ZOOLOGY OF EGYPT
ANDERSON
MAMMALIA
1902

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ZOOLOGY OF
OF EGYPT.

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ZOOLOGY OF
EGYPT:
MAMMALIA.
BY THE LATE
JOHN ANDERSON, M.D., LL.D., F.R.S.
REVISED AND COMPLETED
BY
W. E. DE WINTON, F.Z.S.
:
LONDON:
HUGH REES, LIMITED, 124 PALL MALL.
1902.

ALERE
FLAMMAM.
PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS,
RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.

Zool.. (mus.)
Junk
7-24-30
2208
CONTENTS.
Page
PREFACE
V
SYSTEMATIC TABLE OF CONTENTS . .
xi
.
LIST OF PLATES
хү
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS IN THE TEXT
xvii
MAP (facing Text p. 1).
1
PRIMATES.
CHIROPTERA.
83
INSECTIVORA.
150
CARNIVORA
171
249
RODENTIA .
UNGULATA...
.
SIRENIA.
324
359
.
CETACEA
361
INDEX
365
LIST OF MORE IMPORTANT WORKS BY DR. ANDERSON.


P R E F A C E.
THIS volume on the Mammalian Fauna of Egypt completes the two sections to
which the lamented Author had determined to confine his personal labours in the
comprehensive scheme for a complete description of the Vertebrate Zoology of Egypt,
which he contemplated should in the course of time be accomplished. The scheme
included the Survey of the Fishes of the Nile, which readily commended itself to
the Earl of Cromer and the Egyptian Government, and was undertaken by them on
Dr. Anderson's initiative, the Report on which, by Mr. Boulenger, will form part
of the Series.
To render complete the Vertebrate Fauna, it was also under his consideration to
issue a volume on the Birds, to supplement the valuable and beautiful work of
Captain G. E. Shelley. As the present volume goes to press, there is every hope that
this work will soon be commenced under the auspices of the Egyptian Government.
As stated by himself in the opening words of the General Introduction to the
Zoology of Egypt, in the volume on the Reptiles, the purpose of the Author was to
achieve under British auspices such results as would compare favourably with
the brilliant work accomplished by the French at the dawn of the XIXth century,
when they were, for a brief period, masters of the Valley of the Nile. It was his
ambition to supplement, a century later, the zoological researches made under the
personal supervision of that distinguished naturalist, Etienne Geoffroy St.-Hilaire.
Moreover, in order to make the work more truly serviceable to zoologists, instructions
were issued to all who should be engaged in procuring specimens, urging the

vi
PREFACE.
importance of accurate statements of the locality and the conditions in which
each animal was found, and thus to guard against the unfortunate omissions of
the French Naturalists in this respect, who were generally content to record the
distribution solely as from Egypt,' which in those days was considered sufficient.
But, with this large idea before the Author, and whilst his mind was still
vigorously engaged with all the details of his self-imposed task, a sudden and brief
illness closed his earnest and useful career, on the 15th of August, 1900.
Fortunately for the branch of Science to which the Author had devoted his
attention, the general scope of the present volume had been clearly indicated.
Therefore it seemed a possible, even an imperative, duty to prepare for publication the
results of the Author's researches during the past eight years; for the collection of
Mammals had begun as early as that of the Reptiles, and the question of priority in
the publication hung in the balance, until the former was eventually delayed by the
political events which disturbed the country and which did not admit of any other
than the lesser forms of Mammals being procured, and those were almost exclusively
from Lower Egypt.
When the country was settling down on the conclusion of the brilliant campaign
which ended in the capture of Khartum by Lord Kitchener, and the complete
extinction of Mahdism, a little later, by Major-General Sir F. R. Wingate, an appeal
was made to Egyptian officials who were supposed to have zoological tastes, asking
for assistance to obtain desiderata in Mammalian specimens. A hearty response
came from several officials of the new régime, notably from Colonel T. E. Hickman,
then Governor of Dongola; but herein came disappointment, as one officer after
another was called away for service in South Africa. This will account for some of
the regrettable blanks in this work, even after every possible effort to obtain
specimens from Egyptian territory in time to be dealt with in these pages.
On the other hand, a very fine collection of animals was the outcome of a personal
visit of Dr. Anderson to Suakin ; so successful—through the generous aid of the
then Governor, Colonel, now Lieut.-General Sir Archibald, Hunter—that specimens

PREFACE.
vii
from the district of the Red Sea Littoral have frequent notice in the volume. Even
here, however, it was not found practicable to hunt for larger game in the neighbouring
hills, because the ubiquitous Osman Digna, with some of his followers, was located
there in 1893-4 and was threatening an attack.
There being no doubt as to my duty in the circumstances in which I was placed,
I thankfully had recourse to the advice and guidance of Dr. W. T. Blanford,
whose tastes and sympathies were akin to those of my late husband ; they
had been drawn together in scientific pursuits, not exclusively zoological, during
the years they had spent in India, and had formed a friendship that remained
unbroken.
When Dr. Blanford saw the extent of the materials left in varying degrees of
incompleteness, he encouraged the desire to produce a volume which might prove not
unworthy to be placed alongside that treating of the Reptiles and Batrachians. To
fill up the blanks, however, required zoological experience and fitness to gather in the
still unfulfilled promises of further contributions from Egypt, and likewise the time at
command to examine and determine these. It was also felt to be of the utmost
importance to place the materials in the hands of some one in a measure familiar
with the Author's method of working; and it was accordingly decided to approach
Mr. W. E. de Winton on the subject. He had the great advantage of having assisted
Dr. Anderson in a few of the sections during the previous winter; and after due
consideration he complied with the joint request of Dr. Blanford and myself to
undertake the revision and completion, as far as possible, of the present volume,
Certain portions—. ., Soricidæ and Leporidæ—have been entirely written, and
others in part re-written, by Mr. de Winton from notes left by Dr. Anderson, and he
alone is responsible for the passages enclosed in square brackets or followed by his
initials.
The manner in which Mr. de Winton has executed his task will commend itself
to zoologists generally; but it ought to be remembered that he laboured under the
disadvantage of the absence of specimens which were confidently expected when the
work was begun.
7

viii
PREFACE.
But, to return to a review of the condition in which the materials were found: the
majority of the Plates for their illustration were well advanced, some of the Rodentia
were even completed as early as 1893, whilst a considerable amount of Manuscript
had been revised by the Author himself, who had seen it type-written in the early
months of 1900.
The section devoted to the Cercopithecidæ had been thus written out; the Collotype
Plates of skulls of baboons had been all selected by himself from the large collection
of photographs taken for his use in the Natural History Museum at Berlin, in the
autumn of 1899, when Professor Moebius had generously facilitated his researches by
requesting, by telegraph, from the different Museums in Germany—Stuttgart,
Darmstadt, Frankfort-on-the-Main, Munich, and Hamburg—the specimens which
proved so valuable in the way of comparison; and Dr. Anderson has frequently referred
to his indebtedness to the Directors of the different Institutions who gave so prompt
and courteous a response to Prof. Moebius's application. Also it must not be omitted
here to record the valuable assistance so cheerfully rendered to Dr. Anderson, in his
researches in the Berlin Museum, by Mr. Paul Matschie, the Curator of the
Mammal Collection.
In July 1900, the artist, Mr. P. J. Smit, had been sent to Berlin and Cologne
to figure living specimens of baboons in the Zoological Gardens of those cities;
only one, however, of the water-colour sketches of baboons—that of Papio anubis—
was seen and approved by Dr. Anderson, the remainder being brought to London too
late to have the advantage of his criticism : nor was it considered desirable to make
any modifications in the text, consequent on any apparent want of accord between
the descriptions and the drawings; hence these have been reproduced as Plates, by
Messrs. Mintern, Brothers, very much as they were received.
No attempt has been made to supplement the few references to 'Mammals on
the Monuments' scattered through the text. On this subject Dr. Anderson had
gone so far as to have some notes and tracings made out for his use, by that expert
in Egyptology, Mr. F. Llewellyn Griffith. It is well known, however, that one object
the author had in view in his study of the living animals, especially the baboons,

PREFACE.
ix
was to throw light on the crude representations of the ancient Egyptians, determining
the species where that was possible.
The facilities afforded for the study of the materials in our own British Natural
History Museum, which have been so helpful throughout the progress of this
work, must not remain unacknowledged. These began under the administration of
the late Director, and personal friend, Sir William Flower, K.C.B., and they have
been continued under the present Director and his Staff; and here more especially
would I express my obligations to Mr. Oldfield Thomas, the Curator of the Mammalian
Department, who has always been most willing to give access to the specimens
contained in the National Collection.
To those who have contributed specimens from Egypt my very best thanks are
offered; and it is to be hoped that any inadvertent omission in the text of the
names of donors will be excused because of the difficulties which have attended
its publication.
And to the sympathy of all I must appeal for indulgence towards the short-
comings and imperfections unavoidable under the trying circumstances in which this
book has been produced.
I prefix to the volume a portrait of the Author, which will pleasingly recall to
his personal friends a very familiar attitude.
I have also been advised to append a List of some of the more important works
that issued from his pen. These reveal a long period of literary activity, concurrent
with the painstaking performance of his duties to the Government of India, which he
served from 1865, when he was appointed by the Secretary of State for India to
organize an Imperial Museum at Calcutta, a labour which he undertook con amore;
and the result remains as a lasting memorial to him.
On two occasions he accompanied Government Expeditions into the then little-
known regions betwixt Burmah and China, and he proved himself to be an unusually

X
PREFACE.
observant traveller, with an aptitude to delineate, both by pen and pencil, the facts
and features of the countries traversed and their inhabitants, exactly as they came
before him.
After his return, what most would regard as leisure from professorial and
administrative duties was employed by him in arranging for publication the information
obtained on his journeys.
The love of travel, and the after-pleasure of gathering in, systematizing, and
giving forth to the public the knowledge thereby gained, continued unabated after his
retirement from the service of the Indian Government, and, as his later publications
show, were mainly devoted to zoological research.
But I shall have to be pardoned for dwelling perhaps too long on these
recollections, which bring to me both pride and pain- the latter predominating—as I
close the literary record in which I was privileged during many happy years to have a
humble share.
My reward will be to find that scientific research, in any branch, has been
encouraged and stimulated by his example.
GRACE S. ANDERSON.
71 Harrington Gardens, London,
November 1902.

xi
SYSTEMATIC TABLE OF CONTENTS.
MAMMALIA.
Order I. PRIMATES.
Fam. I. [CERCOPITHECIDÆ.]
Page
1. (Cercopithecus, Erxleben)
13
1. (æthiops, Linnæus)
13
2. (pyrrhonotus, Hemprich & Ehrenberg). 22
2. (Papio, Erxleben)
28
1. (hamadryas, Linnæus)..
28
2. (anubis, Fischer)...
34
3. (cynocephalus, Linnæus)
54
4. (pruinosus, Thomas)
79
Fam. II. NYCTERIDÆ.
Page
1. Nycteris, Desmarest
. 107
1. thebaica, E. Geoffroy
107
Fam. III. [MEGADERMATIDÆ.]
1. (Megaderma, E. Geoffroy) ....
.. 111
1. (frons, E. Geoffroy)....
. 111
Order II. CHIROPTERA.
Suborder I. MEGACHIROPTERA.
84
84
Fam. I. PTEROPODIDÆ.
1. Rousettus, Gray.
1. ægyptiacus, E. Geoffroy
2. (stramineus, E. Geoffroy)
2. (Epomophorus, Bennett)..
1. (labiatus, Temminck)
Fam. IV. VESPERTILIONIDÆ.
1. Plecotus, E. Geoffroy
... 113
1. auritus, Linnæus
. 114
2. Otonycteris, Peter's ..
.. 117
1. hemprichi, Peters
.. 118
3. Vespertilio, Linnæus
.. 121
1. innesi, Lataste...
.. 121
4. Pipistrellus, Kaup
124
1. kuhli, Natterer..
.. 124
2. rueppelli ...
.. 127
5. (Glauconycteris, Dobson)
... 129
1. (floweri, de Winton)
129
6. Scotophilus, Leach
.. 130
1. schliefeni, Peters ..
.. 130
7. (Barbastellus, Gray)
132
1. (barbastellus, Schreber)
132
Fam. V. NOCTILIONIDÆ.
1. Colëura, Peters.
133
1. afra, Peters
134
2. Taphozous, E. Geoffroy
. 136
1. perforatus, E. Geoffroy
.. 137
2. nudiventris, Cretzschmar
110
91
91
91
Suborder II. MICROCHIROPTERA,
Fam. I. RHINOLOPHIDÆ.
Subfam. I. RHINOLOPEINÆ.
1. Rhinolophus, Desmarest
1. euryale, Blasius
2. antinorii, Dobson..
94
94
96
Subfam. II. HIPPOSIDERINÆ.
99
1. Hipposiderus, Gray
1. tridens, E. Geoffroy.
Fam. VI. RHINOPOMATIDÆ.
1. Rhinopoma, E. Geoffroy
1. microphyllum, Brünnich....
. 143
143
99
с

xii
SYSTEMATIC TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Fam. VII. MOLOSSIDÆ.
.
Fam. III. PROTELEIDÆ.
1. Nyctinomus, E. Geoffroy
1. ægyptiacus, E. Geoffroy
2. pumilus, Cretzschmar
Page
151
. 151
155
1. Proteles, Is. Geoffroy
1. cristatus, Sparrman
Page
.. 197
.. 197
Fam. IV. HYÆNIDÆ.
Order III. INSECTIVORA.
... 199
1. Hyæna, Zimmermann
1. hyæna, Linnæus
2. crocuta, Eraleben
.. 199
201
Fam. I. ERINACEID Æ.
156
Fam. V. CANIDÆ.
156
1. Erinaceus, Linnæus
1. auritus, Pallas ...
2. æthiopicus, Ehrenberg
3. (albiventris, Wagner)
. 160
164
Fam. II. SORICIDÆ.
1. Crocidura, Wagler
1. olivieri, Lesson
2. religiosa, Is. Geoffroy
3. crassicauda, Lichtenstein
166
166
168
169
1. Lycaon, Brookes
.. 203
1. pictus, Temmincic
.. 203
2. Canis, Linnaeus
.. 204
1. lupaster, Ehrenberg
.. 213
2. variegatus, Cretzschmar
.. 215
3. Vulpes, Fleming
.. 221
1. vulpes, subsp. ægyptiaca, Sonnini .... 227
2. famelica, Cretzschmar
.. 230
3. pallida, Cretzschmar
. . 232
4. zerda, Zimmermann ..
.. 233
Order IV. CARNIVORA.
Suborder I. CARNIVORA VERA.
Fam. I. FELIDÆ.
1. Felis, Linnæus.
171
1. lybica, Meyer
171
2. chaus, subsp. nilotica, de Winton .... 176
3. (leo, Linnæus) .....
182
4. (pardus, Linnæus)
183
5. (serval, Schreber).
183
6. caracal, Güldenstaedt
184
2. (Cynailurus, Wagler)
· 185
1. (jubatus, Erxleben)..
185
Fam. VI. MUSTELIDÆ.
Subfam. I. MUSTELINÆ.
1. Putorius, Cuvier ....
1. africanus, Desmarest
2. Ictonyx, Kaup
1. erythreæ, de Winton
2. libyca, Ehrenberg ...
3. Mellivora, Storr
1. ratel, Sparrman
.. 235
.. 235
.. 238
.. 240
243
.. 245
246
Suborder II. PINNIPEDIA.
Fam. I. PHOCIDÆ.
1. Monachus, Fleming....
1. monachus, Hermann
Fam. II. VIVERRIDÆ.
.. 248
248
Subfam. I. VIVERRINÆ.
1. (Viverra, Linnæus) ..
1. (civetta, Schreber)
2. Genetta, Cuvier
1. dongolana, Ehrenberg
186
186
187
188
Order V. RODENTIA.
Suborder I. SIMPLICIDENTATA.
Fam. I. SCIURIDÆ.
1. Xerus, Ehrenberg
. . 249
1. rutilus, Cretzschmar
249
Subfam. II. HERPESTINÆ.
1. Herpestes, Lacépède
190
Fam. II. [MYOXIDÆ.]
1. (Eliomys, Wagner).....
1. ichneumon, Linnaeus
2. albicauda, F. Cuvier..
190
. 193
1. (melanurus, Wagner)
.. 251
251

SYSTEMATIC TABLE OF CONTENTS.
xiii
Fam. V. JACULID Æ.
2. (Graphiurus, F. Cuvier).
1. (orobinus, Wiegmann).
Page
251
251
1. Jaculus, Erxleben
1. jaculus, Linnæus
2. orientalis, Erxleben
2. Scirtomys, Brandt
1. tetradactylus, Lichtenstein .
Page
301
.. 305
.. 307
311
311
Fam. III. MURIDÆ.
Subfam. I. GERBILLINÆ.
Fam. VI. HYSTRICIDÆ.
1. Hystrix, Linnæus
1. cristata, Linnæus.
.. 312
312
Suborder II. DUPLICIDENTATA.
Fam. I. LEPORIDÆ.
1. Gerbillus, Desmarest
.. 252
1. gerbillus, Olivier ...
.. 252
2. pyramidum, Is. Geoffroy
255
3. pygargus, F. Cuvier.
256
4. andersoni, de Winton
259
2. Dipodillus, Lataste
261
1. quadrimaculatus, Lataste
.. 261
2. amonus, de Winton
262
3. watersi, de Winton
263
4. calurus, Thomas
264
3. Tatera, Lataste
265
1. robustus, Cretzschmar
265
4. Meriones, Illiger ..
.. 266
1. shawi, subsp. melanurus, Rüppell .... 267
5. Psammomys, Cretzschmar
.. 270
1. obesys, Cretzschmar.
270
2. elegans, Heuglin ..
272
1. Lepus, Linnæus
1. ægyptius, Desmarest
2. habessinicus, Ehrenberg
3. rothschildi, de Winton
4. innesi, de Winton
5. isabellinus, Cretzschmar
6. (sinaiticus, Ehrenberg)
..315
.. 316
318
.. 319
.. 320
321
322
. . .
Order VI. UNGULATA.
Suborder I. HYRACOIDEA.
Fam. I. PROCAVIIDÆ.
Subfam. II. MURINÆ,
1. Mus, Linnæus.
1. rattus, Linnæus
2. norvegicus, Erxleben
3. musculus, Linnæus
2. Arvicanthis, Lesson
1. niloticus, Desmarest.
3. Acomys, Is. Geoffroy
1. cahirinus, Desmarest
2. dimidiatus, Cretzschmar
3. hunteri, de Winton
4. Nesokia, Gray....
1. bacheri, Nehring ..
.. 274
.. 274
276
.. 277
.. 279
279
.. 282
282
1. Procavia, Storr
.. 324
1. ruficeps, Ehrenberg ...
324
Suborder II. PERISSODACTYLA.
Fam. I. EQUIDÆ.
1. Equus, Linnæus
.. 329
1. asinus, Linnæus
329
284
284
.286
286
Suborder III. ARTIODACTYLA.
Group I. RUMINANTIA.
Fam. I. BOVIDÆ.
Subfam. I. CAPRINÆ.
. .
1. Capra, Linnæus
1. nubiana, F. Cuvier
2. Ovis, Linnæus
1. lervia, Pallas
332
•
Subfam. III. LOPHIOMYINÆ.
1. Lophiomys, Milne-Edwards
1. imhausi, Milne-Edwards
.. 289
289
332
334
334
Fam. IV. SPALACIDÆ.
Subfam. II. ANTILOPINA.
1. Spalax, Güldenstaedt
1. ægyptiacus, Nehring
336
.. 292
292
1. Bubalis, Pallas
1. buselaphus, Pallas
336
c2

xiy
SYSTEMATIC TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Page
356
356
2. Oreotragus, A. Smith ..
1. oreotragus, Zimmermann
3. Gazella, Lichtenstein
1. dorcas, Linnous
2. (arabica, Lichtenstein)
3. leptoceros, F. Cuvier
4. isabella, Gray
5. soemmerringi, Cretzschmar
6. (tilonura, Heuglin)
Page
.. 338
.. 338
.. 340
..340
.. 342
.. 343
.. 347
349
350
359
359
Fam. II. [GIRAFFIDÆ.]
1, (Giraffa, Brésson)
1. (camelopardalis, Linnæus)
.. 352
.. 352
361
361
Group II, SUINA.
Fam. I. SUIDÆ.
:. 362
362
1. Sus, Linnæus
1. scrofa, Linnæus
.. 354
.. 354
362
Fam. II. HIPPOPOTAMIDÆ.
1. Hippopotamus, Linnæus
1. amphibius, Linnæus
Order VII. SIRENIA.
Fam. I. HALIGORID E.
1. Halicore, Illiger .....
1. hemprichi, Ehrenberg
Order VIII. CETACEA.
Fam. I. BALÆNIDÆ.
1. Balænoptera, Lacépède
1. edeni, Anderson
Fam. II. DELPHINIDÆ.
1. Delphinus, Linnæus
1. delphis, Linnæus ...
2. aduncus, Ehrenberg
1

XV
LIST OF
PLATES.
PAPIO HAMADRYAS, o
.. Plate I.
.. Plate XVI.
1. RHINOLOPHUS EURYALE..
2. RHINOLOPHUS ANTINORII
PAPIO HAMADRYAS,
Plate II.
95
1,1A. HIPPOSIDERUS TRIDENS .... Plate XVII.
2, 2 A. NYCTERIS THEBAICA
92
92
3. PLECOTUS AURITUS
Skulls of PAPIO HAMADRYAS
Plate III.
1. Mummy. 2. Recent.
PAPIO ANUBIS. Abyssinia
Plate IV.
P. doguera, Pucheran.
Skull of PAPIO ANUBIS. Shilluk
Plate V.
P. heuglini, Matschie (Type).
Skull of PAPIO ANUBIS. Gash River.. Plate VI.
4. VESPERTILIO INNESI
92
Island ...
1-10. OTONYCTERIS HEMPRICHI, 4.
Siwah Oasis
Plate XVIII.
2-2 A. OTONYCTERIS FEMPRICHI, d.
Ourgla, Algeria ..
3-3 A. OTONYCTERIS PETERSI, sp.
nov., f. Fao, Persian Gulf.
1. PIPISTRELLUS KUHLI ..
95
Plate XIX.
2. PIPISTRELLUS RUEPPELLI
"
99
Skull of PAPIO ANUBIS. Abyssinia .. Plate VII.
3. SCOTOPHILUS SCHLIEFENI
9
4. COLËURA AFRA
9
... Plate XX.
P. doguera, Pucheran (Munich
Museum).
Skull of PAPIO ANUBIS subsp. NEU-
MANNI.
Plate VIII.
P. neumanni, Matschie (Type).
PAPIO OYNOCEPHALUS. Aged male .. Plate IX.
PAPIO CYNOCEPHALUS. Adolescent .. Plate X.
P. ibeanus, Thomas, & P. lang-
heldi, Matschie.
1. TAPHOZOUS PERFORATUS
2. TAPHOZOUS NUDIVENTRIS
3. RHINOPOMA MICROPHYLLUM
99
Plate XI.
ERINACEUS AURITUS
Plate XXI.
PAPIO CYNOCEPHALUS. Adolescent
“ Le Babouin," F. Cuvier ;
P.babuin, Desmarest.
• •
>
Skull of PAPIO CYNOCEPHALUS
Plate XII.
P. thoth subsp. ibeanus, Thomas
(Type).
Skull of PAPIO CYNOCEPHALUS. Pe-
rondo
Plate XIII.
P. langheldi, Matschie.
Skull of PAPIO PRUINOSUS (Type).... Plate XIV.
ERINACEUS ÆTHIOPICUS .
. Plate XXII.
1. CROCIDURA (Croc.) OLIVIERI.... Plate XXIII.
2. CROCIDURA (Croc.) RELIGIOSA ..
3. CROCIDURA (Pach.) CRASSICAUDA.
FELIS LYBICA. Suakin Plain ... Plate XXIV.
FELIS CHAUS subsp. NILOTICA. Lower
Egypt ..
.. Plate XXV.
.
GENETTA DONGOLANA. Suakin.... Plate XXVI.
HERPESTES ICHNEUMON
... Plate XXVII.
ROUSETTUS ÆGYPTIACCS
Plate XV.

xvi
LIST OF PLATES. .
PROTELES CRISTATUS.
Suakin
ARVICANTHIS NILOTICUS.
Plate XLVI.
Plain
Plate XXVIII.
ACOMIS CAHIRINUS..
Plate XLVII.
HYÆNA HYÆNA
Plate XXIX.
ACOMYS DIMIDIATUS
Plate XLVIII.
CANIS LUPASTER
Plate XXX.
ACOMYS HUNTERI
Plate XLIX.
CANIS VARIEGATUS. Suakin Plain. Plate XXXI.
NESOKIA BACHERI
Plate L.
Plate LI.
LOPHIOMYS IMHAUSI, ..
(Florence Museum.)
SPALAX ÆGYPTIACUS
Plate LII.
JACULUS JACULUS
Plate LIII. .
JACULUS ORIENTALIS
Plate LIV.
HYSTRIX CRISTATA
Plate LV.
VULPES VULPES subsp. ÆGYPTIACA.
Bedrashen
Plate XXXII.
VULPES FAMELICA. Durrur .... Plate XXXIII.
VULPES PALLIDA. Suakin Plain. Plate XXXIV.
VULPES ZERDA..
Plate XXXV.
PUTORIUS AFRICANUS
Plate XXXVI.
ICTONYX ERYTHREÆ
Plate XXXVII.
ICTONYX LIBYCA
Plate XXXVIII.
MELLIVORA RATEL .
Plate XXXIX.
GERBILLUS GERBILLUS
Plate XL.
GERBILLUS PYRAMIDUM
Plate XLI.
DIPODILLUS QUADRIMACULATUS .. Plate XLII.
MERIONES SHAWI subsp. MELA-
NURUS.
Plate XLIII.
PSAMMOMYS OBESUS
Plate XLIV.
LEPUS HABESSINICUS
Plate LVI.
PROCAVIA sp. ?
Plate LVII.
(Zoological Gardens, Berlin.)
CAPRA NUBIANA
Plate LVIII.
OREOTRAGUS OREOTRAGUS ..
Plate LIX.
GAZELLA DORCAS.
Plate LX.
GAZELLA LEPTOCEROS..
Plate LXI.
GAZELLA SOEMMERRINGI
Plate LXII.
SUS SCROFA
Plate LXIII.
MUS MUSCULUS subsp. ORIENTALIS. Plate XLV.

xvii
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS IN THE TEXT.
RADIOGRAPHS OF MUMMIES, Nos. 1 to 3, INSERTED BETWEEN pp. 4 & 5.
TEXT-FIGURES :
-
Page
152
341
Figure 1. Nyctinomus ægyptiacus, after E. Geoffroy St.-Hilaire, ſ nat. size
Figure 2. Head of Dorcas Gazelle, o
Figure 3. Head of Arabian Gazelle, o
Figures 4 & 5. Heads of Isabella Gazelle, ở & !
Figures 6 & 7. Heads of Heuglin's Gazelle, o &
343
348
351



To face page 1.
25°
30°
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MEDITERRANEAN
Haifa
SEA
Ras el Milhr
Ras el Ruin
ALEXANDRIA
Ramleh
Jaffa
JERUSALEM
Marsa Matru
Beltim
Damietta
Rosetta
Port Said
W Natrun
L. MAREOTIS
MARYUT DIST
ISMAILIA
Gizeh
30
OASIS OF
SIWAH
Sak karah Heluan
CAIRO
SUEZ
Shaluf
Wells of Moses
30
PENINSULA
Beni
OF
FAYUM
Suef
LIB Y AN
SINAL
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OF AKABA
ARABIA
OASIS OF
BAHARIEN
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Minia
- Beni Hassan
Tel el Amarna y
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OASIS OF
FARA FREH
MIDIAN
w. Shietun
W. Hyras
Gingeh
R
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OASIS OF
HEJ AZ
Kossier
Denderah Kenneh
THEBES
DAKHEL
LUXOR
E
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KHARGEH
bellulitelt.
25
2
m
- El Kab
25
DE SER T
Medina
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• Assuan
BERENICE
Tropic of Cancer
Abu Simbul
Korosko
W. Alzaki
S AND
Wadi Halfa
Ν Ο Β Ι Α Ν
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Jiddah
R. NILE
W. Kabkaba
ความเร็วของจร
w
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20
20
W. Amur
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Abu Hamed
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Dongola
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Suakin
Sinkat Trinkitat
Tokar
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Old Dongola
Erkowit
Korti
Ambukol
W. Homar
Berber
GREAT
BAYUDA
Gash.R.
Baraka Re
Metammeh
Atbara
SHENDI
Massowah
KHARTUM
Kassala
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Kite
Blue
DARFUR
Shilluk
Nile
Nile
KORD OFAN
SENNAAR
A BLYSS Inst
o
50
100
150
200
STAT. MILES
(TSANA
30°
35°
This Map was originally prepared by Dr. Anderson for his work on the Reptiles of Egypt;
it is here reproduced, with alterations to suit the present volume.
UNI
O
MIC

THE
MAMMALS OF EGYPT.
MAMMALIA.
PRIMAT E S.
CERCOPITHECIDÆ.
The area of the African continent north of the 20° N. lat., and eastward of the
25° E. long., is devoid of any representative of the Simiidæ and Cercopithecidæ.
The explanation of this is to be sought for in the almost total absence of either scrub
or trees over that area, owing to the circumstance that it lies beyond the influence of
the periodical rains and is practically rainless.
The region to the south of the great bend of the Nile between Old Dongola and
Abu Hamed is more or less favoured by regularly recurring rains, meagre and
uncertain it is true, for some degrees to the south of lat. 17°, but increasing in volume
and certainty further southward.
Our knowledge of the Cercopithecidæ which inhabit the area known in ancient
times as Ethiopia is still in a most unsatisfactory condition, but now that the country
is thrown open to civilization its fauna will doubtless soon claim the attention of
zoologists.
Two distinct genera of the family Cercopithecidæ are represented on the monuments
of Egypt, viz. Cercopithecus and Papio; but when an attempt is made to identify the
figures with the existing species representing these genera, the subject is found to be
B

2
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT.
attended by great difficulties, due largely to the very imperfect delineation of the
characters of the animals depicted. In the present state of art, mammalian species can
be so faithfully represented that it is at once possible to recognize and name the figures
given of them ; but no such claim can be advanced on behalf of the great mass of the
representations of mammals which have been bequeathed to us by the ancient
Egyptians. The identification of the genera is usually possible, but in those cases in
which a genus is represented by a diversity of species, identification is little more than
mere guesswork in the great majority of instances.
The chief sources of information respecting the Fauna of the country now under
consideration are contained in that portion of the Description de l’Egypte' dealing
with zoology, written by Etienne Geoffroy St.-Hilaire and Victor Audouin in the
beginning of the 19th century, and in the ‘Symbolæ Physicæ,' written by Dr. C.
G. Ehrenberg some few years later.
So far as the Mammals are concerned, the first-mentioned work is limited to the
species which occur in Egypt proper, the collectors having penetrated to the south
only as far as the First Cataract, and thus no mention is made of the Cercopithecidæ.
On the other hand, the valuable treatise on the fauna observed by Drs. Hemprich
and Ehrenberg during their travels in Egypt and the neighbouring countries in the
beginning of the 19th century, and compiled with such masterly skill by the latter, the
sole survivor 1, after his return to Europe in 1826, has proved a real storehouse of
information which I feel specially bound to acknowledge.
Besides the material contained in these two works, a few observations relating to
the Mammals of Egypt are to be found scattered through various books of travel; but
when we proceed further south towards the confines of Abyssinia, Sennaar, and
Kordofan, we have the records of several good naturalists, such as Dr. Edouard Rüppell
and the Baron Theodor von Heuglin.
With regard to the Cercopithecidæ, Ehrenberg has stated his impression that a
great many more kinds of monkeys had been ascribed to Ethiopia than had ever been
noticed there, and that consequently the ancient Egyptians had been accredited with
the worship of several kinds of monkeys. He pointed out, at the same time, that
while the monuments of Egypt show that the Egyptians knew more than one kind of
monkey, they just as clearly prove that these remarkable people never worshipped
more than one species.
In the representations on the monuments we find both sections of the Cercopithecidæ
portrayed, and not unfrequently in the same scene, and it is noticeable that the
1 “ Dr. S. F. Hemprich, the intimate associate of C. G. Ehrenberg as a fellow student at Berlin, and
afterwards as the endeared companion in so many exciting journeys, died at Massowah, 30 June, 1825, of
typhus fever, having just recovered from the bite of a viper.” (“Encyclopédie des Gens du Monde,' vol. ix.
p. 295. Article “ Ehrenberg, C. G.,” par Jomard. 1837. Paris.)

CERCOPITHECIDÆ.
3
Egyptians distinguished two sorts by name—the Cercopithecus, alta, o to, and
the Baboon, 4.-
Both kinds are figured with their names, male and female, at El Bersheh, in the
tomb of Nehera, XIIth Dynasty, and they are also similarly represented in an inscrip-
tion in the Temple of Deir-el-Bahari, XVIIIth Dynasty, in which monkeys are
enumerated among the treasures of Punt, brought to Thebes by the famous Expedition
of Queen Hatsheput. They are also represented on the walls of the temple in a series
of coloured bas-relief sculptures, reproduced by Dümichen in his work · The Fleet of
an Egyptian Queen,' and in Mariette's . Deir-el-Bahari. The publications of the Egypt
'
Exploration Fund also give a full account of this temple and its decorations Among
the painted scenes at Beni Hasan we likewise find very crude figures of different
monkeys in the tomb of Baqt.
One of the earliest representations of the monkeys and baboons together is at
Medum 1, IVth Dynasty, where a boy leads a yellow ape with red callosities; the way
it carries its tail shows it to be a baboon, but as the colour from the head downwards to
the left foot is not given it may be that the figure is imperfect. In front of the boy is
a Cercopithecus, also yellow.
The appearance of baboons, both mantled and unmantled, along with other
monkeys, is not uncommon in the delineations of tribute brought to the Pharaohs,
and in the scene figured from the tomb of Rekhmara at Thebes (XVIIIth Dynasty)
there are several Cercopitheci, one of them clinging to the neck of a giraffe 3. The
negroes that lead the monkeys and other animals, as well as the offerings of ebony,
ivory, gold, and ostrich-feathers they carry, indicate that all come from the “South
Country” or from Punt (Somaliland).
Illustrations of similar scenes occur in the magnificent volumes of the 'Denkmäler,
the work of Dr. Lepsius.
As has been already stated, no species of Cercopithecus or Papio has inhabited the
region to the north of the 20th parallel of N. lat. in the Nile region during the extended
period over which the present physical conditions have lasted. Owing to this fact all
the Cercopithecidæ represented on the monuments to the north of this line were
animals brought from regions lying further south. A recognition of this circumstance
is of considerable importance in attempting to identify the figures, more especially
when a genus is represented by a variety of forms. Therefore one of the first steps
to be taken to ensure any approach to accuracy in determining what species of the
Cercopithecidæ are represented on the monuments is to ascertain what species now
exist in the region of the Upper Nile. Owing to a variety of causes, but chiefly
1 Petrie, Medum, pl. xxiv.
2 Wilkinson, ' Ancient Egyptians,' vol. i. pls. 11 A & 11 B,
3. Rosellini, Mon. Civ. pl. xxii.
2
B2

4
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT.
to the unsettled state of that region for many years, our knowledge on this subject
may possibly be very imperfect. Associated with this imperfect knowledge regarding
the fauna of the Upper Nile, a like ignorance prevails as to the specific features
of the animals which have been handed down to us as mummies. The first and,
indeed, the only step which will yield us a correct knowledge of the monkeys
known to the Ancient Egyptians is to institute a comparison between the osteo-
logical features of the mummies and those of the Cercopithecidæ still occurring in
the neighbouring regions of the Bahr-el-Abiad and Bahr-el-Azrek (the two branches
of the Nile meeting at Khartum) and of Abyssinia and Somaliland. Having
identified a mummy satisfactorily with its existing representatives, the approximately
accurate recognition of the figure on the monuments would follow. Egyptologists,
unfortunately for the prosecution of a work of this kind, regard mummified
animals as objects too precious to be unwound and to be submitted to a zoological
examination. But in the course of time, as materials bearing on the recent fauna of
the regions in question accumulate, and mummies lose somewhat of their treasured
sacredness in the eyes of Egyptologists, a correct knowledge of the animals represented
on the monuments will be within reach.
By permission of the Trustees of the British Museum I had the Röntgen rays
passed through the mummies of some of the apes in the National Collection of
Egyptian Antiquities, and consequently I am in a position to reproduce in this volume
the revelations made known by these marvellous X rays, and thus to disclose details
without disturbing the wrappings 1.
The mummies selected for the radiographs unfortunately proved to be those of
immature animals. Radiograph Nº. 1 shows an undoubtedly young specimen, judging
from the condition of the teeth and of some of the long bones; the appearance
resembling a coil of wire or some such substance in the pelvic region is due to
a number of the lower ribs having fallen down, owing to the partial decomposition of
the contents of the mummy; the tail is clearly indicated.
A baboon of the same species, but a rather older animal, is seen in Radiograph
Nº. 2. The head has not come out very clearly, as the mummy is encased in a layer
of calcareous matter, which has partially obstructed the passage of the rays. The
.
skulls, however, of both the animals radiographed closely resemble that of Papio
hamadryas, Linn., which Ehrenberg held to be the sacred baboon of the Ancient
Egyptians.
An attempt to radiograph a larger and presumably fully-adult baboon had to be
abandoned, as there was only time to do the head; but, like the former two mummies,
it was undoubtedly a specimen of the Hamadryas baboon.
1 The radiographs were made at the British Museum, Bloomsbury, by Mr. J. H. Gardiner, F.C.S., in my
presence, 24th June, 1899.

RADIOGRAPH
No. 1.
ZOOLOGY OF EGYPT.
MAMMALS.

MUMMY.
Papio hamadryas.
(Reduced 3.)

UNIL
OF
MICH

MO

RADIOGRAPH
No. 2.
ZOOLOGY OF EGYPT.
MAMMALS.

MUMMY
Papio hamadryas.
(Reduced :)

ONIL
OF
MICH


RADIOGRAPH
No. 3,
ZOOLOGY OF EGYPT.
MAMMALS.

YOUNG MONKEY.
Species undetermined.
(Reduced 2.)

OF
MICH


CERCOPITHECIDÆ.
5
Permission was given me to have the skull of a mummified baboon cleaned by an
osteologist of the Natural History Department. Some of its teeth were wanting, and
the under jaw was slightly imperfect. However, I had it photographed, and beside it
(Plate III. at the close of my account of P. hamadryas) there is placed for comparison
a photograph of the skull of a wild-killed Papio hamadryas, Linn., collected by Rüppell
in Abyssinia in the third or fourth decade of the last century.
Radiograph Nº. 3 discloses the contents of a wrapped mummy which Professor
Flinders Petrie kindly permitted me to subject to the Röntgen rays before its
presentation by the Egypt Exploration Fund to the Natural History Department of
the British Museum along with other mummified objects. The animal is so very
immature as to render it impossible to determine the species. It was found at
Denderah in the winter of 1897–8, and Professor Petrie has stated that it is of the
Roman period.
ZOOLOGICAL LITERATURE.
6
PYTHAGORAS, who lived about 2500 years ago, wrote an account of the Red Sea. This
precious fragment has been preserved to us by Ælian! In it the Greek philosopher
and traveller gave a good detailed description of an animal he had met with in his
travels along the Red Sea. He says it was a terrestrial animal, and that its name,
kílnog, meant garden,' as the animal was variously coloured. When full-grown, it was
as large as an Erythrean dog. Its head, back, and spine as far as the tail were rufous,
but that on these parts there were some golden-coloured hairs scattered here and there.
Its face was white to its very cheek, thence, however, golden bands ran right down to
its neck. The neck, chest, belly, and front of the feet were whitish, but the hinder
parts of the feet and their soles were black. The two mammæ were greenish blue, and
each was so large that it filled the hand. The shape of its muzzle might be compared
to that of a Cynocephalus. Such is the original description of the famous kņnog.
In Pythagoras's description, as detailed by Ælian, one can without doubt recognize
the red monkey, Cercopithecus pyrrhonotus, Hemp. & Ehr. My visit to Suakin was
signalized by an experience similar to that of the Greek philosopher, because one of
the monkeys brought to me during my stay at that seaport was an example of the
KÑTOG, and the interest of the experience was heightened by the fact that I also became
possessed of a young Papio hamadryas, the Kuvoké Qalog of many of the classical authors.
1 Hist. Anim. lib. xvii. c. 8.

6
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT.
Pythagoras's first acquaintance with this long-tailed monkey, so striking by reason
of its rich colouring, was doubtless also the first occasion on which he had heard the
term kanoc used. The similarity between it and the Greek word signifying “a garden ”
led him erroneously to imagine that the animal had been so named on account of
the diversity and beauty of its colours; whilst it is supposed rather to be the Greek
rendering of an ancient Egyptian word ‘Kaf,' meaning a long-tailed monkey, a term
which has a remarkable resemblance to the Sanscrit word · Kapi’l, also signifying
a monkey; but which of these tongues is entitled to priority in point of age is a
question it would be difficult to solve. The ancient Egyptians had, likewise, a special
name for the baboons, some of which also have tails well-developed, although not so
long as those of the ordinary monkeys of the Upper Nile province. The word 'Kaf,
however, seems to have been applied indiscriminately to monkeys, including the
baboons. That this is true of the latter is substantiated by the figure of a baboon,
Papio hamadryas, Linn. (vide Lepsius, Denkm. Abth. ii. Bl. 13, No. 86), in a tomb at
the Pyramids of Gizeh, under which the hieroglyphic name 'Kaf' appears.
About the time of Pythagoras the Phænicians had circumnavigated Africa at the
instigation and under the patronage of the Pharaoh Nekho. The expedition started
from a port on the Red Sea, and passing round the coast-line of the continent
returned by the Mediterranean to the mouths of the Nile. Moreover, the trading-
exploits of that remarkable people had extended not only to the west of Africa but
also to the east of Arabia. The vessels that returned laden to the Mediterranean
with the merchandise of foreign lands were manned by sailors doubtless with instincts
much the same as those of the present day, so that we may rest assured they brought
back with them to their respective ports examples of the animals from the countries
they visited, more especially from the lands beyond the Red Sea, where, among apes,
they would meet with the Yellow Baboon, and on the West Coast of Africa with
the Drill and the Mandrill. The ships of Solomon, also, prior to this period, had
sailed down the Red Sea and along the East-African coast to Tarshish—the modern
Mombasa-bringing apes, among other strange animals.
Aristotle (B.C. 384), in his remarkable work on the Animal Kingdom 2, had
probably acquired his knowledge of the monkeys from specimens taken to Alexandria
by the Phænician navigators. The great historian's attempted classification of the
monkeys into three divisions, viz. πίθηκος, κήπος, κυνοκέφαλος, is not clearly defined,
and the understanding of it is beset with many difficulties at the present time. The
members of the first group had no tails, or merely rudimentary ones; and probably
Aristotle was familiar with others presenting this character besides the Barbary ape,
1 Comp. Dict. of the Languages of India and High Asia, by W. W. Hunter, 1868, p. 140.
2 Aristoteles Thierkunde, Aubert & Wimmer, 1868, i. pp. 71, 267 (lib. ii. c. 8).

CERCOPITHECIDÆ.
7
a
3
Macacus innuus, Linn. (Syst. Nat. xii. 1866, p. 35), which he had in all likelihood taken
as the type of this division.
The monkeys of the second group were provided with tails, and the species with
which he would be best acquainted was probably Cercopithecus æthiops, which
doubtless was carried to Alexandria from Ethiopia for sale.
The members of the third group had the form of those of the first, but they were
larger and stronger, and in their faces resembled dogs. It is thus evident that the
baboons, such as P. hamadryas, the black-faced olive-coloured P. anubis, and the
yellow baboon, P. cynocephalus, fell under Aristotle's personal observation.
The Greek geographer Agatharchides 1 (140 B.c.) likewise wrote a book on the Red
Sea, which, however, is only known through the portions preserved in the writings of
Diodorus Siculus (66 B.c.) and from an epitome of it given by Photius 2 (825–891 A.D.).
Agatharchides stated that the innoc along with the “Sphinx' and 'Cynocephalus ' were
brought to Alexandria from the country of the Troglodytes and from Ethiopia. He
repeated Pythagoras's explanation regarding the meaning of the name, but added that
the animal had the face of a lion, while in all other parts it " was like a panther, except
“s
that it was as large as a deer!”
Strabo 3 seems also to have misapplied the term knnoc, at least in the sense in which
it was used by Pythagoras, as he said the animal had the face of a satyr, but that in
other respects it was intermediate between a bear and a dog-a description which recalls
the general characters of the two baboons, P. anubis, F. Cuv., and P. hamadryas, Linn.
Pliny 4 likewise mentions some animals from Ethiopia under the name of knnoc,
which were exhibited at Rome at the games of Pompeius Magnus. Their fore feet
were like human hands, and their hinder extremities like human feet and legs.
Juvenal, towards the close of the 1st century A.D., when banished to Egypt by the
tyrant Domitian, in his Satire xv, directed against the Egyptians, speaks of the
golden image of a long-tailed ape glittering when the magic chords resound from
mutilated Memnon.
Prospero Alpini 5 devoted a chapter of his work on Egypt to the enumeration of the
various kinds of apes he had seen in the country, prefacing it with the statement that
although no kind of ape was a native of Egypt, yet countless numbers were brought
thither from Arabia Felix and Ethiopia for the sake of trade. It is evident, however,
from a consideration of his description of the different kinds he had seen, that some of
them came from very far afield, even from India. Thus, his very black monkey like a
lion in face and body was named “Karander,' evidently the Tamil word for monkey.
Attempts have been made by different authors to identify the monkeys described by
4
1 Geogr. Græci Minores, Müller (Carl), i. 1855, p. 159.
2 Ap. Phol. Bibl. ccl. c. 39.
4 Hist. Nat. lib. viii. c. xxviii.
p.
278.
3 Geogr. Paris, 1819, v. xvii. p. 413.
p
5 Rerum Ægypt. 1735, chap. xi.

8
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT. .
Alpini, but his descriptions are so vague, and his illustrations so crude, that the results
are of no scientific interest. There is only one exception to this, viz. his unmistakable
account of a red, long-tailed monkey, kept alive in his house in Cairo for two years,
which there can be little, if any, hesitation in identifying with the Cercopithecus
pyrrhonotus, Hemp. & Ehr. The only one of his figures which is recognizable is
that of the Barbary ape. The animals represented in his three plates (17 to 19) have
been identified as Papio hamadryas, and, indeed, have served as the types of Simia
hamadryas in Linnæus's 10th edition of the Systema Naturæ,' but even that author
comments on the vagueness of the representations.
Hasselquist 1 mentions only two species of monkeys observed by him in Egypt: one,
which he designates Simia ægyptiaca, the dog-head monkey, about the size of a young
bear, which was brought to Egypt by vagrants and exhibited to the people at the time
of the inundation of the Nile; and another, Simia æthiops, which the negroes carried to
Lower Egypt in great numbers. Both of these species, he says, were from Ethiopia.
The first was Papio hamadryas, which to the present day is exhibited in the towns and
villages, while the second was Cercopithecus æthiops of this work.
Forskål 2, in his enumeration of Egyptian mammals observed by himself, mentions
under Simia caudata— Robáh,' with naked buttocks; and Nisnas,' said to come
from Nubia. The native name applied to the first species proves it to be the
Hamadryas baboon; as the term Nisnas, however, appears to have been applied in
Lower Egypt to more than one species of monkey, the speculation that C. pyrrhonotus
only was referred to by that name may or may not be correct.
E. Geoffroy St.-Hilaire's and Audouin's account of the mammals of Egypt 3 dealt
exclusively with the Nile Valley from the sea to Assuan ; there is consequently no
reference to monkeys.
Cailliaud 4 clearly indicated the existence of Cercopithecus æthiops in the Nile Valley,
and established the occurrence in Sennaar of a red species of the same genus, which he
regarded as C. patas. He also recorded the presence in the “Ile de Méroé” (between
the Atbara and the Blue Nile), and at Sennaar, of a baboon which he designated
Simia sphinx, but of which he gave no description.
Ehrenberg, who was with Hemprich in New Dongola in 1822, while Cailliaud was
at Sennaar, states in his chapter on Papio hamadryas in the "Symbolæ Physicæ'-
a work to which I am much indebted for the references to and quotations from the old
authors in this present article—that the only monkeys seen by him and Hemprich in
Dongola were Cercopithecus sabæus, Linn. (=C. æthiops), and C. pyrrhonotus, Hemp. &
Ehr., and these were in confinement; the former in the quarters of the Turkish soldiery,
and the latter in the possession of some merchants returning from Kordofan and
4
a
-
2 Descr. Anim. 1775, p. iii.
3 Descr, de l'Egypte, Hist. Nat. ii. 1818. 4 Voy. à Méroé, &c. 1819-22, vol. iv. p. 268.
1 Iter Palæst. 1757.

CERCOPITHECIDÆ.
9
PI
2
Dar-Fur. The Simia sphinx of Cailliaud, Ehrenberg considered should be regarded as
the
young of Papio hamadryas, Linn., until further and exact observations should prove
Cailliaud to have been correct.
Rüppell was the first qualified zoologist to visit the so-called Island of Meroë and
Kordofan. The first of these localities he visited in the beginning of 1824, and the
second on his third journey to New Dongola in the years 1824–25. In the Neue
Wirbelthiere' he records P. hamadryas not only from Abyssinia but also from Sennaar,
Kordofan, and Dar-Fur 1, whereas in his Catalogue 2 he restricts this species, and
correctly so, to Abyssinia. Under the name of Cynocephalus babuin, a baboon is
stated 3 to inhabit Abyssinia, Sennaar, and Dongola, but in his Catalogue the distri-
bution of C. babuin is likewise restricted to the first of these localities. Besides
these two baboons, which Rüppell states he had observed in the wild state, he
mentions that two others occurred in the region of the Nile: one, a large unknown
Cynocephalus, having whitish hair throughout, red callosities and buttocks, and red
to the middle of the tail, was said to be found in the southern provinces of Abyssinia,
and to extend as far west as Dar-Fur, living in wooded districts. The description was
drawn up doubtless from native accounts, as Rüppell was careful to let it be known
when he had seen or had not seen the objects he described. This account suggests
P. hamadryas as probably the baboon that was meant. The other baboon was said to
be as large as a young ass, with longish grey-black hair, somewhat long tail, and white
callosities and rump. He concluded it to be a Cynocephalus, and suggested it might
probably be the true C. porcarius, Boddaert, which he believed F. Cuvier had con-
founded with C. sphingiolus, Hermann, whereas it was in all likelihood the same baboon
which he had discovered in Abyssinia and identified with Papio anubis, F. Cuv.
The only specimens of baboons collected by Rüppell in his wanderings, and preserved
in the Frankfort Museum, are registered under the names of Cynocephalus hamadryas
and C. anubis, and both were obtained in Abyssinia.
Rüppell also recorded from the Nile Valley (Sennaar and Kordofan) the two species
Cercopithecus griseoviridis=C. æthiops, Linn., and C. ruber, Gmel. =C. pyrrhonotus,
Hemp. & Ehr. In the account of his residence in Dongola 4 he speaks of the natives
hunting monkeys with dogs, and mentions that on his journey to Kordofan he met
with the tracks of monkeys.
The ‘Magot’ (Mucacus sylvanus, Linn.) was one of the monkeys which Rüppell said
he had himself seen alive. He stated that it occurred in the western Oases of Egypt 5,
4
1 In a biographical sketch of Rüppell's life in the ‘Allgemeine deutsche Biographie,' xxix. 1889, I cannot
find that he ever visited either Sennaar or Dar-Fur, so that in referring species to these localities he did not
speak from personal observation.
2 Mus. Senck. ii. 1845, p. 151.
3 Neue Wirbelth. p. 7.
4 Reisen in Nubien, Kordofan, &c. 1829, p. 70.
5 Op. cit. p. 8.
с

10
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT.
visited any
and that it was known as “Girt'; there is, however, no evidence that Rüppell ever
of these western oases. It may be as well, however, to record here that
Hartmann 1 mentions, on the verbal authority of Barth, that this species is found in
the Libyan desert, to the west of the Nile in Abîr, but adds that it cannot be regarded
as forming part of the fauna of the Nile Valley. It may be that Barth was only repeating
what he had learned from Rüppell's writings.
Sundevalla, in his account of the results of Professor Hedenborg's expedition into
the Upper Nile Valley, mentioned the presence at Sennaar of Simia subviridis (S. griseo-
viridis, F. Cuv., rec.), S. pyrrhonotus, Hemp. & Ehr., and Cynocephalus anubis, F. Cuv.,
but none of them were described.
Heuglin, whose observations in the valley of the Upper Nile extended as far south
as 4° N. lat., entrusted his collections to Fitzinger for description. In the account 3
given of them by that author the following apes were stated to occur in the Upper
Nile region, viz. : Colobus guereza, Rüpp., Cercopithecus griseoviridis, Desm., C. ruber,
Gmel., C. pyrrhonotus, Hemp. & Ehr., C. poliophæus, Heugl., Theropithecus gelada,
Rüpp., T. senex, Puch. & Schimp., T. obscurus, Heugl., Cynocephalus hamadryas,
Linn., C. anubis, F. Cuv., and C. porcarius, Bodd. There were thus, according to
Fitzinger and Heuglin, eleven species of monkeys inhabiting that region.
Sir Samuel Baker records 4 that one of his men shot a great male baboon, one of a
large party he had observed sitting on the rocks in the Latuka Valley, about 60 miles
to the east of Gondokoro, at an elevation of about 2236 feet above the sea. He
mentions the animal as a Cynocephalus,' and says that it was about as large as a
mastiff, with a long brown mane like a lion. Hartmann 5 has suggested that this may
possibly have been a Theropithecus gelada ; but one cannot help thinking that if Baker
had had a specimen of the latter striking baboon before him, with its curiously-shaped
head and remarkable bare patches on its chest and neck, he would never have
dismissed it in his pages with a few words and designated it “an immense specimen
of the Cynocephalus," a statement which evidently meant that he regarded it as
being merely a very large individual of the baboon with which he was familiar from
having met with it in various parts of the Nile Valley.
The same traveller, who resided for five months at Sofi, above the junction of the
Takazzi with the Atbara not far from Gedarif, has mentioned that the tamarind-trees
from July to November, the period of his visit, were generally filled with dog-faced
6
5
a
6
1 Zeitschr. Ges. f. Erdk. Berlin, iii. 1868, p. 33.
2 Kgl. Vet.-Akad. Handl. Stockh. 1843, p. 198.
3 SB. k. Akad. Wissensch. Wien, liv. 1866, p. 537.
4 Albert Nyanza, i. 1866, p. 339.
5 Op. cit.
p.
37.
6 Nile Tributaries of Abyssinia, 1867, p. 177.

CERCOPITHECIDA.
11
a
3
baboons in the evening, at their drinking-hour. He, however, threw no light on the
species, and simply described it as “the great dog-faced baboon (Cynocephalus).”
In view of the name by which the baboon, which I suppose to represent P. anubis,
F. Cuv., is known in Abyssinia, viz. by the Amharic word ‘Doguera, it is a curious
coincidence that in the most recent map of this part of the Nile Valley issued by
the War Office 1 there is a village called Dogovura, situated near Obbo in the Latuka
district. According to Professor T. Nöldeke, the Amharic language extends from the
left bank of the Takazzi into regions far to the south.
Among the collections of natural history objects made by Petherick on the White
Nile there was the flat prepared skin of a monkey which had been in use either as an
apron or as a mat for sitting on. It was wrongly referred by Dr. J. E. Gray to
C. leucampyx 2. It appeared to be a well-marked species, and was described by
Schlegel 3 under the name of C. neglectus. This species has been rediscovered within
the last two years by Dr. Donaldson Smith 4, who brought home specimens which he
killed on the Omo River, thus proving it to be an inhabitant of the valley of the
White Nile.
Mrs. Petherick 5, in her note-book, mentions the presence of Colobus guereza on the
beautifully wooded banks of the Ayi River, about 30° E. long. and 4° 50' N. lat.
Hartmann, in his account of the mammals of North-east Africa, gave a list of the
monkeys which had been recorded from Abyssinia and the upper region of the Nile,
up to the time at which he wrote, but without critical discrimination.
F. L. James? observed baboons sitting on the rocks a short way to the east of
Hackota on the Gash River, and not far from Kassala. He spoke of them as the
Cynocephalus or dog-faced variety (C. hamadryas).”
In the Zoological Gardens at Frankfort-on-the-Main I have recently seen (1899)
some black-faced, olive-coloured baboons, which at once recalled to me F. Cuvier's
figure of P. anubis; and on making inquiries I learned that they had been obtained
through the well-known dealer in living animals, Mr. J. Menges, of Limburg a. d. Lahn.
Mr. Menges has been so good as to inform me that they had been brought by him
from Basaland on the river Gash, east of Kassala, and that “this dark-faced, olive-
coloured baboon is the only one met with on the rivers Gash, Setit 8, Atbara, Basalam,
Rahad, and Dinder.” He has further stated that he believed it to be the same baboon
1 Map of the Nile Valley from Berber to Victoria Nyanza, 1898.
2 Cat. Monkeys &c. Brit. Mus. 1870, p. 22.
3 Mus. d'Hist. Nat. des Pays-Bas, vii. 1876, p. 70.
4 [Proc. Zool. Soc. 1900, p. 801.]
5 Petherick's Travels in Central Africa, i. 1869, p. 295.
6 Zeitschr. Ges. f. Erdk. Berl. iii. 1868, pp. 30–37. 7 Wild Tribes of the Sudan, 1883, p. 62.
8 Baker also observed a baboon at Setit, as many as 100 being in a group (Nile Tribut. Abyss. 1867,
p. 307).
02

12
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT.
as the one described by Heuglin from some islands on the White Nile, which is
in all likelihood the case. He has also mentioned that it abounded in the mountains
of Kassala and on the Gebel el Lus, and that it was numerous on all the isolated
mountains in Takah and to the south, east, and west of it, and especially in Basaland.
As it is extremely improbable that two large species of baboons occur together on the
Gash River near Kassala, I conclude that Sir Samuel Baker's dog-faced baboon, observed
by him in the neighbourhood of Gedarif, and James's so-called C. hamadryas were closely
allied to, if not identical with, the black-faced, olive-coloured baboon of Abyssinia,
P. doguera, Puch. & Schimp., viz. P. anubis, F. Cuvier.
All the evidence on record points to the existence of only seven species of the
Cercopithecidæ in the valley of the Nile between the latitudes of Dongola and Fazoql,
viz. Colobus guereza, Rüpp.?, Cercopithecus æthiops, Linn., C. pyrrhonotus, Hemp. & Ehr.,
C. neglectus, Schleg., Papio hamadryas, Linn., P. anubis, F. Cuv., and Theropithecus
gelada, Rüppell.
1 [The Guereza of Abyssinia should bear the specific name of abyssinicus, for there can be no doubt as to its
being identical with the Lemur abyssinicus of Oken (Lehrb. Naturg. iii. Zool. 1816, p. 1182).-W.E. DE W.]

CERCOPITHECUS ÆTHIOPS.
13
CERCOPITHECUS.
Cercopithecus, Erxleben, Syst. Reg. Anim. 1777, p. 22.
Form agile. Muzzle short; nostrils lateral ; cheek-pouches present; ischial cal-
losities moderate; tail long; last lower molar without posterior talon.
Confined to Africa.
CERCOPITHECUS ÆTHIOPS, Linn.
Simia æthiops, Linnæus, Hasselq. Iter Palæst. 1757, p. 190; Syst. Nat. 10, i. 1758, p. 28;
Hermann, Observ. Zool. 1804, i.
P.
6.
Simia sabæa, Linn. Syst. Nat. 12, i. 1766, p. 38 (partim).
? Simia engytitthia, Hermann, Observ. Zool. 1804, i. p.
1.
“Le Grivet” (Cercopithecus griseus), F. Cuv. Hist. Nat. des Mammif. livr. 7, June 1819.
Cercopithecus griseoviridis, Desm. Encycl. Méthod., Mamm. 1820, p. 61; Rüpp. Neue Wirbelth.,
Saüg. 1835, p. 8; Martin, Nat. Hist. 1841, p. 518; Rüpp. Mus. Senck. iii. 1845, p. 150;
Des Murs, Voy. Abyss. pt. iv. 1847, p. 11; Brehm, Reise nach Habesch, 1863, p. 57; Fitz.
.
SB. k. Akad. Wissensch. Wien, 1866, p. 539 ; Hartmann, Zeitsch. Ges. f. Erdk. Berlin, iii.
1868, p. 33; Blanford, Geol. & Zool. Abyss. 1870, p. 224; Heuglin, Reise N.O.-Afr. ii, 1877,
p. 5; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1893, p. 247.
Simia subviridis, F. Cuv. Dict. Sci. Nat. 1821, xx. p. 27; Desmoul. Dict. Class. Hist. Nat. vii.
1825, p. 567; Sundev. K. Vet.-Ak. Handl. Stockholm, 1842 (1843), p. 198.
General colour greyish olive or dingy green, brighter or more yellow on the top of
the head and along the back; the hairs annulated with black and broad yellow rings.
A white frontal band continuous with the white whiskers, which consist of long hairs
directed backwards and almost covering the ears. The outsides of the thighs less
richly coloured than the back; the hands and feet dusky black, the under parts and
inner sides of the limbs white. Tail dusky grey throughout its extent, ash-coloured
or even white on its under surface, and sometimes yellowish towards the point.
Face black, livid round the eyes; the skin of the chin dusky, but the hairs covering it
white; ears and under surface of the hands and feet black. Some long stiff black
superciliary hairs; hairs between the callosities and about the anus white; scrotum
green.
Linnæus's description of Simia saboea was based primarily upon Brisson's 1 definition
of “Le Singe verd,' and at once suggests the Grivet of F. Cuvier, whereas the
second reference given was Edwards's 2 St. Jago Monkey, the Callitriche of F. Cuvier.
The localities assigned to the species by Linnæus (viz., Africa, Egypt, and Cape Verd
1 Reg. Anim. 1756,
P.
204.
2 Gleanings of Nat. Hist. 1758, v. p. 10, pl. 215.

14
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT.
Islands) cover in a general way the distribution of the foregoing two forms, which are
closely allied to one another. They have similarly coloured scrotums, or nearly so, as
F. Cuvier describes the scrotum of the Callitriche as green, and that of the Grivet as
copper-green. The C. griseoviridis, Desmarest, is stated by its describer to have a
green scrotum like C. callitrichus, F. Cuvier ; whereas Martin, and recently Sclater,
say that the blue scrotum of this species distinguishes it from its West-African
representative, C. callitrichus. As a matter of fact, the only West-African monkey
of this group with a blue scrotum is the Malbrouck (C. cynosurus). The colour
of the scrotum after death becomes modified in some of these monkeys, and
consequently in Martin's description of the Grivet, drawn up from a skin, the
scrotum is described as turquoise coloured, whereas that of the Callithrix is said
to be green. It is also generally stated that the hairs around the scrotum of the
Callithrix are yellowish, while those in a similar position in the Grivet are white.
This is due to the fact that the hair of the under parts of the Callithrix exhibit a
yellowish tint, whereas in the corresponding parts of the Grivet this tiut is absent; but
the difference is only one of degree. The two forms are unquestionably very closely
allied ; and, indeed, it seems a just view of their relationship to regard them as merely
geographical races of a single species. Further, one of the features supposed to be
distinctive of the Callithrix was the yellow tip to its tail, whereas in the Grivet the
tail was defined as grey throughout. This trivial distinction cannot stand, because
Is. Geoffroy St.-Hilaire 1 has pointed out that monkeys in Abyssinia, conforming in
other respects to C. sabæus, have the end of their tails marked with yellow. The
species described by Blyth 2 under the name C. chrysurus, but the origin of which was
unknown, seems to have been closely allied to the western Callithrix, and, as some-
times happens in it, C. chrysurus had not a white frontal band; its tail is yellow and
its whiskers dingy white. Hartmann has regarded it as a synonym of C. sabæus, but
it
appears
to me to be intermediate between the Callithrix and Grivet. I have also
directed attention 3 to a similar coloration in an adult male Grivet collected by
Blanford at Adigrat, Tigré.
Is. Geoffroy St.-Hilaire thought that the term applied to it, 'Singe de Saba,' taken
in conjunction with Linnæus's mention of Egypt as one of the localities in which it
occurred, helped to strengthen the evidence existing in the description that the Grivet
of F. Cuvier was the Simia sabæa, Linn. The difficulty, however, is to understand what
locality was meant by 'Saba.' The most noted place of this name was Saba in Arabia
Felix; but although the Hamadryas baboon exists in some parts of Southern Arabia,
there is as yet no evidence on record that a species of Cercopithecus is indigenous there
as well. A port also called Saba was situated on the Ethiopian coast of the Red Sea, in
2 Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xiii. 1844, p. 477.
i Cat. Méthod., Mamm. 1851, p. 22.
3 Cat. Mamm. Ind. Mus. i. 1881, p. 57.

CERCOPITHECUS ÆTHIOPS.
15
6
the land of the Troglodytæ, to the south of Ptolemaicus Theron; and there was, likewise,
the town Saba, somewhere in the immediate vicinity of the present Massowah. The
Grivet might well be associated with the last-mentioned locality, as it was situated in
the very region over which this monkey is widely distributed. The appropriateness of
Linnæus's name thus becomes apparent.
[There can be no question as to the species indicated by Linnæus in his account of
Hasselquist's journey to Egypt and Palestine, published after the death of that
traveller. In the 10th edition of the "Systema Naturæ’ the same name (S. æthiops)
is applied to this animal, which is unquestionably the green monkey of the Upper Nile
Valley and Abyssinia. In the 12th edition of the Systema 'Linnæus unfortunately
only mentions this name in connection with a variety of another species from West
Africa.
Simia sabæa, Linn., ed. 12, should therefore lapse into a synonym of Cercopithecus
æthiops, for Egypt is referred to primarily as the habitat, and there is no mention of
yellow in the whiskers or tail, the colour of the latter being described as “ cinerea ”
“cana ” = hoary.
For some unknown reason Simia æthiops has been applied by most modern writers
to a species of Mangabey (Cercocebus). There is nothing in the original description
applicable to any member of that genus, while every word agrees perfectly with
the monkey under notice, which, as Hasselquist mentions, is so frequently seen in
captivity in Egypt. It has been said, in excuse for this view, that Linnæus described
the eyelids as white. This is an error, for not only did the white band mentioned not
affect the eyelids, but it was placed above the eyebrows. The description runs:
“ linea candida tenuis, proxime super supercilia, transvaliter per frontem extensa."
The Mangabey referred to has no claim, therefore, to the name æthiops, and should be
called Cercocebus lunulatus, Temm. (Esquis. Guin. 1853, p. 37).-W. E. de W.]
ל(
2
and
The following are some of the facts bearing upon our knowledge of this species
since the days of Linnæus:-
Browne 1, in his account of the wild animals met with in Dar-Fur, mentioned a
monkey under the name of Simia æthiops, the term applied by Hasselquist to this
species, and also under the native designation of Abu-lang,' an Arabic word
applied in the Nile Valley, and in the region of Nubia generally, both to this species
and to C. pyrrhonotus.
Cailliaud, writing in 1827, gave a short account of the different objects of natural
history collected by himself on his travels in the Libyan Desert and in the Nile Valley ?,
2
1 Travels in Africa, 1799, p. 263.
2 Voyage à Méroé, au Fleuve Blanc, au delà de Fazoql dans le midi du Royaume de Sennâr, à Syouah
et dans cinq autres Oasis, 1819-22 (1826), vol. iv. p.
268.

16
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT.
;
and, in doing so, mentioned that a species of monkey very closely allied to the
Callitriche or green monkey, Simia sabao (sic), was very common at Sennaar and
Fazoql; but in the sentence following he says, “ Cependant, d'après les individus
que j'ai rapportés des environs de l'île de Moqrat, M. F. Cuvier la regarde comme une
nouvelle espèce, et il lui a donné le nom de grivet,” and he refers to F. Cuvier's figure in
the Hist. Nat. des Mammifères. · This, if correct, makes known a hitherto unrecognized
fact, viz., that the monkeys of the genus Cercopithecus found along the bend of the
Nile at Abu Hamed are typical representatives of the Grivet, or Cercopithecus griseus,
F. Cuv. In view of the wide distribution of many so-called western species of
Mammalia across Central Africa to the east, the question arises, Are the monkeys of
Sennaar and Fazoql specifically identical with the Grivet from the island of Moqrat, or
is it possible that they may prove to be referable to C. callitrichus ? No materials exist
for the settlement of this question ; but if Cailliaud's statement is to be accepted, and if
his specimens from the island of Moqrat really constituted the types of F. Cuvier's
Grivet (C. griseus), there can be no misunderstanding regarding either their character or
their affinities. There is this to be said about the individuals on which Cailliaud states
C. griseus, F. Cuv., was based, that they were not obtained by Cailliaud on his journey
to Meroë, as that expedition was not entered upon until November 1819. It must,
therefore, be concluded that he had taken them with him to France in February 1819,
the date on which he returned to Paris after having spent three years in various parts
of Egypt, but more particularly in the Eastern Desert. In the account he has given
of these travels 1 no mention is made of his having visited the island of Moqrat; but it
should be borne in mind that that work did not profess to give a complete account of
his travels from 1815 to 1818, as the second volume, the preparation of which had
been intrusted to a member of the Academy, was seemingly never published, although
the subscribers to the first volume had been impatiently awaiting its appearance. It
seems probable, in view of Cailliaud's distinct statement about F. Cuvier having
regarded the specimens from the island of Moqrat as a new species, that, had the
second volume been completed by the Academician, some mention by Cailliaud of his
visit to the island would have been included in it and a reference likewise to the
monkeys he obtained. Cailliaud arrived in Paris in February 1819, with his monkeys
from the neighbourhood of the island of Moqrat ; and in June of the same year
F. Cuvier's description of the Grivet appeared, but unaccompanied by any mention
whence the animal was obtained, and indeed he only hazarded the suggestion that it
was probably an African form. The specimen figured, he states, was a male which had
been presented to the King's Menagerie by M.M. ...; but there is no reference to
M. Cailliaud, so that the claim advanced by the latter, that the specimen figured by
1
1 Voy. à l'Oasis de Thèbes dans les Années 1815 à 1818. This work, the French edition of which I have
not seen, was translated into English in Phillip's New Voy. & Travels, (3) vii. 1822.

CERCOPITHECUS ÆTHIOPS.
17
1
m
Cuvier was obtained by him in the environs of the isle of Moqrat, meets with no
support from Cuvier's account.
On the right bank of the Blue Nile, above its junction with the Rahad and below
that with the Dender, the country is covered with clumps of trees and spiny bushes, and
in this locality Cailliaud 1 observed many monkeys in the trees; also below Sennaar,
towards Dender, he saw a troop of eleven monkeys, which he designates Callitriche,
They appeared to be very plentiful and were caught by the natives by exposing
vessels full of an intoxicating drink (bulbul), which being drunk by the monkeys
rendered them easy of capture.
Ehrenberg relates that he saw Simia saboa more than once with the Turkish soldiers
and that he received one as a present. He was assured by the natives that the
monkeys were to be found two days' journey from Ambukol 2; but he seems to have
discredited this, as he says he had convinced himself that there were no monkeys in
Nubia and Dongola, and probably never had been any, but adds notwithstanding that
they were found two days' journey in a southern direction from Ambukol, near Sennaar.
As the distance between these places is very much greater than that represented by
the time mentioned, the natives doubtless meant two days north from Ambukol,
which would bring the spot indicated by them close to where Cailliaud had obtained
C. griseus, F. Cuvier.
Rüppell 3 does not mention the presence of C. saboeus on the Abu Hamed bend of
the Nile; but he records its existence in Kordofan and Sennaar, probably in those
parts of the former province which skirt the Nile, and not in the interior towards
El Obeid. He observed it to be common in all the lower parts of Abyssinia up to
1219 metres above the sea.
The presence of monkeys at Abu Hamed in the second and third decades of the 19th
century is further substantiated by Linant de Bellefonds 4, who says the woods about
Abu Hamed were full of monkeys, which on the approach of man betook themselves
to the dhum-palms. To capture them the Arabs set fire to the trees and thus obliged
the monkeys to leap to the ground.
Hoskins 5, who visited Abu Hamed in 1833, described the valley of the Nile at that
place as being neither very pleasing nor fertile, and the eastern bank of the river he
characterized as almost entirely swallowed up by the desert. The island of Moqrat in
1 Voy. à Méroé, &c. vol. ii. p. 221.
2 Abbandl. k. Ak. Wissensch. Berl, 1833, p. 347.
3 Neue Wirbelth. 1835-40, p. 8.
4 L'Etbaye, &c. P.
34. This volume bears no date, but it was published many years after the journeys
he described were made, seemingly not until 1858. In the work itself no years are mentioned, but in 1827
he explored the province of Atbara and had ascended the Nile in the boat belonging to the Association for
promoting the Discovery of the Interior Parts of Africa.
5 Travels in Ethiopia, 1835, p. 34.
D

18
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT.
9
his day was remarkable for its numerous fine dhum-palms, but he does not mention the
presence of monkeys. However, while at Berber he received from the Governor the
present of a little grey monkey, and he observed what appears to have been this
species on the small beautifully wooded islands which occur on the Nile to the south
of the Atbara.
Is. Geoffroy St.-Hilaire has recorded specimens from the banks of the White Nile,
whence they were obtained by d’Arnand and Salatin in 1843.
Kotschy 1, in his sketch of the banks of the White Nile, mentions the occurrence of
numerous troops of Cercopithecus griseoviridis on the west bank not far to the south
of Khartum.
Fitzinger 2, in his account of the Mammals collected by Heuglin in North-east
Africa, confirms the statement regarding the occurrence of this species between
Ambukol and Abu Hamed and on the large island of Moqrat, on the authority of the
natives in Heuglin's employment.
Hartmann 3, in 1868, also confirmed the existence of this species along the bend of
the Nile to the north of Bayuda in the districts of Dar Robatat (Moqrat Island) and
Dar Monasir (Ambukol), along the Atbara and the Blue Nile south to 14° N. lat., and
also in Kordofan; but as he extended its distribution to Senegambia, it would seem
that he did not clearly distinguish it from C. callitrichus, an opinion in favour of which
a good deal may be said.
Schweinfurth 4 observed it above Kowa (Koweh), about 200 kiloms. south from
Khartum.
[In the · Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London ’ for 1900, p. 952, giving
an account of a recent visit to the White Nile, Capt. Stanley S. Flower says :-“The
Grivet Monkey was noted on the 14th and 15th of March at Abu Zeit, and on the
19th of March near Renk; each time in small parties of five or six individuals,
sometimes walking on the ground, sometimes in trees. We saw no other species
of monkey along the White Nile.” No specimens of these monkeys were
obtained.—W. E. DE W.]
This species is distributed over the Nile Valley southwards from the bend of the river
beyond Dongola and Abu Hamed. To the west of the Nile it is said to occur as far as
Dar-Fur, and to the east it ranges to the shores of the Red Sea and of the Indian
Ocean. Its wide distribution over Abyssinia has been alluded to by many travellers,
and it has been recorded from elevations as high as 7500 feet near Dildi 5.
It is generally found in troops among the high trees of the wooded parts of the
1 Mittheil. k. k. geogr. Ges. Wien, 1858, Abhandl. p. 80.
2 SB. Ak. Wissensch. Wien, Band liv. i. 1866, p. 539.
3 Zeitschr. Ges. Erdk. Berlin, iii. 1868, p. 33.
5 Geol. & Zool, cf Abyss, (Blanford), 1870, p. 224.
4 Heart of Africa, i. 1873, p. 61.

CERCOPITHECUS ÆTHIOPS.
19
1
Upper Nile Valley. Mansfield Parkyns 1 observed it in Tigré in a spot highly
characteristic of its proclivities, viz., a deep well-wooded ravine with a brook running
through it. On the banks of the Nile and on the margin of the desert it is found
only where there is vegetation, and generally trees. [In some recent letters to
Dr. Anderson he is told that since the war with the Dervishes the apes have been
scared from the banks of the Nile, which have been denuded of trees.—G. S. A.] Its
food consists largely of the fruits and leaves of three genera of trees, viz., Zyzyphus,
Ficus 2, and Tamarindus, and the gum of the latter, but it robs the Sorghum fields and
the gardens of the natives and is occasionally very destructive.
.
It is known in Arabic as is! (Abu-Lang"), which is the name generally applied
to it in the Nile Valley, but it is occasionally also known under the same name in
Abyssinia. According to Hartmann 3, the term “Nisnas-cughajir' is also given to it.
Salt, Rüppell, Harris, Parkyns, Heuglin, Brehm, and Hartmann state that it is known in
Amharic as “Tota’; on the authority of Lefèvre it is called 'Amado' and `Hhamedo' in
the Tigré modification of Geez. Salt says that it is called in Tigré ‘Alesto,' and Parkyns
and Heuglin “Woág.' It is noticeable, however, that Hemprich and Ehrenberg apply
* Tota' and 'Halestijo' or 'Alectijo,' evidently the ‘Alesto' of Salt, to the baboon, Papio
hamadryas.
Berlin Museum.
Cercopithecus griseoviridis, Desm., Ò, Weisser Nil, 62, Lepsius. $ juv., Weisser Nil, 63, Lepsius.
4, Blauer Nil, 9095, Lepsius.
General colour of the first of these specimens is cold greyish, due to the black and
white speckled character of the head, trunk, and outsides of the limbs. Whiskers,
chin, throat, chest, under surface of belly, and lower portion of sides of body pure white.
There is a not very well-marked greyish-yellow frontal band, margined below with
long black superciliary hairs. The face is dusky and covered rather thickly with short
adpressed dark brownish hairs on the nose and external to it from the interorbital
space downwards, the hairs along the upper lip being more or less whitish, also those
on the chin. Although the general hue of the top of the head and of the back is
cold greyish, these parts in certain lights manifest a slightly greenish tint. On the
extremities, the grey passes into greyish brown on the upper surface of the feet. The
tail on its upper surface is greyish brown, darkest at the base, whilst the tip is greyish
with a faint yellowish tint. Owing to this specimen being stuffed in a seated position,
to measure it was useless.
The second specimen, from the White Nile (no. 63), is much the same as the previous
2 Hartmann, op.
cit.
p.
33.
1 Life in Abyssinia, i. 1853, p. 228.
3 Op. cit. p. 33,
D 2

20
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT.
one, but the tints of the upper surface are less vivid, the white supraorbital band less
distinct, and the upper surface of the hands and feet darker.
The third specimen (9095), from the Blue Nile, differs much from the foregoing in
having the upper surface of its head rich golden yellow, the hairs being broadly banded
with yellow subapically, with a well-defined black tip. This colour to a somewhat
less degree occurs on the back and sides, but less so on the rump and still less on the
outside of the humerus. The outsides of the thighs and of the fore limbs are pale
slaty greyish brown, but with little speckling. The hands and feet are of the same
colour, but slightly darker. The white orbital band is well defined, and the whiskers
are long and white. The tail above is greyish brown, finely speckled, but greyish
white towards its tip.
Besides the foregoing specimens, there are four skins in the Berlin Museum from
Abyssinia.
a
1. Š. 9100. Tigré, Schimper.
This specimen has the general characters of the White Nile male, but the tip of the
head is distinctly yellowish, and the whole of the upper surface has likewise a yellow
tinge, but paler than the head. The forehead is blackish, only a few of the hairs
with narrow subapical pale yellowish bands, each hair terminating in a black tip. The
pale frontal band is much the same as in the White Nile male, and not so white as in
the female from the Blue Nile, no. 9095. The hairs at the extremity of the tail, for
60 to 70 mm. of its length, are yellowish white.
2. f. 9099. Tigré, Schimper.
This specimen has the general colour inuch as in the last mentioned, but the forehead
is not so blackish grey, and the yellowish tinge on the head and back is pale. The
tip of the tail is greyish white with a yellowish tinge.
3. Ở juv. 9096. Tigré, Schimper.
This specimen is slightly more yellowish than the previous one. Its frontal band is
better defined, and the last portion of its tail (70-80 mm.) is pure yellowish white.
4. 4 adult. Salomona, Abyssinia, near the coast.
The general colour of the upper surface of this animal is more decidedly yellowish
above than in the last three monkeys, and in this respect it is more like the specimen
from the Blue Nile. The sides of the neck, the throat, and part of the chest have a
decided yellowish tinge, and the hairs internal to the ischial callosities are brilliant
rusty red, not due to any adventitious substance. The tip of the tail has been almost
denuded of hair.
In specimens referable to the West-African form with yellow whiskers, the rufcus
area internal to the ischial callosities is sometimes present.

CERCOPITHECUS ÆTHIOPS.
21
a
Skull of a mummied specimen in the British Museum at Bloomsbury.
9, No. 22,001.
mm.
95
.
99
.
.
.
ور
زر
.
Premaxillaries to parieto-occipital suture
Inner border of foramen magnum to tip of premaxillaries
68
posterior border of palate (mesial line) 30
Length of palate
38
Breadth of palate between middle of last molars .
19
1st premolars
17
Length from centre of orbital ridge, upper margin, to tip of premaxillaries . 45
parieto-occipital suture . 70
Breadth across centre of orbital region (with dried skin)
55
Greatest zygomatic breadth to ditto, on one side . .
58
Breadth of muzzle outside 1st
pm.
28
canine.
16
Length of lower jaw .
66
Height of lower jaw at angle
26
Length of lst upper molar, measured outside .
6
2nd
65
3rd
?
1st lower molar
6
2nd
5
3rd
?
.
9
"
زر
.
This monkey is no doubt constantly represented both in figures on the tombs and
in mummified remains, but owing to loss of colour and general deterioration the
absolute identity of the species is uncertain.

