loculamenta; ſed ut plurimum abor- tiunt nonnulli, numero incerti; & obfolefcunt loculamenta. This tree is very common in moſt parts of America. It grows generally by the ſea-ſide, at ſome ſmall diſtance from the ſurf; and is full of an acrid milky juice, which is apt to bliſter and inflame the ſkin : nay, the dew or rain-drops that fall from the leaves, is ſaid to do the ſame. The wood is often of a fine grain, and very beautifully clouded; but, to guard againſt its corroſive juices, the wood-cutters are obliged to make a fire round the body of every tree, ſome time before they can ven- ture to fell them. I have known many people who have ignorantly eat of the fruit of this tree, which they had taken for crab-apples: they generally vomited in a ſhort time, and continued to complain of a burning heat in the mouth, throat, and ſto- mach, for many hours after. The juice of the buds of the white cedar is eſteemed an antidote to this poiſon, and is generally uſed with ſome ſucceſs on theſe occaſions ; but oily mixtures and emulſions, are the moſt effectual aſſiſtants, and ſeldom fail giving relief ſoon. I have not known any to die by this poiſon, tho' I have ſeen ſome who have eat nine or ten of the apples at a time. It is with the juice of this tree the Indians uſed to poiſon their arrows. 90.101 a a a 2012 bu HIPPOMANE 2. Arboreum, ramulis irregulariter ternatis, foliis cordato 033S 1691 5013 crenatis reflexis, petiolis biglandulis. Hura. L. Sp. Pl. & H. C. to ans slodai U Baruce fructus e plurimis nucibus arboris huræ J. B. Slo. Cat. 214. Et Hiſt. ii. 186. & Ehret. t. XII. The 352 Τ THE NATURAL HISTORY The Sand-Box Tree. Flores alii maſculini, alii feminini, in eâdem planta, Mas. Ex eadem arboris parte cui infidit flos femineus, furgit fpica fimplex, fa- tis valida, tuberculata : ex tuberculis vero, atate prorumpunt totidem Stamina Singularia, valida, rubra, duplici, triplici, vel quadruplici ſerie antherarum verſus ſummitatem, in orbem poſtarum, referta, & apicibus nudis decemcrenatis terminata. . Femina. Ad divaricationes ramorum fuperiorum, pedunculis validis folitariis incum- bunt totidem Periantia Parva, ſubrotunda, truncata, integerrima. Corolla Nulla. Stam. Nulla. Piſtillum. Germen conicum canaliculatum calice fere tectum; ſtylus longus craffus, fuperne ampliatus concauus, infundibuliformis . Stigma. Limbus tubi incraſatus amplus reflexus terdecim- dentatus, ſtigmatis vicem fupplet. Pericarpium. Drupa orbiculat a depreſa, utrinque umbilicata, ſulcis ter- decim longitudinalibus notata: naucus ligneus terdecimlo- cularis, ſulcatus; loculamentis in orbem fitis, oblongo- compreſſis ſemilunatis bivalvibus; valvis adnatis, vi elaſtica decedentibus. Semina. Nuclei folitarii orbiculati compreſi. The formation and parts of this tree agree ſo well, in general, with thoſe of the Mangeneel, that I was induced to look upon them as two diſtinct ſpecies of the ſame genus. The branches are divided alike in both; and the leaves which ſtand in the ſame manner, reflecting a little backwards from the direction of the foot-ſtalks, are diſpoſed pretty thick at the extremities of the branches, and ſuſtained by foot-ſtalks, that have, in this, one gland each; in that, two. This is full of a thick tranſparent juice; that of milk; both acrid: and the flowers, notwithſtanding they differ in ſome degree; agree in the formation of the ſtyle and ſtigma, as well as in the diſpoſition of the anthera, tho' the number of theſe be not the ſame in both. In this, the fruit is regularly divided into cells; in that, whoſe nut or ſhell is harder, theſe are not ſo regular; yet they are longitudinal, adjoining, in a number proportioned to the di- viſions of the fligma, and generally both regular and many in the younger germens ; but ſome of them abort, as the fruit increaſes. The ſeeds of the Sand-box tree, roaſted, purge both upwards and downwards. Hern. I have taſted one of them, and it appeared, at firſt, to be both mild and pleaſant; but it ſoon began to warm and ſcald both my palate and throat, which indu- ces me to look upon it as an improper purgative; unleſs it be given to raiſe a warmth in the bowels, where they have loſt moſt of their vigour by a continued flux, or diarrhea; and, even then, I think the ſeeds of the argemone a much more eligible medicine. The fruit is very curious, as well as the parts of generation : and the tree, when it grows well, is very ſpreading and ſhady; which induces many people to raiſe it in their gardens. a 2 SECT 1. о FJA MA I c A. і 353 ode SECT. IV. Of ſuch as have the antheræ, and ſometimes the filaments themſelves, irregularly connected together in all the male flowers. MOMORDICA OMORDICA 1. Glabra, foliis profunde lobatis, fructu rotundo ſtriis veru- cohs notato. Momordica Zeylonica pampinea, fructu breviori minori Inft. Thez. Zey. The ſmooth-leafed Ceraſee. MOMORDICA 2. Subbirjuta; fructu oblongo, tuberculis conico-compreſis inæqualibus obfito. Momordica pomis angulatis tuberculatis, foliis villofis longitudinaliter pal- matis. L. H.C. Momordica Zeytonica pampinea fronde, &c. Thez, Zey. The hairy Ceraſee. Both theſe plants are frequently cultivated in Jamaica, and thrive very luxuriant- ly in moſt of the gardens about Kingſton. The leaves boiled, and the decoction of the plant, are equally uſed to promote the lochia; the former by way of green, the other as an apozem ; and are both reckoned very ſerviceable on thoſe occafions. MELO 1. Frutu oblongo fulcato odoratiffimo. The Muſk-Melon. Muſk This plant is much cultivated on account of its fruit, which is generally eſteem- ed in thoſe warm climates, and looked upon as one of the greateſt delicacies among their vegetable productions. It is very agreeable and refreſhing to moſt palates, and much in uſe among the better ſort of people. The ſeeds are commonly uſed in cooling and nutritive emulſions, CUCUMIS 1. Subhirſutus minor, foliis profunde finuatis, fructibus muricatis.. Cucumis foliis palmato-finuatis, pomis fubovatis echinatis, anguria dietus. L. Sp. Pl. & H. Upr. & Guaperva Aba. Pif. 264. The ſmall wild Cucumber. This plant grows wild in moſt of the ſugar-iſlands, where the fruit is frequently uſed, with other herbs, in different ſoups; in which it proves both an agreeable and a wholeſome ingredient. If this be the true anguria of Europe and of the ſhops, (and it hath all the appearance of ſuch) it throws off both its bitter and purgative qualities in thoſe warm climates. CUCUMIS 2. Sativus, foliis crenatis atque lobatis, fručtu oblongo majori. Cucumis foliorum angulis rectis, pomis oblongis fcabris. L. Sp. Pl. The Cucumber. This plant is much cultivated in Jamaica, where its cooling fruit is frequent in uſe and generally eſteemed. It is commonly ſerved up by way of fallet ; and ob- ferved to agree very well with all over-heated habits in thoſe warm climates. CUCUMIS 3. Foliis multipartitis. L. Sp. Pl. & H. Upf. The Water-Melon. This 4 Y 354 THE NATURAL HISTORY This plant is frequently cultivated in the gardens of Jamaica, on account of its cooling pulpy fruit, which is greatly eſteemed by moſt people in thoſe warm cli- mates. The ſeeds, like thoſe of the muſk-melon, are much uſed in cooling and nutritive emulſions. CUCURBITA 1, Foliis quinquelobis, lobis ſubanguſtis denticulatis, fru&tu ni- tido ovato æquali. An, Pafliflora foliis palmatis ferratis . L. Sp. Pl. The ſmall Gourd, with divided leaves. This plant grows wild in the moſt lofty mountains of New Liguanea. The pulp of the fruit is quite inſipid, and divided into three diſtinct maſſes, as in the reft of this tribe; which, with the form of the feeds, hath induced me to range it in the ſame claſs, tho' I have not ſeen any of the flowers. CUCURBITA 2. Villoſa, fru&tu pyriformi minori, feliis fubangulatis bafi biglandulis. Cucurbita foliis fubangulatis tomentofis, baſi fubtus biglandulofis pomis lig- noſis. L. Sp. Pl. The ſmall Gourd. This plant is found, either cultivated or wild, in moſt parts of Jamaica, where the ſhells of the fruit are generally uſed for water-cups; and frequently ſerve for bot- tles among the negroes and poorer ſort of white people, in the country parts of the iſland. The decoction of the leaves is recommended much in purging clyfters; and the pulp of the fruit often employed in reſolutive poultices: it is bitter and purgative; and may be uſed, inſtead of the common coloquintida, upon occaſions. CUCURBITA 3. Fru&tu maximo ſubrotundo. Cucurbita foliis fubangulatis tomentofis, &c. L. Sp. Pl. The large Gourd. This plant is cultivated in many parts of Jamaica on account of the lignous fhell of its fruit, which grows frequently large enough to contain between twenty and thirty quarts. Where aloes is manufactured in any quantity, it is commonly pre- ſerved in theſe Thelis; but, in Jamaica, they are hitherto uſed only to hold water and ſmall grain. CUCURBITA 4. Fručtu longifimo, bipedali, incurvo, obtufo. An, Trichoſanthes pomis teretibus oblongis incurvis. L. Sp. Pl. Curuba. Piſ. 262. The ſlender winding Gourd. This plant is, like the reſt of the kind, ſometimes planted in Jamaica, on ac- count of its fruit; but it is not ſo common, nor the ſhell ſo much eſteemed. TRICHOSANTHES 1. Foliis denticulatis, quandoque trilobis, quandoque cordatis; fructu fubrotundo minori. An, Trichoſanthes pomis turbinato-ovatis. L. Sp. Pl. The wild Trichofanthes, with denticulated leaves. This plant is a native of Jamaica, and grows wild in the cooleſt parts of New Liguanea : the pulp of the fruit is very bitter, and the ſeeds black. I have not ſeen any of the flowers; nor ever met with the plant in any other part of the iſland. SECHIUM I o F ЈА м А І С А. 355 SECHIUM 1. Foliis cordato-angulatis, racemis minoribus ad alas. The Chocho Vine. Flores alii maſculini, alii feminini, in eâdem planta. Mas. Periantium Nullum, niſi denticulos minores ad incifuras foris pofitos, cali- cem eſe velis. Corolla Monopetala campanulata, ad medietatem in quinque partes æquales Jetta. Pift. Nullum. Stam. Filamentum unicum, craſiuſculum, fubquadri- fidum, antheris quatuor cordatis ornatum, centrum floris occupat. Femina. Periantium, Ut in mare. Corolla, Ut in mare, ſtylo valido inßdens. Stamina Nulla. Pift. Germen obverſè-ovatum: ftylus validus, incraf- Satus fimplex florem ſuſtinet atque perfodit & centrum occu- pat: ftigma capitatum. Pericarpium. Pomum magnum, carnofum, obverſè cordatum, fubcompreſjum, ſemine unico minori refertum. This plant is now cultivated in many places in Jamaica, and grows very luxuri- antly in all parts of the iſland, eſpecially in the cooler mountains, where the vines are always obſerved to run and ſpread very much. The fruit is ſometimes boiled, and ſerved up at table by way of green, in which ſtate it is generally looked upon as wholeſome and refreſhing; but it is too inſipid to be much liked. The apples ſerve to fatten the hogs in the mountains and inland parts, where the plant is moſtly cultivated. BRYONIA 1. Foliis hirtis, trilobis vel quinquelobis, denticulatis; racemis minoribus alaribus. The Mountain Bryony. I found this plant growing wild in the mountains of New Liguanea, juſt below Mr. Jones's: it runs a great way, and bears ſmall roundiſh berries, which contain, each, three, four, or fix ſeeds. The ſtigma, or top of the ſtyle, is, in each female flower, divided into three thin reflected lobes; and the fruit ſeldom exceeds three quarters of an inch in diameter. CL AS S S XXII. Of the Dioecia, or Vegetables that have both male and female Flowers, but diſpoſed on different ſtems. S E C T. 1. Of ſuch as have from one to ten Filaments in every Male Flower. A CIDOTON 1. Fruteſcens aculeatum & diffufum, ramulis gracilibus feretibus, foliolis confertis flore unico vel altero aſociatis . The 356 THE NATURAL HISTORY The ſmall ſhrubby Acidoton. H. Flores, in aliis maſculini, in aliis feminini. TY Orland ballbin Mas volliqa ad Femina. Periantium Nullum. Corolla Pentapetala, vel monopetala in quinque lacinias ovatas ad bafim feeta; laciniis binis majoribus. Stamina Nulla. Piſtillum. Germen ovatum ; ftyli tres , reflexi, bifurcati; ſtigmata oblonga. 20 Pericarpium? 1 This little ſhrub is pretty common in the Savannas about New Greenwich, where it ſeldom riſes above four feet in height. The branches are very ſlender and flexile, and the leaves ſmall and delicate; and ſhoot, with the flowers, early in April or May. The whole plant has a good deal of the appearance of a young Ebony. IS BATIS 1. Maritima erecta, ramofa ; foliolis ſucculentis, fubcylindricis. Kali fruticoſum coniferum, flore albo. Slo. Cat. 50. HO The Samphire of Jamaica. amibe MM. Flores, in aliis maſculini, in aliis feminini.si ils to 9 Mas. Flores maſculini per Spicas pyramidatas ſquamis quadruplici ordine imbri- catas, diſpohti ſunt. Periantium Proprium nullum. M Corolla Nulla, nih vaginulas membranaceas irregulares Squamis inter- mate pofitas, pro floribus habere vis. millor Stamina. E ſingulis Squamarum interſtitiis, ſurgunt filamina quatuor erecta, Squamis longiora, antheris triangularibus ſubſagittatis, inſtructa. Fæmina. Periantium Commune dipbyllum, in caput collegit embryones plures (fex in- ter & duodecim) ſucculentos, & invicem agglutinos; qui, Awiting resini zi tandem, in unum corpus fubæquale, oblongo-ovatum redatti funt. Proprium nullum. Corolla Nulla. Stamina Nulla. Piftillum. Germen fucculentum, minimum, proximis fubadnatum, quadran- gulare; ſtylus nullus ; ftigma obtufum, fub-bilobum, villoſum. Pericarpium. Acinæ totidem ſucculenta, adnata, feminibus binis comprefis referta. Receptaculum Commune oblongum, acinas omnes in unum colligit. This plant is common in all the Salinas on the ſouth ſide of Jamaica: it abounds with alkalious ſalts, but the manufacture of this commodity has not been yet at- tempted in that iſland; where no endeavours have been hitherto uſed to make ei- ther ſoap or glaſs. Disid bel STE VISCUM 1. Paraſiticum, ramulis verticillatis, foliolis obovatis trinerviis, baccis tridentatis. Viſcum caule verticillato. L. Sp. Pl. Viſcum Gerh. emacul. Slo. Cat. 168. The Milletoe, with verticillated branches. VISCUM here no end ed to ma 15 2 Ο OF JA MA I CA. А І 357 VISCUM 2. Paraſiticum geniculatum aphyllum, ramulis compreffis oppoſitis. Viſcum caule prolifero, ramohſimo, aphyllo, compreſo. L. Sp. Pl. Viſcum opuntioides ramulis.compreffis, &c. Slo. Cat. 168. & H. The aphyllous Miſletoe, with verticillated branches. VISCUM 3. Paraſticum, berbaceum; foliolis concavis fubcylindricis, ad apices tridentatis. The ſmall paraſitical Milletoe, with tubular leaves. Theſe plants are pretty frequent in Jamaica, and commonly found growing on all the larger trees in every Savannah. The firſt fort is employed by the inhabitants of that iſland, for the ſame purpoſes, for which the milletoe of the oak is in England; but I have never known it to have any remarkable effect. The laſt ſpecies is very rare, and ſeldom ſhoots above five or ſeven inches in length; it grows upon the ſmaller plants, is very ſucculent, and ſeldom bears either fruit or flower. CISSAMPELOS 1. Scandens, foliis peltatis orbiculato-cordatis villoſis; fiori- bus maſculinis racemolis, femininis fpicatis, Spicis folio- latis. Clematis baccifera glabra & villoſa, &c. Slo. Cat. 85. Iztac-coanene-pilli. Hern. 119. & Bothuas alba & Pareira-brava. Off. Ciſſampelos foliis peltatis cordatis emarginatis. L. Sp. Pl. & M. Med. The Velvet-Leaf. Flores, in aliis maſculini, in aliis feminini. Mas. Periantium Tetraphyllum, foliolis lanceolatis conniventibus. Corolla Diſcus membranaceus rotatus in fundo calicis fitus. An, nectarium? Stamina. É centro diſci ſurgit filamentum unicum breviſſimum; antherâ am- pliata, concava, quadriloba, obtufe quadrigona, ornatum. Femina Periantium. Periantii vicem fupplet foliolum unum vel alterum, ad latera germinis poftum. Corolla Nulla. Nectarium. Margo membranaceus e latere germinis af- Jurgens. Piftillum. Germen ovatum, minimum, hirſutum; ftylus nullus : ſtigmata tria, minima, acuta. Pericarpium. Bacca fubrotunda fucculenta, nucleo unico, nauco fubcom- preſſo ad latera glabro, margine rugoſo, tecto, referta Obf. Omnes fructificationes partes minimæ funt. This plant is looked upon as an excellent diuretic, and in frequent uſe among the negroes in all obſtructions of the urinary paſſages ; but it has not been yet much known among the whites. It thrives beſt in a rich ſhady foil, grows well both in the high and low lands, and may be very eaſily propagated. The root, which is the part chiefly uſed, has a pleaſant bitteriſh taſte, and anſwers well in decoctions. TROPHIS 1. Foliis oblongo-ovatis glabris alternis, floribus maſculinis ſpicatis ad alas. Tab. 37. f. 1. The Ramoon Tree. Flores, in aliis maſculini, in aliis feminini. 4 Z Mas. a 358 Τ THE NATURAL HISTORY do oding stored illoso Mas.pptimista Periantium Nullum. Corolla Tetrapetala. Sa Stamina. Filamenta quatuor. Piſt. Nullum. Boimista SON Femina. 10 MULSI799 Periantium Nullum: Corolla Nulla. Stamina Nulla. , Pift. Germen ovatum. Stylus tenuis, ad baſin fere divifus in duas partes to gio fubulatas; antheræ adnata. pod daoupat palo eidt Pericarp. Bacca ſubſtriata rugoſa, unilocularis; nucleus bilobus, nauco te- nui fragili , te&tus. The leaves and tops of this tree make an agreeable wholeſome fodder for all ſorts of cattle; and are often uſed as ſuch, in dry ſeaſons, in the inland woody parts of Jamaica, where graſs is frequently very ſcarce. The berries are generally about the ſize of large grapes, and of an agreeable pleaſant flavour. ar cum oblongum. PISONIA 1. Afurgens, farmento valido, foliis ovatis utrinque productis, Spi- nis validis recurvis, racemis lateralibus. bliw ev Piſonia. Plum. Lin. Gen. & H.C. 100 ad 971. Jasla zid bor od Rhamnus an potius Lycium, &c. Pk. Phy. t. 108. f.2. doit eln ortabis Paliuro affinis arbor Spinoſa, &c. Slo. Cat. & H. Atsilst att od alatbnst elorboat gaibnjwa mo The Cock’s-ſpur, or Fingrigo. s-fpur, or Fingrigo.nl - 1001 or mon proti sobivib tood bos bent i balu vine ons Periantium Diphyllum minimum. es low as Twins oj bývis do Corolla Monopetala conico-campanulata: limbus quinquecrenatus; laciniis od tidslista sobrevibus, reflexis. of Baranseorg vlaso od van asla od T grom Stamina. Filamenta fex, quandoque feptem, vix æqualia, corolla duplo longi- ngon adi b931 01 ylinora: antheræ fubrotunda..det od loqu Torhout im Piftillum. Germen oblongum, parvum; ftylus fimplex, longitudine tubi co- rolle; ſtigma ampliatum, lacerum, penicilliforme. Pericarpium. Capſula oblonga, obtufa & obtuſe pentagona; angulis denti- Loydaculis uncinatis munitis. ning slime Semen Unicum oblongum. lin?!bangodt This plant is frequent in all the ſugar-iſlands; it is a ſtrong withey climber, whofe main trunk is ſometimes no leſs than five or fix inches in diameter; but this is generally in the woods, where it thrives beſt, and is commonly ſupported by the help of fome of the neighbouring trees. The flowers of this plant are very various, they are ſometimes hermaphrodite on every branch, ſometimes male in one branch and female in another, and ſometimes male, female, and hermaphrodite, on the different parts of the ſame plant; but moſt commonly they are all of one kind. The plant is frequently cut for hoops, when there is a ſcarcity of the other forts. IRESINE 1. Erecta herbacea, caule nodoſo, panicula longa affurgenti. Celoſia foliis lanceolato-ovatis, panicula diffufa filiformi. L. Sp. Pl. Amaranthoides, &c. Pk, t. 261. f. 1. Amaranthus panicula-holoſericea, &c. Slo. Cat. 49. & Hift. tab. 90. 2. gais logs.yiəv "The herbaceous Ireſine, with oval leaves. idioa -1 on bus sidste anod DISSE 169-bne vlag dituon to 1911$ Flores, in aliis maſculini, in aliis feminini. .i to vas of 101 101 Ox 28 tol suo ad fum horis iudig ontva Irengorgot akarom 21001 od 10 sistimisg yodt stole do Mas. mora noqu ni od s sostul Periantium Dipbyllum, minimum ; foliolis nitidis, acutis, oppoſitis. ved vlistoto Corolla Pentapetala; petalis ere&tis, lanceolatis, lucidis : vel monopetala, bewujt 978 sledsad bafim festa. llocs bristol Brodsbus 11919 300 bu ni od to all vid Stamina. У яго он нЈАМА ТАС А. Н. Т 359 Stamina. Filamenta quinque erecto-patentia, corollå breviora ; antheræ ob- longa. Nectaria totidem minima interpoſita. 1081154 Pift. Minimum abortiens. sa Bacosta. Femina. Periantium, Ut in mare. Corolla, Ut in mare. Stamina Nulla. Pift. Germen ovatum ; ftylus nullus; ſtigmata bina ſubrotunda, zatent Pericarp. Capſula oblongo-ovata, feminibus aliquot tomento obfitis, referta. This plant is frequent about Kingſton; and riſes, commonly, to the height of two or three feet. The leaves are of an oval form and intire. 10 ITS a 10 SMILAX 1. Sarmento tereti, inferne aculeato; foliis fubrotundo-cordatis, trinerviis; petiolis claviculâ unâ vel alterâ refertis. 1.00 to Smilax caule aculeato teretiufculo, foliis inermibus ovato cordatis. L. Sp. Pl. Smilax Indica Spinoſa, folio Cinnamomi, &c. Muſ. & Thez. Zey. p. 214. An, Smilax aſpera Bermudienfis, &c. Pk. t. 110. f. 6. The China-root Plant. A 1. AIVOIT This plant is frequent in the more cool inland parts of Jamaica. It grows wild, riſes from a thick porous root, and climbs by a pretty ſlender rigid ſtem, to the top of the talleſt trees in the woods; this is adorned with a few prickles towards the bottom, divides into many branches at the top, and throws out its winding tendrels from the foot-ſtalks of the leaves. The root is commonly uſed in Jamaica, and obſerved to anſwer as well as that from the Eaſt-Indies, it is of a fheathing nature, and a very fit-ingredient in all diluting apozems. ito anggone M sloto The plant may be eaſily propagated, ſo as to ſupply the European markets, if the medicine was in any general repute: but, at preſent, what grows wild, is more than fufficient to ſupply the inhabitants; and ſerves frequently to feed the hogs, which are ſaid to live chiefly upon it, when there is a ſcarcity of wild fruit. kan lioistad Art SMILAX 2. Aſpera, foliis trinerviis oblongis, petiolis biclaviculatis. Smilax Virginiana, Spinis innocuis armata. Pk. Phy. t. 110. f. 5. arom U Bomoa The prickly Smilax, with ſlender roots. Cors od A 309uport fasla aidT insuportat This plant is pretty like the foregoing; but the roots are ſmall, and divided into a number of flender branches. It is very like the Sarça-parilla of Pifo. pag. 258. 97 aslgads od noddgien adi to molto gled DIOSCOREA 1. Foliis cordatis, caule tereti aculeato bulbifero. L. Sp. Pl. Shortsmod brus, & H. C. eo temo bas 19h1ons ni slsmisi bne Volubilis nigra radice tuberoſa compreffa, &c. Slo. Cat. 46.11 30973fb. fac ads to vitro The Negro Yam. plasupattai mislq od, DIOSCOREA 2. Foliis cordatis, caule alato bulbifero. L. Sp. Pl. SI Volubilis nigra radice alba aut purpurea, &c. Slo. Cat. 4.6. 10ls tols dobiodiastem The Yam. od bliskog audiasisma Both theſe plants are cultivated for food, the roots, which grow very large, being mealy and eaſy of digeſtion: they are generally both dry and palatable, and not in- ferior to any of thoſe now in uſe, either in delicacy, flavour, or matter of nouriſh- ment. Both plants are propagated by the piece; but theſe muſt be cut ſo as to have a little of the ſkin upon them, by which alone they germinate; for the roots have no apparent gems, but caſt out their weakly ſtems from every part of the ſurface alike. They are put into convenient holes (two or three in each) which are generally dug pretty regular, and about a foot and a half or two feet ſquare: theſe are afterwards filled SCOT bo 100 a а 360 Τ THE NATURAL HISTORY filled from the adjoining banks, and the whole piece covered with cane- traſh; which ſerves to keep the ground cool and freſh, and to prevent the growth of weeds, from which theſe plants muſt be carefully preſerved, until they grow fufficiently to cover the mould themſelves. They are planted commonly in Auguſt, and are generally ripe about November or December following. When the roots are dug up, the people ſhould be careful not to wound them, or but as little as poſlīble; for ſuch as are cut throw out their ſprouts very early, and are ſeldom fit for any thing but planting, if they hold out even till that ſeaſon comes on. After they are dug up, they are rubbed over with aſhes, from the copper-holes, or other fires, and piled regularly on convenient beds, or hurdles, raiſed above the floor, ſo that the air may come eaſily between them: but, where they are heaped in great quantities, care ſhould be taken to ſtrew ſome aſhes between the layers. DIOSCOREA 3. Foliis cordatis, caule levi rotundo. Dioſcorea foliis cordatis, caule levi. L.H.C. & Sp. Pl. Fagopirum ſcandens ſeu volubilis nigra major, &c. Slo. Cat. 46. The wild Yam. This plant grows wild in the inland woods of Jamaica, and bears very large cap- ſules. It is not put to any uſe in that iſland. CARICA 1. Fronde comoſa, foliis peltato-lobatis, lobis varie finuatis. Carica foliorum lobis finuatis. L. Sp. Pl. & H. C. Papaia major flore & fructu majoribus, &c. Slo. Cat. 202. Papaia mas & femina, &c. Thez. Zey. & H. M. iii. t. 15. Arbor Melonifera. Bontii 96. & Pino-guaçu. Pil. 159. The Papaw Tree. This tree grows wild in many parts of Jamaica, and is eaſily propagated both by the ſeeds and layers. It admits of many changes both in the ſize and figure of its fruit; but I take the different appearances to be only varieties of the ſame ſpecies. The trees are, ſome male, others female: in this, the flowers are pretty large, and grow in cluſters among the leaves, on the upper part of the trunk: in that, they are ſmaller, and grow on long branched ſupporters that ſtretch a good way out, between the foot-ſtalks of the leaves, which are ſeldom under one or two feet in length, hollow, and of a proportioned thickneſs. The tree is full of an acrid milky juice, which is commonly ſaid to cure the ring-worms; but how true this aſſertion may be, I am not able to determine. The ſeeds are round and rugged, pretty much of the ſize and make of black pepper, and always inveloped in a ſoft gelatinous ſubſtance within the fruit: they have a ſharp biting taſte, much like that of muſtard, and are ſaid to bring away worms from children. The fruit, when ripe, has a pleaſant ſweetiſh taſte, and is much liked by many people; but, while young, it is commonly uſed for ſauce, and when boiled and mixed with lime-juice and ſugar, is not unlike, or much inferior to that made of real apples, for which it is commonly ſubſtituted. The tree is very ſoft and ſucculent, and lives but a few years; but never ſhoots into branches unleſs it be broke while young. Water im- pregnated with the milky juice of this tree, is thought to make all ſorts of meat waſhed in it very tender ; but, eight or ten minutes ſteeping, it is faid, will make it ſo ſoft, that it will drop in pieces from the ſpit before it is well roaſted; or turn ſoon to rags in the boiling. CARICA 2. Sylveſtris minor, lobis minus divifis, caule fpinis inermibus op- pofito. Carica foliorum lobis integris. L. Sp. Pl. The Dwarf Papaw. 4 This OF JAM A I CA. 361 This plant is pretty frequent in the road thro' May-day hills; but it feldom riſes above four or five feet in height. BERNARDIA 1. Fruticoſa, foliis tomentofis ovatis ferratis alternis. Bernardia Carpini folio erecta. Houſt. The ſhrubby Bernardia, with villous leaves. Flores, aliis maſculini, aliis feminini. Mas. E ſinu ſingula ſquama amenti five fpica, emergit corolla monopetala, in tres lacinias oblongas revolutas, ad bafim fere fecta : alia nulla. Stamina. Filamenta plura, viginti circiter, ad bafin in unum corpus cy- lindraceum breve adnata; antheræ fubrotunde. Femina. Periantium Campanulatum, germini fuppofitum, quinquedentatum; laciniis tribus majoribus. Corolla Nulla. Stamina Nulla. Piſtillum. Germen ſubrotundum, trilobum, villoſum; ſtylus vix ullus; ſtig- mata tria, compreſa, lacera. Pericarpium. Capſula fubrotunda, obtuse triloba, trilocularis, triſpermis. BERNARDIA 2. Fruticoſa, foliis fubrotundis nitidis confertis floribus aſſociatis. The ſhrubby Bernardia, with ſmooth leaves and ſlender flower-ſtalks. Mas. . Periantium Monophyllum villoſum, in quinque lacinias lancedlatas reflexas ad bafim fe&tum. Corolla, Nulla. Stamina. Filament a plura brevia: antheræ ovate. Femina. Periantium, Ut in mare. Corolla Nulla. Stam. Nulla. Piſt. Germen fubrotundum ; ftyli nulli ; ftigmata triloba lacera. Pericarpium. Capſula ſubrotunda, obtufè triloba, trilocularis, trifpermis. This little ſhrub is common in all the low lands about Kingſton, and riſes gene- rally to the height of eight or ten feet. ADELIA 1. Foliis obovatis, oppofitis; Spicillis alaribus; cortice cinereo. Tab. 36. f. 3. The ſhrubby Adelia, with ſmooth leaves. Flores, in aliis maſculini, in aliis feminini. Mas. Periantium Biphyllum minimum. Corolla Monopetala quadripartita patens, Stamina. Filamenta e pelvi floris, plura. Femina. Quæ BOLA This 5 A 362 THE NATURAL HISTORY of a whitish colour. This ſhrub is common in the low gravelly hills" eaſtward of Kingſton : it riſes ſometimes to the height of eight or ten feet, and throws out a number of Nender branches, adorned with many leaves, diſpoſed in an oppoſite order; from whoſe alæ ſhoot ſo many ſmall flower-ſpikes. All parts of the plant are of a whitiſh colour. om GIGALOBIUM 1. Scandens, claviculum ; foliis bipinnatis ovatis ; filiqua maxima. Phaſeolus maximus perennis, &c. Slo. Cat. 68. 1911 Lens Phaſeoloides, foliis fubrotundis oppoſitis, &c. Thez. Zey. 139. Perein-kaku-valli. H, M. viii. t. 32, 3, 4. The Cocoon. Flores, in aliis maſculini, in aliis feminini. H Flores maſculini Spicati funt, fpicis axillaribus vel Sparſis. Periantium Minimum cyathiforme quinquedentatum. Corolla Pentapetala; petalis parvis, erectis, oblongis. Stamina. Filamenta plurima corolla longiora; antheræ globofa. Femina. Pericarpium. Corolla, ftamina, & piftillum defiderantur. dunt ar Pericarpium. Legumen maximum, longiſſimum, compreſſum, varie contor- do o 19200g basa tum, uniloculare, bivalve. boses Semina Plura, orbiculata, ſubcompreffa, cortice ligneo, duro, fufco, nitido- Trijevo is boire que te&ta. 15 This plant is frequent in moſt of the woods on the north ſide of Jamaica, and climbs with great eaſe to the top of the talleſt trees; where it frequently ſpreads over many of the neighbouring branches, and forms itſelf into large ſhady arbours. The withes are ſlender, but tough and flexile, and ſuſtain themſelves by a number of tendrels: they are very ſpreading in their growth, and adorned with ſmall pinnated leaves. The fhe-plants throw out their flowers ſeparate, and are ſucceeded by ſo many pods; the largeſt of the kind known: they grow commonly from four to fix or ſeven feet in length, and about four inches in breadth; always flat, and ſeldom ſtraight; but twiſt and writhe variouſly as they grow in length. The feeds are round, compreſſed, and covered with a hard, ſmooth, lignous brown ſhell. 10 JUNIPERUS 1. Foliolis inferioribus ternis, fuperioribus binis, decurrentibus, from bistadisti patulis. L. Sp. Pl. an potius, sd Juniperus foliolis omnibus ; quadrifariam imbricatis; junioribus ovatis, ſenio- Gribus acutis. Roy. & L. Sp. Pl. bar bait bas 20 Carte do The Bermudas Cedar. 1033d . This is a native of famaica, and grows very plentifully in moſt of the Blue Mountains, where it is frequently cut down for planks, and other conveniencies. It is a good timber-wood, and admired for its ſmell, lightneſs, and cloſe even grain. It is very fit for wainſcoting, and all the inward parts of cabinet-work, 9911 ORT CLASS Yo F JA M A I CA. HT 363 ali i stolnil to baswita viss Wol od ni nomimo ai dod at last to naderde CL A S S XXIII. dt on earritorio s slodw mono qevel - M1169aobs 29doned eld Of the Polygamia, or Vegetables that have both herma- * phrodite and male or female Flowers on the fame ſtems. on eulosten sidan SECT. I. 1. - 215139 Of ſuch as have both male and female, with ſome uſeleſs parts of either ſex, in every cup. MÚS. USA 1. Spadice nutanti, fručtu triquetro oblongo majori. Muſa Spadice nutanti. L. Sp. Pl. & Muſa racemo ſimpliciſſimo. H.C. Muſa caudice viridi, fructu longiori falcato, &c. Slo. Cat. 189. Muſa Serapi. & ficus Indica. Muf. & Thez. Zey. Stics Yagua. Mart. 417. Bala. H. M. iii. t. 12, 13, 14. The Plantane Tree.ovo cviqtones This plant is cultivated with great care in all our ſugar-colonies, where the fruit ſupplies the principal part of the ſuſtinence both by the negroes and poorer fort of white people. It thrives beſt in a cool, rich and moiſt foil; and is commonly planted in regular walks or fields: it is propagated by the ſhoots, and planted at convenient diſtances from each other ; but, as the root throws up a number of young layers every year, the ſpaces between the firſt plants are left pretty conſiderable. The trunk or ſtem of this tree is made up of a ſmall ſpungy heart, covered with the thick fibrous vaginæ formed by the foot-ſtalks of the leaves, infolding each other as they recede from the centre. But the heart, at length, Thoots above the foliage, and throws out a large flower-ſpike adorned with a great number of bloſſoms joined in cluſters, and incloſed in their ſeveral ſpatha, which are afterwards ſucceeded by ſo many diſtinct oblong berries. When theſe are ripe and fall, or are taken off, the ftem decays gradually, and the root begins to throw up young ſhoots, by which the kind is again renewed: but left the growth of theſe ſhould be retarded by the exhalations of the old ſtalk, it is uſually cut down near the root, when the fruit is taken off, which gives a ſtronger and quicker growth to the new plants. The fruit is generally uſed, when full grown, but before it ripens: it is com- monly peeled and roaſted, and thus ſerved at table, or diſtributed among the ne- groes, by whom it is moſtly uſed; tho' many of the whites do really prefer them to any other bread-kind, eſpecially while young and tender. The negroes generally boil them with other meſſes, as falt-fiſh, beef, pork, pickle, or crabs, &c. and find them a hearty wholeſome food. As the fruit ripens, it becomes ſoft and ſweetiſh, and is then generally made into tarts; or ſliced and fryed with butter, and thus ſerved up in plates. The juice of the tree is a very rough aſtringent; but its cooling leaves are gene- rally uſed to dreſs bliſters, in thoſe parts of the world: and, when dried, are made into matts of different forts; or frequently employed to ſtuff matreſſes. a MUSA 2. Spadice nutanti, fru&tu breviori oblongo. Muſa caudice-maculata, fructu recto, &c. Slo. Cat. 192. & H. The Banana Tree, This 364 THE NATURAL HISTORY This plant is alſo propagated in all our ſugar-colonies, tho' ſeldom cultivated by any but thoſe that have a particular fancy for the fruit of it, which, when ripe, is ſweet, clammy, and ſoft; but it lies heavy upon the ſtomach. It is ſaid to kill the worms in children. MUSA 3. Spadice ere&to, Spathis rigidis amplexantibus diſtiche & alternatina fitis. Muſa Spadice erecto. L. Sp. Pl. & Bibai. Plum. Gen. t. 3. Muſa humilior foliis minoribus nigricantibus, &c. Slo. Cat. 193. The wild Plantane Tree. This beautiful plant grows wild in moſt of the cooler mountains of Jamaica; and thrives very luxuriantly in every rich and well-ſhaded gully among the woods. In its growth and leaves it perfectly reſembles the other ſpecies; but it differs very widely from them in the form and ſtructure of the more eſſential parts; for which reaſon I have been induced to give the characters of it here at large. Spadix fimplex, erectus; floribus faſciculatis. Spatha, ſingulis faſciculis fingula, communes, alterna, rigida, acuminata, erecto-patentes, ad latera compreſa, amplexantes , diſtiche fita. Flores faſciculati, æquales & confimiles, Spathis propriis membranaceis mino- ribus diſtincti, intra ſpathas communes reconditi. Periantium Proprium nullum. Corolla, Ut in vulgari. Stamina. Filamenta quinque, (cum rudimento fexti nećtario adnato) longi- tudine fere floris, ab infima parte petali orta, & antheris oblon- gis anguſtis donata : anthera rudimenti vero imperfecta eft. Piſtillum. Germen oblongum, obtufè trigonum, florem Juftinens; ſtylus fim- plex, longitudine floris; ftigma acutum. Pericarp. Bacca fucculenta, cærulea, ſubrotunda, obtufa & obtuſe-triloba, trilocularis. Semina Solitaria oblonga, naucis ligneis rugofis teeta. In the bloſſoms of this plant we find five perfect filaments ſhooting from the bottom of the real flower-leaf, and one imperfect filament from the nectarium. But, in the others, it is quite the contrary, for five of the filaments are imperfect; and the only one that is otherwiſe riſes from the nectarium. In this ſpecies the berries are ſmall and ſucculent, and contain three hard rugged feeds each; but, in the others, the fruit is covered with a thick ſkin, which contains a ſoft pulpy ſub- ſtance. a . ANDROPOGON 1. Polydaylon afurgens fpicis tenuioribus hirſutis. Gramen Dactylon elalius, &c. S1. H. t. 65. f. 2a & Pluck. t. 245. f. 1. Gramen dactyloides deorſum ariſtatis. Thez. Zey. t. 47. The erect Andropogeon with many ſlender ſpikes. In this fpecies the ſpikes are generally from ſeven to eleven, and riſe immediately from the top of the ſtalk: they are all flender and flowered underneath, the parts of which are as follow, viz. Periantium Duplex. Exterius. Gluma uniflora bivalvis, valvis oblongis, Interius. Gluma bivalvis: valvula altera major carinata, ſetâ terminata ; altera minor inferne contracta, rotundata, circulo piloſo notata, ſuperne ampliata excavata & ariſta ter- minata. Corolla Gluma bivalvis; valvulis oblongis fimplicibus, valvulá majori ca- licis proprii obvolutis. ANDRO JA 365 OF J AM A I CA. Ο М А І ANDROPOGON 2. Avenaceum aſſurgens, panicula laxa lanuginoſa. Andropogon panicula nutante, ariſtis tortuoſis levibus, calicinis hirſutis . L. Sp. Pl. & Gramen avenaceum, &c. Slo. Cat. 35. & H. t. 14. Sour-Grafs. Obf. In hac Specie, Periant. Gluma eſt bivalvis, valvulis oblongis tomentofis. Corolla Etiam bivalvis eft, valvulis oblongis levibus (altera alteram am- plexante) Semenque involventibus. The roots and leaves of this plant, pounded and applied externally, are obſerv- ed to cure fores and ulcers of all ſorts with more certainty than moſt other things uſed for that purpoſe. It is a ſtrong deterſive and agglutinant; and, doubtleſs, would make an excellent ingredient in vulnerary apozems and infuſions. Simples of this kind, and all thoſe in general that are of a ſtimulating nature, have been always obſerved to anſwer much better in thoſe parts, than ointments and regular dreſſings ; nor is it unnatural, where the ſtate of the habit is ſo much relaxed. ANDROPOGON 3. Altiffimum gracile ; paniculå tenui & longiori, ſpicis plurimis gradatim nafcentibus, floribus confertis. The ſlender Andropogon, with long ſpikes. This plant is frequent in St. Elizabeth's: it has but a ſlender ſtem, and riſes ge- nerally to a moderate height. The flowers are placed in diftant tufts on long hairy foot-ſtalks; and the calycine glumes which are alſo hairy, terminate in long briſtles. ANDROPOGON? 4. Erectum, montanum; Spicá multiplici comofâ & lanuginoſa. Andropogon panicule ſpicis conjugatis ovatis. L. Sp. PI? Gramen dactylon bicorne tomentoſum maximum. Slo. Cat. 33. & H. t. 15. Andropogon panicula Spicis conjugatis ; flofculis bahi lanatis, folio Spathaceo obvolutis. L. Sp. Pl. . Mountain-Graſs. In this plant the foot-ſtalks of the flowers are covered with a long white down; and the ſpicilli, which riſe by pairs on long erect ſupporters, ſeem to meet in a kind of an umbrella, at the top. w 552 ANDROPOGON 5. Minimum, Spicillis ternis vel quaternis, patentibus, fummo caule difpofitis; valvula majori in ariſtam barbatam dehnente. Gramen dactylon bicorne minimum. Slo. Cat. 34. & H. The ſmall upright Andropogon. Obf. Gluma altera floralis etiam ariſtata eft. ANDROPOGON 6. Majus, paniculâ ſparſa, Spicis fimplicibus utrinque ari- ſtatis. Andropogon ſpicis digitatis plurimis ere&tiuſculis articulatis levibus utrinque ariſtatis. L. Sp. Pl. Gramen dactylon majus panicula longá, &c. Slo. Cat. 34. & H. t. 69. The larger Andropogon, with a looſe panicle. Obſ. Valvula corolla altera in ariſtam tenuem barbatam definit, 5 B ANDRO- 366 THE NATURAL HISTORY ANDROPOGON 7. Minus, paniculâ ſparſá, Spicillis fimplicibus alternatis hexacetis. The ſmaller Andropogon, with fix briſtles to every flower. Obf. Gluma exterior, & calycis & corolla, in tres ſetas definit. ANDROPOGON 8. Polydactylon, Spicis paucioribus birſutis, medio pedun- culato. The larger polydactylous Andropogon. The flower-ſpikes of this plant are generally from four to feven, fituated at the extremity of the ſtalk; and each of the calycine glumes terminates in a ſlender beard. ANDROPOGON 9. Minus paniculâ ſparſá, Spicillis paucioribus fimplicibus 9 alternatis. The ſmaller Andropogon, with a looſe ſpreading panicle. This little graffy plant is frequent about Old-harbour. The outward glume of the flower is tripartite at the top, and ends in three rugged briſtles. a a HOLCUS 1. Sylvaticus minor, paniculâ ſparſa, foliis brevioribus lanceolato- ovatis. Panicum miliaceum viride, foliis latis brevibus, &c. Slo. t. 72. f. 3. The ſmaller Wood-Graſs. This little plant is very common in the woods of Jamaica, and agrees, for the moſt part, with the Guinea graſs, both in the arrangement and formation of its flowers. The ſtalk and leaves are excellent fodder for all ſorts of cattle, and the ſeeds ſerve to feed the ſmaller forts of birds, HOLCUS 2. Major aſſurgens, culmo compreſſo, Spica laxa ſpatiofá. Guinea Grafs. This plant, like the Scotch graſs, is frequently cultivated in Jamaica, to ſupply their ſtabled and working cattle with food. It is planted, like the other, by the joint or gem, and alſo by the root; but does not require near ſo much moiſture, and is reckoned a more hearty fodder. It is not ſo much cultivated in the iſland as a plant of this nature ought to be; for the lands about the towns are too ſubject to dro to produce it in any perfection; and the people in the other parts of the country, who have not the ſame proſpect of gain, are too indolent not to make any ſhift, ra- ther than be at the trouble of planting it ; never conſidering how much time and labour is loft annually in ſeeking for other fodder, which is neither ſo good, nor can be ſo eaſily obtained; nor do they ever conſider the loſſes they ſuſtain in ſtock, for the want of abundance of good wholeſome food. The characters of this plant agree pretty well with thoſe of the Panicum, in ge- neral: but the flowers commonly grow very luxuriant, and, though often herma- phrodite, are generally obſerved to be diſtinct males and females, ſurrounded by ſe- parate involucra, and ſtanding on diſtinct footſtalks within the ſame cups. They are as follow : Periantium. Gluma quadrivalvis: extima minima, ad tergum proxima poſta; intermediæ oppoſta, oblonga, cochlearis inftar exca- vate ; quarta interior, membranacea, oblonga. Corolla. Gluma bivalvis, florem hermaphroditum vel femineum amplectens. Stamina OF JAMA I CA. 367 Stamina. Intra florem, quandoque tria, quandoque nulla : ut plurimum ta- men reperitur ftamen unum vel alterum extra florem, inter val- vulam interiorem & proximam exteriorem calycis. Antheræ oblongæ compreſe Pift. Germen oblongum : ftylus quandoque unicus, quandoque biduus. Stig- mata purpurea cirrofa. Semen Oblongum. CENCHRUS 1. Spica oblonga fimplici ecbinata. Cenchrus Spica oblonga conglomerata Roy. L. Sp. Pl. Gramen echinatum maximum ſpica rubra vel alba. Slo. Cat. 36. & H. pag. 108. The Cenchrus, with a ſimple oblong panicle, and multipartite cups. This is one of the moſt common ſorts of graſs in the open paſtures of Jamaica, and is looked upon both as a wholeſome and pleaſant food for all ſorts of cattle. CENCHRUS 2. Spica oblonga grabra, calycibus rigidis quadripartitis, inci- furis apertis, laciniis acuminatis. The Cenchrus, with a ſimple ſpike and quadripartite cups. This grows with the former, and, like that, is fed upon by all ſorts of cattle. ATRIPLEX 1. Inermis rubens, foliis cordato-ovatis venoſis, petiolis longis, Spicâ terminali verticillat á. The ſmooth red Calaloo. This is a pleaſant wholeſome green, and frequently uſed as ſuch in every part of Jamaica. It grows in all the gardens and rich open ſpots round the iſland. ATRIPLEX 2. Ere&ta minima, ad alas florida. The ſmall erect Atriplex. This little plant is very common in the gardens about Kingſton, and ſeldom riſes above one or two inches in height. It ſhoots into bloſſom after every rain, and al- ways bears a great number of flowers at the alæ of the leaves. A P P E N D I X. Ρ Ε Ν HA AVING now claſſed and diſpoſed thoſe Vegetables, whoſe flowers we have ſeen and examined; I ſhall endeavour to give ſome account of thoſe few, whoſe characters I have not been hitherto able to obtain, and are yet too conſide- rable to be wholly omitted. SPIGELIA 1. Foliis oblongis obovatis nitidis pinnatis, cortice glabro cinereo. The Baſtard Cabbage-Tree. Flores, in aliis maſculini, in aliis feminini dicuntur. Mas. Defideratur. Femina. 00 ΑΟ Ι A5 AMA 368 THE NATURAL HISTORY Femina. 019 Periantium? Corolla? Stamina ? Piſtillum. Germen ovatum ; ftylus brevis, attenuatus; ſtigma acutum. Pericarpium, Drupa carnoſa, firma, ovata, linea longitudinali lateraliter notata, unilocularis, monoſpermis. WIN Semen. Nucleus bilobus ovatus, membrana tenui obvolutus, & nauco ligneo glabro, lineâ longitudinali lateraliter notato, teclus. This tree grows to a very conſiderable fize, and is reckoned among the beſt tim- ber-trees of the iſland; for which purpoſes it is frequently cut down in all parts of the country. The bark is ſaid to be a very powerful anthelmintic, and is frequently given for that purpoſe in powders and decoctions both to men and beaſts; but it operates very violently, and, for that reaſon, is not much uſed among the whites. a NO 8 ARBOR 2. Foliis obovato-oblongis, Spicillis alaribus, ligno durifimo, ex fub- luteo & fufco variegato, Pigeon-Wood This ſhrubby tree is greatly eſteemed on account of its wood: it feldom exceeds four inches in the diameter of its trunk, though it riſes frequently to the height of ſixteen or eighteen feet. The wood is very hard, of a cloſe even grain, and very beau- tifully clouded. ebob bro ARBOR 3. Minor diffuſa, obſcurè virens ; foliis obovatis; fronde comosá, fru- Etibus fingularibus ad alas. Tab. 20. f. 3. HITUS The Scarlet-Seed. Periantium Duplex; exterius bipbyllum minimum; interius pentaphyllum, foliis craffiufculis fubrotundis. Corolla? Stam? Piſt. Germen ovatum. Stylus fubulatus : ftigma Pericarp. Capſula nitida, carnoſo-fungofa, bilocularis. NA - Semina." Nucleoli plures, maxima parte abortientes, oblongi , quafi bilobi, HA cible seat bas naucis propriis fragilibus unilocularibus recurvis & appreffis, wrontlan 1990 s to lid quaſı bilocularibus, tefti; naucis cerá tenui coccineâ obduétis: samo obavioldo Receptaculum columnare per centrum ſepti medii ductum, ad ne bolo norte apicem multipartitum ; lacinulis teretibus intra loculamenta dd to moh utrinque reflexis , ſemina ferentibus. w om This ſhrubby tree is frequent in the red hills, where it grows pretty luxuriantly; but it ſeldom riſes above twelve or fixteen feet in height, or exceeds fix or ſeven inches in diameter. When the fruit is ripe, it burſts upon the tree, and ſheds its ſeeds, of which the ſmaller birds ſeem very fond : they are always inveloped in a greaſy waxen ſubſtance of a ſcarlet colour, which may probably ſerve both for the dyer's and painter's uſe, when better known. I believe this may be a ſpecies of the Sloanea : the wax and formation of the ſeeds, which is nearly the ſame in both, induce me to think ſo, tho' the capſule is ſmooth in this. acutum. yain . 3 ARBOR 4. Foliis ovatis, petiolis brevibus, floribus faſciculatis. Piſt. Germen fubrotundum : ftyli duo, breves, interne canalyculati: ftigmata ampliata compreſa excavata. Pericarpium. Capſula videtur bilocularis biſpermis. 4 FRUTEX o F JA м و Ј А M A I CA. 369 FRUTEX 5. Foliis oblongis, glabris, acuminatis, alternis, leviter & acute crenatis. Germen trilobum, obtuſa angulatum, fubrotundum; ftylus brevis, fimplex; ftigmata tria, oblonga, tenuia, reflectentia. Pericarp. Capſula ſubrotunda, obtufè triloba, trilocularis, trivalvis. Semina Solitaria naucis propriis tecta. VIMEN 6. Scandens ; foliis alternis, ovatis, leniter undulatis ; venis obli- quis. Tab. 22. f. 5. An -H H. M. Vol. II. t. 20? Fructificatio admodum fingularis: Sic mihi videbatur. Periantium Monophyllum in duas partes hemiſphæricas excavatas ad un- guem uſque featum. Corolla Bipetala, petalis compreffis , & faſciá valida per mediam longitudinem ornatis; alterum unguibus geminis ſuſtentatum; alterum ſtylo refertum, & adnatum. Stamina ? Stylus? An in aliis mares, in aliis feminæ ? Pericarp. Quod periantium fuit, vertitur in capſulam fub-fucculentam ful- catam, luteam, fubrotundam, bivalvem, unilocularem, perpen- diculariter dehiſcentem. Semen Unicum, pulpâ niveâ ſubdiaphaná, quæ corollam fuiſe vide- tur, veſtitum & alteri valvula funiculo proprio ligatum; ætate liberum, nigro Splendens. I have met with this plant near Mrs. Guy's, in Sixteen-mile-walk : it is a climber, and riſes to the top of the talleſt trees in the woods. ELUTHERIA 7. Arborea; foliis majoribus, ovatis, oppoſitis; petiolis brevi- bus, fubtumidis, ganglionofis. Lauro affinis arbor foliis latioribus, &c. Slo. Cat. 137. & H. t. 170. Mulk-Wood, or Alligator-Wood. Pericarpium. Capſula craſa, fubrotunda, corticoſa, dura, quadrilocularis, quadrifariam ab apice dehiſcens. Semina. Nuclei ſolitarii oblongo-ovati. This tree is frequent in inland woods, and grows to a conſiderable ſize. All parts of the plant, eſpecially the bark, ſmell ſtrong of muſk, and may be uſed, in- ſtead of that perfume, for many purpoſes. The wood is full of a bitter reſinous ſubſtance, which renders it unfit for rum-hogſheads; being obſerved to communi- cate both its ſmell and taſte to all fpirituous liquors: but it is often cut for ſtaves and heading, when there is a ſcarcity of other lumber. The powder of the bark is ſaid to be a good emetic; and is, I am informed, ſometimes uſed among the negroes for that purpoſe. a a ARBOR 8. Foliis oblongis glabris alternis. Milk-Wood. Flores, in aliis maſculini, in aliis feminini. Mas - Femina. Periantium Parvum, imbricatum; Squamis ficcis, cordiformibus, cochlea- tis, perfiftentibus. Corolla 50 370 THE NATURAL HISTORY Corolla - - ? Stamina - Piſtillum. Germen ovatum; ftylus ultra medietatem bipartitus; laciniis attenuatis : ftigmata acuta. Pericarpium. Bacca mollis ovata unilocularis monoſpermis. An, bilocula- ris in germine? Semen. Nucleus bilobus, nauco tenui fragili te&tus. ថនៗៗ។ This tree is pretty frequent in St. Mary's, and riſes to a conſiderable height in the woods. It is reckoned among the timber-trees of the iſland, and is ſometimes uſed as ſuch, tho' not generally valued. fYS VIMEN 9. Scandens; ſarmento valido; foliis amplioribus, craffiuſculis, niti- dis, ovatis, oppoſitis; capſulis geminatis vel ternatis. Pericarpium. Capſula major, orbiculata, compreſa, unilocularis, ſemen unum vel alterum amplectens. Semen. Nuclei bilobi, ſubrotundi, compreſ, fundo capſule afixi. I found this weakly ſpreading plant in the pariſh of St. George's, on the left hand ſide of the road that leads to the eaſtward. The leaves are large and ſhining, and the ſtem and branches pretty thick, tho' weakly. The capſulæ are moderately large, and thin; and ſeem to fhew the plant to be ſomewhat allied to the Trichogamila. It is a native of Brafil, as well as of Jamaica: I have ſeen ſome of the feed-vefſels in Mr. Baker's collection, which he received from that part of the world, by the way of Portugal. BRABILA 10. Fruticoſa & Spinoſa, foliis ovatis nitidis confertis, floribus folitariis. The prickly Brabila, with ſmooth oval leaves. ang Pericarpium. Bacca ſubrotunda, fucculenta, unilocularis, nucis juglandis magnitudinis, nucleo majori, nauco ligneo glabro tecto, referta. Alwa I found this ſhrub near the beech at Port Antonio, where it grows to the height of eight or nine feet, or better. The fruit has all the flavour, and much of the ap- pearance, of the European plumb; but the ſhell of the ſeed is ſmooth, and the pulp and ſkin of the fruit of a pale red colour. The leaves and foot-ſtalks are all of a pale green. ARBOR 11. Foliis ovatis glabris utrinque acuminatis, floribus umbellulatis, umbellulis fparfis. Lance-Wood. Pericarpium. Bacca parva mollis unilocularis, ſemen unicum nauco proprio textum, ample&tens. This tree is pretty common in the woods of Portland, and generally reckoned one of the beſt timber-trees in the iſland, eſpecially where ſtrength or elaſticity is re- quired; but it ſeldom grows to any very conſiderable fize. Quere if it be not a ſpecies of the Erythroxylum. Doan. 23019 ARBOR 12. Foliis cordatis myrtineis oppoſitis, baccis biſpermibus. Myrtifolia arbor cortice argenteo, Silver-wood dilia. Slo. Cat. 162. An, Eugenia authorum? op rigt dörd w Slow to FRUTEX 13. Minor, foliolis cordatis confertis, flore uno vel altero afo- ciatis. Tab. 27. f. 4. f Rod-wood. horsqrq yinegoro blivom Flores YOOF JA MA I CA. HT 371 Flores, in aliis mafculini, in aliis feminini, slloro JO S multing Mas - obolid 23 glorosss one puna mulqi60199 D150099 Femina. Periantium Minimum quadripartitum. zadolid 23 stoma utdy Corolla Tetrapetala, petalis oblongis ere&to-patentibus: brqend comi Stamina Nulla. bon 91 boom Pift. Germen oblongum; ftylus brevis; ſtigma bilobum, ampliatum, quan- doque fimbriatum. nir Pericarpium. Bacca oblongo-ovata, bilocularis, binis nucleis naucis propriis tečtis, referta. FRUTEX? 