22
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT.
CERCOPITHECUS PYRRHONOTUS, Hemp. & Ehrenb.
Cercopithecus pyrrhonotus, Hemp. & Ehr. Berlin. Gesells. naturf. Fr. Verhandl. Band i. 1829;
Hemp. & Ehr. Symbolae Physicæ, 1829; Is. Geoff. St.-H. Dict. Univ. Hist. Nat. 1843,
iii. p. 307; Reichenb. Affen, 1863, p. 123, fig. 311; Sclater, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 623, 1893,
p. 250.
“Nisnas,” F. Cuv. Hist. Nat. Mamm., Nov. 1830.
Cercopithecus ruber, Rüpp. Neue Wirb., Säug. 1835, p. 8 (nec Gmel.).
Berlin Museum.
Description of the Type of the Species.
The upper surface of the head and neck, outsides of the shoulders, the trunk and
outsides of the thighs, and the upper surface of the tail, rich orange-reddish, very
brilliant and deep in colour on the top of the head; hairs on the belly white at base,
with their apices orange-yellow. A few of the hairs on the front of the shoulders are
black-tipped, but no black hairs occur on the chest. Many of the white hairs on the
malar region and on the upper part of the cheeks are black-tipped. A well-marked
black supercilium and a narrow black area passing backwards on the forehead above
the external angle of the supraorbital ridge. The skin of the face and chin nearly black.
A black vertical infraorbital line of hairs, but the hairs on the nose dusky white, as also
are the straggling hairs on the upper lip.
The fore limbs from the elbow downwards, and the hind legs from above the knees
downwards, and the back of the thighs, the inner sides of the limbs, and the sides of
the face, neck, and throat, and the under surface of the tail, more or less whitish,
nearly pure white on the limbs.
The hairs on the chin are quite dusky. A long tuft of whitish hairs inside the ears.
Skin of under surfaces of hands and feet black.
Dimensions.
mm.
572
.
Snout to vent
Vent to tip of tail
Height at shoulder
502
495
As compared with the type, an adult male from Togoland, referable to C. patas,
presents the following differences :-
The face, including the chin, is pale coloured, the hairs on the nose are black, and
those on the upper lip and chin are white and more numerous. The hairs behind the
malar region and on the upper part of the cheeks have the black tips more numerous,
and the superciliary black band is continued backwards to the ear. The hairs on
the front of the shoulder and on the outside of the humerus, instead of being orange-

CERCOPITHECUS PYRRHONOTUS.
23
red, as on the rest of the body, are grey, owing to the hairs being white with black
tips. The outside of the fore limb further down is not the pure white of the Eastern
form, but is more or less tinged with pale yellowish brown, which is darkest on the
dorsum of the foot, where this colour occurs in patches.
In the Togoland specimen the top of the head is especially deep coloured, but not
so much so as on the base of the tail; but the upper surface of the head is never so
brilliant as in the Eastern form.
In some young specimens from Western Africa the rufous of the outsides of the
thighs and fore limbs is prolonged downwards in a narrow line to the upper sides of the
feet, while in others this tint only occurs here and there on the parts of the limbs which
are white in the Eastern form. In some of the young of the Western form the grey
on the shoulder and the outside of the humerus is hardly present, its place being taken
by rufous.
Senckenberger Museum, Frankfort.
One of Rüppell's specimens (I.E. 1.6) from Nubia has, as will be seen from the
following description, all the characters of the type.
This specimen is a pale sandy yellow, but slightly rufous down the middle of the
back. The belly is nearly white, and also the inner and outer sides of the limbs, with
the exception of the hands and feet. A few of the yellowish-white hairs on the
shoulders are seen to have a trace of black tips, but do not appear to have had any other
annuli. The upper surface of the head is rusty red, the whiskers are whiter than the
rest of the body, and immediately above the external angle of the eye there is a
blackish area, which is prolonged backwards as a fine dusky line over the occiput, and
is continuous internally with the black and white eyebrows. The skin of the cheeks,
along the upper lip, along the side of the nose, and over the inner angle of the eye
is ochre-yellow; a narrow area over the eye, the corners of the upper eyelids, and a
triangular area below the eye and continuous with the dark area around the eye, of
a similar colour. The nose has seemingly been dusky, but it is covered with yellowish-
white hairs, which occur along the upper lip and on the chin. Upper half of the
inside of the ears with a brush of long, whitish, erect hairs.
Dimensions.
mm.
Snout to vent, about.
490
Tail.
490
Height at shoulder
335
The pale colour of this specimen is probably largely, but not entirely, due to its
having become bleached by long exposure to light for a period of over 70 years.
Also in this Museum there is a seemingly adult female of a red monkey, said to

24
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT.
have been sent from Kordofan to the Zoological Society of Frankfort in 1861, in whose
gardens it had lived; but it is extremely doubtful that it ever came from that locality.
The nose is deep black, so that if the locality were correct it would establish the
eastern extension of the Western form to near the banks of the Nile. Another
young
stuffed female in the same Collection, professing to have been obtained in Nubia in
1892, has the nose covered with white and black hairs, but below the nose white is
the prevailing colour, whilst a female from Senegambia has the nose deep black.
a
a
Paris Museum.
Here I saw a fine skin of a male Patas from Kaloum, in the French Sudan, where
it had been obtained by Dr. Maclaud. The whole upper surface, including the outside
of the thighs and upper surface of the tail, was deep rusty orange-red. The front of the
shoulder was nearly black, but mixed with greyish. Hairs on cheeks white, but with
black hairs intermixed. Frontal band, line along bridge of nose, and nose black. Face
whitish. Radial portion of fore limbs and tibial portion of hind limbs, with hands
and feet, white. The brilliancy of the colouring of this animal was very striking.
According to Hartmann 1, C. pyrrhonotus lives in small troops in the thick forest and
among the dense bush which covers extensive areas in the region of its distribution.
At Sennaar, this bush is made up of Acacia mellifera, A. fistula, A. ferruginea,
A. campylacantha, Tamarindus indicus, Combretum hartmannianum, Zizyphus spina-
christi, Ficus populifolia, and Grewia populifolia, so that these monkeys have a
plentiful supply of the fruits to which they are partial.
Ehrenberg, in his exhaustive account of C. pyrrhonotus, states that it was known
in Egypt as the “Nisnas ’?, Unlim, a term first mentioned by Forskål. In the
provinces of the Upper Nile and in Lower Egypt it is called jáš so bring =Abu-Lang
el achmar’; and in Kordofan, according to Rüppell, its native name is ‘Nango.'
Hartmann gives, on the authority of Barth’s ‘Central African Vocabulary,' a number
of names that are applied to it.
The monkey first mentioned by Heuglin 3 in his “ Fauna of the Red Sea and the
Somali Coast,” under the name of C. poliophæus, has been regarded by some authors
as identical with C. pyrrhonotus, but too little is known at present to admit of a
satisfactory conclusion being arrived at. It has been described by Fitzinger from a
four-year-old male from Fazoql, and from one about a year old, said to have been
obtained on the Bahr-el-Abiad. These specimens, to his mind, left no doubt as to the
validity of C. poliophæus.
1 Zeitschr. Ges. Erdk. Berlin, iii. 1868, p. 34.
2 Rüppell in his Neue Wirbelth.' pp. 7-8, mentions Cynocephalus babuin (misspelt babouin) as occurring
in the desert near Ambukol, and adds that it was known in Egypt as the 'Nisnas.'
3 Petermana's Mittheil. 1861, p. 13.

CERCOPITHECUS PYRRHONOTUS.
25
[The monkey described by Ehrenberg as C. pyrrhonotus had a white nose, the
remainder of the face being black. From the above given notes on the more important
specimens in the Continental Museums, it will be seen that some examples attributed
to the Nile region have black noses. Up to the present time, scarcely a single wild-
killed specimen of this monkey from the Nile Valley has reached the European
Museums, so nothing is known as to the distribution of the different forms. But there
is little doubt that an entirely black-nosed form exists in the upper valley of the White
Nile, and this would represent C. poliophæus, Heuglin; but to what extent the Nile
Valley form differs from the West-African C. patas has yet to be determined. This
monkey extends into East Africa as far as the Mau Escarpment.-W. E. DE W.]
-
Before the Red Monkey of the Nile Valley had been prominently brought to the
front by Ehrenberg, the knoc of the Greeks had been identified, by Buffon, Linnæus,
and others, with some East-African monkeys, while, on the other hand, Schreber had
been the first to suggest that the red Senegal monkey corresponded to it. How
correct his supposition was is substantiated by the extremely close affinity of the
eastern and western red monkeys.
Belon , in speaking of the different kinds of monkeys that were trained in his
day by the natives to perform in public, said there was one “ desquels est celuy que
Pline, pour la grand beauté de ses cheueux et de son poil, a nommé Callitriches. Il
est totalement iauln comme fil d'or, et est du genre des Cercopitheces, qu'Aristote
nomme Cebus, car il a la queue longue comme ont les Guenons.” This was in all
probability C. pyrrhonotus.
A little more than a century later (1698) Narvarche de la Brué 2 discovered in the
forests of Senegal a red monkey, known as “Patas' to the natives. This Cercopithecus
was fully described by Buffon 3 under the name of “Patas à bandeau noir, et Patas à
bandeau blanc.” The name properly applicable to the Senegal monkey is C. patas
(Schreber)
A careful consideration of the ten kinds of monkeys mentioned by Prospero Alpini 4
in his work on Egypt sanctions the conclusion that they were not all of African
origin. For example, the fact that one of them bore the name 'Karander' suggests that
it was a Southern Indian monkey, as the Tamil name for a monkey is · Kurangu.'
He had kept in confinement in Cairo for two years a monkey which he designated
Simius callitrix, and described it as having been about the size of a large cat, and
like one in form. Its body was somewhat long, the head was small and round, and
4
1 Les Observ. de plus singul. et Choses mém. 1554, p. 120/2.
2 Hist. Gén. des Voy. ii. 1698, p. 321.
3 Hist. Nat. xiv. 1766, pp. 212-223.
4 Rerum Ægypt. lib. iv. 1735, p. 244, pl. xx. fig. 4.

26
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT. .
cat.
2
)
therein the human face was plainly visible. It had a lion's mouth and the teeth of a
It was slender about the flanks, and wholly of a reddish-yellow colour; the face
was black and bearded all round, and since the beard was white its face resembled
that of a venerable old man; the tail was long and reddish. This monkey was
called by Brisson 1 “Le Singe roux d’Egypte,” and consequently is identical with
C. pyrrhonotus, Hemp. & Ehrenb.
Forskål ?, while passing through Egypt to Arabia, about the year 1760, observed that
a monkey known as “Nisnas' (colimus) was found in Nubia, and since his day it has been
ascertained that this term is applied along with others to the species under discussion.
Cailliaud 3, in his account of the different objects of natural history collected on his
journey, said :—"Je me procurai, au Sennâr, le patas à bandeau blanc de Buffen,
Simia rubra de Linné. La couleur de cette guenon est très-rousse ; l'espèce n'en est
pas commune dans le pays.”
Ehrenberg relates that whilst he was in the province of Dongola with Hemprich, in
1822, the same year in which cailliaud was at Sennaar, he met some merchants
returning from Dar-Fur with a young male red monkey, which he says was as like as
possible to the Cepus' of the ancients! He bought it and took it alive with him to
Berlin in 1826, where it lived for one year, after having been in confinement for five
years! He regarded it as distinct from the Senegal monkey, and described it in 1829 4
for the first time. A full account of it appeared in the ‘Symbolæ Physicæ '5. This
seems to have been the only specimen obtained by Hemprich and Ehrenberg, and 1
can find no verification of Schlegel's statement 6 that Ehrenberg “l'a tué dans ces
mêmes contrées (Kordofan and Dar-Fur] et, en outre, dans le Sennaar,” because he did
not visit any of the districts of the Nile to the south of Korti and Ambukol.
Ehrenberg, however, relates that he believed he had seen a female of C. Pyrrhonotus
at Alexandria, and mentions that it had a more graceful and slighter shape than the
male, and that in its appearance it approached somewhat closely to C. patas. He did
not purchase it, because it had no tail and had evidently degenerated by captivity. All
its colours were paler than those of the male, its teeth were less strong, and the skin
of its face was less black, being of a dusky shade.
4
6
a
1 Reg. Anim. 1756, p. 210.
2 Descr. An. 1775, p. iii.
3 Voy. à Méroé, iv. 1827, p. 267.
4 Verh. Ges. naturf. Fr. Berl. i. 1829, p. 406. .
5 The article on C. pyrrhonotus in the "Symbolæ Physicæ ' bears the date Aug. 1832, although Pars I.
• Zoologia,' is dated 1829 on the titlepage of the volume. The former date must be wrong if Valenciennes's
article, livr. 64, t. vii., on this species in the Hist. Nat. des Mammif. was correctly dated Nov. 1830,
because he refers in a footnote to Ehrenberg's plate 10 in the Symbolæ Physicæ ' depicting this species.
6 Mus. d'Hist. Nat. des Pays-Bas, vii. 1876 p 85.
6

CERCOPITHECUS PYRRHONOTUS.
27
The Cercopitheci are frequently found depicted on the early monuments of Egypt,
both painted and engraved, but this does not necessarily prove that they were ever
objects of worship. A monkey of this genus is often represented tied under the chair
of some member of the family of the Pharaohs or of his officials, with whom it was
probably a household pet. It has been suggested by Ehrenberg that the monkey
figured in tombs with a belt round its body was one of the objects provided for the
amusement of the dead.
There is a Relief on wbich this species is portrayed, still in a state of perfect
preservation, in the splendid collection of Egyptian monuments in the Royal Museum
at Berlin, which Passalacqua brought from Sakkarah in the province of Memphis,
along with other most precious and numerous relics. It formed a portion of the inner
wall of the Tomb of Rij and is of the XIXth Dynasty 1. Other figures are represented
besides those of the deceased and his wife, who are seated. Under the chair of the
latter, to which it is tied, the monkey stands erect. There are yet traces of colouring in
the figure; the face, hands, and feet, as well as the cord, have indications of red; the
rest of the body is differently coloured, being somewhat greyish green or blue. The size
of this figure is 20•4 cm. in height 2. Among other representations there is a beautiful
wooden group 3 of Amen-em-opet and his wife, where a monkey is seated eating fruit
beneath the lady's chair.
1 Kat. Kgl. Mus. Berlin, 1899, No. 7278, p. 148, fig. p. 149.
2 [The author's note having been submitted to Dr. H. Schäfer, he kindly supplied the accurate measure-
ments of the animal, adding the interesting observations on its colouring.-G. S. A.]
3 Op. cit, no. 6910, p. 142.
E 2

28
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT. .
PAPIO.
Papio, Erxleben, Syst. Reg. Anim. 1777, p. 15.
Form massive; muzzle much produced, with the nostrils terminal; cheek-pouches
present; ischial callosities large; tail moderate or short. Last lower molar with a
posterior talon.
Existing forms confined to Africa and Arabia.
a
PAPIO HAMADRYAS, Linn. (Plates I. & II.)
“Le Tartarin,” Belon, Les Observ. singul. &c. 1551, p. 101.
Cynocephalus, Magot or Tartarin, Gesner, Icon. Anim. 1560, p. 92, fig. 93.
Cercopithecus (Cynocephalus 2), Jonstonus, Hist. Nat. Quadr. 1657, tab. lix.
Simia supra aures comata, Alpini, Rerum Ægypt. 1735, p. 242, pl. 5. tab. xvii.-xix.
Cercopithecus cynocephalus, Brisson, Reg. An. 1756, p. 213 (1) $?, p. 214 7.
Simia ægyptiaca, Linn. Hasselq. Iter Palæst. 1757, p. 189.
Simia hamadryas, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 10, i. 1758, p. 27, ed. 12, i. 1766, p. 36; Zimmermann,
Geogr. Gesch. ii. 1780, p. 182; Schreb. Säug. i. 1775, p. 82, pl. 10; Shaw, Gen. Zool. i. 1800,
p. 28; F. Cuv. Dict. Sc. Nat. xii. 1818, p. 378; Desmoul. Dict. Class. v. 1824, p. 259; Fischer,
Synops. Mamm. 1829, p. 35.
Cercopithecus hamadryas, Erxleb. Syst. Reg. Anim. 1777, p. 22.
Papio hamadryas, Geoff. Ann. Mus. xix. 1812, p. 103; Kuhl, Besti, 1820, p. 20; Schlegel, Mus.
Pays-Bas, vii. 1876, p. 129; Matschie, SB. Ges. naturf. Fr. Berlin, 1893, p. 25.
Cynocephalus hamadryas, Desm. Encycl. Méth., Mamm. 1820, p. 69, pl. 10. fig. 3; Hemp. &
Ehrenb. Symb. Phys. 1828, pl. xi. ; Rüpp. Neue Wirb. 1835-40, p. 7; id. Mus. Senck. iii.
1845, p. 151; Brehm, Reise n. Habesch, 1863, p. 58; Fitz. SB. Ak. Wissensch. Wien, liv.
1866, p. 541; Blanf. Geol. & Zool. Abyss. 1870, p. 222; Heuglin, Reise N.O.-Afr. ii. 1877,
p.7; Giglioli, Ann. Mus. Genov. 1888, p. 12; Anders. Cat. Mamm. Ind. Mus. pt. i. 1881, p. 80.
Cynocephalus wagleri, Agassiz, Isis, 1828, p. 861, juv., pl. 11.
Hamadryas ægyptiaca, Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus. 1870, p. 34.
The head (with the exception of the forehead and vertex), the neck, shoulders, and
back as far as the loins are covered with long shaggy hair; but on the hips, thighs,
and legs the fur is short and has the appearance of having been clipped. The hair of
the occiput and neck is upwards of a foot in length, and forms a long mane, which
falls back over the shoulders, and at a distance looks something like a full short cloak.
The whiskers are broad and directed backwards so as almost to conceal the ears; their
colour, as well as that of the head, mane, and fore part of the body, is a mixture of
grey and cinereous, each hair being marked with numerous alternate rings of these
two colours; the short hair of the hips, thighs, and extremities is of a uniform
cinereous-brown colour, rather lighter on the posterior surface of the thighs.

Mammals of Egypt.
Pl. I.
OF
OS
PAPIO HAMADRYAS. 2.
PICH


PAPIO HAMADRYAS. .
29
The muzzle is moderately elongated and broad in the adult, naked and of a dusky
flesh-colour, with a lighter ring surrounding the eyes. The septum dividing the nostrils
is moderately long, and on the inner side of each nostril the ala curves inwardly in a
scroll-like fashion. Over the upper end of the septum there is a slight median furrow.
The extreme apex of the nose projects slightly anterior to the upper lip. The alæ of
the nostrils are directed slightly obliquely backwards, so as to be posterior to the
median septum at their lower end. From the apex the fleshy part of the nose rises
somewhat upwards and backwards and then downwards and backwards until the end of
the nasal bone is reached, when the surface between the maxillary ridges slopes upwards.
The fleshy portion of the nose is thus not on the same line as the rest of the face, but is
convex from behind forwards. At its base opposite the ends of the nasals it is marked
by fine transverse folds or creases. The maxillary pit is well developed, but the
depression on the lower jaw does not show much, although present on the bone. The
superciliary ridge is very prominent, pent-like, and forwardly projecting. Behind it the
skull is slightly depressed.
The face is reddish tan-coloured, but on the cheeks and the rest of the body, with
the exception of the chest, abdomen, and nates, the skin is pale flesh-coloured. On
the chest and abdomen the colour is markedly bluish. The callosities are large and of
a livid flesh-colour. The buttocks are prominent, rounded, quite nude, pale, covered
with white skin, suffused with pink, often brilliant red. The lower belly dusky white,
the genitalia reddish flesh-coloured. The sides of the face are covered sparsely with
short white hairs, and the sides of the muzzle anteriorly with a few wiry, dark,
scattered bristles. Front of whiskers whitish. Hands and feet blackish or rusty
brown. Conjunctiva of the eye brown. Ear triangular, rounded at the tip. The
posterior border of the conch on the last third of its external surface covered rather
thickly with long whitish hairs.
The tail is about half the length of the body, and is carried drooping, as in the other
baboons; in the full-grown male, on its terminal portion, longer and rougher hairs
mix with the others, tending somewhat to form a pencil, but in captivity these hairs
frequently rub oft.
The female, when full-grown, almost equals the male in point of size, but differs
considerably in the length and colour of the hair. This sex wants the mane which
ornaments the neck of the male, and is covered over the whole body with short hair
of equal length, which, on the back, is of a uniform deep olive-brown colour, slightly
mixed with green. The throat and breast are but sparingly covered with hair of a
slightly paler tint, and the skin in these parts, as well as on the face, hands, and
callosities, is of a deep tan-colour.
The young of both sexes resemble the female, and the large whiskers and manes of
the males only begin to make their appearance when the animals arrive at their full
a

30
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT, .
2
growth and mature age—that is, when they have completed their second dentition.
At this period they undergo as great a change in their mental propensities as in their
physical appearance. While young they are gentle, docile, and playful, but as soon as
they have acquired their full development they become sulky, malicious, and morose.
[Several fine representatives of the Hamadryas baboon, ở and 4, exist in the
Zoological Gardens at Cologne ; and in July 1900, Dr. Anderson sent his artist,
Mr. P. J. Smit, to figure them, and the results appear in Plates I. and II.1 The
coloured sketches, however, were not received from the artist in time to be approved
of by Dr. Anderson. At the same time, sketches were made of Papio thoth,
P. babouin, and P. langheldi (all considered by the author of the present treatise to
be forms of one and the same animal, P. cynocephalus), then living in the same
Gardens. It may be mentioned here that Mr. Smit also visited the Zoological
Gardens at Berlin, and drew from life Papio doguera=anubis.
In the autumn of 1899, on our return from a lengthened tour on the Continent of
Europe, examining the different species at Museums and Zoological Gardens, we
made a short stay in Paris and visited, according to our wont, the Jardin d'Accli-
matation. There, in the Salle des Hamadryas,” we were struck with the grotesque
appearance of two venerable males, seated side by side, the one the exact fellow of
the other.—G. S. A.]
In its native haunts the ordinary food of this baboon is berries, bulbous roots, and
grains. Pearce, in his “Life and Adventures in Abyssinia,' says he had seen an
assembly of large monkeys (baboons) drive the reapers from their fields of grain in
spite of their slings and stones, till several people went from the village to their
assistance, and even then the baboons only retired slowly, seeing that the men had
no guns.
It is also asserted that they search with avidity for the nests of birds and suck the
eggs, and that they are more or less indiscriminate feeders, eating reptiles, insects,
and scorpions
Blanford (Geol. & Zool. Abyss. 1870, p. 222) has the following interesting notes on
the habits of this species :—“ The great Dog-faced Baboon, the Sacred Ape (Thoth)
of the ancient Egyptians, is by far the commonest Monkey throughout the portion of
Abyssinia traversed by me. It was met with everywhere from the plains around
Annesley Bay to the top of the Dalanta plateau, although most abundant perbaps in
the tropical and subtropical portions of the country. I saw a small herd close to
Theodore's old camp at Baba, on the Dalanta plateau, at above 9000 feet of elevation.
In the passes leading to the tableland from the coast immense numbers were constantly
[It would be well to remember that the author described the Baboons from Museum specimens, whilst
the Plates were taken from living animals; this being borne in mind, should explain any discrepancies.]

Mammals of Egypt.
Pl. II.
CH
OF
an
PAPIO HAMADRYAS. A.


PAPIO HAMADRYAS.
31
seen, and the animals evidently keep much to the sides of rocky ravines. The herds
vary in number; some cannot include much less than 250 to 300 Monkeys of all ages.
This species feeds on small fruits, berries, and seeds, and often on buds of trees and
on young shoots. On the highlands I frequently saw troops of them in the fields,
searching for the quentee,' the small tubers of Cyperus esculentus. This species is
rarely seen in trees; it appears to avoid woods.”
Papio hamadryas has never been observed, as far as I have been able to ascertain,
between the western side of the Suakin range and the Nile. It is present on the
mountains in the neighbourhood of Suakin, as I obtained a young male from
the hills near to Tokar. I am indebted to Mr. Menges, who knows that region well,
for the information that this species follows the Habab Mountains as far as Tokar.
[Heuglin (Reise N.O.-Afr. ii. p. 7) says that this baboon is known by the Arabs of
the Red Sea coast as 'Rohăb,' and in Egypt it is called “Qird.' Among the local
tribes it is variously called “Žindšero' and · Djogura.' I cannot find any published
reference to the Amharic name “Netcho' mentioned below as being on a specimen in
the Stuttgart Museum.-W. E. DE W.]
Stuttgart Museum.
A male juv., No. 1034, from Djidda Thal, collected by Heuglin in 1863, “ called
* Netcho' in Amharic,” is uniform brown throughout and has a tufted tail. It is
quite young, with some of its milk-teeth still in place. There can be no question
about its specific identity with P. hamadryas. There is a young female of this
species in the same Museum, No. 1288, skeleton 1359 ; obtained by Dr. Klunzinger at
Suakin in 1869.
The first of the skulls measured (p. 32) is distinguished from the second by the
character of a shorter preorbital expansion of the muzzle, and in this and in its
general characters it resembles the mummy skull (Plate III. fig. 1), whereas the
second skull, in its elongated muzzle, resembles the skull of Rüppell's specimen
(Plate III. fig. 2) in the Senckenberger Museum at Frankfort. In the skull from
Somaliland the distance between the middle of the lower border of the orbit to the
inside of the anterior end of the nasal is 53 mm., and in the other specimen, from
Bogosland (Heuglin), 61 mm. The anterior breadth of the muzzle in the former,
opposite the anterior end of the nasals, is 38 mm., and in the latter 32. The
stuffed skin of the latter specimen is in the Stuttgart Museum, and is a typical
P. hamadryas. Professor Lampert informs me that the stuffed skin of the first
individual is in St. Petersburg. He saw the specimen, and he states that he is
perfectly certain as to its being P. hamadryas. It was mounted in Stuttgart,
and Herr Katz, who stuffed it, also assures me that there can be no doubt that it is
correctly identified.

32
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT.
Measurements of skulls.
mm,
.
::
.
.
Somaliland. Bogosland
No. 2961, o. (Heuglin), o.
mm.
Extreme length of skull from premaxillary to external occipital
protuberance
288
211
Lower border of foramen magnum to tip of premaxillaries
154
149
Length from front of upper margin of orbital ridge to tip of
prernaxillaries
120
128
Length from front of upper margin of orbital ridge to external
occipital protuberance.
115
114
Minimum frontal diameter
57
57
Greatest zygomatic breadth.
126
123
Breadth across centre of orbital region.
92
90
Vertical height of orbit at middle .
26
22
Transverse breadth of orbit.
32
29
Breadth of base of muzzle immediately before and under orbits 51
50
Greatest breadth of muzzle external to first premolar
51
49
Lower border of foramen magnum to posterior border of palate 49
50
Length of palate
100
100
Breadth of palate between middle of last molar
26
26
first premolars
31
30
Extreme length of lower jaw
150
151
Greatest vertical depth of lower jaw .
68
?
antero-posterior extent of symphysis
48
49
transverse breadth of symphysis (alveolar border to
posterior root of 1st pm.).
34
35
Length of lst upper molar .
11
10-5
2nd
13
13
3rd
13
13.5
1st lower molar
10
10
2nd
12.7
13
3rd
16.5
18
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
در
"
The species of ape held sacred by the ancient Egyptians appears without doubt to
have been the Hamadryas baboon, and the mature male with his complete mantle of
hair is alone represented as worshipped. It is very prominent in Egyptian art as the
attendant or representative of Thoth, the god of letters and scribe of the gods.
It is worthy of notice that the name of that deity differs very little from the word · Tota'
or "Tata,' applied in some parts of Abyssinia, according to Hemprich and Ehrenberg!,
to the baboon Papio hamadryas. Also these travellers quote Ludolf as having indicated,
1 Symb. Phys. dec. i.

Mammals of Egypt.
Pl. III.
1
2
SKULLS OF PAPIO HAMADRYAS. .
1. Mummy.
2. Recent.
OF
Bich


PAPIO HAMADRYAS.
33
1
in his · Histora Æthiopiæ (1681), two Abyssinian species of monkeys, the larger called
• Tota,' the lesser · Hobe.'
The Greek god Hermes I was identified with the Egyptian Thot or Theut as early as
the time of Plato: hence the great seat of the worship of Thoth was at Hermopolis,
and beside the temple was a large cemetery of the sacred apes; and their embalmed
remains extracted from the catacombs have been attributed both by Champollion and
by Ehrenberg to the species hamadryas.
The Hamadryas baboons are also associated with Sun-worship: then they are
almost invariably shown standing with their fore paws raised to greet the rising sun;
thus they are sculptured at Abû Simbel in a row on the cornice of the entrance to the
magnificent Rock-Temple 2 of Rameses II. and dedicated to Ra.
Striking examples of the full-mantled baboons are to be observed in the Salle des
Dieux of the Louvre, Paris, on the sculptured base upon which the obelisk, now in
the Place de la Concorde, originally stood at Luxor. Most probably the obelisk was
separated from its base with the intention of preserving the valuable sculptures on the
latter. The northern and southern faces of that pedestal (1 metre 62 cm. in height)
are each ornamented with four splendid figures in high relief of Cynocephali (1 metre
30 cm. in height 3) represented in the attitude of adoring the rising sun. Between
each figure is sculptured the cartouche of Rameses II. of the XIXth Dynasty. They
are undoubted representatives of the male Hamadryas baboon of Abyssinia. The
material of the base is rose-granite, and was the gift of Mehemet Ali.
Another very interesting illustration is to be found in the temple of Medinet Habu,
in the court of Rameses III. of the XXth Dynasty, in which there occurs a long
frieze, in the centre of which a boat is represented, having in it nine human figures,
the middle one seated and the four on either side facing the central figure; at either
end of the boat is a cartouche of Rameses, followed by a kneeling human figure,
behind which are four well-mantled baboons holding up their forearms.
The Book of the Dead' is replete with representations of these sacred baboons,
either as adoring the Sun God 4, or as representative of Thoth 5 watching the scales
of justice, in which the good and bad actions of the dead are being weighed.
Both mantled and unmantled baboons appear not infrequently on the monuments
in the delineations of Tribute brought to the Pharaohs.
a
1 Class. Dict. (Smith), p. 313.
2 French Exped., Antiq. iv. pls. 50 & 51.
3 [I am indebted to M. Pierret, Conservateur du Musée Egyptien, Paris, for obliging me with the exact
measurements given above.-G. S. A.]
4 Naville, Todtenbuch, vol. i. pl. xxi.
5 Ibid. pl. xlii.
-
F

34
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT.
PAPIO ANUBIS, Fischer. (Plate IV.)
Cynocéphale Anubis,” F. Cuv. Hist. Nat. Mamm. livr. 50, Juin 1825.
Simia anubis, Fischer, Synops. Mamm. 1830, p. 33.
Cynocephalus anubis, F. Cuv. Hist. Nat. Mamm. 2nd ed. 1833, p. 125, pl. 43 (fide Trouessart) ;
id. ibid. Index, circa 1843; Ogilby, Libr. Ent. Knowl., Menageries, 1838, p. 427.
Cynocephalus babouin, Rüpp. Neue Wirb., Säug. 1835, p. 7 (nec babuin, Desmar, nec F. Cuv.).
Cynocephalus olivaceus, Is. Geoff. Cat. Primates, 1851, p. 34.
Cynocephalus doguera, Puch. et Schimp. Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1856, p. 96 ; id. ibid. 1857, p. 250.
Papio neumanni, Matschie, SB. Gesellsch. naturf. Fr. Berlin, 1897, p. 161.
Papio heuglini, Matschie, SB. Gesellsch. naturf. Fr. Berlin, 1898, p. 81.
Head rather flattened above, but little arched; forehead receding. Body compact,
stout; tail not tufted, about two-thirds the length of the body. Ears not sharply
pointed, more or less quadrangular, hinder margin straight ; face long and black, paler
(almost livid greyish) below the eyes, at some distance behind the angle of the mouth,
and below and in front of the ears. Upper eyelids whitish, lower eyelids much less
so; skin of ears black anteriorly, except in front of the tragus, and posteriorly, with
the exception of the lower third which is whitish. Bare area around the callosities, and
the callosities themselves, livid greyish purple. Under surface of the hands and feet
black; throat and rest of the skin whitish. General colour rather rich yellow and
dark brownish black, the two colours being more or less grouped irregularly over the
trunk in small irregular areas, producing an appearance as if the animal were blotched
or washed with yellow and blackish. The two colours are considerably less vivid in
adults than in the young. The yellow is brighter on the hinder parts of the body
and on the outsides of the hind limbs than elsewhere. On the limited area of the
vertex and on the limbs the general aspect is speckled yellow and brownish black,
not blotched with those colours. The under side of the trunk is more or less speckled
.
yellow and blackish brown, the hair being moderately profuse in the male, whereas in
the female the chest and belly are rather sparsely clad. The yellow colour is less
pronounced on the front of the limbs, especially of the fore limbs which are finely
speckled yellow and blackish, uniformly so in many specimens (young and adolescents ?)
to the ends of the digits, whilst in others (adult males ?) the upper surface of the hands
and feet lose the speckling and become nearly uniformly blackish. The tail is speckled
pale yellow and blackish brown, and is consequently somewhat of a greyish-olive colour.
The shoulders in the adult male are clad with long hair, nearly uniform in length,
without the long straggling hairs characteristic of P. cynocephalus, Linn. ; whereas on
the sacral region the hair is much shorter, but in no way comparable to the cropped-
like hair of P. hamadryas. In the adult male the hair on the vertex varies from 61
to 76 mm. in length, on the shoulders from 120 to 137 mm., on the pectoral region from
80 to 95 mm., on the sacral region from 40 to 58 mm., on the outsides of the thighs

Mammals of Egypt.
Pl. IV.
UN
CH
OF
PAPIO ANUBIS. ABYSSINIA.
P. DOGUERA, Pucheran.


PAPIO ANUBIS.
35
from 33 to 58 mm., and on the lower part of the limbs from 19 to 25 mm.1. Entire
face, from between the eyes forwards, more or less covered with fine hairs, those on the
mesial line between the eyes very minute (requiring the aid of a lens to detect them),
depressed downwards in the direction of the muzzle, the majority being nearly pure
white; similar hairs occur on the sides of the face below the eyes, directed backwards
and outwards to behind the eyes, where they merge with the hairs on the side of the
head. Besides these microscopic hairs, which merely produce a softening tone or
bloom on the face, other longer hairs are sparsely scattered over the face, and are
generally of a blackish or brown colour. Whiskers not prominent, directed upwards
and backwards, greyish or pale brown, showing more or less annulation as they
become longer and denser in front of and below the ears which they partially hide.
The pelage consists of two kinds of hairs, those constituting the general mass stiffish
and coarser than the rest, which are fine, wavy, and sparsely distributed. The bases of
the hairs (i.e. the non-annulated portion) are dark vinous-brown, paling, however, in
many parts into greyish as they approach the skin. Hairs generally more or less
annulated, the greatest amount of annulation occurring on the pectoral region ; each
hair has its tip black to a varying extent, succeeded by a yellow band also varying, but
generally rather broad; the latter is followed by a black band of considerable breadth
and intensity, shading off gradually into the vinous-brown portion of the base of the
hair; in many hairs, however, there is a pale area beyond this black band, while in
many others it is succeeded by another yellow band, generally feebly defined; but the
prominent feature is the broad yellow subapical band. On the pectoral region as
many as 6 to 9 bands may be developed. The long black tips to the hairs and the
subapical yellow band are chiefly instrumental in producing the characteristic colouring
of this baboon, as is the case also in its allies. The other bands, except on the pectoral
region, are hidden in the pelage; but the hair on the chest is not so dense as on the
head and back, and the annulations are consequently more apparent.
F. Cuvier published in 1825 2 an account of two baboons. They were about one
foot and a half in length from the end of the muzzle to the hinder end of the body,
and two feet in height at the vertex. In these baboons the muzzle was more elongated
1 In an adult female the hair on the foregoing parts has the following measurements :--vertex 60-75 mm.;
shoulders 73-98; pectoral region 59-75; sacral region 42-50 ; outside of thighs 33-48; lower portion
of limbs 19-23. In a young male the hair on these parts is as follows:-vertex 71-85 mm.; shoulders
74-100; pectoral area 40-73 ; sacral region 39-61 ; outside of thighs 36–69 ; lower portion of limbs 14–20.
2 Hist. Nat. Mamm. livr. 50, Juin 1825. [In this description no Latin name was given. Cuvier, in
fact, was doubtful whether the specimen he figured was not the representative of an older stage of develop-
ment of his Babouin [P. cynocephalus]. The scientific name must therefore be credited to Fischer, who
published it in
proper
form a few years after.
years after. This alteration of authors will not affect the particular
species attributed to P. anubis, F. Cuv., in the pages of this book.-W. E. DE W.]
F2

36
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT.
than that of 'Le Babouin,' and the upper surface of the head was more flattened. The
general colour of the pelage was green, much darker than that of his Babouin, and
approaching that of the young of his Drill, except that the cheeks had pale yellow
hairs, and the inner surface of the limbs was greyish white. All the anterior part of
the face was black. The cheeks and the area around the eyes were of a flesh-colour.
The ears and the feet were black; the bare area of the buttocks was violet-coloured.
This species of baboon F. Cuvier designated “ le Cynocephale Anubis." He gave no
indication whence it came; but as he selected the name of an Egyptian deity as
appropriate to it, we are entitled to conclude that he supposed it to inhabit some
country bordering upon Egypt.
In the valley of the Nile, more especially on the so-called island of Meroë, and in
many other localities, a baboon occurs which corresponds generally with the foregoing
description, but more especially with the figure F. Cuvier gave of the species. This is
direct evidence favouring the supposition that this baboon of the Upper Nile really is
the Anubis of that author; and it should not be lost sight of that at the time F. Cuvier
wrote, and for a number of years previously, many Frenchmen and Europeans of other
nationalities were in the employment of Mehemet Ali, and had taken part in his
expeditions into Upper Nubia and the Sudan, where this black-faced baboon occurs,
so that it is quite probable that one of these Frenchmen may have sent or taken to
Paris living examples of the species, or it may have been only skins.
In 1819, Cailliaud, on his return to the French capital, took with him living examples
of the monkeys found by him in Upper Nubia, and there can be no doubt that the
baboon he saw at Sennaar and elsewhere, and wrongly recorded under the name of
C. sphinx, was this species.
Ogilby 1, writing thirteen years after Cuvier, described Cynocephalus anubis, F. Cuv.,
as a Nubian species of a much more sombre green than C. babuin, with a longer
muzzle and a flatter skull. He described the anterior part of the face as black,
the cheeks and a circle round the eyes as flesh-coloured; the cartilage of the nose
was prolonged rather beyond the extremity of the upper lip; the ears and feet were
black, and the callosities violet-coloured. He could not ascertain where the specimens
he described—a full-grown male and a female in the Surrey Zoological Gardens-
had been procured, but he thought it probable that they had come from Egypt;
and he based this supposition on the circumstance that Dr. Rüppell had brought
specimens of this species from Abyssinia, which he bimself had seen, and he added
there could consequently be no doubt as to the habitat of the C. anubis. Unfortunately,
five years later, he changed his opinion about the habitat of C. anubis, as he con-
founded the baboon he described under the name of C. thoth with Rüppell's Abyssinian
1 Libr. Ent. Knowl., Menageries, 1838, p. 427.
2 Proc. Zool. Soc. 1843, p. 12.

PAPIO ANUBIS.
37
1
baboons, or rather, it may be said, that having forgotten the essential characters of the
latter, he considered them to be the same as the former, an error which has led to
endless confusion. He therefore abandoned the idea that C. anubis was an
Abyssinian and Nubian baboon, and assigned it to Western Africa, ascribing C. thoth
to these two foregoing areas, where, however, it is not found, unless it be in the very
southern extremity of Abyssinia. Zoologists who followed him, misled also by
Rüppell's first erroneous identification of his Abyssinian baboons with C. babuin,
which he stated occurred in Dongola, Sennaar, and Abyssinia, and further recognizing in
the C. thoth, Ogilby, the "Le Babouin,' F. Cuvier, commonly enumerated this latter
species among the animals of the Nile Valley and Abyssinia I, whereas in reality the
species inhabiting these countries was C. anubis, the Papio anubis of this work.
Baboons presenting the somewhat vaguely-defined character of C. anubis indicated
by F. Cuvier are also found in Western Africa, and many individuals have now and
again been mentioned in scientific literature under that name, the term usually applied
to them in museums. Although F. Cuvier's description, in the present state of our
knowledge, may fail in definiteness, yet, on the other hand, it is supplemented by the
figure, which on the whole agrees well with the baboon of the Nile Valley, if due
allowance be made for individual differences and the changes which occur with growth,
Is. Geoffroy St.-Hilaire, in dealing with the baboons of Western Africa, closely allied
to the Nile species in all their leading features, experienced so much difficulty in
attempting to identify them with F. Cuvier's figure and description, that he indicated
them under a new name, applying to this West-African form the term olivaceus; but,
from what he stated in a footnote 2, it was quite evident that he was not convinced of
their really being specifically distinct. Unfortunately after all these years the material
at present available is not sufficient for the settlement of this question. After a
careful inspection of all the specimens of baboons in any way referable to P. anubis,
existing in the Museums of Berlin, Frankfort-on-the-Main, London, Paris, Stuttgart,
and a much more cursory examination of those in the Museum of Leyden, the con-
clusion is pressed home that the species of baboon presenting the general characters
assigned to the Anubis by F. Cuvier is spread across Africa to the south of the region
distinguished by the practical absence of periodical rains, from about 38° or 39° East
longitude to the Atlantic.
In the east, the area of periodical rains practically ceases at 19° N. lat., but to
the west it contracts and expands in its course, depending on the physical characters
of the region embraced within the 19th parallel.
The southern range of baboons conforming to P. anubis is practically unknown,
but they appear to spread from Abyssinia and the Nile Valley as far as the region of
1 Cf. Schlegel, Mém. d'Hist. Nat. des Pays-Bas, vii. 1876, p. 128.
2 Cat. Méth. des Mammif. 1851, p. 34.
a

3S
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT. .
the great Lake Victoria Nyanza. They also extend through the river-system of the Bhar-
el-Ghazal to Dar Fertit, where Schweinfurth obtained specimens. From the Victoria
Nyanza district this species possibly follows the greater part of the river-system of the
Congo, while from Dar Fertit it extends to the Niger. Its form seems to be modified
in given areas of this vast region, but the differences manifested in the scanty material
at present available will probably be somewhat bridged over when zoologists are
placed in full possession of the different phases assumed by the individuals in diverse
geographical areas and at various periods of their existence.
The skull of this baboon has a heavy and deep muzzle, sloping forwards and slightly
downwards to the end of the nasals, beyond which it curves downwards and forwards.
(See Plate V. for side view of type of P. heuglini.) The orbito-maxillary ridge is
well-defined, but the surface between these ridges varies somewhat, depending on the
character of the nasals, as in some specimens these bones form a slightly rounded
longitudinal mesial eminence with a slight concavity external to them on either side, or
a flattened surface. In other skulls the nasals may not be raised, but may be somewhat
concave at their middle antero-posteriorly, with a marked lateral longitudinal depression
on either side of them. These characters are present in both males and females. The
skull from Shilluk has raised nasals with a concavity on either side, while in the baboon
from Abyssinia, collected by Rüppell, these bones are less raised, and the lateral
areas external to them are nearly flat. In the male from the Gash River the nasals
are slightly concave at the middle. The nasals vary in breadth anteriorly and
posteriorly. When they are broad before their suture with the frontal, they give rise
to a broad interorbital septum, as in the baboon from the Shilluk Islands (Plate V.
fig. 1); and when less so, to a narrow septum such as occurs in the skull from
the Gash River (Plate VI. fig. 1); whereas in the skull from Abyssinia the breadth
of the septum is intermediate between that of the two foregoing skulls.
The following are the measurements of this septum in four male skulls authenticated
by their skins:
Length of skull.
Breadth of septum.
mm.
mm.
218
14
.
213
Nile baboon. Stuttgart Museum
Nile baboon. Darmstadt Museum
Abyssinian baboon. Frankfort Museum
Abyssinian baboon. Munich Museum
10
11
228
209
12
It seems evident that no importance can be attached to these variations in the
breadth of this septum in these four skulls ; but at the same time it is an interesting
fact that in the skull of a large male baboon obtained by Schweinfurth from Dar
Fertit, on the watershed of the Nile and the Congo, this septum is broad. This


Mammals of Egypt.
Pl. V.
4
7/7,
3
1
oso
717.
2
SKULL OF PAPIO ANUBIS. SHILLUK ISLAND.
P. HEUGLINI, Matschie (Type).
UNA
UNIL
M
OF
17
(сн


PAPIO ANUBIS.
39
skull in its general features is practically a replica of the Abyssinian skulls, but
the fact that a broad interorbital septum is a feature of the skulls of the baboons of
this group in West Africa serves in a way to link them to those of the Upper White
Nile and of Dar Fertit 1.
The fossa before the malar and on the side of the maxilla is greatly developed, and
also the external mandibular pit below the first and second premolars and first molar.
The depth and length of the palate vary, and its length depends much on the age of
the animal, as when the last molar has travelled forwards to be in front of the base of
the zygomatic process of the malar, the palate is consequently much longer than in
skulls less mature. The lateral temporal ridges in the adult define an elongated
backwardly-pointed V-shaped area, the front of which is marked by the frontal
depression, and at this period of growth the ridges unite at the hinder extremity
of the frontal. Young males, as regards the general features of the skull, resemble
the adult female. In the case of the female the temporal ridges are always widely
apart anteriorly and posteriorly, and rarely unite, even on the occipital. The maxillary
and mandibular pits are well marked in the females.
Matschie was under the impression that the baboon from the Shilluk Islands
(P. heuglini), the skull of which he stated strongly resembled in its structure the skull
of P. doguera, differed from the latter in the shape of its last lower molar. In
the Shilluk baboons he held that the terminal cusp does not lie in the line of the inner
cusps, but between the inner and outer cusps of the tooth; but from the figures here
given (Plates V., VI., VII.) there does not appear to be any difference in the position
or essential characters of this cusp in the skulls of baboons from Abyssinia, the Gash
River, and Shilluk.
A leading feature of the skull of P. anubis as compared with the skull of
P. cynocephalus is the great prominence and upward and forward projection of its
superciliary ridges, so that the frontal surface is more depressed and more concave.
1 In photographing skulls of baboons it is of the utmost importance that they be placed perfectly vertically,
or at least that a uniform method of representing them be adopted. When a skull is vertically placed, the
suture formed by the frontal and the malar at the external angle of the orbit should be projected back-
wards by the tilting of the muzzle, so as almost to cover the anterior end of the parietal bone in the temporal
fossa, and thus reduce what is visible of the broad outlines of the fossa to a small oval space lying between
the zygomatic and orbital branches of the malar. When the tip of the muzzle is depressed backwards the
proportions of these parts appear quite altered, and an erroneous impression is given of the character of a
skull in a series, if the others have been photographed out of the vertical.

40
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT. .
Skulls and dentition of P. anubis.
Skulls accompanied by skins.
Skull
without
skin,
bai
otni
9.
mm.
mm.
mm.
211
140
113
59
125
95
26
30
66
49
53
39
•
o.
오​.
오​.
4.
1.
3.
4.
5.
6.
8.
mm.
mm. mm. mm. mm.
mm.
Extreme length of skull (tip of premaxillaries
to external occipital protuberance)
228 218 213 209 177 174 170 170
Anterior border of foramen magnum to tip of
premaxillaries.
165 162 148 147 126 122 115 118
Tip of premaxillaries to mesial point of super-
ciliary ridge
150 138 150 146 109 109 108 109
Mesial point of superciliary ridge to external
occipital protuberance
115 113 110 110 106 106 104 10+
Minimum frontal diameter
56 58 55 60 56 53 56 53
Maximum interzygomatic breadth
128 127 126 126 105 99 101 103
Maximum intermalar breadth across middle
of orbit
96 101 100 90 81 76 75 75
Vertical height of orbit
27 25 26 27 28 25 23 26
Breadth of orbit...
32 32 30 30 29 37 28 28
Distance from middle of lower border of orbit
to end of nasals ...
69 66 65
62 44 44
46
Breadth of muzzle immediately before and
below orbit ...
57 54 53 50 39 39 42 41
Breadth of muzzle external to first premolar .. 5+ 53 52 54 43 40
41 41
Breadth of muzzle opposite to end of nasals 48 41 39 43 29 31 41 29
Anterior border of foramen magnum to posterior
border of palate
51 58 51 52 45 49 43 44
Length of palate
112 106 100 99 84 75 77 79
Breadth of palate between middle of last molars 32
32 29 30 26 24 26 25
Breadth of palate between middle of first pre-
molars ...
36 33 33 33 26 24 25 26
Extreme length of lower jaw
166 160 159 158 128 122 120 119
Vertical depth through coronoid process.
process. ..... 69 75 69 58 65
63 62
62
Alveolar border of lower jaw to posterior (digas-
tric) border of symphysis ..
.. 51 52 52 49
39 32 34 36
Breadth of lower jaw at posterior root of 1st
premolar
38 39 39 38 35 31
30
Length of 1st
upper
molar
12 12 12
11.3 10.5
12
11 11
2nd
14 13.2 14.5 13.2 13 13:3 13.2 12.5
3rd
14 13.5 14.7 14
13 13.6 13 12.5
1st lower
11.5 11.5 11 11 10 11 11.6 11
2nd
14 13.2 14.5 13 13:1 13.2 13:5 12.5
3rd
16 17 17.5 16 16 16 17.3 ?
1. ó. Abyssinia. Frankfort Mus., Rüppell, No. 4, labelled C. anubis.
2. ģ. Shilluk Islands, White Nile. Stuttgart Mus. Type of P. heuglini, Matschie. Plate V.
3. o. Gash River, near Kassala (Menges). Darmstadt Mus., 3rd Aug., 1899. Plate VI.
4. õ. Abyssinia (Schimper). Munich Mus. Marked on occiput No. 48. Plate VII.
5. f. Gash River, near Kassala (Menges). Darmstadt Mus., 27th Sept., 1899.
6. 4.
14th Aug., 1899.
7. 7. Kavirondo. Berlin Museum (O. Neumann) 7.
103
29
32
158
64
46
30
>
39
11
13
13.5
11
12.5
155
99
92
29
1
92
1
8. 4. Abyssinia. Frankfort Mus., Rüppell, No. 5, labelled C. anubis.
9. ģ. Muanza, E. of Lake Victoria Nyanza. Berlin Museum. Originally considered to belong to the same
species as the type skin of P. langheldi.
1 The Kavirondo female skull has considerably larger teeth than the female Abyssinian skull, and has a much
more pronounced maxillary pit. The basi-occipital suture is completely obliterated.


Mammals of Egypt.
PI. VI.
1
3
4
2
。
UNIL
SKULL OF PAPIO ANUBIS. GASH RIVER.
OF
Ted
UNIL
OF
MICH


PAPIO ANUBIS.
41
9
Paris Museum.
Type of Cynocephalus doguera, Schimper, Cat. No. 317 A; Pucheran & Schimper, Rev. et Mag.
Zool. sér. 2, viii. 1856, p. 96; Pucheran, ibid. ix. 1857, p. 250.
In the Paris Museum there is a fine example of P. doguera, adult male, bearing the
following label :—“ Cynocephalus doguera (Puch.). Type, M. Schimper, Abyssinie.”
On the under surface of the stand the following occurs :-“ Cynocephalus doguera
(Pucheran) Abyssinie,” also “ d’Abyssinie acquis au Musée de Strasburg, en 1893 1
(1853 ?). Cat. No. 439.” Skull in specimen.
There is a second specimen, a female, bearing the following label :-“ Cynocephalus
doguera (Puch.). Type M. Schimper, Abyssinie”; on the under surface of the stand,
in ink, “ (J. T.) M. Schimper No. rouge 438.” This specimen was also obtained
from the Strasburg Museum.
These specimens have the following measurements :—Snout to vent, o 950 mm.,
$ 670; vent to tip of tail (without terminal hairs), ở 560, 4 470; height at shoulder,
ở 570, Ø 400.
In the male the hairs on the shoulder are about 140 mm. long, on the hind-quarters
40 to 50, in front of the chest 10 to 100, above the elbow 80 to 90, on the back of
the thighs 50 to 60, above the wrist 30 to 40, above the ankles from 50 to 60, at the
tip of tail 70 to 80. This specimen has not the bright colour of that in Munich
Museum, but it does not differ, so far as I can make out, from the specimen in the
Stuttgart Museum from the Shilluk Islands.
The lower half of the fore limbs tends to become black, with an intermixture of
yellow, but on the hands the colour is almost wholly black. The upper surfaces of
the hind feet are less black and the lower half of the tibial portion is concolorous with
the upper part. The portion of the fore limb externally between the elbow and the
dark area below it, and the outside of the thighs, have a greyish tinge. In this baboon
the greatest degree of yellow is on the head; the greatest amount of black is developed
on the front of the shoulders and chest and on the inner side of the fore limbs; the
hairs immediately behind the mouth are greyish, but further back they are brownish.
The female is decidedly more yellowish than the male, more especially on the limbs.
[Dr. Anderson came to regard this date as a clerical error, this conclusion being the result of his
correspondence on the subject with Professor L. Döderlein, Conservator and Director of the Strasburg
Museum since 1882, and with the late Professor A. Milne-Edwards, who made careful research into the
matter. The latter replied that “in 1853 (not 1893) the Museum of Paris had acquired from the Museum
of Strasburg, through the intermediary of Schimper (a cousin of the Governor of Tigré of the same name),
then Conservator of the Natural History Cabinet of Strasburg, two examples of Cynocephalus doguera : a male
fully adult, which was immediately placed in the Galleries, and a female of which the skin had remained
put away in the Magasins.' Pucheran, when he described the 'Doguera,' had neglected to search the
drawers of these · Magasins'; and so it happened that, much later, this skin was prepared and placed beside
the male in the Gallery. The male specimen is certainly the type described by Pucheran.”—G. S. A.]
-
G

42
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT.
The fore feet are not so black as in the male, and the hind feet, instead of being black,
are brownish. The hairs on the lower part of the hind limbs are relatively much longer
than in the male. The hairs behind the maxillary pit are yellowish grey.
99
9
Hair measurements (breadth of annulations in mm.).
Apical
black Yellow
Base of
tip. band.
hair.
Type of P. doguera, P. & S., Paris Mus., male
25 15 a dark band below the yellow. 107
24 12
98
P. doguera, P. & S., Munich Mus.
30 10
130
Stuttgart Mus. Type of P. heuglini,
Matschie ..
25 15
80
Frankfort Mus., female
17 13
70
Papio (? neumanni), Brit. Mus. (Lord Delamere), male .. 21 11
113
Lake Elmetaita (Jackson), Brit. Mus.,
male
16 11
125
13 11
P. doguera, Kavirondo (O. Neumann), Berlin Mus.
22 144 A black band passing into 69
9
P, neumanni, Matschie, Berlin Mus.
the brown of the base.
98
12
91
..
99
[ 92
{
{16
64
({
101
79
P. sphinx (= C. choras, Ogilb.), Frankfort Mus., 9 9 5 8 6 8 6 10 6 9 7 7
Senegambia, Zool. Gdns.
8 5 6 5 7 7 95
13 7 12 8 9 7 11
female, Brit. Mus., 51.7.9.11
17 4 11 5 126
male, Brit. Mus., 44.11.8.9, Warwick ; 14 6 5 6 4 5 4 5
4
no further history
5 6 6 9 7 6 10 95
93
81
57
28
, ( %
9
Stuttgart Museum.
Papio heuglini, Matschie. Adult male. Type. No. 717. Stuffed specimen and skull.
mm.
875
Snout to vent .
Length of tail, along curve.
Height at shoulder
470
610
A large powerful baboon, mottled yellowish and brownish black, the two colours
giving rise to a yellowish-olivaceous hue, the dark colour of the base of the hairs
having a somewhat purplish tinge. The dark mottling is due in part to the exposure
of the dark colour of the base of the hairs, but chiefly to the aggregation of black
tips of the hairs in masses. The black apical portion averages about 20 to 25 mm.
in length and the yellow band about 20 mm. On the vertex the hair is about 96 mm.
long, on the shoulders 100 to 120, on the loins 50 to 60, and on the thighs 40 to 50.
Although the hair is longest on the shoulders and the back anterior to the loins, there

PAPIO ANUBIS.
43
a
is no well-defined mantle as in P. hamadryas, the hair on the hind-quarters never having
the shorn character of that species. The hair on the inner side of the thighs is greyish,
but on the under surface of the body in the adult male it is banded in the same way as
the upper surface; on the thighs the basal dark colour becomes very pale and the
black mottling is due to the terminal black tips. The face in the stuffed type is black
and is practically nude on its upper surface, although a very few small hairs may be
detected here and there, but on the sides of the muzzle they are somewhat more
plentiful. On the front of the muzzle below the nostrils, along the lips, and on the
chin there are bristly black hairs. On the area of the ascending ramus of the lower
jaw, below the zygoma, the short backwardly-directed hairs are nearly white. The
hands and feet are black, and the black extends up the limbs for a short way. The
two terminal phalanges of the fingers are nude, with the exception of a few straggling
long hairs on the upper surface, but the upper surfaces of the toes are thickly clad
with long hairs. The tail is concolorous with the body, but the hairs on the sides of
its base are longish, 50 to 60 mm.; the remainder are short, except those at the tip,
which measure about 70 mm. long, so that it is slightly tufted. The nates are nearly
black in the stuffed specimen ; the hair below them is rather long and dense. The
muzzle of the male in the stuffed specimen is rather long, and the ridge from the orbit
to the premaxillaries is well marked. The ears are moderately pointed, nude or semi-
nude externally and internally, but on the latter surface the inner margin of the conch
is clad, but not densely, with moderately long annulated hairs. An immature female,
No. 718, from the same locality as the male has all its essential features, but the hair
on the inner side of the hind legs is greyish, and the hair on the upper surface of the
hind feet instead of being black is annulated with greyish.
The leading features of the skull of the male are its broad interorbital septum, the
breadth of the muzzle at the base below the orbits and anteriorly at its termination, the
prominent character of the maxillary ridge, and the extent to which the nasal bones rise
as a central rounded ridge with a slight concavity on each side of them. The palate is
broad, and the palatal bones in their mesial extent from the spine forwards equal nearly
one-third of the length of the entire palate. The interval between the palatal foramen
and the hinder curved border of the palate equals one-fifth of the length of the entire
palate measured from the anterior osseous border of the posterior nares.
In this skull the premaxillaries form only a very short suture with the nasal, but in
the female the suture is considerably broader.
The skull of the female is unfortunately much injured in its calvarium. Its
third upper and lower molars are not yet visible, so that the specimen is that of a
very young animal. But the bone covering the last molar of the right side of the
lower jaw has been broken off, thus partially exposing the tooth, which is seen to
have a well-defined third inner cusp, as in the adult female of P. doguera, but it
G 2

41
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT.
seems to be longer. The two upper molars that are present are very large, the
first measuring 12.5 mm. and the second 15:6; in the lower jaw the same great size
prevails, thus the first molar is 12 mm. and the second 14.5. In the adult female
P. doguera from Abyssinia, collected by Rüppell, the following are the measurements
of these teeth: the first molar is 11 mm. and the second 12:5 in both upper and
lower jaws. The much larger size of the teeth of the female P. heuglini as compared
with the corresponding teeth of the female P. doguera supports the supposition
of these two forms being possibly racially distinct.
The Cynocephalus anubis, No. 719, male juv., Sennaar, Heuglin, 1855, is unquestion-
ably a young example of the species found in the Shilluk Islands. The skull is that
of a young animal with its milk-dentition. Even at this age the colour of the fur is
exactly like that of the adult, but rather richer yellow. The specimen from snout to
vent measures 440 mm., tail 400, height at shoulder 320.
2
Munich Museum.
Adult male of Papio doguera, Pucheran and Schimper.
Schimper, Abyssinia," appears on the under side of the stand, in Matschie's hand-
writing. In pencil “ No. 48” is written, and the same number occurs on the skull.
This specimen, as it now appears, has shorter legs than the male in Stuttgart from
the Shilluk Islands, but reliance cannot be placed on this character in a stuffed
specimen. The colour is rather rich yellow and black, due to the yellow subterminal
band and the black tips to the hairs; these colours falling together, the yellow by
itself and the black by itself, gives rise to small irregularly distributed patches of
yellow and black. This arrangement is the same as in the Shilluk baboon, but the
yellow of the Abyssinian baboons is brighter ; indeed, the yellow hue generally over
the body of the Abyssinian baboons of this species is more vivid than in specimens
from the Valley of the Nile.
The fur is dark blackish brown below and on the shoulder, where the longest hair
attains to 170 mm. in length ; the dark basal portion is 130 mm., being succeeded by a
yellow band about 10 mm. in length or somewhat more, and terminating in a black tip
about 30 mm. long. On the rump and outsides of the thighs the hair averages from 30
to 40 mm. long, and on the vertex between 50 and 60 mm. On the front of the
shoulder it is from 70 to 90 mm., and on the front of the fore leg 30 to 40 mm. On
the front of the hind leg it is 50 to 60 mm. long. The hairs on the tail generally are
about 23 mm. long, on the base, however, they vary from 50 to 60 mm. in length;
also equally long hairs occur near the tip, tending to form a pencil.
The side of the muzzle is very sparsely covered with straggling pale hairs, but
behind the malar region it is well clad with shortish yellow-grey hairs, those behind
a

Mammals of Egypt.
Pl. VII
48
3
zu den
ausgestas
Pavia
erziehsochy
Babirin:
2
3
1.Hulu
OF
UNIL
SKULL OF PAPIO ANUBIS. ABYSSINIA.
P. DOGUERA, Pucheran (Munich Museum)


PAPIO ANUBIS.
45
a
passing into brownish, but all the rest of the side of the head is covered with more
or less yellowish and black annulated hairs. All the hairs of the chest and belly and
inner sides of the limbs are annulated yellow and black, the black tips being well
developed on the abdominal hairs. The bases of the hairs immediately behind the
ears are greyish, instead of being dark blackish brown. The face and the nates are
blackish, and the hairs below the latter are rather long and dense. The upper surfaces
of the hands, and to a less degree of the hind feet, from a short way above the wrist and
ankle, are blackish.
[This is not the type of the species, which I have since seen in Paris, see above, p. 41.]
p
This adult male measures :—Snout to vent 790 mm.; vent to tip of tail 480; height
at shoulder 510.
Muséum des Pays-Bas.
Papio doguera.
The specimens referred by Schlegel to this species are distinguished by the characters
indicated by himself and resemble essentially the type of P. doguera, the form to which
they are unquestionably referable.
Clot Bey's specimen, which is young, is rather brilliantly yellow.
a
Senckenberger Museum, Frankfort.
In this Museum there are an adult male and female of P. doguera, Pucheran and
Schimper, collected in Abyssinia by Dr. Rüppell in 1834.
The collector's label on the under surface of the stand gives Cynocephalus anubis.
The general colour of the female is a richer yellow than that of the more immature
female in the Stuttgart Museum, and in this respect it resembles the male. This female
is 695 mm. from snout to vent; the tail is 452 mm., and the height at the shoulder
510 mm.
The hair on the shoulder is distinctly longer than that on the hind-
quarters. The hands and feet are more or less concolorous with the rest of the limbs,
but the black tips to the hairs are so pronounced as to confer, especially on the hands,
a blackish appearance, but to no great degree.
For comparative measurements of the skulls of these two specimens, see p. 40,
nos. 1 & 8.
The skull of the type of P. heuglini measures in extreme length 218 mm. and the
Munich example of P. doguera 209 mm., whereas Rüppell's Abyssinian male has a
skull 228 mm. long. In the former, the length from the anterior border of the
foramen magnum to the tip of the premaxillaries is 162 mm., and in the latter 147 mm.
In P. heuglini and P. doguera the zygomatic breadth of the skulls is practically the
same, the former being only 2 mm. broader than the latter. The facial portion of the
skull between the eyes and the end of the nasals is seemingly variable. In the type of

46
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT.
P. heuglini the muzzle immediately before and under the orbits is broader than in a
specimen of P. doguera preserved in the Munich Museum, but only by a few milli-
metres. However, in the male skull from Abyssinia in the Frankfort Museum,
collected by Rüppell (which, from its general characters, may unquestionably be
referred to P. doguera, a fact that is substantiated by its skin), the base of this part of
the muzzle is considerably broader than in the Munich skull of P. doguera and broader
than in the type of P. heuglini, so that this portion of the skull in P. doguera is
evidently subject to considerable variation. In the type of P. heuglini the length of
the flattened portion of the face before the orbits (i. e. from the inferior border of the
orbits to the end of the nasals) measures 66 mm., and in P. doguera 62 mm., whereas
in Rüppell's specimen referable to the latter species it is 69 mm. in length.
In the Munich skull the posterior palatine foramina are separated from the posterior
border of the palate by a much narrower interval than in P. heuglini, in which a wide
interval exists between these points. But in the skull of the baboon in the Frankfort
Museum from Abyssinia collected by Rüppell, the breadth of this interspace nearly equals
that of P. heuglini. In the Munich skull the interval is only 16 mm., in P. heuglini
and in the Frankfort skull 19.6 mm. It is thus evident that no importance can
be attached to this character. In the three foregoing specimens the upper line of the
premolars and molars is, in all, 54 mm. in length ; and the lower line, consisting of the
2nd premolar and molars, is as follows :—P. doguera (Munich) 49 mm., P. heuglini
51 mm., and in the Frankfort skull 51 mm. In P. doguera the third lower molar is
16 mm. long, in P. heuglini 17 mm., and in the Frankfort specimen of P. doguera
20 mm.,
16 mm.
In P. doguera the third inner cusp of the third lower molar is well-developed,
as also in P. heuglini and in Rüppell's specimen, so that this tooth, which usually
yields some recognizable character when a species is well marked, is alike in all these
skulls. They show, however, that even in them this cusp is variable, as on the left
side of P. heuglini it is broken up into two sections, while on the left side of Rüppell's
P. doguera it is distinctly smaller than on the right side.
Berlin Museum.
Papio neumanni, Matschie. Type , Donyo Ngai, Natron Sea, Central Africa. 0. Neumann.
This specimen has externally the features of P. doguera, but it is much more
brilliant yellowish brown, almost golden, especially on the hinder quarters and on the
hind limbs. The basal part of the fur is reddish brown, the subapical band rather
rich yellow, and the apex black. The sides of the face are sparsely covered with short
greyish or greyish-yellow hairs, which, as they become longer externally to and below
the eyes, have a distinct yellow sheen; on the sides of the head and below and anterior
to the ears the hairs throughout are more or less yellowish grey, without any of the

Mammals of Egypt.
Pl. VIII.
వెండి
UNI
OF
SKULL OF PAPIO ANUBIS subsp. NEUMANNI.
P. NEUMANNI, Matschie (Type).


PAPIO ANUBIS.
47
dark reddish-brown tint of the hairs of the trunk, and the annulation is so obscure as
to be hardly traceable. Behind the ears they are distinctly paler than elsewhere,
being pale yellowish white. The hair on the shoulder varies from 100 to 120 mm.
in length, on the vertex from 40 to 50, and over the hind-quarters 60 to 70 mm.
On the front of the shoulders the hair is 60 to 70 mm., on the middle of the radial
portion of the arm not more than 20 mm., while on the middle of the tibial portion of
the leg the average length is about 40 mm.; but some hairs are as long as 60 mm.,
and on the outside of the thighs somewhat longer. The hairs at the apex of the tail
measure 45 mm. On the humeral portion of the fore limbs the pale annuli are almost
greyish yellow compared with the brilliant yellow of the hinder quarters, and on the
outside of the radial portion of the arm the yellow annuli are nearly absent, this part
Measurements of the skull of the type of P. neumanni, Matsch. (Plate VIII.)
mm.
185
127
120
104
54
111
.
81
ور
27
28
53
42
43
.
38
Extreme length of skull (tip of premaxillaries to external occipital pro-
tuberance)
Anterior border of foramen magnum to tip of premaxillaries
:
Tip of premaxillaries to mesial point of superciliary ridge
Mesial point in superciliary ridge to external occipital protuberance
Minimum frontal diameter
Maximum interzygomatic breadth .
intermalar breadth across middle of orbit.
Vertical height of orbit
Breadth of orbit. .
Distance from middle of lower border of orbit to end of nasals
Breadth of muzzle immediately before and below orbit .
external to first premolar
opposite to end of nasals
Anterior border of foramen magnum to posterior border of palate
Length of palate
Breadth of palate between middle of last molars
1st premolars.
Extreme length of lower jaw
Vertical depth through coronoid process.
Alveolar border of lower jaw to posterior (digastric) border of symphysis.
Breadth of lower jaw at posterior root of 1st premolar .
Length of lst upper
43
.
86
.
25
28
136
68
44
molar
2nd
3rd
1st lower
2nd
3rd
32
11
12.6
زر
9
13
11
99
ور
12.5
16
"
"

48
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT. .
a
of the limb being rich dark brown, but a short way above the wrist the yellow annuli
again appear mixed with the dark brown. The hind limb generally in its lower portion
is almost uniform yellow, owing to the absence of the black tips, but the dorsum of the
hind foot is dark reddish brown speckled with yellow. The first half of the tail is
concolorous with the back, but the remainder is rich yellowish, concolorous with the
lower parts of the hind limbs. The under parts are annulated like the upper, whilst
the inner surfaces of the limbs conform to the general colouring of the under surface.
This male skin measures :
mm.
600
.
Snout to vent, along curve of neck
Vent to tip of tail
380
a
There is a skull from Muanza, on the southern shore of Victoria Nyanza, which
belongs to the P. anubis group, but which Mr. Matschie at first thought was the adult
male of the species from Unguru, named by him C. langheldi from the skin of a female
which is preserved in the Hamburg Museum along with its skull. The latter specimen
was afterwards referred correctly to the East Coast baboon, P. cynocephalus of this work,
while for the Muanza baboon he proposed to retain the term P. langheldi; but as that
name was undoubtedly bestowed on the animal from Unguru, it must relapse into a
synonym of P. cynocephalus.
The measurements of this Muanza skull (Berlin Mus. 8386) I have given on p. 40,
no. 9. Unfortunately the basioccipital and greater part of the basisphenoid have been
destroyed. While all the teeth are through, the condition of the premaxillary and
some of the other sutures indicates that only a slight capacity for growth still existed.
Besides this skull, I examined three other adult male skulls from Muanza, exactly
similar, but unfortunately not one of them is accompanied by a skin. They rary
remarkably in orbital breadth and in the breadth of the muzzle. Thus in 8386 the
transorbital breadth is 91 mm., and in 8387, 80 mm.
and in 8387, 80 mm. At the base of the muzzle of
8386 the breadth is 51 mm., and in 8387, 39 mm. The breadth across the muzzle
opposite to the end of the nasals in the former is 43 and in the latter 40 mm.
A skull from Samui collected by Werther is that of an immature male ; the third
molars are not through the jaw, and the canines only partially so. Its forehead, more-
over, has the broad character of youth. The extreme length of this skull is 120 mm.
It is distinguished from the foregoing adult skull by its larger teeth. Thus the second
lower molar of skull 8386 measures 12.5 mm., whereas the corresponding tooth of
this skull is 14.2 mm. The upper incisors are wanting in 8386, but the incisors are
present in the lower jaws of the two skulls. In the former à mesial incisor is 7 mm.
broad and in the latter 9 mm. The upper incisors of this young skull are as large as
the incisors of the baboon from Dar Fertit collected by Schweinfurth.

PAPIO ANUBIS.
49
In the skin of the Samui baboon the hair is annulated above and below with yellow
and black, but the yellow is not brilliant. The yellow and black are equally distri-
buted. The sides of the face are sparsely covered with yellowish-grey hairs. A narrow
line of deep black hairs runs down the interorbital space. The hairs behind the ears
are rather long and not annulated, but greyish brown with a yellowish tinge towards
the tips. Similar hairs occur behind the ears of P. neumanni, and the skull referable
to that skin also proves the animal to have been not adult. A few black hairs occur
along the lips and on the chin ; the hairs on the throat and upper neck are greyish
with yellowish tips. The fore limbs are moderately finely annulated yellowish and
black in about equal proportions, but on the hind limbs the yellowish prevails and the
black annuli are obscure except in the proximal portion of the limbs and on the upper
surface of the feet, which are concolorous with the hands. The base of the tail is
concolorous with the back, but it becomes more yellowish further down towards the
tip, which has longish hairs but no tuft.
The bases of the hairs are greyish brown, with a yellow annulus about 12 mm. broad
situated at 80 mm. above the base; the black tip of the hair is 15 to 20 mm. in
length. On the shoulder the hairs are 100 to 110 mm. in length; on the rump they
are little more than half that length. On the fore limbs they are not more than 30
to 40 mm. long, while on the tibial portion of the hind limbs they are as much as
50 to 60 mm.
I consider the differences exhibited in these skulls attributable to age, and I have
no hesitation in identifying the Samui skull with the other skulls from Muanza,
so that the skin of this animal may be taken as illustrating the appearance of these
baboons in life. When the foregoing skin is placed alongside the stuffed specimen of
the type of P. heuglini, the two baboons are seen to be inseparable externally.
In the base of the more mature of these two skulls are found all the characters of
that of the skull of P. doguera, and in the younger skull all the features of the skull of
the type of P. heuglini. The maxillary pit in both, but especially in the adult, is very
pronouncedly marked, much more so than in any other baboon skull which has come
under my observation, as below the canine ridge of the maxilla the wall of the maxilla
is not vertical, but is directed downwards and inwards.
These skulls seemingly represent a local race of P. anubis.
There is also a large skull of a baboon from Dar Fertit, collected by Schweinfurth,
which, from the size of its teeth and the character of its last lower molar (which is
not yet above the level of the alveolar portion of the jaw), seems to be closely allied to
the large West-African baboon properly referable to P. olivaceus, Is. Geoff.
H

50
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT.
British Museum.
Papio anubis, , Lake Elmetaita, Brit. E. Africa, 1899. Stuffed. Presented by F. J. Jackson, C.B.
Skull No. 99.6.10.2.
Snout to vent
Vent to tip of tail
Height at shoulder .
mm.
720
470 (hair at end of tail 75 mm.).
565
.
The general surface is washed blackish brown and yellowish, conferring on it a some-
what finely mottled appearance when viewed at a distance. The hairs behind the chin
and in front of the whiskers are greyish yellow, showing little or no annulation, but
the whiskers themselves, as in all the foregoing specimens, are annulated like the
body. Behind the ears, the base of the hairs is greyish brown, while on other parts of
the body this portion of the hair is blackish brown. The ears are decidedly pointed;
along the inside of the greater part of the upper half of the posterior border there
is a line of long straight hairs directed backwards, having dark tips with a greyish
sheen at their bases. This line of hairs is present in all these baboons. The hands
and the area some way above the wrists are black, but the feet are speckled black and
yellow. The tail is concolorous with the body, but with a rusty tint at the tip.
The hairs on the occiput are 105 mm. long, on the shoulder 130 mm., and on the
lumbar region about 70 mm. The under parts are annulated like the back. The face
has the usual short hairs, with bristly hairs on the lips, and long bristles on the side of
the snout. The' hairs around the bare buttocks are rusty yellow.
Judging from the length of the facial portion of the skull, the muzzle has been
considerably shortened in the stuffed animal.
The Elmetaita skull has the basioccipital suture intact. The upper canines,
although they measure 38 mm. long, have not yet been fully grasped by the alveolar
border. All the other teeth are perfectly through and the incisors are considerably
worn, more especially the upper ones. The posterior border of the last upper
molar cuts the base of the anterior root of the zygomatic arch, and is slightly
posterior to the hinder border of the maxillo-palatine foramen; there is a triangular
expansion, 11 mm. long, behind it. The tympanic is not so overarched by the periotic
as in the Fio Hill skull. The superciliary ridges are thrown upwards, but not to the
same extent as in the specimen next described, a feature evidently due to its more
youthful character, and the frontal ridges, owing to the same cause, are much more
widely apart, and no ridge has yet been formed in the parietals. There is also greater
breadth across the maxillary-malar suture than in the Fio Hill skull, owing to the
greater expansion of the portion of the maxilla opposed to the malar. There is no
sulcus from the orbit, the area anterior to which slopes downwards and forwards, and

PAPIO ANUBIS.
51
Measurements of skulls.
Lake Elmetaita. Fio Hill.
No. 99.6.10.2. No. 99.7.8.1.
mm.
mm.
190
133
125
200
145
.
128
110
109
55
117
.
55
118
»
87
84
24
27
28
55
28
59
47
51
2)
50
49
زر
.
40
39
Extreme length of skull (tip of premaxillaries to external occipital
protuberance)
Anterior border of foramen magnum to tip of premaxillaries.
Tip of premaxillaries to mesial point of superciliary ridge.
Mesial point in superciliary ridge to external occipital pro-
tuberance
Minimum frontal diameter.
Maximum interzygomatic breadth
intermalar breadth across middle of orbit
Vertical height of orbit
Breadth of orbit
Distance from middle of lower border of orbit to end of nasals
Breadth of muzzle immediately before and below orbit.
external to first premolar
opposite to end of nasals
Anterior border of foramen magnum to posterior border of
palate
Length of palate
Breadth of palate between middle of last molars .
1st premolars
Extreme length of lower jaw
Vertical depth through coronoid process
Alveolar border of lower jaw to posterior (digastric) border of
symphysis.
Breadth of lower jaw at posterior root of 1st premolar .
Length of lst upper molar.
2nd
3rd
1st lower
2nd
3rd
.
46
50
91
94
30
29
33
136
29.5
140
64
65
47
.
49
33
33
10.2
9.5
13
زر
13
10:2
12.5
13
12
9.6
11.6
>
15
13
is flat or only slightly concave from side to side, but on the middle of the upper
surface of the muzzle there is a short depression on each side of the nasals. The
ridges of the maxillæ from the maxillary-malar suture are more rounded and swollen,
but parallel to each other even beyond the nasals, and the sides of the maxillæ below
them have practically the same character that distinguishes them in the other skull.
The lateral postsymphysial pit is only indicated by a shallow concavity, scarcely
a
H2

52
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT.
forming a pit. The last lower molar possesses a well-developed terminal cusp in
line with the two outer cusps, and it is connected with the second inner cusp by a
short folded ridge. The mesial length of the last lower molar of the Fio Hill skull
is 13 mm., while that of the Elmetaita skull is 15 mm.
The most marked difference between these two skulls lies in the form of the muzzle
and in the greater length of the muzzle of the skull 99.7.8.1.
.
Papio anubis, o, Fio Hill, East of Lake Rudolf.
Lord Delamere.
Reg. No. 99.7.8.1. Stuffed. Presented by
Approximate measurements:-
Snout to vent
Vent to tip of tail .
Height at shoulder
mm.
760
490 (hair at end of tail 90 mm.).
560
.
This specimen, with uniformly annulated hair above and below, is somewhat
different in its coloration from the specimen from Elmetaita, and, moreover, it has a
considerably longer muzzle. The hair on the occiput is 120 mm. long, on the shoulder
132 mm., and on the lumbar region 70 mm. The difference in coloration is so slight,
however, that it is impossible to define it accurately in words, except that the hairs
below the bare buttocks have a distinct greyish tint at their bases, and the thighs also
posteriorly are not so rufous as in Mr. Jackson's specimen, which will probably prove
to be referable to P. neumanni, a form not to be regarded as more than a local
race of P. anubis. The hands, and also the feet, have much less black on them than
have those of the Elmetaita individual. The hairs behind the ears are greyish at the
base, and the basal portion of the fur generally is not quite so dark. The hairs
margining the whiskers are much the same as in Mr. Jackson's specimen.
The skull, besides having the facial portion longer, has the lateral ridges much more
distinctly marked, and between them and the much arched nasals there is a wide
concavity from the orbit to the premaxillaries. In the Elmetaita baboon no concavity
occurs before the orbital margin, which slopes gradually downwards to the middle of
the nasal, on each side of which there is a decided concavity, but of no great extent.
There is thus in this latter skull nothing corresponding to the strong nasal ridge and
longitudinal concavities of Lord Delamere's specimen. Besides this, in the Fio Hill
skull there is a much greater interval between the end of the nasals and the tip of the
premaxillaries than exists in the Elmetaita skull, in which those bones are much arched
anterior to the nasals, and in the former the muzzle anteriorly is broader than that of
the latter. The superciliary ridge is more developed and more upwardly directed than
in the Elmetaita skull, but this is probably due to its somewhat greater age.
The teeth of this male taken as a whole are smaller than in the Elmetaita baboon.
a

PAPIO ANUBIS.
53
The last lower molar of the Fio Hill specimen has only a feebly developed last talon,
whereas the talon on the same tooth in the Elmetaita baboon is strongly developed
and the whole tooth 2 mm. longer.
The skull is fully adult, but the position of the basioccipital suture is still marked.
The canines are much worn, especially the upper ones, which have been much cut
away on their interno-posterior surfaces by the action of the first lower premolars.
The cusps of the molars are also considerably worn away and also the incisors. The
last upper molar has its posterior border on a line with the palato-maxillary suture,
and in a line with the middle of the anterior root of the zygoma. There is a short
(13 mm.) triangular edentulous area behind it.
[In the above observations on the Anubis-group of baboons it is clearly shown
that the large black-faced dark green baboons with purple-brown callosities are all
considered to belong to one widely distributed species, having slightly modified local
forms which are in themselves variable, and thus none too well-defined. As far as
the material contained in the Museums of Europe shows, the baboons of Abyssinia
and the Nile Valley (P. doguera and P. heuglini) may be considered to belong to
the typical form of Papio anubis ; those of the neighbourhood of Victoria Nyanza and
Lake Rudolf to a slightly modified form, P. anubis subsp. neumanni ; while a large
form with strongly developed teeth, ranging from Nigeria to Dar Fertit, may be
known as P. anubis subsp. olivaceus.-W. E. DE W.]
-

54
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT.
38.
PAPIO CYNOCEPHALUS, Linn. (Plates IX., X., XI.)
Cercopithecus, Jonst. Quadr. 1657, tab. lix. ult. fig. sinist.
Cercopithecus cynocephalus, &c., Brisson, Reg. An. 1756, p. 213.
Simia cynocephalus, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 12, 1766, i. p.
Simia cynocephalus, F. Cuv. Mém. du Mus. iv. 1818, p. 419, pl. xix.; Dict. Sc. Nat. xii. 1818,
p. 377; Desmoulins, Dict. Class. Hist. Nat. v. 1824, p. 259.
.
Cercopithecus cynocephalus, Erxl. (part.) Syst. Reg. An. 1777, p. 30.
Papio sphinx, E. Geoff. St.-Hil. & G. Cuv. (part.) Mag. Encyclop. iii. 1795, p. 462.
Papio cynocephalus, Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, vii. 1876, p. 127 (part.) ; Pousargues, Bull. Mus.
d'Hist. Nat. iii. 1897, p. 199; Matschie, Säugeth. Deutsch-Ost-Afr. 1895, p. 11.
Simia ægyptiaca, Oken (nec Hasselq. & Linn.), Lehrb. Naturg. ii. 1816, p. 1220.
“Le Babouin,” F. Cuv. Hist. Nat. des Mammif. livr. iv., March 1819.
Cynocephalus babuin, Desm. Mamm. 1820, p. 68 (syn. in part.) ; F. Cuv. Hist. Nat. Mamm.
2nd ed. 1826 (1833 ?), p. 122, pl. 42 (fide Trouessart, Cat. Mamm. nouv. éd. 1897, p. 30);
Ogilby, Libr. Ent. Knowl., Menageries, 1838, p. 425; Is. Geoff. St.-Hil. Arch. du Mus. ii.
1841, p. 579, pl. xxxiv.; Pucheran, Dict. d'Hist. Nat. (d'Orbigny) iv. 1816, p. 535; id. Cat.
Méth., Mammif. 1851, p. 34; Peters, Reise nach Mossamb. i. 1852, p. 4; Fischer, Mittheil.
Geogr. Ges. Hamb. (1878) 1880, p. 54; Noack, Jahrb. Hamb. Anst. 1887, ii. p. 287;
id. ibid. 1891, ix. p.
143.
Cynocephalus antiquorum, Agassiz, Isis, 1828, p. 863.
Cynocephalus sphinx, Ogilby, Libr. Ent. Knowl., Menageries, 1838, p. 425.
Cynocephalus (Cynocephalus) babuin, Wagner, Schreber, Säugeth. Suppl. i. 1810, p. 156; id. ibid.
Suppl. v. 1855, p. 63, nec anubis.
Papio babuin, Trouessart, Cat. Mamm. 1897, p. 30.
Cynocephalus thoth, Ogilby, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1843, p. 11.
Cynocephalus doguera, Anderson (nec Pucheran), Cat. Mamm. Ind. Mus. 1881, p. 81.
Papio thoth, subsp. ibeanus, Thomas, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) xi. 1893, p. 47.
Cynocephalus langheldi, Matschie (part.), SB. Ges. nat. Fr. Berlin, 1892, p. 233.
Pupio langheldi, Matschie, Säugeth. Deutsch-Ost-Afr. 1895, p. 11, fig. 5; SB. Ges. nat. Fr. Berlin,
1897, p. 158.
Head not flattened and not receding behind the superciliary ridge. Limbs moderate;
tail not tufted, shorter than the body and head. Face moderately long, of a livid
flesh-colour, less livid on the cheeks and around the eyes; covered with short adpressed
white hairs, thickest and rather longer on the sides of the snout. Tip of nose projecting
slightly beyond the upper lip, the intervening area being more or less concave. Ears
not hidden by the fur, pointed, the outer margin concave in its upper half, and some-
what rounded in the lower portion. The ears and the under surface of hands and feet
violet-brown; bare area around callosities livid purplish. Skin generally whitish,
bluish on the belly in parts. Hair on the vertex 60 to 93 mm. long, tending to form
a straggling crest. Hairs ou shoulder long, constituting a mantle, with many very

Mammals of Egypt.
Pl. IX.
OS
2.
MICH)
UN,
ao
OF
PAPIO CYNOCEPHALUS. Aged male.