13. Foliis myrtineis, nitidis, ovatis, alternis; ramulis gracilibus. 1518 FRUTEX 14. Foliis fubrotundo-ovatis, alternis, quandoque confertis; floribus alaribus. bel broz 16. obiib zobota Flores, in aliis maſculini, in aliis feminini. d bas mal di bn ods battle 51. insled) wody 199) bosgids bas a Mas - PYD letgoed to and from odaid in Maldisy-hol ads to Femina. go 9 lo yg ade yd blow Periantium Hexaphyllum, foliolis ovatis perſiſtentibus. Corolla Nulla. Stamina Nulla, AIIAL Piſt. Germen fubrotundum; ftyli tres, breves, bifidi ; ftigmata acuta, re- flexa. Pericarp. Capſula ſubrotunda, trilocularis, trivalvis. hun Semina In ſingulo loculamento ſena. Toine ; GREWIA? 15. Arboreſcens, e luteo virens; foliis ovatis, utrinque acumina- tis, nitidis, alternis ; floribus quaſ umbellatis. bio to tada qa, ada to doze Flores, in aliis maſculini, in aliis feminini, 2091 2000 to idge glug ada bos door ud muscles at 20.00 S 2 libellis=100 Mas - do Go to all 29373 Femina. Periantium Minimum, monophyllum, tubulatum, ſubventricoſum, præg- . nans, ore quadripartitum. Pericarpium. Bacca ſubrotunda, nucleo unico nauco proprio tecto, referta. I have met with this plant at Mr. Hall's, in Liguanea : it has ſomething of the appearance of myrtle. FRUTEX 16. Foliis majoribus, cordatis, nitidis, petiolis femipollicaribus in- cidentibus. Tab. 31. f. 5. . Laurifolio arbor folio latiore mucronato, &c. Slo. Cat. & H. t. 168. The Lagetto, or Lace-Bark Tree. This tree is pretty common in the woods of Vere and St. Elizabeth's. The bark is of a fine texture, very tough, and divides into a number of lamina, which ſpread into thin webs not unlike lace. It is only uſed for ropes in Jamaica, but would, undoubtedly, make fine paper, had it been properly prepared for that purpoſe. It has been, upon occaſions, made-into different forms of apparel, by the wild and runaway negroes. ato 1 ALICA- 372 THE NATURAL HISTORY ALICASTRUM 17. Arboreum, foliis ovatis alternis, fructibus folitariis. Bread-Nuts. Pericarpium. Drupa, feu potius capſula corticoſa, fphærica, unilocularis. Semen Nucleus bilobus, carnofus, fubrotundus, edulis. This tree is very frequent in St. Elizabeth's and St. James's; and in both pariſhes is computed to make up about a third part of the woods. . The timber is not deſpicable; but the leaves and younger branches are more uſeful, and a hearty fattening fodder for all ſorts of cattle. The fruit, boiled with ſalt-fiſh, pork, beef, or pickle, has been frequently the ſupport of the negroes and poorer fort of white people, in times of ſcarcity; and proved a wholeſome and no unpleafant food: when roaſted, they eat ſomething like our European cheſnuts, of which they may probably be a ſpecies. The leaves and younger ſhoots are full of gum, which renders them diſagreeable to moſt cattle at firſt, but they ſoon grow very fond of 'em. ARBOR 18. Foliis oblongo-ovatis, pinnatis, punctatis; petiolis breviffimis re- flectentibus. Yellow Sanders. The wood of this tree is ſaid to make good inſide timbers: it is of a yellow co- lour, and a cloſe ſmooth grain. It is very common in St. James's and St. Mary's, and grows to a conſiderable ſize. ARBOR 19. Cortice filo, foliis oblongis, racemis umbellulatis terminalibus. The Bonace Bark Tree. Pericarpium. Drupa ficca, ovata, oliva magnitudinis & figare, nucleo unico bilobo, membrana propria obvoluto, referta. This tree is common near Monteca bay, where it grows to a moderate ſize. The bark makes very good ropes; it is fine, and ſpreads, in ſome ſhape, like that of the Lagetto bark, though not quite ſo free or regular. The ſeeds have a ſharp biting taſte. fo ARBOR 20. Altiſſima, foliis oblongis, nitidiffimis, nervoſis. Mali-perficæ Mammeæ di&ta folio arbor, &c. Slo. Cat. 180. An, Inneophyllum. Thez. Zey. pag. 130. & tab. 60. The Santa Maria. Pift. Germen fubrotundum ; ftylus fimplex ; ftigma? Pericarp. Drupa carnoſa rotundata, unilocularis. Semen. Nucleus unicus bilobus, nauco proprio ligneo fubtenui te&tus. This is reckoned pretty good timber-wood; but it muſt be kept under cover, for it does not bear the weather well: it is frequently uſed for ſtaves and heading. XYLOCYSTE? 21. Fruticoſum; foliis eliptico-ovatis, ſubtus cinereis; per dunculis ramoſis, alaribus. Pericarpium. Capſula ſubrotunda, obtufè triloba, trilocularis. Semina Subrotunda, ſolitaria. I have found this ſhrub near the eaſtern ſhore of Monteca bay. FRUTEX? 22. Ilicis aculeata foliis. An Pk. t. 152. f. 4. tab. 54. f. 5? An, Agrifolium folio tenuiore majus acuminato & majus corrugato, &c. Slo. Cat. 173. 2 I have OF JA MÀ I CA. I M 373 I have met with a young plant of this form, in the pariſh of St. James's; but of what peculiar claſs or growth it may be, I could not diſcover. The figure of the leaves is pretty well repreſented in Plucknet. PLANTA 23. Eretta indiviſa; foliis comoſis, oblongis birtis, finuatis; petio- lis marginatis. STATE - I found this young plant near the Waterfall , in Mamee-river: it is very like that repreſented in Pk. tab. 424. f. 4. . . HERNANDIA 24. Arborea, foliis cordato-peltatis, capſulá tenui aperta. Hernandia. Plum. & L. Sp. Pl. & Flo. Zey. Balantine. Pet. Gazo. 43. f. 1. Nux vehicaria oleofa, foliis umbilicatis. Pk. t. 208. 1. Jack-in-a-Box. Flores, in aliis maſculini, in aliis feminini: uba? anda: Mas. Vid. L. Gen. 931. Jo Svi slloso Femina. erine Pericarpium Capfula? maxima aperta inflata, ſubrotunda, tenuis, fubpel- lucida, ventricoſa, unilocularis ; ore leniter contracto, trun- cato, integro. An calix pro capſula ſumitur? Semen. Nux oblongo-ovata, ſulcata, erecta, rugofa, in centro capſula , pofita unilocularis. Nucleus globoſus. This tree is pretty common in Barbadoes and Mount ferat, and grows to a conſi- derable ſize in thoſe iſlands; but I have not ſeen any in Jamaica, though I have been credibly informed that it was frequent in the pariſh of Portland. The cups that ſuſtain and partly invelop the nuts are very large, and, as they move in the wind, keep a whiſtling noiſe, which is often frightful to unwary travellers. The feeds are very oily. HERNANDIA 24. 24. Arborea; capſula craſa, lignea, ovatá, integra. , sal benvio. v1 The Hernandia, with oval capſules. I do not know whether this tree be a native of the Eaſt or Weſt-Indies; but I have ſeen a fruit of this form in Mr. Ehret's collection of feeds, which I mention here, only, to ſhew that there is a ſecond ſpecies of the genus. There are two other plants in thoſe colonies, that have almoſt wholly eſcaped my notice; the one is the green withe, which I take to be a ſpecies of the Arum, or Epidendrum : the other ſeems to be a kind of the Nux vomica. The firſt of theſe plants is not uncommon in the woods of Jamaica; the other grows in the windward part of Mountſerat, in the ſide of the great gully, called Kaby's Gully. It is a ſmall Ihrub, and bears white bloſſoms, which are afterwards ſucceeded by ſo many large apples, containing a number of large compreſſed ſeeds diſperſed in the pulp of the fruit: (if I remember) the plant is milky when young. a a a 5D THE ( 374 ) DO To anniga A D D E N D A. A DI OE CI A. ATVIATE FEVILLEA EVILLEA 1. Foliis craffioribus glabris, quandoque cordatis, quandoque tri- lobis. Fevillea. Plum. Fevillea foliis cordatis angulatis ; & foliis trilobis. L. Sp. Pl. L. Sp. Pl. The Antidote Cocoon. Flores, in aliis maſculini, in aliis feminini. Mas. Pedunculo tenui incidit Periantium monophyllum ultra medietatem quinque- partitum, laciniis lanceolatis patentibus. Corolla Monopetala, patens, ad marginem leniter quinquecrenata : Limbus reflexus. Stamina. Filamenta quinque e centro corolla orta, erecto-patentia, fupernè ampliora; antheræ ovata. Nectarium. Filamenta quinque compreſa, infernè latiuſcula, attenuata, arcuata, conniventia, faminibus interpofita. Femina. Periantium Cyathiforme quinquecrenatum, germine prægnans, pedunculo va- lido incidens. Corolla ___? Stamina Nulla. Piſt. Germen calyce inclavatum fubrotundum. Styli tres. Stigmata ſubrotunda. Pericarpium. Drupa maxima dura, fubrotunda, calyce aucto ſemitecta, trilocularis. Semina Orbiculata compreſſa magna, cortice fungoſo tecta, in fingulo locu- lamento, duo, tria, vel quatuor. This plant is frequent in the inland parts of Jamaica, and generally found climbing among the talleſt trees in the woods. The ſeeds are very oily, and fre- quently burnt by the negroes inſtead of candles: they put them upon ſkewers, and ſet fire to the uppermoft, from whence they burn gradually to the bottom. The kernels are extremely bitter, and frequently infuſed in fpirits for the uſe of the negroes: a ſmall quantity of this liquor opens the body and provokes an appe- tite, but a larger doſe works both by ftool and vomit. It is frequently taken to clear the tube, when there is any ſuſpicion of poiſon, and, often, on other occaſions. a E XPLICA T I O N S. In all the foregoing figures, the letter (a) points out the empalement or cup; (b) the flower ; (c) the filaments with their antheræ ; (d) the ſtyle and ſtigma ; and (e) (f) (8) the germen, fruit and ſeeds. THE Tab. I un Pune 1932 MONACO AN enero ch BV G.D. Ehret Delin R. Benning Sally Pl.2. lig.s. figos figa. GD ChroDelin rysy Hl Roberts Sculp Tab :3 (19.3 c d. b a 63092 fig 2 d a figo 5.6 e yetersi GD Chret Delin HRoboots Solp Sal.4. டி. சம.3 Fig.1 S.Chret delon.1155. Fab. Frigo1 Id Fig. 2 d 12 Fig. 3 Fig.4 B.Cole fo. G.D. Chret delin Tab.6 b. V" d. Fig.2. a Fig. 1. GD.Ehret delin I. Noual sculp. Tab.7 figer d ...a to ea siga 2 D.Ehret Delin Edno. f Tab. 8 Fig.2. Fig. 1. C BOUCHO á I N cual sculp G.D.Chret delin. Tab.9 Fig.1 . Fig. 2. d. Edwards & Darloy sculp. GD. Ehret delin Tab.10. 0 Fig.1 Fiq:3 & 4 Fig.2 D. Ehret delin.1754. Tab 11 6 B.Colec GD. Ehret delin. Tab. 12 или Fig.1 . -b- T P C-- H Fig.2. Fig.3 d.. 1600 90 0.00 7 001 2 3. Cole sculp. "G. D. Chret delin .1754 Tab.13. d e. 7 Fig.3. dy Figs. fo d. MO Fig.2 -6.. d a B.cole sculp. G.D. Chrete delen. 1754 Tab.14 & song Sportohet nga ligos sige d e g 2 d a figue d G. D. Ehret Dil. Edno s Tab.15 Fig.2. CO Fig.1. d I Noual sculp. GD Ehret delin Tab.10. T 2-6 Viga sige d opie jest OS F_Patton Sculp G.D.Ehret Delin. Tab.17 dog Fig.3. Fig. 4. 2 c C. a Fig.5. d magnif Fig1. Fig.2. d Joppop! d a I.N onal sculp. GD. Ehret delin Tab. 18 9.1. a 2. Fig. 2 VOL ***** Fig.3 sig с a 0 0 CO of G.D. Thret, delin 1755. F.Garden fc.Paternoster Ron. Ta b. 19. 6. ལ * 3. Pig 1 a ༤ ཛ ག fig: d. 7. Garden sculp. G.D. Ehret delin. 1755. Tab. 20 Fig.1 b le d. a e с d 0 0 Fig:3 b. a * f b. Fig.2 D.Ehret Delin. 1755. 3. Colefce Talr: 21 ان کا Fig.) The S d. Fig . 2 d mere f 000 o 11 Fig.3 D. Ehret delin 1755 Blole fculp. Tab.22 a g / Fig.5. q Fia.ll 1. 33.9 e Fig.3. d pt d 6 (在 ​l CI Fig.2 ge 0 “ d 2 Fig. 4. G.D.Ehret delin 1755 F.Garden sculp. Tab. 23 d 1. Fig 00.000 Vio C Ore be of . Fig. 2. d Fig.3 Of Guilandina F.Garden fe. G.D. Chret. delin 1755, Tab 24 TT she 2:03 TO 15 R300 TE 337 Fig 2 333 2 عالی م قیام علمی و معنا Fig 3 d. с C... Fig a I. Noual foulp. G.D.Chret delin:1755, Tab XXV c. a Figl درباره ..A d. Fig 3 C...... с a CD Ehret detin 1753 Nowa fora Tab. 26 o Fig.2. Fig.1 OOOOO 90 od 000 it Edwardo 8:Darley vaulp. & GDThret delin Tab.27 Fig. 2 Fig. 31 Frigo d 1 3- D 4 Fige Calos no tam: OD 우 ​0 Germen G.D.Ehret delin 1755. P. Garden sculp. Tab.28. 5, Fig. 日 ​:4佛 ​心 ​a (PTT d. d C罗 ​達 ​/ Fig. 2 G.D.Ehret detin. 1753. F. Garden Jculp. Tab29. اک حمله عی 2 Fig / to ا 3 با او with d | . 4 od / My O... ۹۶۶۷ C a GD Ehiet delin Darly #Edwards South Tab. 30. C. Fig. 2 d if. 0. 0 a b d. Bagon b c d Fig 3 F. Garden fè. G.D.Ehret. delin 1755. Tab. 31. Fig. G Fogo b a. Сл da Fig 3 of & a- Fig4 Figis Garden fo. G D Ehret. delin 1755. Tab 32 n 6 ITOS Frage Tig's VIV 9999 r. Garden fo. G.D.Ehret delin.1756 Tab.33 mon Fig.1 . Fig.se Zing GDEhret delin.1755 F Patton Toulp. Tab.34: Fig. 4. Fig.1. 1556 Fig.2. Hotel ZOU Fig.3. G.D. Ehret delin. 1755 F. Palton Sculp. Tab. 35 d Edwards & Darley woulin GD.Ehret delin Tab.36. ... CD- а Fig. . имя Ал ооооо В 1801 Fig 3: ... а. . Fig. 2: P. Colefczelp: G.D.Ehret delin 1735 Tab 37 Fomina Gigh Anthelminthia 系​中​变 ​mas. م Fig.2. GD. Ehret delin F Garden foutp Tab. 38. Fig.3 . MB . Fig.2 G Fig... CD.Chrel delin.1755 F. Patton Sculp THE NATURAL HISTORY OF I AM A I CA. M c 12 PART II . BOOK III. Of A N I M A LS CONTAINING, An Account of the ſeveral Sorts of Quadrupedes, Birds, Fiſhes, Rep- tiles, and Inſects, commonly obſerved in and about the Iſland; their Properties, Mechaniſm, and Uſes. III 02 BIH AIUTATI Si motum, vel mechaniſmum, vel fenfus externos internoſque, del denique figuram, refpiciamus; omnibus in aprico erit, animalia effe fumma & perfe&tiffima Creatoris opera, Lin. Obr. TIETOO व BLAMITA 10 DAVO Abanto lo lotto A LA a odos bus ini berado como o brolit ou U bus line? Mogot niris DARI vo PR P R E F A CE. А A W HETHER we conſider this part of the creation with regard to the variety or peculiar forms of the individuals, to the num- ber of conveniencies with which it ſupplies mankind, or with reſpect to the real uſes of its different productions in the courſe of life, we ſhall certainly find it ſuperior to either of the others. But when we obſerve thoſe delicate organs with which moſt beings of this claſs are furniſhed; conſider the formations, diſpoſitions, uſes, and various me- chanical powers of their ſeveral parts; and reflect on the different ſenſes, inſtincts, diſpoſitions and modes of aɛtion, peculiar to each; we muſt allow it to be, by far, the moſt perfeěž as well as the moſt engaging part of the creation. Is it not then natural, that bodies endowed with affečtions and quali- ties fo particularly adapted to the form and ſtation of every individual, with ſuch peculiar habits and diſpoſitions, with thoſe ſingular faculties which ſome enjoy in a more perfeet degree than the reſt; and which, beſides theſe, and many other flattering inducements , are known to ſupply us , daily with the moſt agreeable and nouriſhing part of our food, to fur- niſh many conveniencies that tend to the eaſe and ſatisfaction of life, and to yield the moſt neceſſary as well as the moſt agreeable part of our cloaths and coverings; ſhould engage ſome part of the thoughts and ſtudies of mankind? Or ſhould we not rather conclude, that beings endowed with ſuch extraordinary qualities, ſo uſeful, and yet frequently more engaging by their habits and attachments, ought to employ a more conſiderable part of the thoughts and contemplations of every reaſonable creature ? The nature of the different forts of food obtained from this claſs, as well as the different calamities ariſing from the poiſonous bites, ſtings, &c. of many of the individuals, and a thouſand other particulars, muſt naturally engage the attention of the Phyſician. Here the Philoſopher may ſee a numberleſs variety of aétions, powers, mechaniſms, and other curious phe- nomnena, 5 E ccclxxvii PRE FACE. a n nomena, the proper objects of his enquiry; while the Naturaliſt endeavours , to obſerve the peculiar forms, differences, claſſes, and general properties of all. The nature of ſociety we may learn from the Caſtor, and the rules of government, induſtry and friendſhip, from the Ant and the Bee. The little Nautilus bas firſt taught us to fail; and the uſes of the Pad- dle, the Lever, the Forceps, and the Saw, with a thouſand other mecha- nical powers are daily ſhewn us by numbers of the Inſect Tribe. Theſe, indeed, were for a long time conſidered as the mere produstions of filth and putrilage, about which they are frequently found; and have been but little noticed among the Writers of Natural Hiſtories, until the obſervations of later ages, the labours of the accurate Redi, Swamer- dam, Wormius, Reaumure, Baker, De Juſſieu, and Linneus, have made us better acquainted with their mechaniſms, actions, and genius; and ſatisfied every perſon, that they are perfečt and diſtinɛt beings; and as regular and uniform in propagating their ſpecies, as any other claſs of individuals can poſſibly be. Their organs, it is true, are ſo ſmall and delicate, and their mo- tions and operations ſo very quick, that it was almoſt impoſſible to know any thing of their formation, parts, or mechaniſm, before we were acquainted with the powers and uſe of microſcopes , by which we are now enabled to form diſtinɛt ideas of many objects, that have been wholly unnoticed before; and to obſerve the form, parts, and ſtručture of many that are hardly perceptible to the naked eye : by their aſſiſtance we become daily acquainted with the manner and cauſes of the moſt ſurprizing movements and mechanical powers; and by the help of them alone we are at length enabled to range theſe minute obječts in a re- gular order, and to divide them into convenient claſſes and genera, ac- cording to the more and leſs general uniformity that is obſerved to ſub- hift in their genius, forms, parts, and functions. Nor is there any claſs of the animal creation that deſerves our attention, or can move our admiration more; for, whether we conſider the minuteneſs of many of the individuals, ſome ſcarcely larger than a globule of human blood, and yet furniſhed with proportioned veſſels and adequate juices; with per- fext organs to ſee, to feel, and to propagate their kind; with convenient limbs to walk, to fly, or to ſwim; and frequently with weapons to de- fend their young, and to guard their labours and themſelves ; or obſerve the diverſity of their forms, habits, and diſpoſitions, or more various me- chanical operations; we ſhall hardly find any other claſs of beings that will afford ſo great a variety of engaging ſcenes; and none that can ſo effetually raiſe our thoughts to the contemplation of that infinite power and wiſdom by whom all things were ordained. Theſe, with a thouſand other curious or uſeful particulars, have, ſince the invention of microſcopes , engaged a good deal of the attention of the learned; many of whom have ſpent a confiderable part of life in the ſtu- 4 dy PRE FACE. ccclxxix dy of this branch of Natural Hiſtory; and I think it the duty of eve- ry man to affijt in ſo laudable a deſign: for the moſt deſpicable inſext we now know, may, hereafter, be diſcovered to have the moſt ſurpriſing qua- lities, or found of the greateſt uſe to mankind; and the knowledge of the individuals, is the firſt ſtep towards a diſcovery of their properties, which can be hardly obtained without the aſſiſtance of many, and a cir- cumftantial account of the ſpecies commonly found in every country, their properties and mechaniſms; with the obſervations of the vulgar, who by a long experience frequently learn both their genius and qualities. The confideration of the uſe of ſuch an inſtitution, was, I muſt acknow- ledge, the only motive that engaged me to engage in this part of the work; for the ſtudy of Vegetables was always the moſt agreeable to me, and the Iſland, whoſe ÎNatural Hiſtory I now write, furniſhed a great variety of them, tho’ there was but a few ſpecies of the animal tribe peculiar to it; moſt of thoſe now obſerved there, being introduced from foreign parts, and the fifbes , birds, and many of the infečts, ſuch as are frequently ob- ſerved in other ſeas and countries . But as I had ſometimes met with bo- dies of this kind that were not deſcribed before, and frequently obſerved others that were but imperfectly repreſented, I was induced to digeſt the whole; and to diſpoſe what I had obſerved on the occaſion, in the form in which it now appears. I have endeavoured to follow the diſtribution of Linneus, as much as poſſible, in the arrangement of this tribe as well as of the foregoing ; but as I proceed from the mineral to the vegetable, and thence to the animal reign, I was obliged to invert the order in which he diſpoſed them, and to begin with thoſe that Mew leaſt of animality. Nor is this the only circumſtance in which I differ from him; for, wherever I thought his dif- poſition either forced or irregular, I have ſtudied to follow that which ſeemed the moſt conformable to nature, whether adopted by another, or the produce of my own imagination. > THE YAT ( 381 ) 3 SH fram THE NATURAL HISTORY OF FA M A I CA. A ΑΙ PART II. BOOK III. CH A P. I. Of INSECT S. CLASS I. 2 for Of Worms, or Inſects that have no folid Props within themſelves, but perform all their weakly motions by a mere tonic or muſcular power. S E C T. Ε I. Of reptile Inſects, or ſuch as have no limbs, but perform all their aEtions by the flexions and contractions of their long and ſender bodies. GOR VORDIUS 1. Gracilis & longiſſimus, ſub cutem reptans. Seta aquatica quibuſdam. Vena Medinenſis Chirurgorum. The Guinea Worm. This inſect is often found among the negroes imported directly from the coaſts of Africa ; and is, generally, both troubleſome and dangerous to all whom it infeſts. It lies commonly under the ſkin, or in the interſtices of the muſcles; and muſt be very cautiouſly and artfully managed, to be diſengaged with ſucceſs. When the creature grows to a certain ſtate, it begins to puſh its way through the ſkin, and then the artiſt lays hold of the firſt part that appears, pulls it very gently and gradually, and ſecures all that lies without the ſurface, that he may have a better oppor- ; 5 F 382 THE NATURAL HISTORY found in a M opportunity of repeating the ſame operation the next, and every other fucceeding day, until the whole is extracted: but he muſt be always careful to fecure the whole of what appears, for it can't be extracted with too much caution; and, if it ſhould chance to break, it is apt to raiſe great inflammations in the parts about it, which is frequently the occaſion of very diſmal conſequences. dow on This infect is not peculiar to the coaſts of Guinea alone, but may be frequently ſeen in different parts of Europe: It is commonly found in ſtill waters, in which it ſwims with great eaſe, appearing generally of the ſize and form of a horſe-hair; flender, and about twelve or fifteen inches in length. It is moſt common in (hal- low pools where rocks and weeds moſt abound. ASCARIS 1. Cylindracea, utrinque attenuata, albida.org Aſcaris Couleti & omnium autborum. The round Worm. This ſpecies infeſts the human body more frequently than any of the other forts, and, without exaggeration, may be deemed the moſt fertile ſource of diſeaſes among the negroes and poorer fort of white people, in all the ſugar colonies; nay, is often the cauſe of more than three-fourths of all their complaints: nor are the ladies, who generally live yery temperate in thoſe warm climates, and often indulge themſelves in the uſe of the richeſt fruits, always free from their attacks. They are frequently the occaſion of general complaints in cloſe moiſt ſeaſons, which are commonly attended with anomalous fevers, or other irregular complaints accompa- nied with ſpaſms and convulſions : but theſe I hope I may be able to give a more fatisfactory account of hereafter, which, if leifure permits, I purpoſe to publiſh in a particular diſſertation at the end of the work. Siga os or LUMBRICUS 1. Terreſtris minor vulgaris. 20. Com The Earth-Worm. Though moſt ſorts of inſects ſeem to proſper in warm climates, the Earth- Worm grows but rarely to any confiderable fize in thoſe parts of the world. I have obſerved a few of this ſort in Jamaica, where they continue the ſame habit and appearance with which they commonly ſhew themſelves in Europe. TÆNIA 1. Compreſa oblong a. Tænia. L. S. N. & Tænia paludoſa. Fn. Lumbricus latus Tulp. & Coul. The Tape-Worm. This, like moſt other inſects that infeſt the human body, is no where more com- mon than in Jamaica ; where it is frequently obſerved to grow to a monſtrous length. The appellation proceeds from its flat narrow form, for they generally come away in continued heaps, many of them being commonly linked together into one body of a narrow, flat, and lengthened ſhape. FASCIOLA 1. Minor, capite fufco, ore ſubhirſuto. The Gourd-Worm with a dark-brown head. This ſort is not common in America: I have ſeen it but once in thoſe colonies, and then it was found ſticking to the uvula of a young boy. It ſeldom exceeds an inch in length. FASCIOLA DOR 1 Y OF J AM A I CA. 383 FASCIOLA 2. Oblonga alba. The Maw-worm, Bott, or Grub. bas noitus This infect is found ſometimes in the human body; but is more common among cattle, to which it is frequently deſtructive. no FASCIOLA 3. Turpida marina. 51 The Sea-Bott. This infect is very frequent in the harbour of Kingſton, and generally found ſticking to moft ſhells and ſtones that ſettle near the ſhore. It gives but ſmall figns of life, though it be viſibly of the claſs ; and is generally found in little groups, from three to ten, ſticking to each other. They are generally about half an inch in length, and pretty thick in proportion. FASCIOLA 4. Marina major verucoſa. The warted Marrow-Pudding. FASCIOLA 5. Marina maxima glabra. The large ſmooth Marrow-Pudding. Both theſe ſpecies are frequent in the harbour of Kingſton, and generally found buried in the mud, in the leſs agitated parts; they are both of an oblong cylindric form, tapering, and rounded at the ends. The mouth, as well as the anus, is ſomewhat fleſhy and muſcular, and the body furniſhed with five longitudinal muſcular faſcia on the inſide, which run the whole length of the cavity from the anterior to the oppoſite extremity, diſpoſed at equal diſtances from one another ; but the anus is ſmaller than the other aperture, and appears always in the form of a ſtar. Each of theſe creatures is furniſhed with convenient entrails which run, with a few windings, from the one opening to the other ; bnt there is no diſtinction of back or belly in them. The whole body is ſoft and yielding, and when expoſed to the heat of the ſun, on a dry board, it flattens, ſpreads, and gradually (after a few minutes) melts into a gelatinous flime, tho' neither of them is tranſparent in the perfect ſtate. The negroes have given theſe inſects this Engliſh appellation, from the common figure and conſiſtence of them. HIRUDO 1. Sanguiſuga vulgaris. The Leech. I have never ſeen above three or four of theſe inſects in America, and theſe were carried there from Europe. a SE CT. II. Of the Zoophyta, or Inſexts that are furniſhed with convenient limbs, tho deſtitute of ſolid props. ORD ER I. Of ſuch as are furniſhed with pliable limbs, but have neither coats nor receptacles, HE productions of this kind are commonly tranſparent, and of a firm gelati- nous confiſtence and appearance. Their motions, in general, are merely tonic; but, in ſome individuals, the vibrations of particular parts are extremely ſwift and regular, and ſeem to be the effects of the moſt perfect organs: and yet, moſt bodies of THO 384 THE Τ NATURAL HISTOR of the kind retain ſo much of the vegetable nature, that, being cut in pieces, each part grows again into a perfect being of the fame form and like parts with thoſe of the parent ſtock. a . THALIA 1. Oblonga, criſtá perpendiculari compreſa quadratá, lineis latera- libus integris. Tab. 43. f. 3. The Thalia, with a ſquare erect creft. 12. THALIA 2. Oblonga caudata, criſtá depreſe rotundá, lineis lateralibus interruptis. Tab. 43, 4. The Thalia, with a round depreſſed creſt. THALIA 3. Oblonga, lineis interruptis, cauda & criſtã deſtituta. The ſimple Thalia. Theſe bodies are of an oblong rounded form, tapering ſlowly towards both ends; they are generally between three and four inches in length and better than one in diameter, tranſparent, of a firm gelatinous conſiſtence and hollow, each opening by a ſmall triangular aperture at the end next the creſt, and by a narrow round one at the oppoſite extremity. They have each a ſpiral line, of a milky colour, which runs the whole length of the back, in the ſubſtance of the infect; under this appears another, larger, opake, ſtraight, and ſimple; which ſeems to be the gut or common reſervoir of whatever ſerves to nouriſh it. And, on each ſide, but lower than either of theſe, appears another, ſmaller than either of thoſe already mentioned, and of a beautiful purple colour. They are natives of the ocean, and frequent about the weſtern iſlands, where I have obſerved them in my voyage from Jamaica. They are generally found ſingle, and appear each with a ſingle longitudinal white line in the water ; but, at times, you may obſerve them in heaps, four, five, fix, or eight ſticking lengthways toge- ther; and then the maſs appears large, and furniſhed with many white lines: Whenever I met with theſe inſects linked together in this manner, I obſerved them to be all of the ſame form, which made me divide them into ſo many diffe- rent ſpecies. BEROE 1. Radiis o&to longitudinalibus ciliatis. Tab. 43. f. 2. The Béroe, with eight ciliated longitudinal lines. This beautiful creature is of an oval form, obtuſely octangular, hollow, open at the larger extremity, tranſparent, and of a firm gelatinous conſiſtence; it con- tracts and widens with great facility, but is always open and expanded when it ſwims or moves. The longitudinal radii are ſtrongeſt at the crown or ſmaller ex- tremity, where they riſe from a very beautiful oblong ftar, and diminiſh gradually from thence to the margin: but each of them is furniſhed with a ſingle ſeries of ſhort, delicate, ſlender appendixes or limbs, that move with great celerity either the one way or the other, as the creature pleaſes to direct its Aexions, and in a regular accelerated ſucceſſion from the top to the margin. It is impoſſible to ex- preſs the livelineſs of the motions of thoſe delicate organs, or the beautiful variety of colours that riſe from them while they play to and fro in the rays of the fun; nor is it more eaſy to expreſs the ſpeed and regularity with which the motions ſucceed each other from the one end of the rays to the other. I have frequently met with theſe inſects to the north of the weſtern iſlands; they ſeldom exceed three inches and a half in length, or two and a half, in the largeſt tranſverſe dia- meter. a MEDUSA OF JAMAICA. 385 MEDUSA 1. Major fimbriata, tentaculis quatuor longiſimis. Urtica marina quibuſdam. The Sea-Nettle. This creature grows to a conſiderable ſize, being feldom under ſeven or eight pounds in weight. It is of a firm gelatinous conſiſtence and appearance, and adorned with a regular ſtar upon the back; but the border, by whoſe tonic contractions and expanſions it moves in the water, is large and fimbriated. The limbs or tenta- culæ are long and ſlender, and deſcend from the center of the mole that lies within the border. MEDUSA 2. Major ſubrotunda, tentaculis brevioribus. The roundiſh Sea-Nettle or Blubber. Both theſe ſpecies are frequent in the harbours of Kingſton and Port-Royal, and may be ſeen playing in the waters every calm ſunſhine day. The ſecond fart is ſmaller than the other, and its tentacula are very ſoft. MEDUSA 3. Major ſubcroceo. The Orange-coloured Blubber. I obſerved this ſpecies about two hundred leagues to the north of Bermudas; it was nearly as large as either of the foregoing. MEDUSA 4. Minor, anulis quatuor ſubrotundis, opacis & fere integris; ten- taculis breviſimis. The ſmall ſmooth Blubber with an opake ſtar. This Blubber is adorned with four opake but imperfect anula, which reſemble ſo many horſe-ſhoes, their openings being almoſt contiguous near the center of the baſe. MEDUSA 5. Minor glabra, non fellata, maculis fubfuſcis oblongis undique aſperſa. The mottled Blubber. MEDUSA 6. Minor verucoſa non ftellata, tentaculis maculis rufeſcentibus afperfis. The ſmall warted and ſpotted Blubber. MEDUSA 7. Minima fubfufca verrucoſa. ON La The little warted Blubber. I met with theſe four laſt ſpecies off the weſtern iſlands. They are ſeldom obſerved in any other latitude, though very frequent in thoſe parts, where they conſtitute the principal part of the food of the loggerhead turtles when out at ſea. LIGEA 1. Oblongo-ovata, variabilis, ab altera parte truncatá. The floating brown Ligea. This is a thin gelatinous body furniſhed with a little opake head of an irre- gular form and brown colour. The gelatinous part ſeems to float like a membrane 56 G from a 5 386 THE NATURAL HISTORY from the reſt, and expands to the breadth of three or four inches ; but the head is no larger than the top of a man's finger. I have obſerved two or three of theſe in fects in the feas about the weſtern iſlands. bquods 90 zida o 295101 ز a CLIO 1. Vagina triquetrá pyramidatá, ore obliquè truncato. Tab. 43. f. 1. The ſmaller Clio, with a trilateral ſheath. This beautiful little creature, together with its vagina, ſeldom exceeds half an inch in length. The body, which is opake, ſlender, and pointed at the bottom, ſupports a ſmall round head adorned with a little ſharp bill, and a pair of beautiful green eyes; the ſhoulders are furniſhed with two tranſparent membranous expanſions, by which it moves itſelf with great celerity on or under the ſurface of the water ; but the lower part of the inſect is faſtened to the bottom of the ſheath into which it ſhrinks, and from thence extrudes itſelf as occaſion requires. The vagina is of a firm conſiſtence, tranſ- parent, and made large enough to contain the whole body of the creature, together with its membranous expanſions, upon occaſion: it is of a regular figure, ſharp un- derneath, pointed at the extremity, and commonly about a ths of an inch in length. have found two other empty ſheaths, of different forms and ſizes, much in the fame latitude; which ſeemed to agree ſo well with this, in the general habit, confift- ence, and appearance, that I was induced to look upon them as the caſes of different ſpecies of the ſame kind; for which reaſon I have ranged them here as ſuch as SHE i Tobaal 19mm O CLIO 2. Vagina compreſſâ caudatá. cogistest on lidt Tinosuhuone The Clio, with a large compreſſed ſheath. Atok hanh 55 m2 CLIO 3. Vagina triquetrå, ore horizontali. The Clio, with a large triangular ſheath. The ſheaths or vaginæ of theſe two ſpecies are pretty large, being ſeldom under an inch, or better, in length: they are tranſparent like that of the other, and of a firm conſiſtence. Stabilnoo sains 1910 MO os 91Vuolos bras 1989 SEPIA 1. Vagina fubovato-truncata. hemsed doiled 1973 20 Jો દ) ! olido bagi blibo Houpil in 1 The Ink or Scuttle-Fiſh.ada yond odt This infect is frequent enough about Jamaica, but moſt common on the north ſide of the iſland. It is compoſed of a firm tranſparent ſheath which includes the greateſt part of an adherent but ſofter gelatinous maſs, furniſhed with a great num- ber of tentacula of different ſizes and forms. It is curious to ſee how readily this creature diſcharges its ink on the approach of danger, to hide itſelf in the co- loured Auid: but the juices diſcharged on ſuch occaſions, are not only black and thereby fufficient to protect the creature by giving a tincture to and thickening the water about it; they are alſo bitter and clammy which muſt probably render them either pernicious to the gills, or hurtful to the eyes of all other filhes. КИТОА ARETUSA 1. Criſtå fubrubella venofa. 2 nofos yribbs t The Portugueſe Man of War. to bril dans This is no more than a ſimple tranſparent bladder, furniſhed with a great number of tentacula, or ſtringy appendixes. The former is very like the human ſtomach in ſhape, and adorned with a cellular creſt on the upper fide; but from the oppoſite part, towards the larger extremity, it emits its long and numerous ten- tacula : theſe take their riſe by fourteen or fifteen tendinous roots, and divide after- wards 4 a bo у я oo F JAMA I c A. HT 387 wards into an infinite number of ſlender branches of various forms, lengths, and fizes, which deſcend commonly about three or four feet in the water. All the juices of this creature abound with acrid particles. tsw eduoda esal ons as 8 PHYLLIDOCE 1. Labris cæruleis. Tab. 46. f. 1.010 Good The Sally-Man.mod This inſect, though evidently of this claſs, is more firm and opake than either of the foregoing; and conſiſts of an oblong cartilaginous flat body Nightly radiated from the center, and interſected with ſmall concentric lines: but this is fur- niſhed with two thin, fleſhy or ſemigelatinous lips, b b, that extend themſelves by ſhort vermiform appendixes over the under furface of the cartilaginous part. It is alſo ſupplied with a femi-elliptical, dry, tranſparent membrane E, which ſtands perpendicularly on the ſurface of the more firm part A, in the direction of the line D D, furniſhing it with a pair of conſtant ſtanding fails which anſwer up- on all occaſions ; for when this body is to move in any particular direction, fup- poſe towards X, the part A, D D-1, of the perpendicular membrane, which arches in the direction of the line AD—I, fills and puſhes the body forwards, while the other part floats in the wind. But when the wind changes, and the body is to move towards Z, the other part anſwers in the ſame manner, and all the motions are performed by the ſame mechaniſm. It is furniſhed with a great number of ſlender tentacula, each about half an inch in length, which riſe very thick from the margin of the cartilage underneath ; and it ſeems to have an opening or mouth in the center of the baſe. diseb ad LERNEA 1. Subfuſca major, valvis binis majoribus per longitudinem dorſi productis. OLIS The larger dark Lernea or Sea-Snail. This inſect is pretty frequent in the American ſeas, but lives generally near the fhore where it feeds very ravenouſly on all the ſmaller weeds. On touching this creature, it emits a conſiderable quantity of a viſcid purple liquor, which thickens and colours the water about it ſo much that it can ſcarcely be ſeen for ſome time after, by which means it is generally enabled to make its eſcape in times of danger. This liquor is diſcharged from a large gland ſituated deep between the values of the back, by the means of which it performs all its floating motions; but, while it feeds, it creeps like a ſnail upon its belly. od I have gathered a ſmall quantity of the diſcharges of this creature, and ſtained a linen handkerchief with it: it gives a very beautiful dark purple colour, which is 2013 not apt to change either with acrids or alkalies; but it is eaſily waſhed out. It is remarkable that the water grows always clear in a few minutes after each diſcharge, though confined in a ſmall veffel; and yet the ſtained bandkerchief re- tained the colour until waſhed, which was not done for many weeks after. When the creature is put into freſh water, it contracts, and dies ſoon after. 96w 32 Bio Isto ACTINIA 1. Subfuſca mollis, fundo muſculoſo. Coint is mods The Sea-Pudding UTA This infect is of the ſame conſiſtence with the ſnail, and of a dark dirty colour : it is ſoft and glutinous, of a cylindric form, ſhort, and furniſhed with a great number of ſmall flabby tentacule diſpoſed in a double row round the margin, at one end; but the oppoſite extremity is rugged, muſcular and yielding, like the belly of the ſea-ſnail or Lernea. I have ſeen only one of this fort; it was about an inch and a half each way, but I am informed they grow very large ſometimes.lojao odt Soda a 230 3 a LOWOT LIMAX 388 THE Τ Η Ε NATURAL HISTORY LIMAX 1. Subfuſca media. The ſmall Snail. Though Jamaica abounds with many ſorts of the teſtaceous ſnails, I could not obſerve above one or two forts that go without coverings; and theſe are chiefly found in the woods, where they may be frequently ſeen, either mornings or evenings, when the graſs is freſh and moiſt. ORDER II. Of ſuch as are furniſhed with convenient but pliable limbs, and form and dwell conſtantly in fix'd receptacles of various figures and great hardneſs. A S I have adopted the late opinion in the diſpoſition of theſe inſects, and confi- dered moſt of thoſe hard cavernous ſtructures in which we generally find them, as the produce of mere animal labours; it may be expected I fhould give ſome account of the nature and mechaniſm of the inhabitants. But as this can be hardly undertaken by any, beſides thoſe that have made this part of na- tural Hiſtory particularly their ſtudy, and ſtrictly obſerved the motions and confi- gurations of the individuals, while their little limbs were freſh and pliable and their motions perfect; I ſhall content myſelf with referring to thoſe authors, on whoſe obſervations the opinion was firſt founded, and by which, I muſt acknow- ledge, I was chiefly induced to diſpoſe many of them in this order and claſs. Nor will the hypotheſis appear unnatural, though we ſhould ever remain ftrangers to their particular modes of action, when we conſider the general properties of the va- rious receptacles in which they are commonly found; receptacles formed of a ſub- ſtance of the ſame nature and diſpoſition with that of which other cells and co- verings, the acknowledged work of other ſubmarine inſects, are made; and every where divided into convenient and ſimilar lodges. When indeed we conſider the diminutive ſize and languid motions of thoſe crea- tures, it ſeems amazing that they ſhould be the fabricators of ſuch confiderable maf- ſes; but as we are wholly unacquainted with their peculiar mechaniſms, we can argue only from other conſiderations. It is however allowed, that theſe little inſects are always found in the pores and cells of theſe maſſes; and it has been obſerved that their lodges are conſtantly fi- milar and diſtributed very regularly throughout the whole ſubſtance. The maſſes themſelves we find of a nature and texture inconſiſtent with the growth or circulation of vegetables, and not wholly conformable to the accretion or condenſation of foſſils, to which however they ſeem to approach the neareſt; but we always find them to anſwer the laws of appoſition, and to be, both in nature and diſpoſition, like other bodies which all acknowledge to be the work of the like infects: why may we not then be allowed to conſider them as productions of the ſame fort? Many, I do be- lieve, will be ready enough to allow that they may be ſuch, but can't conceive how ſuch conſiderable maſſes can be put together by thoſe languid infirm inhabitants; the muſcle, the oyſter, and the congue, they obſerve, with reaſon, do bear a certain proportion to their coverings, as well as moſt of the other clammy marine inſects; and this, I muſt acknowledge, is the ſtrongeſt argument I hear againſt the ſuppoſition of thoſe other maſſes being alſo formed by the very inhabitants that are found in them. But we ought to conſider that theſe little inſects are endowed with organs and mechaniſms with which we are yet unacquainted; nor ſhall we, perhaps, think thoſe fabricks ſo diſproportionate as ſome imagine, when we conſider that the fluid in which they live abounds with matter of the ſame nature, which always fupplies a ſufficient quantity of proper particles for ſuch purpoſes; particles that a OF JAMAICA. HT 389 that require no more than a certain tho' ſmall power to lay, a peculiar mechaniſm to diſpoſe, and a proper ſlime or gluten (with which we know all marine inſects to abound) to fix and bind them. S DI V I S I O N I. 00 Of Zoophytes that live in hard or elaſtic tubular receptacles of various forms. SER a نو ARTICLE I. Of ſuch as live in ſlender, flexile, articulated, and, for the moſt part, branched tubes; having all the appearance of ſmaller plants, whoſe flowers and foliage are repreſented by the expanded limbs of the inhabitants, which generally appear at the end of every compartment of the common fabrick.usiduos de Bolotes ERTULARIA 1. Major ramoſa.tad to do dos no po ba to? The larger branched Sertularia. This tubular ſtructure has all the appearance of a ſubmarine plant, and is found in great abundance in the ſea about five-iſlands, weſtward of Antigua. It grows in beds, and riſes frequently to the height of eight or nine inches. All the branches are moderately thick, and continue nearly of the fame diameter to the top. The whole ſubſtance is flexile and yielding while freſh, and has a ſharp biting taſte. ortni istit 5213 SERTULARIA 2. Minor ramoſa, ramulis gradatim minoribus, ultimis fere capillaceis. .7 or to y The ſmall ſhrubby branched Sertularia. JASO3 Great quantities of theſe branched ſubſtances are thrown upon the ſhores of ya- maica after every ſtorm and ſtrong ſea-breeze; but they do not ſeem to differ much from that commonly found on the ſhell of the European oyſter, and feldom riſe above two or three inches in height (a). Divib solo al DIVISION II. MU Of Zoophytes that live in fif fioney receptacles, of a porous or cavernous texture and ſtructure. stillo bre A R T I C L E I. OD of ſuch as form their receptacles in ſmall thin flakes, compoſed of an infinite number of very ſmall cells, placed contiguous to each other in the form of a honey-comb. W Mo DubiviD I AILLEPORA 1. Cellulis obliquis, valvulis minoribus ſemiclaufis . The ſmall compreſſed Millepore with oblique cells. I found this cellular ſubſtance on the ſurface of a large decayed brain-ſtone. It grew in ſmall ſpots, and formed a very beautiful net-work upon the rugged ſurface of the fabric. MILLE (a) I have never found a ſpecies of the Tubipora in thoſe parts of the world. 1 5 H ARTI- 390 THE NATURAL HISTORY ARTICLE II. Of ſuch as are found in branched maſſes of a ftony hardneſs, and of an uniform porous texture, without any remarkable cavities or perforations. N. B. The following ſubſtances are known to be of this claſs by their texture, forms, and general properties. С а ; a NORALLIUM 1. Brachiatum maximum, ramis ſubcompreſis æqualibus. An, Corallium aſperum candicens adulterinum J.B. & Slo. Cat. 1. The large branched white Coral. This coralline ſubſtance is very frequent about Antigua ; it grows in beds, ſhoots in a branched ſhrubby form, and riſes frequently to the height of two feet, or bet- ter ; but the limbs ſeem to be of the ſame thickneſs from the bottom to the top, and are formed into a thouſand beautiful figures by the various diſpoſitions, con- nections and reflexions of the upper 'branches. CORALLIUM 2. Minimum ſubramoſum glabrum. An, Corallium album pumilum noftras Rai. & Slo. Cat. 1. The ſmall tooth-like Coral. a This little coralline ſubſtance is frequent on all the common pebbles in the har- bour of Kingſton, but is feldom obſerved to riſe more than an eighth or a quarter of an inch above its inlarged baſe. It ſeems to be of a cloſer grain and more even tex- ture than any of the reſt. 131 sw boda CORALLIUM 3. Brachiatum & articulatum, articulis cylindraceis nervo tenuiori connexis. Corallina nervo tenuiori fragiliorique internodia longiora nečtente Slo. Cat. & Pk. t. 26. f. 2. SOS The ſmaller divided and articulated Coral. CORALLIUM 4. Brachiatum & articulatum, articulis majoribus angula- tis nervo majori connexis. pienu Corallina opuntioides &c. Slo. Cat. & Pk. t. 26. f. 1. . . The opuntioid Coral. 1090AM CORALLIUM 5. Minimum capillaceum, ramulis fubarticulatis æqualibus. Corallina minima capillacea Slo. Cat. ST The ſmall divided Coral with equal branches. 7 CORALLIUM 6. Æquale lamellatum Keratophytis reticulatis & afteriis inductum. The ſmooth thin incruſtating Coraloqa UAM . This ſubſtance is very frequent in all the American ſeas, and commonly found, in thin ftrata, on the reticulated Keratophyta, and other ſubmarine ſub- ſtances. ils to fagisadi wong aid To Los algut syt ainsi w 1001 to abuswoi eodolish brod oni Pels and to enoifuborq ART ARTI- w vlE697 Il yadd Om bas aßiin saia бF OF J AM 391 A I CA... A I MADREPORA A RT I C L E III. of ſuch as live in branched ſtony receptacles of a regular porous texture; compoſed of a great number of radiated cylindric caverns of moderate diameters, runing obliquely, in an erecto-patent direction, from the center to the ſurface, where their openings appear regular and uniform. ADREPORA 1. Minima fubverrucoſa rubra. The ſmall red Madrepore. This little coralline ſubſtance is frequent on all the larger decaying maſſes of this claſs, and ſeldom or never obſerved to riſe above a tenth or an eighth of an inch in height: it is of a beautiful red colour and an uneven form; but adorned with a few regular ſtars on the ſurface. MADREPORA 2. Lamellata & muricata Keratophytis inducta. The thin rugged Madrepore. This little ſubſtance is commonly found on all the ſea-fans, and moſt other ſubma- rine plants of America. The protuberances on the ſurface appear like ſo many rugged warts; and when theſe ſmall tops fall off, the whole maſs appears with a multitude of ſmall cavities. a MADREPORA 3. Minor, aperturis cavernarum concavo-radiatis, rarioribus. The ſmaller branched Madrepore with few ſtars. This branched fabric is frequent in all the harbours of Jamaica: it is generally found in groups, but ſeldom grows to any conſiderable height, or exceeds the thickneſs of a ſwan's quill in any part. MADREPORA 4. Minor, ſtellis creberrimis. The ſmaller branched Madrepore with many ſtars. This is very like the foregoing both in ſize and form, but may be eaſily known by the multiplicity of its ſtar-like apertures. MADREPORA 5. Ramoſa major, muricata & fellata, aperturis cavernarum minoribus depreſſis . Corallium album poroſum maximum muricatum Slo. Cat. p. 1. The larger branched prickly Madrepore. This ſpecies is frequent about the Keys near Port-Royal, and grows frequently to the height of two or three feet above the baſe: its branches are all round and ta- pering с MADREPORA 6. Maxima compreſa, palmata & muricata. Corallium poroſum album latiſſimum muricatum, &c. Slo. Cat. & H. t. 18. The large compreſſed prickly Madrepore, or white Coral. This grows the largeſt of all the coralline ſubſtances found about Jamaica; it is met with in large ſingle maſſes of an irregular compreſſed form, which ſpread into broad flat lobes towards the top. All the productions of this claſs are of a free porous texture, and regular ſtruc ture; they ferment readily with acids, like all the other ſubſtances formed by ma- rine inſects, and make a good lime when well burned. AR 392 THE NATURAL HISTORY AⓇ M a a 10 a ARTICL E IV. Of ſuch as live in fimple, roundiſh, ſlony maſſes of a porous texture, compoſed chiefly of a great number of ſlender cylindric and radiated cavities, ranged cloſe to each other, and running obliquely from the ſurface to the center or baſe of the ſtructure. STREA 1. Aperturis cavernarum minimis, maſſa inæquali. The Star-ftone with ſmall cells. ASTREA 2. Aperturis cavernarum radiatis, centro Spongioſo. ho The Star-ſtone with a looſe ſpongy center to the cells. ASTREA 3. Aperturis cavernarum radiatis, centro ſolido. The Star-ſtone with a ſolid center to the cells. ASTREA 4. Depreſſa inæqualis, aperturis cavernarum concavo-radiatis. The Star-ftone, with a hollow center to the cells. 2.ba ASTREA 5. Rugoſa, areolis majoribus fubrotundis laxd & irregulariter radiatis. All theſe ſpecies of the Star-ſtone are frequently caſt up on the ſhores of Ja- maica, and may be eaſily diſtinguiſhed by the diſpoſition and form of the nucleus, or center of the apertures of the cells; but the laſt fort ſeems to hold a main be- tween this and the next genus, for it is of a more looſe open texture, and not ſo re- gular in the diſpoſition of the radiating lamine of its cells. Port ОТВА ARTICLE V. 1079 Of ſuch as live in ſimple, roundiſh, ſtony maſſes of a looſe porous texture, com- poſed of a ſeries of lamellated irregular caverns whole openings appear in an- gular or oblong winding Spaces in the ſurface, and whoſe cavities arch obliquely towards the center or baſe. YCEDIUM 1. Depreſum majus, gyris longiffimis contortis radiatis, lamel- lis tenuiſimis denticulatis. The larger depreſſed brain-ſtone with long winding caverns. MYCEDIUM 2. Subrotundum, areolis oblongis radiatis irregularibus. The ſmaller roundiſh Brain-ſtone with irregular oblong caverns. MYCEDIUM 3. Compreſum afurgens undulatum, areolis irregularibus radiatis. 33 The compreſſed Brain-ſtone with irregular oblong caverns. 501 опільшpshni All theſe productions are natives of the feas about Jamaica, and frequently found upon the beech at Bull-bay and the Paliſadoes. The three foregoing ſpecies are very diſtinct from each other, for the firſt is commonly found in large ſpreading roundiſh maſſes, with long winding radiated areas; the ſecond is feldom ſo large, and generally appears in a ſpherical form with roundiſh radiated areas; and the laſt is commonly more lax and porous than either, and generally found in compreſſed flakes, with the areas at the margin. There are many other diſtinct appearances of this kind ob- ſerved about Jamaica; as the Mycedium depreffum tenuius & elegantius, areolis lon- gis undulatis : Mycedium, areolis undulato-ſtellatis: Mycedium areolis fubquadratis ; &c. genel bone MYCEDIU 4 UIT * Ο F OF JAMAICA. А 393 &c. But theſe are always found in flat ſpreading maſſes, and ſeem to be of a pecu- liar nature. ORDER III. Of ſuch as are furniſhed with convenient but pliable limbs, and covered with hard cruſtaceous coats. N.B. The individuals of this, as well as of the following claſs, are always found ſingle; and never form themſelves into focieties like thoſe of the fore- going order. CORE t. I. MOREPHIUM 1. Ellipticum, ſcută elaſtica, Segmentis ſubaqualibus. An, Aſcellus marinus. Pet. Gaz. The Sea-Louſe. This creature, which is different from the fish-louſe, is often found ficking, like the Limpite, to the rocks, in many parts of the northern coaſt of Famaica. The ſhell or cover is of an oval form and hollow, but flat and open underneath ; and compoſed of ſome tranſverſe ſegments that move, more or leſs, over one another, being connected by ſtrong ligaments and proper joints at the extremities, on both fides of the common fabrick. The inſect itſelf is ſtrong and muſcular, and ſticks very firmly to the rocks at times; but, like moſt other inſects of the claſs , detaches itſelf, and removes from one place to another, at pleaſure. The ſhell is generally about an inch and a quarter in length, and about ths or better, in breadth, tak- ing both the diameters of the baſe. ASTERIAS 1. Minima pentadactyla ſetacea, brachiis tenuifimis flexuoſis. The ſmall ſcolopendra-Star-fiſh. This delicate little inſect is adorned with long weakly briſtles on all ſides. The arms are flender, and generally bent in various directions according to the place or ſituation of the fiſh; but they ſeldom exceed half or three quarters of an inch in length. ASTERIAS 2. Major pentadactyla craſa & tuberculata. The large warted Star-fiſh. N. ASTERIAS 3. Minor pentadactyla, brachiis teretibus pectinatis. The ſmaller rugged Star-fiſh with ſlender arms. Moldo ASTERIAS 4. Major brachiis novem longis compreſis & pectinatis. The larger Star-fiſh with eight or more ſlender arms. Theſe are the only ſpecies of the Aſterias I could find about Jamaica; they are very curious, and frequent enough in all the harbours of that iſland, eſpecially thoſe of Port-Royal and Kingſton. ECHINUS 1. Major rotundus, teſtá elegantiſimè radiatá, aculeis breviſimisa The larger round Sea-Egg with ſhort prickles. ECHINUS 2. Major fubrotundus vel obfcurè angulatus, aculeis breviffimis. The larger roundiſh Sea-Egg with five blunt angles. ECHI 51 394 THE NATURAL HISTORY SO 20 am 02 a ECHINUS 3. Minor rotundus, aculeis longißimis variegatis. bob 100 Ota y The ſmall round Sea-Egg with long variegated prickles. OD 799500100 TO kies.gida 26 ECHINUS 4. Minor oblongus tuberculatus & ftellatus, radiis ftella inæqua- vset asblad libus. that to The ſmall oblong Sea-Egg.now- asgae obnoo wom12 Og ESOWY ECHINUS 5. Major ſubrotundus, fronte depreſjá fulcatá.9 iunie Van go? itolu The larger roundiſh Sea-Egg with a furrow in the fore-part. bo ECHINUS 6. Major ſubcompreſus, teftá areolata & ſtellata. 90 5 The larger moderately compreſſed Sea-Egg. O ECHINUS 7. Maximus fubrotundus compreffus, tefta ſtellata & areolata, aculeis minimis. P The Sea-Plate, or flat Sea-Egg. ไสยาสนา All theſe ſpecies of the Echinus are frequent about Jamaica, and all well known, except the two laſt which are more rare than the reſt, being feldom thrown up by the ſea. The ſhells or crufts of theſe two are furniſhed with a vaſt num- ber of ſmall flender prickles, and marked into oblong angular areas; but the laſt is very large and flat, and its cavity divided into many lodges, by a number of ir- regular cavernous partitions; and, like the ſixth, fifth, and fourth, has both the mouth and the anus on the under ſide. It is alſo perforated, like the reſt of the claſs, with a numberleſs ſeries of little holes, through which it emits ſo many muſcular ligaments; theſe embrace the necks of the aculei or prickles, and move them very regularly on the correſpondent protuberances, to which they are adapted by the ſhallow ſockets at their baſes, and held by other convenient fáſten- ings . The ſtar of the ſhell is a little prominent, and the whole maſs covered over with very ſmall prickles or denticles on both ſides. en toda 180 BB u2 rule T! a OR DE RIV. mo Of ſuch as are furniſhed with convenient pliable limbs, and form and live conſtantly in ſeparate ſingle cells of a ſtoney texture and conſiſtence. goo go - HE productions of this claſs are commonly known by the name of ſhell-fiſh; and the waters, in which moſt of the forts are found, cover ſo great a part of the earth, and extend to ſo many regions without interruption, that we need only to conſider the compaſs of them, to form a juſt idea both of the number and variety of the inhabitants . They are indeed numerous beyond conception, and many of them ſo curious, that few can obſerve them without admiration; yet we are fo little acquainted with the crcatures themſelves, that we ſhould probably have never known there had been more than a few ſpecies in being, had not their more laſting receptacles furniſhed us with an idea of the inhabitants; and hence it is that we are neceſſitated to claſs the infects themſelves by the appearance and fimilitude of their manſions, which however muſt probably bear ſome reſemblance to the inhabitants by whom they are moulded. Theſe receptacles, as to their uſes to us in life, are indeed a very inſignificant part of the creation; but if we conſider the number of them, and that each ſerves to preſerve an animated being; if we conſider the variety of their forms and con- figurations, or the luſtres and more various colours with which they are adorned, Y $ 10 F JA MAI CA.HT 395 a mind adorned, they certainly cannot fail to command attention from a сара- ble of contemplation. They are things of their own nature engaging; they are things, without which ſo many ſpecies of living creatures muſt become a prey to the next voracious hunters of the main; they are things whoſe peculiar diſpoſitions, forms, luſtres, and colours immediately engage our attention; and, beſides, they are now found to engage the thoughts, and employ the leiſure hours of many of my fair country-women, ſo much, that I thought it particularly my duty to give a circumſtantial account of ſuch as I have met with in thoſe parts; as it bute ſomething towards the innocent amuſement of perſons in whom, I may ſay, it is a natural call: for what can be more engaging to a mind as yet unbur- thened with care, unmoleſted with anxious thoughts and unaltered with toil, than the contemplation of things ſo full of natural ſymmetry, variety, and glowing lu- ſtres? And may we not conclude that a beautiful combination of colours may be, often, as agreeable to the eye, as a regular fuccefſion of ſounds can be to the may contri- a ear! an Desa To make the following part more clear, and the diſpoſition more eaſy and natu- ral, it is divided into three claffes: the firſt of theſe comprehends the ſeveral ſorts of Univolves; in the ſecond is a catalogue of all the Bivolves; and the third of the Plurivolves; but each is again divided into articles, and theſe into genera and fpecies. But before I give any account of the receptacles themſelves I muſt beg leave to fay ſomething of the Nereis; a genus of inſects, whoſe ſpecies feem to be the fa- bricators and inhabitants of all the different ſorts of tubuli, which we have placed in the beginning of the firſt order, Jyso islog91 or NEREIS 1. Tentaculis capitis binis, tripartitis ; corporis, plurimis penicilli- we, dison Yomo formibus, duplici ſerie ad later a poſitis. Tab. 39. f. 1. (a) bus Scolopendra marina autborum. Pet. Gaz. 20 um. cott svona The Ship-Worm of Jamaica. ve bagish This inſect is extremely deſtructive to all the ſhips that anchor for any time in the harbours of Jamaica, or in any other part within the tropics: They cut with great facility through the planks, and burrow a conſiderable way in the ſubſtance of them, incruſtating the ſides of all their holes with a ſmooth teſtaceous ſubſtance (6). They cut with equal eaſe thro' moſt ſorts of timber, nor do we yet know any, except fome of the palm-tribe, that is free from their attacks; but, from late experiments, we have ſome reaſon to hope that aloes and Indian pepper mixed up with the other ingredients with which the bottoms of ſhips are commonly daubed, may retard their attacks, if not wholly prevent them. It is amazing with what eaſe theſe inſects run thro' all ſorts of timber ; but it is remarkable that they burrow moſt in the parts that are chiefly expoſed to a vicif- ſitude of elements. In the harbour of Kingſton, where all the wharfs are made of wood, and ſuſtained by large piles of the ſtrongeſt timbers, there are frequent oc- caſions to obſerve the operations of this inſect, which generally deſtroys the largeſt pieces of the hardeſt and moſt reſinous wood, in the ſpace of a few years . There is a great variety of theſe inſects (c), and many of the other ſpecies are equally deſtructive. a a OU (a) This inſect was ſo long in ſpirits that the tentaculæ of the head were almoſt wholly decayed, and thoſe of the fides much injured. I had it from my curious friend Mr. Peter Collinſon, F.R.S. (b) It is very probable that all the tubuli we know of are formed by infects of the fame claſs. T. (c) Mr. Ellis gives a figure of a very large and curious Nereis and its ſiphon. 1 to golongo DIVI- 4 396 THE NATURAL HISTOR DI V I S I O N I. Of UNI VAL V E S. SIPHONIU ARTICLE I. Of ſimple Univalves, or Univalves whoſe cavities are formed into no regular ſpires, but generally remain open to the immediate view. IPHONIUM 1. Subæquale angulatum & flexuoſum. The angular and variouſly writhed Worm-tube. This is very frequent on the ſurface of moſt ſtones and other hard bodies taken out of the ſeas about Jamaica. SIPHONIUM 2. Conicum nitidum nidulans. The ſmooth, ſtraight, ſhining Worm-tube. This is the ſkill of the teredo navalis or ſhip-worm, and is common in moſt pieces of wood that lie for any time in the ſea, in thoſe warm climates; it is generally from one eighth to a quarter of an inch, or better, in diameter. SIPHONIUM 3. Conicum in Spiram tortum, Spirå libera. STA The conic ſpiral Worm-tube. SIPHONIUM 4. Rugoſum varie contortum. The rugged and variouſly writhed Worm-tube. This is frequent on all the rocks about Jamaica, and generally met with of all ſhapes and ſizes; but is moſt commonly flatted a little on the ſide by which it is fixed. SIPHONIUM 5. Minus longitudinaliter friatum & varie contortum. 5 The ſtriated and variouſly writhed Worm-tube. This tubular fabrick is frequent on moſt of the oyſter-ſhells and ſmall pebbles in the Weſt-India ſeas. DENTALIUM 1. Minus conicum album, tubo leniter arcuato. The ſmall, white, and ſlightly arched Tooth-ſhell. This is the only one of this tribe I have obſerved in thoſe parts of the Weſt- Indies. 2. Before I proceed to an enumeration of the ſpecies of the following genus, I ſhall divide them into, 1. Thoſe that are quite plain, and without any aperture at the apex, Such as are alſo plain, but have an aperture at the apex. 3. Such as have the apex arching a little backwards from the main perpendicular, commonly called cap- limpets. 4. Such as are furniſhed with a valve that covers ſome part of the ca- vity, generally called decked li mpets. 5. Such as have ſomething of an irregular, tooth-like, hollow and obverſely ſemiconical ſpur riſing from the apex on the in- ſide, called chamber limpets. And, 6thly, ſuch as have a very ſmall degree of winding in the apex. 1. OF JA MÀ А І I CA. HT 397 I. Of Limpets that have no aperture at the top. PATELLA 1. Oblonga & minus profunda, radiatim variegata. The ſmall mottled brown Limpet with radiated colours. PATELLA 2. Oblonga, limbo angulato, fundo nitido. The ſmaller oblong Limpet with an angular margin. II. Of Limpets that have an aperture at the top. PATELLA 3. Rugofa & radiata interne nitida, limbo crenato, apice aperto. Patella. Pet. Gaz. t. 3. f. 12. The rough radiated Limpet with a crenated margin and open top. PATELLA 4. Rugofa & radiata interne nitida; limbo integro, apice aperto. The rugged radiated Limpet with a ſmooth margin. a a a III. Of pointed arching Limpets commonly called Phrygian-Caps. PATELLA 5. Subconica obliqua, circulis prominulis acutis circumdu&ta. anons The rugged Phrygian-Cap Limpet. 500 IV. Of decked Limpets. • PATELLA 6. Minor contignata glabra, limbo binc leniter emarginato, inde • , , appendiculato. The ſmaller ſmooth decked Limpet. U MOHSIA PATELLA 7. Rugoſa contignata, apice leniter fpirato. Vid. Lyft. L. IV. S. 8. 2. The rugged decked Limpet with a depreſſed ſpiral apex. i esperta bax V. Of chambered Limpets. PATELLA 8. Alba radiata, conclavata & ſubcontignata. HI The decked, chambered, and radiated white Limpet. PATELLA 9. Alba radiata & conclavatá, limbo inæquali: sid W od The white chambered Limpet with an uneven margin: лиаст N. B. We find none of the ſixth claſs among the ſhells of Jamaica, unleſs you would reckon the ſeventh ſpecies of that rank. lon pimo : ei aid A RT I C L E II. Of Univalves whoſe cavities are diſpoſed in a ſpiral form nearly within the ſame plane, the greateſt part of the ſmaller windings being frequently covered by the outward larger windings of the fell. Note, The cavity or hollow of theſe ſhells are often ſimple; but ſometimes we find them divided into diftin&t compartments by 250 tranſverſe partitions. Soins dou TAMMONIA 1. Minor fubtumida albida, ore obtufë angulato. il-dios The roundiſh white Cornu-Ammonis. See Lyft. 11. 47. HAMMONIA 5 K Wc 398 THE NATURAL HISTORY In this genus of thells the hollow is quite entire, and continues uninterrupted from the apex to the mouth; but we have no more than one fpecies of the fort in Jamaica, which is found in the lagoons above the Ferry. LITUUS 1. Minor niveus internè nitidus. Cornu Ammonis Legitimum Klen. tab. 1. f. 6. Lyft. L. IV. S. iv. & Gualt. t. 19. E. The flender white Lituus or Cornu-Ammonis of America. The hollow is frequently interrupted in this fort, and generally divided into di- ftinct lodges by ſlender tranſverſe partitions, as in the Nautilus; but I could never ſee any of that fort in America. The tube of the Lituus is ſlender, and formed into a free ſpire, whoſe windings are all in the ſame plane. ARTICLE III. Of fimple Univalves whoſe cavities are diſpoſed in fpires of a more or leſs eccentric or riſing form, with an open and pretty even aperture at the baſė. an In the diſpoſition of the genera and ſpecies of this kind, we begin with thoſe that riſe leaſt above the plane of the baſe, and proceed gradually to the moſt pointed and eccentric of the kind. STO TOMATIA 1. Minor glabra. Catina Lactis Klen. t. 7. 114. D'argen. t. 7. C. Pet. Gaz, t. 12. f.4. & Gualt. t. 67. T. The ſmaller ſmooth brown Ear-ſhell. A . We ſeparate this genus, in which the margin is entire, from the haliotes, in which it is always perforated; but we have none of the laſt kind in America. The ſhells of the following genus are diſtinguiſhed by their obtuſe and moderately riſing apex's, few circumvolutions, and half rounded mouth. The aperture of the cavity is generally pretty wide in all the ſpecies, and ſituated obliquely at the baſe, Theſe Thells may be very reaſonably divided into fuch as have a perforated umbis licus or navel, and ſuch as have no apparent aperture in that part. I. Of ſuch as have a perforated umbilicus. NERITA 1. Alba major nitida. The larger white Nerite. See Lyft. Liv. S. 5. 14. NERITA 2. Subfufca undulatim per fafcias longitudinales variegata. The brown variegated Nerite. See Lif. iv. S. 5. 3, 4. & D'argen. t. 20. A. C. olade E NERITA 3. Sublutea. The yellowiſh Nerite NERITA 4. Subfufca æqualis. The light brown Nerite. toni NE o F Ј А М А І АСА. Н. Т 399 NERITA 5. Subcarnea æqualis. bilor art elled to cunggadam on to Ono 901 96 The fleſh-coloured Nerite. cirochoito NERITA 6. Subcarnea undulatim per faſcias longitudinales variegata: The afh-coloured Nerite with variegated ſtripes. tero croceo. II. Of ſuch as ſhew not an open umbilicus. NERITA 7. Sublutea undulatim variegata; labiis utrinque dentatis, al- be The Bloody-Gum. See d'Argen. t. 10. 40. NERITA 8. Subnigra ftriata, ore dentato albido. The coarſer black Nerite commonly called the White Gum. NERITA 9. Alba, lineis nigris variegata. The white Nerite with ſimple black lines. See Liſt. L. iv. S. 6. 31. Con NERITA 10. Albida, lineis nigris æqualiter interſectis variegata. Forum The black and white Nerite. NERITA 11. Nigra, maculis majoribus & lineis tenuiſimis albidis variegata. The larger ſmooth black and white Nerite. NERITA 12. Nigra, maculis minimis, & faſcia longitudinali albida varies gata. The belted black and white Nerite. NERITA 13. Nigricans, maculis minoribus & lineis minutifimis albidis va- 1936 15600 riegata. so to BravoThe dark ſmooth Nerite with very ſmall ſpots. NERITA 14. Minor nigricans, maculis dentiformibus variegata. The dark Nerite with large tooth-like white ſpots. NERITA 15. Rubella variegata. The reddiſh variegated Nerite. NERITA 16. Longitudinaliter faſciata & rubello variegata, albida." The variegated and belted Nerite with a reddiſh mixture. NERITA 17. Minima viridis, quandoque variegata. Moda The ſmall green Nerite, commonly called the green Pea-lhell. The ſnail-Shells reſemble the Nerites pretty much, both in the general form, and the riſing of the apex; but the ſpecies are compoſed of a greater number of circum- volutions, and the mouth is generally more open and irregular. COCHLEA 1. Purpurea tenuis, ore ampliore. Tab. 39. f. 2. The purple Ocean-ſhell. See Lyft . L. iv. S. 5. 23. The a 400 THE NATURAL HISTORY a a The creature that forms and inhabits this ſhell, is a native of the ocean, and lives frequently many hundred leagues from any land; but having met with many of the kind between Bermudas and the weſtern iſlands, in my voyage from Jamaica, it enables me to communicate the following account of them. The creature probably paſſes the greateſt part of life at the bottom of the ſea, but riſes ſometimes to the ſurface; and, to do ſo, it is obliged, piſcium more, to diſtend an air-bladder; which however is formed only for the preſent occaſion, and made of a tough viſcid ſlime ſwelled into a veſicular tranſparent maſs, that ſticks to the head of the animal at the opening of the ſhell. This raiſes and ſuſtains it while it pleaſes to continue on the ſurface; but, when it wants to return, it throws off its bladder and finks. I have taken up many of theſe inſects alive, with the bladder yet affixed to the aper- ture of the ſhell; and ſtill preſerve fome with it on, in ſpirits. I have alſo obſerv- ed many of the veſiculæ themſelves ſwimming upon the ſurface of the water about that place, which induced me to think they were thrown off as the creatures retired. It is obſervable that, upon touching the body of this infect, it diffuſes a beautiful purple liquor, of which colour the ſhell generally appears while it is freſh. Tab. 39. fig. 2. repreſents the ſhell of this creature in two attitudes, with its bladder, a, b, as it appears both in the natural and preſerved ſtate. COCHLEA 2. Subfuſca & fubrotunda major, faſcia longitudinali albida, ore ampliori libero, umbilico claufo. The larger brown Snail with a white longitudinal ſtripe..) This is repreſented in Lyſter, L 1. N. 49. Silamai COCHLEA 3. Compreſſa, ore integro, umbilico claufo. The middle-ſized Antique Lamp. COCHLEA 4. Subcompreſa, ore unidentato, umbilico fubperforato. Is bu Cochlea. Lyſt . 95. & D'arg. t. II. D. diriwa 20 C2# Bolsaq ist The Antique Lamp with one tooth. non esdoor -ban vo: COCHLEA 5. Subcompreſa ad marginem rotundior, umbilico clauſo, ore bidentato. 30 0 otse ou The Antique with two teeth. TV COCHLEA 6. Subcompreſſa, margine acuto, umbilico perforato, ore bidentato. The thin-edged Antique with an open navel. See Lyfi. 85. COCHLEA 7. Subcompreſa tenuior, margine acuto, umbilico perforato. T.40. f. B & Cochlea Lyft. 80, 81. The thin Antique with a very ſharp margin and an open navel. I have not yet ſeen any of theſe with a lip. COCHLEA 8. Subtumida collo coar&tata, fauce quadridentata, umbilica claufo. The middle-ſized Antique with four teeth. COCHLEA 9. Subtumida collo coar&tata, fauce quadridentata, ambitu linea acutâ cineta. The middle-fized Antique with a line round the middle. 3 COCHLEA B4 - 50 qil One OF JAMAICA. 401 COCHLEA 10. Parva ſubtumida, ore compreſſo oblongo, fauce coar&tatâ tri- dent atâ. Cochlea. Liſteri 98. The ſmall Antique with three teeth. 30 DE alds COCHLEA 11. Subtumida minor fuſca, ore crenato. Tab. 40. f. 1. The ſmall Antique with a narrow nick in the under lip. COCHLEA 12. Subtumida turbinata minor, ore utrinque unidentato. Tab. 40. f. 2. The little Antique with one tooth or prominence in each lip. COCHLEA 13. Oblonga minima fubdiaphana, ore in extremo crenato. Tab. 40. f. 3. The ſmalleſt oblong and flatted Snail-ſhell, with an open nick in the outward part of the lip. COCHLEA 14. Subcompreſa minima tenuis, fauce utrinque lira longitu- dinali notatá. Tab. 40. f. 4. bald The ſmall green Cochlea, with a thin longitudinal ridge on each ſide a of the aperture. а. а. COCHLEA 15. Subrotunda tenuior, ore membranaceo ampliore. The ſmaller Snail-ſhell, with a thin lip and a wide roundiſh aperture. COCHLEA 16. Subrotunda tenuior, volutibus plurimis, ore minori, Cochlea. Lyft. 60. The thin Button-ſhell with many windings. Theſe, except the firſt, are all land ſhells, and frequent in the woody inland parts of Jamaica ; and all, except the firſt, ſeventh, and laft , form regular lips at a cer- tain period of life. The genus is diſtinguiſhed, 1. By the central column which ſtretches from the apex to the middle of the baſe, and in which one ſide of the lip is conſtantly fixed, while the other terminates about the middle of the foregoing wind- ing. 2. By their flatted roundiſh form, the apex being but moderately raiſed above the plane of the fabrick. 3. By their having a pretty open and roundiſh aperture. Note, The mean column is ſometimes whole, ſometimes perforated. LICINA 1. Alba major, lineis tenuiffimis notata; ore interne ſubangulato. Cochlei &c. Lyft. 51. The large white Licina. LICINA 2. Crala fubfuſca variegata. The brown Flea-bitten Licina. LICINA 3. Fuſca tenuis depreſa, ore ſimplici. The thin flat brown Licina. LICINA 4. Rugofa utrinque ftriata, ore marginato, margine borizontali crenato. Tab. 40. f. 5. Buccinum. Liſteri 24. The white rugged Licina, with a ſpreading rim to the aperture. LICINA 5. Utrinque ftriata, margine minori integro. Tab. 40. f. 7. The ſmooth ftriated Licina. 5L LICINA a 402 THE NATURAL HISTORY LICINA 6. Albida glabra, margine minori. Tab. 40. f. 7. . The ſmooth white Licina. See Kl. t. 3. 71. LICINA 7. Variegata glabra, margine lineari. The variegated Licina. LICINA 8. Fuſca, major, tubo angufto ſubaquali in ſpiram oblongam fubæqua- lem voluta, ore ſubmarginato. Tab. 40. f. 8. bobom The long brown Licina. Tho' theſe ſhells are generally ranged with thoſe of the ſnails, I thought it more natural to diſpoſe them in a ſeparate article ; for the riſing of the apex is a little more conſiderable than it commonly is in the others, the mouth is always round, the navel generally hollow, and the whole fabric formed by the windings of a perfect tube. ciganib doon 70 0170 od TROCUS 1. Major turbinatus, longitudinaliter liratus atque fulcatus. ordw moita The brown Balcony Snail-ſhell furrowed along the tube. i isda a TROCUS 2. Minor longitudinaliter ſtriatus atque ſulcatus, umbilico fubaperto. The ſmaller ſtriated Balcony Snail-ſhell. TROCUS 3. Major cinereus nigro maculatus, internè argenteus. UT The Magpye Trocus. See D'argen. t. xi. & Gualt. t. 59. C. TROCUS 4 Cinereus medius, viridi & rubello maculatus; interne nè argenteus. The ſmaller Magpye Trocus. See L. tab. 644. TROCUS 5. Minor ſtriatus, margine acutiori prominulo, umbilico fubaperto. The ſmall rough Trocus with a ſpreading margin. TROCUS 6. Subfuſcus miſcellus minor glaber. The ſmooth dark Trocus. SUT TROCUS 7. Subcinereus maculatus, appendiculis per marginem acutis, umbi- lico claufo. The falſe Spur. 10 All the ſpecies of the Trócus are diſtinguiſhed by their ſpreading conic form, and roundiſh oblique apertures. The navel is frequently open; but in a few, it ſhews itſelf in a columnar form, as in many of the ſnail tribe. The hollow is ſeldom complete in theſe ſhells; for as they grow, both ſides of the lip faſten to the fore- going winding, one limb being fixed in the center while the other terminates towards the periphery of the preceding revolution. IT The diſpoſition both of the tube and aperture of the Terebellum is almoſt exactly like that of the Trocus ; but the body of the ſhell is raiſed into a narrow ſharp- pointed cone. The navel, however, is never perforated in them, though the hol- low is formed in the ſame manner as that of the Trocus. - TEREBELLUM 1. Subcinereum miſcellum & minute ſtriatum, ſtriis longi- tudinalibus, The mottled Screw. See Gualt. t. 58. f. E. . West 57 MUST ARTI- 253929 OF 403 JA M A I CA. A R T 1 CL E IV. of ſells that have their apertures diſpoſed nearly in the ſame direction with the axis of the Spire. IN N ranging the productions of this claſs we ſhall begin with ſuch as have the moſt ſimple and ſhorteſt apertures, and proceed gradually to thoſe, whoſe openings are longeſt and wideſt, in proportion to the body of the ſhell, without being ex- panded into a wing of any kind. In the Turbina, which is the firſt genus of this claſs, the form is not quite ſo taper- fo ing, nor the body ſo ſtraight and narrow in proportion to the length, as in moſt of the others; but the aperture is more oblique, tho' it approaches nearly to the direc- tion of the axis; that part of the orifice that is furtheſt from the apex being always pretty near the center of the ſpire. The hollow is nearly the ſame in theſe as in the foregoing genus ; but the columnar axis, and the form and direction of the orifice or mouth, diſtinguiſh it both from that and the following claſs. The productions of this kind have been hitherto ranged among the Buccini, from which I chuſe to ſeparate 'em, on account of the form of the aperture, which in that is always furniſhed with ſome ſort of a lip. TURBINA 1. Albida fufco tranfverfè miſcella. The Soldier Snail-Shell, or variegated Turbina. TURBINA 2. Lastea nitida. The ſmooth white Turbina. TURBINA 3. Subfufca minutè ftriata & obliquè undulata. The ſmall dark variegated Turbina. COM TURBINA 4. Subcraffa minor albida glabra. The ſmooth, whitiſh and ſlightly ſtriated Turbina. TURBINA 5. Tranſverlè fafciata, fafciis ad interſtitias volutuum contiguis. The falſe Ventletrap. See Pett. Gaz. t. 5. f. 5. Gualt. t. 58, &c. & f Kl. t. 3. 66. TURBINA 6. Minima diaphana nitida. The ſmall, ſhining and tranſparent Turbina. A TURBINA 7. Tranſverſe ſtriata faſciisque paucioribus donata. The ſmall lipt Turbina; with few belts. TURBINA 8. Minima nitida lineis nigris longitudinalibus integris notata. The Seed-ſhell Buccinum. The Strumbus comes next in order, and reſembles the Terebellum and Turbina very much, as well in the outward form and general make of the ſhell as in the diſpo- ſition of the orifice; but it is diſtinguiſhed from both by the open notch or depreſ- fion at the extremity of the aperture, which in this genus, feldom exceeds a third or fourth part of the length of the whole ſhell. 4 4 STRUM- THE NATURAL HISTORY 404 Shume 9:12 STRUMBUS 1. Subcinereus nitidus tranſverſe ſemi-ſubſtriatus. Vua The ſhining ſmooth Strumbus. BUT TEN DOO STRUMBUS 2. Striatus & tuberculatus, ex albo variegatus. Johor boua The rugged warty Strumbus. STRUMBUS 3. Minimus nitidus variegatus. TMJMODUS The ſmall, ſhining, variegated Strumbus. The Buccinum is the next genus ; in which the ſhells are producted to a ſharp and point at both ends; and the aperture or mouth, which is naturally pretty wide and open, and extends about one half or two thirds of the whole length, lays very nearly in the direction of the axis of the fabrick. All the ſpecies are liped a little, and the aperture, which is generally toothed or rugged below, and more or leſs contracted towards the extremity, ends in an open groove. But the length of the orifice is ſometimes , though ſeldom, a little under the one half of the whole length of the ſhell, tho' this is the general proportion. BUCCINUM 1. Maximum undulatim variegatum, ſulcatum & faſciatum, ore ... dentato. але іtlеUЙооua The Sea-Trumpet. See Lift. t. 959. Rump. t. 28. 13. & Gualt. 48. t. BUCCINUM 2. Fufcum faſciatum &angulatum; labio exteriori infernè angulato, deflexo. --i furgui Buccinum triangulare vulgaris. O MUVIOUS The brown Buccinum, with a triangular labiated aperture. See Lift. t. 941. 3. & Gualt. t. 53. C. BUCCINUM 3. Nebulatum glabrum, lineis nigris longitudinalibus notatum. MOUS The ſmooth Buccinum with black longitudinal lines. Lift . t. 910. BUCCINUM 4. Subfufcum glabrum. 8. MUVIOUS MUmua The ſmooth brown Buccinum. BUCCINUM 5. Faſciatum atque rugofum apice obtuſo, dentibus labii ex- terioris feptem. qilib to The rugged Buccinum with a round apex. Bald only BUCCINUM 6. Minus ftriatum & variegatum, ore anguſto utrinque pluri- dentato, mucrone breviſſimo. The ſmall ſtriated and variegated Buccinum, with a narrow indented misys aperture. Is MUVIOUS BUCCINUM 7. Subventricoſum tuberculatum & rugofum, mucrone leniter cort zirganizadoributis retroflexo. MSS MUVIDDU The rugged, warty, grey Buccinum. . BUCCINUM 8. Tuberculatum & rugofum, labio exteriore Septendentato. posted andrawinyl,0 1042 The oblong rugged Buccinum. WODU . BUCCINUM 9. Oblongum, fafciis crebris tranſverſis & friis longitudinali- 9 ad bus notatum, ore anguſtiore leviffimè dentato. The a Ο F J Α Μ Α Ι C Α. 405 the aperture. The Shuttle Buccinum. See Lift. t. 927. 27. 8 Kl. t. 4. 78. . BUCCINUM 10. Rugoſum hirſutum, mucrone breviori. The rugged hairy Buccinum. BUCCINUM 11. Rugoſum, gibbum & nodoſum, hirſutum. The knotty, rugged, hairy Buccinum. BUCCINUM 12. Rugofum & faſciatum, denticulis labii exterioris feptem ge- minatis. The brown belted Buccinum, with a ſingle ridge on the inſide of GIO BUCCINUM 13. Albidum, rugofum & ventricoſum, labio exteriori angulato, prominulo. The rugged Buccinum, with a riſing lip. BUCCINUM 14. Subcompreſſum tuberculatum & ftriatum, fafciiſque diſtichis oppoſitis refertum. The flatted Buccinum, with large belts at each margin. BUCCINUM 15. Subfuſcum rugofum, faſciatum atque ſtriatum, mucrone bre- viori, ore dentato, virgis miſcellis & lineis binis albis 81. The white-liped brown Buccinum. BUCCINUM 16. Minus fuſcum nitidum tranſverſe ſubſtriatum, 'ore angufti- ori internè ftriato, mucrone veluti abſciſo. The ſmall, ſmooth, brown Buccinum. BUCCINUM 17. Striatum & tuberculatum, ore rotundiori infernè unidentato, labio exteriori prominulo, mucrone brevi. 9 Ако The rugged warted grey Buccinum. BUCCINUM 18. Ventricoſum & obtufè tuberculatum, nigrum. The black warted Buccinum. BUCCINUM 19. Striatum ventricoſum nigrum, ore ſupernè & infernè cre- notatum. nato. set NT The black ſtriated Buccinum, with a ſingle nick in each ſide of the lip. BUCCINUM 20. Minus albidum virga maculata fimplici longitudinaliter notatum. bro The whitiſh Buccinum with a ſingle mottled ſtreak. BUCCINUM 21. Minus nitidum glabrum pulchrè variegatum. The Wheat-ſhell. BUCCINUM 22. Minimum nitidum, lineis nigris longitudinalibus integris no- tatum. The ſmall Seed-ſhell Buccinum with black lines. BUCCINUM 23. Minimum rubello variegatum, ore ſubovato, mucrone breviſ- fimo. The reddiſh variegated Seed-ſhell Buccinum. The 5 M 406 THE NATURAL HISTORY HT 3 The Purpura comes next in order, and differs but little from the Buccinum; but the ſpecies are generally more ventricoſe and ſwelling, and furniſhed with a num- ber of prongs at each belt or lip. The aperture in theſe ſhells is diſpoſed in the fame manner as in the Buccinum tribe, and the channel or groove is generally arched a little backwards ; but the prongs ſeem to make the moſt eſſential differ- ence between the two genera. PURPURA 1. Submuricata rugoſa alba. dari USUIOC The white Purpura with ſhort fimple denticles. See Bon. Cl. 3.273 PURPURA 2. Submuricata major, ore maculato. MUKIO Hlji 3.5 The rugged Purpura with ſpotted lips. registo PURPURA 3. Muricata major, mucronibus acutè dentatis. The large white Purpura with toothed prongs. See Bon. Cl. 3. 275. . PURPURA 4. Muricata major, mucronibus fimplicibus. The larger Purpura with ſimple prongs. PURPURA 5. Nitida nebulata nervoſa & faſciata, mucrone recto inva- riabile. Xogs The ſmoother ſhining Purpura with a ſtraight bill. a 7100 pode e busty ** PURPURA 6. Rugofa & faſciata, mucrone recto, collo inde dentato. Dohon 299wiedy 5 gil Bobine The Sycotypus or Fig-ſhell comes next in order, having its aperture in a line with the axis, and terminated in a narrow producted bill, like the foregoing; but it is neither liped nor toothed, and ſtretches commonly from a large ſpiral main. The opening of theſe ſhells runs generally about two thirds of the whole length, and the body, which is roundiſh and ſwelling, terminates in a moderately prominent apex, SYCOTYPUS 1. Tenuis ſubſtriatus & leniter tuberculatus. The ſmaller hairy Fig-fhell . SM 2128AD fil 90 coupon Ion Next to this comes the Dolium, or Tun, whoſe ſpecies are ſoon diſtinguiſhed by the openneſs and length of their apertures; the extremities of which are neither contracted or producted, but generally terminated in a wide truncated groove or nich, as if the top of the aperture had been broke off. boom ont to DOLIUM 1. Tenue, pulchrè variegatum & longitudinaliter fubfulcatum. The Patridge-ſhell. See D'arg. t. 20. 4. Lift. 981. Gualt. t. 51. 3. Shovlasu on & Bon. Cl. 3. 191.mbH bolom in DOLIUM 2. Majus albidum cæruleo fafciatum, mucronibus paucioribus co- yot nicis muricatum. 221 22A The larger Jamaica-Wilk. See D'arg. t. 18. Lift. t. 908. & Gualt. t. 26. 3 ,01 DOLIUM 3. Subcæruleum minus, mucronibus conicis muricatum. A The ſmaller Jamaica-Wilk. See Lift. t. 904. Garden DOLIUM 4. Verrucoſum nigro variegatum, labio interiori ſupernè fuberecto, DIOR zi boto infernè compreſo. Sirene The Mulberry-ſhell . See Lift. t. 989. Gualt. t. 51. E. DOLIUM - АО a a 0000 I OF JA MA I CA. HT 407 a TOM TH a DOLIUM 5. Subfuſcum & fubmuricatum, mucrone anguftiori, linea longitudinali dos diw brachina alba. gaillow 13. നിർമിക്കാൻ Slootnov son villionog sus 2919901 93 do boloo The dark-pointed Tun with a white line.com to ston199 SVOOT 10 000 (HT DER di U19 120 ISIS 2 This ſhell reſembles the Buccinum very much in its younger ſtates, but widens as it riſes. $990133 W3 add sa wiod ono DOLIUM 6. Tuberculato-dentatum nigro variegatum, ore ſubmucronato. 1. The nippled Mulberry-ſhell. See Lift. t. 956, 7.dw at : DOLIUM 7. Variegatum nitidum, fauce axe longiore. ' AUTUS The larger mottled Dolium or Egg-ſhell. See D'arg. t. 20. G. & Lift. t. 714. 72. АЯСЯ ЯСЯ DOLIUM 8. Variegatum nitidum minus fauce axe longiore. logis on The ſmaller mottled Dolium or Egg-ſhell. DIUI809 agrota ARTICLE V. OT Of liped and winged Shells. AIUTIU HE apertures of theſe ſhells, which are generally pretty obtuſe at the apex, extends above two-thirds of their length, and terminates always in a ſhort refected channel; and the outward cheek ſpreads commonly into a ſtrong ex- tended lip. The general form of all ſeems to range them very naturally between the cylinders and the Tuns. ob 10 2009 dT Ortigstol ods all Ilid buie sixs adlı diw ST CASSIS 1. Maximus, vultu ovato, ore nigricante. ton boyil 1901ion 21 The Queen-Conque, and Conque of Davies ; and the Caſk or Helmet Tento 25 Oddidwybod of Lift. t. 1008. 20 AVTODY CASSIS 2. Major vultu triangulari, labio exteriore ſeptem maculis notato. The King-Conque, or Helmet; and the Lambis of Davies. See Lift. ad balticgmiib nool 976 t. 1004. & Gualt. t. 41. bod op 3X9V1. borligerectedwie bine alonogoo aris CASSIS 3. Nitidus miſcellus tranſverſe ſubftriatus. doia 076 to bobstino The ſmooth mottled Helmet. See Gualt. 40. C.tarls ties CASSIS 4. Nitidus fubcinereus mifcellus tranſverſe ſtriatus, labio exteriori 12 ) undecim dentibus armato. cbd og bits T 91T The mottled Helmet with eleven teeth, and many ſmall tranſverſ furrows. 210 PTOS 21sdimo panas S MUIJOS CASSIS 5. Variegatus & tranſverſè ftriatus, labio exteriori plurident ato. The variegated Helmet with fixteen or ſeventeen teeth and many tranſverſe furrows. CASSIS 6. Fufcus utrinque ſtriatus & fubfulcatus, labio exteriori dentato, & maculis plurimis notato. App jaus? Homilor The rugged oval Helmet. See Gualt. t. 39. C. lioa CASSIS 7. Longitudinaliter ſubſtriatus, labio exteriori octodecim liris notato, oppoſito ſupernè lime inftar exaſperato. modioMONT The rugged-faced Helmet. MUNOG CAS- 01539 100 408 THE NATURAL HISTORY CASSIS 8. Glaber albidus, maculis ſubluteis majoribus fafciatim & longitudi- naliter diſpohtis notata, labio exteriori pluridentato. HIS The yellow ſpotted Caſk or Helmet. See Gualt. t. 39. K. 9 I doubt whether this be a Weſt-India ſhell, though I find it find it among thoſe I brought from Jamaica. svilo od CASSIS 9. Subfuſcus minor tranſverſè fubftriatus, labio tenuiſimo maculato. The ſmall thin-liped Helmet. ad it among The Conchilia or real Conques come next after the Helmets, from which they are eaſily diſtinguiſhed by the extention of the lip. In all the ſpecies of this kind the aperture is wider, and the wing more extended and open than in the others; but they never form more than one lip, and that is thrown out only when they are full grown: this, however, thickens gradually afterwards, and, at length, grows ſo near the oppoſite ſide of the ſhell, that the paſſage ſeems half clofed up, which perfectly ſhews the progreſſion of life in the animal, from the embrio to the full grown ſtate, and thence to the laſt old age. od 9 CONCHILIUM 1. Maximum melinum, fauce rubello. I SATUJOV The Conque, or Conque of Thetis. ad CONCHILIUM 2. Albo & nigro variegatum. ATUO The ſmall marbled Conque. See Lif. t. 871. 25. CONCHILIUM 3. Croceum labris nitentibus. ATUTO OV The ſmall yellow Conque. See Lift. t. 906. 26. & Bon. Cl. 3. 299. . ARTICLE VI. Of the Rimatæ or chinked Shells. HE ſhells of this claſs generally have a ſmooth gloſſy furface, and a long narrow aperture, which ſtretches almoſt from the one end of the fa- bric to the other, The Cylinder ſeems to claim the firſt place in this order, and is diſtinguiſhed from the reſt of the tribe by its prominent apex, moderately ſwelling body, and narrow aperture which ends in an open ſinking nich at the top, as in the Dolium. STREPHONA 1. Subcinerea, lineis plurimis fuſcis variè angulatis & inter- textis variegata. The Panama. STREPHONA 2. Fuſca variegata, faſcia obſcuriori ad bafim volutuum. The dark Olive. STREPHONA 3. Olivacea miſcella. The dark mottled Olive. STREPHONA 4. Subcinerea variegata. The grey Olive. STREPHONA 5. Subcinerea minima variegata fubrotunda. The ſmall gloſſy Olive. 2 STRE- үЯ ОТ 2 Е А Я UA И : 1 Т 80 а. whol si o F OF I c JA MA Í CA. 12A 409 STREPHONA 6. Lačtea ſubvariegata. 1900 hozor) wollby od The white Olive. Stod bait 202 Gwob STREPHONA 7 Alba minor, apice projectiori: olgued The ſmall white Olive. STREPHONA 8. Albida ſubvariegata. The Agate. ům STREPHONA 9. Sublutéa. The yellow Olive. 3 The Volutes come next to the Cylinders, from which they are diſtinguiſhed by their enlarged baſes, ſtraight ſides, and conic form. zote VOLUTA 1. Fuſca maculis paucioribus variegata. 1199 The brown Volute with a few white ſpots. VOLUTA 2. Fuſca maculis paucioribus & virgâ media maculatá variegata. The dark Volute with ſmall white ſpots. VOLUTA 3. Fufca fubftriata faſciatim & maculatim variegata. The dark Flea-bitten Volute. VOLUTA 4.1 Fulva nebulata. } The yellowiſh variegated Volutes. VOLUTA 5. Fulva variegata. S DOS atat d VOLUTA 6. Subolivacea ſtriis albis faſciáque longitudinali albá, notata. The ſtriated Volute. VOLUTA 7. Subcærulefcens maculata, The blueiſh clouded Volute. 20 VOLUTA 8. Variè variegata & fubmaculata, acumine friato. The Pye-bald Volute. pedido sind badan HT b. VOLUTA 9. Lutea æqualis. or more The yellow Volute. VOLUTA 10. Crocea, maculis oblongis per mediam longitudinem obdučia: The yellow ſpotted Volute. VOLUTA 11. Subnebulat a minor ſtriata albida. The whitiſh ftriated Volute. АИонда ята. VOLUTA 12. Subſtriata glabra alba. The ſmall white Volute. Хотя, The Couries comes next to theſe, and are eaſily known by their oblong gibbous form and narrow longitudinal apertures. In all the ſhells of this kind the inner windings of the ſpire are covered, or almoſt covered, by the laſt circumvolution ; and the length of the ſhell is the breadth of the baſe of the ſpiral ſlip that forms the whole fabric. All the ſpecies have a natural luſtre when freſh. CYPREA 1. Major lactea. The white Coury 5 N CYPREA 1 410 THE NATURAL HISTORY ses slod CYPREA 2. Subfuſca atro longitudinaliter faſciata. ARTS समा Ятгis The dark belted Coury, or Male Coury. See Bon. Cl. 3. 266. CYPREA 3. Subfufca lateribus maculatis, dorſo nebulato. not alone 2 The large dark Coury with round white ſpots on the ſides. See Tallow Lift. t. 699. CYPREA 4. Fuſca maculis rotundis albis variegata, inferioribus nebulatis. The falſe or baſtard Argus. oigo wolay ad CYPREA 5. Cinerea maculis minoribus nigricantibus variegata. The flea-bitten Coury. an CYPREA 6. Fuſca maculis binis nigris ad utrumque extremum. The Mouſe Coury. See D'arg. t. 31. C. & Bon. Cl. 3. 251. CYPREA 7. Fuſca minor inferne albida. be droom vilsisngg 911 The white-bellied brown Coury. lo ano buswojnie CYPREA 8. Subfufca miſcella, infernè maculis minoribus diftin&tis va- riegata. 802 The light brown flea-bitten Coury. 1990 od CYPREA 9. Alba minor, labiis externe punčtatis. 2 HUTIM The ſmall white Coury with minutely fpotted lips. CYPREA 10, Subluteſcens faſcia unicâ tranfuerfali fuper duetá. The hump-back’d Coury. See Lift. t. 711. D'arg. t. 21. L. & SE 200 Bon. Cl. 3. 259. CYPREA 11. Tranſverſe ſtriata, quandoque maculata, fatura verticali notatâ. The flea-bitten Coury. See Lift. t. 706. D'arg. 21. L. DI VI SI Ο Ν II. Of BI V A L V E S. N the diſtribution of the ſhells of this claſs I have followed a method en- I , joints , in which I find the moſt conftant uniformity; having, on examination, ob- ſerved them to be always the ſame, or very nearly fo, in all the ſpecies that are truly of a kind. I ſhall divide the ſhells of this claſs, 1. Into ſuch as are joined together by ligaments. 2. Thoſe that are connected by ligaments and teeth: And, 3. Such as are joined by long denticulated edges, ſtrengthened with leſs confi- derable ligaments. ARTICLE I. Of ſuch as are connected by fimple ligaments. The Oyſters claim the firſt place in this tribe; they are a very numerous family, generally of an oblong uneven form, and joined by a ſtrong roundiſh tendon at the apex or narrow end. STREA 1. Oblonga glabra adnafcens. The larger Mangrove Oyſter, OSTREA 4 OSTREA OF JAMAICA. HT 411 OSTREA 2. Undulata & muricata, adnafcens. data 1994 The ſmaller pronged and undulated Mangrove Oyſter. Theſe forts are frequent in moſt parts of America, and very little inferior to the European oyſters, either in flavour or delicacy; but they are ſeldom ſo large the ſmalleſt of thoſe that are ſold in the markets of London. SH co GLYCYMERIS 1. Subrotunda, teftâ tenuiſimé ſubcitrinâ. Ayo The yellow Onion-peel Oyſter. See D'arg. t. 22. Lift. 47. 8 & Bon. Cl. 2. 56. о. АЯ970) This genus is diſtinguiſhed by the hole in the centre of the under valve: the Thells of all the ſpecies are very thin and delicate. The Muſcle comes next in rank; it is of an oblong form, like the oyſter, but deeper on both ſides, and not ſo ſpreading at the wider end. The ſhells of this ge- nus are generally ſmooth, and connected by a ligament that runs obliquely from the point towards one of the ſides. MITULUS 1. Mucronatus major cæruleſcens. The larger blue Muſcle. See D'arg. t. 25. C. Lift. 198. . MITULUS 2. Subrbombeus variegatus, limbo ultra apicem porrecto. The Tulip Muſcle. See Lift. 199. The Peetens come next to theſe, and are eaſily diſtinguiſhed, 1. by the furrows running directly from the point or apex to every part of the circumference; 2. by their cavities, which are generally formed by the hollow of one of the ſhells, the other being quite flat; and 3. by the ears, with which they are always ad- orned on one or both ſides of the point. PECTEN 1. Major ſubcinereus, valvulá alterâ planá & tranſverſè ſubſtriata, The large brown Pečten, PECTEN 2. Nebulatus minor, valvulâ alterâ plana. The clouded Pecten. PECTEN 3. Subfuſcus maculatus, volutá altera plana, The ſpotted light-brown Peeten. PECTEN 4. Subcroceus oblongus uniauritus minor. The ſmall one-eared Pecten. PECTEN 5. Albus minor, uni auritus. The ſmall white one-eared Pečten. PECTEN 6. Albidus aut fubvariegatus utrinque turgidus. Tab. 40. f. 10. The white Peaten with both valves hollow. PECTEN 7. Ruber, alá alterá longiori. The red Pecten. PECTEN 8. Rubellus variegatus utrinque turgidus, alis minoribus. The ſmall oblong Peaten with red ſtreaks. The 412 Τ THE NATURAL HISTORY The Margaritifere, or Pearl-Thells, claim the next place in order, being ge- nerally flat, and roundiſh in the margin; but one ſide is quite ſtraight, where the two valves are connected by a ſlender ligament. One of the valves of theſe ſhells is always furniſhed with an open nitch or groove a little below the point, which yields a paſſage to a ſtrong ligament thrown out from the body of the fiſh, by which it ſticks to the rocks or banks, where they are generally found. a MARGARITIFERA 1. Subquadrata, ſuturâ longiore & tenuiore, teſta ſub- muricata. The thin Mother of Pearl-ſhell. See Lift. 57, 8. & Bon. Cl. 2. t. 1. A, B. MARGARITIFERA 2. Subrotunda, ſaturâ craffiore & breviore. The Bank Oyſter. See Liſt . C. 2. & Kl. t. 8. 18. Tho' this genus has been generally claſſed with the oyſters, its joint and ten- dinous beard obliged me to ſeparate it from that tribe ; for the fiſh always throws out a ſtrong fibrous ligament by which it faftens itſelf very firmly to the neighbouring bank or rock. They are very frequent in America ; but a ſtrong rancid tafte pre- vents the uſe of them among the better ſort of people. The Pennariæ come next in order: they are generally of an oblong, compreſſed, and pointed form with two ſtraight fides; and joined by a ſlender ligament that runs the whole length of the longeſt margin of the ſhell. PENNARIA 1. 7 Submuricata undulata. 7 The American Feather-ſhell . } Pennaria ſubmurica. Liſt. See D'arg. t. 25. T. The ſpecies of this kind found in the Mediterranean are very large, and throw out their ligaments like the American bank-oyſters ; but theſe are compoſed of flender pliable fibres that ſpin very readily, and are often made into ſtockings, gloves, cane-ſtrings, and handkerchiefs, in all the adjacent countries. The Solena comes laſt in this claſs, but is joined, like the foregoing, by a lon- gitudinal margin. It is naturally of an oblong form, and almoſt of the ſame breadth the whole length. SOLENA 1. Subæqualis glabra. Solenus authorum. The Knife-handle ſhell. ARTICLE II. of ſuch as are connected by ligaments, and a few prominent teeth or knobs mutually received into regular grooves or ſockets on the oppoſite ſides. T! HE ſhells of the following genus have been always claffed with the oyſters, to which they ſeem to bear a great reſemblance by their flattiſh form and rug- ged fides; they are, however, diſtinguiſhed from them by the rugged oblong pro- minences, or teeth, with which the ligament at the top is always accompanied. It is remarkable, that the apex of each of the valves of theſe ſhells riſes fome- what above the level or plane of the aperture, like that of the heliotis, and Phry- gian-cap Patella STOLA 1, Loricata lutea, apice Spirato depreſjo. Tab. 40. f. 9. The American Orange Oyſter. STOLA Y OF J A MAI CA. HT 413 0.93 016 vil STOLA 2. Loricata rubella, apice Spirato depreſo. 301 suster Mod poriw angielstier The American reddiſh Oyſter. but be set yllsya STOLA 3. Rugoſa ſubcrocea, profundior. vo M 970 aley ow913 OU WOLTO duwber allodl sloda bod odsto The mixed orange Oyſter. 12 Bold has STOLA 4. Submuricata, valvulâ inferiore compreſá adnaſcente. bisa STOLA 5. Subloricata patelliformis albida, fauce plana ovatá. The ſmall white cap-Oyſter. РОЯАМ STOLA 6. Subloricata lutea anguftior, fauce obliquá. DOM. or The ſmall yellow cap-Oyſter. STOLA 7. Sulcata & muricata ſubrotunda, apice ori appropinquato vix- que fpirata. The echinated Cockle-Oyſter. See Lift. Nº.159. or -. bas nor 230 13 sids This ſhell reſembles a cockle pretty much, by its roundneſs, depth, and furrows; but the joint ſeems to diſpoſe it more properly among the other productions of this genus. It is remarkable for its lip or ſhort lateral ſpur. Vodot to load odi a19 The Spondyli come next in order, and are readily diſtinguiſhed from the reſt of the bivalves by their free dove-tail joint, and the ſmall ſmooth plain marked un- der the apex of the largeſt valve, which reaches generally from the joint to the tip; appearing as if a piece had been cut off there with ſome ſharp tool. In all the ſhells of this tribe the joint is formed by two obtuſe prominences , received mu- tually in ſo many ſockets in the oppoſite valves, and a pretty ſtrong ligament fixt in the middle between them. SPONDYLUS 1. Croceus major loricatus. The Orange Spondylus. SPONDYLUS 2. Croceus ab apice ſtriatus & fubmuricatus. The Alat Orange Spondylus. SPONDYLUS? 3. Minor variegatus & ab apice fulcato-undulatus, limbo fimbriato. The Pink-leaf ſhell The lip of the under valve of this ſhell projects a little obliquely from the apex of the ſuperior ; but it is not ſmooth or level as in the reſt. The other parts of the hinge agree pretty well, though the protuberances are not ſo round, nor formed to hold ſo well. The Chama is next in order, being generally pretty flat, with a ſmooth even mar- gin; and connected by a few teeth about the apex, and a ligament that runs all of one ſide. CHAMA 1. Major rotunda alba, lineis circülaribus notata. The larger, thick white Chama. See Lift. 9. 19. CHAMA 2. Major rotunda alba, circulariter & radiatim ftriata. The large white ſtriated Chama. See Lift. 102. Gualt. t. 76, 7. CHAMA 50 414 THE NATURAL HISTORY CHAMA 3. Rotunda glabra alba, ſub tendine dentata. The thick, ſmooth, white Chama. CHAMA 4. Subovat a tenuior alba glabra, The thin white Chama. D'arg. t. 24. L. & Lif. 96. CHAMA 5. Subovata nitida glabra miſcella. The ſmooth mottled Chama. CHAMA 6. Subcordata, circulariter lamellata & ad alterum latus acu- leata. The Virgin Cyprea, or ſhell of Venus. D'arg. 24. 7. Lift. t. 140. & Gualt, t. 70. D. CHAMA 7: Subcordata, circulariter lamellata & ad alterum latus ſubacu, leata. The Cyprea. See Lift. No. 130. CHAMA 8. Subcordata, circulariter faſciata. The Old Woman, or wrinkled Cyprea. D'arg. t. 24. B. Lift. 116. CHAMA 9. Subcordata radiata & circulariter ſubfaſciata. The rugged wringled Cyprea. See Lift. 50. CHAMA 10. Subcordata, rugoſa, utrinque ſtriata, interne purpurea. The rugged purple Cyprea. CHAMA 11. Subrotunda aſpera miſcella. The mottled Chama. CHAMA 12. Subrotunda albida, radiis paucioribus fubcroceis. The white Chama, with a few faint orange-coloured ſtreaks. CHAMA 13. Subrotunda minor alba, ſubnervoſa glabra. The white Roſe-leaf Chama. CHAMA 14. Subrotunda minor & tenuior rubella nervoſa. The red Rofe-leaf Chama. CHAMA 15. Subrotunda minor alba, ſtriis tenuioribus angulatis notata. The ſmall deep ftriated white Chama, with angled lines. See Lift. 179. CHAMA 16. Subrotunda minima profundior alba. The very ſmall deep white Chama. CHAMA 17. Subrotunda minima glabra, tenuis & aurita. The ſmall one-eared Chama. CHAMA 18. Subrotunda minima rubella. The ſmall, fat, red Chama. CHAMA OF JA MA I CA. 415 CHAMA 18. Oblonga major nitidiſſima rubello radiata. The Barbuda Shell. See D'arg. t. 25. 43 CHAMA 19. Subradiată major oblonga, ſubpurpurea. The purple liped Chama. CHAMA 20. Oblonga radiata purpurea. The purple Chama: CHAMA 21. Oblonga glabra alba. The white, ſmooth, oblong Chama. CHAMA 22. Oblonga obliquè acuminata, variegata friiſque ellipticis infig- nita. The pointed variegated Chama. CHAMA 23. Ovatá obliquè acuminata fubfuſca ſtriata. The brown oval Chama. See Liſt . 179. CHAMA 24. Ovata obliquè acuminata glabra alba. The white oval Chama CHAMA 25. Cuneiformis fubradiata nitida, purpurea vel purpureo radiata. . The Wedge. See Pet. t. 18. f. 4. Lift. 219. 24. CHAMA 26. Cuneiformis minima ſubpurpureo radiata. The ſmall blue and white Wedge. CHAMA 27. Subcitrina minima purpureo radiata. The ſmall Orange Wedge. The Cockle is pretty much like the foregoing; but it is generally furrowed from the apex to the margin, ſomewhat like the Pecten, deeper in the cavity, toothed round the edge; and connected by teeth and a tendon at the apex, and a ſingle tooth and cavity on each ſide. BUCARDIUM 1. Radiatum &ſulcatum, verſus marginem ſubmuricatum. The rough-rimed Cockle. See Lift . N. 199. BUCARDIUM 2. Radiatum & ſulcatum albidum, fundo rufeſcente. The furrowed white Cockle. BUCARDIUM 3. Nitidum glabrum. The ſmooth Cockle. BUCARDIUM 4. Obliquè oblongum minus, ſubraditum & lateraliter ferratum. The ſmall, oblong, white Cockle. BUCARDIUM 5. Radiatum & lateraliter compreſum, gibbum. The hump-backed Cockle. a ARTI A M A 416 con CW 1019 THE NATURAL HISTORY s bottino bas mnd no stod (199w19d oneldrogła1 15979 od 15 inigo ads of slit original Eldsted to se voda bus III. gniwong Ho eids bat A RT I C L E Morgano ang gnisd ziars 20 Of the denticulated Bivalves, or ſuch as are connected by long denticulated joints.is 0909 studium bus denom til yd bodi ya tiba 11 I ſhall give the Cibota the firſt place in this rank. It is eaſily known by its ſtraight denticulated joint, radiated ſurface, and lateral growth. IBOTA 1. Obliquè oblonga, variegata & radiata, futurâ longiori recta. cena Noah's Ark. See D'arg. t. 26. G. & Lift. 208. Gualt. t. 87. H. CIBOTA 2. Obliquè oblonga radiata alba, futura fubcrenata breviori.OH The oblong white Ark. See Lift. 207. Kl. xi. 69. . The Mactra comes next to the Cibota in rank; and is diſtinguiſhed by the roundneſs of the hinge, furrowed ſurface, and indented margin. ni diod i oldala equ MACTRA 1. Subrotunda radiata, futurâ fubcrenatá & ad apicem ampliata. Sou grotto gli si calq - The larger, round, white Maetra. See Lift. 64. i 7svo bisl d MACTRA 2. Subrotunda glabra, ſuturâ arcuatâ æquali.no vloupildo bus bo qiq-odo dtodos The ſmooth white Maetra with equal teeth on both ſides of the apex. bauMACTRA 3. Subrotunda radiata & ſubſulcata alba. and oriw.petacey yova aucibe pasme avi9ldo ylit eboqod The round-winged Mactra. See Kl. t. X. 43. nisin toi noiBalloo eid MACTRA 4. Subrotunda alba radiata, & lateraliter compreſa, futurá ar- cuata, apice aproximato. 