PAPIO CYNOCEPHALUS. .
55
long hairs, averaging from 200 to 400 mm. in length ; long straggling hairs on the
sides of the body. Hairs on lumbar and sacral regions comparatively short, contrasted
with those on the shoulders; the hairs on the fore limbs much shorter than those on
the outside of the hind limbs.
General colour yellow, olive-yellow, or olive-brownish, much more vivid on the
hinder quarters, but more especially on the outsides of the hind limbs and, in some
specimens, on the vertex. Front of shoulder generally more or less speckled with
blackish, also the hairs on the front of the fore limb and on the lower part of the
hind limb; and, occasionally, the black tips are so marked on the upper surfaces of
the hands and feet that those parts are blackish; these black-tipped hairs, most
marked on the foregoing parts, sometimes occur on the top of the head. Hairs on
cheeks (whiskers) yellowish grey or pale yellowish white, similar or nearly so on the
throat; chest with annulated hairs more or less well marked. Belly pale yellowish
white or silvery white. Inner sides of limbs yellowish, the hairs without annulations.
Colour of tail uniform with the tints of the body, sometimes rather brilliant yellow at
the base. The hairs are annulated dark brown or blackish and yellowish; the apical
portion black, except on the pectoral region, where it is pale yellow or nearly white,
succeeded in the former case by alternate bands of yellow and brownish or blackish,
and in the latter instance by dark and yellowish bands. Bands of colour most numerous
on the shoulder, occasionally fourteen, but variable, sometimes feebly indicated beyond
the second to the fifth band, owing to their merging into one another. Generally
three bands on the hairs of the forehead; hairs on pectoral region with two to twelve
bands; those on sacral region and outside of thighs with three or four bands. The
bands are most clearly indicated in individuals from Lamu and its neighbourhood, but
in others they are very obscure and are only discernible by allowing the light to play
on individual hairs.
Approximate measurements of adult á 1.
Snout to vent.
Vent to tip of tail
Height at shoulder
mm.
710
580
560
The skull of this species is characterized by a shorter muzzle than the skull of
P. anubis, so that it has altogether a shorter and at the same time broader character
without a frontal depression behind the superciliary ridge. The series of skulls
1 [The animal represented on Plate IX., figured from life, had been for about 15 years in the Cologne
Gardens. A life of captivity, with increasing age and lack of exercise, has a tendency to give the animal
a heavier build, with a shortening and thickening of the limbs. It has been observed also with regard to
the skulls of menagerie specimens that they show marked differences when compared with those of freshly-
killed wild animals.]

56
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT.
examined proves that the individuals are subject to considerable variation as to the size
to which they attain. The terminal cusp of the last lower molar is more or less in a
line with the outer cusps, but, at the same time, median in position. It is occasionally
broken up into a crenulated surface and is, in such cases, not well marked.
Sir H. H. Johnston 1 had scarcely left the coast on his journey to Kilima-njaro when
he encountered this species, which he found especially abundant in the inhabited
region known as Chaga, at the foot of the mountain. The troops numbered from 14 to
20, of all ages and of both sexes. Böhm describes a baboon met with on his journey
to Tanganyika as frequenting the cultivated lands, on which it made extensive raids
during the harvest-season, feeding liberally on the maize- and millet-fields, from which
it was with difficulty driven off by the natives specially set to watch the crops. The
baboons were so little molested by the natives that they showed scant fear of man, and
were known to rob women of the food that they had gathered or were carrying to
market, and were known to pursue young people with threatening attitudes, grunting
and showing their teeth. When one of their number was shot, the others did not
leave the spot where the companion had fallen; and Johnston records that when he had
killed one of a troop which had been rifling a maize-plantation, the other baboons
surrounded their dead companion, snarling defiantly, but were driven off on the
arrival of some men. Böhm also states that the wounded were protected by the
old males, who, when danger threatened, exposed themselves in the front, and if
the troop happened to be among the trees, challenged the enemy by stepping
forward from time to time on the more prominent branches. The same traveller
describes the voice of the old male as deeper and stronger than that of the young,
and compared it to an abrupt barking sound. When in terror a troop will scream
and screech piercingly ; but in retreating they do so slowly, leaping from time to
time on to low trees, now and then standing up against the trunks to look at their
pursuers. Fischer says that this species is a dexterous climber of high trees, and that
it leaps down from them when it makes away from any danger. The same author
describes this species as one of the plagues of the natives living on the coast, where it
frequents the mangrove-thickets, and can be seen in numbers in the morning and
evening, an old male leading each troop. They also wander through the high grass
to the corn-fields, but they do not confine themselves to grain and grass, as they are
known to seize straying fowls and small animals. In Kipini, Fischer had frequent
opportunities to observe how they lay in wait in holes and thorn-bushes for dwarf
species of antelope, on which they would spring; but these little creatures were wary
as a rule, and made off as soon as they observed the baboons appearing. They also
seize even large antelopes, such as the Bushbuck (Tragelaphus roualeyni, Cumming);
1 Proc. Zool. Soc. 1885, p. 215. 2 Sansibar zum Tanganyika,' Herman Schalow, Leipsig, 1888.
a

PAPIO CYNOCEPHALUS.
57
a
but should these antelopes discern a baboon they stamp and butt simultaneously, and
then uttering their peculiar warning cry, betake themselves to flight.
It may be worth recording here that a flesh-eating propensity is not confined to
these baboons, in which the canines are so greatly developed, but is found also in the
Gibbons among the Simiidæ, in which in some cases it assumes a near approach to
cannibalism. I can vouch for the fact that a male Hylobates leuciscus, Schreber,
robbed a female Semnopithecus pileatus, Blyth, of her babe, killed it and partially ate
it. The incident occurred in the Calcutta Zoological Gardens, on the 6th May, 1877.
From March to May the young may be seen riding on the backs of their mothers.
They are said not to attain adult condition until they are at least 12 years of age, but
nothing is known regarding the average duration of their lives.
Native name.--In the lake districts of Africa this species is known as Niani'
according to Pousargues, a name which is also applied to it in the country at the
further end of Nyassa, and the plural of which is ‘Niondra. According to Böhm, it is
called in the language of the Wanyamuesi · Mkuku.'
The northern limit of the distribution of this species, as at present reliably known,
is Southern Gallaland ? ; but Rüppell has stated that he had learned that “a great
Cynocephalus ” with whitish hair and red callosities and buttocks occurred in the
southern provinces of Abyssinia, and that it extended its range to the west of the Nile
as far as Dar-Fur. No example, however, of Papio cynocephalus from any part of the
Nile Valley exists in any museum, and it is probable that the baboon of which
Rüppell had heard was P. hamadryas. Its clearly ascertained distribution, speaking
in general terms, begins about the Equator in longitude 43° E., and extends westwards
to the region of the great lakes, to longitude 30° E. It ranges as far south as the
Zambesi and possibly to the 20th degree of S. latitude.
The baboons hitherto recorded in literature southward of the Berber-Dongola tract
of the Nile Valley, under the name of Cynocephalus babuin, were not this species, but
the black-faced baboon, Papio anubis.
In the 12th edition of the Systema Naturæ,' Linnæus characterized Simia cyno-
cephalus as “ S. caudata imberbis flavescens, ore producto, cauda recta, natibus calvis,"
adding a reference to Brisson's 2 “ Cercopithecus cynocephalus ex viridescentibus et
flavicantibus pilis.” Linnæus quotes, as an illustration of the animal, Jonstonus's 3
figure, which unquestionably represents a baboon ; and as its colour is said to be
“simillima S. Inuo, sed caudata,” there is every reason to believe that the yellow
baboon is the species indicated. The term “cauda recta” is not applicable to a
1 Fischer, Mittheil. Geogr. Ges. Hamb. 1878–79, p. 54.
2 Reg. An. 1756, p. 213.
3 Hist. Nat. Quad. 1657, pl. lis. lower left-hand figure.
I

58
.
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT.
3
>
-
Baboon and is more descriptive of the way in which a Macaque carries its tail; but
as the figure to which Linnæus has referred cannot be taken for any animal but a
baboon, its evidence rectifies the discrepancy in the description.
Oken 1, in 1816, described a large yellowish baboon with red callosities, under the
name of Simia ægyptiaca, stating, as Hasselquist had done in the case of the Hama-
dryas to which he had given the same name, that it had been shown about the streets
of Cairo.
F. Cuvier, in his monograph, gave expression to his views regarding the Cynocephali.
Leaving the Mandrill and Drill out of consideration, he indicated Simia sphinx from
the middle regions of Africa; the Babouin (which he states had never been figured),
from the countries situated beyond the Atlas ; also Simia porcarius and S. hamadryas ;
and he gave a figure of the Babouin, under the name of Simia cynocephalus, Linn.
Ogilby, in 1838 2, described, under the name of Cynocephalus sphinx, a semi-adult
baboon which had lived for three years in the Surrey Zoological Gardens. His
description of it is as follows:-“ The sphinx is of a dark greenish colour above, mixed
with long black hairs thinly scattered, and nearly naked on the under parts, the skin of the
belly being of a light bluish white colour, and the hair of the thighs having a tinge of
yellowish red; the face is pale violet brown, as are likewise the ears, palms of the hands,
and soles of the feet, and there is a tan-coloured circle about the eyes. The animal is
of a slender make, and longer in the limbs than the common cynocephal, in form,
indeed, approaching towards the semnopithecs; its nose does not extend beyond, or
even as far as the lips, and the inside of the nostrils is white.” Besides this baboon,
he had seen another “in Wombwell's travelling menagerie,” which agreed with it in
every respect, but was older and larger. “ The hair of this specimen, particularly on
the head, was longer than in the common species; it was rather thin, but stood erect,
which was likewise the case in the individual just described, and gave the animal
rather a shaggy appearance.” He identified this species with the Cynocephalus
babuin of the French naturalists; but as he regarded this specific appellation as
barbarous, he replaced it by sphinx. It is not necessary to discuss here the grounds
on which he appropriated the name for the baboon he was describing, but his
statement, that “the propriety of the application of this term (sphinx) to an animal
common in the countries bordering upon Upper Egypt is obvious in other respects,"
deserves notice, because of the suggested habitat of the species, vague though it be.
He, however, a few lines further on, stated that while there could be no doubt
regarding Nubia as being the habitat of C. anubis, that of the Sphinx or Babouin was
pot well authenticated.
1 Lehrb. Naturg. iii. 1816, p. 1220.
2 The Library of Entertaining Knowledge. The Menageries : the Nat. Hist. of Monkeys, Opossums, and
Lemurs, 1838, p. 425.

Mammals of Egypt.
Pl. X.
es
ola
OF
UNIL
PAPIO CYNOCEPHALUS. Adolescent.
P. IBEANUS, Thomas & P. LANGHELDI, Matschie.
SICH


PAPIO CYNOCEPHALUS.
59
a
a
The fact that F. Cuvier had regarded the ‘Babouin'as the baboon which had been
worshipped by the ancient Egyptians,-an opinion which he did not adopt on the
authority of Brisson, as stated by Ogilby,—led the last-mentioned author to conclude that
Cuvier had regarded the baboon as a native of Nubia and the adjacent countries.
Ogilby, however, notwithstanding his statement that the animal was common in the
countries bordering upon Upper Egypt, proceeded to argue that as Rüppell, Hemprich,
and Ehrenberg had not observed it, and as it could scarcely have escaped their
observation, he was rather inclined to consider it indigenous to Western Africa. He
therefore thought it probable that the sacred baboon of the ancient Egyptians was the
C. anubis, F. Cuv., two examples of which had been obtained by Rüppell in Abyssinia,
while others had been observed by Cailliaud at Meroë and Sennaar. A few years later
Ogilby1 pointed out that the two Abyssinian baboons had been wrongly referred
by Rüppell to C. babuin, under which name they had appeared in the Neue
Wirbelthiere' (p. 7); and although he stated that he was too well acquainted
with the latter species to have made such a mistake himself, he had afterwards to
confess that he had committed a similar error, and had confounded Rüppell's baboons
with C. anubis, F. Cuv. Ogilby had visited the Frankfort Museum in 1837 and had
seen the two specimens; but it is quite evident that he had not carried away an
accurate impression of their essential characters, or if he had done so they had faded
from his memory; for he believed that in describing the animal he called C. thoth he
was also describing Rüppell's two Abyssinian baboons, which was quite erroneous, as
the baboon he so designated was identical with his C. sphinx and inseparable specifically
from Papio cynocephalus, Linn. Moreover, I consider that he was perfectly correct in
his former determination of the Abyssinian baboons, viz., that they were identical with
P. anubis.
Rüppell in drawing up his catalogue 2 referred his two specimens to C. anubis,
F. Cuv., and on the under surface of the stands on which they are mounted they bear
this name up to the present day. The baboon which Ogilby thought was specifically
identical with the two Abyssinian baboons in the Frankfort Museum was living in the
Gardens of the Zoological Society of London when he wrote. Although he was perfectly
ignorant whence this animal was obtained, he speaks of it, in the most unhesitating
terms, as “the Abyssinian species," an unwarrantable assumption as to its native country,
founded on a fallacy. He believed it to be the same as Rüppell's specimens, and as
they had unquestionably come from Abyssinia, he assumed that his Cynocephalus thoth
had also emanated from the same region, when all he knew of it was that it had been
purchased from off a ship which had come from Bombay. He imagined that the
baboon had been taken to that seaport by some vessel trading to the Red Sea, whereas
1 Proc. Zool. Soc. 1843, p. 10.
. Mus. Senck. iii. 1845, p. 151.
I 2

60
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT.
appearance.
the probability is that it was carried from the Zanzibar coast by some ship trading
direct with Bombay. Ogilby's allocation of this baboon to Abyssinia has been produc-
tive of great confusion. After its death the specimen passed into the Museum of the
Zoological Society, London, and subsequently, in 1855, it was made over to the British
Museum, where it is still preserved. At present it has no great resemblance to the
figure given of it in Fraser's - Zoologia Typica,' either in its coloration or in its general
It is much paler, and its form is more slender and its limbs longer,
characters which Ogilby held were distinctive of C. babuin and in marked contrast to
the massive thick-set form of his C. thoth. Whatever may have been the original
characters of this baboon, which Ogilby now in his turn held was the species worshipped
by the ancient Egyptians, to the exclusion of P. hamadryas, Linn., the claims of which
to this distinction had been ably advocated by Ehrenberg !, the specimen now
professing to be the type of C. thoth is unquestionably identical with the ‘Babouin,'
for which F. Cuvier was the first to claim the honour of its having been sacred to
the deity Thoth. Ogilby allowed that his C. thoth had the same bright silvery-grey
whiskers and under parts of the body as in his so-called C. sphinx, but that the
upper
colours were more obscure, the bright yellowish green being replaced by sordid dunnish
brown. These are the colour-differences which are met with in the examples of
P. cynocephalus at different ages, and are modified in different localities. The fact that
Ogilby's type was characterized by him as differing entirely from C. babuin (P. cyno-
cephalus) by its massive thick-set form is not of much importance, and does not affect
the question of the specific identity of the two, because it is perfectly explained by the
complete deterioration of the skeleton by a life of confinement. Ogilby describes the
type as an old male of great size, but the greatly diseased skull has the basioccipital
suture intact, and from the relations of the last upper molar to the surrounding parts
it is quite evident that the animal was not completely mature. Unsuitable food and
absence of exercise are two conditions quite sufficient to account for the spongy
swollen condition of the bones of the skull, also for the widely separated temporal
ridges and the obliteration of all the salient features distinctive of the skull of an
animal living a life of freedom in its own wilds. The foregoing conditions also amply
account for the thick-set character of the animal in life, a feature, however, which has
not been preserved in it as a museum specimen.
Is. Geoffroy St.-Hilaire, writing in 18432, held that it was entirely wrong to admit
the identity of the Cercopithecus cynocephalus ex viridescentibus of Brisson with the
Babouin, on the ground that the name Cercopithecus cynocephalus was not for that
writer a specific, but a generic denomination. Cercopithecus cynocephalus constituted
1 Abhandl. k. Akad. Berlin, 1833, Phys. Kl.
p.
337.
2 Arch, du Mus. ii. 1841, p. 579, pl. 31. This volume, from internal evidence, appeared after the C. R.
vol. xv. for 1842, and according to Is. Geoffr. St.-Hilaire, Cat. Méthod. 1851, p. 21, not until 1843.

Mammals of Egypt.
Pl. XI.
1
Nn
alla
ODS
OF
PAPIO CYNOCEPHALUS. Adolescent.
'LE BABOUIN' F. Cuvier, P. BABUIN, Desmarest.
HIGH


PAPIO CYNOCEPHALUS.
61
а
Brisson's fifth race of monkeys, and in the Reg. Anim. p. 213 the essential characters
of the group are defined. But Brisson described three species, “ Le Cercopithéque
cynocéphale,” “Le Makaque,” and “Le Magot” or “ Tartarin,” each bearing its
respective number. It would appear that the first species was so called for two reasons:
first, because he selected it as the type of his fifth race; and secondly, because he did
not know its native name, or any other name by which it was called. On the other
hand, to the two species that followed it he applied the respective names by which
they were known. Under each species there is a short account of its leading
characters, the Cercopithecus cynocephalus being defined as already stated. There can
be no doubt that by this Brisson intended to indicate a species, and by this particular
one a baboon of a greenish-yellow colour, and, in all likelihood, a baboon corresponding
to that known later as the “ Babouin.' Throughout the whole of Brisson's book the
subject is treated in a similar way, and no one can hesitate to accept his definitions as
an attempt on his part to indicate species. It is therefore not in keeping with fact to
say that the use of the phrase Cercopithecus cynocephalus was purely generic, as it was
also used in a specific sense when other than generic attributes were appended to it.
Is. Geoffr. St.-Hilaire's figure of this baboon under the name of Cynocephalus babuin
was taken from a specimen still preserved in the Paris Museum, but the locality whence
it came is unknown.
Thanks to the courtesy of the late Professor Milne-Edwards, I have been enabled
to examine this specimen. I went to the study of it fresh from a careful examination
of the specimens existing in the British and Berlin Museums, and the conclusion I
have arrived at is that it cannot be regarded in any other light than as identical with
the East-African baboon described by Ogilby.
The opening up of Eastern Africa by Great Britain and Germany, and the intelligent
interest which has been manifested in the Natural History of the region by exploring
expeditions, and by some of the European officials intrusted with the administration of
the protected States, have greatly contributed to the enlargement of our knowledge
respecting its Zoology, and have brought to light the fact that it is the abode of Papio
cynocephalus, Linn.
The value of the collections on which the following observations are based is due
to the fact that they contained eleven skulls of baboons supported by their skins, and
only five skulls unsupported by their skins. Another favourable feature distinguishing
them is that the locality where each specimen was obtained has been accurately
recorded. On examining the names of the different places, they are found to be
comprised within the area lying between the Tana and the Zambesi, the most inland
being Langenberg and the localities at the southern end of Lake Nyassa, which may be
stated to lie at 560 and 630 kilom. respectively to the west of the coast-line. It is
possible, however, that this species spreads southwards across the Zambesi, and that

62
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT.
TABLE I.-Annulations on the hair of Baboons referable
Locality.
Name.
Source.
Reg. No.
Region of hair.
Dark.
Light.
Dark.
Lamu.
Papio thoth ibeanus, Thos. Type, male. Brit. Mus.
92.10.18.1
Shoulder.
21 18 14
16 12 14
9
9
Pectoral region.
5
6
99
Forehead.
19 11 10
99
)
.
Mombasa
95.5.4.1
Shoulder
25 13 10
female.
95.5.4.2
18
9
6
17 11
8
99
Mpapwe (Werther).
Berl. Mus.
15 10
5
Perondo, Uhehe
37 | 12
24 11 15
►)
Fort Johnston, Nyassa
Brit. Mus.
97.10.1.9
23
6
8
Zomba, Nyassa
.
97.10.1.10
1824 10
Pectoral region.
9
6
:
10
6
99
39
Papio thoth, Ogilby.
Type, male.
55.12.24.18
Shoulder.
15 14
8.
23 10 11
ار
"
16 | 12
8
99
99
99
Pectoral region.
13
4
99
12
99
4
)
Outside of thighs. 9
8
9
93
Papio babuin, Desm.
male.
50.7.9.7
Shoulder.
15 20
9
Pectoral region.
7
4
Outside of thighs. 5 11
5
99
150
juv. Berl. Mus.
Shoulder
29
16
151
Body-hairs.
2017
9
99
151
92
18 | 12 | 11

PAPIO CYNOCEPHALUS.
63
to Papio cynocephalus, Linn. (measured in millimetres).
Light.
Dark.
Light.
Dark.
Light.
Dark
Light.
Dark.
Light.
Dark.
Light.
Dark.
Light.
Dark.
Base.
Total
length.
Remarks.
Texture of
hair.
faint indications of others.
159
215
Dark greyish brown.
Moderate.
I
7
8
6
8
5
7| 7
7
6
7
5
5 7
21
155
99
92
5
6
5
6
5
6 7
4
9
4
19
..
87
..
:
..
>
31
61
.
..
.
:
8
810
6
160
..
..
..
..
.
..
..
240 Greyish brown, verging on white at base.
10
9
75
125
..
..
.
..
..
99
80
116
..
..
99
faint indications of more,
64
94 Paler than brown band above it, which is Fine.
much paler than the apical dark band.
292
Brown; yellow band not well-defined.
243
ܕܕ
11
112
173
99
>
8 10 | 12
9
137
95
201
..
..
..
.
..
213 Verging on grey at base.
253 Verging on grey at base. Pale bands
white or nearly so.
99 Verging on grey at base.
.
..
..
:
..
12
8
64
:
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
11
8 13
5
56
109
3
10
8
9
8 10 12 7
155
256
..
Yellowish-brown base (vinous brown Moderate.
in the mass).
Yellowish-brown base.
7
8
6
S
152
225
..
..
..
99
10
8
7
222
283
.
.
..
.
..
..
..
.
9
5
6
5
6
3
5
3
32
91
..
8
5
7
5
8
6
4
6
33
98
22
7
70
103
faint indications of many more.
188
84
39
232 Yellowish white. Pale bands yel-
lowish white.
62 Yellowish white. Pale bands rather
rich yellow. Tip not pure white.
98 Yellowish white. Pale bands yel-
lowish white.
157 Yellowish white, passing into grey Fine.
at base.
76 Yellowish, passing into paler at base.
..
..
..
..
.
.
..
..
77
..
..
..
141
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.
..
..
..
..
..
30
..
..
..
..
..
..
65
..
..
.
..
..
..
24
.
..
..
..
99
.

64
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT.
in Mashonaland it finds its way into the region long ago supposed by some authorities
to contain the “land of Ophir,” and the claim of which to this distinction has again
been advocated by Mr. W. E. de Winton and more recently by Dr. Karl Peters. This
was the land whence Solomon's ships brought him apes; and if so, doubtless the
yellow baboon may also have been carried to the Gulf of Akabah in ships of the
same king from Tarshish, if, as has been supposed, Mombasa occupies the site, or
nearly so, of that ancient seaport.
The following is a list of the skins and skulls, or skulls by themselves, of this baboon
from well-authenticated localities, which have been examined by me :
Specimens preserved in the British Museum.
1o, Lamu. Type of P. thoth ibeanus, Thos., ex Coll. F. J. Jackson. Reg. No. 92.10.18.1.
Skin and skull.
1 , Mombasa, nearly adult. Received in the Zoological Gardens 15/11/94, died 20/11/94.
Reg. No. 95.5.4.1. Skin and skull.
1 %, Mombasa, nearly adult. Received in the Zoological Gardens 15/11/94, died 19/12/94.
Reg. No. 95.5.4.2. Skin and skull.
1 , shot at Fort Johnston, Nyassa (H. C. Macdonald), Sir Harry H. Johnston. Skin and
skull. The latter doubtful. Reg. No. 97.10.1.9.
1o, Zomba, 6 Nov. 1896 (Blantyre district, west of Lake Shirwa), Nyassa (A. Whyte),
Sir H. H. Johnston. Reg. No. 97.10.1.10. Skin and skull.
1 ở, type of Cynocephalus thoth, Ogilby (without locality). Stuffed. Reg. No. 55.12.24.18.
Skull 1100 a, Ost. Cat.
1 , Cynocephalus babuin, Zool. Gardens, Lond. Reg. No. 50.7.9.7. Stuffed and skull.
Specimens preserved in Berlin Museum.
1 ē, Osi-Tana. Coll. Denhardt. Skull,
1 f, Marpiensen, one half-hour from Tanga. Coll. Dr. Heinsen. Skull.
1 o, left bank of Kikafa, near Madschame, Kilima-njaro. Coll. Dr. Leut. Reg. No. 7587.
Skull.
1 , Moschi, Kilima-njaro. Coll. v. der Marwitz. Skull.
10, Mpapwe. Coll. Elpous. Reg. No. 26869. Skull,
16, Mpapwe. Coll. Böhmer. Skin and skull.
1, Mpapwe. Coll. Werther. Skin and skull.
1, Ukami. Coll. Leider. One of the types of C. langheldi, Matschie. Reg. No. 6495. Skull
only.
1 , Perondo, Uhehe. Coll. Dr. Stierling. Skin and skull.
18, Langenberg, North Nyassa. Coll. Dr. F. Fulleborn. Skin and skull.
Masimani. Coll. M. Schillings. Three flat skins.
Specimen preserved in the Hamburg Museum.
1 4, Unguru, German E. Africa. Dr. Stuhlmann. One of the types of C. langheldi, Matschie.
Stuffed specimen with skull.

PAPIO CYNOCEPHALUS.
65
1
>
Specimens belonging to the Paris Museum.
1 , Cynocephalus babuin (Desm.). Ménagerie Afrique (on under surface of stand). No. 318.
Donné par M. le Prince de Joinville, on l'a dit, de Guinée, mais case le plus grand doute ...
ayant été acheté.” This is the specimen figured by Is. Geoffr. St.-Hilaire, Arch. du Mus. ii.
1841, pl. 34 (6).
1 %, Cynocephalus babuin. Ménagerie Afrique.
On under surface of stand, Cynocephale mort à la Ménagerie.” “Simia (Cynomolgos)
(Cynocephalus). No. 315. Cynocéphale babuin, Frédéric Cuvier.”
From the foregoing Table (pp. 62 & 63), in which the annulations of the hair in
eleven individuals referable to this species have been recorded in millimetres, it will be
seen that the yellow rings cannot be said to be in excess of the black annuli. Neither
is the greenish or olive hue of the baboons brought about by the yellow subapical
bands being larger than the black tips, for, so far from this being the case, they are, as
a rule, narrower; only in three instances in the foregoing table are they broader.
The real explanation of the general tints assumed by this baboon is to be sought for
in the degree of intensity of the colouring of the yellow and dark terminal bands.
When more than three or four of these bands are developed, they are not visible
in the ordinary hairs, as they are hidden by the mass of the pelage, and only
the rings of the longest hairs may be visible; but as these long hairs are relatively few
compared with the mass of the hair comprising the mantle, they become merged in the
general effect. The annuli in the hairs of this species are never defined in the clear
way so characteristic of the Hamadryas and of the West-African Orange-coloured
Baboon (P. choras, Ogilby). In the young of P. cynocephalus, as in other species, the
annulation of the hair is practically non-existent, and the degree to which the
annulations are developed in different individuals from the same locality, quite apart
from the differences produced by age, has yet to be ascertained; moreover, there
are not sufficient specimens available at present to determine whether any particular
locality is characterized by a special numerical type of annulation in the different kinds
of hairs. Baboons live in immense troops, in which inbreeding must of necessity
occur to a great extent, and it is well known that in any one of these troops an
immense diversity of colouring prevails.
The pelage of baboons from the interior of the country, especially about Mpapwe,
is of a somewhat finer texture than that of baboons from Lamu and Mombasa,
and is sufficiently so as to attract attention when individual hairs are examined.
The exact character of the climatic conditions of the two areas would require to be
accurately ascertained before any suggestions were hazarded by way of explanation.
Among the baboons dealt with in this article, two are of special interest. The
first was obtained at Lamu, on the sea-coast of British East Africa, and the second
at Unguru, about 120 kilom. to the west of Pangani. The former was described by
к

66
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT.
2
Thomas? as Papio thoth subsp. ibeanus, and the second was named by Matschie?
Cynocephalus langheldi; but as Thomas's description was the first to appear in print,
it has priority. However, before considering the characters of these two baboons,
the types of which have been examined by me, it is desirable first to consider in
detail the external characters of the baboon named by Ogilby Cynocephalus thoth,
because Thomas considered his baboon to be only a local form of that species.
Papio thoth (Ogilby), British Museum. Type. Reg. No. 55.12.24.18, male. Original of
Mr. Ogilby's description, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1843, p. 11. Skull, 1100 a, Ost. Cat. B.M.
The body of this baboon has not the thick-set form of P. anubis, but, on the
other hand, is somewhat slender, and the limbs are decidedly longer than those of
that animal, and so it attains a greater height. The head is not flattened behind the
superciliary ridge as in P. anubis ; the muzzle is moderately long. The upper
border of the ear is somewhat angular. Nothing can be learned regarding the
colour of the face beyond that it may have been of a livid flesh-colour; its sides,
before the eyes, are covered somewhat densely with short white hairs, which is a
characteristic feature of P. cynocephalus ; strong short white bristly hairs clothe the
margin of the upper lip, and are directed downwards and backwards, while others on
the lower lip are directed forwards and upwards. A few scattered, long, black bristly
hairs occur on the sides of the muzzle and on the chin. The bare area around the
callosities is large. The tail is about four-fifths the length of the head and body; the
hair on it is generally short, with the exception of the apical hairs, which, however, do
not form a tuft. Long grey hairs project over the nails of the hind feet. The hair on
the vertex is longer than that on the rest of the head. The hairs on the shoulders
are longer than on the rest of the body and form a mantle, the longest being about
290 mm., whereas those on the lumbar region are not more than 80 mm. long. Long
straggling hairs, longer than the others, occur on the mantle, and hairs of the same
character, but shorter, are present on the side of the trunk as far back as the last rib,
on the humeral region, and on the back of the thighs.
General colour olive brownish yellow, but very slightly more yellowish on the
hinder part of the body and on the outside of the thighs. The hairs on the sides
of the head behind the nearly bare face and on the throat are pale yellowish white or
yellowish grey. The inuer sides of the limbs are yellowish without distinct annulations,
but on the under surface of the trunk, and especially over the chest, the hairs are
annulated in much the same way as on the back. The hairs generally terminate in a
pronounced blackish or dark-brown tip, below which there are a varying number
of yellow and dark rings. In the shorter hairs, measuring about 80 mm. long, as
1 Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) xi. Jan. 1893, p. 47.
2 SB. Ges. nat. Fr. Berlin, 1892, p. 233 (publ. March 1893).

Mammals of Egypt.
Pl. XII.
..
3
2
3
1
M
OM
OF
UNIL
SKULL OF PAPIO CYNOCEPHALUS.
P. THOTH subsp. IBEANUS Thomas (Type).
Micr


PAPIO CYNOCEPHALUS.
67
many as eight bands can be counted, with the base of the hair yellowish brown.
Almost the same number can be detected in hairs measuring about 136 mm. long.
In the long hairs on the sides of the shoulders, measuring 283 mm. long, only
three yellow bands can be detected, the great mass of the hair along its basal
portion being yellowish. It is the black and yellow bands and the black tip that
produce the yellowish-olive colour of this baboon. On the top of the head and on
the front of the limbs the black tips are more marked than on the rest of the body,
but these parts, with this trifling exception, are concolorous with the rest of the
body. When the hair is turned aside the basal portion looks greyish brown, but
when an individual hair is examined the base is seen to be yellowish brown.
The type of P. thoth subsp. ibeanus, Thomas, so exactly resembles the foregoing
individual in all its external characters, that, after I had examined it, I felt at once
disposed to localize the type of P. thoth, Ogilby, and to assign it to Lamu, or at least
to some part of the African coast near that locality. Indeed so alike is this Lamu
baboon to P. thoth, that it is quite unnecessary to describe it. The degree of annula-
tion on the pectoral region in baboons referable to this species is subject to a good
deal of variation in different localities, but in these two it is identical, the rings on
the hairs being equally well developed in both and the numbers the same. The
dense line of white hairs on the cheeks and the long grey hairs over the toes are
present in both.
The type specimen of P. langheldi, Matschie, was first mentioned by Noack 1. It
was obtained on the eastern slopes of the Unguru Mountain, about 161 kilom. to the
west of the coast-line opposite to Zanzibar, and 500 kilom. to the south-west
of Lamu; but Matschie in describing this individual had also before him a portion
of a skin of another from Tanga, on the coast opposite to the island of Pemba.
The Berlin Museum also possessed a skull from Ukami, which lies about 100 kilom.
to the south of Unguru. Two skulls, male and female, from the district of Usukuma,
at the south-east end of Victoria Nyanza, 600 kilom. to the north-west of Unguru,
were also regarded by Matschie as belonging to the same species; and the circum-
stance that he believed that he had been able to gather a clearer impression of the
characters of his langheldi by a study of these two skulls from Usukuma led him to
name the species after their collector, Mr. Langheld.
The type of P. langheldi has longish hairs on the vertex and long hairs on the
shoulders, some of them, according to Matschie, being as much as 440 mm. long. The
hairs on the lumbar and sacral regions are short. The general colour is more or less
dirty olive-grey, or even greyish yellow, with an admixture of black-tipped hairs on
the front of the shoulder over the lower portion of the fore limb, but more especially
:
1 Jahrb. Hamb. Anst. ix. 1891, i. p. 143.
K2

68
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT.
on the dorsum of the hand. The long hairs are rather lighter in colour, their bases
being brownish, but passing into yellow-grey; the apex of each being black with a
yellow band below it, succeeded by a dark brown band. The throat is greyish white
and the cheeks yellowish grey. There is in this young female an absence of the same
vivid yellow generally present in the males on the outsides of the hind limbs. The
tail is brownish grey, and the under parts are more or less silvery grey. The animal,
although young, measured 750 mm. from snout to vent, and the tail 270 mm.
Matschie, when lie described it, considered it to be nearly related to P. babuin and to
P. cynocephalus, each of which he regarded as distinct, but that it differed from both
in colour. He stated, however, that Dr. Stuhlmann had called his attention to the
fact that the baboon of East Africa differs in its colouring according to its age and sex,
He gave the following as a diagnosis of the characters of this female :—“Cynocephalus,
L
sordide olivaceo-canus, dorsi capillis elongatis, cauda brunneo-cana, artubus externe
flavo-brunneo lavatis.”
Five years afterwards 1 he identified this young female from Unguru and the skull
from Ukami with P. thoth, Ogilby; and as he had received further materials from the
interior of German East Africa, he was led to regard the two skulls, male and female,
from Usukuma as belonging to a distinct species, for which he suggested that the term
langheldi should be reserved to the exclusion of the real type from Unguru 2.
With the invaluable assistance of Mr. Matschie, I was enabled to go over the whole
of the material contained in the Berlin Museum, with this result, that I am disposed
to agree with him that the female skull from the neighbourhood of the Victoria Nyanza
belongs to a baboon of the Papio anubis type, allied to, if not identical with, his
P. neumanni, and distinct from the Unguru baboon, which is unquestionably P. cyno-
cephalus. We inay therefore accept the Unguru baboon as undoubtedly the type of
P. langheldi. About 90 kilom. to the west of Unguru, the district where P. langheldi
was obtained, is Mpapwe, whence three skins of this baboon exist in the same
collection. About 220 kilometres to the south of the latter locality is Perondo, also
represented in the same collection by another skin and skull; and still further
south, at the northern end of Lake Nyassa, is the German station of Langenberg,
from which another skin was presented to the same institution.
The skin collected at Perondo, 350 kilom. inland from the coast-line, presents the
following characters :-
The animal was an adult male with a well-developed mantle on the shoulders,
the hair on the lumbar and sacral regions being very much shorter. The hairs on the
upper surface of the neck, and on part of the shoulders and humerus, are also long,
and the sides of the body, and outsides and hinder margins of the hind limbs, are
1 Arch. f. Naturgesch. Jahrg. 1897, i. p. 82.
2 SB. Ges, naturf. Fr. Berlin, 1897, p. 159.

PAPIO CYNOCEPHALUS.
69
likewise covered more or less with long hairs of a straggling character. The only
really short hairs are on the radial portion of the fore limb, on the hind feet, and on
the tail. The pelage is greyish yellow, but more yellowish on the vertex and on the
hind-quarters, and rather rich yellow on the sides of the body, on the base of the tail,
and on the outside of the limbs. The first phalanges of the fingers are covered with
greyish-white hairs, while the others are nearly nude. All the phalanges of the toes
are clad with long greyish-white hairs. The grey of the shoulders is more or less
tinged with blackish, and the yellow of the outsides of the limbs is also tinted with
the same colour, likewise the hairs on the vertex and on the upper surface of the neck.
The black is due to the terminal band being especially well defined on the vertex, also
on the neck, limbs, and tail. Below the ears the hairs are decidedly yellowish, with a
few black-tipped hairs among them. The face is more or less covered with short white
hairs, which are most numerous between the eyes and the mouth, so as to produce the
appearance of a white band on the side of the face. The chin and throat are
greyish white, passing into yellowish on the belly. The inner sides of the limbs are
pale yellowish white. The grey appearance of the dorsal surface is due to the long
hairs, in which annulation has all but disappeared. Some of the long hairs on the
shoulder measure 230-270 mm. in length, and 130 mm. over the rump, where they
are more sparse. The fur on the neck is dense and measures about 110 mm., and
the long hairs on the sides about 150 mm.; on the outsides of the thighs the hairs
are from 100 to 120 mm. long, but the hairs on the radial portion of the fore limbs are
not more than 20 mm. long, whereas on the tibial portion of the hind limbs the hair is
80 to 100 mm. in length. The long hairs have a black tip varying in extent, followed
by a yellowish-grey band and by a narrow blackish band, the greater part of the
remainder of the hair being greyish yellow; but when the fur is pulled aside about 50 to
60 mm. of the base is seen to be very pale brownish. In very many of the hairs the
annulation, especially in the long hairs of the sides, practically disappears. The hairs
at the end of the tail are uniformly coloured pale greyish yellow, with a faint brownish
tint, and are about 100 mm. in length. They tend to form a terminal tuft, but in no way
comparable to the brush on the tails of P. hamadryas and P. porcarius. The preserved
skin measures 810 mm. from snout to vent, and the tail 600 mm.
The type of P. langheldi is unquestionably the female of the baboon the skin, of
which has just been described, and is in no way separable specifically from P.thoth, and
from its so-called subsp. ibeanus, from which, however, the Perondo skull (Plate XIII.)
differs in its smaller size, but in no other respect.
In a male from Mpapwe the black on the carpal area, produced by the black tips to
the hairs, is less than in the baboon from Perondo ; but another male, also from
Mpapwe, differs from these two in having much more black on the front of the fore
limbs-indeed so much SO, that the upper surfaces of the hands and feet are nearly black,

70
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT.
only a little yellow showing itself. The tail of this animal also differs from that of the
others in being blackish brown, and having the long terminal hairs almost orange-yellow.
The annulation of the hair is well marked, the subapical pale band being almost
white, the skin has a greyish-brown appearance. 'Two of the flat skins from Masimani
are more greyish than any of the foregoing, and one is more grey than the other. The
full-grown specimen (10876) is much more yellowish than any of the baboons already
enumerated, and a good deal of black occurs on the front of the fore limbs, which,
however, are imperfect. The tail is mixed black and yellow, and it seems to have
had a pale yellow tip.
An adult male baboon in the British Museum from Fort Johnston, at the southern
end of Lake Nyassa, is much more yellowish on its upper surface than the types of
P. thoth, and P. thoth subsp. ibeanus. The sides of its body are rather rich yellow, also
the fore limbs, but more especially the outsides of the hind limbs. On these parts, and
perhaps more so on the hind limbs, the annulation of the hair is not nearly so well
marked as in subsp. ibearus. The distribution of the hair on the face is the same as
in the last-mentioned baboon, but it is more yellow. The chin, throat, and chest are
greyish white with a yellowish tinge, but on the abdomen the yellow is much more vivid.
On the chest the annulation so marked in P. thoth is almost entirely lost, but the black
tips to the hairs on the front of the fore limbs and on the hands is much the same as
in the foregoing type, but the yellow is more vivid. The tail, except at the base and
tip, is dark olive-brown, speckled with yellowish; its base is concolorous with the
yellow rump, and its tip, which is slightly tufted, is pale yellow with a rufous tinge 1.
Two baboons from Mombasa, also in the British Museum, are inseparable from the
Fort Johnston individual. On the other hand, the adult male from Zomba, a little
further to the south, about 64 kilom., has much the same colour on its dorsal surface as
subsp. ibeanus, and its chest is annulated almost as distinctly. The outsides of the
limbs are not nearly so yellow as in the Fort Johnston baboon, and in its colour
generally it resembles the typical specimen of P. thoth. The tail is pale yellowish,
but obscurely speckled with black, and its tip is whitish, the terminal hairs being so
well developed as almost to constitute a tuft.
I cannot separate these two Mombasa specimens from baboons in the British and
Berlin Museums, which lead directly into the specimen in Paris which Is. Geoffroy
had before him in 1841 when writing his article on C. babuin (misspelt babouin) for
the · Archives du Musée.'
A young male example of this yellow baboon in the British Museum differs
from the Mombasa baboons in being much more yellow throughout, especially on
the upper surface of the head, on the front of the fore legs, outside of the thighs,
(1 This colour may be due to the same colouring-matter which has stained the long hairs on the soles of
the feet orange-red.
a
a

Mammals of Egypt.
Pl. XIII.
HSUL
3
1
2
M
OF
PERONDO.
SKULL OF PAPIO CYNOCEPHALUS.
,
P. LANGHELDI, Matschie.
RICH


PAPIO CYNOCEPHALUS.
71
а
lumbar region, and tail. On the lower half of the radial portion of the fore limb
and on the dorsum of the hand the black tips of the hairs show here and there;
whereas on the front of the hind limb and on the dorsum of the foot the black tips
are hardly, if at all, developed, but, as in P. thoth and those already described, the tips
of the toes are covered with long grey hairs. The hair on the shoulders is long, but
the annuli are feebly indicated, with the exception of the subapical bands. The long
hairs on the shoulders measure over 200 mm. in length, while those on the lumbar
region are not more than 85 mm. long. On the outsides of the hind legs some of the
longer hairs are 110 mm. in length. Four or five of the coloured rings of the hairs can
be more or less detected, but fewer are present in the shorter hairs. The sides of the
muzzle, before the eyes, are clad with short whitish hairs, as in the foregoing baboons,
and the lips are also haired the same as in them. The skull of this specimen proves
it to have been not full-grown, and consequently the form of the animal is more
slender than that of adults.
The baboon in the Paris Museum so frequently described by French authors under
the name of Cynocephalus babuin, has unfortunately had the face painted black and
has been stuffed in a sitting position.
This specimen is of a rich, almost golden yellow, but with an intermixture of black,
as the hairs usually terminate in black tips. Longer hairs are intermixed, and as they
are generally of a paler colour than the shorter hairs, they are very distinct. The
hairs on the head, more especially on the vertex, are long, as in P. thoth, and their
black tips are particularly well developed. The usual, somewhat dense, line of short
hairs is present on the side of the face. The whiskers are whitish with a few black tips,
the hairs on the under surface of the throat, behind the chin, and on the inner sides of
the limbs are pale yellowish white. The limbs are coloured like the body, and this
colour on the hands is prolonged to the middle of the metacarpals, the hairs on the
rest of the hand and fingers being greyish yellow or yellowish white like the inner
sides of the limbs. Much the same colour prevails on the feet, with long greyish-
yellow hairs over the toes.
As already stated, Mr. Matschie 1 regarded what he designated C. cynocephalus,
Linn., and C. babuin, Is. Geoffr. St.-Hil., as two distinct species, which differed
from one another in the following manner :-the former was greenish yellow, in
certain lights yellow-brown, tinged only on the head with a little black; whereas the
latter was intensely green, with a strong sprinkle of black on the head and on the back
of the neck, with a few intermixed yellow-green hairs. These distinctions, however,
are too ill-defined to be of value when the considerable series of the baboons herein
mentioned are dealt with. The skull-characters, moreover, referred to by Matschie
seem to be more indicative of diversity of age than of anything else.
1 SB. Ges. nat. Fr. Berl. 1892, p. 231.
a

72
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT.
The materials which I have examined and herein described leave in my mind no
dubiety regarding the specific identity of all the animals enumerated. They, however,
suggest that as this baboon is traced southwards there is a tendency to a greater
development of yellow pigment over its surface generally, and on the outsides of the
hind limbs in particular, than is to be found in baboons occurring in the northern
area of its distribution, and that the texture of the hairs becomes modified in some
localities. But in order thoroughly to understand the variations to which this baboon
is subject between its birth and its adult condition, it would be necessary to bring
together a very large series of individuals not merely from one troop but from
different troops, and equally extensive collections from different localities over the
area of its distribution would have to be made to admit of the geographical and
individual variations being thoroughly understood. Few would have the courage to
enter on a wholesale massacre of baboons for such a purpose. I once inconsiderately
shot a Macaque without killing it outright, and the way in which the poor unfor-
tunate held its hand to its wound and looked at me is a picture still vivid in my
memory after a quarter of a century.
The changes which take place in the maxillary region of the skull with advancing
age are so great that measurements based on the space intervening between the front
of the incisors and a line joining the posterior border of the last molar and compared
with a measurement, e.g., such as that between this line and some point of the foramen
magnum, are misleading, unless the individuals under comparison have been accurately
ascertained to be of exactly the same age or fully adult. In a skull with its milk-
dentition, the posterior border of the second premolar may be, and generally is, on a
line with the anterior border of the posterior palatine foramen, whereas in the adult
skull the corresponding border of the third molar is on a line with the posterior
border of that foramen. In the young skull the distance between the incisors and a
line connecting the second premolars is about equal to or slightly in excess of the
interspace between such a line and the anterior border of the foramen magnum,
whereas in the adult skull the distance between the incisor and a line connecting
the last molar is greatly in excess of the interval between the latter line and the
foramen magnum. When the first molar appears its posterior border lies some distance
behind the hinder border of the palate, whereas in adult life the tooth has moved so
far forwards that its anterior border is opposite to the middle of the palate. Even
after all the teeth are fully through the jaws they still continue to travel forwards.
Thus the last molar will be found to have its posterior border lying in a line with the
anterior root of the zygomatic arch, whereas in an animal with its teeth much worn
the posterior border of the last molar is a long way anterior to that suture. With
this forward movement of the jaws is associated the creation of a postdental maxillary
tract behind the last molar, of varying extent, dependent on the age of the individual.

PAPIO CYNOCEPHALUS.
73
1
After maturity has been reached and has lasted for a few years, other changes ensue
which still further modify the skull.
The following characters are found associated together in a fully adult skull:-
(a) the posterior border of the last molar lies well before the anterior malar root of
the zygomatic arch; (6) a long triangular postdental tract is developed behind the last
molar; (c) the basioccipital suture has begun to disappear, i.e. union of the two bones
has taken place more or less; (d) the temporal ridges unite on the sagittal suture or
anterior to it.
The skulls in the accompanying Tables which manifest the above characters
are those from Osi-Tana, Moschi, Ukami, Zomba, Lamu, Fort Johnston, and
Langenberg.
In skulls not fully adult the following are the characters:—(a) the posterior border
of the last molar lies behind the anterior root of the zygomatic arch ; () a very short
triangular upwardly sloping tract is developed behind the last molar ; (c) the basi-
occipital suture has not united; (d) the temporal ridges in some are apart even on
the occipital.
In still younger skulls the following are the characters :-(a) the posterior border
of the last molar is much behind the anterior root of the zygomatic arch ; (b) no post-
dental area is present behind the last molar; (c) the basioccipital suture is quite
intact; (d) the temporal ridges are far apart.
The skulls of 9 males and 1 female, represented by skins, are dealt with in
Table II., in which they have been arranged according to their size, which, however,
does not imply that two animals of the same size are of the same age. The
largest male skull is from Zomba, to the south of Lake Nyassa, and it measures
204 mm. long. It is fully adult, as are also the skull from Lamu and the one
from Fort Johnston; but between these and the Langenberg skull, which is also adult,
some skulls not fully adult are interpolated, so that the Langenberg skull, being adult, is
that of a distinctly smaller individual. Fortunately, its skin is preserved in the Berlin
Museum, and I have been enabled to compare it with two skins from Mpapwe, a
district only 110 kilom. to the west of Unguru, whence the type of P. langheldi was
obtained, and with a skin from Perondo, about halfway between Mpapwe and
Langenberg. I have, however, failed to find any characters by which to separate it
from them.
The skull from Ukami, one of the specimens upon which Matschie founded
his P. langheldi, although unsubstantiated by a skin, may, on account of its general
characters and the locality whence it came, be accepted as specifically identical with
the Lamu baboon, the skull of which Mr. Oldfield Thomas has kindly allowed me to
figure (Plate XII.). It may therefore be included along with the four adults from
Lamu, Langenberg, Fort Johnston, and Zomba. This skull from Ukami (Table III.
L

74
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT.
1.
4.
5.
6.
8.
9.
mm.
mm.
mm,
mim.
min.
mm.
mm.
140
29
TABLE II.- Measurements of Skulls of Papio cynocephalus.
Skulls accompanied by their skins.
2.
7.
10.
mm. mm.
mm.
Extreme length of skull (tip of premaxil-
laries to external occipital protuberance). 204 202 198 196 196 192 192 191 188 159
Anterior border of foramen magnum to tip
of premaxillaries ....
151 143 149 149 140 137 141 134 109
Tip of premaxillaries to glabella
132 135 137 125 133 123 128 128 132 95
Glabella to external occipital protuberance. 110 108 102 105 102 114 106 100 105 100
Minimum frontal diameter....
55 56 58 58 56 59 55 56 61 54
Maximum interzygomatic breadth.
118 114 116
109
109 99
101 94
intermalar breadth across middle
of orbit....
87 91 91 89 86 88 80 87 86 75
Vertical height of orbit ..
27 26 24 24 26 26 26 25 25 23
Breadth of orbit ...
30 29 28 30 29 31 31 30 30 26
Distance from middle of lower border of
orbit to end of nasals ...
59
58 64 60 57 58 57 58 56 39
Breadth of muzzle immediately before and
below orbit
45 47 43 45 46 42
41
40 45 40
Breadth of muzzle external to 1st premolar. 50 53 49 50 49 48 45 47 49 41
opposite to end of nasals. 31 42 37 37 38 40 34 35 40 29
Anterior border of foramen magnum to
posterior border of palate
49 55 53 52 48 50 46 47 49 39
Length of palate ..
97 97 93 96 100 91 95 95 89 70
Breadth of palate between middle of last
molars
29 27 30 30 26 26 24 26 23 26
Breadth of palate between middle of 1st
premolars ..
33 34 33 33 30 33 28
30
31
Extreme length of lower jaw
146 152 152 114 152 142 139 147 136 115
Vertical depth through coronoid process .. 65 74 65 75 61 56 55 61
63
58
Alveolar border of lower jaw to posterior
(digastric) border of symphysis
52 51
42 49 15 49 43 46 33
Breadth of lower jaw at posterior root of
1st premolar
37 38 35 36 35 35 34 35 37 30
Length of 1st upper molar..
10 11
9.8 10 11 11 10 11 10 10
2nd
12 12-5 11 12 13.5 12 11.8 13 11.5 12-5
3rd
12 13.5 12 12 13.2 12 12 13.5 13
1st lower
10 10 10 10.6 11 10
9.6 11 10.5 10.2
2nd
11.6 12.5 11.6 12.5 13 12
11.5 13 12 12
3rd
13 16 14 15 16.5 11.6 14:3 17 14 15
4th
(right side)
11.5
1. ģ. Zomba, 6th Nov. 1896, Blantyre District west of Lake Shirwa, Nyassa (A. Whyte), Sir H. H. Johnston.
Brit. Mus. No. 97.10.1.11. Adult.
2. 8. Lamu. Type of P. thoth subsp. ibeanus, Thos., ex coll. F.J.Jackson. Brit. Mus. No. 92.10.18.1. Adult. (Plate XII.)
3. ơ. Fort Johnston, Nyassa (from H. C. Macdonald), Sir H. H. Johnston. Skull doubtful. Brit. Mus. No. 97.10.1.9.
Adult.
4. g. Mpapwe. Coll. Elpous. Berl. Mus. No. 26869. Not fully adult.
5. 5. Mpapwe. Coll. Werther. Berl. Mus. Not fully adult.
6. 8. Perondo, Uhehe. Coll. Dr. Stierling. Berl. Mus. Not fully adult. (Plate XIII.)
7. Ò. Langenberg, North Nyassa. Coll. Dr. F. Fulleborn. Berl. Mus. Adult.
8. . Mpapwe. Coll. Böhmer. Berl. Mus. Not fully adult.
9. Š. Mombasa. Zool. Gardens, Lond., 15/11/94 to 20/11/94. Brit. Mus. No. 95.5.4.2. Not fully adult.
10. 4. Mombasa. Zool. Gardens, Lond., 15/11/94 to 19/12/94. Brit. Mus. No. 95.5.4.2. Not fully adult.
27
47
99
99
92
99
99
-
.
.

PAPIO CYNOCEPHALUS.
75
TABLE III.—Skulls unaccompanied by skins (all in Berlin Museum).
2.
3.
4.
5.
1.
mm.
mm.
mm.
mm.
mm.
210
201
199
152
158
140
150
104
Alveolar border of premaxillaries to external occipital pro-
tuberance
212
Anterior border of foramen magnum to tip of premaxillaries .... 158
Tip of premaxillaries to mesial point of superciliary ridge .... 138
Mesial point of superciliary ridge to external occipital pro-
tuberance
107
144
133
130
97
113
114
109
99
Minimum frontal diameter
58
58
58
58
56
114
118
113
110
91
Maximum interzygomatic breadth
intermalar breadth across middle of orbit.
90
92
87
89
72
Vertical height of orbit
24
25
25
27
24
Breadth of orbit
32
31
30
30
28
57
67
59
53
40
44
51
46
44
36
52
53
49
50
38
9
37
41
39
38
31
99
55
50
44
56
36
103
108
98
95
68
27
31
29
26
21
Distance from middle of lower border of orbit to end of nasals ..
Breadth of muzzle immediately before and below orbit
external to 1st premolar
opposite to end of nasals ..
Anterior border of foramen magnum to posterior border of palate.
Length of palate
Breadth of palate between middle of last molars
1st premolars ....
Extreme length of lower jaw
Vertical depth through coronoid process..
Alveolar border of lower jaw to posterior (digastric) border of
symphysis ..
Breadth of lower jaw at posterior root of 1st premolar
Length of 1st upper molar
2nd
33
35
32
31
25
99
156
159
149
118
109
70
66
69
71
56
51
49
43
43
28
36
38
36
36
29
11.5
11.3
11
9.5
13
13
12
12.3
12
3rd
13.3
12.5
12.3
13
11
11
1st lower
11
10
11
9.8
.
2nd
12.6
13
9
12 123 11.3
16 L.15, R.16 14
3rd
16
15.6
1. Adult . Moschi, Kilima-njaro. Coll. v. der Marwitz,
2. Adult o . Osi Tana. Coll. Denhardt.
3. Adult ở. Ukami. Coll. Leider. One of the types of P. langheldi, Matschie. Reg. No. 6495.
4. 8. Left bank of Kikafa, near Madschame, Kilima-njaro. Dr. Leut. Reg. No. 7587.
5. f. Marpiensen, one half-hour from Tanga. Coll. Dr. Heinsen.
L2

76
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT.
TABLE IV.-Illustrating the Variations in the Dentition of P. cynocephalus, Linn.
First lower molar.
Second lower molar.
Third lower molar.
First upper molar.
Second upper molar,
Third upper molar.
mm.
mm.
mm.
Moschi
11:5 Mpapwe
135 Lamu
13.5
mm.
mm.
mm.
Osi-Tana
11
Osi-Tana
13
Mpapwe
17
Osi-Tana.
113 Mpapwe
13
Mpapwe
13.5
Kikafu
11
Mpapwe .
13
Mpapwe
16.5
Kikafu
11
Osi-Tana
13
Moschi
13.3
Moschi
11
Mpapwe
13
Kikafu
16 to
1 15
16
Lamu
11
Moschi
13
Mpapwe
13.2
Mpapwe
11
Moschi
126 Lamu
Mpapwe
·
11
Lamu
12:5 Kikafu
13
Mpapwe
11
Lamu
12:5 Moschi
16
11
Mpapwe
Kikafu
12:3 Mombasa
13
Mpapwe
10:6 Мрарке.
16
12.5 Ukami
Ukami
?
Ukami
12
Osi-Tana.
12.5
Mombasa
10.5 Kikafu
12:3 Osi-Tana
· 156
Perondo
11
Mpapwe
12
Ukami
12:3
Lamu
10
Mombasa
12
Mpapwe
15
Mombasa
10
Perondo
12
Mpapwe
12
Ukami
10
Ukami
12
Perondo
14.6
10
Mpapwe
Zomba.
12
Perondo
12
Perondo
10
Perondo
12
14:3
Langenberg
Langenberg ....
· 10
Langenberg
11.8 Fort Johnston
12
Fort Johnston .. 10
Fort Johnston . 11.6 Mombasa
14
Zomba
10
Mombasa
11:5 Langenberg
12
Zomba
10
Langenberg
11:5 Fort Johnston .. 14
Fort Johnston
9.2 Fort Johnston .. 11
Zomba.
12
Langenberg
9.6 Zomba.
11.3 Zomba
13
Variation
2:3
2.5
1.5
1:4
1.7
4
Variation north of
Perondo
15
1.5
1.5
1
1
2.4
Variation south of
Langenberg
Of}
0.8
1
0.4
1.3
2.5
***

PAPIO CYNOCEPHALUS.
77
6 mm.
a
no. 3) is only 3 mm. longer than the skull from Fort Johnston, the latter being nearly
longer than the Langenberg skull, so that there is a series of adult skulls, varying
from 192 to 204 mm., substantiated by their skins.
When the dentition of these five males is examined, it will be seen, by consulting
the accompanying Table (IV.), that the Lamu individual has all its teeth as large as or
larger than the others, and that the Ukami skull takes precedence of the remaining
three. The first and last lower molars of these two skulls are of the same size, but the
other teeth of the Lamu skull are somewhat larger than those of the Ukami individual.
The Langenberg skull, which is from a locality about 440 kilom. to the south-west of
Ukami, has all its teeth smaller than the Ukami baboon, but to a trifling extent, viz.
fractions of a millimetre, with the exception of the last lower molar, which is 1.7 mm.
shorter antero-posteriorly than the corresponding tooth of the Ukami skull. The
baboon from Fort Johnston, the next geographical position to the south, has some of
its teeth smaller and others larger than those of the last skull, but only to the degree
of fractions of a millimetre. The Zomba skull, which comes from a locality not far
removed from Fort Johnston, when contrasted with the skulls from the foregoing
localities to the north, gives the following results :-
a
Upper molars.
Lower molars.
-
1.
2.
3.
1.
2.
3.
+8
+1
-
-
Differences between teeth of
Zomba skull and
Fort Johnston skull .
Langenberg skull .
Ukami skull
Lamu skull.
3
.2
11
+2
+4
-
-
-1
-13
3
-3
?
-
-
•7
-
- 3
-1.5
-1
-
- 5
-
-1.2
If the last lower molar is alone considered, it would appear from this statement that
this tooth diminishes in size between Lamu and Zomba, and there is thus an ascending
series from south to north : Zomba 13 mm., Fort Johnston 14 mm., and Lamu 16 mm.
But if the skulls unauthenticated by their skins are admitted to the series, and there
does not appear to be any reason why they should not, because they so conform in their
essential features to the Lamu skull that they may be accepted as identical with it,
then the series becomes more instructive. These skulls prove that although the five
skulls just considered are adult, they do not represent the full size to which the
species may attain (see Table II.). They establish that the species is characterized by
considerable variations as to the size of the teeth, and when the teeth of these large
individuals are tabulated along with the others (see Table IV.) the variation of the
third lower molar is seen to be considerable. The baboon from Mpapwe has this tooth
as much as 17 mm. long, whereas in the Zomba baboon it is only 13 mm.; but another
individual from Mpapwe has its last lower molar only 2 mm. longer than the Zomba

78
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT.
-
specimen, so that in two individuals from one and the same locality this tooth varies as
much as 2 mm. The variation is not restricted to any particular locality, as the
baboons of Mombasa and Fort Johnston have this tooth of exactly the same size and
only 0.6 of a millimetre shorter than the same tooth of the Perondo skull, which is
only 0.4 mm. shorter than the corresponding tooth in one of the Mpapwe skulls, in
which this tooth varies from 15 to 17 mm.
In the skull from Kikafu the posterior cusp of the last lower molar is almost
suppressed, or at least so much so that only two cusps are visible externally.
Conclusion.—Whilst the specific identity of the individuals herein described seems
to be established, the fact remains that those to the south of Perondo manifest a
tendency to diverge somewhat in certain features from the baboons further to the
north. These divergences, however, do not appear to me to be so emphasized as to
entitle them to be regarded as a basis for the formation of geographical races, as in
other characters they are found, so to speak, to intergrade with those of their northern
representatives, leaving no clear line of demarcation between them. What these slight
divergences are have already been indicated.
The series further establishes the fact that this species, like other species of baboons,
is characterized by a remarkable diversity in the size of the individuals. In some of
the other species it would appear that in certain areas of their distribution smaller
individuals are met with than in other places, and these it may be desirable to indicate,
when they are distinctive of an area, as local races; but in P. cynocephalus no
analogous facts are met with. The Table bearing on dentition brings out, however,
that the teeth, as a rule, gradually diminish in size in individuals from north to south,
but this is associated with a certain amount of overlapping, so that it is impossible to
seize hold of any assemblage of characters by which it would be possible satisfactorily
to arrange these baboons into local groups. This remark is equally applicable to the
external characters of the animals. Much more extensive materials are absolutely
necessary to admit of these interesting details in variation being worked out
satisfactorily.

PAPIO PRUINOSUS.
79
PAPIO PRUINOSUS, Thomas.
Papio pruinosus, Thomas, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1896, p. 789, pl. 38.
This remarkable male baboon from Monkey Bay, Livingstone Peninsula, at the
southern end of Lake Nyassa, has been described under the name of P. pruinosus.
In the original description it is stated that it is distinguished at a glance from
every
other species by its hoary-grey colour, white belly, and unannulated fur.
The interest attached to this form, in so far as the zoology of the region to the south
of Egypt is concerned, is the circumstance, already mentioned, that Rüppell bas stated
that he had heard of the existence, in the wooded district of Dar-Fur and in the
southern provinces of Abyssinia, of a large unknown “ Cynocephalus,” having whitish
hair throughout, and red callosities and buttocks, and also red on the middle of the
tail. As P. pruinosus is based on a skin, nothing is known of the colour of these
parts in the living animal.
This specimen has been described as follows:—“General colour hoary grey ....
throughout; on the upper surface there are two sorts of hairs, the shorter about
3 or 4 inches in length and the longer about 7 inches; both have black tips about to
1 inch long, while their remainder is dirty white. In a general view the black tips of
the shorter hairs show clearly against their white bases, but those of the longer hairs
do not show at all, so that these latter look wholly white. The general hoary colour
obtained by this mixture of black and white extends all over the upper surface,
including the head, along the outer sides of the limbs to the metapodials and to the
end of the tail, which is, however, rather blacker proximally and whiter terminally than
the rest of the body. Tip of tail untufted. Below, on the cheeks, chin, and belly, and
on the inner sides of the limbs, the black tips disappear; the fur is then entirely dirty
white. The fingers and toes are also nearly unmixed white.” It may be added that
on the pectoral region hairs are met with having white apical tips succeeded by a
blackish ring followed by white, which is the colour of the remainder of the hair.
The most marked feature of the skull of P. pruinosus, as compared with those of
baboons referable to P. cynocephalus, is the shorter and less deep muzzle and the full
and more rounded globular character of the calvarium, associated with an arching of
the frontal region never met with in these baboons. Although the profile has a more
downward and forward slope than in the type of P. cynocephalus subsp. ibeanus, the
difference between them in this respect is not much. As was to have been expected,
a shorter palate accompanies the reduced muzzle.
The skull of this somewhat enigmatical baboon is what may be called adult, but
yet with a capacity for further growth. This is evinced by the position of the last
upper molar, by the little development of the triangular space behind it, and by the
canines being not yet fully exposed. The teeth are small, but not so small as in some

80
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT.
skulls of P. cynocephalus The posterior cusp of the last lower molar is well developed
and nearly mesial in position. The symphysis of the lower jaw is much more vertical
than in P. cynocephalus. The pit on the side of the mandible and the lateral
compression on the side of the maxilla are much less marked than in that species.
There are many peculiar features connected with this unique baboon, but the figure of
the skull here given (Plate XIV.) may tend ultimately to throw some light on its real
nature, and so possibly to reduce it to the rank of an albinoid sport.
The measurements of its skull are as follows:-
mm.
180
131
119
109
56
.
102
79
26
.
29
47
.
47
>
.
36
99
Extreme length of skull (tip of premaxillaries to external occipital pro-
tuberance)
Anterior border of foramen magnum to tip of premaxillaries
Tip of premaxillaries to glabella .
Glabella to external occipital protuberance
Minimum frontal diameter
Maximum interzygomatic breadth:
intermalar breadth across middle of orbit
Vertical height of orbit
Breadth of orbit
Distance from middle of lower border of orbit to end of nasals.
Breadth of muzzle immediately before and below orbit
external to 1st premolar
opposite to end of nasals.
Anterior border of foramen magnum to posterior border of palate
Length of palate (mesial line)
Breadth of palate between middle of last molars
1st premolars
Extreme length of lower jaw .
Vertical depth through coronoid process
Alveolar border of lower jaw to posterior (digastric) border of symphysis
Breadth of lower jaw at posterior root of 1st premolar
Length of 1st upper molar
2nd
3rd
1st lower
2nd
3rd
47
86
.
27
29
134
64
.
42
33
99
10
12
12
10
12.6
15.5
29
99
رو
ور
Beyond the length of the tail and that of the hind foot, there are no measurements
extant of the dimensions of this baboon in life. The tail was 570 mm. long, and
the hind foot 210 mm. Mr. Thomas found the skin of the head and body to be
750 mm. in length. The specimen was a male.

Mammals of Egypt.
Pl. XIV.
2
3
1
OF
SKULL OF PAPIO PRUINOSUS (Type).
RICH


PAPIO SP. ?
81
There is a large stuffed baboon in the Hamburg Museum which I have had the
satisfaction of examining, thanks to the courtesy of Professor Kraepelin, who sent it to
the Berlin Museum for my inspection. I hesitate to identify it with the baboons just
described, as it is a much more yellow-coloured animal, with a somewhat differently
shaped skull, the facial portion of which is flatter and shorter and more straightly
projected forwards than in any of the skulls herein described. It is unfortunate that
no reliance can be placed on this as being a normal feature of the skull, the animal
having spent about a quarter of a century in confinement. Another feature of this
baboon is the great length of the tail, which is longer than the body and head, whereas
in P. cynocephalus the tail is considerably shorter than that measurement.
mm.
745
Snout to vent .
Vent to tip of tail
Height at shoulder
790
.
650
.
It has the long hair of P. cynocephalus. The following are its general features :-
The face was evidently paler than that of P. cynocephalus. The hairs are long
on the back of the neck and more especially on the shoulder, where some of them are
as much as 330 mm. These long hairs, like the others, have a black tip about 16 mm.
long, a yellow band below it about 10 mm., followed by a black band of the same
breadth, succeeded by a yellow band also 10 mm., and then by another 7 mm., the
yellowish-brown basal portion of the hair being 284 mm. in extent. On the rump the
hairs measure 100–151, and on the vertex 50-60. On the front of the shoulder
the hair is 150 mm. long, on the middle of the humerus 100-180, and on the middle
of the radius 45–60. On the outside of the thighs it is 50–100 mm. long, and on the
middle of the tibial region 50–90. On the sides of the body it is 170–260 mm. long.
On the sides of the base of the tail it is 40–60, but beyond this the hair is short and
adpressed, but the hairs at the tip are about 60 mm. long.
The general colour throughout is yellow, with a yellowish-olive tint, palest on the
limbs, more especially on their posterior surfaces. The upper surfaces of the feet are
yellow with a slight admixture, more especially on the hind feet, of black-tipped
hairs. The tail at its base is concolorous with the back; behind this it becomes
brownish and speckled with the yellow annuli, but towards the tip these disappear,
and it is dark greyish brown.
The sides of the face before the malar bones and the area extending from below the
eyes to the mouth are clad with short white hairs, the upper surface of the mesial
portion of the face, to halfway between the eyes and the nose, being covered with
very fine blackish hairs. The hairs on the inner side of the ears are white.
The great length of the skull, 236 mm., is largely due to its thickened condition
produced by a life of confinement.
M

82
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT.
Its teeth have very much the same dimensions as the teeth of P. cynocephalus, but
with this insignificant difference, that the third upper and second lower premolars do
not attain quite to the dimensions of the same teeth in P. cynocephalus. The differ-
ence, however, is so infinitesimal that the dentition is practically identical with that
of the Osi-Tana and Moschi baboons.
When the specimen was sent to Berlin it bore on the stand the name C. babuin and
the locality “Dongola." Being much puzzled by the locality assigned to it, I wrote to
Professor Kraepelin for further information respecting this baboon, and from him I
learned that it had not come from Dongola, but from the West Coast of Africa, and
that it was well remembered by Dr. Bolau, Director of the Hamburg Zoological
Gardens. The following is its history :-
It was presented to the Hamburg Zoological Gardens on the 12th July, 1873, by
Messrs. Gaiser and Witt, whose factories (the only ones they possessed) were at Lagos,
whence the baboon had been taken to Germany. Dr. Bolau informed Professor
Kraepelin that the arrival of the baboon in the Hamburg Gardens was entered in his
own register of the reception of animals in the Gardens as having come from West
Africa, and that this record of the locality as the native country of the baboon was
perfectly accurate. Dr. Bolau recollects it well as a full-grown splendid animal which
had lived for nearly fifteen years in the Gardens, and he states that Mr. Gaiser had
informed him that it had previously lived for a period of ten or twelve years in
confinement in Africa.
The locality whence this baboon was brought to Europe is thus quite assured, but
at the same time it has yet to be established that a yellow baboon does exist there.
It seems more probable to suppose that it had been carried to Lagos from some port
to the south, possibly Angola, which may account for the statement on the stand that
it came from Dongola. The characters of this baboon are such that there can be no
doubt of its close affinity to the baboons here described, and it is quite possible that
on the West Coast, abcut Angola, the baboons of the East Coast may be represented
by a local race of a yellow colour and with a long tail. On the other hand, if
P. cynocephalus of the East Coast ranges as far west as Dar-Fur, it may be represented
to the south-west by baboons of this character.
This baboon would appear to answer to P. cynocephalus, Etienne Geoffr. St.-Hil.
(nec Simia cynocephalus, Linn.), a term which I have purposely omitted from the
foregoing synonymy.
1 Ann. Mus. xix. 1812, p. 102.

CHIROPTERA.
83
CHIROPTER A.
Mammals with their anterior extremities modified for aerial flight. Ulna imperfect;
radius long and curved, supporting a six-boned carpus with its five digits; first digit
usually short, free from the others; the four remaining digits greatly elongated, with
a wing-membrane or patagium extended between them and along the radius, ulna and
humerus, sides of the body, and hinder extremities; a short antibrachial membrane
stretches from the shoulder along the humerus and forearm; an accessory membrane
is attached between the hinder extremities, usually supported by a cartilaginous process
(the calcaneum) arising from the inner side of the ankle-joint. Knee directed back-
wards. Mammary glands thoracic and generally postaxillary; pubic teats absent or
present. Penis pendent, with or without a bone; testicles abdominal or inguinal;
uterus simple or two-horned; placenta discoidal and deciduate. Cerebral hemispheres
smooth, not extending backwards over the cerebellum. Dentition: incisors, canines,
premolars, and molars-never more than 38 teeth.
This order is resolvable into two suborders, the Megachiroptera and Microchiroptera.
The members of the first are frugivorous, and those of the second insectivorous.
و
Suborder MEG ACHIROPTER A.
Fruit-eating Bats, usually of large size. Molar teeth with smooth crowns, longi-
tudinally furrowed (cuspidate in Pteralopex 1). Osseous palate prolonged behind the
last molar; second digit of manus with three phalanges, terminal phalanx generally
clawed. Ear-conch usually forming a complete ring at the base. Pyloric extremity
-
of the stomach usually elongated.
The Megachiroptera constitute a single family, viz. the Pteropodidæ, the characters
of which are the same as those of the suborder itself.
1 Thomas, Ann. & Mag. N. H. (6) i. 1888, p. 155.
M 2

84
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT.
PTEROPODIDÆ.
This family is composed of two subdivisions, viz. the Pteropodince, having well-
developed molars and a moderate-sized tongue; and the Megaloglossinæ, with molars
hardly raised above the gums and an immensely elongated tongue. The first of these
subfamilies is represented on the African continent by three genera—Epomophorus,
Rousettus, and Scotonycteris; while one genus (Megaloglossus) of the second subfamily
occurs in West Africa only.
3
Subfamily PTEROPODINÆ.
ROUSETTUS.
Rousettus, Gray, Loudou's Med. Repository (1 April), xv. 1821, p. 299.
Muzzle conical, moderately elongate; nostrils directed forwards and outwards,
separated by a deep groove which is prolonged backwards and upwards from the upper
lip; chin slightly grooved; ear with a distinct lobe. First digit of manus elongate;
second clawed; third metacarpal as long as, or longer than, the second digit. Wings
extending from the sides of the back and joined to the hind leg as far as the base of
the second metatarsal. Interfemoral membrane traversed about its middle by a strong
tendinous band extending from the heel to the side of the tail. Tail very short, its
proximal half attached to the under side of the interfemoral membrane, but not
contained in it, free in the rest of its extent.
Dentition : i. 3, c. 1, pm. 3, m. š = 34.
The longitudinal furrow which traverses the molars completely disappears in fully
grown animals, the crowns of these teeth becoming flat.
Distributed over Africa ; extending into Southern Asia eastwards as far as the
Malay Archipelago.
2
2
1
i,
3
32
2
3
=
ROUSETTUS ÆGYPTIACUS, E. Geoffr. (Plate XV.)
Vespertilio ægyptiacus, Hasselq. & Linn. Iter Palæst. 1757, p. 197.
p
Pteropus ægyptiacus, E. Geoffr. St.-Hil. Ann. du Mus. xv. 1810, p. 96; id. Descr. de l'Egypte,
Hist. Nat. ii. 1818, p. 13t, pl. 3. fig. 3; Desmarest, Nouv. Dict. xxix. 1819, p. 513; id.
Mamm. 1820, p. 111; Fischer, Syn. Mamm. 1829, p. 85; Giebel, Säugeth. 1859, p. 999;
Unger & Kotschy, Die Insel Cypern, 1865, p. 570; Gasco, Viag. in Egitto, 1876, p. 95.
Pteropus geoffroyi, Temm. Monogr. Mamm. i. 1827, p. 197, tab. 15. figs. 14, 15; Is, Geoffr. St.-
Hil. Dict. Class. xiv. 1828, p. 702; Schinz, Mamm. i. 1814, p. 130; Rüppell, Mus. Senck. iii.

Mammals of Egypt.
Pl. XV.
ROUSETTUS ÆGYPTIACUS.
UNIL
OF
MICH.


ROUSETTUS ÆGYPTIACUS.
85
1845, p. 154; Wagner, Schreb. Säugeth. Suppl. i. 1840, p. 358; id. ibid. v. 1846, p. 603 ;
Heuglin, Reise N.O.-Afr. ii. 1877, p. 15.
Xantharpyia ægyptiaca, Gray, Cat. Mamm. B.M. 1843, p. 37 ; Horsfield, Cat. Mamm. East Ind. Co.
p
Mus. 1851, p. 29; Fitz. & Heugl. SB. Akad. Wissen. Wien, liv. Abth. i. 1866, p. 544 ;
Hartmann, Zeitschr. f. Erdkunde, Berlin, iii. 1868, p. 40; Matschie, Megachirop. Berl. Mus.
1899, p. 66.
Pachysoma ægyptiaca, Tomes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1860, p. 56.
Cynonycteris ægyptiaca, Peters, MB. Ak. Berlin, 1867, p. 865; Dobson, Cat. Chirop. B.M. 1878,
p. 75 ; Tristram, West. Palest. 1884, p. 25; Jentink, Mus. d’Hist. Nat. Pays-Bas, ix. 1887,
p. 263; id. ibid. 1888, p. 151 ; Noack, Jahrb. Hamb. Anst. ix. 1891, p. 128; Trouessart, Cat.
Mamm. fasc, i. 1897, p. 84 ; Seabra, Jorn. Sci. Lisb. (2) v. 1898, p. 158.
Pteropus (Xantharpya) ægyptiacus, Hartmann, Zeitschr. Ges. f. Erdk. Berlin, iji. 1868, p. 40.
Eleutherura ægyptiaca, Gray, Cat. Monkeys & Fruit-eating Bats B.M. 1870, p. 117.
Cynonycteris collaris, Günther, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1879, p. 741.
1 ad, 8 and 1 ad. 4. Beltim, Delta. Sir John Rogers, K.C.M.G., Pasha.
2 ad. , and 1 ad. 4. Mahallet el Kebir.
2 ad. and 2 ad. f. Old Mosque, Cairo. Dr. Walter Innes, Bey.
1 ad. 3,5 ad. 4,1 juv. Ò, and 3 juv. 4. Medinet el Fayum.
1 juv. f. Minia. Major R. H. Brown, R.E., C.M.G.
1 ad. 2. Tomb behind Assiut.
Muzzle moderately long, rather broad. Ears oval, not broadly rounded at their tips;
internal border much more convex than the external; their length nearly equals the
interval between the lower border of the external meatus and the angle of the mouth,
and their greatest breadth is a little in excess of half of that interval; naked posteriorly
except at their bases; internally sparsely covered with fine hairs, and a line of hairs
along the folded portion of the inner margin of the internal border of the conch.
Muzzle above and below covered with short hairs. Fur soft and short, longest on the
under surface of the neck. Humerus and the proximal half of the forearm well clad
with fur. Tibia longer than the thumb, sparsely covered with fine hairs which extend
on to the toes. Upper surface of wing-membrane naked between the digits, but more
or less sparsely clad with minute hairs on the parts adjoining the haired portions of
the limbs, and most so external to the hind limbs. Interfemoral membrane, from the
knees to the tail, densely covered with fine fur. Under surface of wing-membrane
covered with soft fur immediately external to the forearm and backwards to the knees.
Under surfaces of humerus and femur and of proximal portion of forearm more or less
covered with fine hair. Under surface of tibia practically nude, also the wing and
interfemoral membrane immediately external to it. Fur uniformly brownish with a
greyish tint or occasionally markedly brown, the depths of the tints varying in intensity 1.
1 [Mr. Walter Draper, writing from “ the Barrage," says that these bats are bluish smoke-colour when
alive, but the bluish tint disappears soon after death.-W. E. DE W.]
-

86
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT.
Ears, skin of muzzle, and upper surfaces of wing-bones yellowish flesh-coloured or
pale yellowish brown. Wing-membrane almost invariably more or less irregularly
spotted with white, but not so markedly as in the Malayan genus Harpyia.
The solitary young individual produced by this species is born blind, generally in
the month of February or March. At birth, the whole under surface of the body,
from the chin to the end of the tail and the under surfaces of the membranes and
limbs, are practically devoid of hair. On the upper surface the hair has the same
distribution as in adult life, but it is extremely short and adpressed. The muzzle is
perfectly nude with the exception of the moustachial and other bristles.
The great size of the pectoral teats of this bat enables the young to have a very firm
grasp of their mothers. It is the left horn of the uterus which is generally fertilized.
Measurements of skulls of R. ægyptiacus (E. Geoffr. St.-Hil.), R. collaris (Illiger),
and R. arabicus, sp. nov.
R. egyptiacus.
Cairo.
R. collaris.
Cape Town.
mm.
42
R. arabicus.
Aden.
mm.
40.5
mm.
45
41
36.5
.
16
37.5
15
8.5
14
9
6.5
.
93
8.5
.
10-5
7.5
6.5
5.5
92
28.5
26
Upper border of foramen magnum to tip of premaxillaries
Lower border of foramen magnum to tip of premaxillaries (basal
length)
Lower border of foramen magnum to posterior border of palate
Breadth of palate posteriorly.
between last molars
2nd premolars.
Greatest zygomatic breadth
Anterior border of orbit to tip of premaxillaries
Minimum frontal diameter.
Breadth outside external meatus
Front of canine to back of last molar.
Basi-bregmatic height
Extreme length of lower jaw .
Vertical depth of lower jaw
Front of lower canine to back of last molar
24.7
15
17-5
8.4
15.1
9
18
8
19
16.5
18
16.5
16
15
14.5
13
.
36
33
31
18.
14.5
14.5
19
17:1
17
This bat is found in ancient Egyptian tombs and temples, old mosques, and Sheiks'
graves, or in crevices of rocks. In the days of E. Geoffroy St.-Hilaire it frequented the
recesses of the Great Pyramid, but now it is not found in that building, at least I
failed to find it there, although I sought for it on three occasions, whilst the Arabs
I deputed to look for it were equally unsuccessful in obtaining it. It is met with
on trees in gardens, and in date-plantations around villages, in sycamore, mulberry,
and other trees. It is occasionally found singly, but generally a few are associated
together. In clear moonlight nights it may be seen flying about in search of the fruit

ROUSETTUS ÆGYPTIACUS.
87
of the date-palm, wild figs, and other fruit-bearing trees. Hartmann states that it
migrates southward to a distance not yet clearly known.
According to Lataste, the Arabs designate this bat under the names Bouchleida'
and · Turtellil.' Messrs. Rothschild and Wollaston (Nov. Zool. viii. 1901, p. 398)
say that all bats are known by the name of Wât-wât' at Shendi, on the Upper Nile.
This species is distributed over the Delta, and along the valley of the Nile into
Nubia, but how far it extends to the south is unknown. It is present in Cyprus and
in Syria as far north as the Lebanon district. A bat under this name has been
recorded from Abyssinia, where it was obtained by Sir William Cornwallis Harris; it
is still preserved stuffed in the British Museum, but it appears to be more allied to
R. collaris than to the Egyptian bat. Dr. Günther, in describing some mammals from
Cyprus obtained by the late Lord Lilford, stated in a footnote to his paper l that
Dobson, who had examined the Pteropine bats in the collection, had agreed with him
“in considering them to be R. collaris.” Kotschy, who had previously published a list
of some of the mammals of Cyprus, had enumerated Pteropus ægyptiacus (R. ægyptiacus)
as one of the bats found in that island. In view of this, Dr. Günther remarked that as
R. ægyptiacus occurred in Egypt and in Syria it might have been expected that the
fruit-eating bat of Cyprus would have been the same species ; but he added: “How-
ever, singularly enough, the Cyprian specimens (of which thirty-eight are in the
collection) exhibit the distinctive character (a somewhat shorter thumb) on account of
which R. collaris has been separated from R. ægyptiacus. R. collaris has been found
hitherto only in South Africa and in the Gaboon; and before we admit so singular a
distribution of two representative species, we must feel disposed to question the specific
value of the character by which the two forms have been separated.”
As the only alcoholic specimens of this species in the British Museum, when Dobson
prepared his Catalogue, were the two male bats from Palestine, the measurements of
which are given in the Table on p. 88, he selected one of them to illustrate the
characters of the species, but unfortunately the specimens were not adult. This is
clearly proved by the condition of the sutures of their skulls, which are disunited.
The angle of the lower jaw also has none of the characters of a fully mature individual,
while at the same time all the permanent teeth are present, but evidently freshly
through the gum and unworn. In both of these specimens the thumb and the tibia
are equal in length; but, according to Dobson, the thumb of the male he measured
was 1.35 inch, while the tibia was 1.25 inch. He consequently came to the conclusion
that the thumb was usually longer than the tibia ; this, however, was a mistake, as
the reverse is the case in both R. ægyptiacus and R. collaris. The close approximation
in length of the thumb and tibia in the two Palestine specimens is to be explained on
the ground of their immaturity, as the thumb of this genus is longer in youth than
1 Proc. Zool. Soc. 1879, p.
741.