1991 1990 do 10 a to 17520 990019 bogasi alled The white roundiſh Mačtra, flatted on one ſide. MACTRA 5. Subovata & ſubſtriata, lateraliter compreſſa, futurá rectá, apice 2012 299919 -10 20 1910 remoto. The ſmooth Mactra, flatted on one ſide. 342 isluotum es il DIVISION III. Sadifall 10 26 admil boiskuOf PLURIVALVES. bns ng ARTICLE 1. T9qom as llaw 1 Of ſuch as have all the pieces firmly concreted together. ALANUS 1. Minor verrucæformis. BALANUS Odd to The ſmall brown Balanus. BALANUS 2. Minor et ere&tior albus. Color 12UUOIO3 The white Balanus. $ ZU.IUDICA od 20 alsailonalo 90 zol II.YISYg Beni ant - odt insvig of osil: ARTICLE abrud, to bre plqose dulogado ad of ſuch as have their ſhells joined together by ligaments. nach 10 51891 agitador Blods to be Obn boulibadon og si doi barla ENTILASMUS 1. Major, collo crafiori muſculoſo quandoque ramoſo ; ramis ta 291 , The Barnacle Shell-fiſh. See Lift. 28. 4 The OF F Ι Α Μ Α Ι I 417 I C Α.Ε The great reſemblance between theſe and Barnacles and the unſettled nature and filhey taſte of theſe birds, have, for a long time, given riſe to the opinion of their being transformed from thoſe ſhell-fiſhes. I found this fort growing in cluſters, on the back of a large Hawks-bill Turtle, in my paſſage from Jamaica. It is diſtinguiſhed by its long, membranous and muſcular, branched, neck, com- preſſed body, bivalved ſides, and feathered tail. ARTICLE III. Of ſuch as have their Valves connected both by binges and ligaments . PHOLAS a HOLAS 1. Oblongo-ovatus, ſtriatus, ſtriis arcuatis. Tab. 40. f. 11. The ſmall rugged Pholas with arched lines. This muſt not be confounded with the American file-ſhell, a bivalve, whoſe body reſembles it both in form and the diſpoſition of its lines, which is frequently met with in the cabinets of the curious. This is a multivalve, made up of, 1. two large oblong ſide-pieces, pretty well rounded at one end ; 2. two ſmall ſlender ſlips laid over the back and fore joints of thoſe ; and, 3. a rounded hollow piece, pla- ced obliquely on one ſide of the obtuſe end, and ſlightly connected at the top to both the ſide-pieces. a Every man, who has an opportunity of ſeeing large collections of ſhells, will ea- fily obſerve many genus's, and an infinite number of ſpecies, that are not found in Jamaica, to whoſe productions alone we are confined here: but, it is hoped, Mr. Pond, in Great Queen-ſtreet, F.R.S. who has the moſt complete collection of this kind I have yet feen, will ſoon oblige the world with a catalogue of his ſhells ranged in a proper order. CLASS II. Of Inſects that are compoſed of folid as well as muſcular parts; and furniſhed with ſtiff articulated limbs, as well as proper organs of viſion. SECT. I. Of the Apteræ, or ſuch as have no wings. EDICULUS 1. Humanus. The Louſe. PEDICULUS PEDICULUS 2. Inguinalis. The Crab-Louſe. TA Theſe inſects are very rare in thoſe warm climates, for the cleanlineſs of the people, and an abundant aqueous perſpiration, contribute alike to prevent the in- creaſe of them; they generally living upon the thicker juices of the ſebaceous glands, which are too much diluted, and too frequently wiped off in thoſe countries, to ſupply a fufficient quantity of proper nouriſhment. PEDI 5P 418 THE NATURAL HISTORY Roach.s dan t. 1. yov i PEDICULUS 3. Maximus ellipticus marinus. The Fiſh-Louſe, or Sea Cock- gaib An, Aſcellus marinus. Pet. Gaz. biska (ქE itxდაეშეც ai esloot y en guerlaino ai nibh This creature is very large, being ſeldom under three quarters of an inch in length, or leſs than 4, ths in breadth; and often found ſticking to the palates of fiſhes, which it commonly kills or emaciates. It is furniſhed with regular limbs, like the reſt of the ſpecies. VE Tabiq daro birſuto. has PULEX I. Saltatrix vulgaris. The Flea. 3h This, like the louſe, is very rare either in Jamaica; or in any of thoſe other co- lonies ſituated within the torrid zone. DE B 99301 SMD ACARUS 1. Minimus ni dulans, proboſcide acutiori} The Cheeſe-mite. 79big . ACARUS 2. Fuſcus, fub cutem nidulans, proboſcide The Chigoe, or Chiger. acutiori. cbaad lillasy 231990) as This infect is very frequent and troubleſome in all our ſugar-colonies, but breeds chiefly in open fields, eſpecially in ginger and potatoe-pieces. They often infeſt the human ſpecies, and lodge their eggs in great numbers in membranous bags, under the ſkin, where they are moſt likely to receive nouriſhment from the adjoin- ing veſſels. When theſe grow to a certain ſtate, they eat through, and crawl about the furface until they meet with convenient lodges, in which they multiply again; whereby all the adjoining parts are brought to a common fore, unleſs they be care- fully picked, or deſtroyed by proper applications; and the only one of this kind, that I have known uſed with any ſucceſs was made of ſoap, aloes, and train-oil boiled and digeſted together into a plaiſter, ai ACARUS 3. Maximus fubrotundus. The Tick. utitused Vay E ai aidT ន This inſect is very troubleſome to all the labouring cattle in Jamaica, and would be ſtill more ſo, had it not been for the common and Barbadoes Blackbirds, who chiefly feed upon them, and pick 'em off with great art and dexterity. IA ACARUS 4. Scabiei. The Itch-Louſe. ai 2999 211 ni This inſect ingenders but ſlowly in thoſe warm climates, where the pores of the ſkin are ſo open; and is ſeldom obſerved in Jamaica, unleſs when imported freſh from Europe. od ovisido 13790W 38lq siup vloro onla mori vHsubang via Sdr bas od 1803 blo ads bor ARANEA 1. Minima fubdi aphana, ventre tu-7 The ſmall Houſe-ſpider 20 anoissquodo ad mido, pedibus longißimis & tens with long lender Hanks. ARANEA 2. Minima nigra faltatrix, pectore am-} The black Jumper.blo aoitsiaqo eidt 901 03 on loista 2. badoo Ilowes elisablo of brevibus. This ſpider is frequent in the country parts of Jamaica, eſpecially in the pariſh of St. Mary's. It is a very remarkable jumper. Saya 4 ARA- fader Pid - OF о 899 Pio } S410 poyid Tab. 44. 5. a TOT 3VID JA MALÍ CA. 419 ARANEA Cinerea minor ſaltatrix, pedibus bre- } The grey Jumper. 3. , . vioribus. 901 This is an elegant, active, little ſpider ; but ſeldom ſpins a web, depending chiefly on its agility in catching its prey. It is very frequent about the houſes in Kingſton. im to 21911supost sobre ઇક, rid est olsa on oj gani bolne od bas dobes 110 diges ARANEA 4. Domeſtica minor, ventre tu- w2MB mido ſubrotundo majori, pe- The long-legged Houſe-ſpider. dibus teretibus longißimis. This ſpider is frequent about all the houſes in Kingſton, and ſpins ſo great a number of extenſive webs, that it is often troubleſome. By the form of the body and length of the ſhanks it reſembles the firſt fort; but it weaves its web of a very different form, which induced me to conſider it as a different fpecies. 2UTADA ARANEA 5. Minor nigra cancriformis, ſcutâ dorſi majore ambitu aculeata. The Crab-ſpider. SUSTADA This ſpecies is very like a crab in the general form of the trunk, but the head and breaſt are ſmall and diſtinct. It is very common in St. Mary's. Bamidt . nesto vodi 2909ig-s be oi visida abesud ARANEA 6. Fufca oblongo-quadrata, caudâ ru- "- }The red-atled Spider. Ini -niojbe di cont in brá. odt 9bno This inſect is frequent in the woods, and its nip or bite ſaid to be very venom- The body is about an inch in length, and of an oblong form. mu sosul siis 160 od vedasino gol domingo dos alle vdorado bad ARANEA 7. Oblonga luteo variegata, pedi- bo to balsig yo loob ols bus longiffimis, articulis infer- The large ſpotted Spider ioribus tumidis hirſutis. Tab. with long Thanksas baliod . This is a very beautiful ſpecies, and ſpins a ſtrong ſpreading web. It lives in trees and out-houſes, and is frequent in St. Mary's and Portland. e falni idt ebridosla zaohad toa bus nomen robit od bluova ARANEA 8. Domeſtica major faccifera, fub- ? The large grey Houſe-Spider. cinerea & ſubhirſuta. } 1985 This, tho a large fort, is a very innocent, and always obſerved to carry its eggs in a round bag, cloſe to its belly, between the legs. It throws off its ſkin once a year, and to go through the operation more eaſily, hangs itſelf by a few threads in ſome lonely quiet place, where, after a few minutes, you may obſerve the belly part of the old coat burſt, and the creature draw out all its limbs very gradually from the other parts of its former cover, which he leaves hanging to the cord that ſuſtained him during the operation ; after which he betakes himſelf to the occupations of the new year in the uſual manner. It is remarkable that, in this operation, the old nails, as well the outward cover of the eyes, are left ſticking to the old ſkin. u posld at TATA TARANTULA 1. Fuſca major, pedibus anterioris) part i təbigl zid'T ? bus craffioribus aculeatis & M.2 20 unguiculatis , fere chiliformi-/ The Scorpion-ſpider. ARA bus, proximis longifſimis & tenuiffimis . Tab. 41. f. 1. ous. -2 44. f. 4. } a 3 This 420 THE NATURAL HISTORY This is a very curious ſpecies of the ſpider-kind, and a native of ſome of our ſugar- colonies, which induced me to give it a place here, tho' I have never ſeen it in ya- maica. Mr. Baker, in whoſe curious collection I have ſeen it, had it from Antigua, and was ſo obliging to let me have a drawing made from it. I have ſeparated theſe inſects from the Aranea, on account of their feet and forceps; the former being always divided into ſeven or eight joints, and the prongs of the latter perforated on the outſide. See tab. 45. (2a). probably to yield a paffage to ſome poiſonous juice, which likely they diſcharge when they nip. TARANTULA 2. Fuſca major ſubhirſuta, ſub ter- ter-2 . sam nidulans. Tab. 44. f. 3. The black Tarantula. . & This ſort is repreſented of the natural ſize, as well as its neſt (3.a), and both its valves; which are ſo well contrived, and ſo ſtrongly connected, that whenever they are forced open, the native elaſticity of the ligaments that fix them, reſtore 'em immediately to their uſual poſition. It is moſt frequent in the looſe rocky ſoils, and neſtles under ground. Its nip is very painful for many hours, and ſometimes raiſes a fever and deliriums; but there are commonly eaſed by throwing the patient into a moderate ſweat, which commonly done with a little warm rum-punch among the negroes, who are moſt ſubject to theſe accidents: this puts them ſoon aſleep, and in a few hours they are quite recovered. a TARANTULA 3. Rufefcens major ventre mi- nori, articulis penultimis The large brown Tarantula. ungulatis. Tab. 44. f. 2.) This inſect ſeems to hold a mean proportion between the third and fourth ſpe- cies, and is eaſily diſtinguiſhed by its light brown colour, and middling fize. 'In this and the following ſpecies, ſome of the intermediate joints of the foremoſt feet are furniſhed with nails, and the nippers are very long: See a — 2. Tab. 44. It is a native of Antigua, and may be ſeen in Mr. Baker's Muſeum, as well as the fol- lowing ſpecies. TARANTULA 4. Maxima fubcinerea birſuta.} The large hairy Tarantula. 49. . 1. This inſect, which is repreſented of the natural fize, Tab. 49. f. 1. is ſometimes found among the rocks in the inland parts of Jamaica. It is furniſhed with large crooked nails on ſome of the intermediate joints, as well as the foregoing; and its nip is generally thought to be very dangerous. SCORPIO 1. Pectinum denticulis tredecim. L. Syf. N. The Scorpion. This creature is very common in all the ſugar-colonies, and of a dareing watch- ful nature. If any thing, be put in its way, it ſeldom Thews the leaſt figns of fear, but erects its tail and points its ſting forward, ready for wounding, as if conſcious of the natural force of its poiſon. The wounds inflicted by the ſting of this inſect are extremely painful, and the parts about them turn frequently livid, and muſt be carefully dreſſed to prevent a mortification. They are moſt common about old houſes, and dry or decayed walls. , CANCER 1. Minimus glaber, ſcutá fubquadratá, ventrale} The Oyfer-Crab. to oud Br SD bo od 10 enot worto V The (OF я о FIA -HTI Μ U 4-21 way. is AD. DO 12 SOTO a Η Τ JA MA I CA. -1 This little ſpecies is generally found , with the Mangrove oyſters, in their ih where they always live in plenty, and ſpawn at the regular ſeaſons; and ſuch as eat the oyſters, do not think them a bit the worſe for being accompanied with ſome of theſe crabs, which they ſwallow with the fiſh. They are very ſmall and tender, and nearly of the ſame length and breadth, feldom exceeding a quarter of an inch either w ons bois 310110 og 10 yldCANCER 2. Minor fcuta fubquadratâ nitidå variegata, 7 el ads to agnorg vadt asptw gratib margine ad angulos anteriores denticulo ge- The Turtle-Crab. blaivo mino utrinque armata. Tab. 42. Tab. 42. f. 1. I found this infect on the back of a turtle, near the weſtern iſlands. The whole length of the trunk is not much above an inch, and the breadth of the body is nearly as much diod CANCER 3. Maximus chelis vaginatis. 97891 ai tol aidT The comb-clawed Crab. zovanad This ſpecies is both rare and curious ; it is very large, and the claws are grooved on one ſide and indented on the other, ſo as to reſemble a comb and comb-caſe in ſome meaſure. 19bou colkan local ni super fom i I sledo tud. amuntilab basmv1 bosanuod yns Iotaisq yuv si doily CANCER 4. Minor pedibus & chelis longiffimis te- The larger long-thank- from 918 odw_290199 nuifſimiſque, ſcutá antice ſerrato-led Crab with delicate 918 yodi ansod wol s dentatâ, in aculeum maximum u- sa prickly arms, and len- trinque definens. Tab. 47. f. 1. der toothed claws. tiup This rare and beautiful ſpecies was taken up at St. Mary's; the Thell is not above an inch and a quarter in length, tho' the extremities of the large lateral thorns be near two inches aſunder. sq CANCER 1931 Balai aidT Minimus corpore ſubrotundo, cruribus om- [ 5. gadbina - nibus longiſmis & tenuiſſimis. m-} The Spider-Crab. Thomas ... odt bos sids I have ſeen this beautiful little ſpecies in Dr. Fothergel's Muſeum. The body is ſmall and roundiſh, and ſeldom above half an inch either way. All the limbs are 4 flender and delicate, in proportion to the ſize of the body, and commonly be tween two and three inches in length. АНТИАЯАТ blu } CANCER 6. Scutá antice ſerrata, aculeo majori? The common Sea-Crab, utrinque inſtructa. ds This ſpecies is very common in all the harbours of Jamaica, and furniſheth a good part of the food of the negro fiſhermen. pinoltro alisa boslooto DUOda Es79 CHO, ai qua CANCER 7 Scutâ tenui ſubrotunda lineis rubris va- The large long-thank- .noiqrobe ad gatâ denticulo uno vel altero poſt ocu- ed Crab with a va- los utrinque armata. bak riegated fhell. ovvedT This ſort is not frequent in any of the harbours of Jamaica, but the ſhell is often found on the e outward ſandy beeches, at the Paliſadoes. It is of a moderate fize, and the ſhell moſt beautifully variegated. DOM? og ai to sorot Isis set to fluid ed on, laging ylametix9 918 CANCER 8. Maximus ſubverrucofus, chelis majoribus 2 Herb vllet9750 ad blo Dupu OTO compreſis dentatis, 65>The Trunk-Crab. Cancer, &c. Cateſb. ii. t. 36. The body of this curious ſhell-fiſh is large and roundiſh; and when it - contracts its flatted claws, which lie cloſe under the fore and lateral parts of the ſcuta, it ſeems but one continued fhell, and has a very different appearance from any other forts of the claſs. CANCER or Sherigo.id 2900 39 5Q 422 THE NATURAL HISTORY } CANCER 9. Minor gibbus hirſutus, ſcutâ in lacinias quatuor teretes acutas productá. Tab. ŞThe Graſs-Crab. 46. f. 2. This curious little ſhell-fiſh is but rarely met with in Jamaica, though a native of that iſland. The ſhell is raiſed pretty much on the back, and projects a good deal forwards, where it is divided into four or more ſtraight fender prongs, whereof thoſe in the middle are longeſt. The ſhell is furniſhed with a deep groove in the fore-part, between the eyes, where the inſect lodges its ſoft feelers G70197 by upon occaſions. OS a CANCER 10. Minor, ſcutå utrinque ſerratá, cruribus aculeatis, plano exteriori utriuſque The Creole-Crab. chela æquali nitido-Splendente. This crab is very like the Sherigo, from which it is diſtinguiſhed only by the pe- culiar marks of the ſhell, and the ſharpneſs of its marginal teeth ; eſpecially thoſe between the eyes. The claws are angular, roundiſh, and indented, in both; but the outward plane of the laſt joint is of a fine pearly colour in this ſpecies. . CANCER 11. Minor, fcutá oblonga variegata nitida, margine anteriori aculeato, arti- The Mamma-Shrimp. culis ultimis ſagittatis. Ventrale longiori& anguſtiori. Tab. 42.f.2.) do This is a very beautiful ſhell-fiſh, and not much known even in Jamaica, where it is a native. It was found by ſome of the fiſhermen in the harbour of Kingſton; and is repreſented here of the natural ſize. CANCER 12. Medius, ſcutâ fubrotunda varie-? The larger Sea-Crab with gata, aculeo unico utrinque ar- mata. a roundifh variegated thell, I have never ſeen any of this fort alive, but have frequently found the ſhell on the ſea-ſhore. The form of the trunk diſtinguiſhes it ſufficiently from all the other ſpecies. GIOVA CANCER 13. Villoſus, ſcutâ ſerrato-dentatâ &? The larger bairy Creole-Crab varie areolata, chelis ſpinoſis. S with prickly claws. CANCER 14. Minor macricrurus punctatus, fcuta) tio io hoog fubrotunda ſpinis tribus majoribus The three-thorned Crab. terminata. Tab. 42. f. 3. Cancer. Rumph. t. x. f. c. This is a native of both the Eaſt and Weſt-Indies, but not common in the har- bours of Jamaica. I have ſeen only one of the fort, which is repreſented here of the natural fize. a CANCER 15. Major albidus, fcutá ſubrotunda, arti- ticulis pedum ultimis aculeatis, penul-S The Mangrove Crab. timis hirſutis, pilis faſciculatis peni-( cilliformibus. This ſpecies is very common in all the low and marſhy lands bordering upon the ſea. It is often uſed by the negroes, but faid to be ſometimes poiſonous; which is attributed to their feeding upon the bark of the Mangeneel tree, growing chiefly in ſuch places. SV00 CANCER O F JA M A I CA. 423 CANCER 16. Ruricolus, ſeuta ſubrotunda violaced The Black or Moun- vel flava, articulis ultimis atque tain-Crab. penultimis aculeatis. Theſe creatures are very numerous in ſome parts of Jamaica, as well as in the neighbouring iſlands, and on the coaſt of the main continent; they are generally of a dark purple colour ; but this often varies, and you frequently find them ſpotted, or en- tirely of another hue. They livechiefly on dry land, and at a conſiderable diſtance from the ſea; which, however, they viſit once a year, to waſh off their ſpawn, and after- wards return to the woods and higher lands, where they continue for the remaining part of the ſeaſon; nor do the young ones ever fail to follow them, as ſoon as they are able to crawl. The old crabs generally regain their habitations in the mountains, which are ſeldom within leſs than a mile, and not often above three from the ſhore, by the latter end of June, and then provide themſelves with convenient burrows, in which they paſs the greateſt part of the day, going out only at night to feed. In December and January they begin to be in ſpawn, and are then very fat and delicate, but continue to grow richer until the month of May, which is the ſeaſon for them to waſh off their eggs. They begin to move down in February, and are very much abroad in March and April, which ſeems to be the time for the impregnation of their eggs, being then frequently found fixed together; but the males about this time begin to loſe both the flavour and richneſs of their juices. The eggs are diſcharged from the body through two ſmall round holes ſituated at the ſides, and about the middle of the under ſhell; theſe are only large enough to admit one at a time, and, as they paſs, they are entangled in the branched capillaments, with which the under ſide of the apron is copiouſly ſupplied, to which they ſtick by the means of their proper gluten, until the creatures reach the ſurf, where they waſh 'em all off; and then they begin to return back again to the mountains. It is re- markable, that the bag or ſtomach of this creature changes its juices with the ſtate of the body; and, while poor, is full of a black, bitter, diſagreeable fluid, which diminiſhes as it fattens, and, at length, acquires a delicate rich flavour. About the month of July or Auguſt the crabs fatten again, and prepare for mould- ering, filling up their burrows with dry graſs, leaves, and abundance of other materials: when the proper period comes, each retires to his hole, ſhuts up the paſſage, and remains quite unactive, until he gets rid of his old ſhell, and is fully provided with a new one. How long they continue in this ſtate is uncertain, but the ſhell is firſt obſerved to burſt both at the back and ſides, to give a paſſage to the body, and it extracts its limbs from all the other parts gradually afterward. At this time the fiſh is in the richeſt ſtate, and covered only by a tender membranous ſkin variegated with multitude of reddiſh veins; but this hardens gradually after, and becomes ſoon a perfect ſhell like the former: it is, however, remarkable, that during this change there are ſome ftony (a) concretions always formed in the bag, which waſte and diffolve gradually as the creature forms and perfects its new cruſt. A wonderful mechaniſm ! This crab runs very faſt, and always endeavours to get into fome hole or creviſe on the approach of danger ; nor does it wholly depend on its art and ſwiftneſs, for while it retreats it keeps both its claws expanded, ready to catch the offender, if he ſhould come within its reach; and, if it ſucceeds on theſe occaſions, it com- monly throws off the claw, which continues to ſqueeze with incredible force for near a minute after; while he, regardleſs of the loſs, endeavours to make his eſcape, and to gain a more ſecure or a more lonely covert ; contented to renew his limb with his coat at the enſuing change ; nor would it grudge to loſe many of the others to preſerve the trunk entire, tho' each comes off with more labour and reluctance, as their numbers lefſen. B (a) Theſe are ſeldom under two, or more than four. wo asia When РИАЛ 3 2 424 THE NATURAL HISTORY Bis fat and in a **** ASTACUS T. Comment acheter det up at the mo When the black crab is fat and in a perfect ſtate, it ſurpaſſes every thing of the fort, in flavour and delicacy; and frequently joins a little of the bitter with its na- tive richneſs, which renders it not only the more agreeable in general, but makes it fit extremely eaſy upon the ſtomach. They are frequently boiled and ſerved up whole; but are commonly ſtewed when ſerved up at the more ſumptuous tables. azidibetu 2U ATSA ASTACUS 1. Cornutus major, ſcutá undique | The Horned Lobſter, or Great ono bauo? I prigol ni da aculeata. saibayoxa molt fiscal y Cray-filh. aidT segns , od This ſpecies is very frequent in the harbours of Jamaica, and grows fometimes to a very conſiderable fize. It has no claws, but in the room of theſe is ſupplied with a pair of large aculeated tapering horns, or defenders, which riſe from under the fore-part of the ſcuta ; they have each two or three joints at the baſe, and are furniſhed with a great number of delicate little prickles, diſpoſed in a verticillated order from the top to the bottom. It eats like the other forts of cray-fiſh, and is much uſed by all ſorts of people. a 900 VASOS Wow-75dmit or diw banot svitnah ASTACUS 2. Minor, chelis denticulatis, fcuta in la- Was 91d seil 9 ods 2 prav od vson zwonies Omellam tenuem ſerratam produ- The River Cray-fiſh. . wyer ad gloris nisi Etá. Dibow ow Jai bobivib vllatutem - This Ipecies grows ſometimes to a pretty conſiderable ſize, and is greatly eſteem- ed in all our ſugar-colonies, where it is much uſed in foops and ſtews. The claws of this ſort grow very large, and are thickly beſet with ſhort pointed prickles ; but the other parts of the ſhell are pretty ſmooth. ligo no ATISMEL II -9.97 y si no borliggathib ylitse ei sunog aid TACUS 3. Minimus glaber Scutâ in lamellane tenuem fer-} The Shrimp. gu stund deum sboa ei vbou ratam produ&ta. 29100 9di 26 lower baiq Istov 10 27 This ſpecies is very common every where about Jamaica, and grows generally very large, being ſeldom under three or four inches in length, and of a propor- tionate thickneſs. They are chiefly uſed in fauces, though many of the people eat them alone, eſpecially when boiled with ſalt. attttpsi Ms ATIяама ASTACUS 4. Maximus, cauda ſubnudâ molli , chelis ſubver-Y Boat Holdi 1918.000 rucoſis tuberculatis, dextrâ majori. The Soldier. The Hermit of Cateſb. ii. t. 34. 3 sti 1 х 2 Iяама This ſhell-filh grows to be one of the largeſt of the tribe in America; but at firſt it is extremely tender, and creeps into the firſt empty ſhell it meets, to guard naked tail from the impreſſions of any rugged bodies, or the attacks of its ene- mies; and ſhifts and changes to the next more convenient Thell, as it increaſes in bulk. dood 10 dioM SI So stay and АЯuoTза ASTACUS 5. 5 Minor glaber, caudâ fubnuda molli,} The common Soldier. retudo asesito a chelà dextrâ majori. ARUS ws This is very like s very like the foregoing in ſhape and appearance, and lives and ſhifts its abode in the ſame manner ; but its claws are ſmooth. It is very common in all the harbours of Jamaica, and never grows to any conſiderable ſize. wibes ** ASTACUS 6. Depreffus major, tuberculatus & varie- Stolborno 900g gatus, defenforibus compreffis arti- bas dood of aviſendtsbculatis fubrotundis. Tab. 44. f. 4. The Mother Lobſter. odlogas Aſtacus. Rump. t. 2. f. c. llsteeg eworg editoolloow 10 1900st dla 30 * This fpecies is very rare, and feldom ſeen in Jamaica, though a native of thoſe ſeas. It has no claws ; but, inſtead of theſe, it is ſupplied with two broad, articula- ted and compreffed defenders, that ſtretch forward from the fore-part of the head, its 2440 s to any ora *3103 OnG Ο OF JAMAICA. 425 2003 one under each eye; the feelers are ſmall, and of a fine blue colours the eyes ſmall, ſtriped and variegated; the body broad and flatted; the ſhell finely tuberculated, and of a brown colour, intermixed with ſmall yellow ſpots; and the leaves of the tail а broad, villous, and roundiſh. 1 dormofi odcino BODI 9109 bastolan w bows placamo ASTACUS 7. Minimus, oculis viridibus, anten-} The ſmall Ocean Aſtacus. . 20 lol hyre nis breviſſimis . This ſpecies is very ſmall, ſeldom exceeding half an inch in length: I found one ſticking in the prongs of a blubber taken up a few leagues to the north of the Weſtern Iſlands. 00er 051908 - ASTACUS 8. Minimus cornutus, ſcutá indurata} The ſmall Horned Aſtacus. , . rugofa. This little infect is about the ſize of the common wood-louſe, and generally found, with the timber-worm, in moſt pieces of timber that lye for any time in the ſea. It is a borer as well as the other, but not fo deſtructive, Obf. The inſects deſcribed here under the denomination of Aſtacus, may be very naturally divided into two diſtinct genuſes; the one to contain thoſe that have claws and feet like the crabs; the other, ſuch as have no claws, but are fur- niſhed with defenders of different forms. Wong EMERITA 1. Parva agilis, e nigro plumbea. The dark Emerita. This genus is eaſily diſtinguiſhed from the Aſtacus, which it very nearly reſem- bles in every other reſpect, by the fcuta of the back, which, in theſe, is made up of ſeveral pieces, as well as the cover of the tail part. The body is made, much like that of the Oniſcus, tapering both ways; and the ſcales are pretty even every where: the antenne are ſimple, and the legs and tail much the ſame as in the lob- fter kind. This ſpecies is not above five-eighths of an inch in length. EMERITA 2. Major viridis. The large green Emerita. . This infeét is about an inch and half quarter in length, and proportionately thick. a EMERITA 3. Minima fubfufca, maculis albis} The ſmall ſpotted Emerita. worm. variegata This little inſect ſeldom exceeds four-tenths of an inch in length. All the ſpe- cies are found in the ocean, and pretty frequent about the Weſtern Iſlands. SETOURA 1. Subargentea cauda ſetofa, fetis bir-) The Moth, of Book- } futis. Corpus oblongum, verticaliter fubcompreffum, caudam verſus attenuatum. Oculi minimi. Antenne articulata, ultra pectus diſtenſiles. Caput oba longum. Peetus ampliatum compreſſum, annulis tribus rigidis te&tum. Pe- des ſex æquales. Abdomen productum, cylindraceum attenuatum, tribus Jetis corpore longioribus, hirſutis, varie moventibus terminatum; media longiori : lateralibus vero accedunt due minores terram reſpicientes, vix perfpicua. This inſect is very common in Jamaica, and extremely deſtructive to books and all manner of woollen cloaths. It grows generally from four to ſeven lines in length, and is not much above one in breadth: the head is pretty round, and the lips , large and fleſhy. The antenna are ſlender and ſimple, and generally about half the length of the body. The cover of the breaſt ſeems to be made up of two or 5 R three 426 THE NATURAL HISTORY three annular fegments, which are pretty broad; but the body grows gradually nar- rower beyond that part. It has fix legs, and is furniſhed with five hairy inert briſtles at the tail, which it moves at pleaſure: two of theſe are ſmaller than the reſt and hang downwards; but the other three ſtand directly back, and ſpread and cloſe as the creatures pleaſe to direct their motions. ONISCUS Promotion WORL ONISCUS 1. Ellipticus vulg. & off. The Wood-louſe of the ſhops. This inſect is frequent enough in Jamaica, eſpecially in the inland woody parts. isode ONISCUS 2. Oblongus tortilis, fafciis pluri-7 The filver Wood-louſe with } gi many hard ſegments. beONISCUS 3. Oblongus tortilis, faſciis pauci-2 The filver Wood-louſe with a vie CLB TIẾNG oribus induratis. few hard ſegments. Both theſe ſpecies are frequent in the inland parts of Jamaica, and on the leaſt diſturbance roll themſelves up into perfect ſpheres, in the center of which they hide both their legs and head, relying upon the hardneſs of their ſcales for their defence. They are very curious; I found ſome of them under the ſtones in the mountains of St. Ann. talih turlaringibiza desna sloda Obid 12 JULUS 1. Cauda rotundatá glabrá, pedibus plurimis i The Gally-worm. This inſect is generally about three inches and a half, or better, in length, and furniſhed with a great number of ſmall flender feet. It is frequent in the woods of Jamaica, and lives chiefly in decayed timbers; but is commonly looked upon as a ſpecies of the Centapie in thoſe parts of the world. DIMENS SCOLOPENDRA 1. Pedibus quadraginta. The Centapie. This infect is reckoned very venomous: the prongs of the forceps are very ſtrong, bending, and pointed, which enables them to bite very hard; and they probably emit ſome venomous juice alfo. Some who have been bit by them, in- formed me that the parts are very painful for the ſpace of two or three hours, and turn frequently of a livid colour. I have ſeen them often kill a cock-roach with a ſingle nip. MEMO 109101 boot SCOLOPENDRA 2. Maxima, pedibus trigintaſex. } The large Centepie. orid yada 26 9110 Tab. 42. f. 4. 217sq sodat 7203 it be und sie mid onlyd obvod 2 This inſect is ſometimes found on the wharfs of Kingſton, and commonly thought to be brought there among the timbers and dye-woods imported from the main : : it is generally very large, and ſometimes runs above ten inches in length. w ni bai ai duidward 1197 ods Vil do vllazeng uw eid Its slods to 957001 ISO SECT. II. hogdo ni 'odi cavinonimos 1 bogildo nito an 20 2108 idadni od 2003 Dalai Smoldle of the Diptera, or ſuch as have two wings. Soms list 70 class 20099i did ? mbroicos . This inſect is not half ſo large as the houſe-fly, but keeps very buſy about all man- ner of fores, either in men or cattle; and is thought to communicate the yaws frequently, by running from one perſon to another. Finn doch glau be 1 yedi per i suolons 2001 13485 er ziedi yska MUSCA 200D MUSCA JUSCA 1. Minima fufca, ad ſcapulas appendi- } The Sore-Fly. TA 972 MON YOO FIJAMA I CVA. I HT 427 onsde ம். a } Dond w -do MUSCA 2. Oblonga minor, cæruleo nitidè virens, ven- } The green Wood-Fly oreil tre albido maculis virgatis notato.it STA novads This is a very beautiful infe&t; but it is very rare, and only met with in the moſt lonely woods. I have ſeen it once or twice in St. Mary's. on viedt fotib os olla 232011910 odtis MUSCA 3. Minor domeſtica. The Houſe Fly . This infect is no where more common or troubleſome than in Jamaica ; but it ſeldom ſtirs at night, though they ſwarm about a candle by day, and frequently burn themſelves in the flames. A 21750 MUSCA 4. Major nigra bumbilans, oculis & ano ru- 1 The large black , feſcentibus. buzzing Fly. MUSCA 5. Major ſubvariegata oculis & ano rufeſcen- The large ſtriped } zagore tibus, virgis binis aureis in fronte. buzzing Fly. rif Both theſe ſpecies are very frequent in Jamaica, and generally very buſy about all ſorts of meat, which they frequently infect. They are both Vivipares, and diſcharge a great number of maggots at a time; but theſe are always ſmooth and ſkinny, which ſhews them to be different from the large buzzing flies of Europe, whoſe maggots are generally hairy. CULEX 1. Minima variegata, cruribus fere æqualibus. , The Sand-Fly. Theſe little inſects are very common in Jamaica. They bite very ſharp, and are exceeding troublefome when the ſeafons are cloſe; but they ſeldom go into the houſes, keeping generally about the ſhores and open ſandy bays, where they are very buſy every calm evening. band CULEX 2. Gracilis aureo variegata. The golden Gnat. This beautiful ſpecies is very rare in Jamaica: it is about the ſize with the com- mon fort, and ſtriped in the ſame manner, but the ſtreaks are all yellow. I have never obſerved above three or four of them during my reſidence in that iſland.is ni borbe CULEX 3. Gracilis albo variegata, antennis pinnatis. The Mufkeeto. inn Theſe inſects are very common in all parts of the Weſt-Indies, within the tropics: they bite very ſharp, and are the more troubleſome as they generally ſeek for food by night, and frequently diſturb people's reſt as much by their buzzing noiſe as they do by their bites; which obliges the inhabitants of our colonies, in thoſe parts, to hang nets over all their beds. The ſkin commonly ſwells or bliſters wherever theſe creatures bite; eſpecially in new comers, to whom they are moſt troubleſome, and in whom the bites frequently occafion very obſtinate fores: but, in ſuch ha- bits, we generally obſerve a natural eruption mixed with the real bites, which is commonly, tho' erroneouſly, taken for them, and the principal ſource of thoſe ul- The inhabitants of the low and woody parts of Jamaica are often obliged to raiſe a ſmoke about their doors in the evening, to quiet theſe troubleſome inſects, which, it ſeems, it does very effectually: in this they follow the example of the Laplanders. See Lin. Flo. Lap. p. 368. ADAU CULEX 4. Major torpida fufca. The Loggerhead Muſkeeto. lei Foto aid? This infect is much larger than either of the others, and very common among the Mangroves, in moſt marſhy places by the ſea-ſide. They bite very ſharp, but are fo unactive that they are generally taken or killed before they quit. All theſe ſpecies of the Gnat lay their their eggs in water, in which the young ones are ob- ſerved arla 30 epipeg 81 TEA HUO cers. , : IN 428 THE NATURAL HISTORY OLO 9029 di ſerved to live while they continue in the vermicular ſtate: then they are of an ob- long form, pretty thick about the head, and tapering gradually backwards. They ſwim and move with great facility, and may be ſeen in every pool and receptacle in the Weft-Indies. groll 1 bobiy SECT. III. ausakЯА 52 wa boltok Of the Tetraptera, or ſuch as have four wings. 2a Teuvad A R T I C L E I. of the Coleoptera, or ſuch as have two Elytræ, or ſtrong, opake, hollow, outward mobile caſes, to cover ſo many membranous wings. CARABEUS 1. Minor fuſcus glaber. The little brown Sawyer. to at be This is the leaſt of the Beetle tribe I have met with in America: it is naturally h. adorned with a few hairs about the body, of a dark brown colour, and ſeldom exceeds a quarter of an inch in length. The different ſpecies of this kind agree not only in the make of their antenna, but in the general frame and diſpoſi- tion of the whole body; particularly in the ſhape and figure of the lower joints of their anterior limbs, which are broad, compreſſed, and ſerrated in all. The elitre, or outward wings, cover near two-thirds of the body, in all the ſpecies of this ſort. SCARABEUS 31 SCARABEUS 2. Major niger naſicornis, cornu retro- flexo. Tab. 43. f. 5. The Tumble-Turd. Monoceros, &c. Pet. Gaz, t. 8. f. 7. This inſect is of a thick round make, and furniſhed with ſtrong ſhort limbs, as if nature had intended to fit all its parts for labour. The ſcuta, or cover of the head, is pretty large, even, round and margined before; but unequal and rug- ged behind, Out of the middle and hinder part of this riſes the horn, which is flender, firm, moderately arched, and bends backwards over the joint of the neck, and fore-part of the ſcuta of the back. The ſhoulders are rugged and uneven, and, with the head, make up about one half of the whole body. The elitræ are very ſtrong, ſtriated, and cover all the hinder part of the body as well as the wings. The creature is a very expert mechanic, and daily ſhews us the uſe of the prop, the lever, and the raſp or faw; for, with its riſing horn, it is obſerved to turn and roll over ſtones and lumps of dirt four or five times its own fize. To perform this piece of mechaniſm, it leans the horn back, and inſinuates the head under the load, until this comes againſt the ſhoulders; then it begins to move the lever forwards, and when the moving muſcles are fully contracted, and the lever carried as much forward as it will bear, it advances the body gradually towards it, until it brings its ſtrong, rugged, and prominent ſhoulders againſt the bulk; and then it proceeds to work in the ſame manner again. Its ſtrong ftriated limbs ſerve both to dig and clear its habitation. MOLLUSTUS SCARABEUS 3. Major ſubcinereus naſicornis, cornu retroflexo. Naſicornis thauroceros The Newfmonger. 00 101 bis duota marianus. Pet. Gaz, t. 24. f. 10. , S modeli This infect is very like the foregoing both in ſize and appearance; but it is more rare, and feldom ſeen except it be in the inland parts of the iſland. It is of a light brown colour. OLDU SCARABEUS 4. Maximus pullus nitens, cornu triplici,? The great brown 4 anteriori bifurcato. Tab. 43. f. 6. Sawyer. ASCARABEUS .. 4 This у я oo 4.29 FI AAM Ад М А тIAC A, HT F1 нЈ This ſpecies is larger than any of the others, being commonly about an inch and half quarter in length, and three quarters over. It has three horns, all riGng from the cover of the back: the two uppermoſt of theſe ſtretch ſtraight forward, but the lower, which is the ſtrongeſt, is arched a little upwards, and flightly di- vided at the top. SOIT SCARABEUS 5. Minor glaber, ſubcinereus , mifi} The fimiall mottled Sawyer . 5 3 TOS 44. fig. 8. a the elitra, DERMESTES 1. Major depreffus atro nitens bil Scută dorji ſtriá longitudinali The large black Borer. pub visos notatâ, elitris friatis atque punctatis. Tab. 44. f. 7. Was Ol1000 This curious inſect is about one inch and half quarter in length, of an oblong form, and flatted. The forceps is broad, ferrated and ftrong; the head rugged; the eyes pretty large, and the antenne ſhort. The ſcuta of the thorax is ſquare and ſmooth; but the body is very ſmall between that and the fore part of the belly, which lies about the region of the ſecond and third pair of legs, and is very gloffy and ſmooth. This inſect cuts its way with great eaſe into any tree or timber ; but its hole runs always upwards in the beginning, and then turns off horizontally, by which diſpoſition, it always fecures its reſidence from the approach of moiſture. the opina LUCANUS I. Fuſcus maximus, forcipibus femiuncia-) segni biwiuo on libus bifurcatis atque ferratis. Tab. sa The Macacca Beetle. bro-01 Buceros luzan naſicorni accedens. Pet. Gaz. t. 29. f. 2.) blom This is the largeſt infect of the fly kind I have obſerved in Jamaica; it is about two inches and a half in length, from the tip of the forceps to the end of the and about one inch over. The prongs of the forceps riſe from the fore-part of the head; they are arched a little inwards, and divided ſlightly towards the top, to hold the prey the faſter ; but in the females, they are fawed below the diviſion, tho' ge- nerally ſhorter than thoſe of the males: See fig. 8-2. The eyes are large; the ſcuta of the thorax oblong, but moſtly extended croſs-ways, margined and toothed at the ſides. The antenna are long, ſlender, and jointed; and the feet proportioned to the body. This inſect breeds in the decayed trunks of trees, particularly thoſe of the plumb and filk-cotton trees; where their large caterpillars, commonly called Macaccas, ſee fig. 8_b. are ſtudiouſly fought for by ſome people, who think them a very great delicacy. They are near three inches and a half in length, and about the thick- neſs of a man's little finger. The body is of a white colour, and ſuitains a ſmall brown head, which is generally cut off when they are uſed. They are always gutted, opened, and waſhed before they are dreſſed ; and when well fried, are thought, by many people, to be one of the greateſt delicacies in American sinds and dati sal baie gib i diod CURCULIO 1. Major punctatus, elitris carinatis, fa-7 The ſtreaked ſhining jenis longitudinalibus varie fplen- Curculio. 15cwson dentibus virgatis. Tab. 43. f. 9. This beautiful infect is generally about an inch in length. The fnout and fore-part of the body is narrow; but the reſt is thick and oblong, and covered with ſtrong, and beautifully ſhaded elitre, which deſcend very low upon the ſides of the belly. 2solo3 word CURCULIO 2. Medius, elitris nigro viridibus aureo ſtri-7 word salg odT Silgi atim varie splendentibus, fcuta thoracica > The green Fly. og 19 W fubnigrå. Tab. 43« f. 10. IM This 3 a a 5S 430 THE NATURAL HISTORY 10109 09 , } 210 299 } stors and This al This creature is extremely beautiful in its colours, and very common among the canes in the months of May and June. It was generally looked upon as a ſpe- . cies of the bliſtering fly for a long time. Roodt i bazo zi vbodigrutela CURCULIO ? 3. Fuſca minor, roftro longiori. wolorat The Wevil. iso gol supo 3 This inſect is very deſtructive to flour, as well as to moft forts of grain, and no where more pernicious than in Jamaica : but there are two or three other forts, of different kinds, that breed alſo among the corn in America, which are equally deſtructive. eta CURCULIO 4. Ater oblongus, capite craf- ? The Jamaica Clock or f fiori. enemgol 0,2300 Black Dor. This ſpecies is very common about the houſes in Jamaica, and keeps generally in ground-rooms and pantry's. ാദT: odTwili wadah borild til CERAMBEX 1. Minimus, fubfuſcus & fubbir-} The ſmall brown Capricorn. w Bait du ſutus. 1993 WOLLOS DE CERAMBEX 2. Subcinereus, maculis fuſcis niten- 28 us colabora bomo CO Biodata abn 5 tibus variegatus, utrâque eli- The ſpotted Capricorn. trâ in aculeum deſinente. Als w02 tonad 10 do eidt ud droomat po CERAMBEX 3. Miſcellus brevior, Scutá toracica? The mottled Capricorn. utrinque mucronatá. 9 CERAMBEX 4. Major oblongus, viridi - aureo АСІ ЗАО A A Dolls Splendens, fcut â toracica aculeo The Lady Capricorn. utrinque armata, antennis lon- giffimis. Tab. 43. f. 8. ACLEAD la This inſect is extremely beautiful; it is of a dark ſhining green colour, with a mixture of gold, and generally about an inch and a half in length; but the body is moderately ſlender in proportion. The antenne are ſeldom under three inches in length, and arch back a good way beyond the wings as it flies. Every part of the inſect abounds with viſcid clammy particles, of a ſtrong diſagreeable ſmell, with which the ſpirits wherein they are preſerved are readily impregnated. The ſmell holds for a conſiderable time, even upon the fingers. CERAMBEX 5. Major niger, albo virgatus, antennis? The large ſtriped brevioribus compreffis. Tab. 43. f. 7.) Capricorn. la quo This is the largeſt of the Capricorn kind I liave ever ſeen in Jamaica, being gene- rally about an inch and a half in length, and near half an inch in breadth, about the inſertion of the elitra. Theſe are very ſtiff, and marked each with a broad lon- gitudinal ſtreak in the middle, and a narrower one at each margin; and terminate in a few ſmall prickly points at the extremities. The ſcuta of the thorax is pretty broad, ſtriped like the wings, margined, and ſerrated at both ſides; but the antenna are not above one inch in length. 3stui sit do vbod odT Ji babot CERAMBEX 6. Rufeſcens, maculis paucioribus an-7 The brown Capricorn , 700 gulatis albidis variegatus. $ with white ſpots. 17 aponicul d aid ta on 100 Pop CERAMBEX 7. Minor rufeſcens, fafciis tri-7 The ſmall ſtriped Capricorn ossow greitamol abusi bus tranſverſalibus virga- vlasfino od tus, antennis ſubaculeatis. with prickly feelers. samo olc BUPESTRIS 1. Fufca minima rugofa. 298 7911s oings bowa The Monk. a a a a m 101937195 90 Taigi 90702 BU This Y OF J A MA Ι I CA. 431 C Α This inſect is ſmaller than the Wevil; but the ſcuta, or cover of the thorax, is very large in proportion to the reſt of the body, and ſerves as a cover for the head of the inſect, which is lodged in the fore-part thereof, and protruded or retracted at pleaſure. The body is fixed to the other end of this, and covered by its ſtrong hollow elitra. The antenna, or feelers, are pretty ſhort, and divided into three equal ſegments towards the top. It has three pair of legs, and a ſtrong pair of nippers. The elitre are rough and warted; and, with the cover of the thorax, ſeem to compoſe the whole body of the infect. As OK 19 91000 9130 9. doid doidwar Stotis 30979tib 10 BUPESTRIS 2. Oblonga major, rugoſa, nigra, ſcutâ tho-2.Bisballsupa racicâ Spinulis recurvis utrinque mu- The black Borer. soolo nita. The feelers of this carious infect are ſhort, and divided into few joints or ſegments, whereof the laſt is largeſt and moſt diſtinct. The head is of an oblong form, and furniſhed with a pair of ſtrong ſimple nippers; but is, like that of the foregoing, half buried in the ſcuta of the thorax, where it moves with great facility. The cheſt or thorax is covered with a ſtrong rugged ſcuta, which, like that of the other, is roundiſh and hollow, truncated at both ends, and furniſhed with a ſingle row of ſhort recurved prickles at each ſide. The elitræ are ſtrong and rugged, and alſo furniſhed with ſhort prickles at the ſides. The inſect is of an oblong form, and bur- rows always in trees; it bores with great eaſe, and makes the ſides of its hole very ſmooth; but this opens commonly in the under part of ſome limb or branch, and runs generally upwards, ſo as to prevent any inconvenience from either rains or damps. They are very deſtructive to the Spaniſh plumb and pomegranate-trees. CASSIDA? 2. Albida, elitris membranaceis, corpore} The ſmaller Caſida. Танд яар to be at anguſtiori compreſſo. CASSIDA? 2. Albida, corpore compreſo fubrotundo, eli-}The larger Caſida. 119979 tris membranaceis. Tab. 43. f. 13. Theſe two inſects are extremely like each other, and probably the male and fe- male of the fame ſort. The head is very ſmall, and, with the breaſt, lies covered under the ſmall ſcuta of the thorax. The elitra are flat and tranſparent, pretty broad, and much longer than the body of the infect. The feelers are very flender, and made up of a ſeries of ſmall joints. wlod lom PYRALIS 1. Minor fubcinerea oblonga, alis oculis nigri-} The Fire-Fly. & . 9& b. This curious inſect is frequent enough in Jamaica, as well as the larger Fire-fly. The antenna are pretty ſlender, and compoſed of many ſhort joints: they riſe im- mediately from between the eyes, juſt above the ſnout. The head is ſmall, and fixed in the under ſide of the ſcuta of the thorax, which is but of a moderate ſize, rounded, convex on the back, of a ſemi-oval or ſemi-elliptic form, with the baſe placed towards the elitre; and receives the head in a peculiar lodge placed beyond the center of the ſcuta, where it is joined to the trunk, having a free margin almoſt round it. The body of this inſect is of an oblong form, and of a dirty white co- . lour, as well as the elitre; but the eyes and wings are blackiſh. COM This creature, as well as phoſphorical Elater, is luminous at night; but the light is more ſtrong and conſtant in the other; for, in this, the luminous rays proceed entirely from the abdomen, where every part ſeems to fhine with equal force; and the light is commonly vacillating, fhewing itſelf ſometimes weaker, ſometimes ſtronger, and, at times, dying wholly away; but is conſtantly re- newed again after a few ſeconds of time. It is however obſerved, that the obſcure W 90 2. a Bogit a a inter- id 4 THE NATURAL HISTORY 432 blod intervals are not of ſo long a duration as the luminous moments, which the creature ſeems always to command at pleaſure. DYTISCUS 1. Minimus nigro-ſplendens. The black Water Beetle. This infect is frequent in moſt of the low-land ponds of Yamaica, and moves with great dexterity on the ſurface of the water. ELATER 1. Major fuſcus, phoſphoricus. Tab. 44. The larger Fire - Fly. f. 1o. a This inſect is of an oblong form, about an inch or better in length, and mode- rately broad in proportion. It is very ſtrong and elaſtic; and being put on its back, will ſometimes ſpring to the height of four or five inches above the level on which it is placed, the only means whereby it is enabled to recover its natural po- ſition when thus ſituated. But nature, to enable it to go through this piece of me- chaniſm, has ſupplied it with peculiar organs; for that part of the ſcuta of the tho- rax, which may be properly called the ſternum, is producted a good way below the main body of the ſhell, and received in a groove placed in the fore part of the ſouta that covers the belly. When the inſect contracts the muſcles of thoſe parts, the back part of the ſcuta of the thorax is brought cloſe to the elitræ of the back, and leans againſt the ſhoulders, into which they are inſerted. By theſe means the head and tail , the inſect being placed on its back, are the only parts that are contiguous to the plane; the prominent part of the ſternum is forced a good way out, and preſſed againſt the verge of the groove, and a large interval is left behind between the middle part of the body of the inſect and the plane: the body being put into this attitude, the muſcles of the belly begin to act in their turn; and the ſternum being forced over the verge of its groove, flips very ſuddenly into its common lodge, which brings the middle part of the body, with ſo great a force, and ſo ſudden a jerk, againſt the plane, that it naturally rebounds, and that in a degree proportioned to the firmneſs of the plane on which is the inſect is placed. This inſect, beſides the particularity of its ſpring, is one of the greateſt curiofi- ties the iſland affords; for it really is a perfect phoſphorus for a confiderable part of life; moſt of its internal parts being at times luminous, and the head furniſh- ed with two glandular ſpots -- a, placed juſt behind the eyes in the common Scuta of the head and ſhoulders, from whence it emits ſtreams of light for a confi- derable part of the night. But tho' the luminous rays flow naturally from the infect while awake, it ſeems to have the power of interrupting them at plea- fure, and then theſe ſpots are quite opake. I have already mentioned that moſt of the internal parts of this inſect emit a light, but the thickneſs of the cover prevents it from appearing thro' any other place but thoſe conſtituted for that purpoſe: yet on forcing the rings, that cover the different parts of the body, a little aſunder, you may obſerve the ſame light to iſſue from all the entrails in- diſcriminately A perſon may, with great eaſe, read the ſmalleſt print by the light of one of theſe inſects, if held between the fingers and moved gradually along the lines, with the luminous ſpots immediately over the letters; but eight or ten of them being put into a clear vial, will give light enough to read or write very clearly by. rem They are ſeldom ſeen in the day time, but wake with the evening, and continue both to move and glow for a conſiderable part of the night. They fly very diſor- derly in general, and their frequent obſcure intervals renders their flight ftill more confuſed; but they move naturally towards each other, for nature ſeems to have given them theſe marks, to diſtinguiſh one another, as the only means whereby they are enabled to propagate their kind; and from hence the negroes have learnt the art - a 2 of я о FJ А М А с А. OF JA MAI 433 a holding one (a) between their fingers, and waving it up and down, ſo that it may be ſeen by others, who, taking it for ſome of their own kind, fly directly towards it, and pitch upon the hand, if they do not diſcover the deceit before they come too near. Theſe infects are very common in Jamaica, but they keep moſtly in the mountains and inland parts: they are ſo drowſy and torpid by day, that it difficult matter to make them fhew any ſigns of life; and, if they do, it is only to fall into the ſame ſtate immediately after ; yet, while they hold awake, they are luminous, tho' they recover the uſual vigour only with the night. HET - FORFICULA 1. Minor fuſca capite de- } The ſmaller brown Ear-wick. preſo. This inſect is not uncommon in pantries and ground-cellers in Jamaica: it fel- dom exceeds ſeven-tenths of an inch in length. no as maisto BLATTA 1. Minor fætida, appendicibus caudæ lon- The long-tailed Cock- } gioribus erectis arcuatis. od to roach. . or Tho' this infect be pretty common on board moſt of the ſhips that trade to Ja- maica, I have not obſerved many of them alhore: they are rather more diſagreea- ble and loathſome than the larger ſorts. vildad boso sa baad BLATTA 2. Rufefcens major, elitris ſubmembrana- of his silosunog 975 ceis nitentibus, cruribus hirſutis. The Cock-Roach. bas Blatta. Cat. App. t. 10. Theſe are the moſt loathſome inſects in America: they are very flat, and creep into every cheſt and drawer, where they find the leaſt crevice; but it is remarked they do not touch filks of any kind, though they gnaw all manner of woollen cloaths, eſpecially thoſe that have been dufted with powder. This creature throws off its outward coat very frequently, and appears quite freſh and young after every change. It lays its eggs ſeparately; they are of an oblong form, rounded, and moderately edged on one ſide : they are very large in proportion to the inſeat, and commonly found ſticking to cloaths, timbers, &c. 116 - BLATTA 3. Minor fuſca tranſuerſè ftriata, alis minoribus. The Wood-Digger. anos Blatta. Cat. App. t. 10. oro This infect is neither ſo troubleſome nor ſo diſagreeable as the foregoing: it digs frequently into ſoft pieces of timber, where it keeps a throbbing noiſe, not un- like our death-watches in Europe. រង as 7 houtou MANTIS 1. Corpore antennis & pedibus longifi-} The Spaniſ-Horſe. - ni alisumo ads Ils mo mis tenuiſſimiſque. "Tab. 42. f. 5. This creature is eaſily diſtinguiſhed from all other inſects by its ſlender make, and the length of all its limbs. The body is ſeldom leſs than fix inches long, pretty even, and not above one-eighth of an inch in diameter. The feelers and legs are very flender, and ſeldom leſs than four inches in length. MANTIS 2. Alata viridis, corpore bre- The Leaf-Fly of Edwards, Sono bo viori. This is much ſhorter than the foregoing, and winged; but it is much of the ſame make otherways. (a) In caſe they do not catch one of the ſpecies readily, they take a fired ſtick, or a candle, and Wave it up and down inſtead of a fly. 5 T GRILLUS 3150 OTO } } t. 109. 