88
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT.
Measurements of R. ogyptiacus (E. Geoffr. St.-Hil.) and of some other allied species.
R. egyptiacus.
R. collaris.
R. arabicus.
R. leschen- R. semi- R. amplexi-
aultii. nudus. caudatus.
to Cairo.
to Cyprus.
to Cyprus.
to Cairo.
Os Cape Town.
ay
o
.
of
.
o . o . adol.8 adol.8 4.4. 4.4. 9
o.
o.
4. juv.81. adol. o adol. 4. .
mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. mm.mm.mm.mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. mm.
146 144 140 135 114 112 140 138 137 131 140 130 128 125 124 63 115 114 121 134
Snout to vent
mm.
123
mm.
128
mm.
112
Vent to tip of tail
24
22
15
15
12
15
19
20
18
25
21
15
22
16
8
15
14
17
23
19-3
18
23
Length of head
49
50
49
50
43
39
48
49
50
49
46
46
45
43
43
29
44
42
46
44
42
45
41
Height of ear
29
25
23
24
20
20
23
21
24
23
21
21
20
20
20
11
21
21
21
19
20
19
17
19
18
20
18
18
16
20
18
17
19
18
17
17
17
16
11
16
16
18 17
16
16
15
Length of forearm
100
96 100
99
86
80
94
95
96
93
98
94
87
86
89
37
89
85
88
87
12
85
84
thumb
35
35
35
35
35
34
31
35
35
32
32
34
31
30
32
19
29
32
33
29
29
27
27
47 45 47 44 41 37 43 44 45 46 39 43 41 40 40 16 41 41 43 39
39
37
37
3rd
64
63
61
62
56
52
60
63
63
64
60
62
59
5+
56
24
59
56
60
56
555
53
53
19
4th
62
61
62
61
54
54
58
60
61
63
61
61
58
52
54 23
55
54
58
53
51
53
50
5th
60
59
60
61
53
52
58
59
60
61
60
60
57
51
54
24
55
52
56
52
52
51
50
46
41
46
40
35
3+
42
42
40
43
40
39
39 36
37
16
35
35
38
39
39
38
36
foot and claws
27
2527
24
24
24
22
24
24
23
21
23
25
21
21
17
22
22
23
20.5 22
20
20
Palestine.
Palestine.
Cape Town
Aden.
Philip-
pines.
Inner canthus of eye to
tip of snout
2nd metacarpal.. 47
tibia
Stretch of wing
575 585 575 550 450 480 537 600 562 540 578 565 565 515 515 220 512 475 495 535
450
478
..
1 Young with its eyes still unopened found attached to its mother, the preceding female.

ROUSETTUS ÆGYPTIACUS.
89
the tibia, a condition which becomes reversed in adult age. A comparison, however,
between the length of a compound member, such as the thumb, and a simple
bone, such as the tibia, could not but be unreliable unless it had previously been ascer-
tained that growth had ceased in all the bones which had formed the subject of
comparison
The same caution is also necessary before deductions can be made regarding the
relative proportions which the long bones of the limbs hold to one another in adult
life. In certain mammals the absolute length of the tibia in the early stages of
development is considerably less than that of the humerus, whereas in adult life the
latter bone is ultimately shorter than the former. From these facts, and by a reference
to the foregoing table, it will be seen that Dr. Günther was justified in questioning the
validity of the supposed diagnostic character laid down by Dobson.
There can be no question as to the specific identity of the Cyprus and the two
Palestine bats with those of North-eastern Africa.
This species is closely allied to R. collaris, but when examples from Egypt are
compared with specimens from South-Africa they are found to have slightly longer
and broader muzzles and somewhat longer ears. These differences, however, are so
trivial that when extensive materials from the immense area intervening between the
Cape and Cairo have been brought together and studied, the probability seems to be
that R. collaris will be found to merge with R. ægyptiacus. Besides its larger size, the
chief feature of the skull of the latter as compared with the former, when viewed from
above, is its broader muzzle. The teeth also of R. ægyptiacus are larger than those of
R. collaris.
A bat closely allied to R. ægyptiacus occurs in S.E. Arabia, but its size is less, and
its muzzle is narrower than in R. collaris. The ear is more pointed than that of the
Egyptian bat, and both its borders are markedly less convex, more especially the inner
one, which is nearly straight. The ear is also broader than the ear of R. collaris,
which is markedly oval compared with the ear of R. ægyptiacus and of the bat from
Arabia. The crania, when viewed from above, present certain features by which it is
possible to distinguish one from the other when the skulls are considered side by side.
Thus the skull of R. ægyptiacus has a decidedly broader muzzle than that of R. collaris,
which in its turn has a wider muzzle than that of the Aden bats. When the under
surface of the skull is examined, the palatal region is found to conform in its general
characters with those of the muzzle seen from above. Thus, the palatal area of
R. ægyptiacus is broad and spatulate, that of R. collaris is less so, while that of the
Aden bats is distinctly narrowed anteriorly and less expanded posteriorly between the
last molars. The bats from Aden are greyish brown, slightly darker on the top of the
head, whilst the area between the shoulders is pale grey with a yellowish tinge, and
the longest hair on the neck of males is yellowish brown. These Aden bats were
a
N

90
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT.
2
3
provisionally referred by Thomas and Yerburyl to R. ægyptiacus, as there did not
seem to them to be any tangible differences between these South-Arabian bats and
examples from Egypt; further material, however, has shown their true relationship.
The name R. arabicus is proposed for this form ; the specimen in the British
Museum, ó (No. 95.6.1.47), will stand as the type.
Bats of this genus from Nipal have ears resembling those of bats from Aden and
Karachi, but their tails are considerably longer. Their skulls, however, are strikingly
distinct from the skulls of the Arabian bats, and their teeth are smaller. The last
lower molar also is narrow and elongate, and very different from the more rounded
last lower molar of R. arabicus. These Himalayan bats have been named by Hodgson
Pteropus pyrivorus ; but of recent years it has been the custom to regard this term as a
synonym of R. amplexicaudatus, Geoffr. 3. The specific identity, however, of the Nipal
bat with the typical R. amplexicaudatus from the island of Timor is impossible to
accept. The comparison which Dobson instituted between R. ægyptiacus and
R. amplexicaudatus led to a considerable misunderstanding regarding the relations
which exist between these forms. This appears self-evident from an examination of
the materials which he referred to the latter species. The only example in alcohol
of the typical R. amplexicaudatus to which Dobson had access in the British
Museum was an adolescent male, which he unfortunately regarded as an adult
female. This specimen has a long tail like that of the type of the species from
Timor, which is perfectly distinct from the continental bats referred by Dobson to
R. amplexicaudatus.
A stuffed specimen in the British Museum from Timor, and a skin of a bat of about
the same size from Flores, should be associated with a specimen in alcohol from the
Philippines and with a skin from the same islands 4. The specimens from these three
localities possess the essential features of R. amplexicaudatus, as each has a long tail,
much longer than in any of the other specimens associated with them by Dobson,
Five of the latter from the following localities, viz. the Laos Mountains, Sumatra,
the Himalayas, and India, are distinguished by short tails and by the dorso-lumbar
region being covered with hair to a greater extent than in typical R. amplexicaudatus.
There is also in the British Museum a set of five larger bats, presented by the Leyden
Museum, but without localities, in which the dorso-lumbar region is covered with
hair, but much more narrowly than in the other bats. Besides these, there is
R. seminudus, from Ceylon, with a long, narrow, pointed head and so very little hair
on its body generally that it was given this appropriate name by Kelaart 5. The lobe
of the ear is well developed in all of these bats.
a
a
a
1 Proc. Zool. Soc. 1895, p. 515.
3 Ann. Mus. xv. 1810, p. 96, pl. iv.
5 Prodr. Fauna Zeylanicæ, 1852, p. 27.
2 Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1835, p. 700.
4 The tail of this specimen has been lost.

ROUSETTUS ÆGYPTIACUS.
91
1
Attention is here called to these facts, as in the most recent work on the Mega-
chiroptera 1 all of these forms, and others equally requiring to be distinguished as at
least of subspecific rank, have been referred to R. amplexicaudatus. The study of
these Asiatic Chiroptera is beset with difficulties, but it would seem that the term
R. amplexicaudatus should be restricted to the insular bats just indicated, and that the
term R. leschenaultii, Desm., should embrace under it the bats of the southern parts of
the Asiatic continent westward from Burma.
The large fruit-eating bat Rousettus (Pteropus) stramineus (E. Geoffr. St.-Hil.) 2 has
been recorded from the Upper Nile region (Sennaar, Kordofan, and White Nile) under
a diversity of names.
Botta was the first to obtain it at Sennaar, as recorded by Temminck 3. Among the
names under which it appears in zoological literature may be mentioned Pterocyon
paleaceus, Peters, Xantharpyia leucomelas, Fitzinger, and X. palmarum, Heuglin.
According to the last-mentioned author, this bat lives in companies, or in pairs, on the
Doleb palm (Borassus æthiopicus). It can see extremely well in daylight, but, as a rule,
keeps hidden away under the withered leaves of the palms until dusk; it is always
awake and stirring on moonlight nights. It usually emits a peculiar cry when it turns
quickly on the wing or settles down on a palm-tree. Heuglin relates that a specimen
which he had captured and had placed in a small cage made of palm-leaves, in the
absence of any better means of confinement, was put in its cage inside a packing-case
at night for safety; at dusk it bustled about in its narrow prison, squeaking and
screaming. The noise it made attracted many of its fellows on the wing, who flew
vigorously and furiously against the box, swooping down upon it like birds of prey.
The food of this species consists almost exclusively of the fruit of the Doleb palm, on
which it so gorges itself that it can be easily knocked down.
;
The genus Epomophorus, or Epauletted Fruit-Bats, the members of which are
all fawn-coloured, is represented in the region of the Atbara and White Nile by a
single species, E. latiatus (Temminck)4. It has also been recorded from the valley of
the Bellages in the Sennaar district by Heuglin. It has been mentioned by Hartmann
under the name of Pteropus whitei, Bennett. This species flies by day as well as by
night, and lives principally on figs, bananas, and the fruits of Cordiæ.
5
1 Matschie, Megachirop. Berl. Mus. 1899, p. 67.
2 Ann. du Mus. xv. 1810, p. 95; Sundv. K. Vet.-Ak. Handl. Stockh. 1843, p. 198; Peters, MB. Ak.
Berl. 1861, p. 423.
3 Monogr. Mamm. ii. 1835-41, p. 84.
4 Monogr. Mamm. ii. 1837, p. 83, pl. 39; Matschie, Megachirop. 1899, p. 54.
5 Zeitschr. Ges. Erdk. Berl. iii. 1868, p. 40.
N2

92
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT.
It may be noticed, in passing, that two other species of Epomophorus, viz. E. anurus,
Heuglin?, and E. pusillus, Peters , occur in the Bahr el Ghazal region.
Bats on the Monuments.
Bats apparently were very seldom represented on the Monuments; indeed, the only
instances of their occurrence as yet recorded are from Beni Hasan 3 in one and the
same tomb, viz. that of Baqt, who was Monarch of the Gazelle Nome early in the
XIIth Dynasty. They occur on the north wall of the chamber in a row commencing
with several birds, then an unmistakable bat-figure with outstretched wings, followed
by a very broken-up figure, unrecognizable, but of which Rosellini 4 makes a restoration
as a bat with folded wings, in his plate of this part of the tomb; another bat with
outstretched wings again occurs, but considerably smaller than the first. The birds
are continued immediately to the right of the bats; the position of this line of figures
is above a row of fishermen in boats, with many kinds of fish in the waters represented
beneath them. The illustration given of the scene by the Egypt Exploration Fund
(Beni Hasan, ii.) is very minute in its details, but shows well the environment of the
bat-figures.
Outline tracings of the two bats, of exact size, were copied for my use, by favour
of Mr. Griffith, from a collection of full-sized tracings which Mr. Newberry had made
for the 'Survey' of the Egypt Exploration Fund, preserved in their office but not
published. These have enabled me to give the exact measurements of the figures.
The larger of the bats with wings outstretched measures 530 mm. from tip to tip, and
the smaller one 270 mm.
Over the first of these figures the following hieroglyphs
are painted, which Mr. Griffith informs me may be rendered
“S'hmw' (Sakhemu '):
which may be rendered
, H11
。
and over the second are the hieroglyphs ppak
PROA
a
D’gy' (* Dagy' or ' Degy'), probably meaning "concealed” or the “hider,” and so
appropriate to the habits of this animal.
These ancient figures represent Bats of the family Pteropodide. It is possible that
they may have been intended for the common frugivorous bat of Lower and Middle
Egypt, Rousettus ægyptiacus, but this is a mere speculation : no more explicit statement
can be hazarded regarding this artistic venture of 4000 years ago.
The figure of the larger bat has been reproduced by Gervais 5 about six times less
than the representation in situ, under his description of the “Genre Rousette.”
1 Nov. Act. Ac. Leop.-Carol. Nat. Cur. v. xxxi. 1864, p. 12; Matschie, Megachirop. 1899, p. 54.
2 MB. Ak. Berl. 1867, p. 870; Matschie, op.
3 Beni Hasan, part ii. (Tomb 15) plate iv.
4 Rosellini, Mon. Civ. pl. xiv. figs. 4–6.
5 Hist. Nat. des Mammifères, i. (185+) p. 186.
5
cit.
p.
58.

RHINOLOPHIDÆ.
93
Suborder MICROCHIROPTER A.
Carnivorous Bats living chiefly on insects, rarely frugivorous. Molar teeth with
acutely tubercular, transversely furrowed crowns; osseous palate not prolonged
laterally behind the last molar. Second digit of manus always clawless, generally with
a single rudimentary phalanx and rarely with two phalanges, or devoid of one. Ear-
conch not forming a complete ring at the base, but each border arising separately from
the side of the head. Stomach simple, but sometimes (Desmodontes of the family
Phyllostomatidæ) with a diverticulum at its cardiac end.
Spread over the tropical and temperate regions of both hemispheres 1.
RHINOLOPHIDÆ.
Nasal apertures situated in a depression on the upper aspect of the muzzle and
surrounded by foliaceous cutaneous appendages. Ears large, separated, as a rule,
from one another and devoid of a tragus. Second digit of manus represented only
by a metacarpal ; third digit with two phalanges ; premaxillary bone more or less
rudimentary, suspended from the nasal cartilages.
Dentition variable, but never exceeding : i. , c.
i, pm. g, m. = 32.
Upper incisors rudimentary ; first upper premolar minute.
Females with two nipple-like appendages slightly in front of the pubis.
This family is divided into two subfamilies, the Rhinolophine and the Hippo-
siderinæ.
Distribution.-- Temperate and tropical parts of the Eastern Hemisphere. Doubtfully
present in the Polynesian Subregion.
1
2
1
1'
2
3
3
3
Subfamily RHINOLOPHİNÆ.
First digit of foot with two phalanges; each of the remaining digits of the same
member with three phalanges. In the pelvic bones the ilio-pectineal spine and antero-
inferior surface of the ilium are not connected to form a preacetabular foramen.
1 Heuglin held that many of the Insectivorous Bats of the Egyptian Sudan move from place to place
like migrating birds, to find their sustenance among the Dipterous and other insects which follow the herds
of the Nomads.

94
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT. .
RHINOLOPHUS.
Rhinolophus (E. Geoffr. St.-Hil.), Desm. Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat. 1803, xix. p. 383.
Nose-leaf consisting of three portions, an anterior, a central, and a posterior: the
anterior nose-leaf is horizontal, more or less horseshoe-shaped, with a deep incision in
its anterior border; it contains within it the openings of the nostrils; the central
membrane (the sella) rises between and behind the nostrils, is erect in position,
flattened in front, and from its back a vertical, laterally compressed process arises,
which is either free, or connected with the posterior leaf, which is also erect, triangular
in form, with depressions or crypts on its anterior surface. The lower end of the outer
border of the conch is expanded to form a large antitragus. Metacarpal of fourth
digit longer than that of the second digit. Basioccipital generally narrow between the
auditory bullæ; cochleæ prominent, deeply grooved externally ; foramen rotundum
united with the sphenoidal fissure.
Dentition: i. 3, c. , pm. or , m. 3 = 32 or 28.
.
Second lower premolar generally minute, placed outside the tooth-row; first upper
premolar minute, pointed, either in the tooth-row or placed somewhat externally
between the closely approximated canine and the large second premolar.
Males frequently with a bone in the penis.
Temperate and tropical parts of the Eastern Hemisphere. Hibernate in temperate
regions.
1
2
2
3
RHINOLOPHUS EURYALE, Blasius. (Plate XVI. fig. 1.)
Rhinolophus euryale, Blasius, Anz. der bayer. Akad. der Wissensch., July 1853, p. 109; Wiegm.
Arch. für Naturg. i. 1853, p. 49; Fauna Deutschl., Säugeth. 1857, p. 35, figs. 12 & 13;
Fitz. & Heuglin, SB. Akad. Wien, liv. i. 1866, p. 548; Peters, MB. Ak. Berl. 1871, p. 308;
Dobson, Monogr. As. Chiropt. 1876, p. 51; Heuglin, Reise Nordost-Afr. ii. 1877, p. 22;
Dobson, Cat. Chir. B. M. 1878, p. 116, pl. vii. fig. 6; Trouessart, Le Naturaliste, vol. i. 1879,
p. 125; Dobson, Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. v. 1880, p. 236; Lataste, ibid. p. 239; Anderson, Cat.
Mamm. Ind. Mus. pt. i. 1881, p. 111; Tristram, West. Palestine, 1884, p. 26; Lataste, Act.
Soc. Linn Bord. xxxix. 1885, p. 187; Trouessart, Cat. Mamm. fasc. i. 1897, p. 93; Seabra,
Jorn. Sc. Lisb. (2) v. 1898, p. 249.
.
Hipposiderus euryale, Thomas, Ann. Mus. Civ. Genov. 24, xvii. 1896–97, p. 105.
2 and 2 4. Ramleh near Alexandria.
18. Serapeum near Sakkarah.
Ears acutely pointed, slightly longer than the head; inner margin below the tip
slightly convex, then more or less concave; the outer two-thirds markedly convex;

Mammals of Egypt.
Pl. XVI.
2
1
OF
UNIL
1. RHINOLOPHUS EURYALE.
.
2. RHINOLOPHUS ANTINORII.
MICH


RHINOLOPHUS EURYALE.
95
.
3
3
.
outer margin concave below the tip, the portion below being very faintly convex
and forming an obtuse angle at its junction with the antitragus, which is rather
shallow.
Horizontal nose-leaf not covering the sides of the muzzle; a small papilla on each
side of the anterior end of the mesial raphe, as in R. hipposideros, Bechst.
Sides of the sella straight, not contracted at their middle, but parallel, its summit
somewhat rounded and surmounted posteriorly by an acutely-pointed process;
posterior leaf moderately long and ending in a subacute point. Lower lip with two
grooves.
Wings arising from above the ankles, the interfemoral membrane from
halfway between the knee and the ankle.
Upper surface pale brown, the lower two-thirds of the hair being greyish. Under
surface nearly pure white. Wings and interfemoral membranes darker brown, the free
margins of both membranes being greyish. The lower portion of the ear, including
the tragus and the nose-membrane, the face, and chin of a yellowish flesh-colour.
Dentition : i. 3, c. , pm. žy
c. i, pm. 3, m. ž= 32.
'
Upper incisors small, chisel-shaped. First upper premolar very minute, wedged in
between the second premolar and the canine, lying more or less towards the outer
edge of the tooth-line. Second upper premolar closely opposed internally to the base
of the canine, much longer than the molars. Lower incisors markedly trifid, the first
pair placed slightly anterior to the second, than which they are considerably smaller.
First lower premolar small, half the height of the third, and closely opposed to the
canine. Second lower premolar very minute, lying on the outer side of the tooth-row,
wedged in between the first and third premolars; the third premolar large, being
slightly higher than the adjoining molar. The second upper premolar is not closely
opposed to the canine.
The forearm measures 45 to 47 mm.
The parallel sides and rounded upper margin of the sella, and the subacutely-
pointed character of the terminal leaf, at once separate this species from all the others.
This species is distributed over Europe to the south of the Alps and over North
Africa. It also occurs throughout Palestine, Syria, and Asia Minor.
In one female from Ramleh the pubic teats are 3 mm. long and 2 mm. in their
greatest breadth ; but the former measurement must have been greatly exceeded in life,
as each is thrown into a number of transverse ridges or folds. Each teat is com-
pressed from before backwards, doubtless due to pressure exercised on it by the mouth
of the young
The skin of the base of the abdomen immediately before these teats is much
corrugated transversely and a nearly hairless eminence lies between and behind the
teats and immediately before the transverse opening to the vagina, but separated from
it by a marked transverse fold. The area external to the teats is also bare. These

96
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT.
teats thus lying free from the surrounding hair are at once accessible to the young at
birth. M. R. Rollinat and Dr. Trouessart 1 have pointed out that in the Rhinolophine
bats the young are almost always found attached to the pubic teats and not to the
pectoral mammæ. They regard them simply as organs for enabling the young to
hold on to their mother, and not as lacteal structures.
The bat recorded by Heuglin 2 from Egypt under the name of R. capensis, Licht., is
probably this species.
RHINOLOPHUS ANTINORII, Dobson. (Plate XVI. fig. 2.)
Rhinolophus antinorii, Dobson, Ann. Mus. Civ. Genov. 2a, ii. (xxii.) 1885, p. 16; Trouessart, Cat.
Mamm. 1897, p. 95; Thomas, Ann. Mus. Civ. Genov. 2a, xviii. (xxxviii.) 1897-98, p. 676.
8. Second Pyramid at Gizeh.
d. Near Cairo. Hon. N. C. Rothschild, Oct. 1902.
f. Zoological Gardens, Gizeh. Mr. A. L. Butler, Sept. 1901.
Ear acutely pointed, slightly shorter than the head, internal border very slightly
emarginate immediately below the tip, then faintly convex, afterwards straight, followed
by a marked convexity passing down to its base ; external border marked by a deep
convexity below the tip, then sweeping outwards and downwards to the antitragus,
which is of moderate depth. Horizontal nose-membrane nearly circular, almost
covering the muzzle anteriorly, but not covering its sides, its anterior notch without
papillæ. The sella more or less concave on its side, narrowest at its centre, the
rounded summit as broad as its base; its height is considerably exceeded by the apex
of the connecting process behind, which is obtusely conical when viewed from the side,
and rather well clad with long fine straight hairs. Posterior leaf broadly triangular
and rather obtusely pointed, sparsely covered with long fine straight hairs. Wings
arising from the ankles. Interfemoral membrane arising above the ankle, the extreme
tip of tail projecting beyond it. Calcaneum moderately developed.
Uniform pale greyish brown above, darker on the membranes ; under surface
greyish white.
The hairs on the upper lip below the nose- membrane are greyish
brown and the claws are yellowish. The fur of the dorsal surface is grey in its lower
two-thirds, the terminal third of the hairs being brown.
Dentition: i. 1, c. 1, pm. 3, m. = 28.
ī2
The first upper premolar is absent and the second premolar is closely opposed to the
canine. Second lower premolar absent.
A bone in the penis of the male.
1
1
3
.
3
3
22
1 C. R. Soc. de Biol. (sér. 10) ii. 1895, p. 534,
2 Reise N.O.-Afr. ii. 1877, p. 22.

RHINOLOPHUS ANTINORII.
97
mm.
.
.
.
.
26
.
R. antinorii, R. ferrum-equinum,
o , Gizeh,
o , Sicily.
mm.
Snout to vent
48
64
Vent to tip of tail .
29
36
Length of head
20
Height of ears
20
25
Length of forearm .
47
50
Ist digit of manus, including metacarpal and claw . 7
9
2nd metacarpal
34
39
3rd
32
38
4th
34
40
5th
34
41
tibia
19
23
foot
9.5
12
Expanse of wing
285
358
"
.
The forearm of the female specimen taken in the Zoological Gardens at Gizeh
measures 45 mm.
This is the first published record of the occurrence of this species in Egypt. The
type of the species was obtained at Daimba in Shoa.
This species, in so far as the general characters of its soft parts are concerned, is
closely allied to R. ferrum-equinum ; but it is a much smaller animal in every way.
Its ears are smaller than those of the latter and are less attenuated at their tips. Its
fore limbs, tibiæ, and feet are also considerably shorter, and, moreover, its coloration is
different from that of the Horseshoe Bat of Europe. Its dentition likewise at once
separates it from that species. Dobson in describing it makes the following remarks:-
'It belongs to the same section as R. ferrum-equinum and resembles it in the form of
its nose-leaf and the general shape of the ear-conch, the latter differing only in its less
attenuated tip; but the most notable points of difference are to be found in the much
shorter thumb, foot, and tail, and especially in the complete absence of the minute first
upper and second lower premolar teeth. The interfemoral membrane is square-cut
behind, and the tip of the tail appears on the upper surface of the membrane, which
extends for a short distance (about 1 mm.) beyond it. In the absence of more specimens
it is impossible to say how far this may be an individual peculiarity. The entire absence
of the first upper and second lower premolar is deserving of special notice. I have
observed the occasional absence of one of these premolars in the allied species
R ferrum-equinum and in R. æthiops, but in no instance have these teeth been found
altogether wanting."
0

98
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT.
[Rhinolophus clivosus, described by Cretzschmar (Rüpp. Atlas, pl. 18), came from
Mohila in Arabia. Peters (MB. Ak. Wissensch. Berlin, 1866, p. 16) has given some
further details of the type specimen, and mentions the exceedingly small first
premolars in both upper and lower jaws.
In the British Museum Catalogue (1878) Dobson mentions several specimens of
R. clivosus from the African continent, whereas in all probability they all belong to the
form he afterwards described as R. antinorii ; this is certainly the case with the specimen
he mentions from North Africa received from the Frankfort Museum, which I have
examined. In describing this new species from Shoa, Dobson compared it only
with R. ferrum-equinum, overlooking Cretzschmar's species altogether, which seems
to resemble it very closely, possibly only differing in having the minute premolars, a
character which may not be very reliable. So far, however, no specimen having these
teeth has been found in Africa.-W. E. de W.]
-

HIPPOSIDERUS TRIDENS.
99
Subfamily HIPPOSIDERINÆ.
Each digit of the pes with two phalanges. The ilio-pectineal spine connected to
the antero-inferior surface of the ilium, forming a preacetabular foramen.
HIPPOSIDERUS.
Hipposiderus, Gray, Zool. Misc. 1831, p. 37.
The nose-leaf consists of three sections, an anterior, median, and posterior; the first is
more or less horseshoe-shaped, flatly applied to the muzzle, with its anterior border not
marked with a notch, the nostrils extruded near its centre, separated from each other
by a more or less developed ridge, each nostril having its margin or a portion of its
margin more or less lamellar; the median portion or sella is a transverse eminence which
divides the anterior from the posterior section of the nose-leaf; the posterior section
of the nose-leaf is usually more or less rounded above, never pointed, rarely tridentate,
its upper border projecting somewhat over its anterior surface, which is divided
generally into four cellular compartments; two superimposed lamellar folds lie along
the external border of the anterior section of the pose-leaf. The males of some of the
species are provided with a frontal sac, rudimentary in females, which lies behind the
nose-leaf, and is capable of being erected ; the opening is marked by stiff hairs, and a
secretion is poured into the sac by a series of glands which unite with it. Glandular
eminences occur above the eyes and at the sides of the posterior section of the
nose-leaf.
Dentition: i. pm. 2 or 3, m. = 30 or 28.
Distribution.—Tropical and subtropical parts of Africa (but reaching 26° N. lat.),
Asia, Malaysia, and Australasia.
a
1
2
1
22
c.
i,
2
m
3
3
HIPPOSIDERUS TRIDENS, E. Geoffr. (Plate XVII. fig. 1.)
Rhinolophus tridens, E. Geoffr. St.-Hil. Ann. du Mus. xx. 1813, pp. 260, 265; Descr. de l’Egypte,
Hist. Nat. ii. 1818, p. 130, pl. 2. nos. 1 & 1', et pl. 4. nos, 2 & 2"; Desm. Mammal. 1820-22,
'
,
p. 126; Fischer, Syn. Mamm. 1829, p. 136; Griffith, Cuvier's An. King. 1827, v. p. 77 ;
Desmarest, Nouv. Dict. 1819, xxix. p. 252; Temm. Monogr. Mamm. 1835-41, p. 19, pl. 27.
fig. 19; Wagner, Schreber, Säugeth. Suppl. i. 1840, p. 423; Rüppell, Mus. Senck. iii.
1815, p. 155.
Hipposiderus tridens, Gray, Mag. Zool. & Bot. ii. 1838, p. 493 ; Blanford, Faun. Brit. Ind., Mamm.
02

100
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT.
1888–91, p. 282; Yerbury & Thomas, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1895, p. 546 ; Matschie, Säugethi.
Deutsch-Ost-Afr. 1895, p. 22.
Phyllorhina tridens, Bonap. Saggio Distrib. Anim. Vert. 1831, p. 16; Peters, MB. Ak. Berl.
1871, p. 314; Dobson, Monogr. As. Chirop. 1876, p. 59; id. Cat. Chirop. B. M. 1878,
p. 131, pl. viii. fig. 3; Klunzinger, Zeitschr. Ges. Erdk. Berl. xiii. 1878, p. 62; Anders. Cat.
Mamm. Ind. Mus. pt. i. 1881, p. 113; Tristram, Fauna of West. Palest. 1884, p. 26;
Lataste, Vert. de Barbarie, Mammif. 1885, p. 65; Nehring, Kat. Säugeth. Kgl. Landwirth.
Hochschule, Berlin, 1886, p. 4; Monticelli, Ann. Mus. Civ. Genov. (2) v. 1887–88, p. 522;
Trouessart, Cat. Mamm. fasc. i. 1897, p. 96.
Asellia tridens, Gray, List Mamm. B. M. 1843, p. 24 ; id. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1866, p. 82.
Phyllorhina tridens, var. murraiana, Anders. Cat. Mamm. Ind. Mus. i. 1881, p. 113; Murray, Vert.
Zool. Sind, 1884, p. 6, pl. i. fig. 2 (head).
10. Minia. Major R. H. Brown, R.E., C.M.G.
10. Tomb of Seti the First.
2 and 3 4. Upper Egypt. Col. E. Larkins.
1 and 1 f. Tombs of Assasif, Thebes.
5 and 5 f. Assuan, Tombs in west banks excavated by Sir Francis Grenfell, G.C.B.
1 f. Tor, Sinaitic Peninsula.
Internal border of ear convex from the tip inwards and backwards. External border
emarginate below the tip, then slightly convex, and afterwards more or less concave as
it bends forwards to the side of the head. The height of the ear is half as long again as
the interval between the attachment of its external border to the side of the head and
the tip of the snout. A shallow pit immediately before the interior border of the margin
of the external meatus formed by an outward fold of its rim. Posterior portion of nose-
membrane tridentate, the central portion triangular, pointed, the external sections
lower and more rounded ; a short longitudinal fold connects each eminence with the
intermediate portion of the nose-leaf, the three containing between them two cells or
pits. The upper margin of the intermediate portion is continuous with the contour of
the anterior or nasal portion of the nose-leaf, whilst the outer margin of the tridentate
or posterior section of the nose-leaf passes outwards and sweeps forwards transversely
on the side of the muzzle above the root of the canine; in its lower portion it encloses
a short secondary fold which does not extend downward beyond it, and external to the
principal fold there is a very short rudimentary fold. A cell or pit lies below the
internal dentation of the posterior section of the membrane; and below it, between the
wavy outer border of the downward and forward continuation of the dentate portion,
there is a deep channel, and another between the nose-membrane proper and the short
secondary fold. The central fold of the tridentate portion is prolonged downwards
.
over the convex face of the intermediate portion of the nose-membrane to the septum,
dividing the nostrils, behind each of which there is a depression. The external border
of each nostril is raised, terminating in a more or less obtuse point. The nasal portion
a

Mammals of Egypt.
Pl. XVII.
1
3
la
2
2a
4
OF
UNIL
1, 1A. HIPPOSIDERUS TRIDENS.
3. PLECOTUS AURITUS.
2, 2A. NYCTERIS THEBAICA.
4. VESPERTILIO INNESI.
3
MICH


HIPPOSIDERUS TRIDENS.
101
of the membrane, when viewed from above, projects as far forwards as the tip of the
snout. Anteriorly its mesial line is generally marked by the presence of a minute
papilliform eminence.
The wings arise immediately above the ankles. Ears naked, with the exception of a
few fine hairs on the inside margin and at the base of both borders. Upper third of
humerus haired, rest of the upper surface and the forearm nude; femur and tibia and
under surface of both limbs nude. Upper surface of foot sparsely covered with fine
hairs. Interfemoral membrane square. Caudal vertebræ to half of the fifth within
the membrane, sixth and seventh free. The free portion of the tail clad with a few
long fine hairs.
Hair on upper surface whitish, but narrowly tipped with pale greyish brown or slate-
colour, the white appearing largely through the brown. Under surface greyish white.
Limbs above and below rich yellowish-red or flesh-coloured. Nose-leaf pale fleshy.
Ears greyish. Wing-membrane brownish.
Dentition : i. ., c. 1, pm.., m. = 28.
1
.
1
I
1
2
m
3
=
3
Measurements.
o.
8.
o .
오​.
Tor,
Sinaitic
Peninsula.
Thebes.
Minia.
Aden.
Aden.
Tombs
of
Assasif.
mm.
mm.
58
mm.
54
mm.
62
mm.
62
mm.
48
56
26
25
25
27
23
21
21
27.5
22.5
20
22:5
20.2
19.5
21
18.5
.
Snout to vent
Vent to tip of tail
Length of head.
Height of ears
Length of forearm.
1st digit of manus
2nd metacarpal
3rd
18
51.5
19.5
54.5
50
53
56
9
10.5
10
9.2
10
43
17-5
49
10
37
36
39
39
38
41
.
36
36
38.5
42
39
99
99
4th
34.5
36.5
36.5
40
39
35
30
30
30
33
34
29.5
19.5
20
18.6
20.5
21
99
5th
tibia.
foot.
Stretch of wing
10
9.6
21
10-5
325
10
9.6
281
9
280
293
315
240
Geoffroy St.-Hilaire states that this species was found in the principal underground
chambers and monuments of Egypt, mentioning among them the Tombs of the Kings
and the temple of Denderah. In 1880–81 I found this bat in immense numbers in
the temple of Denderah, but twelve years later, although I penetrated to most of the
chambers in search of bats, I did not meet with a single individual of this species; this
was doubtless to be accounted for by the excavations and restorations that had taken
place in the interval.

102
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT. .
In one of the tombs of Assasif into which I penetrated in 1892 this species occurred
in vast numbers, apparently to the exclusion of any other species; when I had so far
advanced into the tomb that artificial light was necessary, the sensation was as if I
were in the midst of a cloud of bats. They circled about me with great rapidity,
occasionally falling half-stunned by flying against my person, sometimes even against
my face. This disagreeable experience, but more especially the overpoweringly sickening
stench, intensified by the heat prevailing in the inner recesses of the tomb, drove me
forth to the fresh air and blue sky. It occurs even in still greater numbers in the
tombs at Mount Grenfell, opposite Assuan, some of which are rarely or never visited.
This species has been recorded from Senegal, Algeria, Tunisia, Southern Syria, and
Zanzibar; and some years ago I described the subsp. murraiana 1 from Karachi and
Bushire, with which the form from Southern Arabia has been identified by Thomas 2.
These individuals from Arabia are distinguished from those from Egypt by their
greater size, longer forearms and metacarpals (see Table, p.101), and consequently greater
length of wing. The anterior portion of the nose-leaf in all of them is distinctly larger
than in the typical form. None of the bats found in India are referable to the typical
form, and it will be observed that even the female from Tor, in the Sinaitic Peninsula,
conforms to the characters of the foregoing variety. In Egyptian examples of this
species the forearm measures as follows: in the male, 49, 49-5, 50, and 51 mm.; and
in the female, 47, 48, 49 mm.; while the forearm in males from Aden measures
respectively 54, 54, 58, and 56 mm.
I am indebted to Prof. Stewart, of the Royal College of Surgeons, for a microscopic
section of the pubic teats of this species, which reveals the fact that each is furnished
with a duct into which open numerous secondary ducts lined with columnar epithelium,
but the existence of glandular structure has not as yet been demonstrated.
According to Temminck there are some bats from Khartum and Kordofan in the
Stuttgart Museum, which he states are referable to Hipposiderus caffer, Sundevall 3.
a
2 Proc. Zool. Soc. 1900, p. 99.
i Cat. Mamm. Ind. Mus. i. 1881, p. 113.
3 Efyers. K. Vet.-Akad. Förhandl. iii. 1846, p. 118.

NYCTERIDÆ AND MEGADERMATIDÆ.
103
Families NYCTERIDÆ and MEGADERMATIDÆ.
a
In the Nycteridæ the nostrils are very small, and are situated on each side of a deep
hairless depression on the upper surface of the snout, the point of which slopes
downwards and forwards, and is covered with short hairs and a few long fine hairs.
The mesial line of the posterior margin, overlooking the pit in which the nostrils lie,
has a somewhat backwardly projected process. The nasal pit is the anterior ending
of a well-defined deep mesial longitudinal facial furrow, which is divided into two parts.
The first part, from the nostrils backwards to about level with the eyes, is not
so deep as the section immediately behind it. The latter begins anterior to a
transverse line connecting the two small eyes. This hinder portion has its floor at
a lower level than the anterior portion. The margins of this great and deep facial
furrow are defined externally on each side by three folds of skin. The first is a more
or less pedunculated lobe immediately behind the line of the nostrils; its inner surface
is perfectly round, flat, and hairless, and is generally opposed to its fellow of the
opposite side, so that the openings to the nostrils are reduced to two oblique slits
defined posteriorly by these lobes, and anteriorly by the nasal margin of the snout,
which has usually a more or less defined backwardly projected eminence. The upper
surface of each of these lobes is well covered with hair. Internally to this, and in the
bottom of this part of the furrow, there is a hairless fold of skin arising on the inner
side of each nasal orifice and curving backwards and outwards, and terminating on the
upper edge of the facial furrow, on a line, or nearly so, with the beginning of the
portion of the facial furrow lying at a deeper level. A small lobe on the commencement
of each of these folds exists opposite to each nostril, and, having a gentle outward
curvature, is opposed to the outer wall of the furrow immediately over the nostril.
The posterior part of the outer wall of this fold is clothed more or less with hairs.
The second portion of the facial furrow is traversed by a median fleshy septum, attached
posteriorly to the front of the frontal bone. Each outer wall of this part of the facial
furrow curves outwards and backwards, and ends in a free fleshy process that lies
opposed to the upper surface of the lateral offshoots of this part of the facial ridge
externally to the termination of the foregoing septum. On each side of the septum
there is a semicircular pit with a delicate membrane covering its floor. The posterior
ending of the septum is practically in the mesial line of the membrane connecting the
а
a
ears.
The nose-leaf of the Megadermatidæ is structurally widely distinct from that of the
Nycteridæ. It attains to a great size, is composed of two portions, the smaller
connected with but overlying the larger portion. The latter begins on the upper
surface of the snout as a procumbent fold of skin with a more or less free border, and

104
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT.
underneath the free anterior margins of this membrane are the minute nostrils, which
are consequently placed completely on the upper surface of the muzzle. The nose-leaf
is horseshoe-shaped in the anterior part of the snout, but beyond is prolonged backwards
as a free erectile leaf-shaped membrane overlying a deep concavity on the frontal region
of the head. Anteriorly this membrane is traversed longitudinally by a pronounced
convexity or midrib, resulting from a mesial longitudinal fold, as is seen by its being
concave posteriorly. Its anterior end is connected to the posterior border of the more
or less cordate second or overlying membrane, which occupies the concavity of the
horseshoe-shaped portion of the nasal appendage. This cordate-like membrane is
only attached to the horseshoe membrane immediately before and behind the nostrils,
but its free border is notched anteriorly, so that each section acts as a valve to protect
or to close the nasal passages. In Megaderma lyra the anterior border is freer than
in M. spasma and M. cor, and in the mesial line there is a rounded eminence in
M. lyra that slightly raises it and tends to bring it in contact with the septum dividing
the nostrils. Its posterior portion is perfectly free, and the convexities on its outer
surface are due to the folding of the membrane and are concave behind. The eyes
are very large, and over the inner canthus of each there is a large wart, and from this
point a marked fold of skin is attached to the back of the inner half of the erectile
leaf-like portion of the nasal appendages. These two folds define a deep recess which
passes forwards behind the nose-leaf as far as the attachment of the horseshoe-shaped
portion in the mesial line behind the nostrils. These membranes are more or less
clad with short hairs anteriorly, but less so posteriorly. The foregoing characters are
distinctive of M. lyra, M. spasma, and M. cor. On the other hand, the anterior border
of the horseshoe-shaped portion of the nasal appendage, which in the foregoing species
has only a feeble free margin, is greatly developed in M. frons. It projects upwards
as a foliaceous expansion, and is so folded in the mesial line as to give rise to a marked
process overlooking the division between the nostrils. The so-called midrib of the
erect foliaceous portion of the membrane, which is enormously developed in this
species, gradually expands anteriorly into the equivalent of the cordate portion in the
other species, which becomes very obscure in M. frons, and assumes the character of a
basal expansion of the midrib. The anterior free borders of this portion of the
equivalent of the cordate membrane are expanded on either side into similar hairless
expansions lying over the nasal orifices in close contact with the equally hairless
posterior :pturned free border of the horseshoe-shaped membrane. The nostrils are
thus even more protected than in the other species. The mesial pit behind the
membranes is not so much developed as in the other species. In M. lyra, M. spasma,
and M. cor the lower lip bas a mesial groove with a fleshy eminence on each side of it;
the groove does not exist in this species (M. frons), but the front of the lip is
fleshy.

NYCTERIDÆ AND MEGADERMATIDÆ.
105
The construction of the nasal apparatus, as has been seen, is perfectly distinct in
the two families. The Nycteridæ are further distinguished from the Megadermatidæ
by other structural modifications. The spinal column of the former differs from that
of the latter in being prolonged to the extremity of the interfemoral membrane, and
the terminal vertebra is T-shaped; whereas although the interfemoral membrane of the
Megadermatidæ is quite as well developed as in the Nycteridæ, the terminal caudal
vertebræ are rudimentary, and consequently the interfemoral membrane is not traversed.
There is also a marked structural modification of the skull; in the absence of ossified
premaxillæ the upper incisor teeth in the Megadermatidæ are wanting, while both bones
and teeth are present in the Nycteridæ. The Nycteridæ have only the metacarpal
representing the second digit of the manus, whereas in the Megadermatidæ a phalange
is added. In the two families the fibula is absent.
Dobson, in contrasting Megaderma with Nycteris, stated that the affinity of the two
genera was shown by the peculiar form of the frontal bones, and also by the form and
structure of the ears. The structure of the ear in these two bats is, however,
perfectly distinct. In the Nycteridæ the inner borders of the ears are never united
(though the bases are connected by a low frontal band), and consequently the inner
border, as it approaches the base, curves outwards and backwards into the cavity
of the conch, and ends in its inner aspect immediately behind the origin of the tragus
in a small lobular projection. In the Megadermatidæ, owing to the union of the inner
borders of the ears, this arrangement is entirely absent. In the lower portion of the
external border of the ear of the Nycteridæ there exists on the inner surface a
thin fold of skin variously developed, but always markedly present, which passes
downwards along the wall of the conch, and terminates slightly above the outer margin
of the external meatus, from which it is separated by a thickened fold of skin that
runs backwards to the wall of the conch. A more or less shallow depression is defined
by the union of these two folds. The former of these folds is entirely unrepresented
in the Megadermatidæ, but there are slight indications of the existence of the latter.
In the Nycteridæ the external border of the ear before its attachment to the side of
the head develops a well-marked sensory semicircular antitragus, a structure which is
absent in the Megadermatidæ in which true sensory hairs in this region of the ear do
not occur. In the Nycteridæ the inner and outer surfaces of the ear-conch and of the
tragus are covered with circular areas, from the centre of each of which springs a
sensory hair, but these structures are completely absent from the thin membranous
tragus of the Megadermatidæ.
The foregoing structural differences seem of sufficient importance to entitle the
animals which manifest them to be referred to two distinct families, viz., the Nycteridæ
and Megadermatidæ, and hence they appear as such in these pages.
P.

106
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT. .
E. Geoffroy St.-Hilaire 1, in 1813, wrote a paper entitled “ De l'Organisation et de la
Détermination des Nyctères, une des Familles de Chauve-Souris,” but he did not designate
the family by any Latin term. Allan ?, in 1864, suggested the name Megadermatidæ
for the family of bats indicated by Geoffroy ; but Dobson 3 appears to have been
unaware of this, as in 1875 he proposed the term Nycteridæ. As the subfamilies into
which Dobson subdivided the Nycteridæ are here regarded as two distinct families,
the term Nycteridæ is retained for the group represented by Nycteris, and the
designation Megadermatidæ is appropriated for those bats represented by the genus
Megaderma.
1 Ann. du Mus. xx. 1813, p. 11.
2 Monog. of Bats of America, 1864, p. 1.
3 Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1875, xvi. p. 347; Palmer, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, xii. 1898, p. 110.

NYCTERIS THEBAICA.
107
NYCTERIDÆ.
Muzzle traversed by a longitudinal furrow. Nostrils deep in the beginning of the
furrow, which expands posteriorly on the forehead into a deep pit; sides of the furrow
margined by valvular folds. Ears large, separate, but united at their bases over the
forehead by a low transverse membrane ; tragus short, more or less rounded. Eyes
very minute. Tail long, well-developed, and reaching beyond the end of the inter-
femoral membrane; terminal vertebra T-shaped. Second digit of manus represented
only by the metacarpal. Premaxillæ ossified. Upper incisors present. No pubic teats.
Dentition : i :
1 pm. , m. = 32.
Distribution.—The African continent and Arabia ; and in the Oriental Region in
the Malay Peninsula and Java only.
2
1
c.
3
m.
3
.
• 3'
2
-
NYCTERIS.
Nycteris (Geoffroy St.-Hil.), Desmarest, Nouv. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xv. 1803, p. 501. .
Characters, those of the family.
NYCTERIS THEBAICA, E. Geoffr. (Plate XVII. fig. 2.)
Nycteris thebaica, E. Geoffr. St.-Hil. Ann. du Mus. xx. 1813, p. 20, pl. i. (fig. of head); Descr.
de l'Egypte, Hist. Nat. ii. 1818, p. 119, Atlas, pl. i. nos. 2 and 2', & pl. iv. nos. 1 to 1";
Sund. Kgl. Ak. Handl. Stockh. (1842), 1843, p. 198 ; Wagner, Schreber, Säugeth. Suppl. i.
1840, p. 438; id. op. cit. v. 1855, p. 645; Rüppell, Mus. Senck. iii. 1845, p. 155; Fitz. &
Heugl. SB. Ak. Wien, liv.i. 1866, p. 547; Peters, MB. Ak. Berl. 1870, p. 903; Heuglin, Reise
Nordost-Afr. 1877, ii. p. 18; Dobson, Cat. Chir. B. M. 1878, p. 165; Giglioli, Ann. Mus. Civ.
.
Genov. (2) vi. 1888, p. 26; Dobson, Ann. Mus. Civ. Genov. (2) ii. (xxii.) 1885, p. 17; Nehring,
Kat. Säugeth. Kgl. Landwirth. Hochsch. 1886, p. 4; Monticelli, Ann. Mus. Civ. Genov.
(2) v. (xxv.) 1887–88, p. 522; Bocage, Jorn. Sc. Lisb. (2) i. 1890, p. 5; Yerbury & Thomas,
Proc. Zool. Soc. 1895, p. 546; Thomas, Ann. Mus. Civ. Genov. (2) xvii. (xxxvii.) 1896–97,
p
p. 105.
Nycteris geoffroyi, Desm. Mamm. 1820, p. 127; Fitz. & Heugl. SB. Ak. Wien, liv. i. 1866, p. 547.
Nycteris albiventer, Wagner, Schreb. Säugeth. Suppl. i. 1810, p. 439; Fitz. & Heugl. SB. Ak.
Wien, liv. i. 1866, p. 547.
Nycteris labiata, Heuglin, Nov. Act. Leop.-Carol. Nat. Cur. xxix. 1861, p. 5; id. Reise N.O.-Afr.
5
ii. 1877, p. 18.
(?) Nycteris angolensis, Peters, MB. Ak Berl. 1870, p. 903.
P 2

108
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT.
Nycteris revoilii, Robin, Bull. Soc. Philom. (7) v. 1881, p. 90 ; id. Ann. Sc. Nat. (6) xiii. art. ii.
1882.
.
3 ō and 2 4. Karnak.
1 . Khayzam, Luxor.
f. Zoological Gardens, Gizeh. Mr. A. L. Butler, Aug. 1901.
9. Near Cairo. Hon. N. C. Rothschild, Oct. 1902.
Eye very minute. Ears very much longer than the head, the extreme height
considerably more than one-half the length of the body from snout to vent, their extreme
breadth equal to two-thirds of their length; oval in form, with the apex slightly indi-
cated; fold on inner surface of conch along external border well-developed. Tragus
expanded and broad in its free portion, broadest at the middle of its inner margin ; its
posterior border is markedly convex and sweeps round to the anterior border, which is
only concave at its base ; a prominent, anteriorly folded lobe on the posterior border of
the tragus below its free portion. Inner border of the ear fringed with fine ciliary wbite
hairs directed outwards, backwards, and upwards, longest at its base, and becoming
very short towards the tip; the rest of the surface of the ears nude, with the exception
of a few straggling sensory hairs. The fur is very soft, pale at the base, tipped with
smoky fawn, the darker tips being very feebly defined on the face, around the ears and
the back of the head, and the whole of the under parts, the almost colourless basal
portion of the exceedingly soft fur showing largely on the surface. Muzzle yellowish
flesh-colour. Wing-membranes pale brownish, and the ears still paler, the under
surface of the limbs being more or less tinged with yellowish. The four upper
incisors are bicuspidate. The second lower premolar is very small, and may some-
times be, according to Dobson, quite internal to the tooth-row. In the skull of one
male this tooth is partially in the line of the inner half of the tooth-row, whilst its
inner half is internal to the tooth-row; and in a female, likewise from Karnak, this tooth
is in the line of the other teeth, so that no importance is to be attached to this variable
character.
This bat frequents the ruins of Karnak and also those of Thebes, and I have caught
it on the wing in the portico of a house not many miles from the former locality.
Nothing is known of its habits, but it is in full activity in February.
Native name unknown.
This species is not confined to the African continent, as it is extremely common in
the Hadramut, Southern Arabia, and is found at Aden and in the Sinaitic Peninsula.
In Egypt proper it has hitherto only been recorded from Thebes and its neighbourhood.
To the south it occurs at Dongola, Sennaar, and possibly Kordofan. To the east of
the Upper Nile Valley it (or a slightly modified form) has been obtained at Mt. Wagga,
near Berbera in Somaliland, at an elevation of 6000 feet above the sea, and' as far
south as Zanzibar.

NYCTERIS THEBAICA.
109
48
.
Measurements.
Khayzam. Luxor. Karnak, Hadramut.
o.
4.
mm.
mm. mm.
mm.
Snout to vent
47
49 47
Vent to tip of tail
52
51
52-5 53
Length of head
21
21
21
21
Height of ear.
30 28 30 35
Long diameter of eye
l
Inner canthus of eye to tip of snout
9
10
8.3 10
Height of tragus
8
7
8.3 9
Greatest breadth of tragus.
4
4
4
4
Length of forearm
44.5 43
44
45
1st digit of manus .
11.3
11
12
11
2nd metacarpal .
35.5 36.5 37 41
3rd
33
33
33.5 35
4th
35.3 35
35 36.5
5th
35.5 35.5 36
36
tibia
22.5 23
23
23
foot
11 11 10.5 11
Stretch of wing
280 279 280 273
.
.
:
The specimens from Hadramut, the measurements of one of which I have included
in the above Table, have somewhat larger ears than the typical N. thebaica,
but beyond this and their paler colour they are inseparable from Egyptian
individuals.
E. Geoffroy St.-Hilaire in describing Nycteris thebaica gives a somewhat elaborate
account of a power which he said this bat possessed of inflating itself hypodermically,
and states that it had a sort of pouch on each side of the mouth communicating with
a great membranous sac formed by the skin of the body and capable of being filled
with air. I have carefully searched for this cheek-pouch and for openings leading to
a sac, but without success. I had at my disposal rich materials for my search in quest
of these structures, as I had over fifty examples in my possession from the Hadramut.
No trace of an opening or of a sac could be detected; but to verify my observations I
submitted two bats to Dr. W. G. Ridewood, of the British Museum, for his examination,
accompanying the bats with the volume in which E. Geoffroy St.-Hilaire recorded
his remarks. After Dr. Ridewood had examined them, he wrote to me as follows:-
“I am sorry I must confess to complete inability to discover the openings in the cheek-
pouches described by Geoffroy.”
In the British Museum there are three skins of bats from Kordofan, and one stuffed
specimen from Sennaar, referred by Dobson to a species which he called N. æthiopica,

110
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT.
and which is probably identical with the bat called by Fitzinger 1 Plecotus æthiopicus.
As in N. thebaica, the upper incisors are bifid and the second lower premolar is slightly
internal to the tooth-row. In the specimen marked "type," the second lower premolar
is half internal to the tooth-row, but in the specimen 48.8.19.11 it is wholly internal,
and only differs from the same tooth in typical N. thebaica in being larger ; but in a
specimen in alcohol received by the British Museum from Zanzibar after Dobson's
catalogue had been published, this tooth is only slightly internal to the tooth-row, and
in an example of N. thebaica this tooth has much the same characters as in the last-
mentioned specimen.
N. athiopica, however, seems to be distinguished from N. thebaica by its more
broadly oval ears, by the greater development of the inward curvature of the internal
border of the ear in its lower half, and by the greater size of the lobe or projection
associated with it. The tragus has also a different form from that of N. thebaica, as it
is more forwardly curved, and instead of being rounded anteriorly it ends in a more or
less defined point, below which its border is concave from before backwards. This
bat, in whatever light it may be considered, either as a species or as a local race, ,
unquestionably attains to a decidedly greater size than N. thebaica. The tragus of
N. macrotis, Dobson, from West Africa, has much the same form as that of
N. æthiopica, but the ears of the former are considerably larger. N. æthiopica extends
from Kordofan and Sennaar to the south-east as far as Zanzibar and Nyassaland.
a
Another species of this genus also occurs in the Nile Valley at Khartum, viz.
N. hispida, distinguished by the tragus attaining its greatest width opposite the base
of its inner margin, by its inner margin being concave, by the trifid upper incisors,
and by the second minute lower premolar being in the tooth-row.
Dobson, who relegated N. fuliginosa, Peters, and N. damarensis, Peters, to N. capensis,
Smith, as synonyms of that species, was inclined to the opinion that N. capensis itself,
when a sufficient number of specimens were available for comparison, might turn out
to be only a variety of N. thebaica, and that N. angolensis, Peters, would also have
to be included.
1 SB. k. Akad. Wien, liv. i. 1866, p. 546.

MEG ADERMA FRONS.
111
MEGADERMATIDÆ.
Face supporting an erect nose-leaf consisting of an anterior and posterior portion,
with the nostrils in a concavity on the upper surface of the snout, concealed by the
free anterior margins of the procumbent proximal portion of the nose-leaf. Ears large,
united to each other directly by their inner borders ; tragus large, membranous, and
generally asymmetrically bifurcate. Eye large. Tail rudimentary, not traversing the
interfemoral membrane. Second digit of manus with a single phalanx. Premaxillæ
cartilaginous. No upper incisors. Females with pubic teats at all ages, as in
Rhinolophidæ.
Dentition : i. ., c. ;, pm. ġ, m. 3 = 28.
c,
Distribution.— Ethiopian and Oriental Regions, and Ternate (Wallace).
1
2
3
0
2
.
.
ין
= .
MEGADERMA.
Megaderma, Geoffroy St.-Hil. Ann. du Mus. xv. 1810, p. 197.
Characters, those of the family.
No species of this family occurs in Egypt proper, but the following bat is found to
the south of Berber.
.
MEGADERMA FRONS, E. Geoffr.
Megaderma frons, E. Geoffr. St.-Hil. Ann. du Mus. xv. 1810, p. 192.
Heuglin 1, who has recorded this bat from Khartum, states that it is one of the
commonest bats in the Upper Nile region. They are found hanging by one foot on
the horizontal branches of the almost bare mimosa trees, and are consequently much
exposed to the direct rays of the sun.
He further mentions that this species flies about even in the daytime, and can see
well in the full glare of sunlight. He asserts that it dashes through the thick bushes
with a restless wavy flight, but with the utmost dexterity, not even touching a
single leaf in its course. A very similar observation was recorded by Speke 2 some
years before Heuglin wrote, as he had noticed this bat at Meninga, rising seemingly
1 Reise Geb. des Weissen Nil, 1869, p. 327.
p
2 Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864, p. 99.
.

112
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT.
from the ground, and alighting sometimes in the bushes and sometimes again in the
grass. In view of this habit, Dobson suggested that Megaderma frons probably hunts
for grasshoppers and small mammals, like M. lyra, which, Blyth pointed out, lives on
similar food and even preys on its own kind.
Megaderma cor, which has the anterior nose-leaf somewhat elongatedly cordate and
the posterior erect portion roundly ovate, is present in Abyssinia, in which region
Megaderma frons also occurs.

PLECOTUS.
113
VESPERTILIONIDÆ.
Nostrils at the extremity of the snout, crescentic or circular; muzzle devoid of
foliaceous appendages ; eyes minute; a tragus present. Two phalanges in the third
digit of the manus. Interfemoral membrane ample, inclosing the entire tail, or with
the last vertebra projecting beyond it. Premaxillæ not forming a median palatal suture.
Two to four upper incisors separated by a wide space in the mesial line, placed in pairs
or singly against the canines. Upper premolars one to three on each side. When
more than one upper premolar are present, the anterior is usually minute and often
lies internal to the tooth-line. Either two or three lower premolars on each side.
The members of this family are widely distributed over the tropical and temperate
regions of the world.
They are divided into two sections, viz., the Plecotine and Vespertilionine.
Plecotine Section.
Ears very
This division is based on the common Long-eared Bat, Plecotus auritus.
large, united at their bases across the forehead; nostrils lunate, with or without
cornua.
PLECOTUS.
Plecotus, E. Geoffr. St.-Hil. Descr. de l’Egypte, Hist. Nat. ii. 1818, p. 112.
Forehead raised above the level of the face. Ears enormously elongated; external
border of the ear arising shortly behind the angle of the mouth ; a well-marked
lobule directed forwards and outwards near the base of the inner border at the point
of attachment of the transverse fold; tragus very long; a well-developed cup-shaped
lobule at the base of the external margin of the tragus. Nostrils on the upper surface
of the muzzle, lunate, each with a well-defined cornu. Groups of gland-masses on the
snout not raised. The antibrachial membrane continuous from the shoulder to the
base of the first digit of the manus. Wing-membrane rising from the side of the meta-
tarsal of the first toe. Penis club-shaped, pointed, and with a bone. Lower incisors
trifid.
Dentition.: i. c. }, pm. ș, m. } = 36.
a
1
2
3
.
2
39
3
3
1
.
Q

114
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT.
PLECOTUS AURITUS, Linn. (Plate XVII. fig. 3.)
Vespertilio auritus, Linn. Syst. Nat. 1766, p. 47; Schreber, Säugeth. i. 1775, p. 163, tab. 50;
Erxleben, Syst. An. 1777, p. 141; Zimm. Geogr. Gesch. ii. 1780, p. 411; Bechstein, Natur-
gesch. i. 1801, p. 1143; Hermann, Obs. Zool. 1804, i. p. 16; E. Geoffr. St.-Hil. Ann. du
Mus. viii. 1806, p. 197 ; Kuhl, Deutsch. Flederm. 1817, p. 19; Desm. Mamm. 1820, p. 144;
Temm. Monogr. Mamm. ii. 1835–41, p. 181, pl. 48. fig. 4 (head).
Vespertilio auritus, var. ægyptius, Fischer, Syn. Mamm. 1829, p. 117.
Vespertilio auritus, var. austriacus, Fischer, op. cit. p. 117.
Plecotus auritus, E. Geoffr. St.-Hil. Descr. de l’Egypte, Hist. Nat. ii. 1818, p. 118; Atlas, pl. 2,
nos. 3 and 4; Fleming, Phil. Zool. ii. 1822, p. 179, pl. i. fig. 1; Gray, Zool. Journ. ii. 1825,
p. 109; Fleming, Brit. An. 1828, p. 7; Jenyns, Trans. Linn. Soc. xvi. 1833, p. 54 ; Bonap.
Fauna Ital. 1832-41, p. 98; Sowerby, Lond. & Edin. Phil. Mag. (new ser.) viii. 1836,
p. 265; McGillivray, Jard. Nat. Lib. vii. 1838, p. 85; Keys. & Blasius, Wiegm. Arch.
1839, p. 306 ; Blasius, Fauna Deutsch. 1857, p. 39 (woodcut); Giebel, Säugeth. 1859,
p. 933; Kinahan, Proc. Nat. Hist. Soc. Dublin, ii. 1859, p. 154; Blyth, Cat. Mamm. As.
;
Soc. Mus. 1863, p. 35; Peters, MB. Ak. Berl. 1866, p. 18 ; Tristram, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1866,
p. 92; Jerdon, Mamm. Ind. 1867, p. 47; Loche, Expl. Sc. de l'Alg., Mammif. 1867, p. 78;
Bell, Brit. Quad. 1874, 2nd ed. p. 72; Hutton, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872, p. 704 ; Dobson,
Monogr. As. Chir. 1876, p. 84; Cat. Chir. B. M. 1878, p. 178; Anders. Cat. Mamm. Ind.
Mus. i. 1881, p. 123 ; Scully, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1881, p. 199; Lataste, Vert. de Barbarie, Mamm.
.p
1885, p. 66 ; Blanford, Fauna Brit. Ind., Mamm. 1888–91, p. 297 ; Siepi, C. R. Congr. Int. de
Zool., Paris, 1889, p. 53; Anderson, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 6; Trouessart, Cat. Mamm.
1897, p. 104.
Vespertilio otus, Boie, Isis, 1825, p. 1206.
Vespertilio cornutus, Faber, Bull. Sc. Nat. (Férussac), ix. 1826, p. 341; Isis, 1826, p. 515.
.
Plecotus communis, Lesson, Man. de Mamm. 1827, p. 95; Gray, List of Mamm. B. M. 1843,
;
P. 25.
Vespertilio brevimanus, Jenyns, Bull. Sc. Nat. (Férussac), xxiv. 1831, p. 139; Trans. Linn. Soc.
xvi. 1833, p. 55.
Plecotus ægyptiacus, Is. Geoffr. St.-Hil. Mag. Zool. (Guérin), 1832, pl. 3; Fitz. & Heugl. SB.
k. Akad. Wien, liv. i. 1866, p. 545.
Plecotus peronii, Is. Geoffr. St.-Hil. Mag. Zool. (Guérin), 1832, pl. 3. fig. 1.
Plecotus christii, Gray, Mag. Zool. Bot. ii. 1838, p. 495 ; List Mamm. B. M. 1843, p. 25.
Plecotus bonapartii, Gray, Mag. Zool. Bot. ii. 1838, p. 495. .
1. Mena House Hotel.
1. Second Pyramid, Gizeh.
10. Minia. Major R. H. Brown, R.E., C.M.G.
17. Tomb of Seti the First. Thebes.
14. Tor, Sinaitic Peninsula.
Ears nearly as long as the body and head, ovate, broadly rounded at their tips.

PLECOTUS AURITUS. .
115
Fur ashy grey or greyish brown above, greyish white below. The basal portion of
the fur very dark brown.
Inner upper incisor bifid, inner cusp much longer than the outer. Outer upper
incisor small, lying outside the external cusp of the former, but not so long as it.
First upper premolar small, close to the canine, conical, about one-third the length
of the second upper premolar, which is very large and longer than the molars. Lower
incisors markedly trifid. First lower premolar less than half the height of the canine
lying close to it. Second lower premolar half the size of the first, separated slightly
from the third, which is large and nearly as high as the adjoining molar. In one
specimen (Tor, Arabia) the second premolar has its crown partially hidden by the
crown of the first premolar, which is placed external to it.
.
Gizeh, Egypt. Duirat. Devonshire.
o.
o .
o.
mm.
mm.
mm.
45
45
43
50
49
44.5
19
19
18.4
35
35
35
18
18
17:3
6.5
6
5
6.2
7
6.6
40:5
40
38
Snout to vent
Vent to tip of tail
Length of head
Height of ear.
tragus
Breadth of tragus
Inner canthus of eye to tip of snout
Length of forearm.
thumb
2nd metacarpal
3rd
4th
5th
.
.
8
9
10
31.6
34
33
36
35
35
34.5
33
32
31
33.5
19
33.6
18
tibia.
8
foot
Stretch of wing
10:5
262
18
10
248
256
.
case.
Geoffroy was under the impression that the examples of the long-eared bat found
in Egypt were smaller than the European bats, but this does not appear to be the
The snouts of bats from Devonshire (England) are much broader than those
of Egyptian individuals, whilst in bats from Duirat, on the confines of Tripoli, the
snouts are intermediate between the two.
This species has been met with in Egypt in the recesses of the Pyramids and in
those of other monuments, also in houses and in caverns. These are much the same
conditions as those in which it is found in Europe, where it is also known to live in
trees hollowed by decay or by age. The large ears, equalling the body of the animal
in length, are held horizontally forward in flight; and the flight, which is rapid and
Q2

116
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT.
irregular, has the fluttering character of that of the Pipestrelle. This bat is active in
Europe in the summer months, but hibernates during winter. In Egypt, however,
I found it quite lively from December to February. The subject of hibernation in
the different species of bats is one well worthy of investigation.
In repose the ears of this bat are contracted along the upper border and across the
line of transverse striation, so that they are partially folded back towards the sides of
the neck, allowing the tragi to project freely by themselves like small independent
ears, the little lobule towards the base of the inner margin of the ear also appearing in
profile. Whenever the animal awakes or rouses itself from repose, the ears assume
the erect position covering the tragi, and in death the ears always assume the erect
attitude.
Distributed over the Palæarctic region ; it also ranges to the heights of Abyssinia
and Shoa, and on the westward side of the African continent to Teneriffe.
A nearly allied species described by Hodgson 1 from the Himalayas under the name
of P. homochrous, and of which the type specimen is in the British Museum, is a very
dark-coloured small-footed form, being practically uniformly black-brown above and
below. Hodgson in all probability miscounted the teeth in the molar series, for
he records them as hy; the skull of the type specimen, however, is not in the British
Museum. The ears of Plecotus auritus in the dry skin are just as he describes them
in the Himalayan species, “ touching with proximate edges over the forehead, but
not united.”
I am indebted to Professor Lorenz for the information that the bat mentioned by
Fitzinger 2 under the name of Plecotus æthiopicus is not a Plecotus at all, but is in all
likelihood an example of Nycteris thebaica.
4
1 Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xvi. pt. ii. 1847, p. 894.
.
2 SB. k. Akad. Wien, liv. i. 1866, p. 546.

OTONYCTERIS.
117
OTONYCTERIS.
1
Otonycteris, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1859, p. 223.
Forehead not raised above the level of the face. Ears very large, directed nearly
horizontally, united across the forehead by a well-developed fold of skin as in Plecotus.
The external border of the ear terminates some distance behind the mouth and there is
a well-developed inwardly folded somewhat fleshy lobe opposite to the point of the base
of the tragus and opposable to it. No nodule near the base of the inner border of the
ear at the point of attachment of the fold of skin connecting the ears. Tragus very
large, directed upwards and outwards, with a minute angular lobule at the base
of the external margin. Nostrils simple, crescentic, on the side of the snout. Two
shallow rather indistinct furrows on the upper surface of the snout from behind its
base, surrounding a somewhat hourglass-shaped raised interspace more or less well
haired, each furrow continued backwards and outwards towards the upper aspect of the
inner canthus of each eye. Antibrachial membrane shallow, continuous from the
shoulder to the base of the first digit of the manus. Wing-membrane arises from
the side of the metatarsal of the first toe as in Plecotus. A small calcaneal lobe
halfway between the heel and the tail. Penis with two well-marked lobes, the
glans projected forward between the lobes, and furnished with a bone; the middle of
the dorsum of the penis with a large supplementary haired process. Two pairs of
teats on the pectoral area.
Dentition: i.
.
3, c. 1 pm. 3, m. 3 = 30.
The lower incisors are bifid, the inner chisel-like division of the crown of the teeth
being the larger and longer of its two sections. The upper incisors have a strong
external basal tubercle or cusp. The canines are short and strong. In form the skull
(see Pl. XVIII. figs. 16 & 1c) is more or less musteline, the muzzle being short and
broad, and closely similar in all its characters to the skull of Pipistrellus.
In Blanford's definition of this genus 1 it is said, “ears large, separate,” but in a
footnote it is added, “ according to Dobson there is hidden amongst the hairs of the
forehead a very low band that connects the ears, but practically they are separated.”
In dried skins all trace of the connecting fold of skin disappears, but it is clearly
preserved in alcoholic specimens, so there is no doubt it was upon specimens in the
former condition that Dr. Blanford founded his remarks.
The three females from Siwah in alcohol, one female skin from Gilgit obtained by
Colonel J. Biddulph in July 1876, and another specimen from Fao in the Persian
a
1
1
1
1'
m.
= .
1 Fauna of Brit. Ind., Mamm. p. 299.

118
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT.
Gulf, also in alcohol, show two pairs of pectoral nipples, one placed a short distance
above the other, a unique condition in the order Chiroptera, or, indeed, in any of the
higher Mammalia, but whether both pairs have functionally active milk-ducts has to be
ascertained.
OTONYCTERIS HEMPRICHI, Peters. (Plate XVIII. fig. 1.)
Otonycteris hemprichii, Peters, MB. Ak. Berl. 1859, p. 223; Dobson, Cat. Chir. B. M. 1878,
p. 182; Lataste, Bull. Soc. Zool. de France, 1880, p. 232. (fig. of head and of lower incisor
teeth); id. op. cit. p. 237, et Vert. de Barbarie, Mammif. 1885, p. 66; Scully, Proc. Zool. Soc.
.
p
1881, p. 199; Blanford, Fauna of Brit. Ind., Mamm. 1888–91, p. 300; Trouessart, Cat.
Mamm. 1897, p. 105.
Plecotus ustus, Fitz. & Heugl. SB. k. Akad. Wien, liv. i. 1866, p. 546; Heuglin, Reise N.O.-
Afr. ii. 1877, p. 30.
3 from the Oasis of Siwah.
Snout not abruptly truncated in front, muzzle with a mesial depression, a furrow
above the upper lip. Inner margin of nostrils slightly swollen and projected forwards
beyond the outer margins, separated by a shallow mesial furrow. Grooves on the
upper surface of the muzzle feebly indicated. Ears rounded at the tips, slightly if at
all emarginate below the tip on the external border, which is moderately convex
as it approaches the head. Tragus when laid forwards reaching the nostril. Upper
surface very pale brownish above ; under parts white.
Nothing is known regarding the habits of this bat. The male and female obtained
by Lataste at Ourgla, in the Algerian Sahara, were caught in a house in which he
was sleeping. They entered his chamber, in which a candle was burning, through
the open door. The first suspended itself to the ceiling, and while it was being
caught the second entered.
This bat has been recorded from the Western Himalayas (Gilgit, 5000 ft.),
Libyan Desert (west of Alexaudria and Oasis of Siwah), Lower Nubia (Wadi Halfa),
and Algerian Sahara (Ourgla).
The specimens of this bat obtained by me from the Oasis of Siwah, all females,
were originally preserved in alcohol, but in the transit across the desert the alcohol
evaporated, and the specimens were more or less dried up. The desiccating action
much contracted the front of the muzzle, at least I suppose so, because a male of this
species from Ourgla preserved in excellent condition in alcohol, and for permission to
examine which I am indebted to M. Lataste, presents a muzzle with the nostrils well
apart and consequently not nearly so pointed as in the Siwah specimens. I have accepted
this Ourgla individual as yielding the essential features of the muzzle of 0. hemprichi,
Peters.

Mammals of Egypt.
Pl. XVIII.
3
2
3 a
2 a
la
1
UN
16
Сн
WICH
OF
Ic
1-1c. OTONYCTERIS HEMPRICHI. &
4 SIWAH OASIS.
2, 2A.
& OURGLA, ALGERIA.
3, 3A.
PETERSI, sp. nov. | FAO, PERSIAN GULF.


OTONYCTERIS HEMPRICHI.
.
119
Measurements.
Persian
Gulf.
Siwah.
Ourgla.
오​.
4.
o.
9.
mm.
mm.
.
mm.
72
mm.
mm.
73
66
69
.
74
51
50
49
47
55
27
27
26
26
36
26
34
35
37
35
.
27
27
26
26
Snout to vent
Vent to tip of tail
Length of head
Height of ears
Breadth of ears, greatest
Height of tragus
Breadth of tragus, greatest
Length of forearm
1st digit.
2nd metacarpal
3rd
27
16
18
17
17
17
.
5
5
5
5
4
61
57
59
60
61
11
11
12
14
11
52
54
52
54
54
56
54
54
54
"
54
52
4th
54
51
52
54
52
51
50
48
50
24
.
5th
tibia.
foot
Stretch of wing
23
11
12
22
11
325
25
11
360
26.5
12
375
.
365
355
Measurements of the skull of a female.
a
mm.
23.3
.
.
21
22
20
8.3
3
Occipital crest posteriorly to tip of premaxillary
to posterior border of premaxillary notch .
Upper border of foramen magnum to tip of premaxillary.
Lower border of foramen magnum to tip of premaxillary.
Length of mesial line of palate
Breadth of palate between canines
last molars
across muzzle at canines
postorbital process
Least breadth behind postorbital process
Greatest breadth behind root of zygoma
zygomatic breadth
>>
5.3
6
رو
8.5
4.5
11.7
14:7
.
The skin of a female bat of this genus was obtained at an elevation of 5000 ft. at
Gilgit, in the North-western Himalayas, in July 1876, by Colonel J. Biddulph. From
its dried condition it is difficult to compare this skin, more especially the ears, with
the specimens from the Oasis of Siwah, in that part of North-east Africa where the
types of the genus were obtained ; but the muzzle in its dried-up condition closely
resembles the muzzles of these three specimens, so much so that the Gilgit skin must

120
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT.
a
be regarded as specifically identical with the three Siwah specimens and with
M. Lataste's male from Ourgla in the Algerian Sahara.
I am indebted to Professor Lorenz for the information that the type of Plecotus
ustus, Heuglin, preserved in the Vienna Museum is a specimen of this species from
Wadi Halfa.
The British Museum has received, in alcohol, a female of this genus from Fao, in
the Persian Gulf, which differs in some respects from the North-African and
Himalayan representatives of the genus. A figure of this specimen has been given
for the purpose of comparison (Plate XVIII. fig. 3).
The muzzle is broad and abruptly truncated in front, shelving downwards and
backwards, without any mesial depression or furrow above the upper lip, and the
nostrils are only slightly projected forwards beyond their outer margin, but are not
separated by a mesial furrow. The ears also are somewhat shorter than those of
0. hemprichi, and the tragus when laid forwards falls considerably short of the
nostrils. This bat is thus distinguished from 0. hemprichi, and the modifications
it offers are more than can be legitimately ascribed to individual variation ; beyond
the differences already mentioned, its first digit, including its metacarpal, is somewhat
longer than that of 0. hemprichi. This individual from the Persian Gulf seems to
represent a local race, which may be indicated as 0. petersi, sp. nov.

VESPERTILIO INNESI.
121
Vespertilionine Section.
Nostrils simple, opening by crescentic orifices at the end of the snout. Forehead
not grooved. Ears generally of moderate size.
VESPERTILIO.
.
m
3
Vespertilio, Linn. Syst. Nat. 10, i. 1758, p. 31 (nec Dobson).
Body thick and heavy; head broad and flat; muzzle obtuse, with glandular
eminences between the eyes. Ears separate, short, broad, triangular, obtusely pointed;
tragus usually short and incurved, with the outer margin more or less convex and the
inner concave or straight Legs short; a postcalcaneal lobe generally present; feet
.
short and broad.
Dentition : i. , c. 1, pm. 1, m. 3 = 32.
Outer upper incisors well developed, or if small, distinct.
Almost cosmopolitan in its distribution, but most common in temperate and
subtropical regions of the Eastern Hemisphere ; some species, however, extend to the
Western Hemisphere.
In text-books the next genus (Pipistrellus) will be found linked to Vespertilio
(= Vesperus of Dobson) as a subgenus of the very large and unwieldy genus Vesperugo ;
but by most systematic workers it is now considered more convenient to regard the
two as distinct genera, although the known characters which separate them are
slight. As regards the species of the two genera which are found in Egypt, they are
clearly separated by the absence or presence of a bone in the penis; this peculiarity,
however, has not yet been investigated in the large majority of the species of the world,
so it cannot be here given as a character of universal generic value.
=
a
VESPERTILIO INNESI, Lataste. (Plate XVII. fig. 4.)
Vesperugo (Vesperus) innesi, Lataste, Ann. Mus. Civ. Genov. ser. 2, iv. (xxiv.) (1886), Feb. 2, 1888,
p. 625, woodcuts, dent. and head; Noack, Jahrb. Hamb. Anst. 1891, ix. p. 139, pl. i. figs. 6
to 9, fig. mal.; Trouessart, Cat. Mamm. 1897, p. 108.
d, Cairo. Dr. Walter Innes, Bey.
Head flat, but the frontal region slightly raised; muzzle rather brcad, with the
R

122
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT.
lateral glandular eminences well developed. Nostrils crescentic, opening anteriorly,
and separated by a nearly flat interval equalling the vertical depth of the front of the
muzzle between the nostrils. Ears slightly shorter than the head; the internal border
somewhat emarginate below the rounded tip, then convex and slightly concave, followed
by a marked anterior convexity sweeping backwards to the attachment of the conch.
External border of ear slightly concave in its upper half, and markedly convex as it
bends downwards and forwards to its point of attachment over the angle of the jaw in
a straight line below the attachment of the internal border, and considerably behind a
vertical line drawn through the outer canthus of the eye; before its attachment is a
large well-marked lobe. The tragus is slightly bent forward, somewhat falciform, and is
broadest immediately above its base; it has a well-marked anteriorly curved small lobe
at its base. Thumb with a small callosity at its base, and another at the base of the
metatarsus. Wing-membrane arising from the side of the metatarsus at the base of
the proximal phalanx. Postcalcaneal lobe feeble. Last vertebra of tail and sometimes
half of the penultimate vertebra free, in the latter case the free portion nearly equals
the length of the thumb.
Sides of the head from the ear to the tip of the muzzle nearly nude, but the upper
surface, from a little way before the ears, covered with fur. Inner surface of the conch
with straggling white hairs, most numerous towards the internal border; upper half
of back of ears nude. Wing-membrane on its under surface close to the body, from
behind the humerus to the femur, clad with fur, but not very thickly; a few straggling
hairs occur here and there on the under surface of the wing, and similar hairs on the
under surface of the interfemoral membrane.
Buff colour above, nearly pure white on the under surface; wing-membranes and ears
reddish brown.
Inner upper incisor strongly bicuspidate somewhat antero-posteriorly, and more or
less grooved to the cingulum ; outer incisor small, opposed to the side of the posterior
cusp of the inner. Upper premolar large, somewhat longer than the molars, closely
opposed to the canine. Last molar narrow antero-posteriorly, almost lamellar. Lower
incisors markedly trifid, more or less overlapping. First lower premolar rather less
than half the height of the second, and placed in the tooth-row.
Nothing is known regarding the habits of this species. The types were obtained in
Cairo, and were named in honour of the collector, Dr. Walter Innes; and since then
another example has been procured by Dr. Noack from Egypt, but from what part of
the country has not been stated.
As pointed out by Lataste in the original description, this species is closely allied
to V. serotinus, but the differences enumerated by him as existing between the two
forms seem sufficient to entitle both to specific rank until the range of variation among
the members of this genus is better understood.

VESPERTILIO INNESI.
123
The ear of V. serotinus is more erect than in this species and the external border is
attached to the side of the head considerably in advance of the attachment of the
internal border. The ear is also differently set on to the head, as the anterior
convexity at the base of the inner border does not project beyond the eye as in
V. innesi.
Measurements of an adult male and female.
o .
오​.
mm.
mm.
.
.
2
.
6
Length of body and trunk.
55
56
tail
43
47
head.
.
19.5 20
Ear, external margin.
16 16
internal margin
11
12
Greatest breadth of tragus
2
Length of tragus
7
7
forearm
41 44
thumb and nail 2
6.2
3rd finger
63
68
5th finger
48
55
tibia.
18
20
foot and nails.
8.3 10
Expanse of wing.
265 290
No bone in the penis.
Dobson in his description of V. serotinus says that the outer margin of the ear ends
directly below the posterior border of the eye, but in the two specimens of V. innesi
it is attached to the side of the head considerably behind the eye.
.
.
1 Measured from the origin of the ear to its tip.
2 Free portion of digit only measured.
R 2

124
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT.
PIPISTRELLUS.
Pipistrellus, Kaup, Skizzirte Entw.-Gesch. u. natürl. Syst. der europ. Thierw. Ist Th. 1829, p. 103.
[Miller, Ann. & Mag. N. H. (6) xx. 1897, p. 379.]
General characters as in Vespertilio, but the first pair of small upper premolars
absent. This genus represents the Vesperugo sens. strict. of Dobson.
Dentition : i. , c. 1, pm.
2
1
c.
2
2'
m.
3
3
= 34.
ין
;
PIFISTRELLUS KUHLI, Natt. (Plate XIX. fig. 1.)
Vespertilio kuhlii, Natt. Kuhl, Deutsch. Flederm. Wetterau, Ann. iv. 1817, p. 55; Desm. Mamm.
1820, p. 140; Fischer, Syn. Mamm. 1829, p. 106; Temm. Monogr. Mamm. ii. 1835-41,
p. 196, pl. 51. figs. 5 & 6; Schinz, Säugeth. i. 1844, p. 157. .
Vesperugo kuhlii, Tristram, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1866, p. 93; Dobson, Monogr. As. Chir. 1876, p. 94 ;
Heuglin, Reise N.O.-Afr. ii. 1877, p. 31 ; Dobson, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xlvi. pt. ii. 1877,
p. 311; Cat. Chir. B. M. 1878, p. 230; Günth. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1879, p. 741; Dobson,
Bull. Soc. Zool. France, v. 1880, p. 235; id. Report Brit. Assoc. 1880, p. 187; Lataste, Bull. Sc.
Zool. Fr. v. 1880, p. 238; Anderson, Cat. Mamm. Ind. Mus. 1881, i. p. 131 ; Scully, Ann.
Mag. N. H. (5) viii. 1881, p. 223 ; Tristram, West. Palest. 1884, p. 27; Lataste, Mamm. de
Barbarie, 1885, p. 70 ; id. Mamm. de la Tunisie, 1887, p. 2; Jentink, Mus, des Pays-Bas, 1887,
;
p. 278; Blanford, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. lvii. pt. ii. 1888, p. 267 ; Siepi, C. R. Congr. Int.
de Zool. Paris, 1889, p. 54; Bocage, Jorn. Sc. Lisb. (2) i. 1890, p. 18; Blanford, Fauna Brit.
Ind., Mamm. 1891, p. 315; Noack, Jahrb. Hamh. Anst. ix. 1891, p. 138; Anderson, Proc.
Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 6; Trouessart, Cat. Mamm. 1897, p. 114.
Vespertilio pipistrellus, E. Geoffr. St.-Hil. Descr. de l’Egypte, Hist. Nat. ii. 1818, p. 116, pl. 1.
nos. 3 & 3', et pl. 4. nos. 5 to 5".
Vespertilio vispipistrellus, Bonap. Fauna Ital. 1832-1841, p. 100.
Vespertilio pipistrellus, var. egyptius, Fischer, Syn. Mamm. 1829, p. 105.
Vespertilio maryinatus, Cretz. Rüppell's Atlas nördl. Afr. 1826, p. 74; Rüppell, Mus. Senck. iii.
1845, p. 156.
Romicia calcarata, Gray, Mag. Zool. & Bot. ii. 1835, p. 495 ; Peters, MB. Ak. Berl. 1866, p. 680.
Vespertilio albolimbatus, Kuster, Isis, 1835, p. 75; Heuglin, Fauna Roth. Mer., Peterm. Mittheil.
p
1861, p. 14.
Vesperugo marginatus, Wagner, Reisen Regentsch. Alger, 1836-38, 1841, iii. p. 39; Fitz. &
Heugl. SB. k. Akad. Wiss. Wien, liv. i. 1866, p. 546.
Vesperugo ursula, Wagner, Schreber's Säugeth. Supp. i. 1840, p. 505; Fitz. & Heugl. SB. Ak.
Wiss. Wien, liv. i. 1866, p. 546; Heuglin, Reise N.O.-Afr. ii. 1877, p. 32.
Pipistrellus vispistrellus, Loche, Expl. Sc. Alg., Mamm. 1867, p. 77.
Pipistrella minuta, Loche, Expl. Sc. Alg., Mamm. 1867, p. 78.
Vesperugo (Pipistrellus) leucotis, Dobson, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xli. pt. ii. 1872, p. 222.
Vesperugo kuhlii, var. leucotis, Dobson, Blanford, Zool. East. Persia, ii. 1876, p. 23. .

Mammals of Egypt.
Pl. XIX
2.
1
3
4
HO
SICH
OF
UNIL
1. PIPISTRELLUS KUHLI.
3. SCOTOPHILUS SCHLIEFENI.
2. PIPISTRELLUS RUEPPELLI.
4. COLËURA AFRA.


PIPISTRELLUS KUHLI. .
125
7 8 and 7 f. Suez and its neighbourhood.
2 and 1 4. Gizeh.
3. Beltim (Delta). Sir John Rogers, K.C.M.G., Pasha.
1 and 4 4. Ramleh. Mr. R. Lang Anderson.
2 and 3 f. Cairo. Dr. Walter Innes, Bey.
1. Minia. Major R. H. Brown, R.E., C.M.G.
1o. Tel el Amarna. Prof. W. M. Flinders Petrie.
24. Khayzam and Luxor.—1 ð. Fayum.
1 f. Gizeh. Capt. S. S. Flower.
Muzzle more or less rounded ; glandular surfaces at its side variously developed ;
forehead slightly raised above the level of the muzzle ; ears shorter than the head, not
reaching to the nostril when laid forward, twice as high as the length of the interval
between the eye and the snout, triangular, tips rounded, inner margin of conch very
convex at its base; upper third of the outer border nearly straight below the tip and
then convex to a notch, before it sweeps forwards to be attached over the side of
the base of the lower jaw, slightly below the level of the angle of the mouth, and
somewhat behind the vertical of the attachment of the inner portion of the ear.
Tragus more than three times as long as broad, somewhat falcate, tip obtusely rounded;
anterior border nearly straight or faintly concave; posterior border convex, especially in
its lower portion above the notch which defines the lobule at its base.
Wings extending from the base of the toes; calcaneum long, with the posterior lobe
moderately developed as an elongated semioval. Nine caudal vertebræ, all of which
are inclosed within the interfemoral membrane, but the fleshy tip of the tail is free.
The fur extends on to the upper and under surfaces of the wing outwards to a line
drawn between the middle of the humerus to above the knee. The proximal third of
the interfemoral membrane is clad with fur on both surfaces, fairly thickly above,
sparsely below. The greater part of the back of the ears is nude, but the inner
surface is thinly clad with fine hairs.
The basal two-thirds or so of the fur above and below brownish black, the terminal
third on the upper surface rusty fawn, on the lower surface ashy white, paler on the
abdomen and the under surface of the thighs, but the whole more or less strongly
washed with rust-colour. Ears and muzzle blackish : wings and interfemoral
membrane brown, but the margins are more or less whitish.
Inner upper incisors simple, long, acutely pointed ; outer incisors short, little more
than one-fourth the length of the inner, to the external bases of which they are
closely opposed. The first upper premolar is very small, lying internal to the tooth-
row, wedged in between the second premolar and the canine. Second upper premolar
close to the canine, longer than the molars. Lower incisors trifid; the two outer
pairs are placed transversely to the line of the jaw, the inner portions of each pair
being overlapped to half the width of the tooth by the outer portion of the teeth in

126
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT. .
front of them. First lower premolar little more than half the size of the second,
close to the canine. In an adult female of this species from Suez the outer upper
incisors are so small that they are scarcely visible even with the aid of a lens, and on
the right side of the upper jaw the first premolar is absent.
a
Measurements.
o.
mm.
mm,
45
mm.
45
42
35
38
.
41
16
15
16
12
12
12
6
7
7
Snout to vent
Vent to tip of tail.
Length of head.
Height of ear from margin of meatus internally
Length of tragus
Breadth of tragus
Eye to snout
Length of forearm
Ist digit of manus, including metacarpal.
2nd metacarpal
3rd
2
2
2
6
6
6
34
35
35
7
7
7
31
32
32
.
32
32
32
99
32
32
31
99
4th
5th
32
32
31
13
tibia
14
13
ور
8
8
foot.
Stretch of wing
235
235
235
A bone in the penis.
This bat is generally found in the cracks and crevices of buildings, and Lataste 1
mentions that in a fort near Biskra (Algeria) and in old ruined tombs at Ourgla he
generally found only a single individual in a hole. It also frequents the date-palm.
Parturition takes place in the month of May in Egypt, and two are born at a time.
Whether it hibernates in Egypt is unknown.
It is distributed over Europe, south of the Alps and Pyrenees ; over Northern and
North-eastern Africa ; also over Southern Asia as far east as Kachar.
The specimens from Ramleh and Cairo are russet-brown above, this colour in the
bats from the former locality being very intense between the eyes and on the head
generally, whereas in the specimens from the margin of the desert about Luxor and
Khayzam the colour generally is much paler.
On the other hand, the specimen from the Fayum has the muzzle, ears, and
membranes almost black, but the limbs themselves brownish. In the russet-brown
and paler specimens there are distinct indications of a white margin to the wing-
membranes, whilst in the dark-coloured individuals this characteristic marking is
1 Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. v. 1880, p. 238.

PIPISTRELLUS RUEPPELLI.
127
6
ill-defined. All these specimens have the simple upper incisor of the typical P. kuhli,
and all their measurements agree with those distinctive of the species.
I have compared the type of V.marginatus, Cretzschmar, preserved in the Frankfort
Museum, with these specimens, and I find it agrees with them in all its structural
features. In the text of Rüppell's “ Atlas,' it is stated that the type came from Arabia
Petræa; but on the specimen itself, Egypt is given as the locality.
Dobson has referred the Vespertilio pipistrellus of E. Geoffroy St.-Hilaire to
Vesperugo pipistrellus (= Pipistrellus pipistrellus), but I think it will more probably
prove to belong to the species under notice; and since making this identification, I
have observed that Lataste 1 had arrived at a similar conclusion in 1885. Geoffroy
regarded it as a variety of the common Pipistrelle of France, with the same figure
and proportions, but differing from it in the pelage being of an ashy colour, whereas
the European bat is brown.
=
PIPISTRELLUS RUEPPELLI, Fisch. (Plate XIX. fig. 2.)
Vespertilio temminckii, Cretz. (nec Vesp. temminckii, Horsf. 1824), Rüppell's Atlas nördl. Afr., Zool.
1st Abth. 1826, p. 17, pl. 6; Temminck, Monogr. Mamm. ii. 1835–41, p. 210; Schinz, Syst.
Säugeth. i. 1844, p. 165.
Vespertilio rüppelii, Fischer, Syn. Mamm. 1829, p. 109. .
Vesperugo rüppellii, Wagner, Schreber's Säugeth. Suppl. v. 1855, p. 745 ; Fitz. & Heugl. SB. Akad.
Wien, liv. i. 1866, p. 546; Heugl. Reise N.O.-Afr. ii. 1877, p. 32.
Vesperugo sennaariensis and Vesperugo hypoleucus, Fitz. & Heugl. SB. Akad. Wien, liv, i. 1865,
p. 546; Heugl. Reise N.O.-Afr. ii. 1877, p. 32. .
Vespertilio (Alobus) temminckii, Peters, MB. Ak. Berl. 1867, p. 707.
Vesperugo temminckii, Dobson, Cat. Chir. B. M. 1878, p. 233; Jentink, Mus. des Pays-Bas,
1887, p. 278; Bocage, Jorn. Sc. Lisb. (2) i. 1890, p. 18; Noack, Jahrb. Hamb. Anst. ix.
1891, p. 140; Matschie, Säugeth. Deutsch-Ost-Afr. 1895, p. 23; Trouessart, Cat. Mamm.
fasc. i. 1897, p. 115.
8. Luxor.
Forehead raised above the facial portion of the skull. Glandular eminences on
muzzle well-developed; the breadth of the face at the anterior angle of the eye is
one-fourth more than the interval between the outer angle of the eye and the tip of
the snout. The ears when laid forward reach to near the nostrils, and are more or less
triangular in form, but rounded at their tips. Inner portion of conch very slightly,
if at all, convex below the rounding off of the tip, but markedly convex at its basal
bend backwards; outer border of conch slightly convex, terminating slightly behind
the eye and somewhat below the level of the mouth, the notch above the lobe of the
1 Étude de la Faune des Vertébrés de Barbarie, p. 71.

128
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT.
conch being not deeply cut. Tragus foliate, half the length of the ear, with a
markedly concave anterior border, a rounded tip, and the middle of its posterior border
convex, but somewhat concave below this and the lobule at the base.
Posterior margin of the interfemoral membrane with a number of irregularly
distributed papillary eminences.
The wing-membrane arises from the base of the toes, and from the middle of the
humerus to the knee it is more or less covered with fur above and below; the inter-
femoral membrane is well clad above as far as a point on a line between the heels,
the rest naked. Eight caudal vertebræ only, the tip of the tail free.
The semi-naked muzzle, the lower lip, the ears inside and outside, the upper
surfaces of the limbs and digits blackish brown. Fur on the upper surface of the body
dark brown at the base with pale brown tips; the fur on the under surface of the
body from the throat to the tail, and on the under surface of the wing-membrane,
pure white; wing-membrane pale brown.
The inner upper incisor strongly bifid at its apex and grooved nearly to its base,
the cusps placed somewhat antero-posteriorly, the anterior the longer ; second incisor
small, less than half the length of the posterior cusp of the first incisor, against the
side of which it is closely opposed. First upper premolar minute, conical, close
behind the canine, somewhat towards the inner side of the tooth-row, sometimes
visible from without in the interspace which separates the second upper premolar
from the canine; second upper premolar considerably longer than the molars. Lower
incisors not deeply trifid. First lower premolar half the size of the second.
Measurements.
Luxor.
mm.
46
33
15
11
5
1.8
6
31
Snout to vent
Vent to tip of tail ..
Length of head ..
Height of ear from margin of meatus internally
Length of tragus
Breadth of tragus.
Eye to snout.
Length of forearm .
Ist digit of manus, including metacarpal and claw .
2nd metacarpal
3rd
4ih
5th
tibia.
foot.
Stretch of wing
7
.
30
31
30
3
30
12
8.
212

GLAUCONYCTERIS.
129
A bone in the penis.
This species, under the name of Vesperugo temminckii, has been recorded from
Bagamoyo, Lake Albert Nyanza, Galabat (eastern confines of Abyssinia), Sennaar,
Khartum, and northwards to Berber and Dongola, and now at Luxor.
P. rueppelli is closely allied to P. pulcher, Dobson, from Zanzibar, but it is
distinguished from it by its shorter and somewhat differently shaped ears, longer
forearm, by the much feebler papillation of the posterior border of the interfemoral
membrane, and by its less numerous caudal vertebræ.
The male generative organ of this bat, as in other members of the genus allied to
it, is remarkable for its great length, as in the present male, which measures 46 mm.
from snout to vent, this organ is 13 mm. long, while the bone which occupies its
distal end is 7 mm. in length. It is covered with white hairs directed towards the
base of the organ. In Dobson's definition of Pipistrellus a bone is excluded from
the penis.
The types of this species, seven in number, were obtained by Rüppell in the palm-
groves and gardens of Dongola. The specimen here described was caught in the hotel
belonging to Messrs. Cook & Sons at Luxor, situated in a well-wooded garden,
consisting chiefly of date-palms.
GLAUCONYCTERIS.
Glauconycteris, Dobson, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1875, p. 383.
The species of this genus are mostly remarkable for having the veins and lines on
the flying-membranes of a different colour from the main part of the wings, and
for the extremely short and broad facial portion of the skull.
One species, G. floweri, de Winton!, has lately been recorded from the White Nile,
one specimen being taken at Abu Zeit by Capt. Stanley Flower and a second at Wad
Mariun by Mr. H. F. Witherby.
Messrs. Rothschild and Wollaston also obtained specimens of this bat at Shendi.
In the “Novitates Zoologicæ, vol. viii. 1901, p. 397, the following field-note is
published :-“ Common at Shendi, but hard to procure. This bat hides by day
in the acacia thickets low down near the roots of the trees. At dusk it crawls up
the branches and takes flight, uttering a very characteristic squeak, which it continues
to make on the wing. Its very low flight and habit of frequenting the dense and
thorny acacia bushes make this bat a difficult species to collect.”
This new form is remarkable for the shagreening of the skin of the forearms, legs,
and tail.--W. E. DE W.
1 Ann, Mag. N. H. ser. 7, vol. vii. 1901, p. 46.
S

130
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT.
SCOTOPHILUS.
Scotophilus, Leach, Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. 1822, p. 69.
Muzzle short, conical, nearly naked; nostrils with their inner margins projecting,
lunate, opening laterally or sublaterally. Ears longer than broad, usually much
shorter than the head; tips rounded; outer border arising behind and below the level
of the mouth in a distinct convex lobe. Tragus generally tapering, more or less bent
inwards. Tail contained within the interfemoral membrane, except its slender distal
end. Membranes leathery.
Dentition : i., c. 1, pm. 1,
ī2
- 30.
Distribution.—Ethiopia, Oriental and Australian Regions.
1
1
1
3
m. =
3
32
-
SCOTOPHILUS SCHLIEFENI, Peters. (Plate XIX. fig. 3.)
Nycticejus schliefenii, Peters, MB. Ak. Berl. 1859, p. 224; Heuglin, Reise N.O.-Afr. ii. 1877,
p. 34; Matschie, Säugeth. Deutsch-Ost-Afr. 1895, p. 24.
Vesperugo (Scotozous) schliefenii, Dobson, Monogr. As. Chir. 1876, p. 118; Cat. Chir. B. M. 1878,
p. 244; Trouessart, Cat. Mamm. fasc. i. 1897, p. 117.
Scotophilus pallidus, Dobson (partim), Cat. Chir. B. M. 1878, p. 264. .
Scotophilus schliefeni, Matschie, SB. Gesellsch. naturf. Fr. Berl. 1893, no. 1, p. 26 ; Yerbury &
Thomas, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1895, p.
Scotophilus pallidus (nec Dobson), Thomas & Deria, Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova, (2) iv. 1886, p. 206.
Scotophilus minimus, Noack, Zool. JB. ii. 1887, p. 280.
p. 546.
1 ç. Suakin. Major Penton, R.A.M.C., D.S.O.
14. Suakin, Government House.
Forehead distinctly raised above the level of the face; muzzle broad, rounded, with
the glandular eminences prominent and raised above the mesial line of the face, so as
to constitute a furrow from between the nostrils and each eye. Ears more or less
triangular, tip broadly rounded; inner border more or less slightly convex, base
broadly rounded; outer border nearly straight in its upper half, then abruptly convex
from behind forwards to a notch on a line with the base of the tragus, and attached
over the base of the angle of the lower jaw a short distance behind and below the level
of the angle of the mouth, and anterior in position to the attachment of the inner
border of the ear, and only slightly behind the vertical of the external canthus of the
eye. Tragus shortly falcate, bent forwards, concave anteriorly, convex posteriorly, and
rounded at its tip, its breadth less than one-third its length. Wings arising from

SCOTOPHILUS SCHLIEFENI.
131
the base of the toes, claw of pollex small. Calcaneum moderate; postcalcaneal lobe.
narrow, semi-oval, elongate. Eight caudal vertebræ, half of the terminal vertebra free.
Fur on the wings above and below extending outwards from the middle of the
humerus to the lower third of the femur. Base of the interfemoral membrane above
and below nude, with the exception of a few straggling hairs.
Basal and terminal portions of fur light yellowish-brown above or fawn-coloured ;
under parts paler or ashy white. Muzzle fleshy brown; membranes light brown, with
a whitish margin.
Single upper incisor perfectly simple. Upper premolar large, longer than the
molars, close to the canine. Lower incisors markedly trifid, the cutting-edges of the
second pair being parallel to one another and overlapped by the first pair to half their
width, the third pair similarly placed with reference to the second. First lower
premolar small, about half the size of the second, which equals the first molar in
height.
Measurements.
Suakin.
4.
mm.
4.
mm.
47
43
33
32
14
16
11
10
5
5
2
2
Snout to vent
Vent to tip of tail
Length of head
Height of ear from margin of meatus internally
Length of tragus
Breadth of tragus
Eye to snout
Length of forearm
1st digit of manus, including metacarpal and claw
2nd metacarpal
3rd
4th
6
6
.
32
33
.
6
6
ور
31
32
ور
31
32
32
30
31
5th
32
tibia
13
14
foot
7
7
Stretch of wing
:
215
223
1
This species was placed by Dobson in one of the divisions of the large genus
Vespertilio, and in transferring it to its proper place Thomas 1 says :—“This species has
ordinarily no minute anterior upper premolar, and the corresponding tooth in the
lower jaw is as small and almost as much crushed in between its neighbours as is the
1 Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova, ser. 2a, ix. 1889-90, p.
87.
s 2

132
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT.
2
case in several of what are admittedly Scotophili. It is true that it has occasionally
an anterior upper premolar; but this only occurs in one of the many specimens known,
and may be simply an individual variation.”
The two examples of this species from Suakin were both obtained in houses.
The one procured by myself was knocked down from among a crowd of Colëura
afra, which issued at sundown from the underground cellars of Government House.
This species has been recorded from Cairo, Kordofan, Suakin, Assab, Tigré,
Mombasa, and German East Africa; also from Aden and Arabia. Colonel Giffard
also found it in the Gold Coast Hinterland; so in all probability the species extends
across the continent south of the Sahara.
BARBASTELLUS.
Barbastellus, Gray, Zool. Journ. ï. 1826, p. 243.
BARBASTELLUS BARBASTELLUS, Schreb.
Vespertilio barbastellus, Schreb. Säug. i. 1775, p. 168, pl. 55.
Vespertilio leucomelas, Cretz., Rüppell's Atlas nördl. Afr. 1828, p. 73, tab. 28b; Temm. Monogr.
ii. 1825-41, p. 204.
Synotus leucomelas, Heuglin, Reise N.O.-Afr. ii. 1877, p. 30.
The bat described by Cretzschmar from Arabia Petræa has been identified as a
specimen of the Barbastelle (B. barhastellus) of Europe. Heuglin records it from
Massowah, so there is every probability that this species, occasionally at any rate, finds
its way to the neighbouring country of Egypt.-W. E. DE W.

COLEURA.
133
NOCTILIONIDÆ 1.
1
No facial cutaneous foliaceous appendages; nostrils simple, opening at the extremity
of the muzzle which is obliquely truncated and projects more or less beyond the lower
lip. Tragus distinct, occasionally minute, usually well developed, and frequently
expanded above. First phalanx of second digit of manus folded in repose on the
dorsal surface of its metacarpal. Tail sometimes perforating the interfemoral
membrane and appearing on its upper surface, or terminating in it; and sometimes
strongly developed and extending far beyond the posterior border of the membrane.
Teeth varying in number; generally a single pair of upper incisors separated from
the canines and from each other in the middle line, but sometimes deciduous.
No pubic teats.
Distributed throughout tropical and subtropical regions of both hemispheres.
This family is divided into two subfamilies, the Noctilionince and Molossinæ.
Subfamily NOCTILIONINÆ.
Tail slender, perforating the interfemoral membrane and appearing on its upper
surface or terminating in it; legs long, fibulæ very slender; upper incisors weak.
COLEURA.
Colëura, Peters, MB. Ak. Berl. 1867, p. 479.
Premaxillaries ossified. Muzzle broad, anteriorly pointed; forehead concave ; tragus
longer than broad; no radio-metacarpal pouch ; legs long; fibulæ very slender; tail
short, last caudal vertebra projecting on the upper surface of the interfemoral
membrane. Lower incisors and canines close together; upper incisors equally distant
from each other and from the canines.
Dentition: i.
i, pm. 3, m. 3 = 32.
Distribution.—East Africa, the Seychelles, and Southern Arabia.
1
2
Lion
c.
m.
=
-
1 In 1898 Mr. T. S. Palmer (Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, xii. 1898, p. 109) pointed out that the above
family name has priority to Emballonuridæ, Dobson, 1875, as it had been based by Gray (London Med.
Repository, xr. 1821, 1st April, p. 299) on another genus of the family 50 years before Dobson wrote.

134
.
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT.
COLËURA AFRA, Peters. (Plate XIX. fig. 4.)
Emballonura afra, Peters, Reise Mossamb., Säugeth. 1852, p. 51, pls. xii., xiii. figs. 18 & 19.
Colëura afra, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1867, p. 479 ; Dobson, Cat. Chir. Brit. Mus. 1878, p. 365;
Matschie, Säugeth. Deutsch-Ost-Afr. 1895, p. 26; Yerbury & Thomas, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1895,
p. 546; Thomas, Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. (2) xviii. (xxxviii.) 1897–98, p. 677.
2 4. Suakin. Colonel Sir Charles Holled Smith, K.C.M.G.
4 and 6 4. Government House, Suakin.
a
Ears shorter than the head, rounded at the tip; inner border nearly straight, rising
from the side of the forehead some distance above the eyes; external border broadly
convex from the tip, with a shallow notch opposite the tragus, attached on a level with
the angle of the mouth, but some way behind it, and behind a line drawn vertically to
the posterior border of the eye. Tragus more than twice as high as broad, of nearly
uniform breadth throughout, anteriorly concave, posteriorly convex, with a minute
eminence on its external border immediately above a corresponding notch near its
base, with the tip sharply rounded off from behind forwards. Crown of head abruptly
raised above the flattened forehead. Muzzle broadly triangular viewed from above,
with the tubular valvular nostrils opening forwards and outwards, and separated from
each other by a well-defined mesial furrow. The muzzle projects somewhat beyond
the lower lip, and on its under surface there is a median fleshy eminence; front of the
lower lip fleshy, with a distinct median groove generally more or less defined, but
usually not traversing the front of the lip.
The wing-membrane arises from above the ankles. Calcaneum nearly as long as
the lower leg.
The fur extends on to the wing-membrane as far as a line drawn from the middle of
the humerus to the distal third of the femur, and on to the interfemoral membrane
as far as the exit of the tail.
A well-defined fringe of short forwardly and downwardly directed hairs along the
a
upper lip.
a
General colour of fur dusky brown, hardly, if at all, paler on the under surface.
Membranes and ears of much the same tint, but the margin of the wing-membrane
edged with whitish.
The
upper
incisor on each side is removed somewhat from the canine. It is a short
cylindrical tooth with a sharp point. The canine has a sharply pointed, downwardly
directed process on the inner side of the cingulum. The first upper premolar is small,
and lies in the tooth-line; it is about the height of the cingulum of the second
premolar, which gives off anteriorly a sharp point like the one on the canine. The

COLEURA AFRA.
135
anterior part of the cingulum of the lower canine has likewise a sharp process. The
lower incisors are trifid. The first lower premolar is about half as high as the second.
Measurements.
Suakin.
Mozambique
o (co-type).
o . o .
.
mm. mm. mm.
53 50 56
17 21 18
20 21 21
4.
mm.
51
mm.
56
18
21
15
21.5
Snout to vent
Vent to tip of tail.
Length of head.
Height of ear from point of attachment behind
mouth ..
Height of tragus from lower border of meatus
Breadth of tragus at middle
Length of forearm.
lower leg
17
16
18
17
16
5
5
5
5
5.5
2
2
2
2
2
49
49
48
47
19
50
17
18
19
18
foot.
9
10
10
10
115
At the time of my visit this bat occurred in immense numbers in some disused
chambers and cellars in Government House, Suakin. Leaving the dark recesses in
which they secreted themselves during the day, they issued forth about sundown to the
open air through a small open court, in which it was possible to knock them down as
they whirled about in rapid succession. Yerbury found this bat associated with
Triænops persicus and Hipposiderus tridens at Aden in a lofty cave communicating
with the sea, and also living by itself in another cave above sea level. In January
the females were in a gravid condition, each containing one fætus. ||
This species was first described from Mozambique by Peters, but since then it has
been recorded from the Zambesi, the island of Pemba, from Aden, and Somaliland.
The Suakin specimens have been compared in the foregoing Table with one of the
types in the British Museum, presented by the late Dr. Peters.
C. afra is distinguished from C. seychellensis, Dobson, by its larger and broader ears
and tragus, and much shorter forearm.
The presence or absence of a groove in the upper lip is not a reliable guide to the
recognition of the species of the genus Colëura, for, as already stated, it is more or less
present in C. afra; indeed a trace of it is only rarely absent.

136
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT.
TAPHOZOUS.
2
1
2
c.
1
1
pm. 2
3
3
= .
Taphozous, E. Geoffr. St.-Hil. Descr. de l’Egypte, Hist. Nat. ii. 1818, p. 126.
Premaxillaries cartilaginous; upper incisors deciduous. Muzzle conical, broad
posteriorly ; nostrils valvular, circular, with projecting inner margin. A deep hollow
on the frontal region between the eyes. Eyes rather large. Crown of the head
slightly elevated. Ears separate, the inner margin rising between the frontal
hollow and the eye, the outer margin from a small lobe behind the mouth but at a
lower level. Tragus short, expanded above, its sides more or less concave. Front of
lower lip with a naked triangular area traversed mesially by a more or less marked
groove. A glandular sac between the angles of the lower jaw, present in the majority
of the species, but only fully developed in adult males, rudimentary in females; this sac
is absent in some species, in which its place may be taken by the openings of small
glandular pores, associated with which are long bairs producing a kind of beard. The
tail perforates the interfemoral membrane about the middle, three or four vertebræ
extending beyond it, but retractile into the membrane.
Dentition : i.
m. = 30.
Distribution.- Ethiopian, Oriental, and Australian Regions, and the southernmost
part of the Palæarctic Region.
Monticelli 1 believed that he had found in the size of the feet of the species of
Taphozous a constant character which enabled the two sections of the genus to be easily
distinguished, the two sections being the subgenera Taphozous and Taphonycteris. In
the first of these, however, he included two subgroups, one with very long feet and
the other with very small feet; but how the first of these is to be readily distinguished
by its feet from the second subgenus, Taphonycteris, in which the feet are characterized
as being large, is difficult to understand. This was offered as an improvement on
Dobson's system of division, which was established on the presence or absence of a
radio-metacarpal pouch in the two groups. This arrangement was not based on a
question of degree in the development of the pouch, but on its presence or absence;
whereas Monticelli's supposed improvement rested on the feet being small, large, or
very large, terms extremely difficult to define, so as to convey a clear understanding of
the limits of the respective terms. A similar difficulty exists in defining the degree of
development of the gular sac when present in the different species. Difficulties of this
kind bring out the artificiality of the so-called synopsis whenever there is an inter-
gradation of specific characters, resulting from the slight divergences in those groups
of individuals which we denominate species.
1 Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) iii. p. 488.

TAPHOZOUS PERFORATUS.
137
TAPHOZOUS PERFORATUS, E. Geoffr. (Plate XX. fig. 1.)
Taphozous perforatus, E. Geoffr. St.-Hil. Descr, de l’Egypte, Hist. Nat. ii. 1818, p. 126 ; Atlas,
pl. 3. no. 1, and pl. 4. nos. 4 to 4!'; Desm. Nouv. Dict. xxxii. p. 448 ; id. Mamm. 1820, p. 131 ;
Dict. des Sc. Nat. t. lii. p. 221, c. fig. ; Temm. Monogr. ii. 1835–41, p. 281, pl. 60. figs. 13-14,
cranium ; Schinz, Säugeth. i. 1844, p. 210; Rüppell, Mus. Senck. iii. 1845, p. 155; Wagner,
Schreber's Säugeth., Suppl. v. p. 684; Fitz. & Heugl. SB. k. Akad. Wiss. Wien, liv. i.
1866, p. 545; Gasco, Viaggio in Egitto, pt. i. 1876, p. 96; Heuglin, Reise N.O.-Afr. ii.
1877, p. 25; Anderson, Cat. Mamm. Ind. Mus. pt. i. 1881, p. 148 ; Nehring, Cat. Säugeth,
1886, p. 4; Monticelli, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) iii. p. 488; Jentink, Mus. d'Hist. Nat.
Pays-Bas, ix. 1887, p. 286 ; Yerbury & Thomas, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1895, p. 547.
Taphozous senegalensis, Fitz. & Heugl. SB. k. Ak. Wiss. Wien, liv. i. 1866, p. 545.
1. Tomb of the Hyæna, Gizeh.
1 sex? Beni Hasan. Mr. M. W. Blackden.
27. Tombs opposite Assuan,
4 ō and 5 4. Cavern in desert hills east of Philæ.
Snout pointed, triangular. Upper and lower lips rather thick; muzzle generally
covered with small glandular eminences, one more prominent than the others above
the eye anteriorly. Lower lip with two smooth, slightly prominent, fleshy areas
separated from each other by a short, narrow, haired interspace forming an obscure
groove. Ears broad, but considerably shorter than the head, when laid forwards
reaching only a little more than halfway between the eye and the nostril; anterior
border attached by a fold of skin arising above the eyè, straight in its upper two-thirds
and papillate, rounded off above into the broad external section of the conch; the
posterior border of the ear is first slightly convex, followed by a feeble concavity, beyond
which it is broadly rounded backwards and then forwards to its attachment some
distance behind and below the angle of the mouth; the lobular portion of the conch is
more or less folded inwards towards the tragus. Tragus contracted at its middle,
expanded in its upper portion, the breadth of which equals three-fourths of the entire
height measured from the margin of the meatus ; stem of tragus haired externally, no
lobule at its base. No gular pouch is present in the adult male, but a feeble transverse
fold of skin can be detected in the position it occupies in those species distinguished
by its presence.
The wing-membrane arises from between the base of the metacarpals and the tibia. A
well-developed radio-metacarpal pouch is present. Feet moderately developed. Under
surface of chin with glandular eminences, and two short parallel ridges corresponding
to a short ridge on the ramus of each jaw behind the symphysis. Face from before the
frontal pit only sparsely covered with short hairs, and the chin partakes of the same
T

138
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT. .
character. The inside of the ear with a few short hairs here and there, but its
upper anterior area nude.
Upper and under surface of wing-membrane between the middle of the humerus
and femur densely covered with fur. The elbow and the portion of the antibrachial
membrane along the radius above and below are sparsely covered with white hair, as
are also the dorsal surface of the metacarpal of the first digit, the upper surface of the
radio-metacarpal membrane, and an area before the entrance to the radio-metacarpal
pouch. Interfemoral membrane covered with fur to the point where the tail emerges.
The toes and the free portion of the tail with long straggling hairs.
Measurements.
Philæ.
Suakin.
mm.
74
오​.
mm.
73
오​.
mm.
72
mm.
79
.
29
25
26
27
20
22
22
20
5.5
7
7
6
62
64
61
.
Snout to vent.
Vent to tip of tail
Height of ear, from anterior margin of origin
below mouth.
Height of tragus.
Length of forearm
thumb
metacarpal of 3rd finger.
1st phalanx of ditto
2nd
5th finger
tibia
of foot, including claw
10:5
9
.
11
54
19
55
54
67
12.5
60
21
21
20
21
22
19
21
54
ور
54.5
53
54
.
25
25
25
.
27
14
14
14
14
I append to this Table the measurements of the type of T. perforatus for the sake
of comparison. The foregoing specimens are preserved in alcohol; the type is a
dried skin.
Taphozous perforatus, Geoffroy (type), 372, Paris Museum.
mm.
74
26
.
165
.
Snout to vent.
Vent to tip of tail .
Height of ear from floor of external meatus
tragus from floor of external meatus
Length of forearm.
foot.
5.3
.
63
12:9
General colour of the fur of the upper surface and of the throat smoky brown,

Pl. XX.
Mammals of Egypt.
2
1
3
1. TAPHOZOUS PERFORATUS.
2. TAPHOZOUS NUDIVENTRIS.
3. RHINOPOMA MICROPHYLLUM.
MIC


TAPHOZOUS PERFORATUS.
139
greyish or paler on the rest of the under side, especially on the wing-membrane and the
lower portion of the abdomen and on the interfemoral membrane. The basal two-
thirds of the fur are white, the terminal third brown. Membranes greyish brown, limbs
pale reddish brown.
This species is an inhabitant of the tombs of the ancient Egyptians, and of recesses
in rocks, and is occasionally met with in small caverns in the rocky desert. In some
of the larger tombs it occurs in great numbers. E. Geoffroy St.-Hilaire discovered it in
the Tombs of the Kings at Thebes and in the deep recesses of the Temple of Kom-
Ombo. Since his day it has been observed in the Pyramids of Gizeh, in the tombs at
Beni Hasan, and in small caverns in the desert to the south-east of Philæ, at Dongola,
and Sennaar; and it also extends into Southern Arabia (Aden).
T. perforatus is distinguished from T. mauritianus, E. Geoffr. St.-Hilaire, by its more
triangularly pointed snout, smaller ears with a more or less papillate inner margin,
smaller feet, broad club-shaped tragus, and different coloration. In both of these
species the radio-metacarpal pouch is fairly well developed, whereas in T. nudiventris,
Cretz., also distinguished by very large feet, this pouch is usually small.
In Dobson's Catalogue 1 only three specimens in the collection of the British
Museum were referred to T. perforatus, and it is noteworthy that they were not from
Egypt, the region whence the species was described by E. Geoffroy St.-Hilaire, but
from West Africa. I am led to make this remark because the Egyptian and Suakin
bats herein described do not fully agree with Dobson's description, which undoubtedly
was founded either wholly or partially on these specimens from West Africa. Dobson
characterized the males of his T. perforatus as having a large gular sac, whereas in
my Egyptian specimens that structure does not exist, and in Geoffroy's description of
the species no reference is made to its presence. However, in the area behind the
chin which the sac should occupy there is a feeble transverse fold of skin in the
Egyptian specimens, but nothing more.
There is also another point in which the Egyptian bats differ from Dobson's account
of T. perforatus, as he says that the wing-membrane arises from the tibia about of an
inch above the ankle and that consequently it starts from the middle of the tibia. In
Geoffroy's figure the wing-membrane is represented arising between the ankle and the
dorsum of the foot, which is exactly what occurs in my specimens. The position of
attachment of the wing-membrane to the ankle is subject to slight variations, but
not to the extent that would have to be accepted were these bats to be regarded as
specifically identical with the West-African bats described by Dobson.
In Dobson's Catalogue, there is no reference to the “ Lérot-volant,” first described by
Daubenton , who received it from Adanson, who had obtained it in Senegal. E. Geoffroy
i Cat. Chirop. B. M. 1878, p. 383.
2 Hist. Acad. Roy. des Sc. (année 1759), 1765, Mém. p. 386.
T 2

140
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT.
St.-Hilaire, in describing T. perforatus, pointed out that this West-African bat (in all
likelihood identical with the specimens from that area of Africa described by Dobson)
was in many respects like the Egyptian bat. Desmarest 1, however, in 1820, described
the Senegal bats under the name of T. senegalensis, a name which does not appear in
Dobson's catalogue.
The latter author's West-African bats should doubtless have
appeared under the last-mentioned specific term, and not under that of T. perforatus,
E. Geoffr. St.-Hil., a species which at that time was unrepresented in the British
Museum.
[An examination of the two skins in the British Museum, which are presumably the
individuals upon which Dobson based his description, leaves it still doubtful whether
the West-African form differs materially from examples taken in Egypt. Owing to the
closing in of the membranes in these dried specimens, the development of the gular
sac and the position at which the wing springs from the leg are not clearly shown to
differ.—W. E. DE W.]
-
TAPHOZOUS NUDIVENTRIS, Cretzschm. (Plate XX. fig. 2.)
Taphozous nudiventris, Cretz. Rüppell's Atlas nördl. Afr. 1826, p. 70, pl. 27b; Temm. Monogr.
Mamm. ii. 1835–41, p. 280, pl. lx. figs. 10 to 12 (skull); Rüppell, Mus. Senck. iii. 1845, p. 155;
Wagner Schreber's Säugetb. Suppl. v. p. 684; Fitz. & Heugl. SB. k. Akad. Wien, liv. i.
1866, p. 544 ; Tristram, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1866, p. 93 ; Dobson, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1875, p. 553;
Monogr. As. Chirop. 1876, p. 171; Cat. Chirop. B. M. 1878, p. 387; Heuglin, Reise N.O.-
Afr. ii. 1877, p. 26; Anderson, Cat. Mamm. Ind. Mus. pt. i. 1881, p. 148; Tristram, West.
Palest. 1884, p. 28; Nehring, Kat. Säugeth. K. Landw. Hochsch. Berl. 1886, p. 4; Jentink,
Mus. Pays-Bas, ix. 1887, p. 287; Monticelli, Ann. & Mag. N. H. (6) iii. 1889, p. 488 ;
Noack, Jahrb. Hamb. Anst. ix. 1891, p. 137; Thomas, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1894, p. 449 ;
Trouessart, Cat. Mamm. 1897, p. 140.
Taphozous kachhensis, Dobson, Proc. As. Soc. Beng. 1872, p. 152; Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xli. pt. 2,
1872, p. 221; Murray, Hist. Zool. Sind, 1884, p. 18; Blanford, Fauna Brit. Ind., Mamm.
1891, p. 349.
Taphozous nudiventris, subsp. kachhensis, Dobson, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1875, p. 554; Monogr. As.
Chir. 1876, p. 172; Cat. Chir. . M. 1878, p. 388; Anderson, Cat. Mamm. Ind. Mus. pt. i.
148.
Nycticejus serratus, Heuglin, Reise N.O.-Afr. ii. 1877, p. 35.
Taphozous perforatus. var. assabensis, Monticelli, Ann. Acc. o. Costa d. Aspir. Nat. Era. (3) vol. i.
1885, p. 78, pl. vii.; id. Atti Soc. Ital. vol. xxviii. 1885, p. 169.
1881, p.
g. Cairo.
f. Gizeh. Capt. S. S. Flower, May 1901.
1 Mamm. 1820, p. 130.
.

TAPHOZOUS NUDIVENTRIS.
.
141
Snout triangular, rather long and pointed, its breadth at the angle of the mouth is
very slightly in excess of the distance between the posterior border of the frontal pit
and the tip of the snout. Lower lip devoid of a groove, or if indicated, only very
feebly so. Ear more or less triangular, with well-rounded tip, the greatest breadth
opposite the lower portion of the inner border of the conch, where the breadth equals
about three-fourths of the height measured from the meatus. The inner border is
thickened, more or less crenated, and nearly straight; the outer border is very faintly
concave, broadly rounded in its lower two-thirds, and attached at a distance behind the
angle of the mouth equal to half of the interval between the outer and inner attach-
ment of the ear. The interval between the tips of the ears, when they are laterally
spread out, is equal to one-half of the interspace between the snout and the point
where the tail emerges from the interfemoral membrane. Height of the tragus equal
to one-third of the height of the ear, its narrowest breadth being about one-half of
the breadth of its terminal expansion. Lobe at base well defined, triangular. Wings
arising from the proximal end of the lower third of the tibia. Radio-metacarpal pouch
small. Feet large.
Fur confined to the back, not extending to the wing-membrane on the upper
surface, but spreading on to the wing below between the middle of the humerus and
femur. A feebly haired area exists more or less from the elbow to the opening to the
radio-metacarpal pouch. The under surface of the forearm is thickly covered with hair.
Sacral region of back, and upper and under surface of interfemoral membrane, naked.
Lower portion of abdomen, before the genitalia and behind the anus, and along the
thighs, nude, with the exception of a sparse clothing of short hairs. Muzzle from the
attachment of the ears forwards practically nude, with the exception of a very sparse
clothing of minute hairs with some longer ones intermixed; chin similarly clad. Gular
pouch moderately developed in the male, less so in the female. A second small rounded
gular pouch a short distance behind the former, opening by an orifice little more than
1 mm. in diameter, the area around it being almost completely nude.
Ears nude towards their tips externally ; sparsely clad internally with short
hairs.
Basal half of the upper fur white, broadly tipped with greyish brown, so that the
general colour of the upper surface is greyish brown. Under surface with the fur also
white in its basal half, succeeded by pale greyish brown, more or less tipped with
whitish, so that the general surface below is speckled greyish and whitish. Wing-
membrane pale brown colour, greyish brown below; the border of the wing, between
the fifth digit and the heel, with an irregular whitish border.
The upper incisors are lost in adults, and in old males the second upper premolar
is separated from the canine by a marked interval, through whieh the first upper
premolar can be seen.

142
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT.
Measurements.
o, Cairo.
mm.
93
34
33
13
22
6
5
13
.
Snout to vent
Vent to tip of tail
Length of head
Inner canthus of the eye to snout
Height of ear
tragus
Breadth of tragus
Snout to eye
Length of forearm
pollex, including claw and metacarpal
2nd metacarpal
3rd
4th
5th
tibia
foot
Stretch of wing.
75
15
.
61
.
64
54
44
31
18
470
This species is found living in much the same conditions as T. perforatus.
Rüppell discovered it in the Pyramids of Gizeh ; many years ago I obtained it in
numbers in the recesses of the ruins at Karnak. It is exceedingly plentiful in the Upper
Nile Valley, in the Sheik-el-Akabah district, and in the ruins of Gebel Auli, where
Capt. S. S. Flower found it in large numbers in the spring of 1900. It is found in
Somaliland and the coast district about Assab; Colonel Yerbury met with it, associated
with Rousettus arabicus (supra, p. 90), in a cavern on the banks of the Wadi Jughur at
Lahej near Aden. Canon Tristram saw it living “in myriads ” in caverns on the shores
of the Lake of Galilee. It has also been recorded from the Euphrates Valley, and Kach
in North-western India. The specimen reported by Dobson from Gambia is more
probably T. senegalensis than this species.
[In the female collected by Capt. Flower at Gizeh the forearm measures 70 millim.;
it bears the note “Knocked down on road after sunset.”—W. E. DE W.]
>
-

RHINOPOMA MICROPHYLLUM.
143
RHINOPOMATIDÆ.
A short triangular nose-leaf. Tail exceedingly slender and very long, projecting far
beyond the short interfemoral membrane. Ears united. Second digit of manus with
two phalanges.
Distribution. -North Africa (Algeria); North-east Africa, Egypt and Kordofan ;
Palestine ; Arabia; India to Malayan Peninsula.
1
RHINOPOMA.
1
Rhinopoma, Geoffr. St.-Hil. Descr. de l’Egypte, Hist. Nat. ii. 1818, p. 123.
.
The generic characters are the same as those of the family.
The bat described by Brünnich as Vespertilio microphyllus, upon which Geoffroy
created the genus Rhinopoma, differs so materially in many important details of its
structure from other bats, that Stoliczka 1 was led to regard it provisionally as the
representative of a distinct family, manifesting a close relationship to some of the
genera of the Noctilionidæ on the one hand, and affinities with the Megadermatidæ on
the other.
The nose-leaf of Rhinopoma has its nearest representative in the large nose-leaf of
Megaderma, which has likewise broadly united ears. The notching of the free end of
the tragus of the former is a feeble equivalent of the bifid tragus of the latter.
RHINOPOMA MICROPHYLLUM, Brünn. (Plate XX. fig. 3.)
Vespertilio microphyllus, Brünnich, Dyrenes Hist. og Dyre.-Sam. Universt. Natur.-Theater, i. 1782,
p. 50, pl. vi. figs. 1-4.
Rhinopoma microphyllum, E. Geoffr. St.-Hil. Descr. de l’Egypte, Hist. Nat. ii. 1818, p. 123; Atlas,
pl. l. nos. 1 to 1" (wrongly figured as Taphien filet), et pl. 4. nos. 6 to 6" ; Desm. Dict. des Sc.
Nat. xlv. (1827) p. 370; id. Nouv. Dict. xxix. 1818-19, p. 256; id. Mammif. 1820, p. 129;
Licht. Verz. Doubl. Zool. Mus. Berl. 1823, p. 4; Fischer, Syn. Mamm. 1829, p. 123; Rüppell,
Mus. Senck. iii. 1845, p. 155; Fitz. & Heugl. SB. k. Akad. Wien, liv. i. 1866, p.547; Tristram,
Proc. Zool. Soc. 1866, p. 93 ; Loche, Expl. Sc. Algér., Mammif. 1867, p. 79; Dobson, Monogr.
As. Chir. 1876, p. 174, figs. a, b,& c; id. Cat. Chir. B. M. 1878, p. 400; Gasco, Viaggio in Egitto,
pt. i. 1876, p. 96; Heugl. Reise N.O.-Afr. ii. 1877, p. 24; Tristram, West. Palest. 1884, p. 29;
.
1 Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xli. pt. 2, 1872, p. 221.

144
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT.
Murray, Vert. Zool. Sind, 1884, p. 18; Jentink, Mus. d'Hist. Nat. Pays-Bas, ix. 1877, p. 288;
Anderson, Cat. Mamm. Ind. Mus.j. 1881, p. 149 ; Lataste, Faune de Barbarie, Mammif. 1885,
p. 75; Monticelli, Ann. Mus. Civ. Geuova, 1887, ii. (v.) p. 523; Blanford, Fauna Brit. Ind.,
Mamm. 1891, p. 351, figs. 116 (skull), 117 (head); Noack, Jahrb. Hamb. Anst. ix. 1891,
p. 133; Thomas, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1894, p. 449.
Rhinopoma hardwickii, Gray, Zool. Misc. 1831, p. 37; Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xiii. pt. 1,
1844, p. 492 ; Elliot, Madr. Journ. L. S. X. p. 97; Cantor, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xv. 1846,
p. 178; Blyth, Cat. Mamm. As. Soc. Mus. 1863, p. 23; Jerdon, Mamm. Ind. 1867, p. 29;
p.
Stoliczka, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xli. pt. 2, 1872, p. 221.
Rhinopoma lepsianum, Peters, MB. Ak. Berl. 1859, p. 222.
Rhinopoma microphyllum, subsp. hardwickii, Dobson, Monogr. As. Chirop. 1876, p. 176.
Rhinopoma senaariense, Fitz. & Heugl. SB. k. Akad. Wien, liv. i. 1866, p. 547; Heugl. Reise N.O.-
Afr. ii. 1877, p. 24.
Rhinopoma longicaudatum, Fitz. & Heugl. SB. k. Akad. Wien, liv. i. 1866, p. 547; Heugl. Reise N.0,-
Afr. ii. 1877, p. 24.
Rhinopoma cordofanicum, Heugl. Reise N.O.-Afr. ii. 1877,
P.
24.
.
.
1. Egypt.
18 and 1 f. Beltim. Sir John Rogers, K.C.M.G., Pasha.
1. Cairo. Dr. Walter Innes, Bey.
4 and 3 f. Second Pyramid, Gizeh.
1. Beni Hasan. Mr. W. M. Blackden.
34. Tombs of the Kings, Thebes.
5 and 34. Tombs opposite to Assuan.
1 and 1 f. Small cave in desert hills to east of Philæ.
Many specimens. Abu Roash. Capt. S. S. Flower, May 1901.
Do. do. Near Cairo. Hon. N. C. Rothschild, Oct. 1902.
Snout upturned, rather broad, abruptly truncated, projecting much anterior to the
* lower lip, terminating in a fleshy expansion occupying the front of the muzzle, the
upper border of which is more or less triangular, free, and erect or posteriorly recumbent,
with an elongated pit behind it in the old males; the nostrils open on either side of
the mesial line of this fleshy snout as oblique valvular slits; the inferior border of each
nostril has a distinct notch in its centre. Sides of the face between the snout and
the eye, below and above the eye, and between the eye and the buccal opening and
backwards to the ear, covered with minute glandules. A marked truncated, triangular
furrow below the nasal fleshy appendage, the sides of the triangle directed backwards
along the upper lip, its mesial line below the appendage occupied by a vertical ridge.
Front and lower lip with a smooth fleshy eminence more or less traversed by a longi-
tudinal groove.
Forehead but little raised abore the level of the face, with a deep frontal pit
connected to the pit behind the nasal membrane by a broad furrow less deeply sunk.
Ears united to each other by their inner borders immediately behind the frontal pit, to

RHINOPOMA MICROPHYLLUM. .
145
1
the sides of which the intervening membrane is attached. A pit-like depression on
each side of the forehead behind the connecting aural membrane.
Ears large, generally longer than the head, occasionally only reaching to the nose-leaf;
from the mesial line of the connecting membrane to the external border considerably
longer than the distance between the external attachment of the ear and the end of the
snout; when expanded their inner borders with the connecting band form almost a
horizontal line from side to side. Inner border of ear slightly convex; outer border
slightly emarginate below the tip, broadly rounded in its lower portion towards its
attachment, which lies about on a level with the angle of the mouth; the base of the
ear is devoid of a lobule, and is removed from the angle of the mouth about the distance
that the inner canthus of the eye is remote from the outer border of the nasal membrane.
Tragus erect, nearly three times as high as broad, somewhat falcate; tip more or less
notched; upper half of the inner border concave, lower half convex ; outer border
convex, with the margin forwardly curved, a prominent triangular lobe at the base; the
height equals the distance between the eye and the tip of the snout; the base of
the tragus is immediately above the origin of the outer border of the ear. Tail equalling
or exceeding the length of the head and body, more than three-fourths of its entire
length free.
First digit of manus with a callosity on the metacarpo-phalangeal joint. Wing-
membrane arising from the upper portion of the lower fifth of the tibia. Interfemoral
membrane short, perforated by the tail on the dorsal surface close to its free margin.
Head, anterior to the ears, practically nude, but the margins of the frontal and fronto-
nasal pits sparsely covered with curved hairs. A few long hairs on the sides of the
snout. A patch of downwardly directed hairs on the mesial line below the nose-leaf
and similar forwardly and downwardly directed short hairs along the upper lip.
Anterior surface of the membrane connecting the ears, and the anterior half of the
inner aspect of the ears, sparsely covered with short hairs. Distal half of the posterior
surface of the ear nude, but the posterior aspect of the connecting membrane and base
of ear covered with fur. A few straggling hairs upon the tragus. Chin nearly nude
as far back as on a line between the angles of the jaws. Fur not extending from the
side of the back on to the wing-membrane; lower portion of back (sacral region) and
interfemoral membrane perfectly nude. A few hairs on the under surface of the wing-
membrane external to the sides of the body. Upper surface of tip of tail with a few
long hairs.
Tibia long and straight; foot long and slender, rather more than one-half of the tibia
in length.
General colour ashy or mauve-brown, dusky white below ; under surface of limbs and
accumulation of fat about the base of the tail yellow; upper surface of limbs brown,
also the wings, the interfemoral membrane, and the ears.
U

146
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT. .
m
=
22
1
Dentition : i. , c. 1, pm. 3, m. 3 = 28.
ī22
Upper incisors simple, cylindrical, far removed from the canines, directed outwards
and downwards. Upper premolar very large, very much longer than the molars, with a
prominent cusp anteriorly at its base. Lower incisors broad, moderately trifid. First
lower premolar well developed, not so long as the molars. Second lower premolar
cylindrical, resembling a canine, and as long as the molars.
Females with prepubic teats in addition to the pectoral mammæ.
Measurements (in millim.).
Males.
เรื่
R
3. 3. 3. 3. 1. 3. 3. 7. 4. 4. 7. 4. 4. 4. 2. 5. 3. 10.
Snout to vent...... 49 52 52 54 54 55 55 56 58 59 59 60 60 61 65 68 71 76
Vent to tip of tail .. 60 62 61 61 50 57 59 76 71 71 63 76 71 73 71 66 73 60
Free portion of tail.. 50 46 47 47 45 45 59 56 54 51 61 57 58 56 50 55 42
Length of forearm.. 51
51 51 54 54
54 54 .. 53 52 57 56 56 57 60 58 60 61 66 71 66
• .
4.
4.
Females.
9. 3. 6. 3. 3. 9. 9.
6. 4. 6. 6. 8. 7. 8. 8. 8. 4. 2. 7.
Snout to vent ...... 47 48 50 51 51 52 52 53 54 54 55 56 57 57 57 57 59 60 61 66 -63
Vent to tip of tail .. 60 54 61 61 57 59 59 63 62 .. 68 57 60 68 64 66 68 66 57 67 59
Free portion of tail.. 52 44 50 50 44 51 50 51 48 .. 55 46 46 56 49 47 57 50 50 55 43
Length of forearm .. 50 50 52 51 51 50 50 53 54 52 52 54 54 56 56 54 57 59 57 62 65
The numbers over the columns indicate the following localities :-
1. Egypt, Geoffroy's specimen.
6. Thebes.
2. India : type of R. hardwickii, Gray.
7. Mt. Quarantania, Palestine.
3. Assuan.
8. Midian, Catacombs of Maghair.
4. Pyramids of Gizeh.
9. Maskat, Arabia.
5. Cairo.
10. Kach, Sindh.
The fact that the smallest and also the largest Egyptian males are from one and the
same' tomb, the series of measurements ranging from 49 to 71 mm. are merely indicative
of difference of age, but, as shown above, 76 mm. is about the maximum length of the
body and head of this bat in Egypt and in India. The difference between the largest
male and largest female is only 8 mm. in favour of the former.
The highly sensitive and mobile snout and nose-leaf pierced by transversely valvular
nostrils of Rhinopoma led Geoffroy to state that he should not be at all astonished
were it ascertained that this bat lived on aquatic insects which it caught on the surface
of the water. The close proximity of the Nile to its haunts would afford it a rich supply
of food. In connection with this supposition, the fact that Stoliczka found this species
in Kach living in wells becomes of considerable interest.
This species is found in Egypt in caverns and in the monuments, and under similar
conditions also in India. Capt. S. S. Flower found it plentiful at Gebel Auli, in the
a

RHINOPOMA MICROPHYLLUM.
147
Sudan. Cantor mentions that numbers inhabited the subterraneous Hindu places of
worship within the Fort at Allahabad and that it was obtained in a cave on an island
in the Girbee River, in lat. 8° N., in the Malayan Peninsula. It has also been
recorded from Socotra.
Three and a half centuries ago Belon encountered this bat in one of the chambers
of the Great Pyramid. He says in his old French :-“Quand nous fuſmes retournez en
la premiere cauité, & marchants plus oultre, trouuaſmes quelque petite eſpace à main
gauche, qui a ainſi eſte rompue; car autrement elle eſt toute maſsiue. Nous y
trouuaſmes des Souriz chauues differentes aux noſtres, & à celles que i' auoye
auparauent veues dedens le labyrinthe de Crete: car les noſtres n'ont la queue plus
longe que les aefles, mais celle de la Pyramide, ont une queue qui paſſe quatre doigts
oultre les aefles, longue comme aux Souriz” 1.
A year later he again indicated it very clearly in his work “De la Nature des
Oiseaux'2.
Hasselquist also obtained this bat in one of the small Pyramids of Gizeh. The
specimens he had collected were unfortunately omitted by Linnæus from the “Iter
Palæstinum’ and from the Systema Naturæ.' They were preserved in the Royal
Museum at Copenhagen, and when Brünnich 3 described the contents of that Museum,
in 1782, he found Hasselquist's specimens there, naming them Vespertilio microphyllus
and gave a very good figure of one of them. All these facts were pointed out by
E. Geoffroy himself, but, strange to say, they have been almost completely overlooked,
so that he has generally been credited with the naming of the species, instead of
Brünnich.
Dobson, in his Catalogue, placed side by side, for comparison, the measurements of
two perfectly adult animals, the sex of which he did not indicate (one from Egypt and
the other from Kach), for the purpose of proving the undoubted identity of
R. hardwickiï with the Egyptian bats. The first of the two specimens he stated to be
“the type of the species preserved in the Paris Museum”; but, apart from the fact that
the type has always been in the Copenhagen Museum, the measurements of the Paris
specimen given by Dobson preclude its having been the individual described by
E. Geoffroy St.-Hilaire, because the latter author says that the bat he had before him
when he wrote was only 54 mm. long, whereas Dobson's specimen measures 76 mm.
from snout to vent. The comparison, however, instituted by Dobson proves that
individuals of this species in India and in Egypt attain to equal dimensions.
In the foregoing table of measurements I have included the specimen described by
Geoffroy, and also one of the types of R. hardwickii, Gray, with other individuals from
1 Observ. de Plus, Singularitez &c. 1554, p. 114/2.
2 1555, liv. ii. chap. 39.
Op. cit. supra.
3
U 2

148
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT.
;
the Pyramids, Thebes, Assuan, the caverns of Mt. Quarantania overlooking the Plain
of Jericho, and from Maskat. Although the female bats from the last locality are
amongst the smallest of their sex, the condition of their teats proves that they have
all been mothers. It is thus quite evident that this species begins to breed at a very
early age, as seems to be the case with bats generally, and when one reflects how
densely packed together the sexes are—thousands in comparatively limited areas,
in the case of very many species—there is nothing remarkable in their so doing ; but
what is more astonishing is the extent to which inbreeding must exist. This species
of bat has doubtless inhabited the Pyramids for nearly 3000 years, as it was some
time in the XXth Dynasty that the Great Pyramid was rifled for the first time, an
episode in its history which was the means of this and of other species of bats becoming
tenants of its recesses and chambers. There they have remained ever since, and the
original pairs that first gained possession bred, and their descendants have continued
to do so exclusively among themselves, as bats do not copulate on the wing; and,
moreover, there is no evidence that the Microchiroptera migrate from place to place.
As all the colonies of the different species of bats at present tenanting the ruins of
Egypt have doubtless had a similar history, it would be of great interest to compare
examples of these with specimens of the same species that were in the flesh 3000 years
ago, but whose skeletons have been handed down to us in the form of mummies.
The incessant inbreeding of these bats, and the uniformity of the conditions under
which they have lived, would render such a comparison of the highest interest; but so
slow is variation, that in all probability no difference would be detected between the
recent bat and its ancestor in an unbroken line of 3000 years.
In the case of Rhinopoma, so well defined from all other bats, such a comparison
would be of especial interest.
• In a female captured by me in Belzoni's Tomb (Tombs of the Kings) there is an
entire absence of the tail, not attributable to any injury but to suppression.
In the males a great deposit of yellow fat, such as is present also in the members of
the genus Taphozous, involves the greater part of the interfemoral membrane from the
point of exit of the tail forwards to the lower part of the belly. It also invests the
groin, and part of the abdomen and one half of the thigh. In adolescents it is
less developed and it is entirely absent in the young. In one of the youngest
males from Upper Egypt there is no trace of it in the interfemoral membrane, but the
upper half of the thigh is much swollen by a deposit of fat. It is quite as well
developed in the adult females as in the males. In the female in which the tail has
been completely suppressed there is but little fat present.
What function this substance performs in the economy of the animal is still unknown.
Dobson suggested that it “is laid up on the approach of the hibernating season.” The
specimens which suggested this possible explanation to Dobson had been obtained
a

RHINOPOMA MICROPHYLLUM.
149
а
during the winter by Stoliczka, who had collected them in Kach, and had found them
hibernating. The specimens procured by me in Egypt were met with, in full activity,
flying about in December and in the beginning of March. When disturbed in the
daytime they flew out in great numbers into the bright sunshine, but after flying about
for a little they generally found their way back again to their haunts, whilst a few
remained outside seemingly dazed by the light. In view of the considerable temperature
which distinguishes the caverns in Egypt and the recesses of the monuments, an
interesting research would be to find out what species of the Chiroptera really hibernate
under these conditions. Whenever I have penetrated into deep recesses tenanted
by bats between the foregoing periods and lit a candle, or it may be a flambeau,
in a large chamber or cavern, I have invariably found the bats therein to be in
full activity.
[There is an entire absence of fat in the specimens collected by Capt. Flower in
May, while the deposit is greatly developed in those collected by Mr. Rothschild
in October. This store of fat is no doubt drawn upon during the season of least
activity when food is scarce. The absence of the tail is of not infrequent occurrence in
this bat. -- W. E. DE W.]
Cantor 1, in 1846, pointed out that in this bat there is a small cæcum, which he said
true cæcum, the existence of which in all Chiroptera has erroneously been denied
or [said to be] restricted to the cardiac cæcum observed in the genera Vampyrus and
Pteropus."
Dobson ?, however, states that the Chiroptera have no cæcum, but he admitted the
existence of a cæcal appendage about the beginning of the rectum in Megaderma. He
could not detect the existence of such an organ in the specimens of Rhinopoma he
examined, but in those individuals I have examined I have found it well-marked and
developed about 12 mm. above the anus. The presence of this structure in these two
genera is a further illustration of their close relationship, which is also evinced in the
character of their nose-leaf. The finely notched end of the tragus of Rhinopoma seems
to be only an extreme modification of the bifid tragus of Megaderma.
In Rhinopoma, as in some of the genera of the Rhinolophidæ and in Megaderma, the
females are provided with prepubic teats. I am indebted to the courtesy of Professor
C. Stewart for a section through one of these teats, which clearly demonstrates that it
is perforated by a main duct opening externally by a single orifice, and that into this
main channel a number of secondary ducts open, all lined with epithelium. Unfortu-
nately I have not been able to obtain any clear indication of the glandular substance
itself, which doubtless does exist, but would require fresh specimens for its demon-
was a
a
a
a
1 Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xv. 1846, p. 178.
2 Cat. Chirop. B. M. 1878, p. xxiv.

150
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT.
a
stration. In all likelihood, the young at birth seize these teats for a two-fold purpose,
viz.: as a source of nourishment lying close at hand, and as a means of assisting them
to hang on to their mothers during flight. As they gain strength they find their way
forwards to the pectoral teats; but as the young of all bats are equally helpless at
birth the restriction of pubic teats to certain families of bats is an enigma for the
present.

NYCTINOMUS ÆGYPTIACUS.
151
MOLOSSIDÆ.
Tail thick, produced far beyond the posterior border of the interfemoral membrane
(except in Mystacops 1); legs short and strong; fibulæ well developed ; feet broad;
first toe, and generally the fifth, thicker than the others and furnished with long,
curved hairs; well-developed callosities at the base of the thumb; upper incisors
strong
NYCTINOMUS.
Nyctinomus, E. Geoffr. St.-Hil. Descr. de l'Egypte, Hist. Nat. ii. 1818, p. 128.
Muzzle broad, very obliquely truncated, projecting considerably beyond the lower
lip; nostrils terminal, more or less circular; upper lip expansible, deeply grooved with
vertical wrinkles. Ears large, broad, thick, and united more or less by the bases of
their inner margins, with distinct antitragus. The proximal half of the tail enclosed
within the interfemoral membrane, the remainder free. Upper incisors separated in
the middle line.
Dentition : i. or , c. 1, pm. } () or , m. = 28 to 32.
3
i?
3,
Distribution.— Tropical and warmer parts of both hemispheres.
1
1
2
1
3
.
3
3
NYCTINOMUS ÆGYPTIACUS, E. Geoffr.
Nyctinomus ægyptiacus, E. Geoffr. St.-Hil. Descr. de l’Egypte, Hist. Nat. ii. 1818, p. 128; Atlas,
pl. 2. no. 2 ; Desm. Mamm. 1820, p. 116.
Dysopes geoffroyi, Temm. Monogr. Mamm. i. 1827, p. 226, pl. xix. ; Wagner, Schreber, Säugeth.,
Suppl. i. 1840, p. 469; ibid. vol. v. 1855, p. 703 ; Rüppell, Mus. Senck. iii. 1845, p. 155 ;
Gasco, Viaggio in Egitto, 1876, t. i. p. 96; Heuglin, Reise N.O.-Afr. ii. 1877, p. 28.
(?) Dysopes rupelii, Temminck, Monogr. Mamm. i. 1827, p. 224, pl. xviii.
Nyctinomus geoffroyi, Fitz. & Heugl. SB. k. Akad. Wien, liv. i. 1866, p. 545.
p
E. Geoffroy St.-Hilaire gave the length of the type specimen as 80 millim., which
he said was the dimensions of the Nyctinomus of Bengal, but he gave no other
measurements. The accompanying figure (p. 152) is taken from the original plate,
reduced by one-third diameter.
1 This term was substituted by Flower and Lydekker (“ Mammals Living and Extinct,' 1891, p. 661) for
Mystacina, Gray, used by Dobson, as the latter term was preoccupied by Boie, 1822.

152
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT.
This species is said to inhabit old edifices and caverns, and to live by preference on
moths; and Geoffroy adds :-" Ils attendent que la nuit paraisse pour se livrer à toutes
les inspirations de leur bien-être; c'est à quoi nous avons fait allusion, en leur donnant
le nom de nyctinome.”
Fig. 1.
E. Geoffroy St.-Hilaire does not state in what part of Egypt he met with this bat,
and it is strange that no museum, that I am aware of, possesses a specimen which may
undoubtedly be ascribed to Egypt proper.
The flight of the bats of this genus, owing to their having narrow wings, is direct
and devoid of all fluttering motion, and Swinhoe states that it can easily be dis-
tinguished on a cloudless evening high in the air, owing to the character of the organs
of flight.
Swinhoe 1 has observed in the Amoy bat, described by Blyth as N. insignis, that the
creature when irritated had the habit of exposing its tail by extruding and again
drawing it within the interfemoral membrane, and of sinking its eyes into their sockets
and thrusting them out again. This appearance was probably due to the contraction of
the membrane around the eyes, which were noticed to be hidden in the recess formed
by the protruding ears.
There is a curious discrepancy between Geoffroy's and Temminck's description of
the type of the genus, said to be preserved in the Paris Museum. The former author,
in his account of the bat, says that the ears were “unies l'une et l'autre par leurs bords
internes,” whereas Temminck describes them as "leur bord interne non réuni.”
The latter author also directed attention to the fact that, whereas Geoffroy stated in
66
1 Proc. Zool. Soc. 1870, p. 620.

NYCTINOMUS ÆGYPTIACUS.
153
his description of the species that there were two upper and four lower incisors, his
drawing of the skull showed the presence of six lower incisors. Temminck's
explanation of these seeming discrepancies was that Geoffroy's figure had been taken
from the skull of a very young subject provided with six lower incisors, whereas
the specimen he had examined was of more advanced age, and had been furnished
with four incisors; and he held that if Geoffroy had examined a greater number of
individuals he might have met with others in which a second pair of incisors had been
lost, thus giving rise to the formula 11, and that if he had met with still older
individuals he might have found that the lower incisors had been entirely lost.
Temminck received from Cretzschmar a Nyctinomus sent from Egypt by Rüppell.
He recognized it to be an example of N. ægyptiacus, E. Geoffr. St.-Hil., in a complete
state of development of the incisors—that is to say, with the talon of the canines very
strong, the canines little separated, and only two lower incisors pushed in advance of
this talon.
He pointed out that this feature in the dentition of N. ægyptiacus was not confined
to it, but that other species of the genus of the Old and the New Worlds had two, four,
and six incisors in the lower jaw—the first presenting all the characters of fully-grown
individuals, the last very often offering indications of youth, although externally it
might be difficult to distinguish them at first glance from adults; and he held that it
would be necessary to examine a very large number of individuals of all ages in order
to establish a fixed rule as to the characters of the dentition of Chiroptera, and of the
species of Nyctinomus in particular. To subject this group to the rule adopted generally
in the case of mammals, and to classify them generically according to the number and
the form of their teeth, appeared to Temminck, after very numerous observations, to be
very hazardous.
Dobson accepted Peters's subdivision of Nyctinomus into two subgenera, Nyctinonus
and Mormopterus. In the first of these he allocated N. africanus, cestoni, ægyptiacus,
tragatus, plicatus, and fourteen other species, one of the leading features of this group
being that the members of it are provided with premolars. N. ægyptiacus, the
2
type of the genus Nyctinomus, was, however, provided with only , premolars. On
the other hand, Peters's subgenus Mormopterus had assigned to it the same number of
premolars as Geoffroy said existed in Nyctinomus ; it had, moreover, incisors, the
number of these teeth represented in Geoffroy's figure of N. ægyptiacus, which,
according to the latter author, had united ears, but which Temminck and Dobson
described as having had separate ears, one of the features of Mormopterus !
The genus Dinops, Savi", had the exact dentition assigned by Dobson to his
2
1
2
2
6
1 Nuov. Giorn. di Letter. n. 21, 1825, p. 230; Bull. Sc. Nat., Juillet 1826, p. 386.
X

154
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT.
1
1
2 3
subgenus Nyctinomus, but differed in that respect from Nyctinomus, Geoffroy. It was
characterized also as having united ears. It is evident, if the premolar dentition is
reliable as a subgeneric character, that the N. ægyptiacus, Geoffroy, is not N. cestoni.
The Dysopes rupelii, Temminck, was regarded by Dobson as a synonym of N. cestoni ;
but Temminck explicitly stated that its ears were not united by their internal
borders, but at the same time he considered it as nearly allied to N. ægyptiacus.
This seems probable, because its dentition was seemingly 3, i, ž, ğ, which is exactly
the dentition of N. ægyptiacus according to Geoffroy's figure. Is it possible that the
union or disunion of the ears falls under the variations to be looked for in this genus,
and that the variation of the premolars from z to z is of little significance ?
In view of these discrepancies, it is extremely difficult to differentiate between
N. cestoni and N. ægyptiacus, and I believe the difficulty arose in attempting to
separate what are in reality only local races of one and the same species.
1
2
2
2
[I cannot agree with the views expressed above as to the possible identity of
N. ægyptiacus and N. tæniotis (=N. cestoni), and the theory of the shedding of the
incisors, expressed by Temminck, is in no way borne out by the facts elicited by an
examination of the specimens at my disposal. I believe that when specimens of this
larger species are rediscovered in Egypt they will turn out to be referable to a species,
of which there are several specimens from Cape Colony in the British Museum, with
four lower 'incisors (the number given by Geoffroy in the description of the species).
This view was expressed by me in the “ Annals and Magazine of Natural History,'
ser. 7, vol. vii. 1901, p. 37. The South-African specimens closely agree with Geoffroy's
figure, and so differ from the southern European species, N. tæniotis. As to the
pumber of upper premolars, I believe two will be found in all species of the genus ;
but in some species the first is so exceedingly minute, that the aid of a strong lens is
required to detect it even in a well-prepared skull. So that the presence of this tooth
may have been easily overlooked.
Dobson
gave the following description of the type specimen of N. ægyptiacus
preserved in the Paris Museum :-
“Much smaller than N. africanus. Ears quite separate, but close together by the
bases of their inner margins; outer and inner margins of the ear-conch evenly convex,
forming almost an arc of a circle above; antitragus half-oval, separated by a deep
notch posteriorly; tragus broad and rounded off above. Lips with vertical wrinkles.
No gular sac in male or female.
Wing-membrane from the lower part of the tibia near the ankle. Fur deep
smoke-brown above, paler beneath. Wing-membrane on the upper surface is covered
with fur as far as a line drawn from the middle of the humerus to the knee ; beneath
66

NYCTINOMUS ÆGYPTIACUS.
155
the fur extends outwards to a less distance, ending by an abrupt, well-defined, straight
margin, Measurements: head and body 66 millim. ; tail 41 ; head 25 ; ear 23 ; tragus
5 X 3.2; forearm 49.5; thumb 5.5; 3rd finger metacarp. 49, 1st phal. 19, 2nd phal. 20;
4th finger metacarp. 45; 5th finger metacarp. 29; tibia 13; hind foot 8.5.”
As a synonym of N. tæniotis Dobson gave N. midas, Sundev. (K. Vetensk.-Ak. Handl.
Stockh. 1842, p. 207), from Sennaar; but this is a very distinct species with exceedingly
powerful teeth, and belongs to a group having completely ossified premaxillæ, while in
N. tæniotis and its allies there is a large vacuum in the palate between and behind the
incisors.
a
There is still another species of this genus which, at any rate occasionally, occurs in
Egypt. The only specimen known is a skin in the British Museum collected by
Mr. Francis Galton above Assuan (First Cataract). It is mentioned in Dobson's
Catalogue, p. 428, and is rightly described as being nearly related to N. pumilus,
Cretzschmar (Rüpp. Atlas, pl. 27), from Massowah. In the paper already referred to I
have further shown that these two forms have much in common, especially the complete
ossification of the palate, but further material is necessary to show their true
relationship. This Assuan specimen is a very small bat with a forearm only 43
millim. in length; it has been called N. pumilus, subsp. major, in Trouessart's Cat.
Mamm. 1898, p. 146.-W. E. DE W.]
X2

156
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT.
INSECTIVOR A.
ERINACEIDÆ.
ERINACEUS.
3
3
2
C.
1
1'
3
m.
3
= 36.
2
Erinaceus, Linnæus, Syst. Nat. x. 1758, vol. i. p. 52.
Dertition : i.
i, pm.
The first pair of upper incisors are very much larger than the others, tusk-like, and
widely separated from one another; the canines scarcely differ from the teeth on either
side of them and are in most cases double-rooted; the second upper premolar is
sometimes very small and deciduous; the third upper and first lower premolars are
distinctly longer than the teeth on either side of them; the inner lower incisors
are large and projecting Tail very short, somewhat vestigial.
.
Distributed over the temperate portion of the Palæarctic Region, the whole of the
Ethiopian Region, and the western portion of the Oriental Region as far as the
peninsula of India proper.
ERINACEUS AURITUS, Gmelin. (Plate XXI.)
Erinaceus auritus, S. G. Gmelin, Nov. Comment. Petrop. xiv. 1770, p. 519, tab. xvi.; Pallas, ibid.
p. 573, tab. xxi. fig. 4; Geoffroy St.-Hilaire & Audouin, Descr. de l'Egypte, Hist. Nat. ii.
1829, p. 737, pl. 5. fig. 3; Audouin, ibid. pp. 745, 746, Suppl. pl. 1. fig. 2 (skull and teeth);
Fitzing. (Hemiechinus) SB. Akad. Wissensch. Wien, lvi. i. 1867, p. 859; Dobson, Monogr.
Insectiv. p. 16; Anderson, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1895, p. 420.
Erinaceus libycus, Hempr. & Ehr. Symb. Phys. decas ii. 1832 ; Fitzing. (Hemiechinus) SB. Akad.
Wissensch. Wien, lvi. i. 1867, p. 867 ; Dobson, Monogr. Insectiv. p. 16 (nec syn.).
Erinaceus platyotis, Sundev. Sv. Vet.-Ak. Handl. Stockholm, (1841) 1812, p. 232; Fitzing.
(Hemiechinus) op. cit. p. 863.
Erinaceus ægyptius, E. Geoffroy, Cat. Paris Museum, nomen nudum ; Rüppell, Mus. Senck.
iii. 1845, p. 159; Fitzing. (Hemiechinus) op. cit. p. 868.
Erinaceus frontalis, Dobson (nec E. frontalis, A. Smith), Monogr. Insectiv. 1882, p. 18.
.
Erinaceus brachydactylus, Tristram (nec E. brachydactylus, Wagner), Survey of Western Palestine,
1884, p. 25; Hart, Fauna and Flora of Sinai, Petra, &c. 1891, p. 238.
2 ở and 2 4. Margin of desert near Cairo.
1. Abu Roash, N.W. of Gizeh.
1 & imm. Suez. Mr. Theodor Meyer (German Consul).
2. Desert near Alexandria.

Mammals of Egypt.
Pl. XXI.
4
BOH
OF
UNIE
с
.
ERINACEUS AURITUS.


ERINACEUS AURITUS.
157
1 and 1 f. Maryut.
10 and 2 4. Alexandria.
29. Gizeh.
No bare area on the forehead; spines longitudinally grooved, nodose.
Head rather short; muzzle moderately long and pointed, more so in some specimens
than in others; ears very large, erect, high above the spines, somewhat pointed, but
rounded at their tips, external margins straight or slightly emarginate, height 35 to
38 mm.; tail short, nearly nude in some specimens, haired in others.
Fur soft and silky. The spines not extending on to the forehead in front of the inner
border of the ears. Spines on the back 15 to 19 mm., those between the ears 13 to
17 mm. in length ; diameter of spines 1 to 1.2 mm. ; with 20 to 26 longitudinal
nodose ridges.
Limbs moderately long; fore foot large, fingers long; claws strong, long and curved ;
pollex well developed, its claw rather long, as long as the claw of the 3rd finger; the
claw of the 5th finger nearly as long as that of the 1st; on the fore foot there are two
prominent tubercles close together side by side, immediately below the wrist, the inner
the smaller. Hind foot with hallux well developed; toes long, claws long; third and
fourth toes subequal, the fourth sometimes the longer ; two minute nearly obsolete
tubercles rather close together external to the hallux and placed obliquely, the external
being the more distal.
The front of the face below the eyes, the fore feet, and the hind limbs from the
middle of the tibia downwards are pale brown; the rest of the fur whitish. The
skin of the back of the ear, the anterior surface of the ear along its internal and
external border dusky brown; the middle area of the front of the ear yellowish
white. Tail dusky brown. Spines with yellowish-white tips; a brown band below,
twice as broad as the yellow tip, succeeded by a broadish yellow band, the base of
the spines generally dusky. The head-spines have the same markings.
The extent to which the apex of the spine is tipped with white is very variable; also
the intensity of the dark brown band below the tip varies greatly, in some cases it is
nearly black
Gizeh.
4.
mm.
146
21
Abu Roash. Alexandria. Alexandria. Near Cairo.
o.
.
4.
4.
mm.
mm.
mm.
mm.
180
154
143
128
29
23:5 25.5 19.5
39
38
34.5 34.5
64
57
55
22
19.5 20
33
29
30.6
25
20
21
35-5
61
Snout to vent ..
Vent to tip of tail
Height of ears
Elbow to tip of 3rd finger
Fore foot
Hind foot
Anterior angle of eye
to snout .
Lower border of external meatus to snout.
21
32
24
42-3
44
41
42

158
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT. .
The skull is rather narrow, with moderately broad muzzle; the greatest diameter is
found towards the maxillary portion of the zygomatic arch; the auditory bullæ are
moderately developed, the postglenoid process of the squamosal and the mastoid
process are about equal in size and are not inflated; the pterygoids are solid with
deep lateral fosse; the palatal foramina entire and well defined; the second upper
premolar is three-rooted, well formed, and placed in line with the other teeth.
Measurements of skulls.
o.
Alexandria.
4.
Cairo.
Astrakan, Russia.
mm,
mm.
mm.
47
45
27
265
.
99
44
41
25
24
17.5
17
22.5
23
وحربه
Greatest length (bone only)
46
width
29
Basal length (middle line)
(c.) 43
Palatal length
25.5
Width outside m. 1
18
auditory meatus
23
I never personally captured the hedgehog of Lower Egypt, but no difficulty was ever
experienced in obtaining examples by the aid of native collectors.
This species frequents the margin of the desert, as at Abu Roash, where it was
found among fallen blocks of rock; it is also not uncommon in the stony, semi-arid
areas of the Delta. The fact of its habits being almost exclusively nocturnal is the
real explanation of the little that is known about it.
Its native name, 'Konfud' or Ganfud,' is a term likewise applied to the
hedgehog of the Upper Nile, E. æthiopicus, Ehr.
The distribution of this species in the north-east corner of Africa has yet to
be worked out. It occurs in the eastern portion of the Libyan Desert, as well as in
Lower Egypt, but how far it extends southwards in the direction of Nubia has yet to
be ascertained ; at Dongola it is replaced by the species next described in this work.
To the north-east of Egypt it has a wide distribution, even to Central Asia, the
Caucasus, and into Russia ; it is also found in the island of Cyprus.
In the types of E. libycus preserved in the Berlin Museum the spines are somewhat
more coarsely grooved than in an example collected by Eversmann in the Kirgis
Steppe, and the nodosities separating the furrows are more strongly pronounced.
These features of the spines are variable when a considerable number of individuals
are examined. The number of ridges is also variable. In the types of E. libycus there
are 22 ridges on the spines. In a specimen from Russia which I have examined
the spines are somewhat longer than in the Egyptian examples, but the number of
ridges is practically the same, namely 23. In hedgehogs from the Kirgis Steppe there
are 21 ridges on some of the spines, and 25 on others. In this species the apical

ERINACEUS AURITUS.
159
a
3
third of each spine is more or less devoid of nodosities, the ridges giving place to a
fine transverse striation. I have seen specimens from Astrakan and Babylon agreeing
exactly with the Egyptian animals; the skull of a Babylon specimen differs in no way
from a skull of an Egyptian specimen.
The original types of Sundevall’s E. platyotis are in the Stockholm Museum.
Professor F. H. Smitt had the courtesy to send me the following remarks regarding
these two specimens, which were obtained from Egypt by Hedenborg :-" The limit of
the spines on the forehead is undivided, straight across the forehead, just behind the
line between the ears, without any division into lateral groups or any median bare area.
According to your wish, I herewith enclose four spines from one of the type specimens.”
There can therefore be no doubt that these hedgehogs belong to the species under
notice.
The specimen which formed the groundwork of Dobson's description of E. frontalis
in his Monograph of the Insectivora appears in the British Museum list of Mammalia
for 1843 under that name, as coming from the Cape of Good Hope ; but it is not stated
that it was presented by Dr. Andrew Smith, whereas other mammalian specimens
given by that traveller to the National Collection bore, as a rule, a statement to the
effect that they were gifts from him. This specimen in no way agrees with Smith's 1
description of his species. It is at once distinguished by its much larger ears, which
stand up high above the spines, whereas in the figure of the South-African hedgehog
(Ill. Zool. S. Afr. 1849, pl. 3) the ears are represented amidst the spines. The marked
difference, too, between the description of the colour of E. frontalis of Dobson and
the colour of the figure given by Smith of his hedgehog can never be explained as
attributable to the fading of the specimen in the Museum, as suggested by Dobson.
Dobson's so-called E. frontalis is unquestionably an example of the Egyptian hedgehog,
E. auritus, and as such never came from South Africa. It has no bare area on the
forehead; the spines do not extend on to the forehead in front of the ears; the large
ears project above the spines which are nodose and similarly coloured to those of
typical Egyptian examples, with which the coloration of the haired parts is also
identical; and, moreover, it has a well-developed pollex. (Unfortunately the hind feet
are absent, so nothing can be said regarding its hallux.)
On the other hand, the hedgehog from Benguella in the British Museum, which
Dobson erroneously considered to be identical with E. diadematus, Fitz., under which
he placed it, is not only, as he thought, probably identical with E. frontalis, Smith, but
is absolutely so. Its ears are shorter than the interaural spines, and its coloration
agrees with Smith's description of E. frontalis, and, as in that species, the hallux is well
developed, which is not the case with E. diadematus, Fitz., which I had the privilege of
examining in London, thanks to the great courtesy of Dr. Ludwig Lorenz, of the
Vienna Museum. E. diadematus, Fitz., is identical with E. albiventris, Wagner.
1 S. Afr. Quart. Journ. vol. i., Oct. 1831, p. 10.

160
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT.
ERINACEUS ÆTHIOPICUS, Ehrenberg. (Plate XXII.).
Erinaceus æthiopicus, Hemp. & Ehr. Symb. Phys. dec. ii. 1832; Heuglin, Reise N.O.-Afr.
vol. ii. 1877, p. 37; Anderson, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1895, p. 420.
Erinaceus auritus, Rüppell, Neue Wirbelth. 1835, p. 40 (in part.), nec E. auritus, Pallas & Geoffr.
St.-Hil.; Tristram, Survey of Western Palestine, 1884, p. 25.
Erinaceus senaariensis, Hedenb. Isis, 1839, p. 8.
Erinaceus brachydactylus, Wagner, Schreb. Säug. Suppl. ii. 1841, p. 24; Heuglin, Reise N.O.-Afr.
vol. ii. 1877, p. 37.
Hemiechinus pallidus, Fitz. SB. Akad. Wissensch. Wien, lvi. i. 1867, p. 866.
Hemiechinus brachy dactylus, Fitz. SB. Akad. Wissensch. Wien, lvi. i. 1867, p. 864.
Erinaceus deserti, Loche, Cat. Mamm. et Ois. Algérie, 1858, p. 20; Dobson, Monogr. Insectiv.
pp. 12, 13 (nec cranium) ; Lataste, Act. Soc. Linn. de Bordeaux, t. xxxix. 1885, p. 202;
Lataste, Explor. Sc. Tunisie, Zool. Mamm. 1887, p. 5, et Suppl. pp. 39-41.
Erinaceus platyotis, Dobson, Mon. Insectiv. i. 1882, p. 12 (nec Sund.).
Erinaceus algirus, Dobson, op. cit. p. 12 (cranium).
18. Suakin. Major Penton, R.A.M.C., D.S.O., June 1893.
27,2 , and 2 g imm. Suakin, 3/1/94.
10. Durrur, 23/1/94.
Bare area on the head well developed, beginning between the eyes and prolonged
backwards to the nape, expanded between the ears and narrowing to a point. Spines
longitudinally grooved, nodose. Head long and pointed; ears very large and broad,
rounded at their tips, the middle of their external borders nearly straight. Tail
rather long, well haired. Fur soft and silky. There are from 17 to 22 longitudinal
ridges on the spines; those on the back 21 to 28 mm. in length, those between
the ears 20 mm. high ; diameter of spines about 1 mm. or rather more; the spiny
tract does not extend on to the forehead anterior to the inner borders of the ears.
Limbs decidedly long. Fore foot short and broad; pollex well developed ; claws
strong, short; a large broad pad below the wrist, extending from the proximal pad of
the pollex almost to the external border of the foot, and sometimes divided into two
sections, the larger being external. Hind foot small; hallux very small. The rather
small plantar pad longitudinally divided, the inner portion slightly the larger, with
numerous small granular eminences between it and the digital pads. The mesial
line of the tarsus towards the heel nude, the sides of the plantar surface and before
the heel thinly clad with short hairs.
The face between the eyes forwards to behind the angle of the mouth, the lower lips,
the chin, the lower halves of the fore limbs, the hind limb from the knee downwards,
the area around the genitalia, and the tail, dark brown; the rest of the fore limbs, the
forehead in front of the ears, the throat, chest, belly, and sides, white, with the exception

Mammals of Egypt.
Pl. XXII.
OF
UNIE
ERINACEUS ÆTHIOPICUS.