434 THE NATURAL HISTORY GRILLUS 1. Maximus viridis, aculeo latiori fal-} The large green Locuſt. 20 Les colts 16.290 cato. words This is the largeſt of all the winged inſects of Jamaica: it is of a beautiful green colour, and ſupported by long thorny legs, adorned with ſharp griping nails. BO GRILLUS 2. Medius fuſcus, capite craffiori. The Cricket. O Bolo en GRILLUS 3. Minor aculeo recto, capite tenuiori, an-? The ſmall Wood- tennis longiſimis. } Cricket. All theſe ſpecies are frequent in the woods and inland parts of Jamaica, where they keep a loud diſagreeable noiſe for the greateſt part of the night; but they hide themſelves by day, and paſs the hours of light in perfect tranquillity. MTOT ARTICLE II. Of the Hemipteræ, or ſuch as have their elitræ or outward wings, partly thin and membranous and partly fiff and opake. YO Tho' this claſs takes its denomination from the form of the wings, which is pe- culiar to many of them, they are chiefly diſtinguiſhed by the make and dil- poſition of the proboſcis or oral duct, which is long, flender, and ſtraight, in moſt of the ſpecies, and generally bent back under the breaſt. CICADA ICADA 1. Major migra, cruribus hirſutis, elitris} The large Black Cicada. , membranaceis nervoſis. This inſect is as large as any of our wild bees in Europe, but of a longer make. The head is very large in proportion to the body, and the wings nervous and tranſ- parent. tool 9 SCIMEX 1. Fætidus le&tuarius, alis deftitutus. The Chink or Bug. Theſe inſects are very common in Jamaica ; and the people to avoid them, as much as poſſible, are not only obliged to make uſe of the hardeſt and ſmootheſt timbers in their bedſteads, as the leaſt capable of harbouring them ; but waſh them frequently with boiling water, to deſtroy ſuch as may chance to ſculk in any of the ſmaller crevices of the frame. be CIMEX 2. Silveſtris alata, ex albo viridis, ſcutà dorfi / The ſmall green moda put utrinque mucronatá. Tab. 43. f. 14, Ś . Wood-Chink. This little inſect is frequent in the woods of Jamaica; it is pretty broad in pro- portion to its length, eſpecially about the ſhoulders; but of a thin compreſſed make. It is of a pale green colour mixed with very minute black ſpecks in every part, and ſeldom exceeds three-eighths of an inch in length. Vendas s tobu cada ACANTHARIS 1. Fufcus, ventre obovato ſupernè cochleato, inferne carinato The brown Acantharis. Isneda acuto. Tab. 44. f. 11. dois Antenne tenues articulata, longitudine pedum. Caput oblongum tenue, pro- toboſcide tereti inſtru&um. Pe&tus anguſtum oblongum, fupernè binis denti- culis inftru&tum. Corpus majusculum, obovato-oblongum, fuperne depreſſum leniterque cochleatum, margine denticulis aliquot acutis inſtructum ; inferue tumidum carinatum. Roſirum tenue ſubulatum reflexum. Ale membra- naceæ decidua, 23 I have Bolaq 1 Я о FJ A. м А І СА. HT4-35 the year. To the I have met with this little inſect pretty often in Jamaica, but do not know any thing like it yet deſcribed. It is obſerved to throw off its wings at ſome ſeaſon of Bogniw lo sg18 NOTONECTA 1. Fuſca tenuis, cruribus, longiffimis ventre? } The Boat-Fly. . albido. This infect is very common about all the ſtagnating waters in Jamaica, and walks with the greateſt eaſe and ſpeed upon the ſurface of them. All the parts of the inſect are extremely ſlender and delicate. BRUCHUS 1. Kermeſinus maculis nigris not atus, elitra-} The Cotton-Fly. ? This little inſect is chiefly of a ſcarlet colour, and has but a ſmall head in proportion to its body. The feelers are ſhort and delicate, the proboſcis long and ſlender, the body oblong and compreſſed, and the elitræ narrow and oblong, thick and opake near the body, but more membranous and tranſparent at the extremity. The caterpillars of theſe flies are frequently pernicious to the cotton-buſhes, and often deſtroy whole fields of the moſt promiſing plants, in a very ſhort time. ELLIPTA 1. Minima fubfufca miſcella.} The ſmall brown Ellipta. 43. . . This little inſect is extremely curious; but I do not recollect where, or by what chance I have met with it. The body of an oval form, and very thin; the antenna ſmall and delicate; the eyes moderately large, but compreſſed, and form a ſegment of the orb or circumference of the common maſs, on each ſide of the fnout; which renders them conſpicuous both under and over the body: nor does the head, from which the proboſcis ſtretches perpendicularly downwards, ſeem to project from the orb, but forms a part of an uniform eliptic, with the reſt of the body. The feet are fix in number, whereof the two foremoſt are large and robuſt, and furniſhed with ſo many arching ſubulated nails; but the others are made and placed for walking. The wings are ſcarcely diſcernible. dog as dos de To erode (APHIS 1. Compreſa oblonga, alis nigro undulatis. The Blaſt. This inſect is very common in America, and generally pernicious to all the plants on which it breeds: it has been ſome years known to deſtroy whole fields, nay, whole crops of canes; nor do the very trees on which they breed, ever flou- riſh. When they are very numerous, people are obliged to burn every thing about them, even the moſt promiſing plants; nor are we ſoon likely to diſcover a better method, unleſs the acid fleam of burning ſulphur can prove of any ſervice. Theſe inſects are of that tribe, whoſe individuals grow quite unactive after they grow to a perfect ſtate: they always raiſe the bark of the plants on which they breed, and lay their eggs under it. WADA COCCINELLA 1. Alis deftituta, corpore rugofo. 2 Scarabeus bemiſphericus cochinilifer. Pet. Gaz, t. I. The Cocheneal Fly. Nochernopalli, Hern. 78. Caput parvum, a corpore visc diftin&tum, proboſcide attenuato brevi in- ftru&tum. Antenne breniffime dorfum verfus fite. Oculi? (nullos obſervare licuit.) Corpus ellipticum fucculentum, infernè fubcompreſſum, ſupernè convexum & tranſverſe ſtriatum. Pedes utrinque tres, brevifimi, flexiles attenuati. а. The Co This 436 THE NATURAL HISTORY a This inſect is of the torpid fort, and performs all the neceſſary offices of life while it is ſmall; but it ſoon grows large, and then lives almoſt motionleſs for the remaining part of life. It is now pretty common in Jamaica, where it is ſaid to have been introduced from the main continent, not many years ago: it breeds chiefly upon the prickly-pear in that iſland, that particular ſpecies called the Tuna, on which they commonly breed, being very rare there. They are com- monly found wrapt up in ſmall tufts of delicate white down, which yields like a cobweb; and ſticks pretty cloſe to the ſides of the inſect, immediately above the legs, as if it had grown out of that part of the body. They live chiefly upon ſuc- culent plants, but are moſt commonly found upon thoſe of the Cactus tribe, which generally ſupply them both with faſtenings and a defence: for which rea- ſon, the Indians, who are the only people that raiſe them, propagate large quan- tities of the moſt harmleſs ſpecies of that claſs, to breed them upon; as it affords a better opportunity both for managing and collecting them. But their fre- quent harveſts, and the heavy rains that fall in thoſe countries, would render all their induſtry, in this reſpect, uſeleſs; did they not always take care to preſerve and protect a ſufficient ſtock of breeders; which is generally done in the following manner, viz. TURT Every Indian who manufactures Cocheneal, is ſupplied with regular walks or plots of Tuna (a), to feed his inſects; and when he apprehends the fea- fons are ſetting in, he cuts off ſome of the beſt furniſhed branches, and plants them in his nurſery-houſe (6), leaving the inſects on the remaining part of the tree to be collected by the proper workmen, who bruſh 'em off very carefully; and gather them in ſmall baſkets, or cloaths, to be dried and prepared for the market ; while the others ſwell and breed very copiouſly on the protected plants. But when the ſeaſons are quite over, and the weather again ſettled, theſe are alſo bruſhed off and fixed a-new on the plants in the walks, where they ſpread and increaſe until the fol- lowing crop: for in thoſe countries the rains fall chiefly at two ſtated ſeaſons, and would waſh away the inſects if they had not been gathered or protected. The dye obtained from theſe inſects formerly uſed to be prepared, by pound- ing them, and ſteeping the pulp in the decoction of the Texuatla (c), or that of ſome other plants, which they obſerved to heighten the colour: this was left to ſettle at leiſure, and afterwards made into cakes and dried for the market. But of late they have found both a better and a more expeditious method of pre- ſerving the dye, which is by drying the inſects whole, either in an oven, or upon the baking-ſtones. vf110 mm ARTICLE III. Of the Neuropteræ, or ſuch as have all their wings thin and membranous, and vari- ouſly interwoven with ſtrong tendinous ribs.bnis a2 ANORPA 1. Major fcuta pectorale utrinque alatá, a-} The larger Panorpa. PANORPA culeo fimplici. Tab. 43. f. 15. This infect is generally about three quarters of an inch, or better, in length, and above a quarter in breadth. The head is nearly as wide as the body of the fly, and ad- orned with a pair of large round eyes, ſituated laterally; leaving a large intermediate ſpace which is marked with three prominent glands. The feelers are ſmall, and the proboſcis long, ſlender, and delicate. The ſcuta of the thorax is pretty large, and . throws out a ſtrong margin on both ſides; but joins to a more contracted one behind, which covers the fore-part of the belly, from whence it emits its large membranous wings. The body from this part back, contracts gradually, and, at length, terminates 1949. (a) See Cactus, or (b) Theſe are ſpacious ſheds, well filled with rich mould, and covered with thatch, in which the breeders are preſerved and ſupplied with proper nouriſhment, during the incle- mency of the ſeafons. (c) It is, probably, a ſpecies of the Melaftoma, or ſome milky plant. in HE CONTACT . a 200 UZ 94 ser , YЯ ОТ Ο Γ Ι Α Μ Α Ι ο Α. ΗΤΑ, F I AM ATC 437 Bil 10 poiblo 15,994 od. in a pointed ſheath or vagina, that covers a ſingle, channeled and lightly bearded weapon ; but it is open underneath from the top to the bottom. de license The loweſt of the two figures marked 15. tab. 43, is a repreſentation of the exuvia of this infe&t in another ſtate; for after the creature has lived ſome time under ground, it works its way up, and appears in this form ; in which ſtate it conti- nues for ſome time, though very ilothful and unactive: but at length it climbs into ſome neighbouring buſh, ſticks its hooked claws in the bark of ſome tender branch, and throws off its coat, to make its appearance in the winged ſtate. bra dowdo 10 bis 25 (2991 Note, The mark in the back ſhews where the inſect burſts its old coat to come out. doidwzo onote 09 RAPHIDIA 1. Minor, alis denfifime reticulatis, cor-} The ſmaller Raphidia. la liston99 doidw es noqtcsr bos pore fubrotundo. Hoodi 10 2011 This inſect is very like the foregoing in the general form and diſpoſition of its parts; but the weapon ſeems to be quite inert, and divided into three parts. The eid nitobai neda wings are very cloſely ribbed. VI Idiotul e D91019 LIBELLULA 1. Tota viridis. The green Lady-Fly. STOSO en stor uw bouqur row. 19a O LIBELLULA 2. Fuſca tenuis, ad oculos & anum einslq beo 29domstd bod cæruleo nitens. } The brown Lady-Fly. ons to 1969 geoistagy adt bad med bos LIBELLULA 13. Maxima rufula, pectore craf- ? The claret-coloured 2 152/15 at 102 bereqsiq fiori. th 3d } di naiiw jasla barroca The ſmall blue Lady-Fly: ecolos adt olidw bne LIBELLULA 4. Tenuior tota cærulea. Theſe inſects are very common in Jamaica; they are very active, and nofta frequently obſerved in low ſwampy places. qovo gniwo 19591019 10 baisio w disw bluow fontsoq yd beingsiq'sd 01 bolo set 10 () olibusT ARTICLE IV. med gni Of the Lepidopteræ, or ſuch as bave thin membranous wings variouſly interwoven with ſtrong tendinous ribs, and covered with ſmall opake ſcales or feathers... of -919. to conta auoitibaq Sia ved you tousl do pa Note, The individuals of this claſs are generally very beautiful, and frequently appear with a moſt amazing variety of colours. noft-gnized od: Lady-Fly.dis Hadoopbad T a PAPIL a wild APILIO 1. Major crocea, maculis pau- The large orange-coloured Butterfly our bets arengad cis & nervis nigris varias with black ſpots and ribs. 1goms TO 0 This is a very handſome fly, and frequently met with in the cabinets of the cu- rious. The caterpillar is very large, and of different colours; but the aurelia is of a beautiful green with golden ſpots . It feeds and hangs its aurelia on the wild Ipecacuanba, bons dort to Maior tota bs PAPILIO 2. Major tota lutea. The large yellow Butterfly. Balai eidT otsibomorri bogd i 191760p 3 gods b. PAPILIO 3. Major nigra luteo virga- / The large black and yellow 3 81918 cabal ele } bn 997 yiriq ai xenon 5 to bi Butterfly, duidw 3969) has tabrsti 290_219 odata buie PAPILIO 4. Minor rubella, maculis ni-7 The ſmall fleſh-coloured Butterfly 2uonsidrott og til et gris & albis varia. with black and white ſpots. iw putsaim19) digal 18 buis vllaubsgan. : hodan Town, egaty PAPILIO 5. Media rufula, limbis a-? The middling brown Butter- Hriw buvo bis om larum maculis nigris fly with black and white ſpots in obni od whitub pamer danleg valim stol 1. & albis variis. the margin of the wings. nisbied 10 2919901 epidsdor enost s lo vonen 3131 ta. 5U PA- 438 THE NATURAL HISTORY PAPILIO 6. Minor tota argentea. The ſmall filver-white Butterfly. - PAPILIO 7. Nigra, limbis alarum al-The black Butterfly with white ſpots } bidis, variegatis. in the margin of the wings. PAPILIO 8. Major nigra, centro ] The larger black Butterfly with orange alarum croceo. ſpots in the middle of the wings. PAPILIO 9. Minor rufula. The ſmall brown Butterfly, PAPILIO 10. Minor, ventre rufeſcenti, alis? The ſmall pink and blue cæruleis, Butterfly *} 21 102 25 PAPILIO 11. Minor e cinereo 'rufeſcens, The ſmall fleſh-coloured Butterfly albo maculata, with white ſpots. lalisa PHALÆNA 1. Maxima cinereo-miſcella, oculis majo-} The Muſkeeto Hawk, ribus. Tab. 43. f. 17. This is the largeſt infect of the tribe I have ever ſeen in Jamaica : it is never abroad but in the earlier hours of night, when the Muſkeeto’s are moſt troubleſome, which gave riſe to its common appellation ; moſt people imagining that it feeds on theſe infects. It is repreſented of the natural fize. thoito on ob е пя, аnоioining PHALÆNA 2. Albo-rubella, miſcella & tranf- ? The ſmall fleſh-coloured verſè virgata. Š Butterfly. SE Laoduod bodies There is a great variety as well of this as of the foregoing tribe, in fa- maica, which I have taken no pains to collect: but as the two genus's are very diſtinct, I have inſerted a few of the moſt remarkable of each fort, for the ſatis- faction of the curious. Salotni noinuo at bestigada oma ARTICLE V. bus V. bx bas tonin llscoilo Of the Hymenopteræ, or ſuch as have four thin membranous wings. ods bil dos Note, The inſects of this claſs appear commonly as if their bodies had been made up of two diſtinct parts: they are generally of an oblong form very 10032 active, and always furniſhed with weapons. ogniw on 2015 babae PIS 1. Major oblonga nigra & fubbirſuta.} The large black hairy Bec. lo . 18. This ſpecies is not common in Jamaica ; I have never obſerved more than two or three of the kind, which I found in the woods of Portland. The ſecond joints of the hind legs are always armed each with a ſtrong ſeta or briſtle, probably to ſerve as a faſtening for its load. It is repreſented of the natural fize. Santo 9. 97233ci.stadt LAPIS 2. Rufeſcens innocua, ſub terram nidulans. The Grave-Digger.id I have never known any of this ſpecies to fting, tho' no inſect is more common about all the houſes in the iſland. They burrow moſtly in the piazzas and other covered places. ADIMO APIS 3. Nigro & fubviridi tranfverfa virgata. The ſtreaked olive Bee. old allow secolo ic 2007 lo codonsid so wod АР a 1993 von This 4 OF Í A M A I CA. 439 ES This inſect is pretty common both in St. Elizabeth's and Weſtmoreland; but I have never obſerved it in any other part of the iſland. It has very large eyes, and is not eaſily provoked to ſting. 12 nalo ziom APIS 4. Major, fuſco & qurantiaco virgata. The Waſp. Theſe infects are very violent, and, upon the leaſt provocation, fly at thoſe who diſturb them. Their neſts are formed in compreſſed cakes of a triangular form, and ſtick by ſo many ſimple narrow ligaments, which riſe out of the upper an- gles, to the limbs of trees or corners of rocks. The cells are all membranous, and open on the under ſide of the cakes; but the upper ſuperficies ments are always waſhed over with a ſort of varniſh, which prevents any damage from the rains. The holes are hexangular or round. CATE APIS 5. Subfuſca innocua alveariis lutos. The Free-Maſon. Theſe inſects live in ſmall ſocieties, and make their cells of mud. They build generally under cover, to protect their neſts from the weather. es and liga- а of 2 3 29 APIS 6. Mellifera oblonga vulgaris. The common Bee. art Solsiduou TDI ab Theſe uſeful inſects have been frequently introduced to Jamaica ; but they do not often thrive there, and the want of ſucceſs is generally attributed to the pernicious ants. I have ſeen them, however, raiſed extremely well at Mr. Rip- ley's, in Liguanea; and do not know of any method, beſides common care, that was taken to preſerve them. He had above ſixty hives under the eves of one thatched houſe, when I was there. a ST9011 APENDIGASTER 1. Cruribus pofterioribus longifi- }The purſe-belliedFly. 10 Tab6. This curious little inſect is about the ſize of an ordinary fly, and much the ſame appearance at a diſtance. The head is of an oval form, furniſhed with a pair , a of ſmall nippers, and adorned with a pair of moderate ſimple feelers, fixed between the eyes. A ſmall nick joins this to the thorax, out of which the wings riſe, two on each ſide, reſembling thoſe of the common fly very much: but from the bottom of the breaſt it throws out two pair of ſmall legs; and the remaining hinder part di- vides immediately into two lobes, out of which the binder legs, which are vaſtly longer and larger than the others, riſe. From the middle of the back, between the wings, and from the part oppoſite to the ſpace that lies between the ſecond and third pair of legs, it throws out a fender round tube, which runs into a triangu- lar and ſlightly compreſſed bag behind the lobes formed by the hinder part of the main body, and terminates in a ſmall vagina, out of which the point of a ſimple aculeum appears. don ei 29i99ql eid balodi do 99101 10 pld. FORMICA 1. Maxima rufeſcens , roftro cuneiformi. Tab} The Lion-Ant. . . a los 43. f. 12. EL S 26 9V 191 Theſe inſects are frequent in Jamaica, but not very troubleſome, as they keep chiefly in the fields. The male is of a beautiful greeniſh blue about the head and breaſt, but of a brown colour, like the others, behind. There are three remark- able little glands placed irregularly between the eyes of them.blod od ils soods posla.bstevog FORMICA 2. Major, ſupra terram nidulans. The Wood-Louſe. Theſe inſects, on the appearance of rain, quit the ground, and climb into the branches of trees, or along the walls of houſes, to build their neſts in the branches a a bis 28 03 a sid of 40 THE NATURAL HISTORY of the former, or among the timbers of the other ; making regular vaulted channels along the roads, to protect them from the weather in their marches; which, as well as the neſts, are built of particles eroded from different timbers, mixed up with mud, and ſome other ingredient that prevents their being diffol- ved by the rains. The neſts are very large, and under an even ſurface, are di- vided into a thouſand ſmall regular cells, with convenient intercourſes through the whole. Theſe inſects are very troubleſome in the rainy ſeaſons, and frequently deſtroy moſt of the timbers among which they build, as well as books, trunks, papers, &c. that come then in their way. They ſhew us a moſt beautiful example of a commonwealth, where all work and feed alike, each aſlifting cheer- fully in the common cauſe. FORMICA 3. Domeſtica omnivora. The Ant. Theſe inſects are very common in Jamaica, and frequent about moſt of the houſes: they are very voracious, and endeavour to have a part of every thing that is ſtirring FORMICA 4. Minimagfaccarivora. The Sugar-Ant. Theſe inſects are extremely ſmall, and will creep thro' any crevice to get at ſugar; of which they are great lovers, as well the foregoing. The only effectual way of keeping them off , is to put whatever you intend to preſerve on a ſtand placed in a baſon of water; and even here, you may ſometimes obſerve thoſe that are drowned in the attempt, made uſe of as a float for the others to get over. If you hang a ſugar-box out of the way, you may for'a time preſerve it from theſe inſects ; but when one gets to it, either by chance or otherways, you may be ſure to ſee all the ants in the neighbourhood there ſoon after; ſo that they ſeem to hold it as a maxim not to miſs the preſent opportunity, but to make it general, by giving immediate notice to the whole community. CH A P. Н А II. ao Of F IS H E S. dio mint a HE productions of this tribe were always found not only uſeful to mankind in general; but fo very curious in their forms, parts, and mechaniſms, that they have, at all times, engaged the attention of the writers of Natural Hiſtory: and yet the difficulty that attends the bringing of them under a juſt examination; and the impoſſibility of knowing their ordinary actions, or examining many of their mechanical powers, have rendered this part of the ſcience extremely imper- fect, until that happy genius, the accurate Artedius, had applied himſelf to the ſtudy of it; and with inconceivable pains and difficulties brought it to a ſtate of perfection, equal, if not ſuperior, to that of moſt other parts of natural know- ledge. And if we find him to have ſome errors or inaccuracies, they are ſure to depend on the credit he was ſometimes obliged to give to the writings of others, where it was impoſſible for him to be an eye-witneſs himſelf. The beautiful order in which that ingenious author has ranged the productions of this claſs in general, engaged me to diſpoſe the fiſhes of Jamaica in the fame manner, which I ſhall, with him, divide into the five following claffes, viz, 1. Such OF J A M A i C A. 441 Y 1. Such as have open gills, and the radii of their fins of a boney texture, but not pungent. lisd II. Such as have open gills, and ſome of the radii of their fins ſtiff and pun- gent. III. Such as have the radii of their fins boney, but have not open gills. N.B. Theſe have a narrow aperture on both ſides of the head, thro' which they receive and diſcharge the water occaſionally; and are commonly furniſhed with a pair of thin membranous lungs, as well as with bran- chioſtegeous membranes. IV. Thoſe that have the radii of their fins, and moſt of the ſmaller bones, of a cartilaginous nature, and hardly diſtinguiſhable from their coverings. V. Such as have their tails diſpoſed in an busizontal poſition, Note, All the ſpecies of this tribe are viviparous, and furniſhed with lungs, ods foto and regular parts both for procreation and the nutrition of their Sand Voyyoung. The two firſt of thoſe being very numerous, we ſhall range them in the fol- lowing ſucceſſion, as our author has done, viz. Арте I. 19 OJ Thoſe that have only one fin in the back, and that about the middle. pleo bi14 2. Such as have only one fin in the back, with a little fleſhy protuberance near by1s1919 the tail. 29 mars od 3. Such as have only one fin in the back, and that fituated neareſt to the tail. 4. Such as have one or more fins extended the whole length of the back. 5. Such as have only one fin in the back, and that running ſo far back as not to be diſtinguiſhed from the tail. 19191 d.be 6. Such as have no fins, or but a very ſmall one in the back, VEW1901 tits. Slow 9 Soison sisman II. without varer 1. Such as have ſmooth heads. 2. Such as have prickly heads. a IN SYNGNATHUS 2 HODS S E C T. 1. YNGNATHUS 1. Parte anteriori bexagona, poſteriori qua-> drangulá, caudâ impinna. Hippocam-The Sea-Horſe. pus non aculeatus. Will. t. 25. f. 5. This little fiſh is very frequent in all the harbours both of Jamaica and the other ſugar-colonies; but it ſeldom exceeds four inches in length, and is remarkable only in its uncommon form. tud 1998. SOLENOSTOMUS 1. Corpore tereti fubrotundo, caudá? The Trumpeter, or Ils S ovd is to bifurca. An, Solenoftomus caudâ bifurcá, &c. Gron. Muf. Ich. So Trumpet-Fich. 219 Wog Isoins This fiſh is frequent in the harbours of Jamaica about the months of June and Fuly, and is generally about eighteen inches, or better in length. The head is long and narrow; the jaws cloſed up at the ſides; the mouth very ſmall; and the body long and flender. Totona "bno volba od ont iba abso MENIDIA 1. Corpore fubpellucido, lineâ laterali / The Anchovie, or ſmall bagno latiori argented. Tab. 45. f. 3.5 Silver Filh. This little fiſh ſeldom exceeds three inches in length, and is ſometimes very common in the harbours of Jamaica. The head is pretty large in proportion to the body; 5 X but 1900 102 442 THE NATURAL HISTORY Cyprinus A 15148 but the mandibles are of a moderate ſize, and minutely indented at the margin ; and the brangiojtegeous membranes, which hang pretty looſely from both ſides of the lower jaw, are ſuſtained each by about twelve ſlender officles nearly of a fize. The fins are, 1. One in the back, ſituated about the middle of the body, and fuf- tained by about fifteen radii. 2. Three in the body, whereof two ſtand very near the gills (a), and are accompanied each with a pointed ſcaley appendix: but the third is nearer the anus, and ſituated about the middle of the body; it is like the back fin, but longer, and placed ſomewhat nearer the 4. Tail, which is bifurcated. The lateral line is very broad in proportion to the ſize of the fiſh, and of a gloſſy ſilver white; but the reſt of the body is more obſcure, and moderately trani- parent.org This little fiſh is extremely delicate, and in great eſteem with moſt lovers of fiſh. They are generally ſerved up fried; and when well pickled are no ways inferior to thoſe of the name in Europe: however, they have not hitherto ſucceeded in the colour, nor can it be expected in any fiſh that is tranſparent. ty babe wtore broped boste ba CYPRINUS 1. Craffiufculus fubargenteus, radio priori} The Smalhes. grey 0 longiori. This little fiſh ſeldom exceeds two inches and a half in length, but it is pretty thick in proportion. The head is flatted, and tapering towards the mouth; the jaws ſomewhat ductile; the eyes near and black; and the branchioſtegeous membrane ſuſtained by five delicate arched officles. The body is of an oblong make, thickiſh, covered with pretty large ſcales, and furniſhed with 1. One fin in the back, of about eight radii; 2. Two oblong pectorals ; 3. Two ſmall ventrals, placed towards the 800 out anus; 4. One ſmall anal fin; and, 5. A ſquare tail. is dit aids Å The Mod diod vitae I found this little fiſh in a freſh water ſpring near the ſea, to the eaſtward of Kingſton. It is pretty ſtraight in the back, but ſomewhat arched below: its eggs are large in proportion to the ſize of the body. dignol simbom to jud od seda varor zewls aigua 21 -909 AMIA 1. Subargentea, labris equalibus, eliculis branchiofegis} The Tropon, viginti duobus. eng loa 11 MAMIA 2. Labio ſuperiori longiori, ofſiculis branchiofte- ?The Ten-Pounder, -059 Yasm gis quatuordecim. Theſe fiſhes differ but very little in appearance, being both nearly of a ſize, oblong, roundiſh, and covered with very large ſcales. They have but one fin in the back, which is placed rather beyond the middle, and throws out its laſt radii furtheſt: the pectoral fins are placed near the head, and ſituated pretty low: the ventrals are ſmaller than theſe, but like them, and placed near the center of the body: but the anal fin is uneven and ſituated near the tail, which is forked. The lateral fin is ſtraight and even. They grow frequently to the length of two feet, or two feet and a half; but are ſo full of bones that they are ſeldom uſed but in broths. larongy' didw 299bis anesini didwyd bood der ni baasla 916 zovy ad രാ 90 boxi EXOCETUS 1. Pennis pectoralibus longiffimis acuminatis.) mojtad och of g Hirundo ſalivani. Will . t. p. 4. Parabili ſecunda. Pif. 61. Exocetus. Art. Syn. Pif. 18. The Flying-Filh. The Flying-Fiſh of Edwards. p. 4. t. 210. Theſe fiſhes are very frequent in all the American ſeas, and generally obſerved to keep in Thoals. They are ſo common about Barbadoes in ſome ſeaſons of the year, that many people buy them for their negroes: they eat very delicate and tender, and ſeem to be much hunted for by the dolphin and other voracious fiſhes. -3W } Orw Tela ytas 2. (a) Theſe may be called pectoral fins, but they are ſituated very low. CLUPEA 0 А. Я. ОТА LE 443 I CA. stwo Ono OTBC The Gar-Filh.ro F JA MA И ЯН CLUPEA 1. Minor, radio ultimo penna dorſalis longiſimo. The Sprat. on boRD 10 918 291 dobosco da Theſe are the moſt common fiſhes in Jamaica, but not regarded there, tho® much eſteemed in the Windward Iſlands, where they are often poiſonous. in vadodi lo albine od vode borst bed ed ads cort T CLUPEA 2. Major argentea, dorfo caeruleſcenti. The Herring. d bonis yd Droga This filh is much larger than the foregoing, and no ways inferior to the European either in ſize or delicacy. They are common about Jamaica in the months of March, April, and May; but ſeldom uſed by the better fort of people, who are 197915 a always ſupplied with a great variety of the larger and richer kinds. siw.y9yn ESOX I. Maxilla inferiore productá. Tab. 45. fig. 2. The Piper. usar. This fiſh ſeldom exceeds twelve or fifteen inches in length. The body is of an ob- long form, and obtuſely quadrangular ; the mouth ſmall; the bill thin and com- preffed; and the branchioſtegeous membrane ſuſtained by about fourteen ſlender offi- cles. The breaſt fins are ſmall and narrow; the ventrals ſhort, and ſituated beyond the center of the body; the anal ſmall and triangular ; the dorſal much like the anal, and oppoſite; the tail forked ; and the lateral line near and parallel to the belly. dd1900 slid ESOX 2. Utráque maxilla produ&tå tereti dentată. onog di loid : Eſox maxille ſuperiore longiore, cauda quadrata. Ich, Art. & Gron. Muſ. Domstol Acus Opiani. Will. t. p. 8. f. 2. diw b519100 1 hobundy Both the jaws of this fiſh are long and flender, and furniſhed with ſharp conic teeth. The fins of the back and anus are pretty long, and extend the tail; but the firſt radii of each ſtretch out further than the reſt, which are but of a moderate length. The tail in both ſpecies is forked, but the upper prong is always ſhorter than the other, and the lateral line is near and almoſt parallel to the belly. The body is long, roundiſh, and flender in proportion ; and gene- rally about three feet, or better, in length; but never above two inches in dia- meter. It is a fiſh of prey, and runs with great agility on the ſurface of the wa- ter, leaping frequently from place to place, for many yards together. It is a firm, dry, wholeſome fiſh; but the bones are always green, which prejudices many peo- ple againſt it. The eggs are very large. ECHENEIS 1. Fufcus, pinnis pofterioribus albo marginatis.? rodo, Remora. Cat. ii. t. 26. The Sucking-Fiſh. Derim Iperu-guiba Braſilienſis. Will. t. G. 8. This filh is remarkable on account of its ſcuta, which is placed on the back and upper part of the head, by whoſe ſetule or ſhort briſtles it faſtens itſelf to the ſides of thips, planks, fiſhes, or other bodies, at pleaſure; for they are dif- poſed in ridges, which generally run, from twenty one to twenty three, acroſs the Scuta. The eyes are placed rather on the under ſide of the head, by which means it is the better enabled to obſerve every thing that paſſes, while it continues fixed by the back of the head. The filh is of an oblong rounded form, tapering to- wards the tail ; with the belly-fins joined together by a membrane.de Taip de CORYPHÆNA 1. Cæruleo varie ſplendens, cauda bifurca. Coryphena cauda bifurca. Art. Syn. 21. & Guarapema, The Dolphin. Pif. 48. od This is one of the moſt beautiful fiſhes of thoſe ſeas, for it always appears with a variety of very ſhining colours while it continues in the water. It is a filh of towards olsun, } 444 THE NATURAL HISTORY illo atrol t. 3: and 1992 Judios odo diw piot malad. 75 Boris lobbim of prey, and commonly met with in the ocean, where it is often obſerved to ſwim with great ſwiftneſs after both the flying and other ſmall fiſhes. The head is pretty large, but ſomewhat flatted on the ſides, and rounded before. The body is of the ſame ſize and make about the breaſt; but it tapers gradually from thence to the tail. It is too dry a fiſh to be eſteemed; and is ſeldom uſed unleſs when young and tender. 44 03 TOT ST VT an ahliai vboda 00195 200 Honors og vlnonimno GYMNOGASTER 1. Argenteus compreffus, cauda atte- or swig op nuatâ impinna. Tab. 45. f. 4. slo2 nwon Gymnogaſter Gron. Muf. Ich. An Stromateus L. S. N.?2DDÁVI lisa bo Serpens marinus comprejus, &c. Barr. baie The Sword-Fiſh. Mucu Yonft. 37. 1. ſed male ad caudam depi&ta eft. ada 10 Mucu Braſilienſis Will. t.97. & Angulla Indica. App. smilendT ad spila bub elsta bas Lobo diod de basale by This is one of the moſt common fiſhes in the harbour of Kingſton : It is generally about three feet in length, very flat, and not above two or three inches broad. The body is ſmooth, being covered only with a thin membra- nous ſkin: the head is pretty long: the mouth wide: the jaws fugniſhed with long pointed teeth ; but the foremoſt have each a ſingle barb on the inſide, thoſe that lay farther back are flatted and of a lanceolated form. The lower jaw is ſomewhat longer than the other, and the palate is furniſhed with a thin membranous expanſion on both fides. The tongue is ſmooth; the pharynx denti- culated; the iris of filver-white; and the naſal apertures large, and placed near the eyes. The branchioſtegous membrane is furniſhed with ſeven arched offi- cles; and the operculum extended backward, with a ſmall membranous expan- fion. The pectoral fins are of a trapezoidal form, and ſuſtained by eleven radii each. The dorſal pretty low, and continued from the head to the tail. The fiſh has neither ventral nor anal fins, except a few very ſhort, ſharp, prickles that rife at ſtated diſtances between the anus and the tail, which is alſo naked, but of a lengthened ſlender form. The body is flat, and bends eaſily to either ſide, but not up and down, as is commonly repreſented. They are very ſwift in their mo- tions, and ſeem to be fiſhes of prey; for they are frequently found marked with ſcars, which is a ſure demonſtration of their pugnatious nature. The lateral line ſtretches almoſt in an uninterrupted direction from the upper part of the bronchial apertures to the very extremity of the tail. id In deference to my learned friend, I have continued the appellation by which he was pleaſed to deſcribe this filh; though I muſt acknowledge I am apt to think it a ſpecies of the Anarchicas. MURÆNA 1. Unicolor maxillâ inferiore longiore. Art. Syn. 39.} The Eel. . . . Anguilla Saliv. Will. t. G. 5. Я 2 AP191 el This filh is frequent in all the lagoons and rivers of Jamaica, and not at all different from that of Europe. V1911 duona moblo ei midt MURÆNA 2. Subfuſca, lituris albidis varia, roſtro anguſtiori, :: or ni mo iride aureâ. Tab. 45. f. 1. The Murane. di-go Muræna Saliv. Will. t. 9. f. 1. MURÆNA 3. Major fubolivacea, gula & iride argenteis, ro- , , ſtro anguſtiori. Soni . . . យ Muræna viridis. Cateſb. ii. t. 20. Theſe two laſt ſpecies are extremely like each other. The fnout is of a moderate length, and rounded in both; and the jaws beſet with long, ſlender, upright teeth: but, beſides theſe, they are alſo furniſhed with three or four fangs, ſet one behind another 90 1911 1 2100 tonn " The Congre. 2 OF ο F Μ Α Ι ЈА м А I c А. 445 in the middle of the palate. Theſe are of the ſame form with the teeth, but larger and mobile; yielding backwards with the leaſt preffure, and riling upright again when that is over : but the joints, whereby they are fixed, will not allow them to incline forwards, nor to move in any other direction. 3918 van BESE Both theſe ſpecies want the breaſt-fins; and the ſkin about the upper part of the belly, where the ſtomach is ſituated, is baggy, lax, and yielding; but the reſt of the body is like the common eel. They are put to no uſe in Jamaica, where they commonly go under the denomination of water-ſnakes, to which their fangs ſeem to give them a fair title. a PLAGUSIA 1. Subcinerea, caudâ attenuatâ impinná, ? The little brown Sole oculis a finiftro. with a pointed tail. This little fiſh is very different from the reſt of the flat tribe: the cover of the gills is leſs ductile; the branchioſtegeous membrane ſuſtained by ſeven delicate offs- cles; and the body, which is flat and tapering, is deftitute both of pectoral and tail-fins, and ends in a ſharp point behind, where both margins are lightly covered by a continuation of the back and anal fins. The fides have no remarkable lateral od 2010 lines, but the ſkin is every where covered with minute ſcales. di badiru dit 200 PLEURONECTES 1. Fuſcus ſubrotundus glaber, oculis a eshtoq gno wood dextro, lineis feptem nigris tranſverſalibus inter pen- The Flounder. Torno e) WS exw nam pectoralem & caudam. do moradce The lateral line is very ſmall and ſtraight in this fiſh, and croſſed by ſeveral tranſverſe black lines, formed by ſome of thoſe ſmall ſcales that cover the of the ſkin. It is a very delicate filh. bas : 3919 ဥ ad 1 noft PLEURONECTES 2. Subcinereus oblongus glaber, oculis a ? } The Sole. HO finiftro. est nad Though this ſpecies be much ſmaller than the foregoing, it is held in equal eſteem, and generally thought to be rather more delicate and agreeable. adignat W PLEURONECTES 3. Subfuſcus miſcellus, glaber has not sat & ſubrotundus, oculis a dextro, capitis margine The Bracket Flounder. Brod ciliato. . 250219112 2013 This fiſh is not ſo common as either of the other forts, tho' it is ſometimes met with in the markets of Jamaica. It is rather ſmaller than the foregoing, and eats like the reſt of the tribe. e furface DYS qu tog , saya XIPH cya SE C T. II. IPHIAS 1. Roſtro longiori attenuato offeo. th } The Ocean King-Fiſh. Xiphias. Art. Syn. 47. & Will. t. I. 27. This fiſh is ſeldom ſeen near the ſhore; but is ſometimes, though rarely, taken in thoſe feas, and much eſteemed both for its flavour and delicacy. HELOPS 1. Rufefcens, iride partim rubrá, partim albida,} The Hog-Filh. UM HELOPS 2. Fuſco-rufeſcens, varie nebulatus. The Hog-Fiſh of Cat. ii. t. 15. Theſe two ſpecies are generally confounded under the ſame appellation in the markets of Jamaica, though both the colour and ſize ſeem to thew an eſſential difference between them. 29 5 Y Seu cabe They 446 THE NATURAL HISTORY are fis. They are both of an oblong form; broad beyond the common proportion; flatted on the ſides, and ſcaled. The mouth is pretty ſmall; the lips ductile; the jaws beſet, each, with a ſingle range of ſlender conic teeth, of which the fore- moſt is longeſt; and the iris of a reddiſh colour. The pectoral fins of a tra- pezoidal form; and the ventrals are like them, but ſmaller, and ſuſtained by fix radii each. There only one fin on the back, whereof the three e foremoſt radii are weakly and hardly connected together ; they are very long, compreſſed, tapering, and arch backwards over the reſt of the fin, whereof the middle radií are ſhorteſt, but aculeate, and furniſhed with ſo many ſmall membranous appen- dages: but the hindermoſt part is compoſed of flexile branched radii of a moderate length, and reſembles the oppoſite anal fin, whereof the three foremoſt radii are aculeate. The tail is ſquare, and the branchioſtegeous membrane ſuſtained by fix flender arched officles. nied -91 This fiſh grows to a moderate ſize, and is eſteemed one of the beſt that ſwim in thoſe feas: it is both rich and delicate. bran- 21 This fiſh a SPARUS 1. Striis longitudinalibus varius, dentibus anteriori- TOH bus latioribus comprefis æqualibus acutis. The Bream. Perca rhomboides. Cat. ii. t. 4. The body of this filh is nearly of an oval form, being pretty broad, and arched both at the back and belly. The mouth is ſmall; the back part of the jaws beſet with two or three ranges of depreſſed, obtuſe, and rounded teeth ; and the chioflegeous membrane ſuſtained by fix officles. The pectoral fins are flender and very long; and the ventrals trapezoidal; but theſe are ſuſtained below by two ſharp fcaley appendicles, and have the firſt radii ſtiff and pointed. The anal fin is of angioblong form; but the three firit radii of this are alſo ſtiff and pointed, whereof the third is very large. There is only one dorſal or back fin, which is al- moſt even ; but the firſt thirteen rays are ſtiff and pungent; and and the lateral line is parallel to the back. It is eſteemed a good fiſh. o stilogqo, bo bjómst 91001.916 alsinsvans adı ( SPARUS 2. Iride argentea, dentibus anterioribus conicis. s ' } The Porgee. 10 voitoftog od bailga Zanthurus Indicus. Will. ap. t. 3. sa batruioc Sd wo1 silw very like the Bream both in form and appearance; but, in this, the teeth are of a conic form, and the pectoral fins much ſhorter. It is of an even grey colour, and the pointed radii of the dorſal fin are ſeldom more than eleven in num- ber. The ventral fins are larger than thoſe of the Bream, and the appendages ſituated more externally. It is eſteemed a good wholeſome fiſh. berhin Lodi di voy a dit adt MORMYRA 1. Major cæruleo & aureo ? } The larger painted Parrot-filh. -2021 di tidan olie varia. This fiſh has the moſt beautiful luftres of any I have ever yet ſeen, and ſurpaſſes coilob ce the Dolphin both in variety of ſhades, and the brightneſs of its native colours, which hold for a conſiderable time after it is taken out of the water. It is of an oblong form, pretty tumid, and covered over with very large ſcales. The mouth is but ſmall; the lips free and ductile; and the jaws thick and ſtrong, reſembling the beak of a parrot in fome meaſure, for they riſe into a ſharp edge around, which abundantly ſupplies its want of teeth. The pectoral fins are of an oblong . form, and the ventrals of a trapezoid. There is only one fin in the back, which is nearly of the fame height every where, and continued almoſt from the neck to the tail; but the fore part thereof is ſuſtained by nine ſtiff and pointed radii. The tail is ſquare; but the anal fin is like the poſterior part of the dorſal, and oppoſite to it . The lateral line is parallel to the back, and remarkable for the number of little branches it throws out in every ſcale thro' which it paſſes: it is entirely interrupted about the region of the extremity of the back fin, but it riſes lower vlotnisbord 916 SO ST or Y LO OF J A MAT I CA.HT 447 MORMYRA. t. 29. 0915378 301 (0030 or nearer to the belly, and continues in the ſame direction from thence to the tail. The branchioſtegeous membráne is ſuſtained by four arched officles.s bd 9di no 9101 od doi lo d1991: pido Tobno lo sgast plenil s diw done zaled MORMYRA 2. Minor rufulo-miſcella, penná dorfi - The little brown Dvd bonisful bas slle quale. med ali 975 als naved 5 Parrot-fiſh.9 odo ba on anno neneho vai 91dt dong libi 3. Media ceruleo nitens. The blue Parrot-fiſh of Cat. t. 18. bollsmo. 900! Vise ba ins. itbs MORMYRA 4. Media, vireſcente ni-} The green Parrot-fiſh of Cateſb . ii. ---1990s 2uonsider Ilsce tens. ord diiw but bas.100 ut bes 100 110111 1 All theſe filhes are frequent in the ſeas about Jamaica, and pretty conſtant in tobordo Jud c9gsb their colours, which induced me to look upon them as different ſpecies, though they reſemble one another much both in form and habit. The ſecond fort is ſeldom uſed, being generally thought to be ſomewhat poiſonous; but the others are fre- quently ſerved up at table in many parts of America, tho' not fo much eſteemed in Jamaica. BUTAI HOLOCENTRUS 1. Rubellus, laminis branchioſtegeis ſerratis, angulis alternis in acu-(od 19 leos abeuntibus, pinna ani radi- The Wellman. borious bas broid vista diorum tredecim. 1919d av Perca rubra. Cateſb. ii. t. 29. gled ord od s diod 3910 30 owi diw This fiſh is of an oblong form and proportionably broad, but not very thick. The body is covered with ftriated ſcales, which, like the lamine that cover the gills, are all ſerrated at the baſe. The mouth is ſmall; the lips ductile; the jaws beſet with very ſmall teeth; and the branchioſteg eous membranes offîcles. There is but one fin in the back, which is of a moderate a little in the middle, and ſuſtained by eleven ſtiff and pointed radii in the fore- part. t. The pectoral fins are of an oblong figure, and placed near the gills 3|| but the ventrals are more remote and longer. The anal fin is very like and oppoſite to the poſterior part of the dorſal; and ſuſtained by three ſtiff and pointed radii in the fore-part, whereof that in the middle is largeſt. The tail is forked, and ſupplied with a few ſharp pointed ſcales at the baſe. It is thought to be a good fiſh, but is not common about Jamaica : it feldom exceeds ſeven or eight inches in length in the moſt perfect ſtate. a bas 100log *SCIÆNA 1. Tota griſea, glandulis binis ad aperturas } The Sun-filh. hoc This fiſh is very like thoſe of the following claſs, from which it is diſtinguiſhed by the ferrated lamina that cover the gils, and the nafal glands. The ſcales are large ; and the branchioſtegeous membranes ſuſtained by ſix officles each: it is reck- oned a very delicate fiſh, and much eſteemed in moſt parts of America. din aidT more SCIÆNA 2. Subargentea fuſco nebulata. The Silver Grunt, nidaloc adi i sidste bog & 102 blod This fiſh is generally about ſixteen or eighteen inches in length, and fix or ſeven over ; but it is thinner in proportion than moſt other fiſhes of this fize. The body is covered with large ſcales of a ſilver white colour, clouded with black towards the back; the mouth is pretty large, and the jaws beſet with ſmall teeth ; d but the tongue and palate are pretty ſmooth. The eyes are proportionable to the ſize of the fiſh, with the iris of the colour of the body, greyiſh and clouded. The covera of the gills is made of two lamina, or thereabouts, whereof the lower is largeſt and of a triangular form; and the branchioſtegeous membrane is ſuſtained by fix mobile arched officles, whereof three are remarkably ſmaller and more ſlender than the reſt. The fins of the breaſt are of an oblong make and pointed, and ſtand in an oblique direction between the tail and back of the fiſh: but the belly fins are ſhort and moderately h, y eight de in the a naſales. 29 SO a 75 wol 25 I OS 448 THE NATURAL HISTORY a EN90 BTS 20 ons jud 00 229) moderately broad. The back-fin is ſingle, but divided into two parts, whereof the firſt or foremoſt, which lies in a deep groove, is ſuſtained by eleven ſtiff-pointed radi, and erected and lowered at pleaſure; but the back part is limber, and rounded a little near the tail. The anal fin is rounded and oblong, with the three firſt radii robuſt and pungent; but the tail is ſlightly bifurcated. orts to agioggl fai xil si od CORACINUS I. Minor, maculis rotundis rubris varia, as? The Hyne. An Cugup, &c. Cateſb. ii. t. 14.? ol bim an Ishob diamagg sida All the ſpecies of this kind are diſtinguiſhed from thoſe both of the foregoing and following genus's, by, 1. The large ſkinny flap that reaches over the pointed ex- tremities of the lower lamina that covers the gills, and floats over the bronchial apertures. 2. By their conic teeth, whereof two, or four, ſituated pretty forward in the fides of each jaw, are remarkably larger than the reſt. 3. By the number of the officles that fuſtain the branchioſtegeous membrane, which in theſe is gene- rally about ſeven. And, 4. By their general make, being remarkably thick d and chubbed about the breaſt, with large fleſhy heads, ample bronchial apertures, and a very wide mouth and paffage. The whole body is roundiſh and fleſhy, but moderately compreſſed on the ſides. Obſ: Moſt of the ſpecies are marked with ſpots of ſome kind. di of sworg dit aid CORACINUS 2. Subfuſcus nebulatus, punčtulis plurimis 2 The Grooper.d dT coinoqong 2 X ZAMSUN owi mitos sob nigris ad oculos, caudâ rotundatá, See tab.46. f. Ia vlecoisao list bas maculâ majori nigra in extremo dorſo. DEMO 10 29voo'ng qa96 CORACINUS 3. Fuſco-miſcellus, cauda que extremo hab 10 dhol bX The Rock-fifh dorſo. 58 DAT 1973 910 CORACINUS 4. Fufcus nebulatus, maculis minoribus ro- ledha sido 1991 gosch tundis nigris aſperſus, caudá rotun- The Jew-filha enn nuas datâ. Bidonord och Theſe three laſt ſpecies are very much eſteemed, and generally reckoned the beſt fiſhes in America ; but the ſecond and laſt forts, which are more chubbed, and covered with ſmaller ſcales than any of the reſt, are thought to excel. Some of the laſt fpecies have been known to weigh two or three hundred pounds. oog as doa CORACINUS 5. Fuſco-rubellus, iride kermeſina,? The ſmaller black Snaper. SIMONO 128 Smood radiis penna dorſalis decem. Anthea Cat. ii. t. 25. 101010 This fiſh ſeldom exceeds eight inches in length, and is generally about four in breadth. 09 10 ildca 13990 ST 300mb xayısdg bas bai 578: soltood Ils CORACINUS 6. Fufcus major, iride argen-? The black Snaper, or Deep- bisgang water Snaper. This filh grows to a pretty conſiderable ſize, and is deemed one of the beſt fiſhes in America: COS sid teo. CORACINUS 7. Aureo-fplendens, iride lasteánoculis} The yellow Snaper. CORACINUS 8. Rubellus, iride flammea, dorfo maculd? The red Snaper. nigrå utrinque inhgnito. samo da za so se សបករោយ sodinand and co- CO- * o Fo: Τ Α Μ Α Ι C Α.Τ HT J 449 3 CORACINUS 9. Rubellus major, pennis pectoralibus bafi | The deep water boss o nigris. 33200 taong gobes al Šred Snaper.ol 10 slnil s bobnuos bas 11sq xosd sdt ud :910 is borg wol bat bof919 og CORACINUS 10. Subluteſcens, iride argentea. 