ERINACEUS ÆTHIOPICUS.
161
of a few dusky hairs below the lateral spines; in some individuals there are spots on
the throat, chest, and belly; the mesial area of the inner surface of the ears white;
occasionally a dark spot on the forehead and another on each side of it. Spines
broadly tipped with white, with three obscure brown bands, subapical, submesial, and
basal; or the spines may be wholly yellowish white, with the exception of a very
feebly indicated, almost obsolete, darker subapical area.
In some specimens, chiefly males, there is a pale yellowish broad longitudinal area
along the back, with a brown area external to it, the sides of the animal being
yellowish ; in others there is only the pale dorsal band: these variations are due
to the extent to which the yellow tips of the spines are developed in these areas.
In other specimens the fur generally, instead of being white, is dirty yellowish,
darker from the snout to the eye and below the eye; and rusty brown, more or less,
on the fore limbs, rump, hind feet, thighs, tail, and belly between the thighs.
mm.
143
.
38
20
23
50
49
50
.
62
61
60
2.4
2.1
2
2
Measurements.
Durrur. Suakin. Suakin. Tunisia.
0.
o .
4. o.
No. 70. No. 24. No. 27.
mm. mm. mm.
Snout to vent.
185 180 180
Vent to tip of tail
22
17 17.8 19
Height of ear
37
37.3 35
Breadth of ear
24
23
24
Snout to eye
25
25
23
External meatus to snout
49.7
Elbow to tip of 3rd finger .
62.3
Length of fore foot
21 21.2 18 21
hind foot.
30.2 30 27 29
Hallux, excluding claw .
Pollex, excluding claw
4
3.9 3.9 38
The skull of E. æthiopicus is readily distinguished from that of E. auritus by its
shorter and more pointed muzzle, and by the greater breadth of the squamosal portion
of the zygomatic arch as compared with the anterior portion. But when the palatal
aspect of the macerated skull is examined it will be found to differ in a very marked
degree. The auditory bullæ are enormously inflated, and all the surrounding
bones in the skull are similarly modified to assist in enlarging these chambers;
the base of the squamosal is greatly enlarged and bullate; the pterygoids are hollowed
out and inflated so that the lateral fossæ are quite obliterated, the auditory chambers
extending within the whole length of these bones ?. The second upper premolar
1 This extraordinary development of the auditory chamber is found in the nearly allied hedgehog from
Southern Arabia, E. dorsalis, Anders. & de Wint. (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 7, vol. vii. 1901, p. 42); and
to a slightly modified extent in the Indian species E. micropus and E. pictus (two species which differ from
one another only in the very extraordinary character of the absence of the malar bone in the former).
Y

162
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT.
is very small, imperfectly double-rooted, and lying towards the outer border of the
tooth-row.
Measurements of skulls.
Suakin.
Durrur.
Tunisia.
o.
8.
? sex.
mm.
inm.
mm.
.
45
45
44.5
26.5
27
29
42
Greatest length (bone only)
Greatest width
Basal length (middle line)
Palatal length
Width outside m. 1
auditory meatus .
245
42
23.5
17
42
23.5
17
17
25
26
25.5
Nothing is known regarding the habits of this species, beyond the fact that it occurs
in the Suakin plain, where it is found wherever there is cover afforded by shrubs.
It is apparently a more or less desert form, as it occurs on the sterile ground about
Dongola and in the Bayuda desert. [Messrs. Rothschild and Wollaston found this
species plentiful in the neighbourhood of Shendi.-W. E. DE W.]
This hedgehog was first described by Ehrenberg from specimens obtained at
Ambukol (Dongola district). Mr. Matschie has been so good as to allow me to
examine the type preserved in the Berlin Museum. Whilst there can be no question
regarding the specific identity of the Suakin hedgehog with this type, it is evident
that Ehrenberg's description was based on the specimen after it had been stuffed and
not on the living animal or on one preserved in alcohol.
Some years after Ehrenberg's journey to Dongola, the Upper Nile area was visited
by Dr. Pruner; some of the hedgehogs collected by the latter traveller came under
Wagner's observation and were described by him as E. brachydactylus, whilst another
specimen in the same collection and from the same region, but quite young, was
referred by Wagner to E. æthiopicus, Ehr. A hedgehog identical with this species
was collected by Mons. M. Botta in Upper Egypt, and is preserved in the Paris
Museum, where it stands under the name of E. auritus.
Three specimens from Sennaar are preserved in the British Museum. Heuglin
obtained at Sennaar a young hedgehog also belonging to this species, which from the
pale colour of its spines was named by Fitzinger E. pallidus, the type of which I have
examined. [The locality Sennaar in both these cases seems to be doubtful, as the next
species (E. albiventris) is the common hedgehog of the White Nile to the south of
Khartum. But, as in other cases, the locality “Sennaar” of the older writers may
be interpreted “Upper Nile” or Sudan.-W. E. de W.]
There is also a hedgehog in the Berlin Museum collected by Heuglin and said
to have been obtained by him in Egypt. This is evidently an error, because this
-

ERINACEUS ÆTHIOPICUS.
163
species does not occur in Egypt properly so-called. It was in all likelihood found by
him in the same region in which he procured the last-mentioned specimen. Although
it bears the name of E. libycus, it is perfectly apparent that it is not that species, as it
corresponds to the present one.
Heuglin's two specimens are of considerable interest, as they suggest that the species
found in the Tunisian and Algerian Sahara, known as E. deserti, Loche, is only a local
race of the eastern Sudan form. The latter departs in certain particulars from the
Tunisian hedgehog, as its ears are larger and the longitudinal ridges on its spines less
numerous; but in this latter respect there is no sharp line of demarcation between
the two, as the ridges in the Sudan specimens number 18 to 22 and in those from
Tunisia 22 to 24.
The skulls of Tunisian and Eastern Sudan hedgehogs are identical in their general
features, but the teeth of the latter are slightly smaller.
This hedgehog is of special interest when it is studied in connection with the forms
already indicated of E. dorsalis, E. micropus, and E. pictus. The type of skull is the
same in all—that is, the pterygoids are dilated, and the cavity enters into the formation
of the auditory chamber in the dried skull; but what the exact relationship of this
extended bullate cavity is to the rest of the true auditory apparatus has yet to be definitely
ascertained by dissections of fresh skulls. As no other existing mammal, that I am
aware of, has its pterygoids dilated to assist in the perfection of the sense of hearing,
it would appear to be a legitimate inference that E. æthiopicus is a more highly
specialized and more recent form than E. europæus, Linn.
All the known extinct hedgehogs have pterygoids like the last-mentioned species,
and until fossil remains of hedgehogs with the type of auditory apparatus found in
E. æthiopicus are met with of older geological date than the extinct representatives
of E. europæus, it is logical to assign the E. æthiopicus type to a more recent origin.
In E. macracanthus and E. jerdoni the pterygoids do not present the same degree of
hollowing out as in E. micropus, while at the same time the skulls unquestionably
belong to the same type as that of the latter species; and consequently in the structure
of the pterygoids they serve to connect the extreme modification of these bones
presented by E. æthiopicus, E. dorsalis, E. micropus, and E. pictus with that distinctive
of E. europæus.
The occurrence in Southern and North-western India of hedgehogs closely allied in
skull-characters to E. æthiopicus of Africa and its near ally of Arabia, E. dorsalis, is of
extreme interest and very suggestive of the close relationship which is now recognized
to have existed at no very remote period between the fauna of the Africo-Arabian region
and that of Southern India.
Y2

164
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT.
ERINACEUS ALBIVENTRIS, Wagner.
Erinaceus albiventris, Wagner, Schreb. Säug. Suppl. ii. 1841, p. 22; Anderson, Proc. Zool. Soc.
1895, p. 420.
Erinaceus pruneri, Wagner, Schreb. Säug. Suppl. ii. 1841, p. 23.
Erinaceus heterodactylus, Sundev. Vetensk.-Akad. Handl. (1841), Stockholm, 1842, p. 227.
.
Erinaceus diadematus, Prinz Paul, Rüppell, Mus. Senck. t. iii. 1845, p. 159 (nomen nudum);
Fitzing. SB. Ak. Wien, 1867, lvi. i. p. 853.
This is the only other species of hedgehog which occurs in the Nile Valley. It is
the smallest member of the genus and belongs to the group of which the European
hedgehog (E. europæus) is the type; having spines which are not outwardly grooved
and are free from nodosities, the skull characterized by very small auditory chambers,
and the postglenoid process of the squamosal smaller than the mastoid. The ears are
shorter than the spines, and the fur is harsh; the feet and toes are very short. This
.
species is, moreover, distinguished from all other members of the genus by the absence
of the hallux or first toe of the hind foot.
The specimen upon which Wagner founded this species came, in all probability,
from Senegambia. It has the whole of the fur cream-white. The Nile Valley and
East-African specimens, which may be more definitely registered as Erinaceus albiventris
subsp. pruneri, have the front of the face to around the eyes, the chin, the ears, and the
lower portions of the limbs brown.
This species is found to the south of Khartum. Mr. H. F. Witherby 1 obtained
several specimens at Gebel Auli; it ranges into Somaliland and as far south as
Kilima-njaro.
Hedgehogs are found represented in tombs of some of the earliest Dynasties, and
are usually associated with agricultural or hunting scenes. In the Tomb of the
Overseer or Master-huntsman, Amten or Meten, we find, in the inner grave-chamber,
in which the deceased is almost invariably portrayed with the surroundings of his home-
life, a pictorial record which includes some small desert animals, amongst which are
recognizable a hedgehog, a hare, and a jerboa. This tomb is of the IVth Dynasty and
occurs at the Pyramids of Abusîr. The portion of the inner chamber is in the
Egyptian collection at Berlin 2 and is figured by Lepsius 3.
In the Tomb of Ptah-hotep at Sakkarah, of the Vth Dynasty, we find on the east
wall a hunting-scene 4, in which two hedgehogs are represented, the first emerging
1 Bird Hunting on the White Nile, 1902, p. 59.
2 Kgl. Ægypt. Mus. Berlin. Kat. (1899) no. 1105, pp. 45 & 46.
3 Denkm. Abth. ii. Bl. 3.
4 Egypt Expl. Fund, Ptah-hotep I. pls. xxii. & xxvi.

ERINACEUS ALBIVENTRIS.
165
from a hillock and having an insect, probably a grasshopper, in its mouth, and behind
this is the perfect figure of the second. There also occur in one of the mural
paintings at Beni Hasan, in the Tomb of Chnem-hotep 1, of the XIIth Dynasty, two
of these animals being carried in a basket.
Another example is given in a fine hunting sculpture from Thebes of the XIIIth
Dynasty, where a hedgehog is figured, according to Prissé's drawing ?, as having an
insect in its mouth, and in this respect resembling the early representation in Ptah-
hotep's tomb.
Hartmann has indicated that two species of bedgehogs can be distinguished in
tombs of the Pyramids of Gizeh, Abusîr, and Sakkarah, viz. E. libycus and
E. ethiopicus of Ehrenberg.
The representations at Beni Hasan are not determined.
1 Beni Hasan, I. pl. xxx. ; Lepsius, Denkm. Abth. ii. Bl. 3.
2 Art Egyptien, ii. pl. 24.

166
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT.
SORICIDÆ 1.
CROCIDURA.
Crocidura, Wagler, Isis, 1832, p. 275.
Shrews with entirely white teeth, either 28 or 30. The nostrils are somewhat
tubular and horny, opening laterally at the end of the snout, with a notch between them.
The ear is well developed, with two deep ledge-like flaps on the inner side, the upper
one forming a complete pouch, the lower one free on its inner border. A scent-gland,
absent in the females of some species, is present on the side of the body (abdomen).
The genito-urinary and anal orifices both open into a shallow cloaca. Tail tapering,
thick at the base, somewhat sparsely clothed with short hair, interspersed with long,
fine, outstanding hairs.
This genus is divided into two groups—Crocidura, with 28 teeth, having only 3
unicuspids between the large hooked incisors and the large last premolar; and
Pachyura, with 30 teeth, with 4 unicuspids, the last very small.
CROCIDURA (CROCIDURA) OLIVIERI, Less. (Plate XXIII. fig. 1.)
“Grande Musaraigne” (Sorex), Olivier, Voy. Emp. Othoman, ii. (Egypte) p. 94, pl. 33. fig. 1.
Sorex olivieri, Lesson, Man. Mamm. 1827, p. 121.
$. Zagazig. Lent by Cairo Museum (Dr. Walter Innes, Bey). In alcohol.
27, 24. Cairo, May and June, 1901. Lent by Hon. N. Charles Rothschild. Skins with skulls.
ز
Size large; ears well developed ; tail rather long. The upper parts uniform rich
dark brown; the under side grey-drab with slight silvery sheen. Tail dark, with very
short close-lying black-brown hairs, and fine, longer, outstanding hairs scattered over the
proximal two-thirds of its length. Whiskers dark at the base, very fine and glistening
silvery in their terminal half. The scent-gland is small and not conspicuous, placed
on the border-line of the dark upper and lighter under surfaces, halfway between the
knee (femoro-tibial joint) and the elbow. The skin of the snout, ears, feet, and tail is
dark blackish in the preserved specimens.
From the dried skins the measurements are :-Head and body 110-120 millim. ; tail
60-70; hind foot 18-20.
The specimen in spirit from Zagazig is barely full-grown, and gives the following
measurements :-Head and body 94 millim. ; tail 53 ; hind foot 17.5. This specimen
Except where othersrise stated, this section of the Insectivora was written by W. E. de Winton.

Mammals of Egypt.
Pl. XXIII.
.
1
3
2
M
ICH
OF
"
UNIL
1. CROCIDURA (CROC.) OLIVIERI.
2. CROCIDURA (CROC.) RELIGIOSA.
CROCIDURA (PACH.) CRASSICAUDA.
3.


CROCIDURA (CROCIDURA) OLIVIERI.
167
fell from the talons of an eagle-owl shot at by Dr. Walter Innes. In it I am unable to
discover the lateral gland.
All the skulls of this species at my disposal are imperfect, but the most important
dimensions are :
Zagazig.
Cairo.
mm.
mm.
8.2
.
3
3
.
Greatest breadth of maxillæ
8.9
Interorbital breadth .
5.5
5
Breadth of snout
Tip of first incisor to tip of large premolar
6.5
6.5
The British Museum contains a nice series of this shrew, obtained in the month of May
a
by Messrs. J. W. H. & R. J. Cuninghame near Mena House, where they were found in
the dry wells. Further than this, the babits of this shrew are unknown. Mr. R. J.
Cuninghame was unable to discover the whereabouts of the animal in winter ; it is
certain they did not live in the wells, which were full of water at that season.
I am not aware of any published account of recent specimens of this shrew; like
the next species, it was hitherto known only in the mummy state.
Olivier found this shrew embalmed in the subterranean rock-tombs at Sakkarah, near
Aquisir. The following is an abridged account of the incident as told at length in
Chapter VIII. of the · Voyage en Egypte':-
“ After passing through many chambers we stopped in one of more than thirty feet
wide. The whole of one end was filled with jars piled up one upon the other to the
ceiling. ...
“ These jars were from twelve to eighteen inches long. The mouth was wider than
the base, and was from five to seven inches in diameter. They were made of very coarse,
reddish terra cotta, with a convex lid of the same material, fixed to the jar with a
sort of greyish clay. The mummy which they covered was wrapped in bandages of
linen or cotton, of rather fine texture, and enveloped in a thread network more or less
well made. In most of these jars was found the mummy of an Ibis, the majority of
which were in a bad state of preservation. On opening a mummy perfectly resembling
the others, we were surprised to find, instead of an Ibis, the bones of a little quadruped.
It was easy to judge by their number that several individuals had been embalmed
together; for we took out six entire heads besides others which were broken. These
were the remains of a shrew much larger than the European species, unknown to
naturalists, so, to enable anyone to recognize it again, we here give a description :-
“ The head measures from an inch to fifteen lines in length, and about six lines in
breadth behind. In the middle and in front it is very narrow. The upper jaw has
two incisor teeth, long, strong, sharp, a little curved, notched about the middle of
their antero-posterior length, where they receive the two lower incisors. Immediately
.
а

168
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT.
behind these are three canines (unicuspids] on each side and four maxillary teeth
(large premolar and molars]; these latter are broad, and, as it were, bristling with
points of unequal length and unequal size. The last molar is smaller than the three
teeth preceding it. The lower jaw has two incisors, as long as those of the upper jaw,
two strong canines on each side, and three molars, also strong but not so broad as those
above. The skull is slightly enlarged in the figure. The feet have five toes, well
formed, armed with thin and hooked nails. The fur of the animal, which is preserved
is red and very fine. The tail appears to be about as long as the body.”
[According to Sir J. Gardner Wilkinson, the shrew-mouse held a conspicuous place
amongst the sacred animals of Egypt, and on the authority of Herodotus he relates
that the Shrews were taken when they died to Butos for burial, because they were
sacred to the goddess of that city. Plutarch 2 has observed that this animal received
divine honours among the Egyptians, as it was believed to be blind, and because
darkness was more ancient than light.
There are numerous figures of shrews in the Salle des Dieux' in the Louvre, Paris,
some large, others very small. All of them have been the covers of small sarcophagi
containing mummified individuals probably representing four species.
In the Egyptian Collection in Berlin, besides the mummies brought by Passalacqua,
there are some packets of compressed mummified shrews from an animal-grave in
Achmim 3.-G. S. A.]
CROCIDURA (CROCIDURA) RELIGIOSA, Is. Geoffr. (Plate XXIII, fig. 2.)
Sorex religiosus, Is. Geoffr. Mém. Mus. xv. 1827, p. 128, pl. 4. fig. 1.
4 8,6 4. Lent by Hon. N. Charles Rothschild. Cairo, May 1901.
One of the smallest of shrews; tail long; upper side blue-grey, with a slight wash
of brown; lower side silvery grey; the feet pale, nearly naked.
Measurements taken from specimens in spirit:—Head and body 50 millim. ; tail
31-32; hind foot 9-9.5; forearm and hand 12-13; ear 6; snout to hinder border of
ear 17-19; snout to eye 8.5-9.
Length of skull (c.) 16 millim. ; breadth (c.) 7; breadth across maxillæ 5; inter-
orbital breadth 3.9 ; breadth of snout 2; tip of incisor to tip of large premolar 3.3.
Since Isidore Geoffroy wrote his paper on the shrews, and described and figured the
mummified specimens found by Passalacqua in the tombs at Thebes, no mention of this
2 Euvres Mélées, t. i. p. 199, traduit 1784, Symp. iv. Quæst. v.
1 Ancient Egyptians, iii. p. 270.
3 Tierinumien, Kgl. Mus. Kat. p.
317.

CROCIDURA (PACHYURA) CRASSICAUDA.
169
small species as occurring in a living state has been made. The discovery is entirely
due to Mr. Charles Rothschild, who has taken an immense amount of trouble in
obtaining specimens of various animals of which I stood in need for the purposes
of completing this book. I have been unable to examine any of these shrew-mummies,
but no hesitation is felt in applying the name originally given to the dried remains
to the species now living. The larger shrew, of about the size of the common
European species (C. russula), described by Geoffroy (op. cit. p. 143, pl. 4. fig. 2),
would point to the probability of an as yet unknown species occurring at the present
day in Egypt, while the very large species also figured by him is probably the remains
of the shrew next described (Cr. crassicauda).
Dr. Anderson has the following note on a specimen in the Stuttgart Museum
labelled Crocidura aranea (=russula):-
“ Cairo, Dr. Klunzinger.—Snout to vent 44.5 millim. ; tail 32. Pale sandy brown
above, with an almost golden satiny sheen. Under surface dusky white, Tail clad
with short greyish-brown hairs, and with numerous long, fine, dark brown hairs. Ears
rather large.”
By the kindness of Dr. K. Lampert, the Curator of the Stuttgart Museum, this
specimen was sent to Dr. Anderson in London by post, but by some mischance the
parcel was lost and never reached its destination. The size of the animal seems to
agree with the species under notice; the coloration does not fit so well, but the
specimen was probably faded. However, in any case it could not have been a specimen .
of C. russula.
CROCIDURA (PACHYURA) CRASSICAUDA, Licht. (Plate XXIII. fig. 3.)
Sorex giganteus, Is. Geoffr. Mém. Mus. xv. 1827, p. 137 (partim), pl. 4. fig. 3.
Sorex crassicaudus, Lichtenstein, Darstell. Säug. pl. 40. fig. i. (1828).
Suncus sacer, Ehrenb. Symb. Phys., Mamm. ii. fol. k (1832).
Sorex indicus, Rüpp. Neue Wirbelth. 1840, p. 40.
Pachyura gigantea, Fitz. & Heugl. SB. Ak. Wien, liv. i. 1866, p. 565.
Pachyura duvernoyi, Fitz. SB. Ak. Wien, lvii. i. 1868, p. 136.
Pachyura crassicauda, Fitz. SB. Ak. Wien, lvii. i. 1868, p. 137.
f. Suakin. Colonel Sir C. Holled Smith, K.C.B. Brit. Mus. No. 92.7. 20.1.
d. Houses of Suez.
One of the largest of shrews. The tail is very thick at the base, gradually tapering.
The skin is very pale, covered with fine silvery bair, but not so as to hide the
minute scales; there are fine longer outstanding hairs scattered over its whole
length; the skin likewise of the snout, ears, feet, &c. is pale drab or yellowish white
Z

170
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT. .
in the preserved specimens. The scent-gland, large and conspicuous in both sexes, is
placed a little behind the shoulder. In the female there are three pairs of inguinal
mammæ situated very far back. The colour of the fur is uniform pale grey, washed
with brown or drab in the spirit-specimens.
115
.
Measurements taken from specimens preserved in alcohol.
o . Suez.
4. Suakin,
mm.
mm.
Head and body
103
Tail
74
65
Hind foot
20
20
Ear
14
11
Snout to hinder border of ear-conch
36
35
eye
18
16
Breadth of tail at base
9.5
5.5
Measurements of the skull of the female from Suakin :-Greatest length 30 millim.;
greatest breadth 12.5; maxillary breadth 9:5; interorbital breadth 6; breadth of snout
3:7; basal length 28; length of palate 13 ; tip of incisor to tip of large premolar 6.6.
There can be little doubt that the large mummified shrew figured by Geoffroy was
the remains of a specimen of this species, although the locality would suggest the
greater probability of it being a specimen of C. olivieri. Its greater size, however, and
the fact of the gland being so clearly shown in the dried mummy induce me to refer it
to C. crassicauda. The examination of the skull would, of course, at once settle the
question, the one having four unicuspid teeth, the other three on either side of the
upper jaw.
This species is very closely allied to C. cærulea of India, and it is thought by some
writers that it has been introduced to the Red-Sea littoral by ships-a theory which is
not at all unlikely to be true, seeing that a trade has been carried on between these two
countries for some thousands of years.

FELIS LYBICA.
171
CARNIVOR A.
Suborder CARNIVORA VER A.
FELID.E.
FELIS.
Felis, Linnæus, Syst. Nat. x. 1758, p. 41.
Feline Carnivora, with claws completely retractile and inner cusp of upper carnassial
tooth well developed.
Dentition : i. , c. 1, pm. , m. į = 30.
:
3
3
1
1
1'
3
2
;
FELIS LYBICA, Meyer. (Plate XXIV.)
“Booted Lynx,” Bruce, Travels Source of the Nile, 4to, 1790, vol. v. p. 146.
.
Felis lybica, Meyer, Syst. Zool. Entd. Neuholland u. Afrika, 1793, p. 101.
“Caracal aux Oreilles Blanches,” Buffon, Hist. Nat. 4to, 1776, Suppl. vol. iii. p. 233. .
Felis caligata, Temminck, Monogr. Mamm. no. 4, 1824, vol. i. p. 123 (1827); Blanford, Geol.
Zool. Abyssinia, 1870, p. 228; Heuglin, Reise N.O.-Afr. 1877, vol. ii. p. 56; et auct.
Felis maniculata, Temminck, op. cit. p. 128; Cretzschmar, Rüpp. Atlas, 1826, Taf. i. ; Fitzinger,
SB. Akad. Wissensch. Wien, liv. i. 1866, p. 558; id. ibid. lix. i. 1869, p. 681 ; Blanford, op. cit.
p. 226 ; Heuglin, op. cit. p. 56; et auct.
Felis rüppelii, Schinz, Cuv. Thier. 1825, vol. iv. p. 509.
p
.
“Chat aux Oreilles Rousses” ou “ Chat Botté," Cuvier, Hist. Nat. Mamm. livr., Sept. 1826.
Felis bubastis et Felis dongolana, Hemp. & Ehrenb. Symb. Phys. dec. ii. 1832.
Felis pulchella, Gray, Charlesw. Mag. Nat. Hist. i. 1837, p. 577.
Felis libyca, Is. Geoffroy St.-Hil. Descr. coll. V. Jacquemont, iv. 1844, p. 56; Lataste, Act. Soc. Linn.
Bord. xxxix. 1885, p. 226; id. Expl. Sci. Tunis., Mamm. 1887, p. 16 (nec F. libycus, Olivier).
Lynx caligata, Fitzinger & Heuglin, SB. Ak. Wissensch. Wien, liv. i. 1866, p. 558.
Description of a flat skin without the head, Suakin, Major Penton, R.A.M.C., D.S.O.
Pale sandy coloured, with a rather rufous dorsal line from behind the shoulders to
the tail and with the body-markings arranged in transverse bands, more or less
continuous or interrupted, of a paler rufous-sandy than the dorsal line. Feet black
below, and the legs with the usual markings. The rufous dorsal line is prolonged on
to the tail, where it becomes more yellowish with black hairs intermixed.
Tail long,
with a black tip and usually with three distinct black rings above it separated by
greyish-white intervals.
22

172
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT.
.
Measurements of specimens caught at Tamai, Suakin Plain, 25th & 28th Jan., 1894.
No. 75. No. 85.
o .
Snout to vent
580 560
Vent to tip of tail
355
375
Height of ear
58
62
Greatest breadth across head
95
80
Snout to eye
34
31
Length of eye
23
20
Eye to external meatus
52
18
Length of tarsus
141
145
The male No. 85 has a distinct pencil of hairs at the ear-tips, measuring 20 mm. in
length.
Colour of eye bright yellow.
Munich Museum.
Felis maniculata, Rüpp. Nubia Sup., 1839.
This specimen is about the size of a large domestic cat, of a pale yellowish sandy
colour minutely speckled by the paler subapical bands to the tips of the hairs, with
indications of reddish-yellow lines on the head and still paler but similarly coloured
spots or bands on the sides, so obscure as almost to be invisible, but becoming very
distinct on the fore and hind limbs, where they are transverse. Belly white, with obscure
reddish spots.
A red area between the eye and the nose and above the eye; a narrow
red line from the hinder angle of the eye directed obliquely downwards, with some faint
reddish markings on the white of the cheeks. The middle of the back from behind
the shoulders reddish; this tint is prolonged on to the first half of the tail, and is
fællowed by a greyish sandy area, with some indications of dark banding; then with two
blackish bands separated from each other by greyish areas; tip of tail black. The
hinder parts of the fore and hind feet (tarsus) dark reddish brown, almost black. Ears
not tufted, with whitish hairs anteriorly and reddish hairs on their hinder surfaces.
Chin and throat whitish, with a narrow reddish collar on the sides of the neck. The
tail is about the length of that of a domestic cat.
a
[Form generally much like that of the domestic cat, but with longer legs and tail.
The general body-colour grizzled sandy fawn; the ears orange-red, with rather browner
hairs at the points, 10 mm. in length in some individuals; the dorsum of the nose and
the area in front of the eyes reddish brown; the face between and above the eyes, the
upper lips and cheeks very pale buff; two small but conspicuous elongated spots of
warm brown upon the forehead, one above the anterior canthus of each eye; a narrow
red line from the hinder angle of the eye directed obliquely downwards to the back of

Mammals of Egypt.
Pl. XXIV.
UN
OF
•HO
03
Maloo
FELIS LYBICA. SUAKIN PLAIN.


FELIS LYBICA.
173
the lower jaw, where it meets a similar line which originates in the moustachial area;
chin pale buff-white; two transverse lines of reddish on the throat; lower parts whitish,
more or less washed with yellow-fawn, with rather obscure reddish markings; fore
and hind limbs banded with somewhat obscure darker stripes, with one very distinct
broad black band on the inner side of the fore leg just below, and another, generally
less defined, above the elbow; the plantar surface of the fore and hind feet black,
continuing, in the latter, in a narrow median line to the heel. The individual
hairs of the whole of the upper part of the body are banded after the following
pattern: the base of the hair is smoke-brown, followed by an extensive area, of more
than half the length of the entire hair, of either buff or cinnamon, a narrow black
ring, a broader pale buff ring, and a black tip. Along the whole of the dorsal line
the broad lower pale portion of the fur is reddish cinnamon-coloured, giving a richer
somewhat rufous tone to the back, while on the sides this part of the fur is pale buff.
The tail is coloured like the back for more than half its length, becoming greyer
posteriorly; towards the extremity there are usually three conspicuous black bands, with
the spaces between them whitish grey, and a black tip about an inch or more in extent.
The above description is taken from specimens evidently in full coat and applies
equally to individuals from such widely separated localities as Shebel L'Anserin in
Tunisia, Suakin, Adegrat in Abyssinia, and Machakos in British East Africa. In
specimens from the Suakin Plain, which are in very short fur, killed on the 25th and
28th of January (or only one month later than others from the same locality in the
longer coat), the whole of the skin is thickly barred with somewhat indistinct but
clearly traceable stripes—transverse on the body, longitudinal on the head and neck, —
slightly darker than the general body-colour, which is altogether more yellow and
not so grizzled as in the specimens in longer fur.
On looking more closely into the colour of those with the heavier coat, the fine
bands are always distinctly traceable on the head and neck and are found to be more
or less conspicuous on the body generally in proportion as the hair is shorter or longer.
The skull of F. lybica is very broad in the orbital region, the breadth of the
zygomatic arches anterior to the ascending postorbital processes being not markedly
less than in the squamosal region. The postorbital processes are very long, almost
meeting in some individuals. The muzzle is extremely short. The nasals are slightly
depressed as far as their connection with the premaxillæ, but then rise abruptly and
again sink towards their junction with the frontals; so that the front of the face falls
away at an angle of 45° from the plane of the forehead, which is flattened over the
orbits. Viewed in profile the orbital cavities almost reach the line of the forehead.
The length of the nasal bones is somewhat variable; they are generally rather abruptly
truncated posteriorly and end in a line with the ascending processes of the maxillæ,
but in some instances they may be slightly longer and in others rather shorter.

174
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT.
Measurements of skulls.
Suakin.
No. 75.
o.
Suakin.
No. 85.
Abyssinia. Abyssinia.
Brit. Mus. Brit. Mus.
No. 69.10.24.8. No. 69.2.2.5.
o.
오​.
mm.
mm.
mm.
mm.
87
88
81
.
84
72
72
70
65
46
48
46
43
Basal length
Greatest breadth.
Breadth of brain-case
Lachrymal fossa to tip of nasal .
Least interorb. breadth
Front of canine to back of pm. 3
Length of pm. 3 (outside).
18
21
.
185
18:1
185
17
20
.
20
32
33.5
32
30
12.5
12
12:1
11.2
.
This cat inhabits dry situations in rocky or wooded districts. Major Penton says that
in the country about Suakin it is called by the Hadendowahs · Kafab,' and that it lives
in deep holes which extend underground for a considerable distance. These habitations
are probably burrowed out by cther animals.
Messrs. Rothschild and Wollaston found this species on both sides of the Nile pear
Shendi (Nov. Zool. viii. 1901, p. 328), and say: "the natives call this animal “Qutt
gabali,'-i. e. mountain or wild cat. At Cairo this name is applied to Felis chaus.”
Bruce was the first traveller who furnished a description of this cat, under the name
of the “Booted Lynx,” which he found at Ras el Feel, in Abyssinia. The figure given
by him has the ear-tufts very much exaggerated; this misrepresentation and the fact that
it was called a lynx have caused much confusion. Bruce did not employ scientific
names, and Meyer took the opportunity of naming all the animals mentioned in his
book.
Rüppell was the next traveller to send specimens to Europe; these were obtained in
Libya and Ambukol about 1822. Temminck in 1824 brought out the first parts of his
· Monographies,"containing No. 4, on the Cats; in this work he gave the scientific
name of F. caligata to the “Booted Lynx” of Bruce, at the same time saying that
F. libycus of Olivier belonged to the same species, which was a misstatement; he then
proceeded to describe the cat sent home by Rüppell under the name of F. maniculata,
a name the collector had himself written on the labels.
Temminck's separate
monographs were collected into book form and republished in 1827. Schinz (not
knowing of, or disregarding, Temminck's work) called these same specimens after the
collector, F. rüppelii; one of these was well figured and described, under the name of
F. maniculata, in the Atlas to Rüppell's Travels, written by Cretzschmar. This species
is again mentioned under two fresh names by Hemprich and Ehrenberg in a note on
the cats, following the description of the leopard (F. pardus), in which they say that
specimens had been sent by themselves to the Berlin Museum as early as 1822.
2

FELIS LYBICA.
175
Dr. Blanford mentions the difference between the cats of the coast-region and those
of the highlands of Abyssinia, and preferred to distinguish the two forms under the
two names used by Temminck; but with more material to work on it is clearly shown
that the low-ground animals are in no way inferior in size, and that a complete
gradation takes place between the short- and long-furred forms. As is well known, the
length, and especially the denseness, of the fur has an enormous effect on the apparent
size of a cat, and the difference in size between the sexes is very considerable.
The typical form of this species is found on the east of the African continent from
Egypt to Nyassaland. The material available is insufficient to show finally to what
extent the various forms of this cat, which are distributed over a very much wider
area, differ from one another; but there is ample to show that F. margarita, Loche 1,
from the Algerian Sahara, and F. obscura, Desmarest 2, from Cape Colony, among others,
are only slightly modified local forms or subspecies. The last-mentioned form is
commonly known as F. cafra, Desmarest 3; but as the former name was given two
years earlier to a melanistic specimen of the same species, it is obvious that this name,
though founded on a variety, cannot be set aside; the South-African form should
therefore stand as F. lybica subsp. obscura.
Canon Tristram found a cat closely resembling the typical form in Moab, and
Colonel Yerbury obtained specimens at Lahej in Southern Arabia.
When single specimens are received from distant localities it is difficult to know
whether they are typical of a race peculiar to that district or possibly hybrids with the
domestic cat. This is always a very difficult point to settle, for, as is well known, the
domestic cat almost always gets tainted by the wild cats of the country. In reference
to the present species, Emin Pasha found that his domestic cats bred freely with
the wild species in Niam Niam, and Capt. Stanley Flower informs me that he has
seen domestic cats near Suez which can scarcely be distinguished from F. lybica.
The Plate was drawn from a specimen living in the Zoological Gardens of London,
obtained on the Suakin Plain and presented to the Society by Dr. Anderson.
This species is generally supposed to be the main origin of the domestic breed of
cats. Temminck was the first to publish this fact. Dr. Nehring (Verh. Berlin.
Anthrop. Ges. 1889, p. 558), in a paper on the skulls of cats from Bubastis, Beni
Hasan, and Siut, expresses the view that this species was the original stock of the
domestic breed of the western civilization, while the domestic cat of China had a
perfectly distinct origin.
The remains of cats were found in such large quantities at Bubastis that cargoes
were sent to Europe to make manure, and they were largely used also by the natives to
fertilize the land in the immediate neighbourhood. The Museums of Europe contain
1 Rev. Zool. 1858, p. 49, pl. i.
2 Encycl. Méth., Mamm. 1820, p. 230.
3 Op. cit. Suppl. 1822, p. 510.

176
.
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT.
very few of these interesting relics, and the opportunity for a thorough investigation is
lost.-W. E. DE W.
[Numerous mummies of cats have been found both in Lower and Upper Egypt : in
some instances the whole cat has been preserved, in others only the head and fore limbs
of the animal. To Bubastis, the city devoted to their worship, cats embalmed were
commonly sent for burial, and frequently in mat wrappings over their linen bandages.
This city has been carefully explored by the Egyptian Archæological Survey 1 under
Prof. Flinders Petrie. There have been many mummy-pits opened near Beni Hasan,
and leopards and cats have a place amongst the painted records on the walls of the
tombs. A supposed figure of this species is well reproduced from the highly coloured
mural painting in the tomb of Chnem-hotep 2.
Cats were certainly venerated and so highly esteemed that Herodotus 3 has remarked
that the death of a cat in a house was the occasion of deepest mourning and the body
was embalmed and buried with much pomp —G. S. A.]
FELIS CHAUS, Güldenst.
Felis chaus, Güldenst. Nov. Comm. Ac. Petrop. xx. 1776, p. 483 ; de Winton, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.
1893, ser. 7, vol. ii. p. 291 ; et auct.
Felis catolynx, Pallas, Zoog. Ross.-As. i. 1811, p. 23.
ز
FELIS CHAUS, subsp. NILOTICA, de Winton. (Plate XXV.)
Felis libycus, Olivier, Voy. Emp. Othom. vol. ii. (Egypte) 1804, p. 41 (nec F. lybica, Meyer).
Felis chaus, Geoffr. & Aud. Descr. de l’Egypte, 1818, Hist. Nat. ii. p. 746; ibid. ed. 8vo, 1828,
Suppl. vol. xxiii. p. 210; Cretzschm. Rüpp. Atlas, Zool. 1826, p. 13, pl. 4 ; Temm. Monogr.
Mamm. (4) 1824, p. 121 (partim); F. Cuv. Hist. Nat. Mamm., Oct. 1826.
Felis rüppelii, Brandt, Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscou, 1832, tom. iv. p. 209 (nec Schinz).
Lynx rüppellii, Fitzinger & Heuglin, SB. Ak. Wissensch. Wien, liv. i. 1866, p. 557.
Felis chaus nilotica, de Winton, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 7, vol. ii. 1898, p. 292.
The following are the measurements of an adult male trapped in a field of sugar-
cane below Heluan :-
a
mm.
Snout to vent, along side of neck, stretched out
Vent to tip of tail
Height at shoulder.
Length of tarsus.
746
275
395
165
.
2 Beni Hasan, IV. pl. v.
1 Bubastis, E. Naville.
3 Herod. 2. 66.

Mammals of Egypt.
Pl. XXV.
OF
UNIL
5
Ops
3
FELIS CHAUS subsp. NILOTICA. LOWER EGYPT.
ICH


FELIS CHAUS, SUBSP. NILOTICA.
177
This specimen only differs externally from a male in the British Museum from
Rajputana, No. 85.8.1.18, in being darker.
The Rajputana specimen has the following measurements appended to it:-
mm.
669
Snout to insertion of tail
Length of tail
tail with hair
305
310
ور
ears
hind foot
74
165
This Egyptian cat, in colour, most resembles another cat from the low country
between Colombo and Kandy, in Ceylon, an area which in its moist nature corresponds
somewhat to the damp sugar-cane fields of Egypt, in which this cat is generally found.
Güldenstaedt gives the following measurements of his Felis chaus :-
mm.
762
483
.
Apex of nose to anus
Height at shoulder
Length of tail
Length of tarsus
285
158
Measurements of skulls.
Egypt.
9.
Gülden-
staedt's
type.
Sambar,
Rajputana.
8.
mm.
mm.
mm.
Egypt.
o .
mm.
108
129
84
96
106
Kisbnagarh.
o.
mm.
98
120
77
99
117.5
76
82
123
76
42.3
48
43
42
.
42
37.7
35
35
37
31
36
31
30
32
.
Incisors to ant, margin of foramen magnum
Premaxillaries to occipital crest
Maximum zygomatic breadth
Length of osseous palate.
Breadth between upper molars .
at infraorbital foramina
above aural apertures, projection of
squamosal
Intertemporal constriction
Interorbital constriction .
Length of last 3 teeth, 2nd and 3rd premolars
and molar
2nd premolar
3rd premolar
molar transversely
49
41.5
47
42
42
35
35.2
35
38
21
22.5
19
21
.
28
22
.
24:5
9.5
22
8.5
8.8
10.6
16
14:3
13
.
12-5
33
4:3
5
3.8
.
The measurements of the skulls in the foregoing table prove that the Egyptian race
is larger than the Indian and that its teeth are also more powerful. In its teeth it
most approaches the cat from the Caucasus, a skull of which in the British Museum
2 A

178
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT.
(1172 d) has the third upper premolar 14:8 mm. long, while in the Indian cats that
tooth seldom, if ever, exceeds 13 mm.
A male from Persia, No. 53.1.6.86 in British Museum, has a basal length of 100 mm.,
and the third upper premolar 14:5 long, thus approaching the Caucasian and Egyptian
a
races.
The skulls of the Indian form are always distinguished by the upper half of the
nasals being arched when viewed in profile, the area between the arched portion and
their extremities being concave. In the Egyptian skulls, male and female, the arching
and concavity are absent, the skull sloping down evenly from the frontal.
In the British Museum there are the skin and skull of a male cat obtained by Tristram
at Jericho, No. 64.8.17.4. The skin is exactly the same as that of the Egyptian
examples of F. chaus. The skull has the same form in the fronto-nasal region as in the
skull of my Egyptian specimen, but although a much smaller skull, its third upper
- premolar is considerably larger. The Egyptian male skull has an extreme length of
129 mm., and the Jericho male skull only 112 mm. The third upper premolar of the
former measures 16 mm., and that of the latter 18 mm.; the lower premolars of the
Jericho cat are also absolutely larger than those of the big Egyptian cat. In the
Egyptian skuli the canines are fully through the jaw and finally rooted, whereas in the
Jericho skull they are only two-thirds through. The latter skull would probably have
grown considerably larger, whereas the Egyptian skull had evidently attained its limit
of growth. In the Jericho skull there is a well-pronounced mammillary process at the
base internally of the first trenchant cusp of the second upper premolar. A similar
process is also developed in the skull of a female from Egypt, No. 92.5.22.1, but in the
adult male it is absent on the left and very feebly indicated on the right. In the skull
1172 d, from the Caucasus, this process is tolerably well developed, and it is also
indicated on the left side in the Persian skull 53.1.6.86.
In ten skulls from India there is no trace of the process in the second upper premolar,
and all the skulls have a convexity at the middle of the nasals and a concavity in front
of it, indeed a nez retroussé ; whereas the Egyptian, Palestine, and Persian skulls do not
show these features; the convexity is there but not the concavity.
There is another peculiarity in the dentition of the skull from Jericho, viz., that the
first upper premolar is placed transversely to the other teeth. In the specimen from
Persia the first premolar on the left side is placed distinctly obliquely, and that on
the right less so.
Undoubtedly the most remarkable skull is the one from Jericho, which has teeth
absolutely larger than in specimens from Egypt, although the skull is much smaller.
With only one Palestine skull at my disposal it is impossible to say whether the great
size of the teeth in this specimen is merely individual or whether it is distinctive of
the Palestine cats as a whole; I mean those with the external features of F. chaus.
a

FELIS CHAUS, SUBSP. NILOTICA.
179
There can be no question, I think, that all these cats are examples of one species;
but, at the same time, if the skull of an Egyptian animal is compared with,
say, a skull from Rajputana, India, the differences are so great in the details I have
indicated that they might be regarded as specifically distinct, although there are
connecting-links through Persian and Caucasian skulls. It is probable that if skulls of
F. chaus (or F. jacquem ontii) from Bengal were compared with the Egyptian skulls, the
differences would be still greater. As names have been applied to these extremes in
the distribution of the species, the western form found in Egypt and still further to the
west may be denominated Felis chaus subsp. the Caucasian and Persian form with
smaller teeth Felis chaus subsp. and the Indian form Felis chaus subsp.
[The above notes were evidently written before my revision of this group was
published in the ‘ Annals and Magazine of Nat. Hist.' ser. 7. vol. ii. 1898, p. 293, and it
it is therefore the more satisfactory to find that precisely similar conclusions are
arrived at.
The cats being of general interest, I have thought it necessary to make the following
supplementary notes rather fuller than usual.
Felis chaus is very considerably larger than F. lybica. Form strong; legs long;
tail short, abont reaching the hocks. The general body-colour grizzled sandy fawn,
with no conspicuous markings; the ears red-brown, with black tips, bases, and a
small spot towards the middle of the outer border; the forehead and occiput very
inconspicuously striped; the face between the eyes pale buff; a conspicuous dark
brown lachrymal patch. The dorsal line more richly coloured reddish, with dark
under-fur; the tail similarly coloured for a short distance, then greyer, with two
very narrow black bands close to the short black tip; the under side of the tail is
uniform grey from its base to the black tip. The sides of the body near the belly are
very indistinctly spotted; these slightly darker marks show more distinctly when viewed
from behind, as they owe their existence, to a certain extent, to the darker colour of
the under-fur.
The legs are more rufous than the body, the feet foxy red; the upper parts of the
legs are marked with inconspicuous bands, one far blacker and broader than the rest
on the inner side of the forearm, and sometimes a second about the elbow. The chin
very pale buff, the throat grizzled and dark, somewhat like the upper surface; the chest
in the middle line and the belly pale fawn, very inconspicuously blotched with darker
colour. On either side of the chest, under the fore legs, there is a very pale patch
where the hairs are almost white to their bases; this is intensified by its proximity to
a patch behind the elbow, where the hairs have only buff tips and are otherwise soot-
coloured to their bases; a similar dark patch occurs on the back of the hind legs just
above the hocks.
2 A 2

180
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT.
a
The spotting of the belly and flanks of this cat is about as distinct as the very similar
markings on a young lion. In specimens in shorter coat the general colour is less
grey, and the spotting of the flanks in particular more distinct.
The skull is very readily distinguished from that of F. lybica by its more projected
facial portion, the less expanded malars, the rounded forehead, and the usually shorter
and more sharply-pointed postorbital processes. The teeth of a female of this species
are much larger than those of the largest male of F. lybica. The zygomatic arches
gradually narrow from the squamosal region, and the orbits are not laterally expanded.
The nasals are gradually tapered posteriorly, and extend generally well behind the level
of the maxillary processes. Viewed in profile the orbit does not nearly reach the line
of the forehead, and the face-line, although slightly bowed, slopes gradually away
from the summit of the forehead to the end of the nasals.
Mr. R. J. Cuninghame gives the following measurements and weights of fresh-killed
specimens taken in cultivated land on the margin of the desert near Cairo, and now
in the British Museum :
오​.
오​.
8.
98.6.5.1.
8.
98.6.5.2.
98.6.5.4.
98.6.5.3.
mm.
mm.
mm.
mm.
720
760
520
.
Head and body
Tail
Hind foot
620
210
270
215
.
280
174
170
145
140
Ear
64
72
63
65
Weight
11 lbs. 2 oz.
14 lbs. 3 oz.
8 lbs. 7 oz.
8 lbs.
The last female was very young, the milk-canine still being in place, with the
permanent canine about one-third extruded in front of it.
Measurements of skulls.
Brit. Mus.
No. 98.6.5.1.
8. Cairo.
mm.
112
84.5
(Dr. Brit. Mus. Brit. Mus.
Anderson.) No. 98.6.5.4. No. 98.6.5.3.
0. Heluan.
4. Cairo.
4 juv. Cairo.
mm.
mm.
inm.
109
91
84
82.5
71
53.5
49
48
24-5
21
19
22:1
19
17
41.9
35
35
16.5
14
15
65
Basal length
Zygomatic breadth
Breadth of brain-case
Lachrymal fossa to tip of nasal
Least interorbital breadth
Front of canine to back of pm. 3
Length of pm. 3 (outside)
54-5
.
27
24.9
41.7
15.5
This cat inhabits low marshy ground and is very partial to reed-beds, sugar-cane,
bean-fields, or any similar thick cover. It has not been recorded from any other part

FELIS CHAUS, SUBSP. NILOTICA.
181
of the continent of Africa and its range in Egypt is confined to the Delta and to the
Nile Valley for a short distance only to the south of Cairo.
a
Cats of this species (in the larger sense) were first described by Güldenstaedt from
specimens obtained by Pallas on the shores of the Caspian Sea. Pallas called the
same animal by a different name in his own account of the animals obtained during
his travels. A nearly-allied form of lighter build, and having very much smaller teeth,
occurs in India, and has received several names, the first of which is affinis of Gray 1.
Hence this Indian race is now known as Felis chaus subsp. affinis.
About the end of the eighteenth century Olivier found this cat frequenting the corn-
fields between Alexandria and Siwah, and although he was unable to obtain a specimen
by the aid of his own rifle, a skin was procured from some Bedouins who had found
the animal on the borders of the desert. The skin was unfortunately headless
and so no description of this important feature was possible. The name Olivier
bestowed upon it had unfortunately been given by Meyer, with only a slight difference
of spelling, to the animal collected by Bruce.
Brandt also distinguished the Egyptian animal, obtained by Rüppell at Lake
Menzaleh, by a separate name; but, in naming it after the collector, he likewise
overlooked the fact that this name had already been bestowed by Schinz on the
smaller long-tailed cat, F. lybica; so the name he applied likewise cannot be used.
By many writers this species has been confused with the “ Booted Lynx” of Bruce,
which in reality was a specimen of F. lybica. In all probability Bruce had seen
specimens of F. chaus in Egypt, and had been struck by their lynx-like form and
moderately-tufted ears, and possibly made notes at the time, but had not preserved
a specimen; then, on getting a somewhat similarly coloured cat in Abyssinia, which
he brought home, he fell into the error of supposing it to be of the same species.
He probably also had recollections of the ears of the Caracal with its long tufts, thus
the description, based upon both the skin and his notes, may account for the long tail
of one species and the tufted ears—but exaggerated—of the other being combined in
the figure he has given of his “Booted Lynx."
The Egyptian animal closely resembles the typical form from Transcaspia in colour ;
it is, however, rather larger, the ears are less rufous, and the chest more grizzled. A
comparison between the skulls of F. chaus subsp. nilotica and of typical F. chaus shows
that, besides the greater size of the teeth of the former, the profiles differ considerably.
Looking at the skulls in true profile, the highest point of the cranium in the typical
F. chaus is equidistant between the tip of the nasals and the occiput, that is, just behind
the postorbital processes; while in F. chaus subsp. nilotica the highest point is just in
front of a line drawn between the points of these processes, and so noticeably nearer
1 lllust. Ind. Zool. i. pl. iii. (1830).

182
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT.
to the point of the nasals than to the occiput. In shape the nasal bones of typical
F. chaus, again, incline towards those of the Indian race, F. chaus subsp. affinis, in
which the face-line falls away from that of the forehead, much as in F. lybica, and
as in that species there is a concavity near the point of the nasals.
Another local race is found in Palestine: the single specimen in the British
Museum, referred to by Dr. Anderson on a former page (p. 178), was obtained near
Jericho by Canon Tristram; it has been named F. chaus subsp. furax, de Winton 1.
The skull of this subspecies closely resembles that of the Egyptian form, but the
teeth are very much larger; in fact, in proportion to its size, this cat has larger
teeth than any living member of the family Felidæ, its teeth being little smaller in
actual size than those of a female leopard (F. pardus).—W. E. DE w.]
a
FELIS LEO, Linn.
Felis leo, Linnæus, Syst. Nat. x. 1758, p.
41.
Sonnini (“Voy. Egypte,' ii. 1799, p. 199) mentions the lion as one of the large
Carnivora which approaches the confines of Egypt, but, if entering, does not long
remain within the country; he says the Egyptians call it ‘Sabbé.'
Burckhardt (* Travels in Nubia,' 1819, p. 391), speaking of the mountains of Negeyb,
between Shendi and Takah, says: “Lions and Leopards occur in plenty in this district;
I never saw any of these animals, but heard their howlings every night. Some of the
Sheikhs, but very few, have lion-skins in their tents. As the inhabitants have no
weapons but swords and lances, it rarely happens that any of these animals are killed
in these countries."
Rüppell (* Reisen in Nubien, Kordofan, &c.' 1829, p. 121) mentions the lion as
one of the animals met with on the route from Debbeh, by Simrie and Hazara, to
El Obeid.
Hoskins (* Travels in Ethiopia,' 1835, pp. 96 & 129) says that, according to the
natives, lions prowled all over the plain in the neighbourhood of the ruins at Wadi
Outaib, or Mecaurat, a little above Shendi. Hoskins observed traces of them in his
tent at these ruins, and two had been seen within 100 yards of it, and he heard them
roaring. He also mentions that lions infested the road to Sennaar and the west side
of the Atbara, but that they did not occur on the route from Metammeh to the wells
of Gagdul.
Hartmann ("Zeitschr. Gesellsch. Erdk. Berlin,' 1868, p. 46) gives a capital notice of
the lion and its distribution in this part of Africa, and mentions some of the monuments
on which it is represented in Egypt.
1 Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 7 vol. ii. 1898, p. 293.

FELIS PARDUS.-FELIS SERVAL.
183
Heuglin (“Reise N.O.-Afr.' ii. 1877, p. 51) says that lions occur as far north as the
hills of Beni Amer; he gives the Arab names of Asad, Sabua’or · Lebuah.'
James (Wild Tribes of Soudan,' 1883, p. 229) mentions that two officers of “the
Blues,” who had travelled with him from Suez to Suakin, shot a lion in the Khor
Baraka, two days' journey from Suakin. One of them gave a most graphic account
of their adventures in Bailey's Magazine,' 1881, 1882, or 1883.-W. E. DE W.
FELIS PARDUS, Linn.
Reise
Felis pardus, Linnæus, Syst. Nat. x. 1758, p. 41; Heuglin, Peterm. Mittheil. 1861, p. 14;
N.O.-Afr. ii. 1877, p. 52.
Felis pardus, var. nimr, Hemp. & Ehrenb. Symb. Phys. dec. ii. 1832, pl. 17.
Felis leopardus, Hartmann, Zeitschr. Gesellsch. Erdk. Berlin, iii. 1868, p. 52.
Ehrenberg separated the African leopard from the Asiatic form, and the distinguishing
subspecific name nimr, which he bestowed upon the former, is generally applied to this
race with solid spots on the shoulders. It is mentioned as occurring in the Province
of Dongola.
The skin of a young animal which was purchased in the Sudan, and which lived in
the Zoological Gardens at Gizeh for some months, was acquired by Mrs. Anderson.
This species is of the usual African type.
Hoskins (^ Travels in Ethiopia,' 1835, p. 111) says that the leopard occurred on the
plain to the east of Shendi.
The same writer also says (p. 129) that no leopards occurred on the route from
Metammeh to the wells of Gagdul.
Holroyd (Journ. Roy. Geogr. Soc. 1839, p. 163), in his notes on a journey to Kordofan
in 1836–37, says the Bayuda bend of the Nile abounds in herbaceous plants and one
or two varieties of Mimosa, and that among many objects of great interest in this area
is the leopard.
The Leopard is often represented in hunting-scenes on the walls of tombs both in
Lower and Upper Egypt.-W. E. DE W.
FELIS SERVAL, Schreb.
Felis serval, Schreb. Saüg. iii. 1778, p. 407, pl. cviii.
Felis (Galeopardus) serval, Heuglin, Reise N.O.-Afr. ii. 1877, p. 55.
Heuglin records this species from Werne in Takah, and gives the Arab name
· Badj.'

184
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT. .
FELIS CARACAL, Güldenst.
Felis caracal, Güldenstaedt, Nov. Comm. Petrop. xx. 1776, p. 500; Schreb. Saüg. iii. 1778, p. 413,
pl. 110; Blanford, Mamm. Brit. India, 1888, p. 88; Lydekker, Allen's Naturalist's Library,
“Cats,” 1895, p. 188.
Felis caracal, var. y, nubicus, Fischer, Synops. Mamm. 1829, p. 210.
Felis (Lynx) caracal, Heuglin, Peterm. Mittheil. 1861, p. 14; Reise N.O.-Afr. ii. 1877, p. 55.
Caracal berberoruin, Matschie, SB. naturf. Fr. Berlin, 1892, p. 114.
Dr. Anderson has the following notes on two specimens :-
The head-skin of Caracal from Suakin, obtained by Major Penton, R.A.M.C., D.S.O.
“Some of the hairs of the ear-pencils are 50 mm. long, but the general length of
the tuft is about 40 mm. The head is rather rufous yellow.
“1 skin, o. Mts. north of Tor, Sinaitic Peninsula. Mr. Th. Meyer, German Consul,
Suez.
“ This specimen is uniform rufous fawn. The ear-pencils are about 60 mm. long,
tipped with rufous, the basal portion being yellowish white and black, the latter
predominating. There is a considerable amount of grey mixed with the black of the
back of the ears.
A specimen of this species coloured like the foregoing was also obtained from
some Arabs in the Wadi Hoaf, Heluan; and Mr. J. C. Mitchell thinks it came from
the banks of the Gulf of Suez, near Suez on the Ataka side.”
Rüppell (* Reisen Nub., Kordof., &c.' 1829, pp. 65–67) mentions Felis caracal as
one of the animals hunted in the months of May and June in the western deserts
of the Dongola district.
Heuglin records this species from Takah, and says it probably occurs all along the
Egyptian coast north of Massowah. The Arab name is rendered - Om risád.'
Hartmann (Zeitschr. Ges. Erdk. Berlin, iii. p. 58) mentions that this animal is
represented on the walls of the tombs at Beni Hasan.
The Caracal is closely allied to the Lynx, as is shown in its general build and long
tufted ears; but it has no long hair on the throat forming a ruff. The skull has also
the peculiarities of the Lynx, the ascending processes of the premaxillæ being long
and frequently meeting the frontals, the first upper premolar usually absent in the
adult, and the inner cusp of the carnassial small.
The skull is readily distinguished from that of F. chaus in being broader in proportion
to its length, more powerful throughout, the nasals broad and truncated, the stronger
zygomatic arches, and the postorbital processes (both frontal and malar) shorter. The
squamosal process is not cut away on the upper side of the arch, but tapers very
slightly and has a broad termination in the base of the ascending process of the
malar. On the palatal aspect the most obvious differences, besides the peculiar
character of the teeth, are the greater posterior projection of the palate and the
lateral contraction of the presphenoid anteriorly and posteriorly.—W. E. DE W.

CYNAILURUS JUBATUS,
185
1
CYNAILURUS.
Cynailurus, Wagler, Syst. Amphib. 1830, p. 30.
Claws not wholly retractile; inner cusp of upper carnassial tooth almost entirely
wanting; infraorbital foramen small and often divided into more than one opening.
Legs and tail long.
CYNAILURUS JUBATUS, Erxleben.
Felis jubata, Erxleb. Syst. Regn. Anim. 1777, p. 510.
Felis guttata, Hermann, Obs. Zool. 1804, p. 38.
Cynailurus jubatus, Wagler, Syst. Amphib. 1830, p. 30.
Cynælurus guttatus, Heuglin, Peterm. Mittheil. 1861, p. 14; Reise N.O.-Afr. ii. 1877, p. 53.
Cynailurus sæmeringii (Rüppell), Fitzinger, SB. Ak. Wissensch. Wien, vol. xvii. pt. i. 1835, p. 245.
Felis megabalia (Heuglin), Hartmann, Zeits. Ges. Erdk. Berlin, 1868, iii. p. 55.
Heuglin gives the following locality for the Chitah: Southern Takah and Eastern
Sudan not north of 19° N.; and the Arab name · Fahad' or Fah‘ad.'
Rüppell (* Reisen Nub., Kordof., &c.' 1829, pp. 63-67) mentions Felis guttata
as one of the animals hunted in the months of May and June in the western deserts
of the Dongola district.
Mrs. Anderson obtained a skin and skull of a young animal from the Zoological
Gardens at Gizeh, which was said to have been obtained in Kordofan.
Hartmann (op. cit. p. 57) records the excellent representations of this animal in
the tombs at Beni Hasan.-W. E. DE W.
a
2 B

186
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT.
VIVERRIDÆ.
Subfamily VIVERRIN Æ.
VIVERRA.
C.
Viverra, Linn. Syst. Nat. x. i. 1758, p. 43.
Dentition : i. Ž
pm., m.; = 40.
Form heavy, entirely digitigrade; claws small and only partially retractile, not
adapted for climbing. Large external scent-pouch opening beneath the anus.
1
1'
4
m.
4'
VIVERRA CIVETTA, Schreb.
Viverra civetta, Schreb. Säug. vol. iii. 1778, p. 418, pl. cxi.; Rüppell, Neue Wirbelth. 1835,
p. 34.
6
Dr. Anderson made the following note on a specimen of the Civet labelled
“Kordofan, Dr. Rüppell, 1825," in the Senckenberg Museum, Frankfort-on-Main :-
“ This is a large animal, measuring from snout to vent 666 millim.
mm.
51
Height of ear
Breadth of ear
Tarsus
37
112
The lower lip and the parts around the nose as far as the back of the moustachial
area are white. The chin, upper part of throat, cheeks, and between the eyes and
slightly behind and partially above them dark brown; but, with the exception of a
short dark narrow band directed upwards to the ear, the area of the head, behind the dark
brown, is whitish grey to the vertex and downwards behind the brown of the upper throat.
Below this is a brown collar prolonged downwards from below the ear, through the
white of the side of the neck, which in its turn forms a white collar behind the former,
passing round the front of the chest; and behind this again is another narrow brown
band from the side of the neck on to the chest, with a white band behind it on the
front of the shoulders.
“ Rüppell says that he met with the Civet in the southern districts of Abyssinia,
Sennaar, and Kordofan, where it lived in holes in the ground, and was often kept in a
state of domestication for the sake of its musk.”

GENETTA.
187
GENETTA.
Genetta, Cuvier, Règne Animal, vol. i. 1817, p. 156.
The Genets have semi-retractile claws and the same number of teeth as the Civets,
but are distinguished by their more elongated form, more plantigrade mode of
progression, and more arboreal habits. The hind feet have a naked area in the centre
between the toes and the heel. The external scent-pouch is wanting.
Great uncertainty exists as to the number of species into which the Genets should be
divided, and until far more specimens with authentic data are brought together nothing
can be done to settle this question. Broadly speaking, there are three well-marked
forms, defined by characters of the skull and teeth—6. genetta, Linn., inhabiting
Southern Spain and Africa north of the Sahara; G. tigrina, Schreber, inhabiting
Southern Africa ; and G. senegalensis, Fischer (=G. pardina, Is. Geoffroy St.-H.),
found over the whole of tropical Africa. This latter species has numerous local
races, and the genet of Upper Egypt (G. dongolana), and also the Abyssinian genet
(G. abyssinica), described below, belong to this group. In some localities there seem
to be individuals of widely different tones of colour and patterns of marking, but
differences of sex, seasonal change of fur, and other important influences have yet to
be properly understood.
The black dorsal line is composed of rather stiffer and more glossy hair than the rest
of the body. The hairs composing this line may be very considerably longer than the
surrounding fur; the under-fur, when present on this area, is only scanty, and likewise
jet-black. At certain periods, however, the hair on this dorsal line is glossy, adpressed,
and much shorter than the surrounding fur, with no trace of under-fur.
The median dorsal stripe in the Nile-Valley species is more distinct from the body-
fur, in colour and texture, than in any of the other forms of genet, and the general
colour of the animal seems to be fairly constant.
The skull is considerably narrower than that of G. genetta, the nasals shorter and
narrower, being especially more tapered posteriorly, the auditory bullæ slighcly more
inflated, the paroccipital processes short and entirely absorbed in the back wall of the
bullæ. There is a very small bony prominence on the posterior border of the coronoid
process of the mandible.
In G. genetta, of Spain and North Africa, the hair is harsh, both dorsal and side
stripes black, mauy stripes on the neck, the spots small, the tail banded with narrow
indistinct rings. The skull is long, the nasals rather broad, but narrowing slightly
posteriorly; the auditory bullæ moderately inflated; the paroccipital processes reaching
to the base of the bullæ, the extreme end of this process free or forming a roughened
knob. There is a well-marked small process on the posterior border of the coronoid
process of the mandible. If a genet occurs in Lower Egypt it will almost certainly
prove to belong to this species.
a
2 B 2

188
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT.
The South-African genet (G. tigrina) is much like the typical form, but the dorsal
line is alone really black, the side spots are larger and more or less ringed and tipped
with brown: the two outside stripes on the neck are always broader than the inner
ones, and in some specimens are the only stripes represented. The skull is short and
broad; the teeth about equal to those of G. genetta ; the nasals longer and broader,
especially posteriorly, where they do not taper but end off abruptly; the auditory
bullæ rather less inflated, and the paroccipital processes still more developed, reaching
below the base of the bullæ. The prominence on the back of the coronoid process of
the mandible is entirely absent.-W. E. DE W.
GENETTA DONGOLANA, Hemp. & Ehrenb. (Plate XXVI.)
Viverra dongolana, Hemp. & Ehrenb. Symb. Phys. 1832, dec. ii.
Description of a male obtained from the hills of Erkoweet, near Suakin.
Head greyish, with a blackish area between the moustachial region and the eye, a
white patch on the cheek below the eye, a similar patch on the side of the nose, and a
narrow blackish-brown streak in the mesial line between the eyes. Five narrow rufous
lines on the back of the neck, the outermost one passing down over the shoulder and
being broken up into rufous-brown spots ; a rufous line, more or less distinct, on the
side of the neck external to the five dorsal lines. A black dorsal line of long hairs
from behind the shoulder to the tail, and the rest of the body covered with elongated
rufous-brown spots, with an intermixture of black. The under surface of the fore
feet black, and the outer posterior surface of the fore limbs more or less black, with
greyish hairs intermixed. Plantar surface of the hind feet, heel, and back of thighs
black. Fronts of the limbs greyish, with a few small black spots on the fore limbs.
Beily greyish white. Ears nearly white, with a brownish area behind them at their
bases. Tail with eight black bars alternating with broad pale areas, white at the sides
and reddish yellow on their dorsal surfaces. The black subterminal band and the tip
have a few white hairs intermixed.
mm.
81
43
40
Measurements of the skull.
Basal length
:
Greatest breadth
Palatal length ..
Breadth between tips of pms. 1.
outside pms. 4
Narrowest interorbital breadth
Breadth of brain-case
Length of nasals (middle line)
Outside length pm. 4
9.5
وو
26
12.7
30
15.3
9.5

Mammals of Egypt.
Pl. XXVI.
S.
UN
Com
OF
GENETTA DONGOLANA. SUAKIN.
MICH)


GENETTA DONGOLANA.
189
This specimen was brought to London, where it lived for some years in the Gardens
of the Zoological Society, and is the animal represented in the Plate.
Berlin Museum.
Viverra dongolana, Hemp. & Ehrenb. Nubia. No. 1103. Hemp. & Ehrenb.
This specimen is very pale, and the spots rusty red. The dorsal stripe is broad and
nearly black over the rump, but it narrows to a mere line behind the shoulders. There
is a good deal of black-brown on the lower half of the tibial portion of the leg and on
the under surface of the hind feet.
Genetta dongolana, being such a well-marked race, is worthy of recognition.
Frankfort Museum,
Viverra abyssinica, Rüpp. (type) Neue Wirbelth. 1835, p. 33, pl. xi.
Abyssinia. Dr. Rüppell, 1834.
The general ground-colour of this animal is a pale yellowish sandy. A dark brown
band arises behind each ear, and is prolonged backwards as a broad band, more or less
broken up into spots over the shoulder. Below it on the side of the neck there is a
line of large, more or less connected, spots as far as the end of the humerus. On the
hinder part of the neck, immediately above and before the shoulder, two dark bands
begin on either side, first as fine lines which rapidly enlarge to about three-quarters of
an inch in breadth, separated from each other by a narrower band of the ground-colour
of the animal, and curve backwards to the side of the root of the tail. Rising from
behind the shoulder in the mesial line of the back, and enclosed by these two lines, is
a dark dorsal band prolonged to the base of the tail, and in its middle enclosing a narrow
yellowish band. A number of large spots on the outside of the thighs, the fore limbs
and the tarsi being unspotted. A few spots on the sides of the belly. The head is
pale greyish brown, with a white spot below the eye, and continued downwards to the
lip; a faint dark central band from the nose to between the eyes, and a brownish area
from the eyes to the nose. The tail with nine yellowish-white and nine broad dark
brown rings, one of the latter being terminal. Two dark brown spots on either siile of
the base of the tail, separated off from the uppermost of the broad lateral bands.
This specimen is fully adult, but its sex is not known.
G. A. Hoskins (* Travels in Ethiopia,' 1835, p. 188) says :-“In the neighbourhood
of Dongola there are many gennet cats. They have small thin heads, long backs of a
grey culour, with brown spots and a black streak along the centre. Some of them are
18 inches long, besides the tail which measures 12 inches, the colour of the latter
being alternately grey and black.”
Rüppell, in his ‘Neue Wirbelthiere,' p. 33, gives the native name “Sabat' for this
animal in Dongola.
a

190
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT.
Subfamily HERPESTINÆ.
HERPESTES.
Ichneumon, Lacép. 1797 (preoccupied in Insecta).
Herpestes, Illiger, Prodr. Meth., Mamm. 1811, p. 135.
The two species of this genus found within the area treated of in this book show
such dissimilarity in shape of body and formation of skull and teeth, that they might
be regarded as distinct genera; but this course is not generally followed, owing
to the existence of intermediate forms, notably a species found in West Africa,
H. naso, de Winton (Bull. Liverpool Mus. 1901, vol. iii. p. 35), in which the body-
form of H. albicauda is combined with the skull and teeth characters of H. ichneumon.
At the same time, as a registering name for the form of teeth found in H. albicauda,
the subgeneric name Ichneumia, Is. Geoffr., is found useful.
Dentition : i. ġc.
pm.
3
4
4
2
m.
2
= 40.
3
'
HERPESTES ICHNEUMON, Linn. (Plate XXVII.)
Mus pharaonis, Alpivi, Hist. Nat. Ægypt. 1735, t. 14. fig. 3 (fide Hasselq.).
Meles (Ichneumon), &c., Linn., Hasselquist, Iter Palæst. 1757, p. 191.
.
Viverra ichneumon, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. x. vol. i. 1758, p. 43; Forskål, Descr. Anim. 1775.
Ichneumon pharaon, Lacép. Buffon, ed. 16mo, vol. xiv. 1799, p. 155 (vol. vi. p. 110); Geoffr.
St.-H. Descr. de l’Egypte, Hist. Nat. vol. ii. 1818, p. 137; id. ibid. ed. 2, 8vo, vol. xxiii.
1828, p. 166, et Suppl. p. 206; F. Cuv. Hist. Nat. Mamin. 1821.
Ichneumon ægyptie, Tiedem. Zool. i. 1808, p. 364.
Herpestes pharaonis, Desm. Encycl. Méthod., Mamm. 1820, p. 213.
Herpestes numidicus, F. Cuv. Hist. Nat. Mamm. iv. livr. 68 (1834).
Herpestes ichneumon, Hemp. & Ehrenb. Symb. Phys. dec. ii. 1832, k; Thomas, Proc. Zool. Soc.
1882, p. 64.
.
[Form much elongated and weasel-like; legs very short; feet plantigrade, the soles
of the fore and hind feet completely naked to the wrist and heel ; ears short, rounded,
scarcely appearing above the fur; tail very long, much tapered, with brush-like tuft
of long black hair at the end ; coat very harsh and straight.
General body-colour dark badger-grizzled, with distinct ticking of the black and wbite
on the head, where the hairs are very short and more finely ringed; face rather darker
and less grizzled ; all the feet and the tip of the tail black; throat and under side
darker than the upper parts. Under-fur brick-red, with dark soot-brown bases on most
of the dorsal surface, the brick-red graduating into yellow or buff on the neck and
under parts, but the chest and belly often lack this brighter colour, and are therefore

Mammals of Egypt.
Pl. XXVII.
OF
UNIL
(CH.
HERPESTES ICHNEUMON.


HERPESTES ICHNEUMON. .
191
almost soot-coloured with faint grizzling. The fur banded black and white, generally
with three black broader bands; the shorter hairs on the neck and head usually have
the extreme tips also black. When the tip of the hair is light-coloured, as it is over the
greater part of the body, it has a yellowish stain, but on the neck and head there is no
trace of this stain on the hairs.
Skull long and flat, the facial portion very short, from the back of the orbits to the
front of the premaxillæ very much shorter than the cranial portion ; forehead rounded,
profile evenly and gently sloping to the front of the nasals; the zygomata evenly bowed,
very powerful; orbits small, their lower rim on a plane with the squamosal processes of
the zygomata ; postorbital processes frequently forming a complete circle; the auditory
bullæ moderately inflated, the anterior chamber perforated by a single well-marked
foramen; the occipital crest very strongly developed. The incisive foramina are short,
scarcely longer than broad; there is no postdental shelf of the maxilla. The carnassial
tooth or fourth premolar is well developed, about half as long again as the first molar
on the outer side; the second molar minute, lying interior to the hinder cusp of the
first molar, and rather less than a third of the size of that tooth in superficial extent.
a
4. Cairo.
Brit. Mus. No. 98.6.5.5.
Suakin.
No. 91.
mm.
92
mm.
92
.
55
.
57
46.5
50
.
34.5
35
Basal length
Palatal length
Greatest breadth .
Cranial breadth
Palatal breadth outside pms. 4
ms. 2
Lachrymal fossa to front of premaxilla
Outside antero-posterior length of pm. 4
30
31
24.3
25
>
»
25.5
25
9.7
9.5
m. 1
5.9
5
m. 2
3
2.7
"
This species is found in the Spanish Peninsula and over the greater part of Africa,
with very slight modification in either form or colour. Within the area treated of in
this book, it is only found in Egypt proper, so far as is at present known. Native
Egyptian name · Nems.'
The Plate was drawn from a living female specimen obtained close to Mena
House, near Cairo.-W. E. DE W.]
Dr. Anderson left the following notes on specimens examined in the Continental
museums :-
In the Frankfort Museum there is a skull, No. IV. N. 5**, labelled “ Herpestes

192
THE MAMMALS OF EGIPT.
caffer, Smith, Abyssinia, Dr. Rüppejl, 1811”; also a stuffed female specimen with the
skull removed, labelled “IV. N. 36. H. caffer, Smith, Schoa, Dr. E. Rüppell, 1832,"
which is supposed to be the animal whence the skull was obtained. This specimen
measures —
mm.
Snout to vent.
Vent to tip of tail
A male of H. caffer, from the Cape, presi nted and collected by Herr v. Ludwig in
1837, measures :-
500
365
mn.
595
Snout to vent.
Tail with the terminal hairs
580
a
The dentition of these two specimens, although they are of different sexes, is
specifically the same. The skulls so closely resemble those of H. ichneumon, that there
seems no valid reason why they should not both be regarded as belonging to that
species.
In a skeleton with the ligaments intact, preserved in the same Museum and collected
by Rüppell in Egypt in 1823, there are 30 caudal vertebræ (the two terminal of which
are minute cartilages, the last vertebra being only 1.5 mm. in length, and the pen-
ultimate 4.3 mm. long), 3 sacral, 6 lumbar, and 14 dorsal. The measurements of the
skeleton are :—from tip of premaxillaries to first caudal vertebra along curve of spinal
column 540 mm. ; from end of first caudal vertebra to end of last 542 mm.; extreme
length of skull from premaxillæ to exoccipital protuberance, 113 mm.; extreme length
of lower jaw 78 mm.
Skulls of mummied Herpestes ichneumon in Berlin Museum.
No. 1.
No. 2
No. 3.
No. 4.
mm.
mm.
105
mm.
103
mm.
102
100
Upper border of foramen magnum to tip of premaxillaries
Greatest zygomatic breadth
Minimuun frontal diameter
?
55
54
57
21
18.
23
18
This ichneumon has been accredited with the destruction of the eggs of the
crocodile of the Nile—a belief as old as the days of Herodotus,—and thus it prevented
the undue increase of that formidable monster. Diodorus Siculus remarks that there
would have been no sailing on the Nile but for the ichneumon. The fact that it
would eat the eggs of the crocodile, if it came across them when in quest of food,
was sufficient to raise it in the estimation of the ancient Egyptians to such a degree
that it became a sacred animal.
The cult of the ichneumon arose in the Nome of Heracleopolis in Middle Egypt.
The most probable of the reasons given for its being revered is its ability to
successfully combat the asp and to protect itself from its poisonous bite. At the

HERPESTES ALBICAUDA.
193
present time the mongoose is frequently tamed and kept in the houses of the
Egyptians to protect them from rats and snakes.
HERPESTES ALBICAUDA, F. Cuv.
1
Herpestes albicaudus, Cuvier, Règne Anim. éd. 2, 1829, vol. i. p. 158.
Herpestes leucurus, Ehrenb. Symb. Phys. pl. 12, decas ii. 1832, h.
Ichneumia albescens, Is. Geoffr. Mag. Zool. 1839, pp. 16 & 35 (descr., not figure).
Herpestes loempo, Temminck, Esquisses Zool. 1853, p. 93.
Ichneumia nigricauda, Pucheran, Rev. Mag. Zool. 1855, vii. p. 394.
Ichneumia abu-wudan, Fitzinger & Heugl. SB. Ak. Wien, liv. i. 1866, p. 561.
Herpestes (Ichneumia) albicauda, Thomas, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1882, p. 75.
[This animal has nothing of the weasel-like form of the last species, but is more cat-
like, standing well up on its toes; the legs are longer, the ears larger, and the fur very
much softer, with dense under-fur; the tail is clothed throughout its length with long
somewhat pendent hair, slightly narrowing distally, with no brush-like terminal tuft.
The soles of the fore feet are naked only to the base of the thumb, and the hind feet
only to the base of the first toe, the hair on the back of the tarsus and heel being so
dense that it forms a sort of cushion.
The general colour is light grey, washed with black along the dorsal surface, the
long hairs being broadly tipped with black : the feet are black; the tail at the base
coloured like the back, but posteriorly the hairs lose the black tips and quickly becomė
whiter, those at the extremity being entirely white to the base; the throat and under
parts are usually rather paler than the upper surface; the under-fur throughout is dark
slate-grey at the base and drab-buff terminally.
In some individuals the tail, instead of becoming white distally, becomes black in
precisely the same manner; these black-tailed melanic individuals (var. nigricauda)
show much more brown in the general body-colour throughout.
In the skull the anterior facial line, to about the middle of the nasals, is very much
more horizontal than the frontal line; the forehead is flattened ; the zygomata are fairly
expanded, but are very much less powerful than in the last species; the facial portion
from the back of the orbit to the front of the premaxilla is as long as or longer than
the cranial portion; the orbit is large, its lower rim lying below the upper edge of the
zygomatic process of the squamosal; the auditory bullæ are fully inflated, and the
anterior chamber is furnished with numerous small perforations set in a crescent-shaped
shallow fossa below the meatus. The incisive foramina are twice as long as broad; the
maxillæ extend backwards to form a distinct post-dental shelf. The carnassial tooth is
a
2 C

194
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT. .
small, its alveolar length being but little greater than that of the first molar, while the
second molar is but little inferior to the first in length, and fully half as large on
the masticatory surface.
Measurements of skull of a specimen collected by Messrs. Rothschild and Wollaston.
8. Shendi.
Brit. Mus. No. 1.5.5.18.
mm.
90
Basal length
Palatal length
Greatest breadth
Cranial breadth
Palatal breadth outside pms. 4
56-5
51
35
32:3
ms. 2
28.6
"
32
Lachrymal fossa to front of premaxilla
Alveolar length of pm. 4
85
m. 1.
5
ور
m. 2
4
This species ranges over Tropical Africa and into Arabia. The Dongola district is
the only locality within our area in which it occurs.-W. E. DE W W.]
Dr. Anderson had the following notes on specimens in the Frankfort Museum :
Herpestes albicauda, Cuv.; leucurus, Ehrenb. . Nubia. Dr. E. Rüppell.
This specimen is a pale sandy colour, palest below, with a mixture above of longer,
broadly blackish-brown-tipped hairs on the trunk, many of them with a subapical
white band. Head paler than the body. Fore limbs rusty brownish from the elbow
downwards, dark rusty brown on the metacarpal area. Hind limbs rusty brown, darkest
on the tarsus. Tail brown and white in its proximal half, white in its distal half.
The skull is in the specimen.
mm.
Snout to vent.
Vent to tip of tail, without terminal hairs
440
340
Herpestes albicauda, Cuv., var. nigricauda, Puch. $. Nubia, Ambukol. Dr. Rüppell, 1824.
This specimen, although its tail is blackish brown throughout, is unquestionably
specifically identical with the foregoing. Unlike it, the body is throughout brownish,
owing to the prevalence of black-tipped hairs, which are well seen in this specimen
with its much more pronounced colouring ; for besides the apical black band there is
a white band below it, followed by a second black band, and then by the pale basal
portion of the hair.
The subapical white band confers on this specimen a white

HERPESTES ALBICAUDA.
195
speckling. In some hairs there are as many as seven annuli, counting the pale basal
portion of the hair. The apex is always dark-coloured. The long, black-tipped
hairs extend on to the head. The portion of the limbs below the elbow and knee are
dark russet-brown.
mm.
485
Snout to vent.
Vent to tip of tail
370
The following are the measurements of this and also of another skull from Nubia :-
Ambukol.
IV. N.4.
4.
mm.
99
Nubia.
Rüpp.
V. N. 5.
mm.
96
88
92
.
34.5
55
13
33.5
53
13.5
16
14
17-5
>>
13.7
21:5
21
33
30
18.5
20
obliterated.
29
39
.
19
21.5
.
23
22
Premaxillaries to ext. occipital protuberance.
Basal length:
Basicranial length
Length of palate.
Breadth of palate between middle of last molars
anterior end of 3rd premolars
middle of 1st premolars
muzzle external to middle of 2nd premolar
Middle of anterior orbital margin to tip of premaxillaries
Minimum frontal diameter
Frontal end of maxilla to ant. border of canine.
Length of frontal in mesial line
nasal in mesial line
premaxillaries
Breadth before infraorbital foramen
Outer inf. margin of infraorbital foramen to tip of premolar
Depth (vertical) through post. border of infraorbital foramen
Greatest zygomatic breadth
Breadth at alveolar border (external) of canines.
of skull at posterior root of zygoma (auditory meatus).
Depth through anterior border of parietal
Breadth across upper incisors at base
1st premolar, length along cingulum
2nd
3rd
4th
1st molar, length along cingulum
2nd
Extreme length of lower jaw
Height through ascending ramus
29.5
28
20
20
47
.
50
19
19
32
30
زر
25
28
.
12
11.5
R. 3
6
ور
L. 6
L. 6
6
8
L. 8
ور
ور
6.5
4.5
L. 6:4
R. 4
65
71
26
24
2 c 2

196
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT.
Ambukol.
IV. N. 4.
Nubia.
Rüpp.
V. N. 5.
4.
mm.
11.8
2.5
mm.
11
2.5
5
5
99
Breadth across lower incisors at base
1st lower premolar, length along cingulum
2nd
3rd
4th
Ist lower molar, length along cingulum
2nd
is
5.8
5
>
00 OC 077
8
L. 8
8.5
L. 8
L. 6.5
7
9
The skull of the female from Ambukol proves it to have been fully adult, as the
sutures are practically obliterated and the teeth are worn considerably.