07. The Yellow Tail. od 1890 ha ehdoi Theſe fix laſt ſpecies of the Coracinus are of a more delicate make, and covered with larger ſcales than the reſt; nor are the marks of the lamina, that cover the gills, fo remarkable: but they agree with the reſt in all other particulars: In this genus the dorſal fin is always fingle, and conſtantly lower about the mid- dle, where the pointed radii, by which the fore-part is ſuſtained, do terminate. The pectoral fins are roundiſh, and near the gills; the ventrals near and oblong; and the anal roundiſh, and ſuſtained by three ſtrong pointed rays in the fore-part: but the tail ſquare, or ſlightly bifurcated; and the lateral line parallel to the back.as They are all greatly eſteemed, eſpecially the Grooper, the black Snaper, the Rock- and the Jew-fiſh, which are reckoned ſuperior to moſt of our European fiſhes, both in delicacy and richneſs. nets dod viina cotoqalettono di alam oud aid siis juodooddudo.bos TCROMIS 1. Subargenteo-miſcellus, pinná dorſali 3 anali? The Silver Shad. & fofuld immerhis, cauda birfurca, o wol, This fiſh grows to the length of twelve or fourteen inches, and is pretty large in proportion. The body is moderately compreſſed, and well covered with ſcales ; the mouth more or leſs ductile; the jaws denticulated, as well as the pharynx; and the fleſh raiſed about the fore-part of the dorſal or anal fins, ſo as to form two deep grooves or chanels in which the pointed radii of each riſe and fall occaſionally, CROMIS 2. Aureo & fufco varius, palato 7 The Red Mouth, or dark ВОИТОА Яop NO rubro. Grunt. Perca. Cat. ii. Tab. 8? This filh is ſmaller than the foregoing, but ſomewhat of a thicker and more firm make. The jaws, as well as the gullet, are furniſhed with ſmall ſharp teeth ; the branchioſtegeous membranes ſuſtained by ſeven officles each; and the ventral fins placed at ſome diſtance from the gills. The twelve foremoſt radii of the back-fin are pungent, and the other ſixteen weak and branchy. The lateral line is oblique, and ſtretches from the eye to the tail in a direction almoſt parallel to the back. Both are good fiſhes, tho' not ſo much eſteemed in general. To sudionik novo CROMIS 3. Ab argenteo ftriatim nigrans, radiis priemoniston bas oribus pinne dorſalis foſſuld immer- The Stone Baſs. fis. CnA Perca. Cat. ii. t. 2. The uppermoſt of the lamine that cover the gills is ſerrated in this filh; all the ſcales are indented at the baſe; and the lips and pharynx denticu- lated. cogien baldone OUVIA100 Quære, If not more properly a ſpecies of the Sciæna. CROMIS? 4. Subargenteus oblongus, rádiis anterioribus The Drummer. Share pinna dorſalis ægrè pungentibus. Caput craffuſculum; labia ductilia & leniter denticulata; iris argentea; ante corpus oblongum ſquamoſum. Pinna dorh unica, ſed bipartita, & quafi gemina: hujus pars anterior triangularis eft, & radiis novem inermibus Juffulta; poſterior vero ad caudam fere porrigitur. Pinnæ pectorales bronchiis approximate funt; &ventrales e regione pectoralium fita. Pinna analis oblonga eſt; ſed cauda fere quadrata. Membrana branchioſtigea officulorum? Linea cand aus ? The 5 Z 450 THE NATURAL HISTORY 4. a a T. a The Bull-head. As I. if yl Linea lateralis il 4oyd ying bansfo bnik jarot aslugasit s toaledi Sta bas Lamina ſuperior branchioſtega ad baſm dentata.To b ortpilog od tod abst belog broda berhevrollad ylirlgilla lis ad T. Tento dose on othogqo bolo ord MACROCEPHALUS I. Argenteus major, linea laterali lati-dollistaa ai a aidd a mori recta nigra, labio inferiori longiori. The Snook. An, Parabucu Braſilienſis . Will. t. N. 13. f. 10 This fish grows to a conſiderable fize, being frequently no leſs than three feet and a half in length, and proportionately thick and tumid, eſpecially about the breaſt and belly. The head is of an oblong form, depreſſed and boney; but finaller than uſual in proportion to the ſize of the fiſh. The mouth is wide; the eyes moderately large ; and the iris of a ſilver colour. The lips, palate, and pharynx, are beſet with very ſmall teeth; and the whole body covered with large ſcales. The lateral line is pretty broad, of a black colour, and ſtretches from the upper part of the bronchial aperture to the tail, almoſt in a ſtraight line. The branchioflegeous membrane is ſuſtained by ſeven arched officles; and the cover of the gills is made up of four or five lamina. The back is furniſhed with two fins, of which the firſt is aculeate, as well as the firſt ray of the ſecond. The pectoral fins are of an oblong form ; but the ventrals are broader, and have the outward rays ſtiff and pointed. The anal fin is alſo of an oblong form, and furniſhed with one ſharp ray in the fore part; but the tail is almoſt ſquare. This filh is generally looked upon as one of the beſt in America, and eats very much like a full grown cod-fiſh. It is greatly admired by moſt people. DO YO "PELMATIA 1. Minor ſquamis majuſculis. to bini PELMATIA 2. Major ſquamis vix perſpicuis, il 1311 Them beri Muſțela piſcis. Will. app. t. 4. The Mud-fiſh. od: 10 Cuod to 290nriköre Sone mucho au The ſpecies of this tribe are eaſily diſtinguiſhed by the fleſhy appendicule at the anus: they are, in general, of a drowſy nature, and keep commonly about the bot- tom, between the weeds. They are largeſt about the head and breaſt, but grow ta- pering and roundiſh towards the tail. The head is depreſſed, flattifh, and pretty broad; the eyes fmall; the branchioſtegeous membrane ſuſtained by fix officles; and the jaws, lips and pharynx beſet with ſmall delicate teeth. The back is furniſhed with two fins, whereof the foremoſt is ſuſtained by fix (in the firſt) fimple and ſlightly pointed radii. The pectoral fins are of an oblong make, rounded, and placed near the gills; and the ventrals are nearly in the ſame line; but the anal is roundiſh, and ſuſtained by nine or tén rays; and the tail is nearly of the ſame make. All the ſpecies have a ſmall fleſhy apendicle at the anus: they are common in all the rivers and creeks of Jamaica, and generally reckoned very tender fiſhes, and eaſy of digeſtion. The ſecond fort is moſt eſteemed, and grows frequently to the length of ſeventeen or twenty inches: It is the moſt delicate fiſh I have yet known, when in full perfection. bhan doua v 19v 2017 ณ์ mont enil footib soforais bara ni a boltot i lister 1 ods MUGIL Argenteus minor, pinna anteriori dorfi radium qua- 999 79qqo the 19990 Yew vidi ni am tuor.m be The Mullet. stom i An, Thymus Will. t. N. 8? Go todo, iv zi 2915 301 300 biThis fiſh is of an oblong and pretty tumid form : the head is ſomewhat depreſſed, Ortsb asi rosid. 19% rounded, and thin; the mouth ſmall; the fuperior lip ductile and ſmooth ; but the pharynx is ſlightly beſet with teeth ; and the eyes covered by a clear tranſparent coat, which ſpreads over the neighbouring parts of the head. The body is of an oblong make, moderately , compreſſed, and covered with large ſcales; and the bran- chioſtegeous membrane ſuſtained by four officles. The pectoral fins are of an oblong form, and placed near the apertures of the gills; but the ventrals are more round- iſh, and ſomething more remote. The firit dorſal fin is ſtill more remote than etazob theſe, } 3 3 a 971 Conto tra VOOF JAMA I CA. H J Μ Α Ι 451 2 e39 code theſe, of a triangular form, and ſuſtained only by four ſlender and moderately ſtiff radii; but the poſterior dorſal and the anal fins reſemble one another much, and are placed oppoſite to each other. The tail is ſlightly hollowed, and the ſcales diſpoſed in parallel feries the whole length of the body, with a very ſmall lateral line thro the middle of each. The peritoneum is always blackiſh in this filh. W lista dst MUGIL 2. Major argenteus, pinná anteriori dorji ra- The Calapåver, or da soods vllsissol diorum quinque. vlasecoisioqog bre sus Coromai. bus } guel This fiſh is ſo like the foregoing, both in habit and appearance, that it is generally albania thought to be the ſame ſpecies in a more perfect ſtate: it is commonly about two feet or better in length, and a delicate filh the calapaver's rowe are very large in proportion to the body.ate hith. The eggs of dy 7599 do bsord v13970 al 21- MUGIL 3. Argenteus minor, roftro produ&tiori &1 The Mountain or 10 tuol loqu Dan rotundiori. $ Hog-ſnout Mullet. All theſe ſpecies are rich and well-taſted, and abound with a thin yellow a fat, that gives them a very delicate flavour. The laſt fort is thought to excel; it is a freſh-water fiſh, and generally found in the mountain rivers, but the two other forts live indifferently either in freſh or ſalt water. stoupl floris a list odi jod PERCA? 1. Minor ſubargentea. song ef eit The Sinnet. Hot sou dont view glqosu flori PERCA 2. Major ſubargentea maculata, pinnis? The Paracuta, and Para- } cute of Cat: ii. t. 1, Theſe two fiſhes are ſo like each other, that it is neceſſary to be well acquainted सप with the different appearances of both, to be able to diſtinguiſh the one from the other with any certainty. The firſt ſeldom exceeds ſeventeen inches in length, but 1] the other grows frequently to be three feet and a half or better. The head is of an oblong conic form, bony and pretty ſharp at the point; but the lower jaw is ſome- what longer than the upper : the mouth or rictus is very large; the jaws in propor- tion to the head, and well furniſhed with teeth of an oblong lanceolated form, whereof the two foremoſt pierce through ſo inany fockets formed in the tip of the upper jaw, while the others lodge on either ſide of the oppoſite teeth. The tongue is of an oblong figure, rough and denticulated; and the branchioſtegeous membrane ſuſtained by ſeven officles. The aperture of the gills is very wide; the eyes large ; the iris of a ſilver white; the body long and tapering, pretty tumid, and ſlightly co- vered with ſmall ſcales. The pectoral fins are of an oblong make and placed near the bronchial apertures; but the ventrals are more remote. The dorſal fins are two in number, the foremoſt of which is ſuſtained by five pointed radii, and fitu- ated in the fore part of the back; but the other is placed oppoſite to the anal, which it reſembles very much, both being nearly of the fame ſize and of a triangular fi- gure. The tail is forked; and the lateral line ſtretched almoſt in a direct line from the upper part of the bronchial aperture, or opening of the gills, to the middle of the tail. They are fiſhes of prey, and ſeldom ſpare any thing that comes in their way; but the laſt ſpecies is very ravenous, and being much larger than the other, is more remarkable for its daring attempts: they are both firm and palatable fiſhes , and much efteemed by many people. ils soddionas standanic, bner baboups. 1191 THYNNUS 1. Corpore craffiori & breviori, pinnulis? de prix ho to bod The Boneeto. 03 ſuperioribus novem, inferioribus octo. Thynnus Bontii. board 11. Shindimentos5 19rda This fiſh has two back fins, and is ſupplied with a great many ſmall pinnula be- fides ; but the firſt of thoſe of the back is almoſt joined to the laſt ray of the hin- a bi 5919vo ANTERIOD3101 Msbandi dermoſt 930 2013 Τ THE NATURAL HISTORY 452 derinoft fin of the back. The branchioſtegeous membranes of this fiſh are fuſtained each by four arched officles that grow gradually ſmaller ; the head is large, rounded and compreſſed; and the body pretty thick, tapering gradually to the tail. It is a dry coarſe fiſh and not much eſteemed, though a hearty wholeſome food. SAURUS 1. Argenteus cute longitudinaliter ftriatá, friis? prominulis brevibus & interruptis . Tab. The Leather-coat. 46. f. 2. Corpus compreſſum oblongum ; maxilla utraque denticulata ; iris argentea. Pinne dorſales gemine ; anterior radiorum quinque acutorum ; poſterior ad a caudam fere porrecta minuta. Pinna analis poſteriori dorſali fimilis eft, tolog cum aculeo duplici remoto ad anum. Linea lateralis incurva, ad caudam glabra; cauda lunata. Membrana branchioſtega officulorum fex, vel feptem. yib sho e ei aid This ſpecies is diſtinguiſhed from the reſt of the tribe by its ſtriated ſkin, and the ſmall anterior aculeate fin at the anus, which feldom exceeds two radii. It is of an oblong flatted make, and it agrees with the reſt in moſt particulars. Algir SAURUS 1. Argenteus laminis branchioſtegis utrinque maculá The red tailed nigra notatis, pinnis lutefcentibus. }The Jack. . 3398 Corpus latiuſculum compreſum utrinque arcuatum; ventre & dorſo acutis. bal Caput proportionatum; maxilld fuperiore breviore. Yo no ar jud Oculi proportionali iridibus argenteis. oyd llaw ylist194 bediolab s dx Os fatis amplum; maxilla utrinque denticulate ; lingua & palatum aſpera, adiiy Membrana branchioſtega oficulorum utrinque ſeptem arcuatorum.riod onoill 94 Pinnde dorh duæ ; prior radiorum feptem vel o&to acuminatorum; pofterior pate membranacea, ad caudam fere porrecta, radiis prioribus craffioribus & lon- STEFORE gioribus. eta bot 106 cobil pe Pinna pectorales tenues acuminatæ longiores, ultra curvitatem linee late- shiv bad ralis porrecta. animota napart ors odec Pinne ventrales breviores valida trapezioides. istayottisnit ow Tud Pinna ani gemina; prior radiorum duorum breviorum & aculeatorum; pofte- ods.de rior pofteriori dorſali fimillima, fed paulo minor. onerdmio blooooal uly Bag Pinna caudæ bifurca. molt olsan doictvo ne ow Linea lateralis, e regione radiorum longiorum pinne poſterioris dorſalis & 3708h asi ani arcuata & dorſo fere parallela ; fed inde ad caudam re&ta atque aylaya dentata, dentibus pofterioribus majoribus. Robte stod de cosia Placas the tibi Berse Sapl adoni tanos op ISAURUS 3. Minor argenteus glaber, maculä migrá ad cau-}The White fiſh. . montti Cæruleo-argenteus . Guarabuca Brafilienfis . win. Pappu dusz. } The Spaniſh Macarel. . Will. i. 3 This fifh is of an oblong form but ſlightly flatted, and tapering very gradually to- wards both ends. The ſkin is ſmooth, and the lateral line remarkably crooked. . The genus is eaſily diſtinguiſhed by the little pinnula that run between the back and anal fins, and the tail, &c. See Artedius. 211 3. SCOMBER 2. Maximus , pinnulis utrinque novem, tuberculo} The King-filh. op dguoda a rigido acuminato utrinque ad caudam. ob This fiſh is very like the foregoing both in make and appearance; they Tare togatol boscoing buvit svob to 199999 bilo zerganti di A sonu to us au fur dat dutor 3 yd be WS Yя ООF HJA MATIC A. HT Α Μ Α Ι Α 453 15 3 ز bilink as are both hard, dry eating, but anſwer extremely well coveeched (a); and when well dreſſed in that manner, are very agreeable to moſt over-heated palates, vd dosa ab SCOMBER 2. Macula nigrâ ad bafim utriuſque laminatoare or or branchioſtega, & in utraque pinna pettorali.} TheCavallee. Corpus craffiufculum cathetoplateum : caput & dorfum arcuatis; maxilla 1503-190 utraque denticulata ; oculi appropinquati ; iris argentea. Pinna dorſalis gemina ; anterior radiorum feptem aculeatorum ; poſterior membranacea, radiis prioribus longiffimis, poſterioribus minimis & ad caudam fere porrectis: y pinna pectorales longæ acuminata; ventrales ſubrotunda breviores ; ana- bo toi*** lis dorſali poſteriori fimilis, ſed brevior. Cauda bifurca. Linea late- so ralis incurva ; ſed verſus caudam re&ta & dentibus majoribus munita. abang Membrana branchioſtega oficulorum ſeptem ; lingua glabra ; palatum Jubafperum Do & Dodoly Sosored ads This is a coarſe dry fiſh, and not much eſteemed. ons bas 21 vd bohirgaitftib ei aiseql eidt ng ROTRIGLA 1. Capite quatuor ſpondilis acutis armatà. Ilus 10110s Ilemel Trigla capite parum aculeato, pinna fingulari ad pinnas ( The larger Aying pectorales Art. & Gro. Muf. Icht. bolist b Hirunda aquatica. Bontii. 78. alrigla Pirabebe. Pif. 61. Obf. Corpus ſquamis acuminatis prominulis, verſus caudam fenfim auctis, te&tum. This filh is of a very ſingular form: it is pretty well delineated in Johnſton, and deſcribed perfectly well by Gronovius, p. 44-5. The head is pretty round, but flatted in the fore part, and pretty prominent about the eyes: it is covered with a ſtrong bony ſcuta, terminating in two ſtrong thorns that ſtretch back clofe over the ſhoulders, as thoſe of the lower jaw do on both ſides under the pectoral fins. The jaws are beſet with ſmall teeth, and the branchioſtegcus membranes ſuſtained by four arched officles. The body is of an oblong form, pretty ſquare, and tapering towards the tail; it is well covered with ſcales every where, but thoſe of the ſides are frequently prominent and ſometimes ſharp-pointed. The back is furniſhed with two fins, but the radii of the foremoſt, which is fixed immediately over the breaſt, are weakly, and only fix in number, with a ſmall rugged one behind; but the ſecond is membranous and ſuſtained by eight rays: it is placed oppoſite to the anal, which it alſo reſembles, though this is ſuſtained only by fix radii. The pec- toral fins are very large, and furnilhed each with an appendicle, conſiſting of two or three ſimple radii. The tail is almoſt ſquare, and ſupplied with ſome ſhort prickles át both ſides of the baſe. The fiſh is commonly from ten to twelve or thirteen inches in length, and the pectoral fins are ſeldom under fix and a half, or under five in breadth when expanded; ſo that the diſtance between the tips of the expanded fins is commonly about fifteen inches. TRIGLA 2. Capite aculeato & Squamato, ſquamis craf- samoga armisch Jis ofſeis radiatis ; cirris tribus car dinska is cars and to mids os yllsubang y197 gan tilagineis cum aculeo unico utrinque ad The ſmaller flying pinnas pectorales, Tab. 47. fer-noldo s to Triglas í bosloo An Trigla capite aculeato, appendicibus utrinque tribus ad abas diod abuswa sonda pinnas pe&torales. Art. Syn. 73? d Bordlignifib) lisa ai aunsg odT យ Mi? a,.ad bawdilar ho : This fiſh is readily known by its flatted breaſt, which is ſuſtained by a large tri- angular ſternum, placed between the breaſt-fins, immediately under the the ſkin; an the areolated and radiated ſtructure of the ſcuta that covers the head, which is much depreſſed in the fore part. The breaſt-fins are very large in this ſpecie, though not consigge bile sunt 1999 bar slem diod, antogno didt (a) To coveech a fiſh, it muſt be cut into juncks, fryed with onions and oil; and afterwards potted with vinegar, a little pepper or cloves, fryed onions, and ſome oil. 6 A each, co and by a fo 454 Τ Η Ε Ν Α Τ Ο R AL HIS Τ Ο RY ſo wide nor ſo long as thoſe of the other fort; and both the dorſals are almoſt joined, but the lateral line is quite ſtrait and parallel to the back. TRIGLA 3. Subfuſca nebulata, capite aculeato, cirris binis ad oculos, alis brevioribus. The poiſoned Grooper. An Scorpius Saliv. Will. t. X. 12. The head of this fiſh is moderately large and full of prickly protuberances : the breaſt-fins are broad and roundiſh, of a dark purple colour with round white ſpots underneath, and arch a little out from the body, which is pretty chubbed near the head. The upper fins meet in the middle of the back, ſo as to appear almoſt but one continued fin. a CHÆTODON 1. Fufcus, fafciis quinque tranfuerfis }The Sea Butterfly. ز a & fronte luteis This little fiſh is extremely beautiful, and makes a moſt charming appearance in the water: the gills are free and open; the mouth ſmall, like the reſt of the claſs; and the teeth ſlender and ſetaceous. The back and anal fins terminate each in a pointed manner behind, which gives the filh a ſquare appearance; and the upper branchial lamina terminates in a thorn on each ſide, as in all the following ſpecies. CHÆTODON 2. Subgriſeus, lineis nigris obliquis varius, ? The ſtriped ad caudam maculâ majori notata. S Angel-fich. This beautiful fiſh is marked with a black belt that runs acroſs the eyes, and a large ſpot near the tail, ſurrounded by a white or yellow circle. The lines run obliquely from the middle of the ſides towards the tail-part, on each ſide; but the up- per ones croſs the lateral line, which is parallel to the back: all the fins are of a roundiſh figure in this fiſh. tus. CHÆTODON 3. Minutè variegatus imis ſquamarum ? The variegated luteis ſemilunatis. s Angel-fiſh. CHÆTODON 4. Luteo variegatus & faſcia- The belted and variegated Angel-fiſh. The lips are ductile in all theſe ſpecies and move over the teeth very easily; but theſe are all ſetaceous and very thick ſet in the jaws. The mouth is ſmall; the head under proportion; the body roundiſh and flat, and covered every where with ſmall ſerrated ſcales. Each of the upper bronchial laminæ terminate in a thorn at the lower angle; and the branchioſtegous membrane is ſuſtained by four, five or ſix officles, whereof ſome are extremely flender and ſmall. The pectoral fins are placed near the bronchial aperture; and the ventrals, which are of an oblong make, are placed below them: but there is no more than one fin in the back, which ſtretches from the neck to near the tail ; in this however the radii are pretty thick, but the ſix foremoſt are ſhorteſt and pointed, and the middlemoſt largeſt. The anal fin is like and oppoſite to the poſterior part of the dorſal fin, and guarded alſo by three pointed radii which ſuſtain the fore part of it. The tail is pretty broad and round- ilh; and the lateral lines ſtrait, and diſpoſed in the very middle of the ſides. eidT. solco SD Sina) ai li TEUTHIS 1. Fuſca cæruleo nitens, aculeo fimplici utrinque 7 ad caudam. The Doctor, Turdus Rhomboides. Cat. ii. t. 10. Corpus compreſſum ovatum ſquamis minimis munitum; & utrinque ad cau- dam lanceolà mobili armatum. 4 Os г. о FJA MA I c A. на 455 2 4 Saor Os parvum cute labili, teitum ; maxilla utraque craſſiufcula, dentibus com- prefis acutis donat a. Pinna pectorales trapezioides, branchiis approximate ; ventrales minores, radiorum fex, quorum extimus acuminatus & acutus eſt. Pinna dorſi unica, aqualis & a nuca ad caudam fere producta, radiis prio- ribus octo acutis. Pinna analis, dorſali fimillima e medio abdomine ad caudam fere dueta. Cauda quadrata. Fogl Membrana branchioſtega tenuis & parva, ſiculis quinque fuffulta, & la- minâ obliquè radiata femite&ta; officulis extimis vix notabilibus. Linea lateralis obliqua dorſo inter pinnas parallela, ad caudam rečta. Aculei caudam verſus erigibiles. RHOMBOIDA 1. Alepidota argentea, pinnis omnibus О, НО brevibus. The Silver-Fiſh. Guaperva Brafilienfis. Will. t. 0. 1. f. 4. - Corpus cum capite compreffum fubrbombeum, ad caudam anguftiorem cute levi argenteo textum. Iris argentea; maxilla utraque lingua & palatum denticulate. zii Membrana branchioſtega oliculis utrinque feptem arcuatis & mobili- bus, Pinna dorſi dua. Anterior minima, quatuor radiis minimis aculeatis fle- xilibus fuffulta. Poſterior radiis inermibus fuftentata, & e medio dorso ad caudam fere porrecta. toegd aid Pinnæ pectorales oblongæ & acuminata, branchiis appropinquata.ogl 9975) Pinna ventrales, quæ anum tegunt, minima, ex radiis binis vel trinis flexilibus & brevibus confirutta funt, & e regione pinnarum pectoralium fere ſite. Droit dibanon Pinna quæ dicitur ani a medio corpore ad caudam fere extenditur, & membranacea eft, radiiſque inermibus (priore brevifimo excepto) fuffulta. mm Pinna cauda bifurca. Linea lateralis, fupra cavitatem abdominis arcuata eft, & dorfo fere pa- rallela ; inde ad caudam rečta. TEHO Longitudo totalis octodecim polliceum ; latitudo ab ano ad medium dorſum, fex fere pollices. His seal RHOMBOIDA 2. Major alepidota, radiis anterioribus wc pinna dorſalis & analis longiſſimis, The larger Silver- pinnis ventralibus & cauda majoribus. fiſh with long fins. Zeus caudá bifurca. Art. Syn. 78. & Gro. Muf. Icht. WOLS gimto Abacatuaia. Pif. 55. siddord aris 169a booslo RHOMBOIDA 3. Squamoſa ex argenteo æqualiter ni-) woud-bosiq grans, radiis pinne prioris dorſalis other padang The Portugiſe. by plurimis , ultimis breviſimis. Acarauna major. Will. t. 0. 3. f. 1. Sileago baseli citat Nie wibs batnion This filh differs from the two foregoing ſpecies in many particulars; for the tail is ſquare, the bronchial aperture very narrow, and the body of a more oblong form. SIHTUIT bubur wp STO SECT. 456 THEA NATURAL HISTORY ii. t. 22. Lidt ma-zlomuitost Satulosta dallo surinty93 and dig zavoupit T.2 VODATO oslo ono ob S E CT. III. С, і ото элігерут dra ayrthyspire д ИоIDАЯтго grimpot ) VOIDATO ALISTES 1. Major faſciata, dorſo triacantho, cauda bi- blozon odT furca radiis exterioribus longifſimisenlun (The Old Wife; and . ; Baliſtes caudâ bifurcâ, &c. Art. Syn. 82. Gronov. Old Wife of Cat. Muf, Ich. yd y no Guaperva. Pif. 57. & Will. t. 1. 23. dt ovade mot 1000 sadt amiodaro ang alilot poter wody dong bochintut olls 915 esbil Corpus compreſſum oblongo-quadratum ſquamoſum rigidum ; Squamis lime bool do inftar aſperis . Os edentulum parvum ; dentes conici utrinque, anteriores and : ni longiores : lingua nulla ; pharynx utrinque denticulatum : Oculi remoti & proportionati. Membrana branchioſtega ofculis ſex fuffulta, & fub cu- tem perforatam recondita. Pinna pectorales fubrotunde. Dorſales bi- ne; anterior aculeis tribus validiſſimis fuffulta", poſterior inermis radiata widgo & caudam verſus arcuata, radicis prioribus longifimis . Pinna ventralis li v unica, rugoſa, radio priori maximo, unguiformi afpero. Pinna ani dor- daids y Sali ſimillima, fed minor minuſque produ&ta. Finna caudæ lunata, ra- Inicomand diis extimis longiſſimis. Birods saidoqon ai boddudo bra This fiſh is very much liked in America, but muſt be ſkinned before it is dreſſed. Its name has given riſe to a ſaying frequent in thoſe parts, viz. That an Old Wife is the beſt of fiſh, and worſt of fleſh. It is ſerved up either boiled or ſtewed, and makes a very agreeable difh either way. The body is generally about twenty inches or better in length, and nine over. 9200 ron M. BUIHIOJI BALISTES 2. Subcinerea minor dorfo diacantho, aculeo anteriori majori barbato, caudâ fub- a svaku ai to noilorqxs ad rotunda. yleys to The little Old-Wife. Baliſtes aculeis dorh duobus, &c. Art. & Gr. Muſ. Ich.(Hamileli bas enn-obil :. ila yod Pira-aca Braſ. Will. t. I. 4. elia boravou s done sved port 10 215 belona de Tad aten 9 100 1910W 10 zis diw nog BALISTES 3. Subcinerea maculata minor, cauda longiori, 7 benedores to nie Sorsotdorſo diacantho, anteriori majori fimplici. The Mingo. Bachia Acara-mucu Braſ. Will. t. E. f. 2. , sleguishes bruor ve ortala Dj -191 OSTRACION 1. Oblongus glaber, fubcinereo-miſcellus, iw boilqqul olls 915 ai di 90. LETE polemo balas ob oculis viridibus. The ſpotted Toad- . Orbis oblongus, major lævis, &c. Bar. Obf. Dentes inciſorii valde acuti ſunt in hâc ſpecie. ote Cena slo filho dos disodobno sono Ilsmlows brie OSTRACION 2. Minor orbiculatus, Spinis triangula- y alq artsbil slderobil 191190 10 1001 s lo digribus, pinnulis omnibus breviſimis. The prickly Bottle- Post Orbs echinatus hove muricatus Rondoletii. Will, t. The fiſh.com Wolloni 70 751591 wollt diw botsibst vlla Bir bris. Ismail 1s'agy ad qil 19991 OSTRACION 3. Conico-oblongus, fuſco-miſcellus, prominu- livs-692 od denfioribus ado 38 MTA sis Koruitgo bOSTRACION 4.080-tumidus, ucu longis undi- pad 1789 molto que Hiſtrix piſcis Cluſi. Will. t. I. 5. i se) adı azarw Sou-go filho buvo to nuodu od The Porcupine bas ja . The Sea-Porcupine of Pet. Gaz. 60. I. asisolids to suomarit vbbice This is but rarely found in the ſeas about Jamaica, but is pretty common about the he coaſts of North America. ao OSTRA- .901 3901 DA EN9 -TOO OW3 9Vsid edi bas 1. 4. on 095w150 lis inermibus medio-corporedempcomin-} The Bottle-fich. undi-) 20 s 0 FI JAMAICA.IT 457 } 1 a OSTRACION 5. Triquetrus gibbus, tegmine oſſeo areolato, The Trunck-fish. dorſo acuto. I म OSTRACION 6. Triquetrus gibbus, tegmine ofco areo- Diowa odbora lato, capite cornuto. TIA Oſtracion triangularis duobus aculeis in fronte. Art. & The Cuckold-fith. Gron. Muf. Ich. od 39 The two laft ſpecies are fo like each other that they can be diſtinguiſhed only by the horns that ſhoot from above the eyes of the latter ; they are alſo furniſhed each with two other horns that riſe from the poſterior angles of the trunk, on both ſides of the belly; but theſe are equally common - to both. They are very rich food, and, when well ſtuffed and baked, excel all other forts of fiſh in America: but none of the other ſpecies are uſed in Jamaica. LOPHIUS 1. Minor, cute tenuiori rugoſo, pinná? The ſmall warted Lophius dorſali majori, cirro nafali bi or Sea-Devil. furco. This fiſh ſeldom grows above four or five inches in length, and is pretty thick and chubbed in proportion: the ri&tus is large; the jaws denticulated; the branchial apertures placed backwards under the fins of the breaſt, which are much of the ſhape of claws; and it is furniſhed with a branchioſtegeous membrane, ſupported by regular oſſcules, as well as with a membranous lung-bag, which is moſt beautifully interwoven with blood veſſels. Tole gelen bir son bias od 20 123doni LOPHIUS 2. Major monoceros, loricatus & tuberculatus. Tab. 48. fig. 3. COM The Sea-Batt. Guaperva Braſilienfis. Will. t. E. f.2. This curious fiſh is of a very uncommon form; and, by the expanſion of its fide-fins and its ſmall ventrals, repreſents a bat in ſome meaſure, whence its name. They have each a ſet of covered gills, and a pair of lungs beſides, which they fill with air or water upon occafions; but theſe are only ſimple membranous bladders or bags, charged with an infinite number of ſmall blood veſſels, diſpoſed like a net- work on the inſide. They receive the air by the mouth, and diſcharge it again at pleaſure by two round apertures placed at the alæ of the lateral fins. Theſe fithes are alſo ſupplied with branchioſtegous membranes, ſuſtained each by five fen- der arched officles ; but they lie under the ſkin, and can't be ſeen until the fiſh is opened. Each of theſe fiſhes is furniſhed with a ſmall membranous fin in the back, and two ſmall ones underneath in the fore-part of the breaſt: they alſo have two con- fiderable fide-fins placed about the center of the body; beſides a ſmall anal fin, and a moderate tail. The laſt ſort grows ſometimes to the length of a foot, or better : the mouth is ſmall; the lips ductile ; and it throws out a flender, bifurcated, fleſhy feeler, or cirrus, from the hollow ſpace that lies between the horn and the upper lip. The eyes are ſmall, and very beautifully radiated with yellow. 5 урлариорАЯтго ALOPHIUS 3. Maximus monoceros nebulatus. . The Sea-Devil. Lophius fronte unicorni Art. & Gro. Muſ. Icht. VOIDAIT20 This fiſhy monſter is very large, and weighs commonly from 100 to 3000 pounds: it is very frequent in the harbour of Kingſton, eſpecially in the ſouth-weſt part, towards Paſſage-Fort, where the ſea is leaſt reſorted, and the bottom ſoft and ICO muddy. The mouth of this ſpecies is very large. hre ausode nomos 11919 i od ano od 2 vleis tud ai eid thon 10 6 B SQUA- -Аятго a } 458 THE NATURAL HISTORY 10 O WOT 58 01 Blolobously spiunaqa. Isidoneid aqs. Isidomsad, melocit, V. e stadi dish nl 1 ho SE Е СТ, IV..soided to sols edi 16 noite SQUALUS 1. Roftro oſſeo cuſpidato plano utrin-7 The Saw-fifh; commonly que dentato Art. Syn. 93. called the Sword-fiſh in Priftis five ſerra Cluf. Will. t. B. 9. f. 5. 9 Jamaica Saith you ho This creature ſeldom comes near the ſhore, tho' frequent enough in the open feas, where it meets with abundance of prey. It is ſaid to join frequently with the Threſher (a), to attack the Grampus ; and many, who pretend to have ſeen them act thus together, ſay that the Sword-fiſh keeps under the Whale, and endeavours to wound him in the belly, while the other attacks above, and ſtrikes it with its Slot monſtrous armed tail. dows but SQUALUS 2. Capite depreſſo ſubacuto, dentibus lanceolatis fer- ratis ſex ordinibus diſpoſitis, pupilla longiori anguſta. 02W07>The Shark, 2o Squalus dorfo plano, &c. Art. Syn. 98. & Gron. Muf. Icht. wdiool odelos Canis carcarias Species. Will, app. t. 5. This is one of the moſt ravenous inhabitants of the ſea, and ſeldom ſpares any thing that comes in its way, let its nature or form be what it will. The pupil of the eye, in this creature, is long and narrow, like that of a cat and alligator, which renders its fight not ſo ready in the water: but whatever may be wanting in this reſpect is ſupplied by thoſe ſmall oblong, clouded fiſhes called pilotes, that attend it conſtantly wherever it goes, and direct its motions on all ſides. I have obſerved theſe ſmall guides wait on ſome of thoſe fiſhes (when hooked) to the very fide of the ſhip, and remain about the veſſel for days after, but I could never take any of them; they are ſaid to run in and out of the Shark's ftomach when they pleaſe: Cre- dat qui vult. The young Sharks are much eſteemed by the negroes. The mouth of theſe monſters, when full grown (and then they are nineteen feet or better in length) is very large, and each jaw beſet with fix ranges of lanceo- lated and ſerrated teeth, which riſe gradually upright, from under the gums, as they grow old; but thoſe of the upper jaw are narrow and pointed. The fore part of the head of this filh ſtretches a good way beyond the under jaw, which, when its motion is ſwift, frequently obliges it to turn upon its back to catch its prey more eaſily. The kin is rough and hard, and ſerves to ſcrape and polith all forts of hard wood, 16970 2001 romarT SinOSQUALUS 3. Dorſo bipinni, utraque aculeo majori armatá our bois awon 3 > pinnis ani geminis. The Dog-fiſh. gaisc din Muſtelus Spinax. Will. t. B. 5. f. 1. Jo lio viso Shiamar al sd ods olan to smca ods. 9v13) looma The eyes of this fiſh perfectly reſemble thoſe of the common Shark, and the teeth are equally fingular in their make. The whole fiſh ſeldom exceeds three feet and a half in length, and, like moſt of this tribe, is viviparous, its young being nouriſhed by large eggs in the womb, from each of which a vaſcular cord runs to the breaſt of the correſponding fætus, as in embryo-chicken. This is commonly 18 found in the channel, and ſeldom goes, as far as Jamaica. 9is vadt busignol gainan 20mit 7:10 επήλαιοι νοσή του οποί3ετίαχο SQUALUS 4. Capite tranſverſo mallei inftar . Art. Syn. 96. & Gron. M. Ichtr} The Thevil - noſed Shark, . Zygania falivani. Will. t. B. 1. with UpЯНДІЯнт This fiſhy monſter is like the ſecond ſpecies in nature, fize and make; but the head is broad and thin, and ſtretches out on both ſides, in which expanſions both the eyes and noſtrils are placed. riguong nepali I : 691 od 790 aravin 1697g 10 1 . (a) A large ſpecies of the Raia. a o idguard norto on ai si fod bom99fts dum i molt vaste 131 paladine liscal yasm ol as low 25 29111799. This bidi bno -gb oi 1. US 769 y 0 F1J A MA I CA. o Ј А HT 459 Joe figuroma In this genus there are five tranſverſe branchial apertures placed cloſe to each other at the alæ of the breaſt fins. a Voo RAJA 1. Minor corpore nebulato glabro, aculeo unico a-browa di barbato in cauda.co.ave A ott The Maid: ... Iliw RAJA 2. Major nebulata, aculeo quandoque duplici į The Sting-ray. 1 sidr Solihing asgo 91 9U orts riw. 3990 pont doo majori barbato in cauda. 1851 Dust 1919 20 somboos diivi 21990 di suodw 2891 RAJA 3. Media cæruleo-miſcella, lingua offeâ, aculeo ma-} The Whip-ray ovsebne bas jori barbato in caudâ impinná. w COM inline iz 23 ade пно: от Theſe ſpecies, eſpecially the firſt, are frequently brought to table in Jamaica ; and when well dreſſed are liked by moſt people. 1 00111110111 RAJA 4. Maxima armata. The Threſher or Father-Lafher. ANOS This ſpecies grows to a monſtrous fize, and is feldom obſerved ſo far as Jamaica to the ſouthward; it is ſaid to combine with the ſword fiſh to attack the grampus. Ge D balloon Vos 291bl mobil bab S E C T. V. Homed to sto at aid 20 liquq odliw di daline di stop asdi gnica ELPHINUS 1. Corpore fubtereti oblongo, roftro producto? The Porpeſs. ve adt hunswaad van 19v acuto. Delphinus Will.t. 1. f. 1. Sigurnost didw bngtis torld_stoki ballo euria babala - PHYSETER 1. Pinna dorſi altiſima, apice dentium plano} The Grampus. a fogl91 aids to obil yievados (by Art. Syn. 104. Jemi alad This large monſter is common in all theſe ſouthern ſeas, and may be frequently feen between Hifpaniola and Jamaica. podt med 2007 shart sup bb » BALENA 1. Fiftula in medio vertice, roftro obtufiori Jur-} The Bottle-noſe. -0990s & asorisa x ſum repando. tanah mi 791130 10 There are gi great numbers of theſe large fiſhes in the ſouthern ſeas, but we could not hitherto remark any thing particular concerning them. To stor tud blo wong soitomisasdw doint da ains to bror dT CATODON Fifulâ in nuchá, dorſo topho inſtructo. The Sperma-ceti Whale. baow usd to al milog ce This monſtrous creature is generally from fifty to ſixty feet in length, chennai cian grown; and proportionably broad and corpulent. The teeth are ſtrait, of a conic form, near eighteen inches long, and about the thickneſs of a man's wrift: and the back is furniſhed with a large bump; but this is of no regular ſhape to de- ferve the name of a fin. People have of late found the art of reducing the very oil of this fiſh to ſperma-ceti, which is likely to prove of ſervice to the world, as it is now very much uſed in candles. it blod ni slugnil pli sup9 915 d1931 We are at preſent chiefly ſupplied with ſperma-ceti and whalebone from Nan- tucket in North America, about which theſe fiſhes are found in great abundance. I have obſerved great numbers of them in 42 } north latitude, and 40° weſt longitude. They are eaſily known at a diſtance by their frequent and continued expirations, for they ſometimes ſpout out the water thirty or forty times running before they diſappear.. Soon to SUTAUOS adol M YA THRICHECUS 1. Mammis pectoralibus binis. The Manatee. at sud Thrichecus. Art. сп пі абіоз Боря) ol-ai 19 taon vida aid T This creature has an exquiſite hearing, and lives commonly about the openings of great rivers near the fea: It is frequent enough near the main, where its fleſh is much eſteemed; but it is not often brought to Jamaica. It has two regular nafal apertures, as well as ſo many ſmall ear-holes; and the ſkin, which is very thick, a 460 THE NATURAL HISTORY thick, being cut into regular pieces, makes fine riding ſwitches; and may be uſed in whips inſtead of whale-bone. It takes in air both by the mouth and noftrils, to the ſurface whenever it wants to breathe : but it always groans very hideouſly on thoſe occaſions. It weighs from 1000 to 2000 lb. in common: the tail-fin is broad and ſpreading. bas noilgos and raifes III. I crea- a tosis" CHA A P. 190 siis one ada bniw yede dang e choice of R E P T IL ES. S. Ioud slaad base jort bloos F we conſider with what pernicious qualities many of the individuals of this U claſs are endowed, we muſt certainly be very thankful to the divine Author of all beings, who has diſtributed them ſo ſparingly among us. They are, indeed, often quite harmleſs ; nay ſome of them are, in many reſpects, beneficial to our kind; and yet there are but few people who have not a natural averſion to moſt of the tribe. as The greateſt part of the individuals of this claſs live chiefly in open air, tho' ma- ny of them paſs a conſiderable part of life in water; but they are all furniſhed with lungs, whoſe cells and compartments are vaſtly larger than thoſe of other tures, which enables them to keep in that element much longer than any other inhabitants of air can do. And their fluids are naturally cool, and the circulation flow and languid, which is the principal reaſon they fubfift fo long without food; the greateſt vigour of their juices depending chiefly on their motions and the heat of the ſun, in whoſe rays they are frequently obſerved to balk during the ſummer ſeaſon. But they grow quite languid as the heat declines towards the winter months, during which they are generally obſerved to live almoſt in a ſtate of in- action, in all the colder climates. All the animals of this tribe now found in Ja- maica, I ſhall divide into four claſſes, according to their different appearances and diſpoſitions; and range them under the following heads, in four ſeparate fections. co JOTA adhil bias 10 SECT. I. ng Of the Serpents, or ſuch as have no regular limbs ; but whoſe bodies are generally covered with ſcales, and moved by regular muſcles ſupported by Solid props. MPHISBENA 1. Subargentea ad caudam breviorem libong craliſſima, corpore ſquamis æquali-The Silver Snake. bus undique tecto. Tab. 44. f. 1. 5oods Serpens biceps vulgo dicta. Barr. gao w This reptile ſeldom exceeds fixteen inches in length, and grows gradually thicker from the ſnout to the end of the tail; but the anus is placed ſo near this part both in this and ſome others of the fame kind, that it has been frequently miſtaken for the mouth, which has given a riſe to the name Amphiſbena, by which all the ſpecies are now commonly known. This little reptile is generally met with in the neſts of ants, and about hollow or decayed trees: it is thought to be very venomous, but I could never learn any inſtance of its poiſonous qualities, nor is it frequently met with in the iſland. 3 bin 900 yo no van ano est sm CEN- A BE Yя от о 2-й 1 А А ТА И Я НЕО great eaſe. ] 11 OF JAM ЈА М А І С А. I sd soon 30 d ymus 461 SCENCHRIS 1. Tardigrada major, lutea, maculis migris The yellow Snake. breviori & craſori. goal This reptile is very common in the country parts of Jamaica, and runs frequently ner from eight to fixteen or twenty feet in length; they have a horny protuberance on each ſide of the anus, which probably affiſts in the acts of copulation, and may, upon occaſion, help them in climbing trees, which they often do, and with The yellow ſnakes move but ſlowly, catching their prey more by ſtealth or chance than by agility; but when they fix themſelves in a tree, their length gene- rally enables them to catch every thing that paſſes underneath; for they wind the tail-part round ſome limb, and ſtretch the fore part down, in which ſituation, it is affirmed, they have been ſometimes known to attack both men and beaſts ; but I could not find any credible authority for this aſſertion. Many of the negroes eat theſe reptiles, and look upon them as a rich and deli- cate food; but they generally preſerve the fat, which is conſidered as a good reſolutive, and highly recommended for ſuch purpoſes. sedilib asi odwagniad COLUBER 1. Major fuſca luteo ſubvariegata, caudá? The large black Snake: og vendolod adiup au 20 stor not tenuiori. adina I have ſeen only one of this fort, which was about twelve feet in length ; it was more ſlender and active than the yellow ſnake, and the tail-part more tapering and longer. nedi 1396 bnsells slodwentul 2e dag nodw, 29102 poo COLUBER 2. Minor nigra, ventre albido. The ſmall black Snake. dni SUOT This little reptile is very flender, and extremely active; it is generally from two feet and a half to three feet, or better, in length; and thought, by ſome people, to be venomous; but this notion prevails chiefly among the negroes, who have many idle prejudices among them. I have never heard of any damage done by them, though they are frequent in moſt of the colonies, and will often erect the fore- -part of their bodies, and ſtand in very daring poſtures. Bib . Hls nino obivibili in bos 2015 Tartib 15 999- gintaqal 10 i 25 ကို bne anoinoqli SECT. II. edo Bolt Of Lizards, and Reptiles of the Lizard Tribe. ROCODILUS 1. Loricatus maximus aquatilis; palmis pen-108 dico ; 29000 adie tadactylis, tribus interioribus unguicu- yoqqun 2015 are als latis fiffis, exterioribus palmatis; plan- Hloroge tis pentadactylis Semipalmatis, exteriori The Alligator. utrinque mutico. Crocodilus. Mart. 416. & Bar. 152. АИНЕ ІНЯМ A Sacae Crocodile. Davies. Chap. 21. ន I choſe rather to deſcribe this creature under its antient name, than to give it among the lizards, from which it ſeems to differ in many eſſential particulars. It grows to a monſtrous ſize, and is frequently obſerved from fourteen to twenty four feet in length. It moves very ſlowly on the ground, and generally ſeeks its prey in water ; but when any ſmall animals come within its reach, it ſeizes them with great eagerneſs, and ſoon deſtroys them. It is quite tongue-leſs, but the place of this mem- ber is ſupplied by a ſmall elaſtic valve ſituated between the joints of the jaws, in the bottom of the mouth, which covers and cloſes up the ſwallow occaſionally: both the jaws are mobile, eſpecially the upper one, and well beſet with large conic and moderately compreſſed teeth. The creature has a ſtrong mulky ſcent, by which it is frequently diſco- 6C vered a า) и ням А j m 462 THE NATURAL HISTORY a br vered at a diſtance; and its eyes are like thoſe of the cat and ſhark, the pupilla or fight, which is very narrow, running ſtraight forward. They are obſerved to live for many months without any viſible ſuſtenance, which experiment is frequently tried in Yamaica, by tyeing their jaws with wire, and putting them, thus tyed up, into a pond, well, or water-tub, where they often live for a conſiderable time; but they riſe to the ſurface, from time to time, for breath. On opening this animal, the ſtomach is generally found charged with fiones of a pointed oval but flatted ſhape, to which they ſeem to have been worn in its bowels : doubtleſs, it ſwallows them not only for nouriſhment, which is evi- dent from the attrition and ſolution of their ſurfaces, but alſo to help its digeſtion, and to ſtir up the oſcillations of the lothful fibres of its ftomach, as many other creatures do. Some people think it ſwallowed them to keep the eaſier under water at times; but how reaſonable foever this conjecture may ſeem to fome people, it will not take with ſuch as are better acquainted with the nature of aquatic animals. 10.A It is like the lizard in the ſhape of the body, and the whole ſurface is covered over ſomething like a tortoiſe; but the ſkin may be more properly ſaid to be har- dened into a horny ſubſtance from ſpace to fpace, than to be furniſhed with real ſcales. The tail is oblong, pointed, and nearly quadrilateral, and the ſcales or protuberances at the two upper angles riſe upright, and are ſomewhat of a lanceo- lated form. They lay their eggs in the ſand; but theſe are ſomewhat larger than the eggs of a gooſe, and, as they are pretty tranſparent, readily fhew us the firſt formation and growth of the animal, in which we obſerve the whole maſs of the ſemen maſculinum, which lies in the white round the middle of the egg, turn gra- dually into the young one. Analogy may, hence, induce us to think, that the forma- tion of the human ſpecies from animalculæ is but a phantom; and that we, like other creatures, are formed of more conſiderable mafies. 10 bro 791 ada LACERTA 1. Major, Squamis dorſi lanceolatis ere&tis, e nu- châ ad extremitatem caudæ porrectis. The Guana. The great Lizard of Davies, 69. This reptile, like the reſt of the lizard kind, has a long forked muſcular tongue, divided toes, and a ſcaley ſkin. It is a native of moſt parts of America, and generally an inhabitant of the woods; but, like moſt of the tribe, lives a very conſiderable time without food, and changes its colour with the weather, or the native moiſture of its place of reſidence. I have kept a grown Guana about the houſe for more than two months; it was very fierce and ill-natured at the be- ginning, but after ſome days it grew more tame, and would, at length, paſs the greateſt part of the day upon the bed or couch, but it went out always at night. I have never obſerved it to eat any thing, except what imperceptible particles it had lapped up in the air ; for it frequently threw out its forked tongue, like the cha- meleon, as it walked along. ATSEDAJ The fleſh of this creature is liked by many people, and frequently ſerved up in frica ſees at their tables, in which ſtate they are often preferred to the beſt fowls. , is and tiful creature in that ſtate. 900 boyantou-gmin992 910. mitomolovsd I non LACERTA 2. Major cinerea maculata. SI. H. 273.1 The large ſpotted zVswl. The great ſpotted Lizard of Edw. 203. $ Ground Lizard. To 16 boste Боор JO183 This creature is frequent in moſt parts of America, and remarkable for its ſize and ſpotted fkin: it changes its colour like the reſt of the claſs; and (I know not by what chance) is more apt to have a double tail than any of the reſt. T4 LACERTA 7996 93UAL DO o OF JA M A I CA. MA 463 LACERTA 3. Media ſquamoſa, corpore & cauda shib 16 borav oblongo-fubquadratis, auribus ma- The Galley-Waſp. See joribus nudis. wedno s Pet. Gaz. 69. 13.do Dupaita This reptile is moſt frequently met with in the woods, but is ſometimes obſerved in low marſhy places alſo. It is generally of a dirty colour, clouded with croſs ſtripes of a lighter or darker hue, and changes often from that to a fine golden yellow. It is reckoned the moſt venomous reptile in theſe iſlands; and, it is ſaid, no creature can recover from the bite of it; but tho' this is a general aſſer- tion, and told by every perſon, I could never learn any poſitive fact from per- ſons worthy of credit. The creature's teeth are ſhort, even, and fixed, ſo that I imagine the poiſon, if any there be, muſt lie in the ſaliva. The tail is longer than it is generally repreſented in cuts, and tàpers gradually to the end. It is ge- nerally from one to two feet or better in length. Da Hiwot alaosa ະນຢູ່ 5 LACERTA 4. Minor, caudâ longiori attenuatå, faſciâ The ſmall Ground ? ſubviridi in utroque latere. bisor This creature is very innocent, and changes its colour leſs than any of the others. It is the moſt common of all the forts, and keeps in holes in the ground during the night; but is always out by day to ſeek for food. It is very frequent in all the ſugar-iſlands, and the moſt common prey of the cats, in thoſe parts of the world. l. sloo LACERTA 5. Minor viridis, caudâ Squa- The Guana-Lizard; and blue mis ere&tis criſtata. $ Lizard of Edw. p. 50 mm This ſpecies is common in Jamaica, and keeps generally of a beautiful green colour; but it changes its hue with its ſeat, like the reſt of the kind, and ſeems more ready than any of them in all its mutations ; for it aſſumes the colour of every place it moves to very ſoon. The whole body is flightly fcaled, but thoſe in the upper part of the tail are erected into a ſmall indented creſt, ſomewhat like the Guana. It feldom exceeds nine or ten inches in length, and is very innocent 700 a Lizard. do 19va od o 2889 ods ar] te VISCE T LACERTA 6. Minor, corpore depreſo & utrinque at- at-2 Sluar aid cuito tenuato, lateribus fafcia longitudinali al-The Wood-Slave. der 29vibu adored bidâ ventri approximatâ notatis. vilisang bas This ſpecies is generally thought to be venomous, but I have never known an in- oldsbilnog ſtance of it, tho' they are common in moſt of the iſlands where I have been. They are generally of a flatted oblong form, and taper gradually and almoſt equally towards both ends. I have ſeen theſe creatures, when ſtuck with a fork, or other weapon, to the wall, throw off all the tail by joints, one, two, or three at a time. quod s dood augher box aligboggala LACERTA 7. Minor ſubcinereo-miſcella, caudâ tenui-} The Houſe-Lizard. 7 bosilaw ties (doslom sto ovat vlanonpon ori. borist last tiot to 293) Epith an This ſpecies ſeldom exceeds five or fix inches in length, and is of a delicate ſlender make. The tail is long and tapering, but generally more or leſs erect in its pofiei tion. I have ſometimes put one of this fort under a large ſpeaking-trumpet, and on ſhaking the machine, it was fo terrified that it was hardly able to ftir for a conſiderable time after. I have alſo obſerved that, in ſuch places they always turn of a mottled black colour; and, on being removed to a tuft of wet graſs, change again to a green colour. This ſpecies is of a delicate make, and catches flies very readily. It is frequent about all the ſettlements in the country som ) wyd parts of Jamaica. lisasiduos S70 1 ATAGOA LACERTA а V60 464 THE NATURAL HISTORY LACERTA 8. Minima fubfufca. The ſmall Houſe-Lizard. This creature is very common about all the houſes in the iſland: it feldom ex- ceeds three inches in length, but is not of ſo delicate a ſhape as the foregoing. It climbs the ſurface of the ſmootheft glaſs with eaſe, and lives much upon flies; but it is not ſo apt to change its colour as the other forts. It is obſerved that, in all theſe ſpecies, eſpecially the ſmaller forts, if the tail be cut off, it ſhoots a-new in ſome time, and often attains the natural fize and figure. LACERTA 9. Minor nigra maculis albis variegata,? The black Lizard with cauda longiori & tenuiori. S white ſpots. This ſpecies is generally about ten inches, or better, in length, of a delicate flen- der make in proportion, and very beautifully ſpotted. I had one of them from the coaſt of Guinea. a CHAMÆLEON 1. Major cinereus, cauda in Spiram involuta, pedibus pentadactylis unguicula-> The large grey Chameleon. tis, digitis duobus tribuſ- que coadnatis & oppoftis. I have taken the liberty of deſcribing this creature alſo under its ancient appella- tion, having ſeparated it from the lizard kind on account of the peculiar form of the head, and diſpoſition of the toes; which, with ſome other remarkable parti- cularities both in its mechaniſm and genus, diſtinguiſh it fufficiently from the reſt of the tribe. The head is large and boney in all the ſpecies of this genus; the ſockets of the eyes very deep; the jaws beſet with teeth ; and the bone that covers the forehead ftretches a good way back over the neck and ſhoulders. The body is moderately large, and thicker than moſt of the lizard kind, in pro- portion to the length. The tail winds downwards in a ſpiral form; and the toes are diſpoſed like thoſe of parrots, in two oppoſite bundles, which enables it to hold itſelf very ſteddily on the ſmaller branches of trees, where it chiefly keeps. This ſpecies is a native of Africa, and was brought to Jamaica from the coaſt of Guinea. It is extremely flow in its motion, though it chiefly ſupplies itſelf with food from the moſt nimble tribe of inſects (a); but whatever nature has denied it in agility, ſeems to be abundantly ſupplied in mechaniſm; for its flow and eaſy motion renders it but little ſuſpected at a diſtance; and when it comes within a certain ſpace of the object, it ſtretches out its tail, poizes its body, and fixes it- ſelf to as to meet but ſeldom with a diſappointment in its attack : when all is ready, it uncoils its long, Nender, muſcular tongue, and darts it, as it were, with ſuch unconceivable ſwiftneſs that it hardly ever fails of its prey. But though the flowneſs of its motion alone would naturally prevent any fufpicion in thoſe agile little bodies, while it keeps at a diſtance, it adds another piece of me- chaniſm to the former, and changes its colour conſtantly with its ſtation, putting on the ſame hue and complexion with every ſprig or branch, &c. on which it fixes itſelf. (a) Flies. a 3 SECT. 0 F JA MA IAC A. HT465 do ni ocytes SECT. III.stol Of the Tortoiſe and Turtle kind. es si esioscheid 97 si to ya oko milo Sur ESTUDO 1. Major, unguibus utrinque quan} The Hawk's-billTurtle. The fleſh of this ſpecies, though frequently uſed in all parts of America, is not ſo delicate nor ſo much eſteemed as that of the green turtle; but its ſcales (a) are the moſt valued, being generally the thickeſt and beſt coloured. T . TESTUDO 2. Unguibus palmarum duobus, plantarum} The green Turtle. 