PROTELES CRISTATUS.
197
PROTELEIDÆ.
PROTELES.
Proteles, Is. Geoffr. Mém. du Mus. Hist. Nat. vol. xi. 1824, p. 354.
Hyæna-like in form, but having five toes on the fore feet.
Skull with no alisphenoid canal. Premolar and molar teeth very small and simple. .
Dentition : i. ġ, c. i = 32.
4
3
3,
1
1
pm. 3
m.
ī:
0
=
PROTELES CRISTATUS, Sparrm. (Plate XXVIII.)
Viverra cristata, Sparrm. Voy. Cape of Good Hope, ii, 1786, p. 177.
Viverra hyenoides, Desm. Mamm. Suppl. 1822, p. 538.
Proteles lalandii, Is. Geoffr. Mém. Mus. Hist. Nat. xi. 1824, p. 371.
Proteles cristatus, Matschie, Säug. Deutsch-O.-Afr. 1895, p. 62.
$ and juv. Skins and skulls. Suakin. Major R. H. Penton, R.A.M.C., D.S.O.
37. Suakin.
3
Dr. Anderson made the following observations at Suakin on freshly killed speci-
mens:
Ears pointed, but rounded at the tip, emarginate below the tip posteriorly, then
convex and rapidly contracted at the base. The muzzle up to the eyes, and partially
,
around them externally, and the chin, nude and dark dusky black. A few hairs on the
chin. Four or five strong moustachial bristles on a slight eminence. Canines very
long and sharp. The dorsal crest of the young animal is even more developed than in
the adult. Measurements:-
o.
o .
o.
mm.
765
mm.
750
mm.
683
.
232
195
233
100
107
100
.
450
435
.
432
360
395
365
104
104
Snout to vent
Above vent to tip of tail, without hair
Length of terminal hair
Height at shoulder.
at hind-quarters, about.
of ear (external meatus)
of ear behind .
Breadth of ear.
Eye to snout.
ear (external meatus)
Length of eye (canthus to canthus)
Breadth across muzzle at middle
Length of tarsus
103
125
118
125
.
57
60
58
66
66
67
.
64
59
58
22
20
20
50
50
57
140
137
135

198
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT.
The Ard Wolf lives in burrows in pairs. The natives apply to it the name ' Deeb.
[The skull is not powerful, rather flat, with large and very broad facial portion. The
incisors and canines are moderately developed; the second premolar is the largest and
most strongly rooted of the upper cheek-teeth; the last tooth in the row is the fourth
premolar or carnassial, this tooth is simple and merely vestigial, being usually lost soon
after the animal is adult. In the milk-dentition the carnassial is still a three-rooted
tooth, although much reduced in size. In the lower jaw there is a considerable
distance between the canine and the first premolar; this latter tooth is strongly rooted
and larger than the teeth behind it; the first lower molar, corresponding to the
carnassial, is exceedingly minute and is lost at an early age. In the milk-dentition
the three premolars are double-rooted teeth.
The occurrence of this animal in North-east Africa does not seem to have been
noticed by any of the early travellers. Heuglin (Reise N.O.-Afr. ii. 1877, p. 51) casually
mentions, when speaking of the Spotted Hyæna : “Im abessinischen Küstenland und
in der Gegend von Adowa sollen sich noch zwei weitere hierher gehörige Arten finden,
eine kleine, gestreifte (ob Proteles lalandei ?) und eine sehr grosse, dicht und lang
behaarte (Hyæna fusca ?). Proteles lalandei findet sich auch am Weissen Nil.”
The range of this animal is the eastern side of the African continent practically
from north to south. It lives in holes and feeds on refuse and insects.
Major Penton says that sometimes they utter plaintive cries at repeated intervals
throughout the whole night.
The Plate was drawn from an animal living in the Zoological Gardens in London.
-W. E. De W.]

Mammals of Egypt.
Pl. XXVIII.
OF
PROTELES CRISTATUS. SUAKIN PLAIN.
M
ICH


HYÆNA HYÆNA.
199
HYÆNIDÆ.
HYÆNA.
Hyæna, Zimmermann, Spec. Zool. Geogr. 1777, p. 365.
Four toes on both fore and hind feet. Skull without alisphenoid canal.
Dentition : i. pm.
i.
3
32
c.
1
I'
4
3
m.
1
1
= 34.
HYÆNA HYÆNA, Linn. (Plate XXIX.)
Canis hyæna, Linn. Syst. Nat. x. 1758, p. 40; Schreb. Säug. iii. 1778, p. 371, pl. xcvi.
Hyæna striata, Zimm. Spec. Zool. Geogr. 1777, p. 366 ; Rüpp. Neue Wirb., Säug. 1840, p. 40;
Blanford, Geol. Zool. Abyss. 1870, p. 236; Fitzing. & Heugl. SB. k. Ak. Wiss. Wien, liv.
i. 1866, p. 553; Heugl. N.O.-Afr. ii. 1877, p. 50.
Hyæna dubbah, Meyer, Syst. Summ. Zool. Entdeck. in Neuholland und Afrika, 1793, p. 94.
.
Hyæna vulgaris, Geoffr. St.-Hil. Descr. Egypte, 1828, ed. 8vo, xxiii. Suppl. p. 213.
The specimen from which the drawing for the Plate was taken has been living for
several years in the Gardens of the Zoological Society of London. It was received
from Egypt, but a more exact locality is not known.
The hyæna has been casually mentioned by travellers in various parts of Egypt
down to the coast at Alexandria.
Capt. S. S. Flower writes :"I have received both species from both Suakin and
Omdurman, but have not been able to discover the actual localities where the
individuals were caught. The natives distinguish them apart—H. striata being called
Dab,' while H. crocuta is called “Murphyne.'”
Hoskins, Rüppell, and Heuglin state that hyænas occur between the two above-
mentioned localities.
Olivier (Voy. Emp. Othom. ii. 1804, p. 40) mentions their occurrence in the
environs of Alexandria.
Burckhardt (“Travels in Nubia,' 1819, p. 79) found them between Assuan and
Dongola.
Most travellers translate the Arabic name into Dubbah.'
Mr. Beadnell sends the following field-notes on this species :—“ The Striped
Hyæna is found in the desert-margins of the Nile Valley from Cairo to Esneh (I do not
know the country south of Esneh) and the desert surrounding the Fayum. In Baharieh
Oasis I observed through my glasses what I am pretty certain was a Striped Hyæna.
Twice I have seen their tracks in the western part of the depression of Farafreh Oasis

200
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT.
in the scrubby bushy area round Bir Karaween and Bir Murr. The people of Farafreh
also state that one used to visit the village some years ago.
“ This hyæna is a very solitary animal, more than two (male and female) seldom or
never being seen together. In the Nile Valley and the Fayum they are very common
although rarely seen, as they only approach the cultivated lands after dark, where they
roam about in search of food all night, returning to the desert before dawn. Their
lairs are in nearly all cases at a good distance from the cultivation, generally from five to
ten miles away. They always seem to keep away from neighbours of their own species.
They commonly select some small hill standing up above the ground-level of the desert,
the weathered harder beds of which afford the only protection against the sun.
The
lair is always marked by an abundance of bones, the remains of the spoil brought up
from the cultivated lands. They sleep hard throughout the day, selecting that part
of their domicile which offers the greatest comfort, taking into account the direction of
the wind, heat of the sun, &c.
“ By following up a fresh spoor from the cultivation, and removing one's boots when
approaching likely ground, hyænas are generally easily approached, sometimes to within
a few yards, before they are awakened. When disturbed they show no fight, but only
anxiety to make off with all possible haste. Their pace is very fast, although it
appears slow and ungainly, due to the difference in length between the front and
hind limbs.
On one occasion, after a long track of some miles, I saw a fine male in a sort
of cave under the projecting bed of limestone on a hill about 30 feet above the
general level of the desert. He was afraid to come out, although I had fired at
his mate from quite close by. Directly he caught sight of me he crouched down
and hid, and did not bolt until I had climbed up to within a few yards of where he
was lying; he had to pass within a couple of yards to get out, and although I
had practically bearded him in his den, he showed no sign of fight. As he dashed
by I fired, but only broke one of his legs, which did not stop him, and down
he dashed to the base of the hill, where the Arab who was accompanying me greeted
him with a blow from my geological hammer. This diversion gave me time to
rush and catch him up, and as he could not go faster than I could run, I was able
to keep up and treat him to a succession of heavy blows, until at last he sank
down, when I put an end to him with a bullet. Each time I struck him he turned
his head and snarled, showing a nasty set of teeth, but beyond this he made no
attempt to fight. You will see that this hyæna is a very cowardly animal, which
contradicts the statements of the Arabs as to their great ferocity. This specimen
weighed 654 lbs. The skin and skull are now at my home in England.
** The Striped Hyæna keeps itself very clean, and the hair is generally long and well
kept. The stomach of this one contained only some balls of hair and a few small

Mammals of Egypt.
Pl. XXIX
فل
공
​IND
MICH
HO
OF
HYÆNA HYÆNA.


HYÆNA CROCUTA.
201
bones; he had evidently not found much food the night before. Unlike jackals, he
smelt quite sweet when being skinned. They are credited by the natives with being
body-snatchers; and this is probably true.
“ " The natives are very keen to obtain the heart, which they eat, believing that they
thus obtain the courage (sic) of the hyæna. They also cut off the whiskers, if they
get a chance, and keep them as a charm. The meat is also readily eaten by the
poorer among them, and I found myself that the flesh taken from the head was not
at all bad.
“Although usually silent, they appear to emit a kind of laughing cry at times.
They are never found in the interior of the desert beyond some 10 or 15 miles from
the cultivation, except in an exceptional case, when they will follow a caravan if they
think there is a sick or dying camel.”—W. E. DE W.
-
HYÆNA CROCUTA.
;
Canis crocuta, Erxleb. Syst. Reg. Anim. 1777, p. 578.
Hyæna crocuta, Zimm. Spec. Zool. Geogr. 1777, p. 366 ; Rüpp. Neue Wirbelth. 1840, p. 40;
Heuglin, Peterm. Mittheil. 1861, p. 14; id. SB. k. Ak. Wiss. Wien, liv. i. 1866, p. 553
Blanford, Geol. Zool. Abyss. 1870, p. 235.
The only specimen of the Spotted Hyæna from the district treated of in this book is
a puppy in the British Museum, received from Major Penton, R.A.M.C., in 1893, from
the neighbourhood of Suakin. The colour is uniform liver-brown, without markings
of any kind. The incisors and canines are the only teeth which have cut the gum;
the skull is identified as belonging to this species by the breadth of the front of the
palate, by the incisive foramina being almost wholly within the premaxillæ, and by
the shape of the back of the palate.
The skull of the Spotted Hyæna is very much heavier than that of the Striped
Hyæna, with a much broader snout. The teeth are also very much heavier, the
carnassials above and below very much larger and longer, and this tooth in the lower
jaw wants the middle inner cusp found in H. hyæna. In the Striped Hyæna the molar
in the upper jaw is usually absent, and if present it is very small, quite vestigial, while in
the Spotted Hyæna it is always present and of considerable transverse breadth, extending
on to the palate beyond the plane of the inner cusp of the carnassial. The palate and
the postnarial opening in the skull of H. crocuta are very broad, the posterior border
of the palate forming a wide angle, while in H. hyæna the opening forms a narrow
Roman arch. The postorbital frontal processes are very tardy in development, and the
forehead is wider and more rounded in the young of the Spotted Hyæna.
2 D

202
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT.
Their cry
a
Major Penton sends the following field-notes on this species : --" The Spotted Hyæna
is abundant at Tokar, 40 or 50 miles south of Suakin, but at the latter place it is rarely
if ever seen. These brutes prowl round in packs of five or six, chiefly in the spring
and early summer. In the height of summer they are not so often heard at night.
is one of the most weird of all sounds I have ever heard. The natives dig
deep trenches, leaving a small patch of ground in the middle on which a kid is tethered.
In this way they often catch them. The natives have also a clever way of catching
them by means of a ring of wood with spikes radiating from the sides to the centre, all
pointing in the same direction. The ring is put over a hole and a rope also; the
hyæna's foot passes through the ring, and in his efforts at getting rid of it the rope
tightens. [This is similar to the trap used for gazelles, described by Mr. Jennings
Bramly and Mr. Beadnell on a subsequent page (p. 345).]
The Spotted Hyæna is more ferocious than is generally imagined, and not infrequently
one sees men with faces mutilated when children from the attacks of these brutes.
Since I have been here two children have been carried off at Tokar.”—W. E. DE W.

LYCAON PICTUS.
203
CANIDÆ.
LYCAON.
Lycaon, Brookes, Griffith's Anim. Kingd. vol. v. 1827, p. 151.
Dog-like in form, but having four toes only on both fore and hind feet as in Hyæna.
Teeth very massive and rounded, and the skull heavier than in Canis.
LYCAON PICTUS, Temm.
Hyæna picta, Temminck, Ann. Gén. Sci. Phys. iii. 1820, p. 54.
Lycaon tricolor, Brookes, Prodr. Anim. 1828, p. 10.
Canis pictus, Cretzschm. Rüpp. Atlas, 1827, pl. 12, p. 35 ; Rüpp. Neue Wirbelth., Säug. 1840,
p. 39.
Lycaon pictus, Hemp. & Ehrenb. Symb. Phys. 1832, ii. ff; Fitz. & Heugl. SB. k. Ak. Wiss.
Wien, liv. i. 1866, p. 553; Heugl. Reise N.O.-Afr. ii. 1877, p. 48 ; Matschie, Säug. Deutsch-
0.-Afr. 1895, p. 63; de Winton, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1899, p. 551.
There does not appear to be any recently published notice of the occurrence of the
Hunting-Dog in the Nile Valley, with the exception of the bare mention of the name
by Schweinfurth in his list of the carnivorous animals of Khargeh ; but this record
requires to be substantiated. Ehrenberg says he often saw packs in Dongola. Heuglin
says they are seen on the Plain of Takah and even in Southern Nubia.
Rüppell (Reisen Nub., Kordof., &c. 1829, pp. 63–71) mentions Canis pictus as one of
the animals hunted in the western deserts of the Dongola district in the months
of May and June; and in Cretzschmar’s Atlas, where an excellent illustration of the
animal will be found, this dog is said to occur in the desert of Korti and in Kordofan,
where it is called by the natives · Simir.'
The Hadendowahs of Suakin describe a large dog of the neighbouring hills, with
white round the neck and on the rump, which they call ‘Manoab.' They say it hunts
gazelles.
The species, therefore, in the earlier part of the last century, was spread over the
eastern side of the African continent practically from north to south.
It is thought by some writers that the large prick-eared parti-coloured dogs in leash
represented in the mural paintings at Beni Hasan and elsewhere may possibly be
intended for this animal, but this seems doubtful.
2D2

204
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT.
CANIS, Linn.
Canis, Linn. Syst. Nat. x. i. 1758, p.
38.
This genus is here to be taken as including only the Wolves and Jackals as well as
the Domestic Dogs. Dr. Blanford, in the 'Fauna of British India,' says that the Dogs
may be distinguished from the Foxes (Vulpes) by the pupil of the eye being round,
and in their having generally 10, more rarely 8, mammæ.
Dentition : i.
i, pm. 4, m. j = 42.
A scent-gland on the dorsal surface of the tail, from which the characteristic “ doggy ”
smell arises.
3
32
2
==
c.
m
a
On Jackals in general.
In describing the jackal of Senegal, which he named C. anthus, Cuvier 1 says that it
could not be confounded with the jackal properly so called, that is, the Indian jackal,
C. aureus, which he had previously described and characteristically figured, nor with
C. mesomelas, as it had not the dorsal marking of that species, while it was much larger
than the Vulpes corsac. The introduction of V.corsac as a basis of comparison, and the
statement that his C. anthus was much larger than it, suggests that he was dealing with
an animal of not any great size. Cretzschmar's figure in Rüppell’s ‘Atlas' of a so-called
C. anthus was founded on three specimens from the Bahr-el-Azrek country, and is a
considerable modification of Cuvier's figure of the Senegal jackal, the tip of the tail of
which is described as having only a few black hairs, whereas the tail of Cretzschmar's
figure is wholly black in the latter two-thirds; and besides, this latter figure, instead
of having the brownish-grey saddle that occupies nearly the whole of the back of typical
C. anthus, has on the sides of that region the yellowish and white spots characteristic
of C: variegatus.
In the British Museum there are two skulls of adult male jackals from Tunis
(46.10.30.155 and 48.1.8.1), both distinguished by the expanded zygomatic arch ; like the
jackal from Egypt, these specimens have large teeth, which, however, vary somewhat in
size. In the Tunis skull (46.10.30.155) the fourth upper premolar is 20•4 mm. long, or
only 1.1 mm. shorter than the same tooth in a male C. pallipes, commonly known as the
Indian wolf, No. 91.2.5.1, from Maskat, in Arabia ; this is evidently the skull of an
animal of the same age as the specimen from Gizeh, and viewed from the under
surface they are remarkably alike, although that of C. pallipes has a broader palate and
altogether more powerful teeth ; but the difference between them would appear to be
due chiefly to the fact that C. pallipes is evidently a larger animal than the Egyptian
a
1 Mamm. 1820. .

CANIS.
205
wolf or Deib' of the Bedouins. But when these two skulls now under comparison
are placed side by side it is seen that the frontal region of the Gizeh skull is but little
swollen, and the little swelling that does take place is immediately over the supra-
orbital process itself, the centre of the forehead being very widely concave, whereas in
C. pallipes the swelling rises suddenly from the downwardly-bent process, extending
to the mesial line of the forehead, which is consequently more pronouncedly rounded
from side to side than in the Gizeh skull.
One of the Tunis skulls, 46.10.30.155, is exactly like the skull of C. pallipes, while
the forehead of the other Tunisian skull, 48.1.8.1, has the swelling almost confined to
the region of the supraorbital process, the middle of the forehead having more the
character of the Gizeh skull. This region of the forehead of the Luxor skull has all
the characters of the Gizeh male skull. It is evident from a consideration of the
similarity of these North-African jackal skulls to that of C. pallipes, that the latter is a
very closely-allied species, an opinion which Huxley gave expression to some years
a
ago 1.
There exists, therefore, in Egypt, a jackal considerably exceeding in size the dimensions
of C. aureus, as is shown by the skull-measurements; it extends also to Tunisia and
Algeria, but not into the upper valley of the Nile. In Egypt, the animal is pale
yellowish, washed feebly, longitudinally, with black, its pale colour being doubtless due
to the circumstance that it is found chiefly in the desert; but in Tunisia and in Algeria
it occurs, according to Lataste, generally on the Tell, i.e. the black soil of cultivated
land, and consequently the animals from that tract of North Africa are much darker
than those of the Egyptian region. The jackal of Tunisia is much more marked with
black, and has a distinctly rufous tint on the outside of the fore limbs and on the
thighs. This is the animal that has been mistaken in Barbary for C. aureus, a species
which does not appear to extend its range to North Africa.
The females of the Egyptian and Barbary jackals are very much smaller than the
males, and they present the same variations of the forehead; they seem also to differ
occasionally considerably in size, as is evident also from the measurements of the
hind feet.
Frankfort Museum.
In the Senckenberger Museum there is a stuffed example of a male jackal from Tunis
(Gabes), June 1898, which is labelled Canis aureus. It is, however, quite distinct
from the latter species, and has a strong resemblance in its general features to
C. variegatus, but differs from it in its greater size and heavier build, its coloration, and
shorter and thicker muzzle. It has large ears, nearly quite as large as those of
1 Proc. Zool. Soc. 1880, p. 278

206
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT.
C. variegatus, and is long-legged. It seems to have been killed while changing its
fur, as on the back of the neck, but more especially on a limited area in the middle of
the back, behind the shoulders, the fur is much longer than that on the posterior half
of the body. Behind the shoulders the fur is variegated much in the same way as in
C. variegatus, and the coloration of the individual hairs is the same in both. Along
the neck the black prevails over the white. On the posterior half of the body the
long hairs have been almost completely frayed off, so that the thick woolly under-fur
comes nearly to the surface; hence the normal fur is that immediately behind the
shoulders and on the neck. From the lower posterior border of the range of the
variegated longer hairs on the middle of the back, a more or less distinct lateral line runs
backwards along the side of the body, and curves downwards to the side of the thigh.
The outside of the fore limb from the humerus downwards is sandy rufous yellow, but
with the black spot well defined. The lower half of the thigh is a similar colour
but with an intermixture of black hairs; otherwise the lower portions of the fore
and hind limbs are concolorous. There is a tendency to form a black pectoral band, as
black hairs can be traced round the chest. The back of the ears, the occiput, and the
upper surface of the muzzle anterior to the eyes are rufous yellow, but on the forehead
to the eyes the rufous is largely intermixed with black-tipped hairs. There is a pale
spot over the middle of the upper eyelid ; the cheeks are yellowish and white, with
short black-tipped hair, conferring on them a greyish hue. The upper lip, chin, and
throat are whitish, also the under parts and inner sides of the limbs. The tail is yellow,
with here and there broad black-tipped hairs, the tip black, and the spot on its upper
surface well defined.
Male. Snout to vent 650 mm.; vent to tip of tail 260; height of ear from external
meatus 80, height of ear behind 100; height at shoulder 390. The skull-measurements
are given in the table, pp. 208–9.
In the same museum there are two jackals from Sennaar, male and female, obtained
by Rüppell in 1825, IV.0.10 a and b. On the under side of the stand of the male
there is a MS. label, “ Canis anthus, F. Cuv. Icon. Rüppell's Atlas, fig. 17. Sennaar.
Geschenk von Dr. Rüppell, 1825.”
These belong to a species about the size of Canis aureus, with moderately long legs,
and with ears considerably shorter than those of C. variegatus, but longer and narrower
than those of the Indian jackal. These two specimens are unquestionably distinct
from the large jackal of Egypt.
The male. The upper surface of the head to the occiput, including the backs of the
ears (which are not rufous) are sandy-coloured, finely speckled with pale brown and
white, due to the fine annulation of the hair over these parts. The apex of each
hair is brown, succeeded by a broad white band, followed by a brown band that
passes gradually into the pale colour of the basal portion of the hair; these hairs are

CANIS.
207
a
about 20 mm. in length. On the back of the neck the hairs are 30 mm. long,
with their apical brown portions about 11 mm., and in places, from their being
crowded together at the base of the neck when the head is slightly raised, a dark
area is produced which is prolonged in a modified degree round the front of the chest
as a marked collar. On the back, some of the hairs are 50 mm. long, 10 mm.
of the tip being dark brown, succeeded by an almost white band 14 mm., followed by
dark brown, which pales into light brown, and ultimately to whitish at the base of the
hair. The juxtaposition of the white bands and the dark brown bands gives a
brown and whitish mottled appearance to the fur, the general tint of which, however,
is sandy yellowish white, profusely and irregularly streaked with brownish. Imme-
diately behind the shoulder there is a pale area in which only a few of the apices of
the hairs are brownish, the rest of the hairs being yellowish white. The upper lip, the
lower jaw, the cheeks, the throat (with the exception of the dark pectoral band), the
chest, and under parts are yellowish white, but on the sides of the body there is no
line of demarcation between the colours of the upper and under surfaces of the body.
The limbs are yellowish sandy, but on the back of the thighs to the heels and around the
genitalia there is a good deal of rusty red. On the fore limb a band of annulated hairs
passes down from about the head of the humerus along the outside and then on to the
front of the limb to the commencement of the metacarpus. As this band approaches
the metacarpus some of the black tips to these hairs are but little more pronounced
than in the rest of its course, so that no distinct dark spot is present, and in the female
there is not the faintest trace of one. The hairs of the tail are yellowish white, but
they terminate in such long blackish-brown tips as to make the tail nearly wholly
black, except on its sides for a short way from below the base.
Male. Snout to vent 720 mm.; vent to tip of tail 285; height at shoulder 405.
Female. Snout to vent 680 mm.; vent to tip of tail 240; height at shoulder 385 ;
height of ears in front 64, behind 68.
The female differs from the male in being much paler and more rufous, especially on
the hinder quarters, but on the head, neck, and shoulders the two are exactly alike.
The pectoral collar is a very pale sandy colour, and there is another similar band on
the neck anterior to it. This second collar is prolonged downwards and backwards
from the base of the ears.
These much-faded specimens manifest a very faint indication along their sides of
a darkening of the colour, which suggests that they may possibly correspond to
C. lateralis. In the male, as also in the female, there is distinct indication of an
oblique darkish band across the thighs.
The measurements of the male skull are given in the following table (pp. 208–9).
The skull of the Sennaar jackal, which has much the same form as the skull of the
Tunisian jackal, but is of much smaller size, has not the longer and pointed muzzle of

208
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT.
C. variegatus. It is distinguished from both of these skulls by its feeble zygomatic
arch and less powerful teeth. The tympanic bullæ are much wider apart than in
C. variegatus, and in this respect it resembles the skull from Tunis; but besides having
a feeble zygomatic arch, it has much less zygomatic expansion than either of these
skulls. The small ears of this species at once distinguish it from C. variegatus and
from the Tunis jackal.
In the Leyden Museum there is a specimen agreeing with the foregoing. It is
labelled “ C. anthus, F. Cuv., von Rüppell, Nubia, Bahr-el-Azrek.” It is a male, but
not fully grown. The skull resembles that of the specimen in the Frankfort Museum.
The teeth are all through, but the canines are not fully developed. (See Cat. Mus.
des Pays-Bas, p. 86, vol. xi. 1892, Lupus anthus, Cuv., o.)
Berlin Museum.
Type of Canis sacer, Ehrenberg.
This animal, which bears the label “ Hemp. & Ehr., No. 835, Fayum," is undoubtedly
a young Canis lupaster.
In this Museum there is a skull of a jackal, No. 26072, collected by Schweinfurth
in the Upper Nile Valley, which seems to approach the Sennaar skull in the Frankfort
Museum, but the sex of the specimen is unknown, and, moreover, the skull is
unaccompanied by a skin. With the exception of the carnassial tooth, which is
decidedly larger in the skull obtained by Schweinfurth, the teeth existing in the upper
jaw are all smaller than in the Sennaar skull; the last upper molar is decidedly a
smaller tooth. With the exception of the first and second lower premolars, the other
teeth are either equal, or what difference there is in size is in favour of the skull
collected by Schweinfurth. The latter is also distinguished from the Sennaar skull by
its smaller tympanic bullæ, and by the greater breadth of the basal portion of the
skull lying between them.
There are other slight differences shown by the measurements set out in the
following table, which make me hesitate to say that the two skulls are specifically
identical, although the probability that they are so is very great.
mm.
Measurements of skulls.
Frankfort Museum. Berlin Museum.
d. Tunis.
8. Sennaar. Sex? Upp. Nile.
(? Colupaster.) No.IV.0.10 a. No. 26072.
mm.
mm.
Premaxillaries to external occipital post. foramen
170
145
138
Lower border of foramen mag. to tip of premaxilla .
149
135
129
post. border of palate. 70
59
57
Length of palate
78
74
71
Breadth of palate between middle of last molars
25
25
23.5
2.1
.

CANIS.
209
ور
Frankfort Museum. Berlin Museum.
8. Tunis. 8. Sennaar.
. Sex? Upp. Nile.
(? C. lupaster.) No.IV.0.10 a. No. 26072.
mm.
mm.
mm.
Breadth of palate between anterior end of 3rd premolars 23
23
23
middle of first premolars
"
17-5
17
19.5
between inner anterior fangs of 1st molars
27
27
23
of muzzle external to middle of 2nd premolars. 27
25
25
Supraorbital process to tip of premaxilla
100
84
83
Breadth across supraorbital processes
47
37
35.5
Minimum frontal breadth (approximate)
34
29
29
Frontal end of maxilla to anterior border of canine
65
55
52-5
Length of frontal in mesial line
50
43
39
nasal in mesial line.
53
50
51
premaxilla
46
48
40
Breadth before infraorbital foramen
33
28
25
Outer margin of infraorbital foramen to tip of pre-
maxillaries
52.5
47
43
Depth opposite post. border of infraorbital foramen 27
24
20
Greatest zygomatic breadth .
89
75
69
Minimum breadth between orbits
31
24
24
Breadth at alveolar border of canines
27
27
25
of skull at root (posterior) of zygoma over
meatus
54
49
44
Vertical depth of skull through anterior border of
parietal.
45
37
39
Breadth across upper incisors at base
19
18.5
1st premolar, length along cingulum
5.2
4
2nd
9.5
8.5
7
3rd
11
9
4th
17:5
13.5
14
1st molar, length along cingulum.
12:3
12
11
2nd
7.5
8
6
Transverse breadth of last molar
11
10
8.5
Extreme length of lower jaw
124
110
103
Height of lower jaw through ascending ramus
43
39
35
Breadth across lower incisors at base
15
14
12.3
1st lower premolar, length along cingulum
4.3
4
3.2
2nd
9
7.3
6.5
3rd
10
8
8
4th
11.3
9.2
9
1st molar, length along cingulum
20
15.3
15
2nd
9.8
8.7
8.5
3rd
5
4.7
3.8
Breadth between tympanic bullæ at middle
14
9.7
12
.
? 17
ور
"
.
.
ور
2 E

210
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT. .
An adult male skull of a jackal stated to have been brought from South Arabia
by Menges, and to have lived in the Zoological Gardens, Berlin, bears the label
“ Canis hadramauticus, Noack, male, Süd-Arabien, 8326. Menges.” On another
ticket is written “Kastelan 23. ix. 96, Canis hadramauticus, o , Schädel, 8327.” The
skin of this animal is also in the Berlin Museum, and it presents a remarkably
strong resemblance to the stuffed type specimen of Canis lupaster, Hempr. & Ehr.,
from Lower Egypt (the Fayum), the skull of which has been removed from the
specimen.
Both are adult skulls, but the skull of C. lupaster is very much larger. As the
jackal called C. hadramauticus was young when it was received, its small size may
possibly be attributable to the effects of a life of confinement. The general form of
the skulls is the same, and both are characterized by short stout muzzles and by
considerable zygomatic breadth. The muzzle, however, of C. hadramauticus is even
shorter than that of C. lupaster, and, like that species, the ears are large, so that it is
in no way related to Canis aureus or to any of its allies. The colour of the head is
almost identical with that of the type of C. lupaster, but the sides of the face from
behind the eyes and above the eyes to the ears have the hairs decidedly black tipped,
so that these areas have a greyish-yellow hue. Before the eyes the muzzle is decidedly
rather rich yellowish, and above the posterior part of the upper lip and behind the
angle of the mouth the parts are white. The chin is dusky yellow, and the throat
and chest white, many of the hairs on the latter region having black tips. The hairs
of the upper surface of the neck are sandy yellow, many of them with long black tips.
There is a distinct tendency to the formation of a dark collar. The upper surface of
the back is finely speckled black and white and the sides are sandy grey. The out-
sides of the fore legs are pale yellowish, passing almost into white on the wrist, but the
hairs about the toes are yellowish. The hind legs are coloured much the same as the
fore legs, but there is more yellow about the feet. The tail is black-tipped and the
black spot upon its dorsum is well defined. Measurements of this male specimen,
which is stuffed :-Snout to vent 800 mm.; vent to tip of tail 215; height at
shoulder 435; height of ear posteriorly 100; height of ear anteriorly 90.
-
Measurements of the type skull of C. lupaster, Hempr. & Ehr.,
and of the type of C. hadramauticus, Noack.
C. hadra-
C. lupaster. mauticus.
nim.
mm.
Premaxillaries to crest of occipital protuberance.
151
Lower border of foramen magnum to tip of premaxillaries .
140
apical border of palate.
65
Length of palate
93
76
Breadth of palate between middle of anterior molars.
25
26
ور

CANIS.
:...
211
C. hadra-
C. lupaster. mauticus.
mm. mm.
26
23
21
20
32
30
32
29
110
88
رو
>
47
42
31
33
88
59
.
50
49
63
47
52
.
41
31
36
.
59
47
28
23
97
89
32
29
51
...
47
44
Breadth of palate between anterior end of third premolars .
at middle of first premolars . .
between inner anterior fang of first molars
muzzle external to middle of second premolars.
Supraorbital process to tip of premaxillaries
Breadth across supraorbital process
Minimum frontal diameter
Frontal end of maxilla to anterior border of canine
Length of frontal in mesial line
nasal in mesial line (free border)
premaxillæ .
Breadth before infraorbital foramen
Outer margin of infraorbital foramen to tip of premaxillæ .
Depth through vertical opposite frontal border of infraorbital
foramen
Greatest zygomatic width..
Breadth at alveolar border of canines
of skull above external meatus
Depth (vertical) through anterior border of parietals .
Breadth across upper incisors at base .
Length of 1st premolar
2nd
3rd
4th
1st molar
2nd
Transverse breadth of 3rd molar
Extreme length of lower jaw
Height through ascending ramus
Breadth across lower incisors at base
Length of 1st lower premolar along cingulum
2nd
3rd
4th
1st lower molar along cingulum
2nd
3rd
Extreme breadth between tympanic bullæ at the middle
Minimum breadth between orbits
22
20
6
6
10:3
12.5
9.5
10.3
18
20
13.3
12.3
7
8.5
12.6
135
12
.
110
43
.
49
16
16
3.3
4:2
9.2
9
ور
9.2
11
"
ور
10
12.5
22:6
10
5
21
9.6
4.2
ll
29
>
رو
34
A jackal in the Berlin Museum from the Caucasus, and therefore typical C. aureus,
2 E 2

212
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT.
has very short bright red ears, and the rufous colouring on the legs very brilliant. A
skin from near Jaffa has longer ears (but pale yellow) and longer legs than in
the previous specimen. The latter is not C. lupaster, but another form, the
C. syriacus, Ehr.
In the Zoological Gardens of Berlin there are two living jackals from Dalmatia,
very brilliantly coloured, and with considerably longer ears than typical C. aureus, and
longer than those of the Syrian jackal. This Dalmatian jackal presents certain of the
characters of the C. tripolitanus, Wagner, and others of C. lupaster.
Paris Museum.
In this Museum there is a female labelled
a
“ Canis anthus (F. Cuv.), M. Ferdinand,
Senegal,” while on the under surface of the stand there is in ink“Du Sénégal
l'envoyée par M. Ferdinand, février, 1826. 283 femelle, Canis anthus (F. Cuv.),” and
some one has written in pencil “ Type.”
.
The specimens in the Paris Museum which constitute the types of species are
almost invariably so marked on the label ; but this is not the case in the specimen
in question. Moreover, the date is sufficient to disprove its claim to that distinction.
M. Ferdinand's The type measured,
specimen. June 1820.
mm.
mm.
690
528
.
Snout to vent
Vent to tip of tail (without terminal hair).
Height at shoulder
220
254
381
400
.
The ears are broken at the tips, but they are 80 mm. high in front and 100 behind.
It is not a long-legged form like C. variegatus, but has more of the character of the
jackal of Tripoli. The upper surface of the muzzle before the eyes is rather rich
yellowish fawn, a pale tint of which extends below the eyes. Behind the nose, along the
upper lip, the chin, and the throat are nearly white. The cheeks are yellowish white.
The ears are rufous behind. On the upper surface of the back to behind the shoulder
the hair is long, with the apical black band and also the subapical yellow band
broad, and as both bands are more or less visible this surface is blotched, so to speak,
with yellow and black, much the same as in C. variegatus. The rest of the body
is pale, speckled greyish yellow and black. The limbs are yellowish externally, this
colour being most intense on the lower part of the outside of the thighs. The tail
has rather short hair, and is variegated with yellowish and blackish, the tips being
black, but only very narrowly so.
[Before the publication of my paper on the African Dogs in the “Proceedings of
the Zoological Society,' 1899, I had come to the conclusion that the large Egyptian

Mammals of Egypt.
Pl. XXX.
OF
UNIL
OS
ert
CANIS LUPASTER.
SICH


CANIS LUPASTER.
213
jackal is not, as has been generally supposed, identical with the true Canis anthus,
F. Cuv., from Senegal, and in a P.S. p. 537 notice was given of the error of the prevalent
opinion. There is no doubt that this view was correct, and further that a small jackal
(C. aureus tripolitanus, Wagner, Schreb. Saüg. Suppl. ii. p. 393), closely resembling true
C. arthus, occurs in Tripoli. Another question which will have to be settled is, what is
the typical form of C. aureus, Linn.? the Eastern European form may be known as
C. aureus græcus, Wagn., the Syrian form as C. aureus syriacus, Hempr. & E., and the
Indian as C. aureus indicus, Hodgson. In the meantime it is quite clear that Canis
lupaster is the name which must be applied to the Egyptian jackal, and the large jackal
found in Tunis undoubtedly belongs to the same species.
It is pretty evident that the jackal of the Sudan, in the neighbourhood of Khartum,
is quite distinct from Canis variegatus, Cretzschm. ; this Sudan species was also
obtained by Rüppell and figured by Cretzschmar under the name of C. anthus, F. Cuv.,
a determination which appears to be correct, as, judging from a specimen from
Omdurman in the British Museum recently presented by Capt. H. N. Dunn, there
seems to be no material difference between this and the typical form from Senegal. —
W. E. DE W.]
CANIS LUPASTER, Ehrenb. (Plate XXX.)
Canis lupaster, Hemp. & Ehrenb. Symb. Phys., Mamm. dec. ii. 1832.
Canis sacer, Hemp. & Ehrenb. Symb. Phys., Mamm. dec. ii. 1832.
Lupus anthus, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1868, p. 502, skull (nec Cuvier).
Dieba anthus, Gray, Cat. Mamm. Brit. Mus. 1869, p. 189.
Canis aureus, auct. (partim), nec Linn.
Canis anthus, Mivart, Canidæ, 1890, p. 41, pl. (partim), skull, fig. 20; de Winton, Proc. Zool. Soc.
1899, p. 535 (partim).
Gizeh, December 22, 1891. Winter pelage.
Fayum. Several specimens, Messrs. Andrews & Beadnell.
The general colour is yellowish grey on the body, rather rufous yellow on the upper
surface of the head from before the eyes to the nose, on the back of the ears, between
the ears above, and on the outsides and fronts of the limbs. The margins of the
mouth, below the rufous areas anterior to the eyes, are greyish white. The forehead
has the hair deep brownish black in its lower two-thirds, but so broadly banded with
yellow below its black tips that the dark basal colour is completely obscured, and
this part of the head has a yellowish appearance speckled with black. Behind the
vertex the bases of the hairs become very pale grey, the yellow bands extremely broad,
and the black tips more conspicuous, so that the yellow is speckled with black, and as
the black tips become massed together in places the yellow pelage has the appearance

214
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT.
a
of being irregularly marked with black, tending to form lines and spots. A line of
this kind is prolonged forwards from near the base of the tail across the thigh in
the region of the femoro-tibial joint, and another is also more or less perceptible on
the shoulders. The hairs of the tail in its latter half are very broadly black-tipped,
and those at the end of the tail are nearly entirely black. There is always the trace,
more or less distinct, of a blackish line down the front of the fore leg. The claws are
black. The hair on the back of the neck and on the shoulders is longer than on the
rest of the body.
The under parts are a paler tint than the upper, the chin and throat being palest.
A male shot at Luxor on the 14th March, 1892, is changing its fur, which is much
less dense than in the specimen from Gizeh. The brown-black bases to the hairs of
the vertex are absent, and the general colour of the upper surface is nearly uniform
yellowish, the black-tipped hairs being very sparsely distributed. The black on the
tail also is chiefly restricted to the tip, with the remains of a little black on the
upper surface.
The following are the measurements taken from the animal in the flesh :-
mm.
890
Snout to vent.
Vent to tip of tail
Tail with hair.
Height at shoulder
336
420
528
The following are the measurements of three adult males from Cairo :-
mm.
mm.
mm.
Snout to vent
915
945
910
Vent to tip of tail
320
355
335
Length of tarsus
185
178
189
Height of ear
110
109
114
A young male, six days old, littered on the 10th April, 1896, measured as
follows:
mm.
Snout to vent.
184
Vent to tip of tail
65
The eyes and ears of this specimen were perfectly closed, and the ears lay flat against
the sides of the head.
This species is supposed not to penetrate into the Nile Valley south of the First
Cataract, but definite information on this point is required.
Native name Deib'or Dīb.'
The Plate was drawn from a living specimen obtained in Lower Egypt and presented
to the Zoological Society of London by Dr. Anderson.

CANIS VARIEGATUS.
215
Mr. H. S. L. Beadnell sends the following field-notes :-
Jackals are remarkably common in the oases of Baharieh, Dakhel, and Khargeh.
They live in the desert surrounding the cultivated land, and descend from the small
gullies and hills at sunset, making their way into the palm-groves and gardens, where
they often make the night hideous with their howls. At Dakhel they appear to live
chiefly on fruit, which is plentiful, and consists of dates, mulberries, apricots, &c. at
different seasons.
“In the north of the Fayum the jackals which inhabit the scrub and desert
surrounding the lake, the Birket el Qurun (Lake of the Horns), live entirely on fish,
with which this lake abounds, and which are easily caught along the shallow margins,
and are also commonly seen stranded. One jackal I shot had nothing besides fish and
fish-bones in its stomach, consequently the beast had a strong smell.
“I have seen jackals abroad in the daytime, and remember seeing a couple on the
plateau near Qabrat, south-west of Assiut, being tormented by a flock of ravens, who
were flying round and giving them vicious nips whenever opportunity occurred.
Unlike the hyæna, they often congregate together at night near one's tent, and keep
up an infernal din for hours; their cry is usually a long howl broken into a number of
yelping notes at the end. Like hyænas, jackals do not penetrate any distance into
the desert."
CANIS VARIEGATUS, Cretzschm. (Plate XXXI.)
“ Sea Fox,” Salt, Voy. Abyss. 1814, p. 172, App. iv. p.
xl.
Canis variegatus, Cretzschm. Rüpp. Atlas, 1826, p. 31, pl. 10; de Winton, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1899,
p. 537.
Canis riparius, Hempr. & Ehrenb. Symb. Phys., Mamm. ii. 1832 ; Blanford, Geol. & Zool. Abyss.
1870, pp. 14 & 240.
Vulpes variegata, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1868, p. 516.
Canis anthus, Mivart, Canidæ, 1890, p. 41 (partim).
Canis hagenbecki, Noack, Zool. Garten, 1894, p. 244.
o, f,0. Plain of Tokar.
In size and weight very much smaller than C. lupaster. Form very lank; ears large.
Colour pale. The general colour is pale buff, washed and blotched with black on the
back and tail. The face in front of the eyes, the crown of the head, the ears, and both
fore and hind legs rather warmer in colour or more rufous.
The skull is very little larger than that of the red fox, Vulpes ægyptiaca, but is
easily distinguished by its arched forehead and less widely expanded maxillary portion
of the zygomatic arch. The sagittal crest also ends posteriorly in a point, whereas in

216
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT.
the fox it barely extends so far back as the occipital crest; or this character might
be better expressed by saying, the sagittal crest is weaker and shorter in the fox. The
teeth and lower jaw are also more powerful in the jackal.
Measurements of an adult male, Tokar, 8.1.94.
mm.
:
760
270
85
.
.
.
Snout to vent ..
Vent to tip of tail.
Snout to eye
Eye to ear
External meatus to snout
Height of ear
Breadth of ear.
Height at shoulder
Hind foot (about)
75
170
95
.
55
460
130
Measurements of skulls.
47. 0 .
48. 4.
49. 8.
mm.
mm.
mm.
161
141
153
80
71.5
81.5
137
146
80
Greatest length
breadth.
Basal length
Length of palate.
Breadth of brain-case
Least temporal constriction
Width across postorbital processes
Least interorbital breadth .
Breadth of upper jaw outside pms. 4
128
71.5
47
75.5
50
50
33
28.5
32.5
40
365
42.5
28.5
24.5
28.3
.
45
41
21
44
23
pms. 1
22
Length of pm. 4
14.5
14.3
13.5
So far as is at present known, this large-eared and long-legged jackal is confined
to the coast-land from Suakin to Berbera in Somaliland.
Notes made by Dr. Anderson on specimens contained in the Continental Museums,
having a bearing on this species :-
Frankfort Museum.
Three specimens, marked respectively :-
IV.0a. Nubia, Rüppell, 1824.
IV.06. Sennaar, Rüppell, 1823.
IV. O c. Thal Ailat, Abyssinia, Rüppell, 1834.
All are marked “ originals,” or types.

Mammals of Egypt.
Pl. XXXI.
UNIE
OF
10
.
CANIS VARIEGATUS. SUAkin PLAIN.
RICH


CANIS VARIEGATUS. .
217
1
All of these specimens are distinguished by their rather finely pointed muzzles,
large ears, and long legs. In their present condition they are sandy coloured, more or
less variegated with black; the semi-nude abdomen and well-developed teats prove
the Sennaar 1 specimen to be a female, the other two are unmistakably males.
In the specimen from Nubia the black variegation is confined to the middle of the
back. In the Sennaar individual it involves the whole of the sides of the body as well,
being sharply differentiated off from the sides of the belly; in the Abyssinian jackal,
the variegation is more or less marked over the back and sides, but much less so than
in the second specimen, and it shows a distinct tendency to form a black pectoral band.
The black spot on the middle of the dorsum of the tail is well defined in all, and the
tip of the tail is blackish brown. The dark marking on the front of the fore limb,
which is absent in C. mesomelas, is present in all, but on one leg (left) of the Sennaar
specimen it is almost obliterated, while quite distinct on the right leg, so that the
absence or presence of this mark has still to be studied most carefully.
a
Nubia,
IV.0 a.
o.
mm.
630
Sennaar. Abyssinia.
IV.06. IV. 0c.
4.
o.
mm.
mm.
640 620
240 (c.)
235
390
368
77
80
102
105
Snout to vent .
Head to tip of tail
Height at shoulder
of ear from front of external meatus.
base behind
235
395
80
105
.
The variegation of the fur is due generally to the hairs of the black patches having
two black annuli, viz. : a broad terminal black band succeeded by a broad yellow band,
followed by a broad black band, below which is the broad yellow basal portion of the
hair. These long annulated hairs attain to 100 mm. in length. In the yellow areas
of the body the hairs are shorter and have only one narrow apical black band. The
ears posteriorly are very faintly rufous ; the dentition of all the specimens is that of
adults. There is a fine underlying soft fur of a greyish tint.
a
Berlin Museum.
Canis riparius, Ehr. (“Sea-Fox,” Salt). Abyssinia, Hemprich & Ehr.
Two specimens Nos. 858 and 859, the latter being the larger of the two and the one
from which the skull has been removed.
Both specimens are females. They are distinguished by long legs and fine, pointed
muzzles; the markings on the back, the general colour of the fur, and the large ears
are the same as in the types of C. variegatus.
1 [The locality “Sennaar” must not be too literally construed; for in most cases there is little doubt
that it implies the district between Berbera and Khartum.-W. E. DE W.]
2 F

218
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT.
Skull-measurements.
Frankfort Mus. Berlin Mus.
Co-type of
C. variegatus. C. hagenbeckci. C. riparius.
.
4.
4.
Type of
Type of
C. mengesi.
4.
min.
mm.
mm.
156
mm.
133
160
.
140
136
122
.
64
62
55
76
73
73
66
22-5
19.3
17-5
21
21.5
19
19
17
19
15.5
15
14
24.5
22
22
22
.
26
23
21
22
.
96
91
91
79
43
34
40
36
31
27
29
28
Premaxillaries to crest of occipital protuberance
Lower border of foramen magnum to tip of pre-
maxillaries .
Lower border of foramen magnum to apical border
of palate
Length of palate
Breadth of palate between middle of anterior
molars
Breadth of palate between anterior end of third
premolars
Breadth of palate at middle of first premolars ..
between inner anterior fang of
pms.4
Breadth of muzzle external to middle of second
premolars
Supraorbital process to tip of premaxillaries
Breadth across supraorbital processes.
Minimum frontal diameter
Frontal end of maxilla to anterior border of canine.
Length of frontal in mesial line
nasal in mesial line.
premaxilla
Breadth before infraorbital foramen
Outer margin of infraorbital foramen to tip of
premaxilla
Depth through vertical opposite frontal border
infraorbital foramen .
Greatest zygomatic width
Minimum breadth between orbits
Breadth at alveolar border of canines.
of skull above external meatus.
Depth (vertical) through anterior border of parietal.
Breadth across upper incisors at base.
Length of 1st premolar,
2nd
3rd
4th
64
63
60
51
44
43
46-5
46
54
51
53
39
49
44
48
39
28
26
28.
24
51.5
49
47
41
.
24
24
21
83
75
24
80
28.5
70
22-2
25
26
23
23
24
45
50
42
47 ?
45
43
38
38
17
16
16
17
5.5.
5
5.2
5
.
9
8
8.7
8.5
10.5
9.6
10
10
>
17
14.6
15
15
29

CANIS VARIEGATUS. .
219
Skull-measurements (continued).
.
.
Length of 1st molar
2nd
Transverse breadth of 3rd molar
Extreme length of lower jaw.
Height through ascending ramus
Breadth across lower incisors at base.
Length of 1st lower premolar
2nd
3rd
Frankfort Mus. Berlin Mus.
Type of
Co-type of Type of
C. variegatus. C. hagenbecki. C.riparius. C. mengesi.
o.
4.
오​.
오​.
mm.
mm.
mm.
mm.
12
11
11
10
7.6
6.5
6
6
11
102
16.5
9.6
107
112
108
95
41
40
40
36
14
13.5
12.5
12.5
4.5
4
5
4.5
8.5
8.
8
8.
9.5
9
9
9
10-6
10
10
18
17
17
16.5
8
9
9
75
4
4.3
4
3.5
8
9
8?
8.5
92
>
4th
ور
7
1st lower molar
2nd
3rd
Breadth between tympanic bullæ at middle
رو
It is evident that the skull also of C. riparius when it is directly compared with the
skull of the type of C. variegatus is only distinguishable from it by characters which
are explicable by the difference of its sex. Measurements of this skull are given in
the foregoing table.
In the Berlin Museum there is the skull of a jackal from Somaliland which
Mr. Matschie informs me may be regarded as a co-type of C. hagenbecki, as it was one
of Menges's specimens from the same locality as that which yielded C. hagenbecki and
was obtained at the same time as the latter. The skull is that of a female and has a
long pointed muzzle, resembling that of C. riparius, but even more pointed. In view,
however, of the similarity of the pelage of jackals referable to C. hagenbecki to the
pelage of jackals conforming to the external characters of C. variegatus, one does not
seem justified in separating them. The measurements of this co-type are given above.
a
Canis mengesi, Noack.
Small Somali jackal, female, Schmidt, 1882. Skull 6073.
Length of specimen :—Snout to vent 510 mm. ; tail 223; height at shoulder 290;
ears posteriorly 90; ears anteriorly 75.
Greyish yellow throughout on the trunk, but many of the hairs with long black tips ;
slightly rufous on the upper surface of the muzzle and white along the upper lip and on
the side of the face below the eyes; chin and throat white, but a brown area on the
2 F2

220
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT.
middle of the upper lip. Sides of head below the ears yellow, back of ears yellow with
black hairs intermixed. Insides of ears clothed with white hairs. A tendency to
form a dark collar. Fore limbs bright yellowish, but with a faintly dark area down
the front to near the wrist. Outsides of hind limbs yellow. Under parts white, with
the exception of the base of the throat in front. Tail concolorous with the body,
towards the tip broadly marked with dark blackish brown; the black spot on its dorsal
surface well defined.
This is a short-legged jackal and cannot possibly be the female of C. variegatus 1.
1 In my paper on African Canidæ, C. mengesi was doubtfully referred to this species. Further material
has enabled me to see my mistake, and I fully agree with the view here expressed.-W. E. DE W.

VULPES VULPES.
221
VULPES.
Vulpes, Fleming, Hist. Brit. Anim. 1828, p. 13.
The Foxes are very nearly related to the Dogs, and are generally included in the genus
Canis. That they should be separated is certainly desirable, but in studying the genus
in its wide sense, including the whole of the Dogs and Foxes of the world, the line of
demarcation will be found very difficult to define. As already mentioned under Canis,
Dr. Blanford, following Desmarest and Fleming, gives characters which, if found
constant, will form a sufficient distinction between the two groups. Thus the pupil of
the eye in Vulpes is vertically elliptical in a strong light, and there are only six
Dentition as in Canis.
The skull is generally much flattened; the maxillary portion of the zygoma is
expanded so that the inner surface below the orbit faces upwards.
Tail-gland generally strongly developed.
mammæ.
VULPES VULPES, Linn.
Canis vulpes et alopex, Linn. Syst. Nat. x. i. 1758, p. 40.
On the Red Foxes in general, from material contained in the British Museum.
The skulls of the Scottish, South German, and Tuscany foxes belong all to one
type, and are distinguished from the skull of the Nile Valley form by the somewhat
greater arching of the forehead. In the skull of a Genoese fox this arching is less,
and also in the skull of a fox from Sardinia. These two skulls are very slightly
broader across the zygomata than the three first-mentioned skulls, which in their turn
are a little broader and heavier than the skulls of Egyptian foxes. The latter are
distinguished by the long, narrow, and more pointed character of their muzzles, and
by the mesial area of the skull posterior to the nasals being but feebly, if at all,
arched. The concavity or depression, however, at the middle of the nasals varies
considerably, and in a fine old skull collected in Egypt by Dr. Hedenborg (British
Museum, 46.6.2.31) the depression is absent, so that the line from the centre to the end
of the nasals slopes gradually down without any swellings or depressions in its course.
When very much irregularity occurs it is not so much brought about by the arching
of the frontals as by the depression of the nasals and contraction of the superior
maxillæ in a line between the second and third premolars.
Among the European skulls I have examined, the one which shows this depression
least is a fox from Genoa, whereas it is much accentuated in the skull of the South-
German fox with swollen frontals. The skull of the Scottish fox has the posterior
half of the frontals slightly arched, but anterior to the postorbital process this skull
and the one from Genoa are practically identical. The measurements, however, given

222
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT.
Measurements in millimetres
Bedrashen, North
South
of
Sakkarah,
Egypt.
Scotland. Germany.
4.3.93. 79.9.25.80.
Egypt
Assuan, (Hedenborg).
Egypt.
Stockh. Mus.
Maskat,
Arabia.
Genoa,
Italy.
Tuscany, Sardinia.
Italy.
92.7.15.6.
46.6.2.31.
91.10.7.25.
88.12.1.2.
Adult L. Adult L.
0.
Old o.
Adult .
o.
오​.
Adult
Occipital protuberance to tip
of premaxillary..
153
149.5
145
145
143.5
143
142:4
140
136
79
76.5
77
Zygomatic breadth
74.5
72
74
70.2
76
77-5
Length of palate
73
75-5
72
73
71
74:3
65.7
71
67.5
Breadth of palate
41
40
40
38
37
37
35.5
39
38
Basicranial axis
45
47.5
50
49
46.5
49
49
Extreme length of lower jaw..
111
110.5
106.5
109.5
109.5
109.5
98.5
103-5
100
55
54
Length of upper tooth-row
55
53
54
51
47.5
53
49.8
lower
59.5
61
60
59
61
57
54.5
56
55.3
4th upper pre-
molar
13
13
14
12
*
12
11
13.5
13
9.5
1st upper molar
9.5
9.6
9.5
9
9.5
10
9.3
Breadth of 1st
13
13
13
13
12.6
115
13
12.5
9
6.3
Length of 2nd
6
5.9
6
5.7
5
5.8
5.6
99
Breadth of 2nd
9
9
9.3
9
9
8.5
8.5
9
Length of 1st lower molar
15
15
16
15
14:3
14
14.8
14
2nd
7.3
7-5
7.7
7
7
7.5
7.2
7.2
9
Зrd
3.7
3.8
3
3
3.9
4
3
3
* Teeth too decayed

VULPES VULPES.
223
of skulls of Foxes.
Murrie,
Punjab.
Gizeh,
Egypt.
Gizeh,
Egypt.
Shiraz,
Persia.
Banias, Tangiers, Algiers, Wells of Sambhar, Sambhar, Sambhar, Sambbar,
Palestine. Morocco. Barbary.
Moses. Rajputana. Rajputana. Rajputana. Rajputana.
51.4.23 14. 56.3.12.14. 59.12.3.1. 85.8.1.63.85.8.1.62.
85.8.1.61.
o.
?
o.
Adult .
오​.
90.11.11.1. 92.7.15.2. 92.7.15.3.
0
Adol. o . Adol. 4. Adult o.
Old o.
오​.
오​.
134.4
134
134
131
131
131
125
123.5
122
117
113.7
113.5
71-5
70-5
71
71
73.5
70.2
66
68
67.5
60.2
62
62
67
67
66
67
67
65.7
61
61
60
57.3
58
57-5
37
38
37
36
37
35.5
33.6
35
34
32
32
32.5
46
46
46
46
46
46.5
46
46
45
42
43
43
99
97
98
97-5
97.9
98.5
96
94
90
84
84.7
51.5
51
51
52
48
47.5
48
48
45
44
45
45
56
54
58
55.5
54
54.5
52.3
57-5
50
49
49
49.3
11.9
12.5
13
13
12.3
11
11
12.9
10-5
10
10.2
105
9
9.1
9
10-5
8.9
9.1
8.9
9.3
8.5
8.7
8.5
8.5
11.8
12.3
12.9
14
12
11.5
12.2
12.5
12
11.5
11.5
11.5
5.4
5
5.5
6
5
6
5.5
6
5.5
5
6
5.5
8
8.5
8.5
9.2
8.4
8.5
9.2
9
8.5
8
8.5
8.5
14
14.5
14.9
15.5
14.8
14
14
14.3
12:3
12.5
12-5
1.2.5
7
7
7.3
7
7:1
7.5
6
:1
7.4
6.2
7
6
6.2
2.5
3
3
3.5
3
4
3
3
3
3-5
2
2.5
to be measured.

224
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT.
in the accompanying table of the skulls (pp. 222–3) show how they run one into another.
It will be observed that the male Sardinian fox is the only one among the European
foxes which is an exception to this, as its skull is considerably smaller than that of any
of the other males, and in its dimensions only slightly exceeds that of the small adult
female Egyptian fox. It will also be observed that the tarsus of this animal is much
shorter than that of any of the other European foxes, and that in this respect the fox
approaches the one found in Barbary. The fourth upper premolar tooth of the latter,
however, is smaller than the corresponding tooth of the Sardinian animal, and the
skull, although like it in form, is altogether smaller. The Algerian fox, moreover,
in the form of its skull is closely allied both to the Egyptian and European foxes,
so much so, indeed, that there is no character to distinguish it except it be that
the fourth upper premolar is slightly smaller than in the others; but this is so trivial
that no importance can be attached to it.
The colouring, however, of the Algerian fox distinguishes it from the Egyptian fox, as
the hairs on the upper surface are devoid of the white subterminal bands or tips which
give to the fur of the common European and Egyptian foxes its speckled appearance 1.
It appears from the measurements of the skull of V. persica and foxes that can be
grouped with it, such as the fox of Palestine, that this series of Asiatic foxes stands
intermediate in size between V. vulpes and V. leucopus, the latter being essentially a
dwarf fox with much smaller fourth premolars than those foxes referable to V. vulpes,
of which V. nilotica and V. persica are undoubtedly geographical races. It would
appear that the fox found at Maskat, which Dr. Blanford was disposed to regard as
V. leucopus, unquestionably belongs to the Egyptian type of V. vulpes, and is a giant
compared with V. leucopus, with a much larger fourth premolar, the dimensions of
which equal the corresponding tooth in the fox from Assuan.
A female fox from the Wells of Moses has the same size of fourth premolar as
the adult female fiom Gizeh ?, but its tarsus is 19 mm. shorter, and 5 mm. sborter
than the longest tarsus of five specimens of V. leucopus, and 1 mm. shorter than
the shortest tarsus of these five animals. Notwithstanding this short tarsus, so
much shorter than that of the other examples of the Egyptian fox, I am disposed to
regard it only as an individual variation, which may possibly be also the explanation
of the short tarsus of the Sardinian fox registered in the table (p. 222).
The fox of Palestine is represented in the British Museum by one specimen collected
1 The above is my experience, but I observe that Cretzschmar's figure of Canis niloticus is brilliantly
coloured and shows no speckling of the fur, and in this respect resembles a skin of the Algerian fox in
the British Museum.
2 This fox, in its general coloration, except its limbs, which are rufous externally, has a strong resemblance
to a fox froin the country N.E. of the Salt Range, Punjab, referred to V. pusilla, Blyth, but undoubtedly
belonging to V. leucopus, which is distinguished by the white on the inner side of its fore legs and front of its
bind legs; but the Gizeh fox has a little white in these parts, and patches of greyish black down the front
of its fore legs.
a

VULPES VULPES.
225
;
by Canon Tristram. The skull is exactly like that of V. persica, and the coloration
of the animal has the dull brown and greyish colour of the foxes of that region.
Lataste 1, in discussing the relationship of the foxes of Barbary to those of Europe, by
means of characters drawn from their skulls, remarks: "J'ai cependant fini par trouver,
dans la denture et dans la forme d'une partie du crâne, deux caractères qui me semblent
assez nets et assez constants pour établir, enfin a posteriori, la distinction spécifique du
Renard d'Europe et de celui du nord de l'Afrique”; and he gives expression to their
characters as follows:-
“1º. Le palais du C. niloticus est plus étroit et ses dents tuberculeuses supérieures
sont plus développées ; de telle sorte que la distance réciproque des deux tuberculeuses
antérieures est, chez le C. niloticus, toujours sensiblement et parfois beaucoup inférieure,
tandis qu'elle est, chez le C. vulpes, toujours considérablement supérieure à la longueur
du bord externe de l'ensemble des deux tuberculeuses de chaque côté.”
M. Lataste says the foregoing character was verified in the five Barbary and
Tunisian foxes referred by him to V. nilotica, and in five foxes from Southern
Europe (Girond, Bouches du Rhône; Italy, Trieste and Tuscany; and Sardinia), one
from Denmark, and another European fox the locality of which I cannot trace ?, all of
which were referred to Vulpes vulpes.
In order to test the value of this character I have tabulated the measurements
indicated by Lataste, drawn from fifteen foxes from various localities :-
Breadth Length Palatal Palatal
between
of
breadth in breadth less
upper excess of
than length
molars.
molars. molar length. of molars.
mm.
mm.
mm.
South Germany
17.5
2
Genoa
h
20
14.5
Sardinia.
174
14.9
2.5
Assuan, Egypt
16.5
15.5
Maskat.
15.9
14:7
1.2
Gizeh, Egypt
16:9
2.9
Scotland
오
​15.5
3.7
Tuscany, Italy
오 ​18:2
15.8
2.4
Gizeh, Egypt.
15.5
14.5
1
Wells of Moses
14:4
15.3
Muree, Punjab
18.4
14.4
4
Shiraz, Persia.
14-6
16.5
1.9
Banias, Palestine.
16.5
14
2.5
Tangiers, Morocco
15.3
15.1
0.2
Algiers, Algeria
14
14.3
0-3
lst upper
mm.
15.3
•
.
5:1
.
1
14
19
to of ot of ot
.
1:1
...
.
| Expl. Sc. Tunisie, Zool. Mamm. 1887, p. 11.
By a typographical error the No. 2492 is twice mentioned in the Nos. of the foxes of Europe used by
Lataste for comparison.
2 G

226
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT.
From this table it appears that the foxes of the Nile Valley conform in their inter-
molar palatine breadth, and its relation to the external length of the two molars, to
the foxes of Europe-i.e., that the palatine breadth is in excess of the length of the
molars; whereas in the one fox from Algeria mentioned in the table, and therefore
presumably identical with the foxes from Algeria and Tunisia regarded by Lataste as
the same as the V. nilotica (=V. ægyptiaca, Sonn.), the relation of the breadth of
the palate to the length of the molars is, as stated by Lataste, the reverse of the former,
viz., the palatal breadth, at the point indicated, is less than the length of the molars.
It is, however, so little that, in view of the fact that the skull of a Tangiers fox
cannot possibly be distinguished from the skull of the Algiers fox in its other
characters, and that it has its palato-molar width very slightly exceeding its molar
length, thus conforming to the relation subsisting between these parts of the skull in
ihe European and Egyptian foxes, it would appear that this is not a stable character,
and that the importance which M. Lataste attached to it is not sanctioned by facts.
It is noteworthy that the female fox from the Wells of Moses, which has its teeth
of about the same size as those of the Egyptian foxes, has its palato-molar breadth less
than its molar length, in this conforming to the proportions of these parts in V. persica
and in the foxes of Tunisia and Algeria observed by Lataste; while the length of
its tarsus is even less than that of V. leucopus, to which the animal externally has a
strong resemblance, with the exception of the colour of its limbs. Its skull, however,
would attain a greater size than any of the skulls of V. leucopus in the British
Museum, as it is not yet mature.
There can be no doubt that the skulls of the Barbary foxes are in their general
form more akin to those of the foxes of Egypt than of Europe, the difference to which I
refer as existing between the Algerian and Egyptian skulls and those of Europe being
that the latter are slightly more arched in the fronto-parietal region than the
former, and are altogether higher in the frontal region and broader ; but even these
characters are variable.
I do not consider that any importance can be attached to the second character
selected by M. Lataste as a means of separating the Barbary foxes from the European,
as in some skulls of the latter the posterior borders of the bullæ fall within the
posterior border of the glenoid cavity, while in others they fall short of it or just
reach it. The extent to which the bullæ appear to approach the posterior border of
the glenoid cavity depends largely on the degree of development of the posterior
glenoid process, which is subject to variation. At present the materials at my disposal
are not sufficient to determine the exact relationship which the small fox from the
Wells of Moses bears to the fox of Egypt, to V. persica, to V. leucopus, or to the fox
of Barbary and Morocco ; but I think the facts I have brought forward tend to prove
that the fox of Lower Egypt is only a very slight modification of V. vulpes, so trifling as

Mammals of Egypt.
Pl. XXXII.
OF
UNIL
VULPES VULPES subsp. ÆGYPTIACA. BEDRASHEN.
-
SICH


VULPES VULPES, SUBSP. ÆGYPTIACA.
227
not to be worthy of specific rank. The tables I have given of the skull-measurements
of animals from various parts of Europe, North Africa, and Western Asia show how
the foxes of these various regions run one into another, and how little, at the same
time, is the variation observable in the measurements of their skulls, if we except the
small race found in Rajputana and in the Punjab.
Since the cusps on the teeth of the Algerian specimen show as yet no signs of wear,
I judge from this and the general condition of the skull that the animal, had it lived,
would have attained a greater size. Its skull is only 3 mm. shorter than a male
skull of the typical Egyptian form from Gizeh; but its fourth premolar, like that of the
Tangiers skull, is sensibly smaller than the corresponding tooth in the foxes of Egypt;
these two specimens in the size of their teeth resembling the fox of Genoa.
The great variation in size which occurs among the foxes of Lower Egypt, even in
very restricted areas, is seen by contrasting the large female skull from Bedrashen,
near Sakkarah, with the other female skull from Gizeh.
VULPES VULPES, subsp. ÆGYPTIACA, Sonn. (Plate XXXII.)
Canis ægyptius, Desmar. Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat. xxiv. Tab. Méth. 1804, p. 18, nom. nud.
Canis ægyptiacus, Sonnini, Nouv. Dict. vi. 1816, p. 524.
Canis vulpes, Geoffr. & Audouin, Descr. de l’Egypte, Hist. Nat. vol. ii. 1818, p. 749.
Canis niloticus aut ægyptiacus, Desmar. Mamm. 1820, p. 204.
Canis niloticus, Cretzschm. Rüpp. Atlas, 1826, p. 41, pl. 15; Hempr. & Ehrenb. Symb. Phys.,
Mamm. dec. ii. 1832.
Canis vulpecula, C. anubis, C. sabbar, Hempr. & Ehrenb. loc. cit.
Vulpes niloticus, Smith (H.), Jardine's Nat. Libr. x. 1840, p. 248, pl. xxi*.
Canis vulpes ægyptiacus, de Winton, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1899, p. 543.
24. Kafr Amar. 20.2.93.
14. Bedrashen. 4.3.93.
18. Margin of desert, Bedrashen. 5.3.93.
Fayum. Messrs. Andrews and Beadnell.
Upper surface greyish yellow, the back with a broad longitudinal mesial line from
the head to the base of the tail. This line is more or less of a rusty red, or almost
chestnut colour, but it merges, on its borders, with the greyish yellow external to it.
On the whole of the upper surface, dorsal stripe included, the long hairs have subapical
greyish-yellow bands, which give a variegated appearance to the fur. The short wavy
under-fur is dark purplish or brownish red in its lower part, passing to rusty red at
the tips, and, as this shows through the long hair, there is a more or less rusty tint
added to the greyish yellow. The area above, below, in front of, and behind the eyes
is rich rufous brown, but the margin of the mouth above and below and the chin are
2 G 2

228
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT.
a
dirty white. The ears are blackish brown behind and yellowish white in front. The
sides of the body and of the belly are pale yellowish, with the straggling long hairs
yellow-banded and black-tipped. The throat, chest, and centre of the belly are purple-
blackish, but the hairs are occasionally yellow-tipped. The limbs are rather rufous
externally, paler on the inner side, and there is generally an irregular dark band down
the front of the fore limb. The tail is rufous or rusty yellow, sometimes washed with
black, and with a white tip.
In some specimens the black of the under parts is only feebly developed, and the
sides of the throat and belly are whitish, the abdomen itself being yellowish.
In the adult male from Bedrashen, from which the Plate was coloured, the back of
the ears, the throat, and belly are deep black, but on the lower part of the neck a few
white hairs are intermixed. The chin to behind the angle of the mouth and the
upper lips are greyish white. The muzzle below the eyes and the front of the head
are rufous yellow, with the usual yellowish tips to the hairs, but the occipital region
is bright rufous. There is a darkish area behind the eye, and the conches of the
ears are yellowish white. There is a decided rufous area down the middle of the
back, the shoulders are greyish yellow, and a blackish area runs down the middle of the
front of the fore limbs, and there is a slight amount of black on the front of the tarsus.
All the females have black on the under parts as in the male, but not nearly so dark,
and their heads vary much in colour, one being very pale yellow on the upper surface,
whilst it is darker in the others.
[The cubs of this species are uniform pale buff-fawn in colour; there is only very
slight indication of black on the backs of the ears. When about half-grown the legs,
face, and back become more rufous, the annulated coarser body-hairs begin to appear,
the backs of the ears become mixed with black, and the under parts more pure white.
The black fur on the belly seems to be a character which is not developed till
maturity.
Major Hodgson has sent the mask of a specimen of this fox from Dongola,
where, for a season or two, hunting was obtained by the British officers, but the
hounds have since all succumbed to the heat.
Messrs. Rothschild and Wollaston obtained specimens at Shendi in 1901; this is
the most southerly point from which the Red Fox has been recorded.
In Egypt this species appears to be confined to the Nile Valley.-W. E. DE W.]
Notes on type specimens in the Berlin Museum collected by Hemprich and Ehrenberg,
all referable to the Red Fox of the Nile Valley.
Type of Canis sabbar, H. & Ehr. . Dongola, Hemprich & Ehrenberg.
Mr. Matschie informs me that this is the type of C. sabbar, H. & E., which was sent

VULPES VULPES, SUBSP. ÆGYPTIACA.
229
to the Museum under the name of C. vulpecula, Ehr. It now stands in the Museum
as “ C. niloticus, Geoff. Canis vulpecula, Ehr. Dongola, Hemprich & Ehrenberg."
It is a male, and the skull is in the specimen. The hair is rather sparse, and on the
whole of the upper surface from between the ears to the base of the tail, and on the
sides as well, the general colour is a cinnamon-red; the colour is much darker on the
neck, where it is almost black-brown, and is prolonged slightly below on to the throat
as a collar; the outer surfaces of the sides and limbs are paler. A few straggling
golden-coloured hairs occur on the back and sides. Behind the shoulders the colour
is pale yellowish, and on the lower part of the front of both fore and hind feet there
is an intermixture of dark brown hairs. From the vertex between the ears forwards,
the top of the head is rather rich rufous yellow, brightest before and around the eyes.
The upper lip, the lower half of the cheek, the whole of the lower jaw, throat, and sides
of the neck, chest, and belly, also the inner sides of the limbs and fronts of the thighs,
white. The lower portion of the tail is concolorous with the back, but on the
remainder nearly all the long hairs have been lost, and only the uniformly-coloured
yellowish thickly-matted under-fur remains. The backs of the ears are brownish. The
animal was evidently changing its coat.
a
Type of Canis anubis, Ehrenberg. Fayum, f, Hemprich & Ehrenberg.
A fox evidently changing its coat. From between the ears backwards and behind
the shoulders there is a long, dark cinnamon-brown area of the same character as that
which occurs in the type of C. sabbar. The under surface of the belly is suffused with
orange-red, becoming very brilliant chestnut-red in front of the thighs and in the
middle line between them. From the larynx backwards to the chest the hairs are
deep chestnut-red. This skin probably shows the commencement of the summer
pelage, as the fur is evidently thin and sparse.
Type of C. vulpecula, Ehr. & juv. Fayum, Hemprich & Ehrenberg.
Pale yellowish on the sides generally, but on the back with the usual character of
fur. White below and on the inner sides of the limbs.

230
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT. .
VULPES FAMELICA, Cretzschm. (Plate XXXIII.)
Canis famelicus, Cretzschm. Rüppell's Atlas, 1826, p. 15, pl. v. ; Mivart, Canidæ, 1890, p. 144, pl. ;
de Winton, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1899, p. 546.
Megalotis famelicus, Smith (H.), Jardine's Nat. Libr. ix. 1839, p. 235.
Fennecus famelicus, Lesson, Tabl. Règ. Anim. 1842, p. 39.
Durrur, 4, skin and skull. 28.1.94.
A very much smaller animal than the Red Fox. The ears are large; the legs rather
short; the tail very full and bushy; the fur generally very long, soft, and dense. The
general colour is soft fawn, more or less interspersed with coarser grizzled hairs,
producing a steel-blue tint. The head is of a pale yellow fawn-colour, as also the
-
back of the ears; the face paler yellowish buff, with strong brown patches immediately
above the whiskers; this dark colour, slightly modified, encircles the eyes. Along the
dorsal line the fur is redder than on the sides of the body, the under-fur being here
tipped with reddish brown, while it is blue-grey throughout on the sides. The legs
are pale, with reddish-brown patches on the back of the hind legs above the heels.
The tail has a well-developed white tag; the gland on its dorsal surface is generally
marked by a depression in the fur, and the fur beneath is found to be clogged with
a yellow substance, which gives off a distinct aromatic odour. Soles of the feet densely
clothed and padded with hair.
A specimen in the British Museum, presented by Mr. R. J. Cuninghame, bears the
following particulars on the label :-“Trapped on edge of Desert near Cairo, 18 Jan.,
1898, 4. Head and body 415 mm., tail 305, hind foot 97, ear 87. Weight 2 lbs. 9 oz.”
• Measurements of skull:-Greatest length 103 mm.; greatest breadth 55; breadth of
brain-case 40; narrowest temporal constriction 19:5; width of postorbital processes
23 ; least interorbital width 18; basal length 93.5 ; length of palate 50 ; greatest width
outside ms. 1 32:1; outside pms. 1 15.
Teeth rather large in proportion to the size of the skull, resembling in form those
of V. ægyptiaca, but much smaller.
This particularly handsome species has a very wide range. There is a specimen
in the British Museum from Afghanistan. It is known to occur in Somaliland.
Information as to habits and distribution in the Nile Valley is much needed.
The specimen, a female, from which the Plate was drawn was obtained at
Durrur.-W.E. DE W.
Dr. Anderson made the following notes on this species :
1 4 and 3 juv. (2 ở and 1 ¢). The female escaped at night.
}
The young animals newly born: ears and eyes closed. The general colour is black

Mammals of Egypt.
Pl. XXXIII.
al
BOH
OF
UNIE
4
VULPES FAMELICA. DUrrur.


VULPES FAMELICA.
231
fuliginous all over, with the exception of a broad frontal band extending from the
eye to the ears and across the temples, on which it is most pronounced, downwards to
the angle of the mouth; the tip of the skin of the almost hairless tail white.
The black fuliginous colour is due to the long fur, the thick under-fur being not so
dark and even tending to grey.
;
1
Frankfort Museum.
1. Megalotis famelicus, Rüppell, Icon. Rüppell's Atlas, taf. 5. This is a male, although it is not
marked as such.
2. Nubia, Dr. Rüppell, 1823.
3. Another, marked 4, 1823. The two latter are marked“ original,” i. e." types.”
The first, the largest of these specimens, is smaller than Vulpes ægyptiaca, and is
distinguished from it by its much larger ears. All the specimens are of a pale
sandy colour, finely speckled brown and white on the dorsal region, and the cross-
band on the shoulder visible; but owing to the age of the specimens (70 years), the
colour has evidently much faded. The upper lip, the cheeks, the sides of the neck,
the area behind the ears, the throat, chest, lower parts of sides and belly, the inner sides
of the fore limbs, the fronts and inner sides of the hind limbs and feet, pale yellowish
white; the front of the fore limbs of the largest and smallest specimens being tinged
with pale brown, finely white-speckled, while the long hairs around the toes are
slightly rufous. A narrow pale dusky rufous band separating the neck from the chest.
A narrow area above the eyes, and a broader space behind and below them and
prolonged to the nose, bright rufous, but the extent to which this band is developed
varies. Backs of the ears concolorous with the rufous-yellow or sandy colour of the
top of the head. The middle of the dorsal region, the outsides of the fore limbs, the
lower half of the outside and back of the thighs, and the back of the tarsus rufous.
The tail is pale yellowish sandy, washed with reddish brown, the tip being nearly
white.
,
mm.
mm.
498
310
Snout to vent, about
Tail, approximately
Height of ears
Breadth of ears
425
312
84
45
101.5
56
The skulls are in the specimens, so that it is impossible to say anything about
them.

232
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT.
VULPES PALLIDA, Cretzschm. (Plate XXXIV.)
Canis pallidus, Cretzschm. Rüpp. Atlas, 1826, p. 33, pl. xi.; Mivart, Canidæ, 1890, p. 142, pl.;
de Winton, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1899, p. 544.
Canis pygmæus, Hempr. & Ehrenb. Symb. Phys. 1832, nom. nud. ; spec. in Mus. Berol.
Cynalopex pallidus, Smith (H.), Jardine's Nat. Libr. ix. 1839, p. 228, pl. 17.
Vulpes pallidus, Gerrard, Cat. Bones Brit. Mus. 1862, p. 87.
Fennecus pallidus, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1868, p. 520.
The muzzle is very sharp and pointed, and the eyes large and dark, the eyelids,
and especially the inner canthus, being black. The ears are much smaller than those
of V. famelica. The general colour is pale sandy yellow, with the hairs on the
back very slightly washed with blackish, and occasionally also, but to a less
degree, those on the front of the legs. The head is paler than the body, being almost
white. The ears are large and rounded at their tips, and are densely margined
all round with very short soft hairs, forming a distinct border; their inner surface
is nearly white, almost translucent, and veined. There is a more or less rusty area
along the outside of the fore and hind limbs. The tail generally is the colour of the
body, with a broad black tip, and a mesial interrupted blackish area on the upper
surface. All the under parts and the inner sides of the limbs are cream-white.
These foxes are smaller than the little V. bengalensis, to which they are very similar
in colour, with the exception of being slightly paler; the tails of the two are similarly
coloured. They are slender little animals, about the height of a domestic cat. The
tail is long and bushy, and the ears, although large, are not larger in proportion to the
body than those of a European fox, indeed they are relatively slightly smaller.
The skull of this species is distinguished by the relatively slight expansion of the
zygomatic region and by the peculiar swelling of the posterior half of the nasals
involving the superior or fronto-nasal wing of the maxillary, anterior to this there
being a distinct contraction and depression of the nasals. The interfrontal suture in
its lower half and the proximal half of the suture of the nasals present a deep furrow.
These features are distinctive of all the skulls, and in the skull of V. bengalensis they
are more or less present, but the zygomatic breadth of the latter is greatly in excess of
that of V. pallida. There can be no doubt as to the close affinity of these two species
of foxes.
The specimens I obtained agree exactly with the type of the species in Frankfort.
This fox is extremely common on the plain behind Suakin. It is gregarious and lives
in large societies in great burrows. In four days I had twelve living specimens brought
to me, nearly all males. It is known to the Hadendowahs by the name “Barshoam'l.
а.
1 [This is the name generally applied to the jackal in the Sudan.-W. E. DE W.]

Mammals of Egypt.
Pl. XXXIV.
RS
-100
OF
UNID
•HO
VULPES PALLIDA. SUAKIN PLAIN.


M
VULPES ZERDA.
233
Eye to snout ...
..
The following measurements were taken immediately after death :-
o . . . 3. 오​.
mm.
mm. mm. mm. mm.
Snout to vent
498 493 471 470 463
Vent to tip of tail
293 280 285 290 255
47 48 45 47 43
ear, inner margin of meatus
48 50 48 48 42
Height of ear from inner margin of meatus
68 67 63 64 61
behind ..
85 81 80 81 80
Breadth of ear across post. lobe
47 45 40 43 37
above
37 37 33 34 30
Height at shoulder
253 238 230 240 230
Weight
kilogr.
2 13 12 1} 13
ور
ور
.
[Messrs. Charles Rothschild and A. F. R. Wollaston (Novitates Zool. viii. 1901,
p. 399) say :-“This pretty fox, known to the natives as “Barsān,' is fairly common
near Shendi on both banks of the river. They make burrows in the opener parts of
the desert and live in colonies. They swim readily, a specimen which escaped entered
the Nile and swam easily.”
Rüppell says the Arabs of Kordofan call this fox · Abu Hossein.'
Mr. H. F. Witherby found the skulls of this species in the nest of a kite on the
White Nile below Khartum.]
VULPES ZERDA, Zimm. (Plate XXXV.)
“L'Animal anonyme," Buffon, Hist. Nat. Suppl. iii. 1776, p. 148, pl. xix.
Vulpes minimus saarensis," Skjöldebrand, K. Sv. Vet.-Ak. Handl. 1777, p. 265, pl. vi.
Canis zerda, Zimm. Geogr. Gesch. ii. 1780, p. 247; Cretzschm. Rüppell's Atlas, 1826, p. 5, pl. 2;
Mivart, Canidæ, 1890, p. 147, pl. ; de Winton, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1899, p. 548.
"Fennec,” Bruce, Travels, vol. v. 1790, p. 128, pl.
There is no authentic record of the Fennec having been discovered in a wild state
by any European traveller. All the specimens which have been brought home have
been obtained from Arabs. Rüppell obtained three specimens at Ambukol and Korti;
Cretzschmar says that the only information sent with them was that they live in the
sandy parts of the desert in burrows.
Capt. S. S. Flower says he believes this animal is to be found within the Province of
Gizeh, as it is frequently brought in and offered to the Zoological Gardens.
Mr. H. S. L. Beadnell sends the following note, but at the same time it does not
seem certain that the true Fennec is wholly referred to, for the difference between
V. famelica and this species does not appear to be understood :-
-
2 1

234
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT.
“The Fennec Fox is found right away in the interior of the desert, also in the oases
of Baharieh, Farafreh, Dakhel, and Khargeh. They appear to be capable of existing
without water for long periods. One I caught about 20 kilom, north of the Fayum
cultivation, unfortunately with a damaged leg, made no attempt to bite when handled,
although very frightened. I have seen tracks three days E. of Assiut, in the middle
of the desert.”
Dr. Anderson obtained living specimens at Cairo which were said to come from the
desert to the west of the Pyramids. He states that the Fennec seems to be very
imperfectly known, and that it is important that its true characters should be better
understood, as both V. pallida and V. famelica are confounded with this animal
at Suakin.
The Plate was drawn from specimens living in the Zoological Gardens in London,
which were received from Cairo through Mr. Jennings Bramly and presented to the
Society by Dr. Anderson.-W. E. DE W.