3 This ſpecies is frequent on the coaſts of Jamaica, where it is often caught; and generally bought and ſold, like beef, in all the markets. It is delicate tender food while young; but as it grows old it grows more tough and griſtly, and is not ſo agreeable to the ſtomach in thoſe warm countries; the juices, however, are gene- rally reckoned great reſtoratives, and often obſerved to heal and ſmooth the ſkin in ſcorbutic and leprous habits; nay, is ſaid to cure even the moſt obftinate venereal taints. 011 ble The ſcales of this ſpecies are uſed like thoſe of the foregoing, but they are neither ſo thick nor ſo beautifully clouded. a TESTUDO 3. Unguibus utrinque binis acutis, Squamis dorſ quinque gibbis. The Loggerhead Turtle. Teſtudo, &c. Cat. ii. t. 39. This ſpecies is not very common about Jamaica, and ſeems to be rather a na- tive of more northern climates, being generally found in greateſt abundance about the Weſtern Iſlands and the neighbouring ocean. The head is of a moderate ſize, but the mouth is wider, and the bill longer and ſtronger than that of the other forts. The ſkin about the neck and the inſertion of the fins is rugged and warty; the back part of the ſhell more gibbous and prominent than in the other ſpecies; and each of the five upper ſcales terminates in a pointed bunch behind; but all are pretty thick and well coloured: in the whole, it is extremely like the other ſpecies. The Turtle from which this deſcription is made, was taken up near the Weſtern Iſlands many leagues out at ſea. The back was covered with moſs, and barni- cies; and the crab, Tab. 42. f. 1. was found ſticking in the wrinkles about the anus; the guts were full of Galatea's and Meduſa's, which, with a few branches of ſome fea-weeds, made up all its nouriſhment; yet it was fat and rich, but of a ſtrong, rank, fiſhey taſte. I eat ſome, and it agreed pretty well with my ſtomach. , It is a ſtrong incentive. а as of TESTUDO 4. Minima lacuſtris, unguibus palmarum, quinis, plantarum quaternis, teſta The Terrapin. depreſja. This ſpecies is pretty frequent about all the lagoons and moraffes in Jamaica, and lives chiefly among the weeds that grow in thoſe places. The body is generally of a compreſſed oval form, and ſeldom exceeds eight or nine inches in length. It is often ſerved up at gentlemen's tables in that iſland, and looked upon as delicate wholeſome food by many people. (a) Theſe lie contiguous to each other, on the ſurface of the ſtrong boney trunk that incloſes the entrails of the creature. 6 D TES- 466 THE NATURAL HISTORY TESTUDO 5. Major oblonga, beſtå profundiori, cute? The Hicatee, or , codici loricată, unguibus palmarum quin- Land Turtle. que, plantarum quatuor. This ſpecies is a native of the main-land, but frequently imported to Jamaica, where it is often common. The ſhell is very deep, and often above a foot and a half in length; but the ſurface is generally divided into oblong hexagons, yellow in the center, and radiated with ſlender even ſtreaks from thence to the circum- ference. ous ਤੇ ਨੀ todo $ E C T. IV. totale Of the Frog kind. ANA 1. Maxima compreſſa miſcella. Curruru. Pil. 298. The Toad. An, Rana tereſtris. Cat. ii. t. 69. An, Rana dorſo pullifero. L. S. N. This creature is very common in the inland parts of Jamaica, where it keeps a continued croaking at night, but lies ftill during the day. It is large and thin, . climbs with eaſe, and lies ſo flat, wherever it is, that an attentive eye alone is able to obſerve it. RAN RANA 2. Minima palmis & plantis filis. This little ſpecies is frequent in Mountſerat, and may be fometimes ſeen in ya- maica. It is a very active creature, but never ſurpaſſes an inch and a half in length. CH A P. IV. tason Of BIRD S. asda T e HOUGH the individuals of this clafs are very numerous, and all fur- niſhed with proper limbs to convey them from one region to another, ei- ther by land or water, we feldom obſerve the ſame in any country or king- dom. Many ſorts, I muſt acknowledge, are of a vague diſpoſition, and alike the inha- bitants of very remote provinces, among which we often find thoſe that we leaſt expect (a); while others of a different nature, which are alſo the inhabitants of di- ſtant countries at times, ſeek different regions with the different ſeaſons of the year, and return as regularly the enſuing changes. This might naturally induce a traveller to divide the birds of every country into the Reſidentiaries, the Polyclimacoines, and the birds of paſſage; but, as Naturaliſts, we muſt endeavour to divide them into orders and genera more appropriated to their natural diſpoſitions, and the peculiar forms of particular parts; for they have a more general uniformity in their habits and appearances than any other tribe of beings; and the uſes to which many of them are put, either for food or pleaſure, oblige us to be as clear as poſſible both in the diſtribution and characteriſtics of the individuals: and the better to avoid all (a) Who would expect to find the Moor-hen an inhabitant of fo diſtant a country as America ? and yet there is hardly a fowl more common in thoſe parts. 29 manner Тоо SI OF J À MAI CA. ЈА 467 manner of confufion on this occaſion, I ſhall divide the following chapter, in which we give ſome account of moſt of the birds now commonly ſeen in and about Jamaica, whether natives or imported there from foreign parts, into eight ſections. The iſt of theſe will contain the ſmaller birds of the granivorous and frugivorous tribe, having ſhort conic bills that taper very regularly to a ſharp point, feldom exceeding half the length of the middle digits : and in the 2d we will give the birds very nearly of the fame ſize and nature, with lengthened, ſlender, conic bills. The 3d will comprehend the larger granivorous tribe with robuſt and moderately arched conic bills; well-proportioned limbs, and open claws: and in the 4th we ſhall give thoſe that have ſtrong crooked beaks, and open claws whoſe digits are generally furniſhed with ſtrong piercing nails. The 5th will contain thoſe that have broad ſtraight bills of a moderate length, and generally flatted more or leſs on the upper fide; proportioned legs, and open claws. In the 6th we ſhall give an account of ſuch as have open claws and long ſlender bills, nearly of a length with, or rather longer than the middle digits, arching and tapering very moderately from the baſe to the top. The 7th Thall contain thoſe that have long and flender, or robuſt and angular ſtraight bills, long legs, partly naked thighs, and divided claws; and generally reſort to watery places and in the 8th we ſhall give thoſe that have webbed feet, and live chiefly in water. a a S E CT. I. Of the ſmaller frugivorous and granivorous Birds, with ſhort and pointed conic bills, which nearly equal half the length of the middle digits. IRUNDO 1. Minima tenuior nigra, dorſo cano. The ſmall black Swallow, HIRUNDO HIRUNDO 2. Major ſubfuſca miſcella, maculâ alba ſphe- rica in utrâque alá. The Rain-Bird. Hirundo, &c. Cat. ii. t. 8. The leſer Goat-fucker of Edw. t. 63. This bird is about the ſize of a ſparrow-hawk, and of a dárkiſh, mottled, and ſtriped colour. It is ſeldom feen; but when it flies it takes a thouſand turns in its flight, which generally is very lofty. The bill is very ſhort, but thicker than is common to the kind in general, and a little arched. HIRUNDO 3. Nigra media, collario albo. The Martin-Swallow. HIRUNDO 4. Media minor fuſca, pectore albicante. The Houſe-Swallow. All theſe ſpecies are very diſtinct, and generally go in ſeparate parcels; they are all frequent in the different parts of the iſland. The houſe-ſwallow varies fome- times, for it is often without any white in the breaſt. LOXIA 1. Major rubra. } The Cardinal. Coccotrauſtes rubra, Cat, t. 38. This bird is frequently imported here from South Carolina, where it is a native: it is the largeſt bird I have ſeen of this kind, and has a pretty note. FRINGILLA 1. Minor pulla, fronte & uropi-? The Mountain Sparrow } gio rufefcentibus. This is a native of Jamaica, but keeps chiefly in the woods, where it is free quent enough. I have not had an opportunity of examining it cloſely hitherto. FRIN. a 2 468 THE NATURAL HISTORY } ox Jamaica, a FRINGILLA 2. Minor fuſco & albo ſtriatim variegata. The Graſs-Bird. FRINGILLA 3. Fuſco-olivacea minor. The Sugar-Bird. FRINGILLA 4. Subfuſca, capite variè ftriato, ſtriis The Gold-finch. quandoque rubris quandoque flavis. bud aid This little bird is common in Jamaica, and very like the European goldfinch. Said FRINGILLA 5. Corpore albicante, alis & cauda virefcen-} The Canary-Bird. 5 tibus. D. H. The Canary-bird is daily introduced to Jamaica, where it is kept by all ſorts of people: It thrives well in all cool and airy houſes, and it feldom fails to give the purchaſers great ſatisfaction. MOTACILLA 1. Subolivacea, gula, pectore & remigibus -56591 exterioribus luteis. The Ortalan of shib Larus luteus. Cat. I. t. 63. 548 Sbo The yellow Fly-catcher of Edw. p. 5. Tove 100d, 10, testni hilo al This is a bird of paſſage. do o 15 din jud not lioj oj alq strong ciled igre ni to vlison SECT. II. mis To abelha haluaine lomb, brabliwinate pro Of the ſmaller granivorous and vermivorous Birds, with conic and mode- divanid asilo se ci rately ſlender lengthened bills.OT-vläbn 9 or lo zitted nolal on how Note, The bills of theſe birds are ſomewhat tho' little ſhorter than their mid- thid 29 313 tada IATGE 26. nowote soduoda brid aid YOLUMBA 1. Cæruleſcens maculâ alarum duplice nigrá.} The Houſe Pigeon: do 10 gooldo J. Hill. hobus bail 1919 slod ON DE119 COLUMBA 2. Silvatica major nigro-cæruleſcens. The Mountain Pigeon. Ilid 31 1930 10 ni 1 COLUMBA 3. Major nigro- cærulefcens , caudá } The Ring-tail Pigeon. , bra och for a lisad To moshan 10 iuc a faſciatá. The di od od 591d bass bhirtsd abne COLUMBA 4. Vertice depreffo albido. 2 tution boosts bus- Columba capite albido. Cat . t. 25. d $ The Bald-pate, ist erw I This ſpecies viſits the lower lands very frequently, where it ſeeds of the red mangrove, and wild coffee-berries: but the two other forts keep chiefly in the woods, and feed upon other berries, the produce of the more remote inland parts. 10 yaen Rai brid aidT trasportadt mortalcon out-sud aiottib joyil vitordos COLUMBA 5. Subfuſca media, iride croceo, palpe-> buidora bris impinnis cæruleis. The white-winged Dove. The brown Indian Dove of Edw. t. 76. 2001 This bird has a good deal of white both in the belly and wings, and the tail is tipped with white underneath. brero 20 y COLUMBA 6. Media ſubfuſco maculata, oculis nigris. x The Pea-Dove. This bird makes fo loud a cooing in the woods, that it is often heard at a confi- derable diſtance. It has a few white feathers in the wings. CO- ade 30 Va 101 astoor blir drot bbq bas 350 dle digits. 908 Ceds upon the a 4. Y OF J A M A I CA.: 469 COLUMBA 7. Media, ventre albido. . The white-bellied Dove. COLUMBA 8. Purpureo-rufeſcens, iridi-7 The Mountain Witch, Mountain bus & palpebris coccineis. S Patridge, or Mountain Dove, This bird is chiefly an inhabitant of the woods, but not very common in any part of Jamaica; it is about the ſize of the Pea-Dove, and mottled about the breaſt. nod: COLUMBA 9. Minor ſubcinerea, pectore maculá oblon-} The Barbary Dove. COLUMBA 10. Subfuſca minima, maculis ni-7 The Ground-Dove of Cat. gris & ferrugineis afperja, i The Ground-Dove of Cat. i- ridibus miſcellis. t. 26. and of Edw. p. 5. All theſe ſpecies, except the firſt and ninth, are natives of Jamaica, and reck- oned very rich and delicate meat; eſpecially the ſecond and third, which excel in flavour, and add ſomething of a bitter to the taſte. Thoſe that live in the woods are not often uſed at inferior tables, being only the produce of the fowlers labours: but ſuch as reſort to the lower lands are very common in the markets, being ge- nerally taken in large baſkets, and the work of every negro that pleaſes to toil for them. They are all wild, and feed on moſt ſorts of wild grain, particularly the feeds of the different forts of Croton; but ſuch as live in the woods, feed chiefly on the berries of the Prickly-Pole and Xylopicron, which gives them that delicate bitteriſh flavour in the ſeaſon. a TETA 1. Subrufeſcens pedibus longioribus rubris. The Mountain-Cock, This bird is about the ſize of a Pea-Dove ; but its legs are much longer and of a red colour. The bill is better than half the length of the middle digit, ſtraight, pretty flender and conic, a little compreſſed on both ſides, with two oblong nafal apertures not far from the baſe. The head, body, and wings are much like thoſe of a dove or ſmaller pigeon, but there is no wax about the upper part of the bill. The tail is ſhort, and ſeems ſomething like that of a duck, but a little longer in proportion. The legs are long, ſcaled, and red; and the digits four, whereof one ftands behind, and three before: they are pretty long, ſcaled, and red, with ſharp fender arched nails. The apex of the tongue lacerated. I was favoured with this curious bird by Mrs. Wallen. a TURDUS 1. Niger, roſtro palpebris pedibuſque luteis, The Blackbird. } a This bird is a native of Jamaica, and not uncommon in the cooler woods, where it chiefly lives. It differs but little, either in ſize or make, from the European Blackbird. TURDUS 2. Dorſo ſubfuſco, pectore & re&tricibus ex- terioribus albidis, alis faſcia tranf-The Mock-bird or verſali albâ notatis. Nightingale. The Jamaica or leffer Mock-bird of Edwards; t. 78.) This certainly excels all other birds both in ſweetneſs of melody, and variety of notes. - It fings often with extaſy; and in its raptures I have frequently obſerved it fly upright ſome yards from its ſtand, and run headlong down to the ſame place again. I have ſeen them often perch on ſome convenient tree near the houſes in the Savannas, and pour forth their little notes for many minutes together, as if they 6 E had 470 THE NATURAL HISTORY had been been conſcious of the pleaſure they gave: and you may frequently ob- ſerve the notes anſwered from the neighbouring woods on thoſe occaſions, but then they generally liſten and fing by turns. Theſe birds are ſeldom kept in cages, which I ſuppoſe may be owing to the negligence of the people, who ſeldom like to keep any thing that is common. They ſay they never thrive when confined; but, if this be the caſe, it muſt be owing to their want of knowing the proper food of them, which is only the oily kernel of the hoop-withe berries and ſmall bird-peppers. It is extremely like the Mock-bird of North America in ſhape and ſize, but they differ a little in colour balles ilmomma SLOT ОАЯ ТЯТ Datome S E CT. III. ASM Slad cadoliglo Of Birds of the larger granivorous tribe with thick, conic, and mode- duiw erately arched bills, proportioned limbs, and divided claws. Stom 15 bal.sa PAVO 1. Cauda longa, plumis uropigii pulcberrimis. The Peacock." Theſe beautiful birds have been introduced to Jamaica fome years ago, and are now common at moſt of the gentlemen's ſeats there ; but they do not breed well in climate. San 109 ob id gled.to OM 980 bns CRAX 1. Niger, iride fubfuſco-croceo , ventre albido.} The Curaçoa Bird. 301759 Gallus Indicus. Slo. Hift. This bird is of the ſize and make of the Pea-hen, but the legs are longer and the tail narrower and more producted. It has a very beautiful creſt of frizzled or cur- led feathers along the crown of the head; they are ſomething like thoſe in the tail of a drake, and riſe in ſucceſſion one beyond another in two ranges which are nearly intermixed. The ſkin is pretty looſe over the head, and continues fo over the thickeſt part of the bill, where it generally is of a yellow colour: the eye is full, round and blackiſh. Sot 307 WSH-wonga CHOMORA MELEAGRIS 1, Caudam erigens. The Turkey ai bidaiah Theſe birds breed very well in ſome parts of Jamaica ; but they require a good deal of care and a moderate climate while young. GALLUS 1. Clamofus maculis minoribus orbiculatis va-> rius, criſtá cornea, caudá horizontali. The Guinea-Hen. Galina Africana Jonft. &c. Barr.d tanto atted Siapagos discos de GALLUS 2. Clamofus maculis minoribus orbiculatis) The white-breaſted varius, criſtá corneá, caudâ horizon- Guinea-Hen. woro-noin od tali, pectore albo. 1110010 Both theſe ſpecies are very common in Jamaica, and breed often in the woods, where they are frequently found wild. They generally lay from twenty to eighty eggs, and raiſe a great number of young at a time. ari ai diod dum Leds Carita dal Lol harlott 227 l V12V do slastne 3. Caudâ erectå, criſtá carneâ. a The Dunghill Cock. 199qu in There is a great variety of theſe birds in Jamaica, where they are eaſily raiſed, there being a great variety of fine grain that grows naturally there, and the climate both pleaſant and favourable: theſe, with furkeys, Guinea hens, and ducks, fupply the greateſt part of the tables of that iſland, eſpecially in the country parts, where they cannot be fo well ſupplied with butchers meat; and no people, for this reaſon, 0173 take 19V 21 ODIATO с or a hundred ecot үся о FIJAMA I cИ А. 471 SLO od se 5 bi 103 FAL take a greater care of their breed. At preſent, you may obſerve til t, you may obſerve the following va- rieties there, viz.99lod pohy poddzisitedico 10319 2000 yd 9.11 ន Zicish9g, voda 1999 ပါ။ CALLOS. 1: Pugnax,, 2. Licinus. . 3. Minor Banticus. 4. Maximus acanodile ovis fubluteſcentibus. 5-7 5. Rectricibus carens. cens, pailgo But the chicken of all the ſpecies, as well as thoſe of the turkeys and Guinea-hens, are extremely ſubject to the yaws, a diſorder that breaks out in little warty ulcers about the gills and jaws, which deſtroys great numbers of them. oor naar Szigo M. TETRAO 1. Lineâ ſuperciliarum The Quail, commonly called a Partridge albâ. foisis in Jamaica , sail * Theſe birds were introduced there from North America, and fet looſe in many parts of the iſland; but it cannot be expected that they will increaſe much, any more than other birds that neſtle upon the ground, in a country that abounds with ſnakes. boom oris ni blow 19505.991 - Guait podla indeed zodora SECT. IV... barini oshonpoistosse sebud Of Birds that have ſtrong crooked bills , and open claws whoſe digits are generally furniſhed with ſtrong arched nails . atomilo Note, Moſt of theſe birds are carnivorous, though many live entirely on fruit and be other vegetable ſubſtances: they are all of the hawk, vulture, parrot, and owl kind. Bi ball fan bruid edT TALCO 1. Major fuſco undulatim miſcellus, ventre 19.70 bolsa grifeo. S rey The Mountain-Hawk. Plon 3911. gruod faian dan te gaalmetodirettol This bird is a native of Jamaica, and lives chiefly in the cooler mountains; it is about the ſize of the European kite, and a bird of prey, living chiefly on young birds and lizards, &c. a tisd 150 bricollut ai FALCO 2. Minor rufeſcens, undulatim miſcellus. The Sparrow-Hawk. This little bird is generally about the ſize of our ſmalleſt pigeons; it is very AN active, and a bird of prey, living chiefly on eggs and the ſmaller lizards. It is very common in the Windward Iſands. phone bra lo Isgb . FALCO 3. Maximus fubcinereus criſtatus. The Oronooko Eagle.A This bird is very large, and a native of thoſe countries eaſtward of Santa Martha, on the main continent; but is often brought to Jamaica by our traders. VULTUR 1. Pullus, capite implumi cute craſſa rugoſâ JAD norin. ultra aperturas naſales laxat á tetto. The Carrion-Crow. Vultur Galline Africane facie. Slo. H. t. 254. boo The Turkey-buzzard of Čat. t. 6. 2910901 sləri dio This bird is rather ſmaller than a turkey-pout, which it reſembles very ad 9790w much both in the form and appearance of the head; the apertures of the noſe are very large, ſtretched lengthways, and lined with a looſe red ſkin that covers all the upper part of the beak. We know of no other creature that has the ſenſe of ſmelling ſo exquiſite as this; it generally flies very flow, and with its wings expanded, waving of one ſide and the other as it moves againſt the wind; antes and it ſoon diſcovers by the ſubtile exhalations where any carrion lies. It is of ſer- vice to the country in general, by preventing the putrefaction and infections ari- ſing therefrom) of ſuch creatures as die among the buſhes, and the flops that are Salt gene- VON 3 а a a co 29 a A. 472 Τ THE NATURAL HISTORY avio boslil 3100 OTTS 8101 affi Captor 3 UDATTI29 generally thrown careleſly into the ſtreets, &c. and the legiſlative body of the iſland were ſo ſenſible of this, that they have carefully provided for its ſafety, as a bird of general uſe and benefit to the iſland. aid Theſe birds are of a very alkalefcent nature, and flink much in a few minutes after they are killed; they are no great breeders. 98 71991 PSITTACUS 1. Maximus cæruleo-varius, caudá pro GOARTIN - duxta. 360 EVO out The blue Mackaw of Pſittacus cauda cuneiformi, temporibus nudis: lineis bol plumois. L. S. N. a Edwards. Pſittacus maximus alter Jonſt. Barr. This beautiful bird is a native of Jamaica, tho' ſeldom catched there; moſt of thoſe that are generally ſeen about gentlemen's houſes, being introduced there from the main, where they are more common. I have ſeen one or two of theſe birds wild in the woods of St. Ann's, and yet keep ſome of the feathers of one that was killed there by me; but they are very rare in the iſland, and keep generally in the moft unfrequented inland parts. 1 205ATTI2 gantuódderen ortos PSITTACUS 2. Maximus coccineo varius, Stoog niso oda 2015 eralwol altor na cauda produtta. AVONS -þrid d Pfittacus cauda cuneiformi, temporibus nu->The red Mackaw of Edwards. ahinovnou dis rugoſis . L. S. N. Slippcontest 109m 3011 Pſittacus maximus Jonſ. Barr. 2995 This beautiful bird is as large as the foregoing, and of a more gaudy though not ſo agreeable an appearance. It is not a native of Jamaica, but they are frequently brought there from the neighbouring parts of the main, where they are pretty common. алъ5 shka if XIята WO PSITTACUS 3. Minor viridis cauda pro-AM Parrot. 103 -tailed ducta. This is a native of Jamaica, and often proves good ; but it is not reckoned a XIATA Iwo PSITTACUS 4 Medius viridis luteo quandoque varius, ? The Muſkeeto-Spore infima fronte nigra. Parrot. This ſpecies comes from that part of the main continent commonly called the Muſkeeto-fhore; and generally proves better than any of the other forts, if taken while young. The eyes are black, as well as the prominent waxen part between the forehead and the bill; and as the feathers, which are all green at firſt, fall off, 978.doc they are commonly ſucceeded by others of a yellow colour. Morgello nove od 10 PSITTACUS 5. Medius viridis luteo quandoque varius, The Main-Parrot. } angulis alarum rubris, sdt PSITTACUS 6. Medius cinereo-cæruleſcens, caudá} The Guinea Parrot. ? . This bird is often brought to Jamaica in the African fhips, and generally turn out well when taken up young, which may be known by the hue of the iris, that part of the eye being generally of the colour of the down of the cotton-tree, which is a faint grey at firſt, but it changes with age, and runs through all the ſtages to a milk white, and from thence to a yellowiſh white, which is its ſtanding colour when the bird is old. baud most bris glo PSIT- a hardy bird. 4 3 is old. 77394 YA OF JA J A M A I CA. 473 C HT 14996101, L. . EN are places. up at PSITTACUS 7. od 10 000 300 Medius viridis, oculis & roftro ni- gris. 3. a visto ai 101 bobivolo19789, over yorit id id do sidos), ot 59w por oculis o refro mins}The Jamaica This is a native of Jamaica, and, I acknowledge, of no great beauty, but it often proves a fine bird. There is a variation of it with a yellow bill, which is more liked, 279b3970 18919 on mis redt boffisl 916 yedt 1935 PSITTACUS 8. Medio minor, viridi-cærule- } The Santa Martha Parrot. ſcens. Zo wex Mould T 2 5300T PSITTACUS 9. Medio minor, pečtore & ventre rubello miſcellis, vertice albo. The Cuba Parrot. 10 Home An, Pfittacus viridis capite albo. Barr. L. S. N. ? bud Iolitused aint This is a very pretty bird, and frequently turns out well. ylls19n9g 91s todt stod ebrid Soto OW 10. 9110 siis vedt Stad w nismo od enw PSITTACUS 10. Minimus viridis pectore rubro. The Parroket. ni bliw odt ar y 679099 999zł bas bas mod lyd, 1981 bollis PSITTACUS 11. Minimus totus viridis. The green Parroket., au fome Both theſe birds are natives as well of Jamaica as of the neighbouring parts of the main continent ; and, like the reſt of the kind, feed chiefly on fruit : but they are alſo great lovers of corn, which frequently brings them to the fowlers toils; which feldom any other than ſmall pieces of ſtick daubed over with bird- lime, or the reſinous liquid that diſtils from the gum-tree, ſet up in convenient staronja 10 Parrots are generally reckoned very delicate meat, and eat not unlike pigeons ; they are very common in the woods of Jamaica, and frequently ſerved up gentlemen's tables in all the country parts of the iſland. odt mon 91903 tdguoid from mo STRIX 1. Rufeſcens miſcella, coloribus quaſi undulatis; bolts-300l 1915 il capite levi, iride croceo. The Mountain-Owl. Guera-guerea. Mark & Slo. H. 295. bonos An, Noctua minima. Edw. p. 5. svijen ai edT STRIX 2. Capite levi, plumis grizeo-albidis, labiorum brid back 9-6 piloſis. Noctua minor ex albido & fuſco varia. Slo. H. 296.) The Screech-Owl, Site bolStrix filvatica major pulla. Barreri. 5 il aid Both theſe birds are very frequent in the woods; but the latter fort come often down to the low lands, and frequently deſtroy the young pigeons in the pigeon- houſes. Both are carnivorous, and feed upon all manner of infects; they are much of a fize when full-grown. De viriómeno. SI YOH on-MT 11 2 200ATTI SECT. V. Of Birds that have large ſtraight bills , of a length nearly equal to the middle digits, and moderately flatted above. mu be aguord asilo ei brid eidT CORVUS 1. Garrulus ater. The gabbling Crow. qu nails modo ligw tuo 1579999 ghiad syssd to the This bird is a native of Jamaica, and very common in the cooler inland woody parts, though ſeldom ſeen in the more open Savannas. They are extremely cau- tious and watchful, very noiſy, and ſeem to imitate the ſounds of moſt ſyllables in 6 F every t. 255. a 47+ THE NATURAL HISTORY 00 9 1 । every language, in their gabblings. They feed generally upon fruits and other ve- getable productions, and are frequently ſerved up at table while young. The bill is about the length of the middle digits, ſtraight, and flightly compreſſed at the ſides; but the upper part is ſomewhat longer than the under one. In the natural poſition of the bird the wings ſtretch beyond the middle of the tail . to flomle bas not noizoqona mu gnolo 11919 911 tsinw edgid sdt 193.190 bolo il sitiw boxin si pezie CROTOPHAGUS 1. Ater, roftro breviori com- O vbod si lo far adi oz. sot no slono tudom preſo ſuperne arcuato-cultrato, The Savanna Blackbird. V11919 The Savanna Blackbird of Cat. app. t. 3. nomis 916 dbidw.bito . This bird is about the ſize of a Barbary Dove, or ſomething larger, black all over, and ſplay-footed like a parrot. It has a long ſquare tail, a broad compreſſed bill, and a ſhort thin tongue ; but the beak, or upper part of the bill, is flatted on the chiefly upon ticks and other ſmall vermin; and may be frequently feen jumping chiefly upon ticked and ſharp above, and ſtraight at the edges below. They live about all the cows and oxen in the fields: nay, they are often obſerved to fly on their backs, unleſs they lie down for them, which, if much troubled with ticks, they generally do when they ſee the birds about them; but if the beaſt be heedleſs, they hop once or twice round it, looking very earneſtly in the face every time they paſs, as if they ſeemed to know that it was only requiſite to be ſeen, to be indulged. They are very noiſy birds, and one of the moſt common ſorts in all the paſtures of Jamaica: their flight is low and ſhort. oli me vd batalsiai słody ni ram 393monols slid PICUS 1. Pullus albo variegatus, vertice coccineo, lin- guâ ad apicem barbata. The Wood-pecker. Picus niger criſta coccinea. Barr. 143. I do not know whether it be peculiar to this ſpecies to have a ſlender bearded point to the tongue, not having an opportunity of examining many of the fort; but, if not, it is a very peculiar circumſtance omitted in the character of the genus. The bird is nearly of the ſize of a Barbary Dove, with a long bill and ſhort rounded wings. The tongue is very thin and flender at the top, and furniſhed with ſeven or ten ſlender ſtiff briſtles on both ſides; but below it is round and muſcular, like a worm, and terminates in two long muſcular and tendinous branches, which enable it to ſtretch to a conſiderable length, and contract again to its uſual limits, at pleaſure; running in ſo many looſe vaginæ, on both fides of the ſkull, to the fore part of the forehead, where they are fixed near the baſe of the bill. The toes are divided into pairs, as in the reſt of the kind ; and furniſhed with ſharp, arched long nails, which enables it to hold to the trunk or limb of any timber or tree in whatever ſituation it pleaſes to fix itſelf. It generally lights on decayed trees, and, on knock- ing with its bill, ſoon finds by the found where it is hollow, and where the ſhell is thinneſt over the cavity: juſt there it fixes, and by the muſcles of the neck fets the bill to work to quick that the ſounds ſeem to ſucceed one another as cloſely as the half notes in a quick-played jig. It foon makes a hole for the bill to get in, and then picks out whatever it pleaſes with its tongue; but if the ſpoil ſhould be too goes again to work, and ſoon makes a paſſage for the body. It neſtles alſo in ſuch places, and thereby generally ſecures its young from both ſnakes and hawks. It is a very beautiful bird; but the feathers of the tail, which are always fixed againſt the body of every limb or tree it works at, the better to ſupport itſelf when in action, are generally much worn, and look like ſo many naked ſtumps.ons 01 9 10 prolold 900 mortalsg bus bn The bill of this bird is ſtraight, tapering, obtuſely triangular, and much longer than any of its digits: it is Hatted on the ſides, and pointed, in the form of a wedge, at the top. The mouth ſtretches pretty high, and the naſal apertures are rounded, low, and covered. The eyes are ſmall and black, and ſurrounded with black eyelids. The feathers about the eyes, noſe, ears, and throat, are whitiſh; bro but a 20 mon, too remote, it odt nogle үся о FaЈА АМА ТІ, c A. HT FIJA MA , 475 W de ſcaled. The 10 110 obills of OS23303 but from the middle of the forehead, or a little lower, to the middle of the neck, they are of a fine ſcarlet colour and ſpread gradually as they defcend. The fea- thers of the lower part of the neck, back, rump, and thighs, are blackiſh, and variegated with narrow tranſverſe white lines, towards the top. The wings are blackiſh, and almoſt of an even colour. The breaſt and belly is of an olive colour, mixed with a little ſcarlet between the thighs, which are pretty long in proportion to the reſt of the body. The legs are ſhort, about the length of the longeſt digits, and The toes are placed two before, and two behind; but thoſe on the outſide, which are almoſt even, are the longeſt: the feathers of the tail are pretty ſtiff. Od 19978 gnido svoll radds to muods2 bhd aidT BARISTUS 1. Major fubcinereus, capite nigro, The Loggerhead. volls 0915 i allid se to 0 aida u lor bas Ilid wil BARISTUS 2. Minor fubcinereus vertice nigro, Then the 2 harles-obit po go gniqmui nao vlrigups pectore albido. ſmaller Loggerhead. iods no vii obavio do risto, is [1970 bosewog od Ils juods rad: BARISTUS 3d Minimus pullus, vertice nigro. The leaſt Loggerhead.xosd Y In all theſe ſpecies the bill is long, ſtraight, and large in proportion to the body, flatted above, and ſharp at either ſide: they are very pugnacious, and fight deſpe- rately. The bills of theſe birds are very ſtrong, and broader in proportion to the bor fize of the body, than thoſe of any other birds that I have ſeen; but not at all like thoſe repreſented by Sir Hans Sloane, t. 259. The length and breadth of their bills alone makes me range them in this claſs. T 2UэІЯ 137/999-boo Wor SECT. VI. olur ayis auoi 9 Of Birds that have long ſlender bills that arch and taper very mode- vid borde de condolerately to the top. Liburg gaivion sognotadt 03 brid ad 2310 iluq vis sai 10 Note, The birds of this tribe are generally well proportioned: they have moderate 1191 To 09 legs and open claws, whoſe middle digits are nearly of a length with S 9lil 7% their bills; and live commonly in dry hilly places. dry hilly places. Baltid till 19hng oldsas diaw Bronsidénonibner bas saimist bag M10w OLYTMUS 1. Major nigrans aureo variè Splen-7 The long-tailed, black-caped 03 Toft od 10 dens, pinnis binis uropigii lon- Humming-bird of Edmo. s 2901 90 Tellid ad giffimis. t. 34. & Sl. t. 264. sq. 910 gnol berdotis graddhiw minion titq, oni bəbivib av POLYTMUS 2. Medius nigrans aureo fubfplendens, 7 The ſhort-tailed black və algonal no ba (2991 b pinnis uropigii deftitutus, cauda llenos 390w bos fubtus fubcroceâ. Quo SH At noolid i Nrw gal son 9ti lo solbluri si udbus , 7910., panid Todo POLYTMUS 3. Viridans aureo variè ſplendens, pin-7 The long-tailed green Tot slod estem non nis binis uropigii longiffimis aru Humming-bird of . l. std Regulus omnium minimus, &c. Barr. 146, 7. sysilec 0901 bo now POLYTMUS 4. Minimus variegatus. The little Humming-bird of Ed. t. ult. smuo srl All the birds of this kind are eaſily diſtinguiſhed by their very delicate make, va- rious gloſſy colours, ſmall fize, long ſlender arched bills, very ſhort legs and thighs, and ſwift eaſy flight. They live chiefly upon the nectar of flowers, which they fip upon the wing, and paſs from one bloſſom or tree to another with inconceivable agility. They are naturally very gentle; but when they neſtle they grow fierce, and are frequently obſerved to chace the largeſt birds that come near their haunts, with great fury; and this they can do the more readily, as their flight, which is extreme- ly quick, enables them to attack their adverſary in every part of the body, and conti- nue an equal progreſſive motion alfo: but they generally attack the eyes and other 200 tender POLY Humming-bird. Sunil Edw. t. 33'lid 90 2 476 THE NATURAL HISTORY 1350 tender parts, and by that means put the others in great confuſion, while they endeavour to make off. The motion of theſe little birds is extremely nimble, fly- ing frequently backwards and forwards, to an fro, in an inſtant; and that, often, with their bodies in a perpendicular poſition : but as they return from thoſe chacing combats, their flight is ſo ſwift that you cannot obſerve them; nor know what courſe they take, but by the ruſhing noiſe they make as they cut through the air. They make their little neſts chiefly of cotton, or the down of ſome other plants, intermixed with a few hairs and a little fine moſs; and faſten them generally to ſome ſmall branch of an orange or lemon tree, where they are well covered by the foliage and larger branches. murlarnom by whidman TODUS 1. Viridis, pectore rubro, roftro retto. osoba Rubecula viridis elegantiſſima. SI. H. t. 263. s The Tom-tit. coma The green Sparrow of Edw. t. 22 1. 2. JOHTWAY This little bird is hardly larger than the green Humming-bird; but its legs and thighs are longer, and the bill more compreſſed and quite ſtraight. It is a very fa- miliar and beautiful bird, and will often let a man come within a few feet, and look for minutes together at it, before it moves. It keeps much about houſes in the country parts, flies very ſlow, and probably may be eaſily tamed. broos) T gast ons alom od do ពរ od ORIOLUS Subolivaceus canorus, roftri apice attenuato) out yllsipoqlo xeberi -1709 ei ton adunco. i mon busa The Whip-tom-kelly. noqu The red-eyed Fly-catcher of Cateſby. i ti as exool novowiatni vlug to bom The olive Fly-catcher of Edw. part 5. 9 10 ) nosnimisme on Tarla I believe this to be a bird of paſſage, and pretty frequent in ſome of the neigh- bouring parts of America; but it is alſo often ſeen in Jamaica, and ſometimes con- tinues there for a conſiderable part of the year. It has not many notes, but theſe are loud and ſweet. Its claws are of the common form; but the bill is rather longer than the middle digit, ſtraight and roundiſh, and the upper part ends in a fiender crooked point that turns over the extremity of the other. dumt jon bon ol bag a a a CUCULUS 1. Major olivaceus, caudá longiori, ciltis ru-} The Old Man. This bird is ſeldom ſeen out of the buſhes or woods, where it generally lives ; the bill is longer than any of the digits, ſtraight, conic, and moderately compreſſed on the fides; but the top of the uppermoſt part is pretty ſlender and bends over the end of the lower. The tip of the tongue is as if lacerated; the rictus is pretty large, and the eyes, which are not far from it, are furrounded with red lids. The colour of the whole body is nearly of an olive; but, on the back and upper part of the wings it approaches to a light brown : about the throat it is whitiſh; and the belly is almoft yellow. The wings are roundiſh and ſhort, not reaching beyond the rump: : but the tail is almoſt as long as the reſt of the body, and compoſed of ten feathers, whereof the four uppermoſt are the longeſt, and cover the reſt, which grow gradu- ally ſhorter, are tiped with white underneath, and placed three on each ſide. It has four toes on each foot, but two of theſe are placed before, and an equal number behind. It has a ſhort eaſy flight, and is not timorous: it climbs and holds like the Wood-pecker. MEROPS 1. Niger, iride ſubargentea. yfsida Monedula, &c. Slo. H. t. 257. The Barbadoes Blackbird. The purple Jackdaw of Cat. t. 12. This bird is of a delicate form, and all ſhining black, except the iris which is whi- tiſh. The bill is nearly of the length of the middle toe, pretty thick at the baſe, of a conic form, tapering and arched moderately to the top. The tail is pretty long; . a I but A. 477 19 . W5V 231 S 916 91 , ISOFIJA M A IC AT HT Ο Α Α Ι Α od gliny song, លន odio but the wings are rather roundiſh, and ſtretch ſcarcely beyond the rump. It has a pretty muſical note, and would probably prove a very agreeable bird in a cage: but it feeds chiefly upon ticks and other vermin. od linupart gor Choisisoibagi sibed ibodisi di XANTHORNUS 1. Major, nigro varius. 17 The large Banana Bird; Ieterus major, &c. Slo. H. Iron gaida and Banana Bird of Cat. qoido The black-beaded Icterus of Edw. t. od vlasno Tusa US viss 77: senyor app. t. 5. om ons bas asiw.baxis od Roftrum longitudine digiti medii, conico-acutum, leviſimè arcuatum, ad baſm craffiufculum leucophaum, ad apicem attenuatum nigrans. Lingua ad api- cem bifida, ad latera quaſ ferrata. Corpus fuperne olivaceus, fubtus luteus, ad oculos, gulam & partem fuperiorem pectoris nigrum. Cauda & ala ni- gra, remigibus ſecundis albis. Ala ultra uropigium vix porrecta. XANTHORNUS 2. Minor, nigro varius. The Banana Bird; and Banana Ieterus minor, &c. Slo. H. Bird of Edw Part 5. id . bre boBoth theſe birds are very beautiful, and have a delicate ſweet note; but the firſt is chiefly brought from the main, few having yet bred in the iſland. The ſecond ſpecies is a native of Jamaica; it builds its neſt of the fibrous part of the Renealmia, and hangs it from the moſt extended branches of the talleſt trees, eſpecially ſuch as ſpread over rivers or ponds, if any lie convenient, the rr better to ſecure both its eggs and young from the ſnakes. The neſt is curi- ouſly interwoven, and looks as if it had been made of horſe-hair; but, upon a ſtrict examination, the fibres are found branched, which ſhews it to be made of fome vegetable ſubſtance, as we have already mentioned; and I know of none that anſwer the appearance except thoſe of the Renealmia and Uſnea, which grow both naturally in this country on end sunt It is rare to ſee thefe birds in cages in Jamaica, tho' ſuch as might be eſteemed in the fineſt aviaries in the world; but there, they are no more than Bonana birds; and not ſo much regarded as the common ſparrow that hauls his bucket. Mbro de *** s Е СТ. VII. 30.3U0U Of Birds whoſe bills are of a length with or longer than the middle di- begits, having long legs, partly naked thighs , and divided claws; and living chiefly in watery places, thò they do not ſwim. bills to mo or to bas Note, Though the claws are divided in all the individuals of this claſs, the two outward digits are generally webbed a little at the baſe.dusd Suidw og izgai nood zidosotto ORDER I. wolls from is a to balóqme of ſuch as have long ſender bills. floms et liss od 10 doitw foro good lood RINGA I. Pulla maculis minoribus rotundis albis varie-> s varie.} The Snipe us bas gata, ventre albicanti. no od Roftrum cylindraceum teretiuſculum rectum, digito medio ungue armato tan- tillo brevius. Lingua gracilis acuminata. Pedes quadri dactyli, digitis ex- terioribus ad imum membraná connectis. Crura longiora, 200 CM This bird is not uncommon in the low lands after heavy rains; it lives chiefly about ponds, and feeds on worms and ſmall grain. TRINGA 2. Subcinerea, ventre albido, collo anulo 7 The larger grey Snipe albo nigro marginato cinēto. $ with a white neck. 6 G I have 1902S bosloon a TRING . 478 THE NATURAL HISTORY a I have ſeen a few of theſe birds about the lagoons in St. George's ; but they are very uncommon, and ſeldom obſerved in any other part of the country. NUMENIUS 1. Pullus fubtus albidus. The grey Plover, or Wag-tail. This bird is pretty common in Jamaica : it lives chiefly about lonely ponds; and 10 is often ſeen near the ſhore, in calm weather. ORD ER I. Of ſuch as have large angular bills. ARDEA 1. Major griſea criſtata, capite nigro, vertice & ciliis albicantibus, The grey creſted Gaulding. Ardea cærulea. Sl. t. 264. f. 5. 5. Ardea criſtata. Cat. t. 79. This bird is one of the largeſt of the tribe in Jamaica : the greateſt part of the head is black; but the crown, and a little ſpace about the eyes, is white ; and the reſt of the body of an even grey colour, except the long feathers of the back which are moſtly black in the middle and grey at the edges. The feathers of the creſt are ſome black, others white, few in number, and very long. 500 This bird is not uncommon in Jamaica, and lives chiefly about rivers and la- goons. It is ſometimes ſerved up at table, like other wild fowl, and generally thought pretty good meat. MOLIU 51002 ARDEA 2. Plumbea criſtata, capite nigro, ver- ?r- 2 tice albo. The blue Gaulding, Sath Ardea cæruleo-nigra. Slo. H. t. 263. Я The bill of this bird is very ſtrong, long and pointed, and the greateſt part of the head covered with black feathers; but the crown, from the back part of which it throws out a long creft, is all white, as well as two oblong ſtreaks that lie under the eyes, and run from the opening of the jaws to a little diſtance beyond the ears. All the reſt of the body is of a lead-colour, except the back, whoſe feathers are moſtly of a blacker hue. They live, like the foregoing, in marſhy places; and are ſometimes ſerved up at table, like other wild fowl. మం ARDEA 3. Subfuſca major, collo & pectore albo un- dulatis. The Clucking-Hen. An, Ardea flvatica coloris ferruginei Barr. This bird is pretty frequent in Jamaica; but it keeps chiefly in the woods and more lonely inland parts of the iſland. It is generally looked upon as the beſt wild fowl in the iſland. 7 to 14 Alba major. Ardea atba maxima." slo. H. t. 266. & Barr.} The white Gaulding. . 5. Minor fubfuſco-griſea, cruribus breviori- ) M AHUA DEAS, bus. . The Crab-catcher. Ardea ſtellaris minor, &c. Slo. Hift. t. 263. bollis Iſpida Cat. t. 69. & Cancrofagus major Barr. IA brood ARDEA 6. Minor ſubgriſea albido ſtriata, alis ? The ſmall red - winged ow fuſco-rufeſcentibus. Crab-catcher. ebrid This is the ſmalleſt ſpecies of the Crab-catcher in Jamaica : the bill is large and ſtrong; the body ſtriped, and the wings of a lively brown colour. The whole bird is very beautiful, and not above the ſize of a pigeon.lab nood isvali od zamanda 4 ARDEA 3 Y OF J AM A IC A. HT 479 ARDEA 7. Fuſco-plumbea ; collo ſupernè fubfuſco,} The larger Crab-catcher . dos infernè albo.do vos di bevaidos This bird is much larger than the foregoing, and creſted; but this is thort and eaſily erected, and, in ſome ſhape, reſembles the creſt of an Indian cock. The breaſt of this bird is marked with white pretty low. rodare a FULICA 1 S E CT. VIII. Of Water-fowls, or Birds that paſs a conſiderable part of their time upon the water. IA Note, All the birds of this claſs have broad membranous webs between their toes, or have them furniſhed with membranous edges, which enable them orio PO 360, bug att op bas to move with great eaſe in the water. Brud orld at booth doid bad ado todas do vhod ad te i 19to od to asi ORDER I. bud vihorus Of ſuch as have their toes garniſhed with membranous edges, but not at all connected has 3191 or joined together. bud aid Vsto99 be il 2100g ULICA 1. Major pulla, fronte cerâ coccineâ oblongo-7 boog varat ieguod quadratá glabrá obducta, membrana >The red-faced Coote. , digitorum anguſtifimå. blola Roſtrum ſubcraffum, leniter arcuatum, conicum, oblongum, acutum, longitudine trientis digiti medii vel ultra, ad apicem ſubluteum ultra coccineum. Frons cerà coccinea levi oblongo-quadratâ ultra medietatem obducta. . Oculi minores nigri. Color totius corporis nigro-plumbeus leniter nitens, ad dorſum fubolivaceus, ad ventrem levior, inter crura albo miſcellus. Em Cauda brevior conico-obtuſa, rectricibus marginalibus inferioribus albo mar- ginata. Ala oblongæ ultra medietatem caudæ porrecta rena mata exteri- oribus albo marginatis . Crura longiora ultra medietatem plumata, infra nuda coccinea. Tibia longa olivacee ſquamoja. Digiti longiores quaterni, margine anguſto inferne utrinque donati, fed membrana nulla connecti ; horum noun unus pofticè fitus eft . Ungues acuti longi leviſimè arcuati. Lingua craſiuſ- cula, apice cartilagineo integro. bhFULICA 3. Major pulla, fronte cerá alba ſupernè ? ez brid aid By ad to acuminat å glabrá obducta, membranas The Plantane Coote. digitorum latiori lacerå. Pasti adi ni Iwo? pulla, cerâ minori albi-} The ſmall Plantane Coote. , cerá minori albi- cante. FULICA 4. Minima miſcella, fronte plumata, pettore The leaſt Water-hen of - torbase.fubplumbeo, membrana digitorum an- S . Edwards ; P. 5. guſtiſſimá. SOTA All theſe ſpecies are frequent in the lagoons about the Ferry, and often killed and ſerved up at gentlemen's tables : but they eat a little fiſhy, though the ſecond and third ſpecies, which are reckoned the beſt, feed chiefly on plantanes, when any of theſe trees grow by the water ſide. They are very wary birds; and though their feet be not webbed, they dive, ſwim and move in the water with as much fa- cility as any of the tribe, and frequent it the moſt of all that live within land. The laſt fpecies has never been deſcribed before ; it is a very beautiful little bird, and АСІЯА very FULICA 3. me. EDU 480 Si THE NATURAL HISTORY on to 52 Po SAVIA very naturally pictured by Mr. Edwards, in a book with which he intends to favour the public ſoon. di sahig bad nolu BAVA I boo w T COLYMBUS 1. Minor pullus, digitis inferne connectis. The ſmall dark-co- ſupernè marginatis. loured Dab-chick or Colymbus five Podiceps minor Will. Slo. H.ii. t.271. Di-daper . ons This bird is very frequent in all the lagoons about the Ferry, and keeps in the water the most of any birds in that part of the world. aan PHENI . a ORDER II. Of ſuch as have the three foremoſt toes connected by membranous webbs. ontban HƠNICOPTERUS 1. Pullus, vertice & angulis alarum coc- cineis. The Flamingo. Phænicopterus Cat. t. 79. & Barr. 140. TIT Theſe birds tho' the inhabitants of the neighbouring coaſts of Cuba and the main, are ſeldom ſeen in Jamaica, except when forced over by ſtormy weather, or im- ported by the curious. They go in flocks, and keep generally by the ſea fide, where they have often proved a ſafe-guard to the neighbouring fettlers; their numbers, fize, and colour having ſometimes impoſed on the timorous and the unwary, who have taken them for foldiers. While theſe birds are young, they are of a dark co- lour, except a few feathers in the crown of the head and corners of the wings; but as they advance in years they turn chiefly of a ſcarlet colour. They are tall upright birds, and ſeem to hold a medium between thoſe that live chiefly in the water and ſuch as only frequent watery places; for tho' they ſwim with great eafe, they live moſtly near the ſurf. When theſe birds feed they turn the upper part of the bill towards the ground, and the point towards their feet.no Banana PELECANUS 1. Subfuſcus, gula diftenfili. ИА Pobo Onocratulus gula faccata L. S. N. } The Pelican. This bird is pretty frequent about Jamaica, and lives chiefly on the produce of the ſea, which is no where more plentiful or more eaſily obtained. It flies and ſwims with great eaſe, and paſſes the greateſt part of the day out at ſea; but keeps upon the rocks and ſmall iſlands at night. 3 od com CYGNUS 1. Subcinereus fubtus albidus, roftro recto latiuſ-7 The Gooſe. culo. CYGNUS 2. Subfuſcus, collo longiori, roftro latiori bafi] The China Gooſe. gibbo. This bird is very like what we call the Muſcovite gooſe in Europe; but its cackle is very different from that of the other. Both theſe ſpecies are common enough in Jamaica, and breed very well in the inland parts of the iſland, where they have plenty of water and a pleaſant cool air. Wbud lo KLEIC. pe ANAS 1, Maxima, capite cerá interruptá obducto. } The Muſcovite Duck. , Anas. Indica Geſn. Bar. ANAS 2. Domeſtica variè variegata, pinnis uropigii furfum The Duck. recurvis. box } ANAS 3. Subfuſca major, roftro et vertice nigrican- tibus,alis variegatis . Anas fera major Barr. & Anas fiftularis Slo. H. & S The whiſtling Duck, I ANAS 4.81 wova 4. Subfunt JA MA I CA. mui? a - О. ANAS 4. Subfufca, alis nigris, roftro rubenti. The Spaniſh-main Duck. novel o bobroka dawood Sio Untutan ANAS 5. Fuſca criſtata ad gulam alba, 1o atiduoda iride flammea. The American Wood Duck, Anas criſtata. Cat. t. 97 ANAS 6. Subfuſca minor, remigibus extimis cæru- leis, mediis albis, maximis fubvirefcentibus. The Teal. Faſciá alba in fronte. The third and fixth ſpecies are natives of Jamaica, and breed wild in many parts of the country, eſpecially where it abounds in ponds and lagoons. The firſt fort breeds ſo eaſily that it is now very common in every part of the iſland, and the moſt common diſh at every table in the country; but the others do not thrive ſo well, nor have they yet come into a breed of the whiſtling duck, though a native, and a fine fort; and its young are too frequently deſtroyed by the amphibious kind, to breed well abroad. ANÆTHETUS 1. Major melinus fubtus albidus, / The Booby; and the Booby , en UV roſtro ſerrato-dentato. of Cateſby; t. 87 Anſeri baſino affinis. Slo. Hiſt. This bird is ſomewhat ſmaller than the common ſea-gull, which it reſembles both in its flight and make; but it is rather of a 'more oblong form, and varies much in its colour, which moſt frequently borders upon the yellowiſh. The genus is eaſily diſtinguiſhed by their ſtraight pointed bills, with a ſmall prominence under- neath, and the web that runs between the three fore toes. It lives, like the fol- . lowing, on the productions of the ſea, and flies ſomething like the Shear-water, between the waves; but it generally reſorts to the next rock or unfrequented place in the evening, to paſs the night more at eaſe. The bird is common about all the lonely rocky clifts and unfrequented iſlands in America. ANÆTHETUS 2. Minor fufcus, vertice ci-> The Noddy; and the Noddy of Cat. t. 88. Anas anguſtiroftra, &c. Barr. This bird is much about the ſize of the red-fronted Coote, and of a flate colour, bordering upon the brown, except the forehead, which is whitiſh. The bill is black, pointed and ſtraight, and the three fore toes webbed like thoſe of the foregoing. It lives on the productions of the ſea, for which it hunts all the day-time ; but at night it retires, like the Booby, to the next firm ſtand it obſerves, and perches ſome- times upon the maſts or yards of a ſhip, when any ſuch is near, inſtead of a tree; nor does it chuſe to fly until the approach of day, and will frequently be rather laid hold of than quit its ſtation, in which it endeavours to maintain itſelf by its threatening but harmleſs bill. Its flight is low and eaſy. at bid a و a Ensli gro. LARUS 1. (a) Minor albidus, vertice ni-? The ſmaller black-caped white Sea-Gull. This little bird hardly exceeds the Martin in ſize, and is remarkable for its great agility. It is frequent about the north-eaſt coaſt of Jamaica, where the influx of ſo many rivers occaſion an extraordinary reſort of all ſorts of fiſh. h. (a) N. B. This very properly divided into, 1. Thoſe that have tubular noſtrils; and, 2. Thoſe that have only pafal apertures in the mandibles; as Mr. Edwards has done. genus may be 6 H LARUS South 2 482 THE NA TAU RAL HISTORY 9 anda d. LARUS 2. Medius fubcinereus ad oculos niger.} The large grey Sea-Gull. aovil s1 An, Larus piſcator cinereus Barr.11 dignis. com . lo This bird is about the fize of a common duck, and of a bright grey colour, but ebblack about the eyes : it is frequent about the harbours of Port-Royal and King- Ifton, where it meets with a great variety of all ſorts of fiſh, which is its conſtant а food. bas mot 2951 ; or a 5dı 10 LARUS 3. Medius fubfuſcus. The large dark Sea-Gull TOYOJA 6 d. .310000 This bird is rather larger than the foregoing, and keeps generally in large flocks about the harbours and keys of Jamaica. ebrid odi Ils to musoils an Hotel Si eldistatno s 70 ai bad eidT asst stod ni evil jadi oW) LARUS 4. Subfuſcus major, vertice nigro, ventre al- allahu finus bas artgitt yls bido, rečtricibus intermediis longif- / The large Sea-Gall, with -191 zi bris 2998lq ylaufimis . too forong 0 (0) the middle tail fea- Larus rectricibus intermediis longiſſimis. L. Sy. Sind thers longer than the Nat. reſt. The Aretic Bird of Edwards, 148, 9. This bird is about the ſize of the grey Sea-Gull , and very common in the ſeas to the north of Bermudas, where I obſerved it in my voyage from Jamaica. The failors call it a Shear-water, and obſerve it in all thoſe northern ſeas; but it is ſel- dom ſeen to the ſouthward. 2 Я С Ч UЯ СА О. 10 STERNA 1. Minor ſubnigra uropigio & ano Mother Kery's Chick ; , esto id: 10 1769 15169 albis, alis tranſverſa & obli- the ſmaller Pelight cloud 9)ods to gol bns els : què fufco faſciatis. . 19a-croſs the wings. 900 This bird is ſomewhat larger than the common ſwallow, which it reſembles greatly, Toto 001 Oslo both in fize and make. The tail a little forked and pretty broad, and the body furrounded with a white ring, about the rump. They are common in the weſtern ſeas, and generally appear with a freſh gale of wind; for they feed on ſuch recrements as ſwim on the ſurface of the waves in ſuch weather, do ylinoport 915 bogmi 316 led sloni y 978 acon moit siert ed ISTERNA 2. Major fuſca humile vo- ? The larger dark Petterill, or Shear- : exlool odws 71349 lans. } E diw dowod 10 To Oto water. esloisisq adtojat This bird is obſerved in all parts of the fea; it is rather ſmaller than a pigeon, of a dark or blackiſh colour, and flies ſo cloſe to the ſurface of the water, that it fre- quently lies hid between the waves for a conſiderable time. STERNA 3. Media, dorſo fufco, ventre uro- The white-faced Shear-wa- pigio & fronte albidis. "} quo This bird is rather ſmaller than the foregoing, and not ſo common: I obſerved it about the latitude of 36, in my voyage from Jamaica. o bas eboix! esti didw guingv9 ori lo lobs Bilgin yd bod beoids gaivut 9999dw mort elenloldtoft OR DE ROSIII.1 Slim sasvig de idaviugoj svsd vods Of ſuch as have all their toes connected by membranous webbs. LCYON 1. Media alba, rectricibus > The Tropic Birdof Edwards, 149. and e20337 PM ZUSUIOn ) binis intermediis lon- โร" giffimis, ord om The Tropic Birdof Cat. app. t. 14. auЯUIэг foniupe-gaiyla adT {maior zx ilong ziisberedogled czase iniM The -bidlo gtige รใT а ter, A YOOF HJ AA MVAT I CA.H T $483 8 TO The ſtraight make make of the bill, the length of the tail, and the continued web that runs between all the toes, diſtinguiſh this genus fufficiently from all others. It lives, like the f following, within the tropics, and reſembles it very much in make, flight, and manner of nouriſhment; but it is ſeldom ſeen ſo near the ſhore. It breeds on the moſt deſolate rocks and lonely iſlands, and is often ſeen at very conſiderable diſtances from land. bool u 10 12 with a Oslo vodou a ALCYON 2. Major pulla, caudâ longiori The Man-of-war Bird; or the > bifurca. dark-coloured Alcyon agus a Hirundo marina major, &c. Barr.as flender forked tail. zbolt This bird is of a conſiderable ſize, coming neareſt to the Pelican of all the birds that live in thoſe ſeas: but it keeps chiefly abroad, and is often ſeen from one to two hundred leagues num leagues from ſhore. It is remarkable for its lofty eaſy flight and unin- cumbered make, reſorts to the moſt unfrequented rocks and lonely places, and is fel- dom ſeen near any inhabited ſhores. 300 N8015 sesuadiose 39 as I for JAD what to bring aitta dT 269) sdt mi nomo y19v bre, elle sds lo asi 98 tuods af brid sidT odt. mismo tmoil 08- CH A P. 8C Odsdw 79 & 1o rason od os H A P. s V.-159de s di Iso ezolish Ish ai di sud:essapod110 od breweltuol sda oy n99% mob ao esisido Of OU A DRUPE DE S. T 1911 TORIN і 1 АИХята -20 Traspaldo. b Holst HOUGH the habits, uſes, and properties of the greateſt part of this claſs are very well known, there are many of the individuals, and ſome of thoſe very uſeful too, of which we hardly know more than the names, or ſome other diſtant particulars. There are, indeed, but few that are peculiar to Jamaica; sand, among thoſe that are, we hardly find one of any note: but, as there are great sínumbers of different forts daily imported there, as well from Africa as from the neighbouring coaſts , and that the methods of living, or other natural cauſes, are frequently obſerved to change the diſpoſitions even of thoſe that are imported there from Europe, I was induced to give a brief but general account of all the animals of this claſs I obſerved there; and I doubt not but every man, who looks into the particulars, will excuſe my having inlarged this part of the work with a , recital of ſome of the beſt known ſpecies. Mais do ai bild aidi ei -971 ji Isnis 1916W od: 20 o asi suoloo dilbeld 10 lisbe old noswiad bid asil vlingup SECT. I. W-289da boel-stid at ИssM : АИХята AVASTA Of the Glires. Ji Note, The individuals of this tribe are chiefly the prey of moſt of the carnivorous kind, and for this reaſon generally very fearful and wary, feldom ven turing abroad but by night, or in the dulk of the evening; which has given a riſe to ſo general a notion of their flothfulneſs, from whence they have received this appellation. isund 25 do 70 2009 AONDS CIURUS 1. Major griſeus, caudâ extremâ comofá, pilis} The grey Squirrel. Arztourbdiffuſis. 11 b/T - SCIURUS 2. Medius rufeſcens. The brown Squirrel. 6133 car SCIURUS 3. Minimus , hypocondriis prolixis volans,} The Flying-Squirrel . 9011 ventre albido. There 484 THE Τ NATURAL HISTORY Theſe three ſpecies are natives of North America, and frequently brought to Jamaica for the amuſement of the curious. MUS 1. Subfufcus maximus, caudá oblongå pilofa ulo} The Spaniſh Racoon. tra trienfem albida. a MUS 2. Maximus pullus, caudâ oblongá} The large brown Indian Coney. pilofá, dorſo ſubſetoso. MUS 3. Major fufco-cinereſcens caudâ truncata. The ſmall Indian Coney. MUS 4. Major albo fulvoque varia, cauda nulla. The Guinea Pig MUS 5. Domeſticus medius, cauda longa fubnudá,}The Houſe and Cane-Rat. corpore fufco-cinereſcente. MUS 6. Domeſticus minor, caudá longå ſubnuda, corpore fuſco-} The Mouſe. -cinereſcente, abdomine albicante. Though one only of theſe be a native of Jamaica, all the ſpecies are pretty com- mon there. The firſt is generally imported from Cuba and the neighbouring iſlands, where it is moſt common : its eyes, lips and teeth, are like thoſe of a rabbit, but the ears are ſhorter and ſmaller, though much of the ſame form. The hair is pretty ruff; and the feet have each five digits, but the innermoſt of the fore feet are ſmaller than the reſt. The noſtrils are wider and more free than thoſe of the rabbit; the penis hangs out pretty far, and the tail is ſtraight, tapering, and hairy. It feeds on vegetables like the reſt of the kind, but holds its food ſometimes in one of its fore-paws. The ſecond ſpecies is a larger animal, being feldom leſs than one of our hares; but it is of the fame make with the other, and of an uniform colour, having ſome very ſtiff hairs, or rather briſtles, on the lower part of the back. And the third, which is a native of Jamaica, and ſmaller than either of theſe two, differs but little from them either in form cr method of living; except the tail, which is ſhort and ftumped, being feldom above two inches and a half in length. The fourth ſpecies is pretty frequent in all the iſlands, and often kept to breed like other animals; but it is not liked by many people. The fifth fort is very common in all the ſugar-colonies, where it proves ex- tremely deſtructive to the ſugar-canes, eſpecially where the cane-pieces are covered with traſh, or over-run with weeds. They generally cut and deſtroy a vaſt number of the plants, and frequently reduce the produce of a piece by one-fourth, or better, There are great numbers of them in every plantation, though they take great pains to get rid of them; for the watchmen have ſeldom any thing elſe to do but to ſet traps for them, which they do with infinite art and eaſe. Numbers of the negroes roaſt theſe animals in the ſtoke-holes, and eat them; and I have been informed by men of character, who have taſted of them, that they are very delicate meat. The laſt fort is alſo very common every where, but not at all different from the European mouſe either in form or diſpoſition. LEPUS 1. Caudâ abrupta, pupillis rubris. L. S. N. The Rabbit. Theſe creatures have been frequently carried to all the ſugar-iflands; but they do not breed faſt in any of thofe warm climates, though all abound with potatoe- Nips and other weeds proper for their fuftenance. ; CASTOR 1. Cauda lineari tereti. L. 7 The Water-Rat, commonly called - S. N. S Price's Rat. Theſe creatures, though the natives of ſome foreign land, are now grown very I common Of J 485 JA JA AM A IC A. common in Jamaica, and are generally looked upon as pernicious animals; for they ſpare neither fowls nor proviſions, and are much larger than rats, among which they are commonly numbered there. SECT. II. Of the Feræ. Note, Moſt animals of this tribe are carnivorous, and live chiefly by prey when wild, which is the natural ſtate of them, from whence they have re- received this common appellation. RSUS 1. Major pullus. The black Bear. URSUS URSUS 2. Medius canus. The grey Bear. Both theſe ſpecies are natives of North America, and often brought to ya- maica by the traders from thoſe colonies; but they have not been yet known to breed in the iſland. FELIS 1. Cauda elongatá, maculis fubrotundis feri} The American Tiger. æqualibus. This ferocious animal is a native of the main continent, but has not been yet ſeen alive in Jamaica; tho' the ſkins, which are much eſteemed by our fadlers, are daily imported there from the Muſkeeto-fhore, where they are often killed by the native Indians. FELIS 2. Cauda elongató, unguibus retractilibus, auribus, aqua-} The Cat. This is the ſame fort we have in Europe; but as the ſeaſons are always mild in that part of the world, and the country full of proper prey, ſuch as birds, Indian coneys, cane-rats, toads and lizards, they are apt to run wild. To prevent this inconveniency, the country-people ſplit or cut off their ears, to expoſe theſe tender organs the more to the rain or dews; and by theſe means generally prevent them from going too much abroad. in 2 A Cat is a very dainty diſh among the negroes. 1b visma GALERA 1. Subfuſca, caudâ elongatå, oculis nigris, The Guinea Fox. egenta auribus fubnudis appreffis. Tab. 49. f.2.S Roſtrum productum ſubacutum barbat um, maxilla inferiore longè breviore. Dentes primores fuperiores ſex ſubcompreſi acuti, exteriores paulo majores. Inferiores totidem conhimiles fubcompreſi & fubobtuſ, caninis approximati. Canini ſuperiores conici, medio inter molares & primores poſiti. Lingua retror- ſum aculeis ſcabra. Caput oblongum, Oculi oblongo-rotundati medio inter aures. & apicem roftri locati. Aures compreſa, ſemiellipticæ reniformes, humanis fere fimiles. Pedes lacertoſ validi foorii; metatarſis oblongis. Digiti utrinque quinque. Cauda conico-cylindracea produ&ta, attenuata, recta, de- clinata : Mamma? (Duas inguinales tantum obſervare licuit). Corpus ob- longum muri majori fimillimum, fubfuſcum, birfutum, pilis villis tenuioribus & brevioribus intermixtum. This creature is often brought to Jamaica from the coaſts of Guinea, where it is a native, and frequent enough about all the negro-ſettlements. It burrows under ground, and lives chiefly by plunder. It is of the ſize of a ſmall rabbit or cat, and very ſtrong in its fore-feet, which are much ſhorter than the hinder, 6 I MUSTELA 486 THE NATURAL HISTORY 80+ a Smigo Tangirola XTATSYH ? - ХІАТРІН MUSTELA 1. Subfufca, lineâ longitudinali albá? The Guinea Weaſel.IT ? alba} od mom anteqil sito per utrumque latus duetá. 19.10 I had this creature from the coaſt of Guinea : the body is pretty long, the tail buſy, and the ſides marked each with a white ſtreak near the belly ; its hairs are ſtiff. stedt vosoittdo 3 stoma doiw dalt od miladi vodt tol diw oled O DIDELPHIS 1. Mammis buliga ventrali tečtis, capite} The Opoſſum. yileupo llugo or vulpino fimile. This is a native of North America, and frequently brought to famaica by the failors. Nature has furniſhed the female with a very curious lodge between the in- teguments of the abdomen, to carry and preſerve its young from danger. CANIS Pilis carens, minor. The Indian Dog. This creature is frequent among the Jews' and negroes in Jamaica : it is generally about the ſize of a cur-dog with a rough ſkin, which looks like the hide of a hog. I take it is a different ſpecies from any I have ever ſeen, though the gene- ral form agrees. They have moſt of the other ſorts imported there from time to time, where they mix and degenerate into a variety of mongrels; and, as there is no particular game in the country, they require only ſuch as may be diſtinguiſhed for their care and watchfulneſs. The other ſpecies I have obſerved there from time to time, are, tryb zi cide tudiegodt otiup CANIS 1. Paftor fidelis dictus, auribus ere&tis mediis. The Cur-dog. 19 is igrivo01 se Olgood son CANIS 2. Aquaticus pilis, undulatis, quandoque cauda carens. The Water-dog. There is a variation of this that is pretty ſmall. yub 1952 50 turci tud CANIS 3. Roſtro craſſiori repando major. The Bull-dog. PU103 There is a variation of this, called the Dutch-pug, common enough in Jamaica. or 750zl 2970 boord quos b* CANIS 4. Moloſſeus tardivox, capite majore. The Dew-lap, or Dane.ldsul 91 Canta one or The Lap-dog. rs ar 108 yela CANIS 5. Minimus pilis longioribus undulatis. 5 - ៗ 2 u8 There is a large variation of this kind called King Charles's breed. do 50x9 15913 S CANIS 6. Venaticus oblongus tardigradus ſubcraffus. The Hound.1 bas CANIS 7. Venaticus pectore ampliori, roftro & ventre tenui-} The Greyhound. . oribus. I have at times ſeen the ſmall Italian greyhound, the greyhound, and the wolf-dog in Jamaica ; but they are all very rare in that country, eſpecially the latter fort. 23 now Bois 19918 6 diw 1990 odio VESPERTILIO 1. Minor angulis & extremitatibus w on the alarum unguiculis uncinatis or- The Bat. 10 vuod bio natis. 100 10dw insists tiotivi 918 ved fissdorf Andira. Pifonis. 201b vlasno yote , Theſe creatures are very common in Jamaica, and generally reſt, during the day, in caves and hollow trees, but come out at night to ſeek for food. 202 19. VESPERTILIO 2. Maxima glabra. The large ſmooth Bat. blo de 13 DO damun I have not ſeen this creature; but have been informed by Mrs. Carrol that one was caught at her houſe which was quite bare and very large. Ata 3 HYSTRIX a SV SIO Um 90 5000 SOFIJAMA I CA. HT 487 HYSTRIX 1. Subcinereus nitens, aculeis longifimis. The Porcupine. This creature is ſeldom ſeen in Jamaica ; though frequent enough on the coaſt of Guinea, from whence it is ſometimes brought there in the African ſhips. The force and mechaniſm with which this animal darts its long thorns at its enemy, when it is enraged, is really admirable: nor is the infinitely ſmall fetæ theſe are beſet with, leſs remarkable, by which they ſtick in the fleſh with more obſtinacy than a fimple body of the ſame form could do. Theſe little fetæ are very obſervable to the touch; for, on holding a thorn in your hands, and endeavouring to pull equally with both, you will find the thickeſt end to glide with much more eaſe through your fingers than the other. w wu 210 gasb Lomobás adtto 100g ( SECT. III. ose IVAO Of JUMENTES. a 2901991 peup PIROT aid bor EQUUS 1. Cardá undique ſetofá. L. S. N. The Horſe.d deode vlletongg god ene Theſe quadrupedes, without doubt, were firſt carried to Jamaica in the time of the Spaniards, moſt of thoſe that are ſtill ſeen there being of that breed. They are generally ſmall, but very ſure-footed and hardy, which renders them extremely fit for thoſe mountainous lands: and their hoofs are ſo hard that they feldom re- quire ſhoes; but this is the effect of the heat of the country and dryneſs of the land in general. NT 2ГИАЗ The ſkins of theſe animals are generally uſed by the country people to cover their couches, without tanning or dreſſing; and ſeem to be very fit for that purpoſe, but muſt be kept dry. te goney sai 9791T EQUUS 2. Cauda extrema ſetofa. L. S. N. The Aſs. IVA There are not many of theſe animals bred in Jamaica, but moſt of thoſe that keep breeding mares keep a Jack-aſs commonly with them; for mules are more va- luable and far more ſerviceable than any other cattle in thoſe hilly countries; and the mc . generally uſed both for carriage and the mill in all mountainous eſtates. But as the country does not produce a ſufficient number of theſe animals to ſupply à fourth part of the demands of the iſland, they are frequently imported there at a great expence both from Europe and the neighbouring coaſts of America, and are generally ſold from ten to twenty or thirty pounds a-piece. IVA BASUS 1. Dorſo anticè fetoſo, caudâ pilosa. L. S. N. The Hog and wild Hog. Theſe animals, when tame, differ in nothing from thoſe of the ſame fort com- monly ſeen in Europe, being generally bred and raiſed in the ſame manner ; but the wild, which are very common in all the inland woody parts of the iſland, where they meet with a great variety of different fruits in every ſeaſon of the year, are very fierce ; and, if not wounded in any principal part, generally return with great fury upon the aſſailant, who is obliged to climb into ſome neighbouring tree to avoid the fury of the beaſt. They are generally caught in toils, or hunted down with dogs, whom they frequently deſtroy, unleſs they be very cautious and well uſed to the game. 90 gab (19V 918 to sad SUS 2. Dorſo ponè ſetofo, caudâ ſubnudá. L. S. N. The Guinea Hog. This, though a ſmall fort, anſwers beſt in America; for it breeds a greater number of pigs than any other kind, and theſe, very rich and delicate: but the old ones are ſo fat, that none, except the boars, are ever brought to table. Sir 15 a codelicebre doua 18 idaus ZEIT SECT. 488 HISTORY FURA THE NATURAL SE CT. IV. Of the Pecora, or fleeced tribe. CAN NAMELUS 1. Topho dorfi unico , vertice glanduloſo. } The Camel . Camelus topho dorſi unico. L. S. N. xD This, properly ſpeaking, is the Dromedary, of which great numbers have been lately imported into Jamaica; but the people are as yet ſo little acquainted with their cuſtoms and manner of feeding, that they have been hitherto of little ſervice there. This creature has a gland in the pole of the neck, by the dryneſs or moiſture of which a man may judge of the ſtate of its ſtomach. It feeds there chiefly upon pin- guins ; but its moſt natural food is the boughs and tops of trees. It is a very patient and laborious eaſy creature: the penis turns back between the hind legs, and dif- charges the urine that way; but they never make much at a time. The fleſh of them is reckoned very tender and wholeſome; and the milk is ſaid to be a great reſtorative; conſumptions being never known wherever it is uſed for food, as it is by many on the coaſts of Barbary. CERVUS 1. Cornibus ramofis teretibus incuruis. La S. N:} The red Deer. , N. . Cervus cornibus ramoſis teretibus incurvis. Hill. Hiſt. Tab. 28.S Theſe animals are frequently carried to Jamaica from North America, and kept by many gentlemen in convenient incloſures; but they do not thrive well in that iſland. CAPRA 1. Cornibus carinatis arcuatis L. S. N. The Nanny-goat. ( . Capra cornibus erectis uncinatis. L. S. N. Theſe are not, either of them, natives of Jamaica ; but the latter is often imported thither from the main, and Rubee-iſland; and the other from many parts of Europe. The milk of theſe animals is very pleaſant in all thoſe warm countries, for it loſes that rancid tafle which it naturally has in Europe. A kid is generally thought as good, if not better than a lamb, and frequently ſerved up at the tables of every rank of people. CAPRA 3. Cornibus nodoſis in dorſum reclinatis. } The baſtard Ibex. L. S. N. dan be This ſpecies ſeems to be a baſtard ſort of the Ibex-goat; it is the moſt common kind in Jamaica, and eſteemed the beſt by moſt people. It was firſt introduced there by the Spaniards, and ſeems now naturalized in theſe parts. AIM OVIS 1. Cornibus compreſis lunatis. L. S. N. The Sheep Theſe animals have been doubtleſs bred in Jamaica ever ſince the time of the Spaniards, and thrive very well in every quarter of the iſland; but they are gene- rally very ſmall. A ſheep, carried from a cold climate to any of thoſe ſultry re- gions, ſoon alters its appearance; for, in a year of two, inſtead of wool it puts out a coat of hair, like a goat, which may be probably owing to the openneſs of the pores, and the moiſture with which the ſkin is conſtantly bedewed in thoſe parts. BOS 1. Cornibus teretibus arcủatis. The Bull and Cow. sto Bos cornibus teretibus flexis L. S. N. Theſe animals were firſt carried to Jamaica, by the Spaniards: they thrive very well there, and may be ſeen wild in moſt of the woody parts of the country. They - CAPRA 2. Cornibus erectis uncinatis, pedibus longioribus.] The Rupi-goat. 3 ditud 2010 -0100 . EM OF F JA MA I CA. 489 3 They are bred there, as in all other parts of the world, for the uſe of the table; but they ſerve alſo to cart the ſugars from the plantations to the ſtores and ſhipping- places; and draw ſometimes in the mill, where the ox, bull , and cow, are brought indiſcriminately to labour for the ſtated hours. The ox draws alſo, and the kindeſt of all animals, in the plough, the uſe of which they have of late found to anſwer well in many parts of that ifland. Cows milk is generally very thin in thoſe parts of the world, and taſtes fre- quently rancid, eſpecially when they feed in the lower lands, where the acacia and the Guinea-hen-weed grow in plenty. The hides of theſe animals are ſeldom dreſſed in Jamaica, though the country abounds with fine tanning barks ; but they are often cut up into large thongs, which they twiſt in the form of whips, and ſell in the public markets. Theſe are the principal inſtruments of correction uſed among the negroes, and the enſigns of their overſeers. J. a jon SECT. IV. Bag Of the Anthropomorphits, or ſuch as partake more or leſs of human ſhape and diſpoſition. cot hool BRADYPUS RADYPUS ). Crinitus, palmis tridactylis, unguibus arcuatis longiffimis. The Sloath. Vd Bradypus manibus tridactylis, caudâ brevi. L.S. N. bnsIgnavus Barr. & Ai Piſ. This creature, which is a native of the main continent, is ſometimes brought to fa- maica by the curious; but it is not common even in its native country. All its motions are very ſlothful, from whence its name; and when it is inclined to ſleep, it climbs into ſome neighbouring tree, faftens the fore feet to one of the limbs, and lets the body hang down during the hours of reſt. SIMIA 1, Fuſca major, caudá longiſſima. The large brown Monkey. SIMIA 2. Fuſca major, palmis tetradactylis, caudá pre- The four-fingered no } henſili ad apicem fubtus nuda. S Monkey. La lo last This creature has no more than four fingers to each of its fore-paws; but the top of the tail is ſmooth underneath, and on this it depends for its chief actions ; for the creature holds every thing by it, and Nings itſelf with the greateſt eaſe from every tree and poſt, by its means: but, in every other reſpect, it agrees with mon- keys in general. It is like the foregoing, a native of the main continent, and a bril part of the food of the Indians. & dryd SIMIA 3. Minor Subfufco-miſcella, ventre albido, caudâ ad } The Tittee . apicem nuda. This creature is very ſmall, though much larger than the following: the back and tail is of a clouded brown colour, and the belly whitiſh. The head is bare about the ears and eyes; but the hair grows in a narrow flip down the forehead. ller 300.000 ow to bolo por seqqs azi 2018 sool envio SIMIA 4. Minima, capite albido, dorſo fuſco ponè rufe-} The Sakee-winkee. TO difcenti, caudâ crinita. This, like the foregoing ſpecies, is a native of the continent, and often brought to Jamaica by the curious; but they are very tender and ſeldom live long there. volbring 3ds ydw 6 K 6 Kb otsw alera HOMO s oni to nog voow ad lo flori bliwood verbs 2190t Towy19 or and yod a soggs 490 THE NATURAL HISTORY HOMO (a) 1. Afiaticus, fuſcus, crinibus reétis. The Indian. HOMO 2. Africanus, niger, crinibus criſpis. The African, or Negro. HOMO 3. Americanus, fulvus, crinibus re&tis. The American HOMO 4. Europeus, lacteus, crinibus variis. The European. (a) Animal eſt rationale-mechanicum, ſtupenda ſtruciure, animâ immortali præditum & millenis cala- mitatibus ſubjectum. L. I would willingly have added the Three Diſſertations I propoſed to publiſh with this work; but as it has already ſwelled to the limits I deſigned, and that the ſea- ſon is too far advanced to finiſh the whole this year, I determined to publiſh the Civil and Natural Hiſtory alone ; leaving thoſe, with another on Worm-fevers, er, which will make a ſmall volume in 8vo, to be printed the enfuing ſeaſon. a PAS E RRAT A. AGE vii. &c. for Linneus r. Linnæus. P. 295. read Æſchynomene. P. 18. 1. 37. dele chiefly and 1. 35. for and theſe P. 314. for DELEA read CRITONIA. r. which P. 334. 1. 11, for a read a P. 26 and 27. for urgit read urget. P. 362. 1. 1o. read the brown Cocoon, P. 74. 1.3. add Tab. 40. f. A. P. 387. for t. 46. read t. 48. P. 112. &c. for ftile and filus, r. ſtyle and fylus. P. 421,1. 19. and 424. 1. 43. for tab. 47 & 44. r.t.41. P. 119. 1. 28. for femineo r. femina. P. 430 & 431. 7. BUPRESTIS. P. 139 and 152. for Alcine r. Alfine. P. 433. 1. 9. for T. read F. 1 P. 164. 1. 40. for St. Tho. read Port-Maria. P. 438. for GRILLUS read GRYLLUS. P. 165. 1. 26. for baſem r. bafim. P. 460. read AMPHISBANA. P. 166. read BUTTNERIA. P. 439. read APPENDIGASTER. P. 259. read GALEOPSIS. P. 462. 1. 12. for ſwallowed read ſwallows. F 1 N I S. Y SIO TIH JUTA O Uz OLJA the 90 od bismo be Tuolit Fig-4 auw Dildoq bolorum bon the ol C Figa To639 Branta ਕੇ F. Patton Sculpe Tab 40 . fig fig. 7 .b Fig.6. Ovarium Insect : alicuius marini T fig.2 . fig.9. fig.1. fig. 8. rig.t. Natabulum fig.5. A Pag: 400, line, 31. fig.B. fig.se ./0 (19.3. R.Hancock Sculp. GD.Chreto detin1755. Tab. 41 Fig . 2. Fig.1. 2002 un ላ ላ ላ ላ ጎሳ ሳ Fig. 4 by Fig.3 well G.D.Ehret delin. 1756, B. Cole fculp. Tal 42 Saatch Friger Cat CCCCCC Fighs - Fig 2 Figs Figa F-Garden 4 a Tab.43 7 6 17 3 G b a ا ، را) ) ) ) ) 8/11 کی دل و رکود را از ((((((((((( د CET) Bantina 15 а a supuedeskriget 2 a 8 18 复 ​10 14 12 it. 16 13 Tab.at 2 a 3 关 ​4 9- 3d 8 8-a ME 8-6 1.9-A 3-6 - 10 11 6 Talas 2 1 3 Tal: 46 oby Fige F. Garden Delin et Sculp Tab 47. GD. Ehret delin FGarden Sculp. Tab. 48. Fig.1 . 2977 12 VV 6 དད་ N Fig. 3 non с ccc сол Du ooog crcco с со CC Fig.2 . wa VUU PUU UUUU سا uc G.D.Ehret delin 1755 B.Cole fcup! Tab.49 Brigh DEM P e, by DE ce so OD on ET to its ns MA sade She I N IN DE X. 1 A 1 II 442 46. 61 145. 148 119 38 460 il! - 341 208 234 226 480 226 441 245 365 186 454 296 255 men 1 11 200. 255 T CACIA P: 251 Amia Acalypha 346 Amianthus Acantharis 434 Ammannia Acarus 418 Amomum Acetabulum 74 Amoniacum Acbates 48 Amphiſbena Achimenes 270 Amygdalus Achiranthes 180 Amyris Acbras 200 Anacampferos Acids, the mineral 37 Anacardium Acidoton 355 Anas Acilanthera 217 Anæthetus Acroſticum 104 Anchovies Aitinia 387 Anchovie-pear Tree Adamas 48 Andropogon Adelia 361 Anethum Adiantum 86.9 Angel-fiſh Ægyptian Bean 243 Angola Peas - Lotus ibid. Annona Æſchynomene 295 Anona agaic GLS 76 Anthelmenthia Agath 48 Anthemis Agave 199. Anthoceros Alcyon 482 Antideſma Alga 71 Antimony Alicaſtrum 371 Antique Lamps Ali ma Alkekingi 176 Aphis Alligator 461 Apis Alligator-Pear Tree 214 Apium - Wood 369 Apocупит Allium 196 Appendig after All-ipice 247 Apple Trees Almond-Trees 241 Aqua Alnus Aloes furniſheth an article of the exports Aranea of Jamaica 17 Archangel Alfine Althea 283 Arena Alumen 38 Aretuſa Alum ibid. Argemone Amaranthus 340 Argentum Amaryllis 195 Argilla & Argillacea Amber 40 Argellaria Amber-greaſe ibid. Argythamnia Amboiba III Ariſtida Ambra 40. 56 Ariſtolochia Ambroſia 339 Arms of Jamaica, what Amellus 317 Arnotto Amerimnon 288 Artemiſia 156 320 86 123 42. 57 400 439 435 - 204 Ants 438 186 - 183 439 241 - 35, 36. 159 Arachis 197. Aralia 295 189 419 313 " 139. 152 Ardea 478 53. 66 386 244 44 1 47. 53.61 1 53. 61 338 - 135 329 6 254 318 Arti- 1 4 492 IN DE X. 314 Bidens 1 - I!!! 1 Artichoke Arum Arundo Aſbeſtus Aſcaris Aſclepias Aſcyrum Aſparagus Aſphaltum Aſplenium Aſs lack of Jamaica Aſterias Aſtrea Ateramnus Atriplex Avocato-Pear Tree Auriculas Auripigmentum Aurum 116 - --- - 123 - 1 il F E - 477 17 . LIT 317 331 Bignonia 263 136 Bind-weed 153 46 Birch-trees 345 382 Birthworth 329 182 Biſmuthum 42 309 Bitter-wood 251 196 Bituminous ſubſtances 39, 40 56 Bixa 254 93 Black-berry brambles 242 487. Blackbirds 469. 474. 476 5 Black-olive, or Bark tree 221 424 Blairia 393 Blakea 323 392 Blaſt 435 339 Blatta 433 367 Blechnum 261 214 Blubbers 385 183 Boat-flies 435 41 Bobartia 129 44 Bocconia 244 Boerhaavia 416 Bolangena 173 459 Bombax 277 456 Bonace-bark tree 372 347 Boneeto 450 17 Bontia 263 236 Booby 481 Borers 429.431 363 Borrage 35 150 231 Borrago ibid. 343 Borax 225 Bos 39 Bottle-noſe 459 216 Brabila 370 475 Bradypus 489 244-5 Brain-ſtones 392 416 Braſiletto 227 260 exported from Jamaica 17 147 Brafica 273 368 Bread-nuts 372 260 Bream 261 Breynia 239 Brimſtone 287 Briza 135 227 Broad-leaf 255 314 Bromelia 192 184 Broom-weed 147 486 Brown-jolly 173 356 Bruchus 435 286 Brya 260 Bryonia 147. 355 247 Bryony ibid. 294 Bucardium 415 485 Buccinum 404 Buceros 221 438 Budleia d 144 184 Bugs 434 387 Bullion exported from Jamaica 17 361 Bully-trees 207 384 Buphthalmum 184 Bupreſtis 168 Bur-bark BALANUS Balena Baliſtes Balſams, the yellow and fea-ſide exported Balſam Tree Banana-birds Banana-trees Baniſteria Barbadoes Cabbage Trees Pride Tar Barbilus Bariftus Bark Trees Barnacles Baſil Baſtard Bryony Cabbage Cedar Germander Greenheart Lig. Vitae Nicarago Saffron Batchelors Buttons Bat Batis Baubinia Baum Bay-berry trees Beans Bear Beef-wood Bees Beet Bermudiana Bernardia Beroe Beta Beureria bir 38 488 3.446 246 40 1 - - 299 1 201 320 431 · 233 Burn- I I 50 Ι Ν D Ε Χ. IN 493 426 1 1 11 306 Chama 1 1 I 1 . 286 - 228. 250 " 316 488 Burn-weed 167 Centapie Butterflies 437 Cerambex 430 Buttneria 166 Ceraſee 353 Button-wood 159 Ceratophyllum 345 Byſſus 79 Cervus 488 Ceftrum CABBAGE 173 273 Chatodon 454 Cabbage trees 342 Chalk 50 Cacao, or Chocolate trees, &c. 413 Cactus 237 Chamæleon 464 Cefalpinia 227 Chamærops 330 Calabaſh trees 265 Chancellor, and Courts of Chancery 5 Calaloe 174. 232. 340 Chardoon 314 Calapaver 451 Charter of Jamaica, &c. 5 Calevances 291 Charges attending the ſhips 17 Calcitarium 52. 65 Chenopodium 184 Calendula 322 Cherry and Chereeze 230 Callimus 53 China-root 359 Calophyllum 245 Chineſe-Roſe Camelus 488 Chiococca 164 Camel ibid. Chitraculia 239 Cameraria 182 Chloroxylum 187 Campanula 166 Chocho's 355 Cancer 420 Chocolate trees 307 Candlewood 208 exported from Jamaica 17 Canella 275 Cbryſobalanus Canis 486 Chryſocoma Canker-berries 174 Chryfophyllum 171 Cenna & Canacorus II3 Chriſtmas Gambol 154 Capra Pride 267 Capraria 268 Cibota 416 Capſicum 434 Caraguata 193 Cichorium 310 Cardinals 467 Cimex 434 Cardioſpermum 213 Circular Courts Carduus 313 Ciſſampelos 357 Cardoon 314 Citharexylum 264 Carex 335 Citrus 308 Carica 360 Cladium 114 Carrots 186 Cladonia 18 Carrion-Crows 79 Carthamus 314 Clay and Claiey Subſtances 35. 47. 61 Caryophyllus 247 Clematis 255 Cafava, or Caffader 349 Cleotne 273 the wild 348 Clerodendrum 522 262 Caſcade of St. Ann's 26 Cletria Caſhew trees 226 Clinopodium 259 Coffa 222 Clio Caſida Cafis 407 Clove-gilliflowers Caſtor 484 Cloven-berries 217 Cat 485 Clucking-hen Cateſbaa 141 Clupea 443 Catharticum, Sal 38 Cluſia 236 Catonia 148 Cnicus 313 Cedar, the Barbadoes 158 Coals the Bermudas 362 Cobaltum Cedrela 158 Coccinella 435 Cedrus ibid. Coccocipfilum Celeri 186 Coccolobis 209 Celoſia Cocco-nut trees 341 Cenchris 461 Cocco-plumbs 250 Cenchrus 367 6 L Cocco- 176 Cicada I' IO ном 471 Clavaria LE 701 78 - 1 386 NW N 431 Clitoria 1 O O 298 228 HI I 10 478 11 40 42 111!!! 144 - 179 !!! INDE X. 494 SW-424 d4470 235207 dla 3.399 Crax 435 Creffes 470 Critonia i415 Crocodilus -433 Cromis yh0346 -474 - III bal 35.47. 62 la I & 124 Cuprum - 470 - 149 21256 79 Cuſcuta 159 Cyathia VOUCO - 29bnuola Cocco-roots しか ​Cochlea evidence alot To 210w332 Cray-fih Cochlearia tbt 279 Crefcentia bundroid 265 Cocheneal 351x2 Beds STON Tods Cock 314 Cockles 2. 112-9461 Cock-roch neside you T250 449 Cock-fpurs 358 Croſopetalum od dr 45 Cocoons Hoon 362. 373 Croton Coffee 17. 161 Crotophagus Coilotapalus Crows 473 Coix 335 Cryſtaltus Collema 80 Cuculus bio 476 Collococcus 167 Cucumber 124. 353 Coluber 461 Cucumis Mis ibid. Columba 468 Cucurbita 35+ Columbus Cudweed ock 318 Colymbus 480 Culex 427 Cominia 205 Cupania 178 Commelina 125 Cuphea 1216 Comocladia GOTS on 43. 58 Conchilium 408 Curaçoa-birds Coney 484 Curculio whesia 429 Conferva Conoas 277 Cuſtard apples Conocarpus di 78 00 Contra-Yerva 329 Cyathoides lod ibid. of Hern. 328 Cygnus 480 Conques 408 Cynara ogny 314 Convolvulus 152 Cynomorum 318 Cyperus Coots 479 Cyprea Copper and Copper Ores 35. 43. 58 Cyprinus Coracinus 448 Cytiſus moine 296 Corallium 390 Corals and Coralines 390 DAB-CHICKS 480 Coral-bean tree 288 Dalea 239 Corallina ON 72.75 Darien thrown up ugloznog 8 Coratoe 199 Date trees - 21109x344 Corchorus 167 Cordia Daucus 10 to solsky 186 -gd 488 8 Corephium 393 Delphinus 147 Dentalium Cork-wood 256 Dermestis Cornu-Ammonis 397 Diamonds Corvus ILI 473 Dianthera 346 Dianthus 29913-tito 16 2017 228 15 Corypha 190 Didelphis SYY 486 2011 443 Dioſcorea Cotton and Cotton trees 17. 282 Ditiola 79 Cotton-flies 435 Doctor-fish stare un 454 2 Council of Jamaica, what 5 Dodonea Courts-baronito como ba Dogs bowo 291 486 of Equity 6 Dog-wood 10 20011-9296 100D of Judicatures Dolichos Couries Somostenita 410 Dolium ST Cows ជ Cow-itch 488 Dolphins បុប នាង gaims 468 Cowhage -594, 5 336 Crabs 927 oste O Dry goods exported from Jamaica 2i 17 Crab-catchers easid 478 Ducks Crateva Duck- Conyza di 334 127 201410 9442 11 1 88 - כמדו. THE 147 Datura 202 Coreopſis 321 Deer 1 8 Coreta - 459 LOO 396 ploto 429 248 1900 117 1 11 Corylus solli 359 o Coryphæna - booobbi 207 Jod-gi 293 A-91 406 bow-331 443 11 Toerisme? Doyly Coll. 299 Doves 8 420 Inil 480 236 I I N Ι Ν D Ε Χ. E 495 !!! Siena 186 with 1 1 299 Fowls 2010 242 1 9900 264 Eels 1 - SOM 432 Fucus des 71 479 435 Fuſtick Sii blot Nilich 289 benest 485 1 - 259 2 2sorio 200 270 Duck-weeds Dumb Canes da 332 Flounders 445 331 Flowers of ſulphur, the native007-09 Dutchman's Laudanum 40 328 Flying-fiſhes. Dytiſcus 442 231 432 Fæniculum DIRO Fogs, thoſe about Sixteen-mile-walk on 27 EAR-SHELLS Kib 398 Forficula slon 433 Earth and Earthy Subſtances 35. 69 Formica auto 439 Earthquakes, that of 1692 7 Four-a-clock flowers 120 166 Ebony aiul- 470 Ecaftaphyllum ibid. Fragaria , Echeneis 2 443 Free ſtones 52 Echinus 393 French Oak Echites 182 Honeyſuckle 300 444 Marygolds Ehretia 319 168 Fringilla 467 Elater Elephantopus 311 Fulica Eli Etrum 40 Fungus Badoolo Ellipta 77 Elliſia 17. 339 262 Elutheria 369 GALACTIA 298 Emerita 425 Galapee, or Angelica tree subo boost 189 Epidendrum 326 Galega Equiſetum 108 Galeopſis Y900 Equus 25 487 487 Galera Eriphia Galimeta Eritbolis 165 Gallus 2012082 470 Eryngium 13 Y-no 185 Gally-worms 426 Eryngo A to ibid. Gar-fiſh 443 Erythrina 288 Garlick . Erythroxylum 278 Garlick-pear trees Efchalots 196 Genip trees Efox 443 Geraſcanthus - 2300 Eupatorium 313 Geſneria Euphorbia 234 Gigalobium 2NICIATO 362 Euphraſia (ง 260 Ginger Exocetus 442 exported from Jamaicans also 17 Explications of the figures of the plants 373 the different methods of Exports of Jamaica computed 14 preſerving it 120 more certainly computed 15 Glauber's Salt SOJSTO the value of them computed 17 Glecoma carrodano 258 Eyebright 260 Glycine 297 Glycymeris ( FALCO 471 Gnaphalium idaro Faſciola 383 Goats Felis 485 Goat-rue ho Fennel 186 Gold ISO - MS03 Ferns and Fern-trees 86 Goldy-Locks Ferrum leher 43 Gomphrena Fevillea 10.373 Gooſe-berries Mon 109 Gooſe in radar 480 ໂອ Gooſe-foot Ficus Surinamenſis 29911 01103 BAS 010130 Fiddlewood 0265 Gordius Figs, how cured Tadybininkai 283 Fig-trees, &c. ibid. Governors of Jamaica, their power powerlo 5 Fig-ſhells Vurup 354 Do Fire-flies 320ibul t 431, 2 Grain-ſtones 2009 be to 50 ET Fitt-weed 127, 8. 134, 5, 6, 7. 366, 7 8 Flamingo 459 Ovo 480 Grampus Flea-bane llo Slyo 318 Granadilla 327 Flies -101 631109x Troog 71426 Grape-trees ogs 08 Flint ad 178 elou( 49 Grape-vines 51506 2911pn 196 Toulon 246 SS210 170 eggo bas 1999 261 11 Top 119 - Pre. Dis 38 409 411 318 S488 Бори-Япо 289 44 Lot 86 1 Tor 184 dge 237 Ficus Bo 11 bns_00139 184 Boi-MOJJO 381 - bouw.gov 201109 Goſpium odbilo 406 Gourds M. pollo 185 Gramen 27 2 IO 5 Gravel 496 IN DE X. 53 Homo 489 . 11 Gravel Green-heart Grewia Grooper Grotto, that of St. Ann's Ground-Ivy Ground-nuts Groundſel Grunts Gryllus Guajacum Guava's Guidonia Guilandia Guinea Corn Grafs Fox Hog Hens Hen-weed Worms Gulls Gum-tree Gymnogaſter Gypſum 2 I 2 481 46 Til 8 w + 348 111 222 187 Hone. See Schiſtus 371 Honey-ſuckle 327 448 the French 300 27 Horſes 487 253 Horſe-radiſh 272 295 Howard, Earl of Carliſle, Governor 5 320 Humming-birds 475 447. 449 Hydrargirium 44 434 Hydrocotyle 185 225 Hymenaa 221 238 Hypelate 208 249 Hyſtrix 487 228 135 JACK-IN-A-BOX 373 366 Jago-de-la-vega 485 Jalappa 166 487 Jamaica, its ſituation, extent, long and 470 latit. 274 the firſt diſcovery of 381 conquered by the Spaniards, and invaded by Sir Ant. Shirly ib. 338 invaded by Col. Jackſon ibid. 444 conquered by the Engliſh 3 its piratical ſtate 4 invaded by the French 221 Jamaica plumbs 229 3I5 7ajiminum 173 38. 56 Jaſmin. See Jeffamine 205 Jatropha 206 Ichthyomethia 296 397 Jerufalem-thorn 92 Jeſſamine, the Arabian 115 the American 155 471 the dwarf 115 311 the French 183 300 the Spaniſh I 15 330 Jeſſamine tree 181 150 the wild 142 407 Jett 445 Jew-fiſh 95 Jews-pitch 313 'Impatiens 189 Imports, what they are in general, and whence 18. 20 373 the value of them computed 184 at a medium 20, 21 284 Indian-arrow root 17 fig 237 311 kale 332 ſhot 113 351 Indigo, its culture and manufacture 303 furniſhes a conſiderable article 383 in the exports of Jamaica 17 467 Indigo-berry 143 487 Indigofera 320 445 Ink-fiſh 177 Ipeeacuanha the baſtard 183 229 Ipomea 155 366 Ireſine 358 346 --- , 40 448 40 322 HÆMATOXYLUM Halbert-weed Halcriptium Haieha Halimus Hammonia Hart's-tongue Haſel-tree Hawks Hawk-weed Hedyſarum HeliEteres Heliotropium Helmets Helops Hemionitis Hemp-Agrimony Hercules, the yellow Herrings Hernandia Herniaria Hibiſcus Hides exported from Jamaica Hieracium Hilly lands, their nature and ſoil Hippomane Hirtella Hirudo Hirundo Hogs Hog-fiſh gum 7 443 - II2 . II 128 - 386 43 179 plumbs Holcus Holocentrus Holofteum 447 Iron 139 Iron 2 Iron- IN DE X. 497 ill - - - 140 Louſe II 382 OVO AU ONN 78 50. 62 - 1 - Iron-wood 278 Lobelia Irfiola 322 147 Loblolly-woods JJnardia 177 148 Lobſters Fuglans 424 346 Locufts Fulus 434 426 Locus trees 221 Juniperus 362 Locus-berry trees Fusticia 230 118 Loggerheads Logwood, its virtues and uſes, &c. 17. 221 475 KERATOPHITON 75 Lonchitis 89 Kidney-beans 291 Lophius King-fiſhes 457 445. 452 Lotus Kingſton, its ſituation and harbour 300 7,8 Lotus Ægyptia 243 Kleinia 316 Love-apples Knoxia 174 417 Low lands, the foil and nature of them LACE-BARK 371 Loxia 467 Lacerta 462 Lucanus Latuca 429 310 Lumbricus Lady-flies 437 Lycium Lagetto 177 371 Lycoperdon Lance-wood 177 Lycoperſicum Lands, the different forts of, in Jamaica 11 Lycopodium 175 84 how many acres already patented 12 Lydium Lantana 268 Lygiftum 142 Lapſana 311 Lynch Coll. Larus 5 481 Lavandula 258 MACACCA'S 229 La-Vega firſt ſettled 2 Macarels, the Spaniſh Laurus 452 213 Mace, that of Jamaica 6 Lead 43.57 Mackaws Leeches 472 383 Mackaw-trees Leeks 343 196 Macrocnemum Lemma 165 85 Macrocephalus 450 Lemna 332 Maftra Lemons 300 Madrepora Lens 391 85 Mahagony Lenticula 72 Maids Leontodon 459 310 Maiden-hair Lepidium 272 plumbs Lepiota 124.187 77 Maize 333 Lepus 484 Mallows 282 Lernea 387 Malpigia 229 Lettuce Libellula 292 437 Mammea Lichen 249 85 Mammee ibid. Licca-tree 207 Mammee-ſapote Licina 401 Manatees 459 Ligea 385 Mangeneel 351 Lignum-vitæ, its growth and uſes 226 the baſtard 182 the baſtard forts 179. 287 Mangle Lilies 159. 211 195 Mangrove-trees 159. 211 Limax 388 Man-of-war bird Limes the Portugueſe Lime-ſtones Mantis 433 Limpets Lingua-cervina 92. 104 Marble Liſianthius 157 Marcantia 85 Lithantrax 40 Marchaſites Littleton, Sir Charles 1035.42 5 Marcgravia 244 Lituus 398 Marga & Margacea 35. 42. 46. 50,64 Liver-worth 85 Margaritifera 412 Lizards 462 Marjorum 6 M Marl 416 17.158 I'll 87 T 310 Malva 11 1 201 308 483 386 52 397 Marantha II2 51. 65 ill . . = 1 1 1 260 498 Ι Ν D Ε Χ. (91383 Mus დააცა 484 279 4IT 899 79 UN 77 427 n! ringo 285 bo JT 369 210 11 4860 = - 111 usad 9 38 M 398 og O 100 + 24 476 20 257 1:17 25 1258 0 Marl and marly ſubſtances.201035. 46. 64 wa 291d35. 46.64 Murana 444 Marmor 51. 65 Muria 37. 55 Marrow-puddings syon Marſhal, the Provoſt's Office 6 Muſa 363 TO W-VM Marſhmallow 279 Mufca 426, 7 Marſilea 85 Muſcles Marygolds Care 322 Muſcus Mechuacanna 183 Muſhrooms Meduſa tots 385 Muſkeetoes Melanium 215 Muſk-Melons 353 Melaſtoma 219 -Okro Meleagris 470 -Wood Melicoccus Muſtard 273 Meliſſa 260 Muſtela Mellila 2 Mycedium 392 Melo 353 Myrobalanus 229 Melochia 276 Myrſtiphyllum 152 Melongena w 173 Melotria & 3 124 NAMA 185 Menianthes I55 Napbta 39 Menidia 441 Natrum Menow-weed 268 Neanthe 289 Mentha 258 Nerita Menzelia 249 Negroes, the number of, in Jamaica Mercury 44 how many imported annually Merops there, at a medium Votor Mefoſpherum ſome exported yearly > Metallic ſubſtances 35. 57 their economy and method of Method of claffing native foſfils 35 living Metopium 177 Nepeta Mica 46. 60 Nereis 395 Milk-wood 369 Nerium Millepora zod non 389 Nettle onls. 2 336 Mimosa 251 Nicarago exported from Jamaica yearly 17 Mint 258 the baſtard 227 Mirabilis 166 Nickars 90 228 Milletoe 197. 355 Nicotiana supra 167 Mitulus 411 Nightingales Mnium 83 Nila-barudena Mohoe bark and trees 284 Nila-panna Molaſſes exported, its quantity and Nipple-worth value 16 Niſberry trees Molugo 139 Niſberry Bully-tree Mombin 229 Noddy 481 Momordica 353 Notonecta Moniera 269 Nyctantes Monkeys 489 Nymphaa Morgan, Sir Henry, &c. 4, 5 SZOBBY Morinda 159 OCYMUM 0 260 Mormyra 446 Oenothera 208 Morus 339 Offices, thoſe of Jamaica Mofles 79 Oil-nut trees Motacilla 468 Okro 285 Moth 425 Oldenlandia Mountain Graſs 365 Old man 476 Cock 469 Old-man's-beard 193 Mountainous land, what II Old-wife Muddeford, Sir Thomas, Gov. 5 Old-woman's-bitter 264 Mud-fiſh Mugil ibid. Olive-tree, its culture and growth Mullets ibid. Olive-ſhells 408 Muntingia 245 Omphalandria 334 180 I'll 469 173 Ci 94 zbid. 1 2 200 - 201 29. 435 E 114 RS 243 11 2 936,7 ( 9 350 1 146 1 2bno - 591-456 otto 2014115 450 Olea Onions I. N D E X DE 499 .. 412 V 416 M eblo 272 M 471 - 125 212 283 274 דיזיין 438 11 1 PALMA. 417 Palmeto-Royal muros 382 176 11 ruan gain to bo232 348 M Onions 196 Pelmatia 450 Onifcus 426 Pen and Venables, the expedition of b3M Ononis 289 Pennaria Ophiogloſſum 108 Penny-royal zer baq-258M Opoffum 486 Penny-worth 90 a Rovot 185 V Opuntia 237 Pentilaſmus voller Oranges 308 Pepper 121: 176 Origanum 260 Pepper-grafs Oriolus 8 476 Perca Oriza 203 Periclimenum Ornithogalum 195 Perſicaria Orpiment 41 Peruvian-bark exported 07 17 Ortalans 468 Petefia དུ༌ 143 Oſmunda 107 Petiveria M Oſtracion 456 Phaelipea 269 Oſtrea 411 Phalana Ovis 488 Pbarus 344 . Owls 473 Phaſeolus DAVE 291 Oxalis 231 Philadelphus 240 Ox-eye 320 Phlogiſt um Minerale & Bitumine varia 39 Ox-eye bean 295 Phlogiſtic ſubſtances ibid. Oyſters 411. 413 Phoenicopterus 480 8os Pholas to di 341 Phyllanthus 188 Palm-trees Sun oqmi yoon ibid. Phyllidoce 190 Phyllitis po ID 861 Palmeto 20 v bojioqxs mol 330 Phyſalis Panama ranſacked Ons Torogo 4 Phyſeter rado 459 ſhells 408 Phyſic-nuts 350 sfidut bill Pancratium 194 Phytolacca ghid Panicum 474 Panorpa 436 Pigeons Pariſhes, the firſt number of; in Ja- Pigeon-wood ylu maica Pimento 17. 247 the number of, now 9 Pine-apples 192 the ſtate of them before the Pinguins earthquake Parkinſonia 222 Piper 3039 443 Papaws 360 Pifonia 358 Papilio 437 Pillaſphaltum 39 Paracuta is 50001 450 Piftia 329 472 Piſum 9 251; Parrot-fiſh 447 Pitterill DOLINA 482 Parſly 186 Pittonia Parſnips 186 Placodium Parfonfia 199 Plaguſia 445 Parthenium 340 Plantago Paffiora 327 Plantane trees Paſtinace 186 Platina 44 Patella 397 Platiſma Patridges 471 Pleuronectes 445 Patridge-ſhell 406 Plumb-trees 124. 171. 177. 228, 250 TWO- Pavetta 142 Plumbago 158 Paulinia 212 Plumbum 43. 57 Pavo 470 Plumeria 181 Pea-birds ibid. Pocillaria .… k Lisវទេព+8 Pear-trees 241 Pointiana Peaſe ಈ ವಾರ 294 Poiſon-berries, the blue - bazlozio head Pebbles Poke-weed Pesten bos nuo 411 Polyanthes 197 Pediculus Border 417 Polygala Pelecanus bolo 480 Polygonum 11 133 Picus Il 4684 boow 368 5.7 193 w 7 Piper I 21 1 - 20 1 Parrots 294 'il 164. 170 d81 145 245363 HA ha 80 225 173 232 stoon 249 Su 287 WO !!! 2 12 Pelican ibid. 103 Poly- 500 I N D ÉT X. ITI 211 239 Rhus 195 Rice 330 Ricinus cow . - 1 . - - } 472 Rue Polypodinem 96 Rbamnus Polytricum 172 82 Rbizophora Polytmus 475 Rhomboida 455 Pomegranate-trees 186 Pontederia Pond-weed, the great 203 350 Porcupine 487 Ringworm-buſh 224 Poria 76 Rio nuevo, the affair of 3 Porgee 446 Rivinia 148 Porphirium 49 Rock-oyl 39 Porpeſs, the 459 Rock-filo Portlandia 448 164 Rocou 254 Port-Royal, its ſtate before and after Rod-wood 249 the earthquake 7 Roja 242 Ports of entry and clearance 10. Roſe-buſhes, how they thrive in Jamaica 243 Portugueſe men-of-war 455 Roſe-wood 208 Portulaca 233 Roſmarinus 217 Potamogeton 150 Roſemary, the wild 347 Potatoe 175 Rubia 141 the wild 152. 154 Rubus 242 the Bermudas or Convolvine 154 Ruellia 267 Prickly pears 237 Rum, how made 131 Prickly poles 343 --- what quantity is annually export- Prickly yellow-wood 189 ed from Jamaica 16 Primroſe-willow 208 Runnex Prince-wood 203 170 Rupture-worth 184 Prunus 124 Ruſhes 126 Pfidium 238 Ruta 2 Pſittacus 218 Pſicotrophum 160 Pteris 90 SABULUM Pterota 146 Saccarum vil 129 Pulex 417 Sage 117 Pumex 66 Sagittaria 345 Pumilea 188 Sal Punica 35. 37 239 Sally-man 387 Purpura 406 Salts, the different forts of Parllane 35. 37. 55 233 Salicornia Pyralis 431 Salop, that of Jamaica 325 Pyrites 41 Salvia 117 Pyrus 241 Sambo 273 Samida 217 QUAMOCLIT 166 Samphire Quartzum 48. 62 Sand 53 Quickſilver 44 Sandarac 41 Sand-box tree 352 RACOON. 484 Santa-Maria tree 372 Raia 459 Santolina 315 Ramoon trees 357 Sapindus 206 Rana 466 Sapium Randia 143 Sapodilla Raphanus od 272 Sarcomphalus 179 Raphidia 436 Savana-flowers 180. 182 Rapunculus 158 Savana lands Rat 484 Setyrium 324 Rauvolfia 180 Saurus 452 Rays to 459 Saururus Red-bead vine suid od od 297 Sawyers Reeds 428 bao 136 Scarabeus Reed-graſs 341 Scarlet-feed Renealmia 193 Schinus Reft-harrow 289 Schiftus Revenues of Jamaica Sciena - 53. 66 II2 - - 356 om 338 - 200 ܬ ܠ ,] IL - III TO 121. 203 368 146 47. 61 1. 21 i N D E X. 501 17.20 250. 368 - il 457 Soles 1 1 Sea-eges 457 Sonchus 393 Sorrel 441 Sour-graſs 1 2 4 229 467 -- 187 Sciena 447 Slate. See Schitus Sciodaphyllum 190 Slaves, the importation of, &c. Scirpus 126 Sloanea Sciurus 483 Sloath Scolopendra 489 426 Smilax Scomber 359 452 Snail-ſhells Scoparia 399 145 Snakes 461 Scorpio 420 Snappers 448 Scotch-graſs 133 Snipe Screw ſhells 477 402 Snooks Screw tree 450 330 Soap-trees 206 Scrupus 49 Solanum Scurrula 173 197 Solena 412 Scuttle-fifh 386 Solenoftomus 441 Sea-bat Sea-bots 445 383 Solidago Sea-devil 320 311 203. 285 Sea-horſe 365 Sea-louſe 393 Sour-lop 255 Sea-nettle 385 South-ſea roſe 181 Sea-plate 394. Sow-thiſtle 311 Sebeſtena 170 Spaniards, their diſcovery and conqueſt Sechium 355 of Jamaica Securidaca 287 when routed out by the Eng. Selago 83 Spaniſh-elm Senecio 170 320 Spaniſh-plumbs Senna 223 Sparrows Senſitives 253 Sparrow-graſs 196 Sepia 386 Spalhe Sertularia 389 Spatum Servants, how they live in Jamaica 24 Spar ibid. frequently acquire great fortunes 8 Sparus 446 Seſamum 270 Sperma-ceti whale Setoura 45.9 425 Spermacoce 140 Sevilla 2 Sphagnum 84 Shadocks and Shadock-trees 309 Spiders Shads 449 Spigelia 156. 367 Sharks 457 Spikenard 257 Shear-water 482 - the wild 159 Sheep 488 Spondias 228 Sherigo 421 Spondylus Ships, the number of, trading to Jamaica OM 413 Spongia and how loaded 18 Sprats 443 Ship-worms 395 Spunge 74 Shrimps 424 Spurge MOO234 Siceliun 144 Squalus 457 Sicyos 147 Squirrel 483 Sida 51 Silex 43 Silk-Cotton trees 277 Star-fiſh 393 Silver 44. 57 Star-ſtones Silver-fiſh 455 Stemodiacra 261 Silver-ſnake 460 Sterna 482 Sima-rouba 42. 57 Simia 489 Stinking-weed 224 Simper-vivie 197. 199 Stizolobium 290 Simplexia Sinapis 273 Stomatia Siphonia 396 Stramonium 167 Sifymbrium 272 Strawberries 242 Siſyrimhium 327 Strephona 408 6 N Strix 51. 64 - 1 1 418 1 74 279 Stelaftites 49 Stannum 1 I!! 1 392 345 Stibium - 53. 65 Stola 412 398 11 23 502 I N D E X. 396 48 53. 66 1 w 4 336 Sulphur and fulphureous bo-}35-39, 40.56 220 - - ווין IT 357 -482 - E III 50. 62 Strix zgod Struchium Detoupil 473 Tom- tits most 476 312 Strumbus 2:15 404 Topazius Succory snio 310 Tophus Memor 5977 90 Sucking-fish 443 Tortoiſe 465 Sugar, what quantity is made annually Tortugo, a colony of pirates in, and exported from Jamaica 16 Tournefortia sangatlo 169 the value of the exported, com- Tragia puted at a medium ibid. Trade, that of Jamaica 18 Sulphurata 35 Trefoil 299 Tribulus Tricherium 46. 59.61 Sun-fiſh 447 Trichilia 278 Suriana 120 Trichogamila 218 Surinam, when given to the Dutch 8 Trichomones 86 poiſon 296 Trichoſanthes 354 Sus 487 Trifolium 298 Suzygium 240 Trigla 453 Sweet-fop 256 Tringa 477 Sweet-wood 214 Triopteris 191 Sword-fish 444 Triumfetta 232 Sycotypus 406 Trixis 312 Syngnatus 441 Trocus 402 Tropcolum 207 TABERNEMONTANA 182 Trophis ТgoЯ-НД, T&nia 382 Tropic birds Tagetes 319 Trumpet-fiſh 441 Talcum 46. 60 Trumpet-ſhells 404 Tamarindus 125 Trumpet-tree to 2 Tamarinds ibid. Touch-ſtone Tanacetum 316 Tuberous 197 Taniers 406 Tanſey 316 Turbina 403 Tarantula 419 Turdus 469 Teramnus 290 Turkeys 479 Terebellum 402 berries 174 Terebinthus 345 bloſſoms Terra & Terrea 35. 45. 60 Turnep 273 Terra metallica & minera varia 35. 41 Turnera 189 Teſtudo 465 Turnſol 150 Teta 469 Turtles 465 Tetracera 255 Turtle-grafs Tetrao 471 Tyger 103-485 Teucrium 257 Tyres 332 Teuthis 454 Typha Thalia 112.384 Thamnia 245 VALERIANELLA 123 Thatch-trees 190.344 Value of the exports and imports of Theobroma 306 Jamaica, computed at a medium 17 Thorn-apple 167 Vanilla 326 Thrichecus 35.42 Tbymus 259 Varronia 172 Thyme ibid. Vaughon, Lord Thynnus 451 Vega, St. Jago de la, plundered 5 Ticks in what condition when taken by Tillandſia 194 the Engliſh 3 Tin 43 Verbena 115 Titbymalus 234 Verbeſina 319 Toads 466 Veronica Toad-fiſh 456 Vervine 116 Todus 476 Veſpertilio Tomato's 175 Vefſels TT 332 Tuns M 220 --171 | . = -30 336 459 Varia 75 418 - = ,!!! zi 145 486 I N D E X. 503 1 18 259 297 oats 23344 20 194 ill 35 364 347 268 340 ibid. . -- 267 Wilks - 406 2 1 2 5 176 - 366 00426. 439 11 474 231 381, 2, 3 156 - - a 396 Veſſels from Europe, the trade and num- Wild hops дер ber of, in the Jamaica trade liquorice from North America 19 from the Main pine Vicia 5294 plantane tree View, a general view of the new method roſemary oor of claſſing native foffils ſage Viſcum 197.355 tanſey Viſcum-Cariophylloides 193 wormwood Vitex Vitis 178 Windmannia Vitriolum 39 Windſor, Lord Vitriol ibid. Winter-cherries Ulva 79 Winter's-bark. See Canella Uniola 136 Wood-graſs Volkameria 214 Wood-lice Voluta 409 Wood-pecker Urena 281 Wood-forrel Urſus 485 Worms Urtica 336 Worm-graſs, tab. 37. f. 3. Uſnea 80 Worm-tubes Uvifera 209 Wormwood Vultur 471 Woundworth JOS WAKE-ROBIN 331 Xanthornus Walnut-trees 346 Xiphias Waltheria 276 Xylopicrum Waſps Waters, the different forts of 35. 36 YAMS thoſe of Jamaica 54 Yarruma Water-fall, that of Mamee-river 26 Yellow Hercules Water-creſs 272 ſanders Lemon 328 Yemenſis arbor Lilies 2,43 Melon 354 ZANONIA Plantains 195. 204 Zanthoxylum Withes 178 Zarnicum Weaſel 486 Zea Welſhman 447 Zerumbeth Wevil 430 Zeugites Whales Wheat-ſhells 405 Zinzibar Whip-tom-kelly 476 Zizania White-wood and white cedar 263 Zoophthalmum Wild Cafava 348 Zygia 1318 1 320 - Я з 477 445 250 438 OT 359 III 1 189 372 161 - E - 3 125 189 Sum 41 3335 114 341 41 113-4.119 340 295 279 459 Zincum 1 ill - EAR 3 70_2170gmi bos 2170 muibom s 3bojumo os » & Ney 29911- LE alqur med 89dit LE od 2.3 albir bonboula yd maasti toisib နိုင်ပါသည် ni PIE be hu 28. 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