Mammals of Egypt.
Pl. XXXV.
1.9
-
OF
UNIL
VULPES ZERDA,
MICH


PUTORIUS AFRICANUS.
235
MUSTELIDÆ.
Subfamily MUSTELINÆ.
PUTORIUS.
Putorius, Cuvier, Règ. Anim. vol. i. 1817, p. 147.
Size small. Form very long and slender, limbs very short. Upper surface of the
body not striped.
Dentition: i.
pm. 1
= 34.
1
3
3'
C.
3
m.
3'
PUTORIUS AFRICANUS, Desm. (Plate XXXVI.)
Mustela africana, Desm. Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat. 1818, xix. p.
376.
Mustela subpalmata, Hempr. & Ehrenb. Symb. Phys. 1832, dec. ii.
Mustela vulgaris, Rüpp. Neue Wirbelth., Säug. 1836, p. 35.
Putorius africanus, Thomas, P. Z. S. 1895, p. 128. .
Mustela boccamela, Sundev. K. Vet.-Ak. Handl. 1842, p. 215.
ad. Old Cairo. Mr. J. R. Gibson. 24.2.94 (figured).
o ad. Cairo.
Head small, oval, not nearly so broad across the malar arches as in the South European
weasel. The upper border of the ear nearly straight and the posterior border much
the same and of much the same length and directed obliquely downwards and forwards,
the tip between the two borders rounded. In a Sardinian specimen the upper
border of the ear is longer than the posterior border and slightly convex, while the
posterior border is considerably rounded. The colour, brown above and white below,
with one or more brown spots behind the chin or further back, the chin being white.
A little white about the toes. The tip of the tail darker than the rest of the body.
Cairo.
o .
.
.
.
Snout to vent.
Vent to tip of tail, without hair.
Snout to eye
Eye to ear.
Height of ear
Length of tarsus, without claws.
mm.
mm.
270 260
115 108
16
15
21.5 21
48
47
.
.
.
.
2 2

236
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT.
[Only differing from the common weasel of Northern Europe (P. nivalis) in being
larger, i. e. of about the same size as the stoat (P. erminius). Upper surface uniform
light chestnut-brown, lower surface more or less white. The amount of white on the
belly variable, as in the European weasel ; the chin usually white with two or three
brown spots; the back of the fore limbs and under surface of the fore feet usually with
more or less white; hind limbs entirely brown; the tail is coloured like the back,
but towards the extremity the hairs are a somewhat richer brown and rather longer,
but do not form a distinct brush. In the males the white on the under parts is usually
more or less stained of a reddish orange-colour, just as males of the stoat are stained
lemon-colour beneath in Northern Europe. The skull is very similar to that of
P. erminius, with perhaps a greater development of the occipital ridges.
Measurements of skulls.
Old Cairo
(figured).
o.
Gizeh.
92.7.15.7.
Abu Roash.
92.7.15.8.
9.
mm.
o .
mm.
46.2
mm.
.
::
51
28
45.7
245
25.5
23:2
22
Greatest length.
Breadth of zygomata .
Cranial breadth (mastoids) .
Basal length
Palatal length
Interorbital breadth (narrowest)
25.5
47
22.3
43
43
2007
20.3
11.7
105
9.9
Rüppell says:—“I cannot agree with Herr Ehrenberg in separating the Egyptian
animal from the European. It is, moreover, not indigenous to Egypt, but has been
introduced into the towns and breeds there, where its pursuit of the rats makes it
very useful.”
Desmarests description of his Mustela africana was founded on a specimen in the
Paris Museum received from Lisbon : the locality given was Africa; so that there is
every probability that it was a specimen of the weasel found in the island of St. Thomé,
where so much trade was carried on by the Portuguese.
The typical weasel of Northern Europe (P. nivalis, L.) is a small animal with a
short tail ; in Southern Europe the weasels (P. boccamela, Cetti) are larger with
a longer tail, and seem to be barely separable from the weasels of Morocco, Algiers,
and Tunis (P. numidicus, Puch.). In Malta a larger form is found which does
not appear in any way distinct from the animal found in Egypt and also on the
island of St. Thomé, off the West Coast of Africa. These latter animals are fully as
large as, or larger than, the stoat (P.erminius, L.) of Northern Europe. The identity of
the weasels of Malta, Egypt, and St. Thomé has been advocated by Mr. Thomas (P. Z. S.

Mammals of Egypt.
Pl. XXXVI.
OF
UNIL
+0
PUTORIUS AFRICANUS.
ICH


PUTORIUS AFRICANUS.
237
1895, p. 128), and therefore there can be little doubt that the name Mustela africana,
Desm., is applicable to the weasel of Egypt. There appear to be so many intermediate
forms of weasel that it is extremely difficult to say whether the different forms should
be regarded as species or whether they should be considered as belonging to one
species having a very extended range, with many local races varying in size and
proportionate length of tail.
Mr. Charles Rothschild has kindly lent, for the purposes of this work, a series of
both males and females of this animal from the neighbourhood of Cairo. The great
difference between the size of the sexes is very marked, the females being quite as
small in proportion to the males as are those of the smaller species of Northern
Europe. The specimens are unfortunately skins, without record of measurements
taken in the flesh.—W. E. DE W.]

238
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT.
ICTONYX.
3
3'
C.
1
1'
3
3'
m.
a
-
Ictonyx, Kaup, Thierreich, vol. i. 1835, p. 352.
Fore feet larger than the hind feet, with more powerful claws. Hair rather long
and loose. Upper surface of the body longitudinally striped, lower surface black.
Dentition : i. pm.
• 1 / 2 = 34.
Very great confusion has been caused by the coupling the name "Zorille' with the
African striped polecats. This name was applied by Buffon (Hist. Nat. 4to, 1765,
vol. xiii. p. 302, pl. 41) to the small Central American skunk latterly known as
Spilogale.
A very excellent plate was given of this animal, with a full explanation of the origin
of the name — • Zorilla' being the local name for skunks used by the Spanish-
speaking inhabitants of the country. Schreber and Gmelin applied this word as the
specific scientific name of this skunk, viz. Viverra zorilla.
About the end of the century a specimen of the South-African somewhat similarly
marked animal was brought home by a ship coming from Bombay which no doubt
called at the Cape; this specimen fell under the notice of Shaw, who figured it
(General Zoology,' Mammals, pl. 94) under the name of “Striated Weasel," a name
which he used for the small American skunks, considering it as only a variety of those
animals with four white dorsal stripes instead of the usual five. About this date
Bowdich discovered a nearly allied form on the banks of the Gambia in West Africa,
and sent specimens to London.
In 1820, Desmarest wrote his volume on Mammals for the · Tableau Encyclopédique
et Méthodique,' basing his description of the Zorille (Mustela zorilla) on the African
animal, at the same time adhering to the impression that it was the same as that
described by Buffon, who, he said, had erroneously considered that the Zorille was an
American animal.
In 1826, Isidore Geoffroy St.-Hilaire (Dict. Class. Hist. Nat. vol. x. p. 209) gave an
excellent treatise on the Martens (Mustela) and allied species. He treated the
* Zorille’ of Africa as a subgenus allied to the Skunks, carefully distinguishing between
the specimens from South Africa and those collected by Bowdich in Senegambia. He
nevertheless confounded them with the American animal, as is proved by the citation
of “Le Zorille' of Buffon and Viverra zorilla of previous authors as types of his new
subgenus Zorilla.
In 1835, Kaup in his “Thierreich’made a new genus especially for the South-African
animal, calling it Ictonyx capensis, and not recognizing any other species. These
names, both generic and specific, are the first properly applied to this animal.

ICTONYX.
239
In 1836, Lichtenstein published a paper on the Skunks, recognizing the African
Zorilles as a distinct species under the name of Mephitis africana. He gave a full
account of the confusion caused by former writers in confounding this animal with the
somewhat similar animal found in America, and admitted having fallen into the same
error himself when writing the ‘Darstellung' a few years previously, where he called
the African animal Mephitis zorilla.
In 1838, Wiegmann wrote his · Archives Naturgeschichte,' in which he gave a most
excellent treatise on the weasel kind, placing the various genera—even the Ratel
(Mellivora ratel)—in their true relationship, and creating a new genus (Rhabdogale)
for the African animal, recommending “Gestreifte Wiesel,” or “Striped Weasel,”
as a popular name, so as to avoid the confusion with the American animal, which had
pre-emptive right to the term Zorille. Wiegmann evidently did not know of Kaup's
previously published work.
In 1840, Wagner wrote the second volume of his Supplement to Schreber's
* Säugethiere,' using the term Rhabdogale mustelina for this animal and giving a good
history of what was then known of the different forms. Unfortunately the plates
illustrating this work had been prepared some years previously, and the plate 133 A,
representing this species in two different forms, bears the name Mustela zorilla. The
lower figure is undoubtedly meant for the Cape species, and the upper figure is
probably intended for the smaller rather differently marked form, which he mentions
as having been obtained by Dr. Pruner on the Upper Nile. A second plate (133 B)
bears the name Rh. multivittata and represents an animal almost the counterpart of
that described by Sundevall as Ictonyx frenata from Sennaar, ?=I. libyca, Ehrenb.
The most important synonymy of the South-African species is as follows:-
ICTONYX CAPENSIS, Kaup.
Viverra striata, var., Shaw, Gen. Zool., Mamm. vol. i. pt. 2, 1800, p. 387, pl. 94 (fig. sup.).
Viverra zorilla, Thunb. Mém. Acad. St. Petersb. 1811, p. 306 (partim).
Mustela zorilla, Desm. Enc. Méth., Mamm. 1820, p. 181 (nota, nec fig.) ; Rüpp. Neue Wirbelth.,
Säug. 1836, p. 35; Wagner, Schreb. Säug. Suppl. pl. 133 A (1835, fide Sherborn).
Mephitis zorilla, Licht. Darst. Säug. t. 48. fig. 2 (1827–34).
Putorius zorilla, A. Smith, S. Afr. Quart. Journ. ii. 1834, p. 84.
Ictonyx capensis, Kaup, Thierr. i. 1835, p. 353; Sundev. K. Vet.-Ak. Handl. 1842, p. 214.
Mephitis africana, Licht. Abh. Akad. Berlin, 1836, p. 284.
Rhabdogale mustelina, Wagner, Schreb. Säug. Suppl. ii. 1841, p. 219; Heugl. Reise N.O.-Afr. ii.
1877, p. 39.
Zorilla variegata, var. a. capensis, var. B. senegalensis, Lesson, Mamm. 1842, p. 71.
W. E. DE W.

240
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT.
ICTONYX ERYTHREÆ, de Winton. (Plate XXXVII.)
Ictonyx erythreæ (misprinted erythræa), de Winton, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 7, vol. i. 1898, p. 248.
(in alcohol). Low hills behind Suakin. General Sir A. Hunter.
There is a white head-spot elongated antero-posteriorly, somewhat diamond-shaped,
beginning a little way before the level of the antecanthus of the eyes in the mesial
line and prolonged backwards to the centre of the forehead. A broad white band
starting from behind and a little way above the eye is prolonged obliquely downwards
and backwards below the ear, but not beyond the posterior margin of the conch,
unless occasionally to a limited extent in scattered white hairs. The ear black, with
the exception of its upper border, which is white. The white oval frontal spot and the
white band from the side of the head to the ear are surrounded with black; the muzzle,
lips, chin, throat, and the whole under surface brownish black; part of the sides and
the limbs being jet-black. The occipital region is pure white and all the back
yellowish white, with the exception of three narrow black bands, which run parallel to
one another as far as the middle of the back, where the outer band of each side
becomes outwardly divergent and much broader, passing obliquely downwards for a
short way, then upwards to the side of the rump, the central line remaining uninterrupted
and becoming broader on the loins and again narrow and prolonged a short way on to
the tail. The tail is long and pointed, the hairs somewhat pendent; it is black
beneath at its base, but in the rest of its extent is nearly pure white, most of the hairs
being dark only at their extreme bases.
The nose of this animal in profile is retroussé. Bone of penis curved and 57 mm.
long
Measurements of an adult male,
mm.
390
290
342
9
29
.
8.
Snout to vent
Vent to tip of tail
with hair
Snout to eye.
Length of eye
Eve to lower border of external meatus of ear.
Height of ear
Breadth of ear
Length of tarsus, without claws
with claws
claws of fore feet
31
28
19
.
60
63
وو
13
99

Mammals of Egypt.
Pl. XXXVII.
8282
CH:
3 OK
ICTONYX ERYTHREÆ.
1
UN

-

ICTONYX ERYTHREA.
241
Measurements of skulls.
mm.
66
8. Туре.
mm.
55.5
43.5
345
ور
ور
35.5
18
Greatest length (premaxillæ to condylar proc. of occipital)
breadth (zygomatic).
(mastoids)
Interorbital breadth .
Temporal constriction
Basal length
Palatal length .
Breadth outside pms, 1
28
14.5
14.5
52
13-5
60
.
31
25
15
12
pms. 3
23:5
20:5
"
Alveolar length of pm. 3
7.5
6.5
The large male skull is not so large as skulls of females of the Cape species,
I. capensis, nor as that of the type of I. senegalensis, which is also a female, but the
zygomata are very broad in proportion.
[The neighbourhood of Suakin is the only locality within our boundary in which
this species has been found. Mr. Witherby obtained skulls of apparently the same
species from the nest of a kite to the south of Khartum on the White Nile.-
W. E. DE W.]
Rüppell (Neue Wirbelth., Säug. 1836, p. 35) says of this species : “Common in
Nubia, Sennaar, and Kordofan. Arab name · Abu afene.' Lives in burrows: a terror
to poultry. Mammæ 6 on the belly.”
Hadendowah name "Gailīb'or Galeleeb.'
In the skull of the Suakin Ictonyx and its allies there is a postorbital swelling and
then a contraction of the brain-case, the brain-case being also swollen on the parietal
region, so that from the postorbital contraction the skull expands and then contracts
and expands again, and then contracts from the swelling of the parietal backwards to
the occipito-parietal ridge. This is the general form of the brain-case of I. capensis
and I. senegalensis, and beyond the lesser size there is not a single character by which
the skull of I. erythreæ can be distinguished from the skulls of those animals.
6
Ictonyx senegalensis is closely allied to I. capensis; these forms are not distinguishable
by size, but only by the greater amount of black covering the upper surface of the head,
the smaller size of the preaural white band, and particularly by the more pronounced
character of the black dorsal bands in the South-African as compared with the Western
form.
21

242
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT.
A specimen in the British Museum, No. 87.12.1.20, from Lado on the Nile, close to
Gondokoro, collected and presented by Emin Pasha, differs only from I. senegalensis
in having the interaural black band broader than in the Western form. In this
respect it is intermediate between senegalensis and the Southern form, as it is also in
having the frontal spot somewhat larger and tending to unite with the white preaural
band; the two bands, however, are not joined, except by a few white hairs which occur
among the black in the intervening space. In a specimen from Ukamba, 92.12.3.9, the
white frontal spot is practically united with the white preaural band, but the line of union
is still indicated by the presence of black hairs among the white. From the way in
which these two forms pass into one another and into I. senegalensis, as shown by an
immature specimen from Cape de Verde, in which there is the same tendency in the
white frontal spot to unite with the preaural white band as occurs in the Ukamba
specimen, it is evident that the latter cannot be separated from I. senegalensis. The
Lado specimen has the interaural black band broader than in the Senegal and Ukamba
specimens, and in this respect approaches the South-African form, but the white frontal
spot is considerably larger than in the Senegal animal. Besides the more pronounced
dorsal bands, the only point therefore in which the South-African form differs from
these is in the much greater amount of black than white on the head; but in four
specimens in the British Museum from South Africa there is distinct evidence that the
extent of white in animals from that region is subject to variation.
All these forms, as already said, are large animals, but the typical I. senegalensis is
larger than the form found in the Nile basin, which may be indicated as subsp. inter-
media, nov. · The Suakin form is still smaller, but it is distinctly closely related to this
latter race from Lado, and like it the frontal and preaural white areas show a tendency
to unite, by the presence of a few white hairs. The interaural black band also is broad
as in that race, but it shows a tendency to be divided in the mesial line by a backward
prolongation of the white frontal spot. This is only feebly indicated by the presence
of a few white hairs among the black, but no actual division has taken place and
the band is broad in the mesial line. It is possible that forms may turn up with these
patches actually divided. This small eastern race, which extends the distribution of
this species from Cape de Verde to the Red Sea, has been distinguished by de Winton
under the name of I. erythreæ.
[Although there is no doubt that the Ictonyx found at Suakin is nearly related to
the form from Senegambia, and there is every likelihood of the discovery of further
intermediate forms, still, in the meantime, it is considered advisable to treat the Suakin
race as a species.-W. E. DE W.]
a
a

ICTONYX LIBYCA.
243
ICTONYX LIBYCA, Ehrenb. (Plate XXXVIII.)
Mustela libyca, Hemp. & Ehrenb. Symb. Phys. dec. ii. k, 1832.
Mephitis africana, var. B, Licht. Abh. Ak. Berl. 1836, p. 284.
? Ictonyx frenata, Sundev. K. Vetensk.-Ak. Handl. 1842, p. 212, pl. iv. f. i.
Zorilla vaillantii, Loche, Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1856, p. 497, pl. 22.
Zorilla frenata, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 151.
Rhabdogale multivittata, Wagn. Schreb. Säug. Suppl. ii. 1841, pl. 133 B, p. 221.
a
A young one from the margin of the Libyan Desert, Gizeh, Dr. Walter Innes, Bey.
Head sharply triangular, with the nose sharp and projecting ; ears rounded. Claws
of fore foot rather long, moderately curved and sharp. Claws of hind foot much
shorter. A white band extends from before the ear, a little above the eye, across to the
other ear, thence descending behind the angle of the mouth. A white band also runs
forward to a little in front of the symphysis of the lower jaw and is continued backwards
to the oral angle. This band is separated from the margin of the mouth by a narrow
black band arising at the angles of the mouth anterior to the white bands, and passing
as a broad blackish-brown band across the eyes, but not continuing to the sides of the
nose and upper margin of the mouth, which are white. The fur on the body is from
about 40 to 50 mm. long, and sometimes even longer. Behind the white frontal line
there is a broad black band, which is succeeded between the ears by a broad white band,
continued along the side of the neck to the front of the shoulder and separated from
its fellow of the opposite side by a blackish-brown narrow longitudinal line, more or
less broken up with white. The rest of the upper surface of the body is covered
with elongated white and black spots, arranged more or less longitudinally, there
being three bands more prominent than the rest—viz., one broad white band passing from
above the shoulder to the groin and another on the middle of the back,—but they also
are more or less broken up by the length of the fur. The fore leg, the hind leg
from the knee, and the whole of the under parts from behind the white chin are black.
The tail is abruptly rounded and clad with long hair ; those of the upper side are
white at their base, with a broad black ring and long white tip; those on the lower
side are less pure white basally, and have black tips which increase in extent towards
the distal end of the tail, so that beneath the tip of the tail the hairs are nearly wholly
black, thus producing an effect suggestive of the animal having trailed its tail in
some black substance or having singed it by fire.
Measurements.
ó. Head and body 270 mm., tail 165, hind foot 37, ear 20 x 18, bone of penis 38.
4. Head and body 240 mm., tail 138, hind foot 34, ear 19 x 18.
2 12

244
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT.
Measurements of skulls.
o.
9.
min.
mm.
51
53.5
35
344
Greatest length (premaxillæ to occipital condyles)
breadth (zygomata)
(mastoids)
Interorbital breadth .
Temporal constriction
Basal length
Palatal
Breadth outside pms, 1
15.2
12.7
50
31.5
29:2
15
11.7
48.2
26.5
23.7
>
11:5
11
pms. 3
20
20
"
Alveolar length of pm. 3
6.2
6
In I. libyca the skull from behind the postorbital contraction is triangular in form,
the brain-case expanding regularly to the outer posterior angle of the parietal,
i. e. there is no swelling immediately behind the postorbital contraction, the narrowest
part of the skull occurring here. The region of the skull from the inferior border of
the occipito-parietal crest to the posterior border of the external auditory meatus is
much swollen, forming a prominent bullate expansion, a feature which is not found
in the skull of any other African Ictonyx. Furthermore, the skull of I. libyca is
distinguished from that of all other members of the genus by the great development of
the tympanic bullæ, which, as compared with the skulls of the other forms, encroach
on the mesial line of the base of the skull, greatly reducing the extent of the exposed
area of the basioccipital and basisphenoid bones, and this narrowing affects also the
formation of the posterior portion of the mesopterygoid fossa, the pterygoids being
much closer together than in the skulls of other species.
[This species has not been authoritatively recorded in the Valley of the Nile to the
south of the First Cataract. It ranges into Tunisia.
The specimen obtained by
Hedenborg, which Sundevall described under the name of I. frenata, is supposed to
have come from “Sennaar.” Information is required as to the distribution of this and
of the foregoing species.-W. E. DE W.]

Mammals of Egypt.
Pl. XXXVIII
re
Alco
0).
3
"CH
OF
UNIU
,
ICTONYX LIBYCA.


MELLIVORA.
245
MELLIVORA.
1
3
39
C.
1
m.
1
Mellivora, Storr, Prodr. Meth., Mamm. 1780, p. 34.
Size large, form very massive and heavy, fore-quarters more powerful than the hind-
quarters. Ear-conch almost absent. Dorsal surface of the body grey. Face, sides,
limbs, and the whole of the under parts black.
Dentition : i.
i, pm. 3, m. ; = 32.
The skull is heavy and, apart from the absence of the second lower molar, is chiefly
characterized by the extreme width of the base, the shortness of the postorbital
processes, and the roundness of the premolars ; it is exceedingly like that of the
South-American genera Galera and Galictis, which are simply enlarged forms of
Ictonyx so far as their skulls go ; and the fact that the smaller of these South-American
genera, Galictis (Grison), is almost identical in colouring with the Old-World genus
Mellivora, is a circumstance of particular interest.
A glance at the generic names mentioned in the synonymy of the African species
will show that great uncertainty has existed as to the true relationship of this animal.
Even in the latest text-books it has been placed among the Badgers, while, in truth,
it is nothing but a giant weasel modified for digging, and quite closely related to
Ictonyx. This fact is recognized in the latest arrangement of the exhibition series in
the British Museum.
Since so much confusion exists as to the relationship of the different members of
the Mustelidæ, a rearrangement of the subdivisions is here given :-
Subfamily LUTRINÆ. The Otters.
Genera : Lutra, Latax.
Subfamily MELINÆ. The Badgers.
Genera : Meles, Mydaus, Helictis, Arctonyx, Taxidea.
Subfamily MUSTELINÆ. The Weasel Tribe.
Genera : Mephitis, Conepatus, Galera, Galictis, Mellivora, Ictonyx, Mustela, Putorius,
Pæcilogale, Lyncodon, Gulo.
W.E. DE W.
.
1

216
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT.
MELLIVORA RATEL, Sparrm. (Plate XXXIX.)
“Fizzler Weasel,” Pennant, Synops. Quad. 1771, p. 234.
Viverra ratel, Sparrm. Act. Stockh. i. 1777, t. 4. f. 2; K. Vet.-Ak. Handl. 1777, p. 49, t. 4. f. 3.
Viverra capensis, Schreb. Säug. iii. 1778, p. 450, t. 125.
Viverra mellivora, Gmel., L. Syst. Nat. i. 1788, p. 91.
Ursus melivorus, Cuv. Tabl. Elém. Hist. Nat. 1798, p. 112.
Taxus mellivorus, Tiedem. Zool. i. 1808, p. 377.
Gulo capensis, Desm. Encycl. Méthod., Mamm. 1820, p. 176.
Gulo mellivorus, Rüpp. Neue Wirbelth., Säug. 1836, p. 35.
Ratelus mellivorus, Wiegm. Arch. Naturg. iv. i. 1838, p. 278.
Ratelus capensis, Heugl. Reise N.O.-Afr. ii. 1877, p. 38.
Form somewhat badger-like but heavier, with blunt rounded nose; ears almost
without external conch ; fore limbs, with feet and claws, very much more powerful than
the hinder extremities; coat rather short, harsh, and straight, without wool-hair. The
dorsal area, from the forehead on a line with the posterior canthus of the eye to the
base of the tail, grey, formed of a mixture of black and white hairs in about equal
proportions; the remainder of the animal coal-black.
The margin of the light dorsal area is square-cut across the forehead; its lateral
border, being about 12 or 15 mm. above the corner of the eye, passes along the upper
margin of the suppressed ear-conch, and backwards in a straight line through the
middle of the shoulder, slightly descending on the trunk and gradually rising to the
base of the tail. The margin of this area, excepting on the haunches, is almost
pure white; the tail is black, the grey sometimes extending along half its length.
Occasionally the tail has also a grey or white tip.
Dr. Anderson gives the following measurements of two freshly-killed specimens:-
Suakin Hills, 15.1.94.
4.
mm. mm.
618 610
165 158
53
Snout to vent
Vent to tip of tail, without hair
Snout to eye
Length of eye
Eye to ear, external meatus
Length of tarsus
51
10
11
49
42
104
95

Mammals of Egypt.
Pl. XXXIX.
UNS
MELLIVORA RATEL.


MELLIVORA RATEL.
247
Measurements of skulls.
B.M. No. 97.11.5.18.
Fish R.,
Grahamstown. Suakin.
오​.
Mr. Mason,
Suakin.
o.
mm.
mm.
mm.
147
138
93
Greatest length (premax, to occipital condyle).
breadth at mastoids
zygomata
Basal length
Palatal
Alveolar length of pm. 3
117
64.5
64
108
82
77
130
66
91
135
72
13
.
53
12
13
The measurements given above show the extremes in size of African specimens as
represented in the collection of the British Museum.
Hadendowah names, 'Weelahoar' and 'Magoon.'
Rüppell, in the 'Neue Wirbelthiere,' says that “the Arabs call this animal “Abu
Keem ;' it lives in holes in the ground and feeds on gerbils, hares, and even
tortoises.”
Heuglin (Verhandl. K. Leop.-Carol. Ak. Naturf. xxix. 8, Jena, 1861, p. 19, fig.
skull) gives the Arab name of the Ratel as “ Abu Djaga ;' and says that it feeds on all
sorts of larvæ and grubs, and is particularly fond of the honey and wax of bees, also of
mice and other small animals, and will eat flesh and any carrion. It does not climb.
The specimens from Suakin are the only ones known within our boundary.-
W. E. DE W.

248
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT.
Suborder PINNIPEDIA.
PHOCIDÆ.
There does not appear to be any published record of the capture of a seal on the
coast of Egypt. In the 'Symbolæ Physicæ 'Ehrenberg says :-_“We heard that one
small species of seal resembling Calocephalus vitulinus was sometimes captured in the
Libyan Sea, near Alexandria, but we did not see it.” The seal referred to is no
doubt the Monk Seal, Monachus monachus (M. albiventer), since this is the only species
which enters the Mediterranean.
No seal is known to occur in the Red Sea.-W. E. DE W.
Man

XERUS RUTILUS.
249
RODENTIA.
Suborder SIMPLICIDENTAT A.
1
SCIURIDÆ.
XERUS.
Xerus, Ehrenb. Symb. Phys. dec. i. gg (1832).
Squirrels with short, flattened, bristly hair. Ears very short. Claws only slightly
,
curved.
Dentition: i. 1, pm. 1
1
1
3
m.
3
= 20.
XERUS RUTILUS, Cretzschm.
Sciurus rutilus, Cretzschm., Rüpp. Atlas, 1826, p. 59, pl. 24.
Sciurus brachyotus, Hemp. & Ehrenb. Symb. Phys. pl. (1828).
Sciurus (Xerus) brachyotus, Hemp. & Ehrenb. Symb. Phys. dec. i. text (1832).
Sinkat, inland from Suakin. Major Penton, R.A.M.C., D.S.O. British Museum, No. 93.6.7.5.
Size about that of the Common Squirrel of Europe. Ears very short. Tail very
bushy and long. Claws moderately curved. The whole body covered with harsh,
flattened, bristle-like, short hair; the front and back surfaces of the hairs concave.
The colour of the dorsal surface almost uniform reddish brown ticked with buff-
white, the hairs being brown from the base with the extreme tip whitish. A dirty
white patch around the eye; the whole of the under parts rather thinly clad with dull
white hairs. The tail covered with long hairs, ringed brown and buff-white in their
basal half, followed by a very broad brown ring and a broad whitish tip.
Approximate measurements taken from the co-type in the British Museum, collected
by Rüppell at Massowah :—Head and body 220 mm.; tail 210, with terminal
hair 273; hind foot 57; forearm and hand 70.
In the specimen from Sinkat, which is young and in a poor state of preservation,
the ear-conch has shrunk almost completely away ; but in Rüppell's specimen the conch
has a free margin of about 5 mm., and this is the normal state.
;
.
2K

250
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT. .
3
The habits of the animal are mostly terrestrial; it feeds on fallen fruit and roots
and lives in burrows. According to Major Penton, it occurs in the granite mountains.
Ehrenberg says it climbs upon the lower bushes and shrubs, in the Symb. Phys. he
figures it on Rhamnus napica.
Another member of this genus is found in Sennaar, X. erythopus, Desm. (Sciurus
albovittatus erythopus, Desm. Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat. x. 1817, p. 110: syn. Sc. leuco-
umbrinus, Rüpp. Neue Wirb. 1838, p. 38). This species is almost fawn-colour above
with no pale specks, and with a narrow white stripe running along the side from
the shoulder.-W. E. DE W.

ELIOMYS MELANURUS.-GRAPHIURUS OROBINUS.
251
MYOXIDÆ.
No member of this family has been recorded from Egypt proper, but mention is made
of the occurrence of the following species within the political bounds of the country.
ELIOMYS.
Eliomys, Wagn. Abh. Ak. Münch. iii. 1843, p. 176.
Infraorbital foramina moderate in size and narrow. Postnarial opening moderate;
pterygoid fossæ well developed; bullæ large and inflated. Angle of lower jaw
perforated.
Dentition: i. , pm. 1, m. 3 = 20.
3
1
15
ELIOMYS MELAN URUS, Wagn.
Eliomys melanurus, Wagn. Abh. Ak. Münch. iii. 1843, p. 176, pl. iii. fig. 1.
o 4. Nehel, Sinai, March 1898. Mr. W. Jennings Bramly.
Size about that of the Common Garden Dormouse of Europe. Ears very large,
practically naked. Colour pale chinchilla-grey washed with brownish. Black eye-stripe
passing under the ear. Tail thin and pale grey for less than an inch at the base,
then coal-black and bushy, the hairs gradually increasing in length to about 20 mm.
at the tip.
Approximate measurements :-Head and body 110-115 mm.; tail without terminal
hair 100; hind foot 25; ear 26.
GRAPHIURUS.
Graphiurus, F. Cuv. & Geoffr. Hist. Nat. Mamm. livr. 60, 1829 (1845).
Infraorbital foramina large and expanded. Postnarial opening very wide; pterygoid
fossæ rather shallow; auditory bullæ inflated but not large. Angle of lower jaw solid.
GRAPHIURUS OROBINUS, Wiegm.
Myoxus orobinus, Wiegmann, Arch. xi. i. 1845, p. 149.
This is a small grey species with short round ears; it has been recorded from
Sennaar.-W. E. DE W.
2 K 2

252
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT.
MURIDÆ.
Subfamily GERBILLINÆ.
In this subfamily the infraorbital foramina are very narrow, pear-shaped, with long
lateral wings. Molars with inward foldings of the enamel of the sides of the teeth
forming a somewhat similar pattern above and below. Auditory bullæ usually large.
Dentition : i. 1, m. = 16.
1
3
m.
3
GERBILLUS.
Gerbillus, Desmarest, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat. xxiv. 1804, Tab. Méth. p. 22.
Tail long, well clothed with hair which is somewhat longer towards the extremity,
forming a terminal pencil. Hind legs and feet considerably elongated; soles of feet
hairy, granular, without pads. Incisors with a deep median groove. Molars with
irregular deep lateral infoldings of the enamel ; the front portion of the first molar
considerably narrower than the second.
GERBILLUS GERBILLUS, Oliv. (Plate XL.)
Dipus gerbillus, Olivier, Bull. des Sc. Phil. Paris, vol. ii. 1801, p. 121; id. Voy. Emp. Oth. ii.
(Egypte) 1804, p. 90, pl. 28. fig. 1 & pl. 33. fig. 2.
Gerbillus ægyptius, Desm. Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat. xxiv. 1804, Tab. Méth. p. 22; F. Cuv. Trans.
Zool. Soc. ii. 1838, p. 141, pl. 25. figs. 1-5.
* Meriones longicaudus, Wagner, Arch. f. Naturg, viii. i. 1842, p. 19; id. Schreb. Säug. Suppl. iii.
1843, p. 477. .
.
o. Beltim. In alcohol.
2 0,2 4. Desert to the east of Ain Musa. In alcohol.
f. Mersa near Suez. In alcohol.
. Sakkarah. In alcohol.
2 7,2 4. Gizeh. In alcohol.
10. Moghara. Dr. C. W. Andrews. In alcohol and skins.
4. Fayum. Dr. C. W. Andrews and Mr. H. S. L. Beadnell. In alcohol and skins.
1. Abu Roash. Capt. S. S. Flower. In alcohol.
Snout rather pointed, the distance from the anterior angle of the eye to the snout
being slightly more than three times the interval between the posterior angle of the
eye and the ear. Ear of moderate size, broadly rounded at the tip, the anterior margin

Mammals of Egypt.
Pl. XL.
we
VA
W
UN
OF
ما الان
Сн.
GERBILLUS GERBILLUS.


GERBILLUS GERBILLUS.
253
nearly straight or very slightly concave; posterior margin nearly vertical in its upper
half, but gradually rounded off into the upper margin. The ear laid forwards reaches
to the anterior angle of the eye, or nearly so. The fore limb is short, the length from
the elbow to the tip of the middle finger falling short of the distance between the heel
and the end of the fifth toe. Fingers moderately long, the third the longest, the second
slightly shorter than the fourth, the fifth considerably shorter than the second; the
first reduced to a rudiment, consisting chiefly of the flattened nail. On the palm there
is a swollen eminence with a prominent tubercle behind it, larger than the thumb
which it resembles. This eminence and the under surfaces and sides of the fingers
are covered with rather strong pure white hairs, those on the centre of the fingers
directed forwards and those on the sides curving downwards. The claws are rather
long and not much curved, the third being the longest. The lower third of the
radial portion of the arm and the upper surface of the hand are clad, but not very
densely, with pure white hairs.
The hind foot, considering the size of the animal, is rather powerful, and the toes are
long, the third toe in length equalling one-half of the distance between its base and
the heel. The third and fourth toes are of equal length, or one may be a little longer
than the other. The second is shorter than either of them, and the fifth only reaches,
without its claw, to the penultimate joint of the fourth. The end of the claw of the
hallux reaches only to the penultimate joint of the second toe. There is an anteriorly
four-lobed swollen eminence in the centre of the sole, the four lobes corresponding
to the bases of the first, the second, the third, and the fourth and fifth toes; this
eminence is well clad with hairs directed forwards, and the sides of the toes with
longish, stiffish hairs, curving downwards and forwards, to a much greater extent
than in the manus. No tarsal tubercle is present. The whole of the tarsus, except
a narrow linear area at the heel, is sparsely clad with short white hairs, and the lower
half of the tibial portion of the leg and the upper surface of the foot are covered
with short fine white hairs. The skin of the tail is annulated as in mice, but the rings
are hidden by the short hairs which clothe it. Towards the end of the tail the hairs
gradually become longer, reaching 12 mm. in length, so that it terminates in a
pronounced pencil of hairs. The short hairs on the upper surface of the tail are rich
fawn-coloured, those on the lower surface silvery white, but as they become longer to
form the pencil, those on the dorsum form a narrow line of blackish hairs. The hairs
of the pencil are adpressed to the tail except in the case of the blackish-brown hairs,
which are semi-erect.
The only portion of bare skin on the snout is a middle area immediately above and
below the nostrils, which are placed transversely. There is no cleft towards the incisors,
the front of the muzzle being covered with short white hairs. The moustachial hairs
are numerous and long, directed outwards, the majority of them being white.
a

254
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT.
a
over.
The ears externally and internally are nearly nude, fleshy white in colour, being very
sparsely covered with short white hairs, but a few more numerous reddish hairs clothe
the very limited area on the outer side of that part of the inner border that is folded
A number of longish hairs fringe the lower portion of the anterior border
of the conch, the remainder of the ear being finely fringed with minute hairs, the
longest of which are at the base of the posterior border.
The general colour of the upper parts is rich reddish fawn, and of the under parts pure
white; there is a whitish area below and above and behind the eye, and a pale area
in front of it, but there is a narrow fawn-coloured streak passing obliquely downwards
from the eye, separating the white areas at the back and under surface of the eye.
There is also behind the ear a tuft of nearly pure white hairs. The margins of the
eyelids and the eye itself are black. The incisors are yellow.
Measurements taken from specimens preserved in alcohol.
Gizeh.
Sakkarah.
8.
8.
o .
4.
mm.
mm.
mm.
mm.
85
87
84
Head and body
..
Hind foot
75
120
Tail.
127
118
27
13
115
28
30
27
Ear.
13
13
11
Skull-measurements.
Gizeh.
A-
o .
o.
mm.
mm.
mm.
28
28.5
27
15.5
15:1
5.5
Greatest length
breadth.
Least supraorbital constriction
Length of nasals
Basal length
Length of incisive foramina
molar series ..
5.6
10
15.5
6
10
10.3
.
23:8
22
23.8
.
4
4.5
4:8
3.9
3:8
3.9
The skull is almost a miniature representation of that of the larger species,
G. pyramidum, but differs from it in its comparatively greater interorbital breadth
and in the relatively shorter and somewhat more depressed nasal portion.
This gerbil inhabits sand-dunes and lives in colonies.
Arabic name " Baiyondeh.'

GERBILLUS PYRAMIDUM.
255
GERBILLUS PYRAMIDUM, Geoffr. (Plate XLI.)
Gerbillus pyramidum, Is. Geoffr. Dict. Class. H. N. vii. 1825, p. 321; F. Cuv. Trans. Zool. Soc. ii.
1838, p. 141, pl. xxv. figs. 6-9; et auct.
7. Abu Roash.
5. Pyramids of Gizeh. In alcohol.
4. Gizeh. Capt. S. S. Flower. Skins.
f. Tel el Amarna. Dr. Flinders Petrie. In alcohol.
14. Near Cairo. Dr. C. W. Andrews. Skins.
The proportions of the distance between the ear and the eye, and between the latter
and the end of the snout, are much the same as in the previous species. The ear
is of moderate size, but not quite so rounded at the tip as in G. gerbillus, the
posterior margin being feebly concave towards the tip. When laid forward, the ear
reaches to near the anterior angle of the eye, so that in this respect the two species
are alike.
The proportions of the forearm and hand to the length of the tarsus and
foot are the same as in G. gerbillus, as are also the proportions of the fingers and
the structure of the palm, but the palmar cushions and the under surfaces of the
fingers are more sparsely covered with hair. The structure of the hind foot is the same
as in the previous species, and also the proportions of the toes, and the third and fourth
toes are liable to the same variation in their length, either one being occasionally longer
than the other, or the two may be of the same length. It is, however, distinguished
by the more nude character of the sole of the foot as compared with G. gerbillus. Its
tail, also, has the same structural character as that of G. gerbillus, and the hairs on
it have a similar distribution. The snout and ears, as regards the extent to which
they are covered with hair, are the same in both species, but the ears of G. pyramidum,
instead of being white, have their tips and external margins dusky. Some of the
moustachial hairs are black, and are usually not so long as in G. gerbillus.
The general colour of the upper parts is a rich fawn on the sides, washed with
blackish on the top of the head and back, owing to the hairs on those parts being
tipped with black. There is no white spot before the eye, but there are pale spots above,
below, and behind it, and some of the hairs behind the ear are white. The eyelids
and the area around the eyes and a narrow line descending obliquely downwards from
the eye are more or less dusky black. The under surface is pure white, or with an
admixture of yellowish, and in some specimens there are feeble traces of fawn-coloured
spots. The upper surfaces of the fore and hind feet are clad with short white hairs,
much the same as in G. gerbillus, and the upper surface of the tail is concolorous with
the back, the under surface paler or sometimes nearly white; the long hairs near the
end being distributed as in the foregoing form, but darker in colour.

256
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT. .
Measurements taken from specimens in alcohol.
Abu Roash.
Gizeh.
8.
오​.
mm.
mm.
0.
mm.
113
93
.
o .
mm.
107
153
34
17
113
155
오​.
mm.
100
138
32-5
Head and body
Tail . .
Hind foot.
Ear.
134
.
156
33.5
33.5
17
32
15
16.5
15
.
Measurements of skulls.
Abu Roash.
Near Cairo,
mm.
mm.
36
.
35.5
185
19.5
7
.
Greatest length
:.
breadth
Least supraorbital constriction
Length of nasals
Basal length ..
Length of incisive foramina .
molar series.
7
14-5
30.1
14
29.5
6:1
7
5
4.6
Habits much the same as the last species.
Arabic, Dimsi.'
GERBILLUS PYGARGUS, F. Cuv.
Meriones gerbillus, Cretzschm. Rüpp. Atlas, 1828, p. 77, pl. 30. fig. b.
Gerbillus pygargus,
pygargus, F. Cuv. Trans. Zool. Soc. ii. 1838, p. 142, pl. 25. figs. 10–14.
(?) Gerbillus burtoni, F. Cuv. Trans. Zool. Soc. ii. 1838, p. 145, pls. 22, 23.
(?) Meriones venustus, Sundev. Vet.-Ak. Handl. Stockh. 1842, p. 230, tab. ii. fig. 2.
(3) Meriones dongolanus, Heugl. Reise N.O.-Afr. ii. 1877, p. 79.
. General Sir C. Holled Smith. Suakin.
2 7. Major Penton, R.A.M.C., D.S.O. Suakin. In alcohol.
4. Plain of Tokar. In alcohol.
7. Plain of Suakin. In alcohol.
Rather smaller than G. pyramidum, and differing from that species in its lighter and
brighter colour, owing to the almost entire absence of the dark tips to the hairs on
the dorsal region. The black ring round the eye and the dark streak behind the
eye are also absent. The half- or three-parts-grown young may be distinguished from
specimens of G. gerbillus by the grey of the under-fur showing on the surface. The
soles of the hind feet of this species are even less covered with hair than those of
G. pyramidum.

Mammals of Egypt.
Pl. XLI.
.
A
OS
UN
He
OF
GERBILLUS PYRAMIDUM. .


GERBILLUS PYGARGUS.
257
Gen. Sir Holled Smith, when Governor of Suakin, was the first to record this
species in that district; the specimen was forwarded to the British Museum through
Dr. Anderson in 1892.
Dr. Anderson obtained many specimens on the plains of Suakin and Tokar in
January 1894, assisted by Sir Archibald Hunter and his officers. Major Penton states
that gerbils swarm at Durrur, and devour the crops to such an extent as to be a
perfect pest.
Messrs. Rothschild and Wollaston found this species plentiful about Shendi.
Measurements of specimens preserved in alcohol, from Suakin.
8.
오​.
mm.
mm.
107
mm.
97
102
145
Head and body.
Tail (without terminal hair)
Ear
Hind foot
146
17
29
152
15.5
30
16
27.5
Measurements of fresb-killed specimens, from Shendi, as recorded on the
collectors' labels of specimens in the British Museum.
8.
오​.
mm.
o.
mm.
100
148
mm.
91
90
145
150
Head and body
Tail (without terminal hair)
Ear.
Hind foot
14
13
14
28
28
28
.
Measurements of skulls.
Shendi.
Suakin.
8.
o.
mm.
mm.
mm.
9.
mm.
31
32.5
33
31.5
16.5
16:9
16.8
6:1
6:1
Greatest length
breadth
Least supraorbital constriction
Length of nasals.
Basal length ..
Length of incisive foramina
molar series .
17
6.5
12.7
27.3
6
4.5
6:1
13:1
28.5
12
26
26
6.1
6
5.9
4.5
4.5
The description given by Frederic Cuvier of G. burtoni, and the figure of the teeth,
do not fit this species satisfactorily, yet we are assured by Lataste (Cat. Mamm.
Tunisie, 1887, p. 25) that the type in the Paris Museum belongs to a gerbil of this
form, so G. burtoni may be regarded also as a synonym.
2 L

258
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT. .
Dr. Anderson has the following note on this specimen :-
“ Gerbillus burtoni, F. Cuv. Type. Mort à la ménagerie le 22 Fév., 1838, mâle, Gerbille du
Sennaar, M. Burton.
“ This specimen has lost one half of its tail.
mm.
Measured along curve of back
Tarsus
Ear
130
30
14
“ The skull measures as follows:-
mm.
39
.
10:5
.
Foramen magnum to tip of premaxillaries .
posterior end of palate.
Length of snout from end of nasals to lachrymal notch
Breadth above
zygoma
Length of dental row, upper
osseous palate from behind incisors
12
14
.
4.5
.
si
15.3
“I am inclined to regard this as an example of the large form of Gerbillus found
at the Pyramids."
In the Berlin Museum there is a specimen collected by Hemprich and Ehrenberg
in Upper Egypt, which has been identified by Sundevall as his Meriones venustus.
Of this specimen Dr. Anderson says:—“ Seems to agree in every way with those found
at the Pyramids; snout to vent 88 mm., vent to tip of tail 113, height of ear 11,
breadth of ear 6.5, length of tarsus 27." Dr. Anderson did not then realize the
distinction between G. pyramidum and G. pygargus, so we may conclude that this
specimen belongs to the latter form, as also, in all probability, does the true
G. venustu 3, Sund., from Sennaar.
A note written by Dr. Anderson at a later date is as follows :—“In the British
Museum there is one of Rüppell's original examples of Meriones gerbillus [nec Dipus
gerbillus, Olivier), and therefore a co-type of G. pygargus, F. Cuv., which was founded
on that form. It was captured in Nubia. In external character it resembles the small
bright-coloured gerbil of the Pyramids in that the fur has no black tips to the hairs,
and the ear is white. The skull has been removed from the skin, and the state of the
teeth shows that the animal was comparatively young. The teeth are much larger
than those of G. gerbillus, and we have Cretzschmar's measurements to show that
this Nubian form is a much larger species than G. gerbillus. In size this specimen
resembles G. pyramidum, but the character of its fur is entirely different, since the
fur of G. pyramidum is invariably tipped with black, which gives a generally varie-
gated or speckled appearance to the upper surface. Until further materials bearing on

GERBILLUS ANDERSONI.
259
this Nubian form have been obtained, it may be as well to retain it under F. Cuvier's
name, G. pygargus.”
I do not think there is much doubt that the gerbil from Dongola, mentioned by
Heuglin, also belonged to this species; but until specimens have been obtained from
that locality it is impossible to say definitely.-W. E. DE W.
GERBILLUS ANDERSONI, de Winton.
Gerbillus andersoni, de Winton, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 7, vol. ix. 1902, p. 45.
2 0,3 4. Mr. J. Ker. Mandara. In alcohol.
This species is best described as a miniature of G. pyramidum, having the dark
tipped fur, the dark whiskers, the black-bordered ears, and the inclination to yellowish
stain on the white of the under side characteristic of that species.
The extent of the hair on the soles of the feet and the slight development of the
brush-hairs towards the end of the tail are also much as in G. pyramidum. In
size it closely resembles G. gerbillus, but the ears are longer.
Measurements taken from specimens preserved in alcohol.
오​.
8.
8.
4.
요
​mm.
mm.
mm.
mm,
89
85
89
87
115
125
117
120
Head and body
Tail. .
Hind foot.
Ear
27
27
27.5
27
.
15.5
16
15.5
15.5
A three-parts-grown female has the hind foot 25 mm. in length.
Skull-measurements.
mm.
mm.
mm.
30
30
30
16
16
.
16
5.9
6
Greatest length
breadth
Least supraorbital constriction .
Length of nasals. .
Basal length ..
Length of incisive foramina
molar series
12
5.5
12
25
5.5
24
12
25
5.5
4.3
4.3
4.4
The skull is rather larger than that of G. gerbillus and is readily distinguished by its
longer nasal portion, the more expanded maxillary portion of the zygomata, the larger
teeth and longer incisive foramina.
The type of the species is a skin, number 92.7.1.5 in the British Museum, collected
2 L 2

260
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT. .
2
and presented by Dr. J. Anderson; it was obtained, as were all the other specimens, at
Mandara, east of Alexandria.
Dr. Anderson has the following note on this species :—“Gerbillus — Small, red;
the ‘Zug' of the Bedouins at Ramleh. No. 156. This example, a mature male, was
found in burrows in a barley-field in which Psammomys occurred. The gland on the
belly of this species is relatively more developed than in the other species of Gerbillus,
measuring 36 mm. in length, and 7 mm. broad."
The specimen mentioned by Lataste in a note on p. 25 of the 'Catalogue Mammifères
de la Tunisie' possibly belonged to this species; but if so it must have been very young.
Under no circumstances can the gerbil from Alexandria be considered the typical
form of Olivier's Dipus gerbillus, for the traveller himself distinctly gives the name
to the animal which he found near Memphis. M. Lataste does not appear to have
read Olivier's book and attributes the generally admitted type locality to an invention
of Desmarest, whereas that naturalist was correctly quoting Olivier.
Dr. Anderson when in Paris took the following notes on the skull of the specimen
mentioned by Lataste :-
“ The skull of the small Gerbillus from Alexandria mentioned by Lataste, Cat.
Mamm. Tunisie, pp. 24–25, has the following measurements :-
mm.
20
7.5
Foramen magnum to tip of premaxillaries
end of osseous palate
Behind incisors to end of osseous palate
Length of osseous snout to lachrymal notch .
Breadth above zygoma
Length of upper dental row
Anterior palatine foramina
10.2
85
12.2
3.9
.
.
4.7
“This is a short skull, broad behind, and with rather a short obliquely oval
zygomatic arch. The anterior palatine foramina are long. The laminæ of the teeth
are well separated. The osseous bullæ are moderately sized. The incisors are
deeply grooved. This is the specimen which Lataste considered to be the G. gerbillus,
Olivier.”—W. E. DE W.
-

DIPODILLUS QUADRIMACULATUS.
261
DIPODILLUS.
Dipodillus, Lataste, Le Naturaliste, 1881, p. 506.
Form somewhat similar to Gerbillus, tail more crested and tufted with longer hairs.
Soles of feet either moderately hairy or naked, with six pads. Brain-case and auditory
bullæ very full; teeth as in Gerbillus, but pattern of molars usually rather less
complicated, and the three divisions of the first molar subequal.
a
DIPODILLUS QUADRIMACULATUS, Lataste. (Plate XLII.)
Gerbillus quadrimaculatus, Lataste, Le Naturaliste, 1882, p. 27.
8,2 f. Trapped under a shelving rock below a cliff in Wadi Hoaf, Heluan. In alcohol.
The general colour of the upper surface is pale yellowish fawn, palest on the head
and most yellow along the side of the body. Whitish around the eyes. Pure white
on the under surface, inner side of limbs, and back of thighs. The distal part of the tail
clothed with long greyish hairs. Ears somewhat livid towards the tips. Moustaches
long
Four tubercles on the sole of the hind foot, one of them being placed between the
third and fourth toes, the other three at the bases of the first, second, and fifth toes.
Two tarsal tubercles, one slightly external to and slightly above the tubercle at the
base of the fifth toe, the other further back in a line with the pollex. Ear, when
laid forwards, reaching almost to the middle of the eye. Manus and pes naked.
An abdominal gland. The female has 8 mammæ.
The female has 8 mammæ. The female No. 98 was gravid
with 4 fætal young.
Measurements.
No. 99.
adol. 4.
No. 97.
o .
mm.
96
No. 98.
오​.
mm..
95
mm.
.
129
.
121
31
16
86
117
30
15
.
15
Snout to vent
Vent to tip of tail, without hair
Length of head
Snout to eye.
Eye to ear.
Height of ear.
Length of ear.
tarsus.
8
7
8
14
14
10
25
9
14
10
22
24
[Measurements of skull :-Greatest length 27.5 mm.; greatest breadth 15 ; length of

262
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT.
nasals 10.5; frontal constriction 5; basal length 23 ; palatal length 11.5; incisive
foramina 5; length of molars 4; width outside molars 5.7.
The facial portion of the skull is long, the nasals are slightly dilated in the middle
of their length, the maxillary portion of the zygomatic arch is wide and the
squamosal portion is distinctly wider than the cranium ; the base of the skull is broad,
and the auditory bullæ large and full.
F. Cuvier mentions “Meriones quadrimaculatus, Ehrenberg,” as a synonym of
Gerbillus ægyptius in his paper on the Gerbils, published in the Trans. Zool. Soc.
vol. ii. It was most probably only a manuscript name and may or may not have been
applied to a gerbil of this group; but Lataste has employed it for a Mouse-Gerbil
from Egypt, of which he did not know the exact origin, and to which he linked a very
incomplete skull and a lower jaw of doubtful origin which was found in the same
drawer in the Paris Museum. This name is now more definitely fixed on the animal
under notice.—W. E. DE W.]
a
DIPODILLUS AMENUS, de Winton.
Dipodillus amonus, de Winton, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 7, vol. ix. 1902, p. 46.
2., 4. Province of Gizeh. Dr. C. W. Andrews and Mr. H. S. L. Beadnell.
Smaller than D. quadrimaculatus ; form compact; ears small; tail about half as long
again as the head and body; hind feet long, with the three proximal pads very
ill-defined. Colour very dark; the fur mouse-grey tipped with reddish fawn, the latter
colour predominating on the sides. A very pale almost white patch on the buttocks.
Tail dark blackish above, fawn beneath; the pencil and crest black-brown. The face
is handsomely marked; the tip of the nose and the front portion of the moustachial
area is pale to white; a very distinct dark nose-spot commences immediately above the
nostrils, and fades away into the general rich colour of the forehead; dark branches of
this spot extend down the hinder part of the moustachial area; there is a pale spot
immediately in front of the eye; the cheek beneath the eye is red-fawn, with a distinct
dark smoky patch behind the eye and beneath the ear. The ears dark blackish,
except at their bases. The whole of the under parts and the hands and feet white.
Measurements taken from specimens preserved in alcohol.
No. 1 (type).
No. 2
No. 3.
o .
o .
4.
mm.
mm.
mro.
Head and body
72
74
73
Tail ..
112
92 imperfect. 105 imperfect.
Hind foot.
23.5
21 5
23
Forearm and hand
23
23
23
Ear
11
11
11

Pl. XLII.
Mammals of Egypt.
78
Or
DIPODILLUS QUADRIMACULATUS.
M
VICH


DIPODILLUS WATERSI.
263
Measurements of skull of ở No. 2 :-Greatest length 26 mm.; greatest breadth 15;
breadth of brain-case 13:5; temporal constriction 5•2; length of nasals 10 ; basal
length 22 ; length of palate 10; incisive foramina 4.5; molar series 3.6.
The only three specimens known were preserved in alcohol along with other small
animals. The labels unfortunately perished, so that the exact locality from which
they were obtained is unknown.--W. E. DE W.
DIPODILLUS WATERSI, de Winton.
Gerbillus (Dipodillus) watersi, de Winton, Nov. Zool. vol. viii. 4, 1901, p. 399, pl. xx.
Durrur, Jan. 28, 1894.
Size, smallest of the known species of this genus found upon the African continent.
Soles of feet naked; the usual six tubercles on the sole of the hind foot are
surrounded by a finely granulated or shagreened surface. Tail long, the longer hairs
towards the extremity forming a moderate crest and pencil. The colour dun-fawn above,
with the usual characteristic pale spots above the eyes and behind the ears; the cheeks
and the area beneath the eyes dull fawn ; the whiskers mostly black; the whole of
the under parts white, clearly defined from the dark colour of the upper surface. Tail
distinctly bi-coloured, dark, often blackish, above, pale fawn or sometimes whitish
beneath. The colour generally brighter than in D. quadrimaculatus, and the white
around the eyes and at the base of the ears more pure.
Measurements taken from specimen in alcohol:—Head and body 77 mm.; tail
without hair 108; hind foot 21; ear 10.
Measurements of skull:—Greatest length 25 mm.; greatest breadth 14; length of
nasals 9; frontal constriction 4 6; basal length (c.) 20 ; length of palate 10:5; incisive
foramina 4; molar series 3:3; width outside molars 5.2.
The nasals are proportionately shorter than in D. quadrimaculatus, the maxillary
portion of the zygomatic arches less developed, and the squamosal portion barely, if at
all, wider than the auditory meatus; the base of the skull is somewhat constricted.
This species was first discovered near Shendi by Messrs. Rothschild and Wollaston.
The nearest allies are probably D. dasyurus, Wagn., from Arabia, and D. nanus,
Blanford, from Persia.—W. E. DE W.
-

264
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT.
DIPODILLUS CALURUS, Thomas.
Gerbillus calurus, Thomas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol. ix. 1892, p. 76.
Resembling G. pyramidum in size, but distinguished from all other known gerbils
by its tail, which is clothed with long hair almost to the base, as in the Myoxidæ.
The ears are rather large. The hind feet have naked soles with six pads as in the
more typical species of Dipodillus. The fur generally is very long and dense; on
the back the coat is 20 mm. in length, and on the head 13 mm. General colour
brown-fawn strongly washed with black, the base of the fur slate-coloured; the tail
black-brown, with a tip of white hairs 20 mm. in length. The fore and hind feet
whitish.
Approximate measurements:—Head and body 110 mm.; tail (without hair) 140;
hind foot 30; ear 18.
The skull is about the same size as that of G. pyramidum, but is much fuller in the
brain-case and the auditory bullæ are more inflated and project slightly beyond the bones
of the occiput; the meatus projects beyond the zygomatic arch, thus the broadest part
of the skull is found at this point. The palatal surface in the two skulls is very much
alike, but in the true Gerbil the folds or indentations of enamel of the teeth are
more varied.
The only specimen in the British Museum (No. 0.5.9.1) known with certainty to be
Egyptian was collected by Mr. D. MacAlister at Wadi Sikait, south of Gebel
Sebara, Eastern Egypt. The skull of this specimen is too imperfect to allow accurate
measurements to be given.
The type of the species, badly preserved in alcohol, is of doubtful origin and
may have come from either Sinai or Egypt. These two examples, with another
specimen in poor condition from Sinai, likewise in spirit, are the only representatives
of the species in the British Museum, and, I believe, the only three specimens
known.-W. E. DE W.

TATERA ROBUSTUS. .
265
TATERA.
Tatera, Lataste, Le Naturaliste, 1882, p. 126.
Form rather rat-like; ears moderate ; hind legs not elongated; soles of feet naked.
Incisors grooved ; molars very persistently divided into transverse laminæ, but when
greatly worn the lateral infoldings of enamel are simple and V-shaped, in pairs.
TATERA ROBUSTUS, Cretzschm.
Meriones robustus, Cretschm. Rüpp. Atlas, 1828, p. 75, pl. 29. fig. b.
Meriones murinus, Sundev. K. Vet.-Ak. Handl. 1842, p. 231.
There is no specimen of this animal, either in the British Museum or in Dr. Anderson's
collection, taken within the bounds more strictly treated of in this work, but the type
of the species is stated to have come from Ambukol.
Messrs. Rothschild and Wollaston found it common at Shendi, and Mr. Witherby
obtained specimens from near Khartum, the locality from which Hedenborg obtained
the original specimens named M. murinus by Sundevall.
Dr. Anderson made the following note on the type specimen preserved in the
Frankfort Museum :-
“ Meriones robustus, Cretzschmar. Type.
Icon. Rüppell, Atlas, p. 75, pl. 29. fig. b. Geschenk von Rüppell, 1824, Ambukol in Nubia.
Skull in specimen. A second ticket on the specimen marked VII.H.2a.
mm.
Snout to vent
145
.
145
35
Vent to tip of tail .
Hind foot without claws
with claws
Height of ear (more or less broken).
38
16
“ Tarsus bare. Five metatarsal tubercles.
“ The fur on the back is somewhat brownish yellow, as many of the hairs have
a subapical yellow band and are tipped with brown. The sides are yellow, passing
gradually into white on the under surface. The upper surfaces of the limbs are
white. The area above, before, and between the eye and the ear more or less white,
also the hairs behind the ear. The hairs on the tail are pale brown, with yellowish
hairs intermixed.”-W. E. DE W.
2 M

266
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT.
MERIONES.
Meriones, Illiger, Prod. Syst. Mamm. 1811, p. 82.
Form robust, hind legs and feet not greatly elongated, metatarsal pads very small;
skull angular and strong; incisors grooved; molars with simple V-shaped infoldings of
the enamel of the outer and inner sides meeting in the middle line, forming three
lozenge-shaped subequal divisions in the first molar and two in the second, the last
molar simple and pillar-like.
MERIONES SHAWI, Duvern.
;
Jird,” Shaw, Travels, 1738, p. 248.
Meriones shawii, Rozet, Voy. Rég. Alger, 1833, i. p. 243 (sine descr.).
“ Gerbille indéterminée," F. Cuv. Trans. Zool. Soc. ii. 1838, p. 143 (nota), pl. xxvi. figs. 1-5.
Meriones shawi, Duvern. Leçons d'Anat. Comp. iv. 2e part. p. 456 ; id. Mém. Soc. Strasb. 1842,
iii. p. 22, pls. 1 et 2 ; Lataste, Le Natur. 1882, p. 107; id. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1884, p. 94, pl. vii.;
id. Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. 1885, p. 266 (sep. p. 144) ; id. Expl. Tunis. 1887, p. 27.
Meriones robustus, A. Wagn., Mor. Wagner, Reisen Reg. Algier, iii. 1811, p. 61 (nec M. robustus,
Cretzschm.).
Meriones melanurus, Rüpp. Mus. Senckenb. iii. 1845, p. 95, pl. 7. fig. 3.
Meriones crassus, Sundev. K. Vet.-Ak. Handl. (1842) 1843, p. 233, pl. ii. fig. 4 (cranium).
Meriones sellysii, Pomel, C. R. Ac. Sc. xlii. 1856, p. 654.
Gerbillus shawi, Anderson, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 10; de Winton, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1897, p. 958.
In addition to the given synonymy there are a number of names which have been
bestowed on slightly modified forms of this animal. In the first place, Levaillant gave
five names to specimens from Tunisia collected by the French expedition commanded
by Capt Loche. These specific names are Gerbillus guyoni, richardi, savvü, schousboii,
and renaultii. We are informed by Lataste that the last two forms are of the type with
large auditory bullæ. In the second place, when attempting to classify the Gerbils,
chiefly in ' Le Naturaliste for the year 1882, and when writing a little later on the
mammals of Barbary and Tunisia, Lataste gave several additional names to forms of
this animal, entirely ignoring the names given by Levaillant. This was a very simple
way out of a difficulty, for it is impossible to distinguish the various forms by means
of Levaillant's descriptions; but there is no doubt that, in the interest of science, the
existing names should have been employed and fixed with a more complete diagnosis
on particular forms.
The names given by Lataste were Meriones albipes, gætulus, ausiensis, trouessarti,
and crassibulla ; the last two belong to the group with large bullæ.

Mammals of Egypt.
Pl. XLIII.
093
U
or
MERIONES SHAWI subsp. MELANURUS.
ich


MERIONES SHAWI, SUBSP. MELANURUS.
267
Specimens from Alexandria and the Sinaitic Peninsula are so much alike in external
characters that Rüppell considered them identical, and founded his description of
M. melanurus on specimens from both localities, but placing Alexandria first, so
that the specific name may be assigned primarily to the form found in Lower Egypt.
In the skull of this form the auditory bullæ do not project posteriorly beyond the
occipitals. It thus agrees with the skulls of the typical race from Western Algeria.
In the same year, Sundevall described the form from Sinai as M. crassus, giving a
figure of the skull, showing the auditory bullæ projecting beyond the occipital bones.
Similarly coloured animals with skulls exactly agreeing with specimens from Sinai
are found in Tripoli and Tunisia. Under these circumstances it seems advisable to
treat all these forms as local races.
The final arrangement of these different races cannot as yet be settled, but the
available material points to the possibility of recognizing the following forms :-
Auditory bullæ level with occiput: M. shawi (typical form), large, brown or grey; Morocco and
)
;
North-western Algeria. M. shawi subsp. melanurus, smaller, fawn-coloured ; Lower Egypt
and ? Tunisia.
Auditory bulle projecting behind occiput : M. crassus, Sinai; represented in Tripoli and
Tunisia by M. crassus subsp. sellysii, if specimens from the latter localities are found to be
distinct,
W. E. DE W.
MERIONES SHAWI, subsp. MELANURUS, Rüpp. (Plate XLIII.)
Meriones melanurus, Rüpp. Mus. Senck. iii. 1845, p. 95, pl. 7. fig. 3.
All specimens examined were obtained at Mex to the west and Ramleh to the east
of Alexandria.
The ears are of moderate size and when laid forwards reach to the middle of the
eye. They are moderately rounded and oval in form, and along the little folded
anterior margin there is a fringe of rather stiff yellow hairs with black tips, about
5 mm. long below, and gradually decreasing in length to the upper fourth of the
border. The ear externally and internally is partially covered with short yellowish or
brown hairs. The skin of the ear, internally and externally, in the lower third of that
organ is fleshy white, the remainder being nearly black. The general colour of the
upper surface of the body is a sandy yellowish grey, darker along the back, owing to
many of the hairs having black tips. There is a pale area above, below, and behind
the eye, and some whitish hairs behind the ears. The under surface is whitish, with a
tinge here and there of yellowish sandy colour on the sides. The fore and hind feet are
covered with short whitish hairs. The tail on its upper surface is concolorous with the
back, and the long hairs towards its end are rusty brown, or blackish in some
specimens; it is shorter than the body and head.
2 m2

268
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT. .
Palm with five tubercles, two large ones immediately below the wrist at its middle,
slightly above the level of the rudimentary thumb, and with three small tubercles
anterior to them, one at the base of the second, another at the base of the fifth, and
one common to the bases of the third and fourth fingers. The whole palm anterior to
the wrist-tubercles and around the others is covered with minute granules. The skin
beneath the digits strongly transversely ridged. There are five small tubercles on the
sole of the hind foot surrounded by five granular tubercles, one lying at the bases of
the first, second, and fifth, and one common to the third and fourth toes. The fingers
and toes have much the same proportions to one another as in Gerbillus. The length
from the elbow to the end of the middle finger (less claw) considerably exceeds the
length from the heel to the tip (less claw) of the middle toe, which is exactly the
reverse of what occurs in Gerbillus gerbillus and G. pyramidum, in which the fore
limb is much shorter relatively to the foot. The moustachial hairs are moderately
long, and are almost wholly either black or white. The wrist behind the tubercles is
sparsely covered with hairs, as are also the under surfaces of the fingers, but the middle
of the palm is naked. The sole generally, including its middle, is sparsely covered
with hairs, and the toes also, on which, however, the hairs are longer, but the middle
of the tarsus has generally a naked area, where the skin is of a livid hue. The claws
are moderately well-developed. Tail ringed, clad sparsely all round with rather stiff
semi-erect hairs, measuring 3 mm. in length on the dorsal surface, becoming towards
the end about 17 mm. long. A long oval sebaceous gland on the middle of the
abdomen.
The glans penis is more or less cylindrical and smooth.
Measurements taken from specimens preserved in alcohol.
o.
o .
4.
mm.
mm.
mm.
Head and body
140
124
138
Tail
134
(imp.) 128
Hind foot
35
34
33
Ear
18
19 (imp.)
오​.
mm.
139
132
33.5
18.5
.
.
.
Measurements of skull.
.
o .
mm.
41
24.5
o.
mm.
39
"
15
Greatest length
breadth
Length of nasals
Basal length
Length of palate
incisive foramina
molar series
23
13.2
34
17.5
.
36
18
.
>
8.5
7.1
6
6

MERIONES SHAWI, SUBSP. MELANURUS.
269
Notes on the type specimens preserved in the Frankfort Museum :-
Gerbillus melanurus, Rüpp.
(Meriones melanurus, Rüpp.) Co-type.
Alexandria. Rüppell, 1823.
=M. shawi.
Meriones melanurus, Rüppell.
Icon. Mus. Senckenberg. t. iii. pl. 7. fig. 3. Co-type.
Petras-Arabien. Geschenk von Dr. Rüppell, 1831. A second ticket on the specimen marked
VII. H. 8. 6.
mm.
Tip of snout to vent
Vent to tip of tail (imperfect)
Length of hind foot, without claw
with claw
Height of ear
125
125
31
.
33
"
15.2
The ear of course is contracted in drying.
This specimen is evidently much faded, but it still retains the trace of darker-
coloured points to the hairs, although the general colour has become almost a uniform
yellowish fawn. The area behind the moustache and below the eye, a spot above the
eye, between the eye and the ear and behind the latter, and also a small area external
to the base of the tail are nearly white. The under parts are pure white. The tail
is brownish on its distal two-thirds and rufous brown towards the tip.

270
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT.
PSAMMOMYS.
Psammomys, Cretzschm. Rüpp. Atlas, 1828, p. 56.
Closely resembling Meriones, but with shorter ears. The skull and molar teeth
also closely resemble those of Meriones, but the incisors are broader and flat, with
no median groove.
PSAMMOMYS OBESUS, Cretzschm. (Plate XLIV.)
Psammomys obesus, Cretzschm. Rüpp. Atlas, 1828, p. 58, pl. 22 ; Lataste, Act. Soc. Linn. Bord.
1885, p. 269 (sep. p. 147); id. Expl. Tunis. 1887, p. 28.
Psammomys roudairei, Lataste, Le Nat. 1881, p. 492 (juv. fide auct.).
a
ears.
24. Mandara, Alexandria. Dr. Walter Innes, Bey,
5 4 & 4 juv. Mandara, 17.4.92.
1 juv. 7, a litter of 5. Mandara.
This species, specimens of which occasionally much resemble examples of Meriones
melanurus, is at once distinguished by its smooth incisors and short, thick, rounded
The length of the forearm from the elbow to the tip of the middle finger is
considerably in excess of the length of the tarsus, and the hand, except in being
stouter, is exactly like that of Meriones, with the tarsal tubercles the same, but
more developed. The palm and the fingers are clad in much the same way as in
Meriones, but there is generally a strong brush of hair, usually bright rusty brown, at
the base of the toes, which not unfrequently becomes worn off with age.
The nose is rather prominent, and the muzzle somewhat broad, but contracting
behind the moustachial area. The fore limbs are well developed, and the claws short
and strong.
The eye is of moderate size, smaller than in Meriones shawi. The
ears are short, rounded, and thick, and when laid forwards do not reach beyond the
posterior angle of the eye.
The tail is shorter than the body, round, rather thick, and scaly, but the rings are
hidden, as it is well clad with shortish hairs, which increase in length on the dorsal
surface and sides, while the terminal half, or nearly so, is clad with long dark brown
hairs,
The moustachial hairs are moderately long, mixed white and black. The general
colour of the animal is yellowish sandy, purest yellow on the under parts and on the
sides and limbs, palest on the upper surface of the feet. On the head and back,
the fur having black tips to the hair, and the subterminal yellow bands being richer

Mammals of Egypt.
Pl. XLIV.
0
OF
PSAMMOMYS OBESUS.
mich


PSAMMOMYS OBESUS.
271
coloured than the generality of the fur, this region, but especially the upper surface
of the head, has a somewhat rufous tint speckled with the black tips. The upper
surface of the tail is the same colour as the back, the under surface being paler, and
the long hairs on the end russet-brown. All the under parts are strongly washed with
yellow or pale cinnamon.
The ears are more thickly clad than in Meriones, the anterior fringe of stiff hairs
being present, as in the last species. The nose, the bare area of the lips, the skin
of the ears, and the skin of the feet are livid fleshy.
The pollex is very small, but the claw is well developed for the size of the digit.
There is a small round tubercle at the base of the second, and another at the base
of the fifth, with a similar tubercle common to the bases of the third and fourth
fingers. Two large palmar tubercles are present immediately below the wrist, lying
close to one another, but with their distal ends rounded and projecting. The whole
under surface of the palm anterior to these tubercles is finely granular. The tubercles
of the second, third and fourth, and fifth toes have the same form and arrangement
as in the manus, but a fourth tubercle lies at the base of the hallux. Placed con-
siderably more proximally than the last-mentioned tubercle is a small metatarsal
tubercle, lying towards the inner border and slightly on the distal side of the middle
of the tarso-metatarsus. On the distal side of it the plantar surface is covered with
scales arranged transversely, and between the rows of scales arise numerous hairs, as
in the scaly tail of a rat. The palmar surface anterior to the wrist-pads and as far
as the base of the fingers has no hair, but the under surfaces of the digits of the
manus and pes are haired, more especially the under surfaces of the latter.
There is no abdominal gland.
Three pairs of mammæ, two inguinal and one pectoral, are present.
Measurements taken from specimens preserved in alcohol.
오​.
4.
mm.
mm.
9.
mm.
143
130
135
15
15
.
51
48
50
35
35
35
-
Snout to vent
148 158
Vent to tip of tail, without hairs
123
Height of ear.
14
Length of head.
hind foot, without claw .
Measurements of skull:—Greatest length 43.5 mm. ; greatest breadth 25; across
auditory meatus 25; length of nasals 17; basal length 38.5; length of palate 21:5;
incisive foramina 7.1 ; molar series 7.
The skull of this species is considerably larger than that of M. shawi subsp.
melanurus ; the interparietal is boldly irregularly convex in front, projecting well
between the parietals, while in M. shawi melanurus this bone is feebly convex

272
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT. .
It is very
anteriorly, barely encroaching on the parietals. The anterior palatine foramina are
not so large as in M. shawi melanurus, and the dental area is longer. The tympanic
bullæ are large, and the posterior ends of the zygomata impinge on them.
This species inhabits shallow burrows in low-lying sandy ground.
destructive to grain ; from one burrow I removed 500 heads of barley which were
stored in one chamber.
From three to five young ones are produced at a time in the month of April.
The nest is made of grass finely cut up.
.
[Levaillant gives a description of a so-called P. obesus on p. 108 of his volume on
the mammals collected by Capt. Loche in Algeria ; but as the description in no way
agrees with the animal under notice, mention is not made of this publication in the
synonymy.-W. E. DE W.]
PSAMMOMYS ELEGANS, Heugl.
Psammomys elegans, Heuglin, Reise N.O.-Afr. i. 1877, p. 80.
.
D. Major Penton, R.A.M.C., D.S.O. Suakin.
2 , 44. Suakin.
This species is very much more brilliantly coloured than the form found at
Alexandria, being of a rich rufous brownish yellow, washed with black, many of the
hairs being tipped with black. From the snout to the occiput the colour is a bright
rufous brown and more intense than that of the rest of the dorsal surface; yellowish
grey above the eye and on the sides of the head, but pale yellowish white on the
chin and throat. The sides of the body are paler. The under surface of the body is
coloured much as the back, but without any black-tipped hairs, and the outsides of
the limbs are the same colour, but the inner and outer sides of the tarsus and the area
behind the vent are deep blackish brown. The tail is concolorous with the back,
but the long hairs on its posterior third are deep rufous brown. The ears, with the
exception of their front borders which are margined with long hairs, are almost
nude. The whiskers are numerous and rather long.
Measurements taken from specimens preserved in alcohol.
4.
4.
.
mm.
o.
Ot
mm.
mm.
mm.
135
Snout to vent.
133
133
136
130
136
128
127
12
12
.
Vent to tip of tail, without hairs
Height of ear
Length of head
hind foot, without claws
11
45
34
12
45
35.5
47
47
33
رد
33

PSAMMOMYS ELEGANS.
273
Measurements of skulls.
Suakin.
mm.
mm.
41
40
24
24
16
Greatest length
breadth
across auditory meatus.
Length of nasals.
Basal length
Length of palate
incisive foramina
molar series
23
14:5
31
20-5
.
34.5
20
6
.
7.1
6.2
6.5
93
Common at Suakin and Durrur.
2

274
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT.
Subfamily MURINÆ.
Infraorbital foramina pear-shaped, with short lateral wings. Molars cuspidate, with
laminate bars when worn; cusps arranged in three rows in the upper, two in the
lower series of teeth. Number of teeth as in Gerbillinæ.
MUS.
Mus, Linn. Syst. Nat. x. 1758, p. 59.
Tail long, scaly. Pollex rudimentary, with a small flattened nail.
MUS RATTUS, Linn.
Mus rattus, Linn. Syst. Nat. x. 1758, p. 61.
Mus alexandrinus, Desmar. Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat. xxix. 1819, p. 47; id. Ency. Méth., Mamm.
1822, p. 300; Geoffr. et Aud. Descr. Egypte, ii. 1829, p. 733 ; "Rat d'Alexandrie," Atlas,
pl. v. fig. 1; ed. 8vo, Hist. Nat. v. p. 183.
Mus tectorum, Savi, Nov. Giorn. Pisa, Feb. 1825; Bonap. Fauna Ital. i. 1832-41, pl. 21.
Mus flavigaster, Heugl. Verhandl. K. Leop.-Carol. Ak. Naturf. 1861, p. 4, tab. ii. fig. 2.
o f. Fayum.
9. Assuan,
8. Minia. Major R. H. Brown, C.M.G.
4. Haji Kendil. Prof. Flinders Petrie.
3 juv. Gizeh. Capt. S. S. Flower,
3. Old Cairo. Dr. C. W. Andrews.
o, 6, 6 juv. Qasr el Gebali, Fayum. Dr. C. W. Andrews.
3
Muzzle pointed; ears large; tail very long and tapering, scales coarse, set in
distinct rings, 9 of which occupy about 10 mm.; feet well formed, the fifth toe long
and somewhat thumb-like. Numerous long, straight, glossy black hairs projecting
beyond the fur of the back, 60 mm. or more in length in some specimens.
There are two distinct varieties of the Black Rat found in Egypt-one being the
town rat, a large grizzled brown form with grey belly, the Mus alexandrinus, Desm.;
the other a smaller, yellowish-brown, white or lemon-white bellied form, Mus tectorum,
Savi, which frequents groves and palm-trees.
This rat has become quite cosmopolitan, and very many of the names with which the
genus Mus has been loaded are attributable to forms of this species.

MUS RATTUS.
275
Measurements taken from specimens of the smaller form preserved in alcohol.
Fayum.
Minia.
Beltim,
o .
.
오​.
mm.
mm.
152
180
183
4.
mm.
165
200
30
22
Head and body
Tail.
Hind foot
Ear.
195
mm.
152
197
32.5
22-5
.
.
33
35
24
22
.
Dr. Andrews gives the following measurements taken in the flesh of three large
specimens from Cairo :-
8.
mm.
mm.
o.
mm.
180
245
38
210
.
Head and body
Tail
Hind foot
Ear
Long hair on back
270
195
245
38
23
38
.
24
26
.
43
58
55
.
Measurements of skulls.
Cairo.
Fayum.
o.
o.
8.
.
mm.
mm.
mm.
mm.
48
23.5
45.5
39.5
.
39.5
20:5
22
19.5
18
16:5
16:5
Greatest length.
breadth
Breadth of brain-case
Length of nasals
Basal length . .
Length of palate
Incisive foramina
Molar series.
Breadth outside molars
DI
17.5
17.5
16.5
40.5
13.7
35
43
14
35
185
22
22.5
18.5
8.5
8
7.3
7
7.7
7
6.5
65
8:1
9
9
7.7
The two Fayum skulls are from older animals than those of the larger Cairo
specimens.
The brain-case of Mus rattus is much more rounded than that of the following,
M. norvegicus. The parietal ridges for the attachment of the masseter muscles are
somewhat bowed outwards; the angles formed by these ridges and the supraorbital
ridges are on the fronto-parietal suture. The molars are narrower, the ear-conchs
rounder. The incisive foramina slightly overlap the front molars; these foramina are
alike in shape in both species, being about the same width in front and behind, and
convexly expanding in the middle, with the median septum fairly strong throughout;
the palate is slightly narrower in this species than in the following.-W. E. de W.
2 N 2

276
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT. .
MUS NORVEGICUS, Erxleb.
Mus noruegicus, Erxleben, Syst. Reg. Anim. 1777, p. 381.
p.
Mus decumanus, Pallas, Nov. Sp. Glir. 1778, p. 91, pl. xxiii.; et auct.
Mus maniculatus, Wagn. Wiegm. Arch. 1848, i. p. 186. .
3. Assuan.
This species is readily distinguished from M. rattus by its shorter and more hairy
ears; by its shorter more thickly haired and more finely scaled tail (11 rings to
10 mm.); larger feet, with proportionately shorter first and fifth digits; softer fur,
shorter whiskers, and shorter and less rigid longer hairs on the back. The fifth toe
is less expansible than in the better climber M. rattus.
Specimen preserved in alcohol :-Head and body 180 mm. ; tail 164; hind foot 41:5;
ear 19; longer hairs of back 35.
Measurements of skull :—Greatest length 44-5 mm. ; greatest breadth 21:5; breadth
of brain-case 17; length of nasals 16; basal length 39; length of palate 21 ; incisive
foramina 8; molar series 7 ; breadth outside molars 9:7.
The skull of M. norvegicus is distinguished from that of M. rattus by its flat and
narrow brain-case; the parietal ridges formed for the attachment of the masseter muscles
are almost straight; the angle formed by the meeting of these ridges and the supra-
orbital ridges is found slightly in advance of the fronto-parietal suture. The molars are
broad, the ear-conchs less rounded. The incisive foramina do not reach the plane of
the front molars. The palate is broader.
This subadult male from Assuan is the first example of this species from the African
continent which has come under my notice. Rüppell described a rat from Massowah
as M. leucosternum; this name is very suggestive of M. norvegicus, since a patch of
white is very frequently found on the breast of this species, and this is present in
the Egyptian specimen. In the majority of specimens of this species a patch of hairs,
white to the base, will be found on the chest; thus this seemingly slight and sportive
character is of considerable systematic importance.
This species is not so widely spread as the last and does not vary in colour to the
same extent under special conditions; but interesting local races are in process of
formation in the British Islands (where it has established itself only within the last
three centuries to the almost total exclusion of the Black Rat), notably the black form
with white chest-spot of Ireland (M. hibernicus) and the red rat with pale buff under
parts found in many localities in England.—W. E. DE W.

Mammals of Egypt.
Pl XLV.
. 027S.
OF
MUS MUSCULUS subsp. ORIENTALIS.
NIL

we

MUS MUSCULUS.
277
MUS MUSCULUS, Linn. (Plate XLV.)
Mus musculus, Linn. Syst. Nat. x. 1758, p. 62.
Mus gentilis, Brants, Muizen, 1827, p. 126. .
Mus orientalis, Cretzschm. Rüpp. Atlas, 1828, p. 76, t. 30.
Mus pallescens, Heuglin, Reise N.O.-Afr. ii. 1877, p. 72.
.
f: Wadi Halfa. Major H. d’A. Harkness.
8 f. Beltim, Delta. Sir J. Rogers, Pasha, K.C.M.G.
4. Cairo. Mr. Jennings Bramly.
o. Suakin.
4. Island of Shadwan.
. Fergunt, Nubia (on Dahabiah). Mr. A. L. A. Loat.
Many specimens. Cultivation, Fayum. Dr. Andrews.
d. Zool. Gardens, Gizeh. Mr. A. L. Butler.
The adults are distinguished by their decided pale brown colour, more or less
speckled, owing to the black tips and yellowish-brown subterminal bands to the
hairs. On the sides the colour passes into rather rich fawn, clearly defined from the
pale yellowish white of the under parts. From the moustachial area to the shoulder
the line of junction of the colour of the sides of the head has a decided yellowish-
rufous tint. The skin of the conch is dusky leaden and the exterior half and the upper
third of its inner surface are covered with pale brown hairs, the remainder being
perfectly nude. The back of the conch is sparsely covered with short pale brown hairs.
The anterior margin of the conch has a rather strong fringe of longish hairs. The
margins of the eyelids are black and the feet are white. The tail is brown above,
yellowish below, and is covered with fine stiff short pale brown hairs, which do not
conceal the rings.
A male and female with their litter of six young ones, with eyes and ears still closed,
were obtained in a Bishareen hut on the desert outside Assuan; two other specimens
were taken in the same locality.
a
Note on specimen in Frankfort Museum.
Mus orientalis, Cretzschmar,
Icon. Rüppell, Atlas, pl. 30. fig. a. Massaua Geschenk von Rüppell, 1831. A second label
marked VII. M. 15 a. This specimen has the skull in it.

278
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT.
mm.
64
54
Snout to vent.
Vent to tip of tail
Length of hind foot, without claw .
with claw
Height of ear, external meatus
13.5
15
"
ܕܙ
.
.
7
This is unquestionably M. musculus.
[Measurements taken from specimens preserved in alcohol.
Fayum.
Cairo,
Beltim,
Wadi Halfa.
8.
74
64
오​.
74
60
8.
75
9.
72
4.
80
69
Head and body.
Tail
Hind foot
Ear
.
71
18
오​.
77
69
17
11-5
81
16
16
15.5
17.5
12.5
11:5
12
12
12
The House-Mouse is subject to the same amount of environmental variation as the
Black Rat (M. rattus), and is almost as widely distributed over the world.
As a rule, mice that live in towns have dark under sides, while those that live in
the fields are pale orange or whitish beneath, the base of the fur being still grey. In
Nubia, the Sudan, and in many parts of Asia a still further development takes place,
the upper parts being nearly uniform brownish yellow, and the whole of the under parts
pure white, with the fur white to the base.
Of the speciniens enumerated above, the one from Cairo is a dark-bellied typical
M. musculus, Linn.; those from Beltim, Gizeh, Fayum, and Suakin are of the yellowish-
or whitish-bellied race, M. orientalis, Cretzschm.; while those from Wadi Halfa
and Fergunt are the pure white-bellied race, M. gentilis, Brants, which is found
throughout the Sudan (Mus pallescens, Heugl.). Some twenty or more names have
been given to this mouse from different parts of the world, the most commonly
used, and the only ones likely to have been applied in literature to examples
from Egypt, are Mus prætextus, Brants, Mus bactrianus, Blyth, and Mus spretus,
Lataste.—W. E. DE W.]

ARVICANTHIS NILOTICUS. .
279
ARVICANTHIS.
Arvicanthis, Lesson, Nouv. Tab. Règ. Anim. 1842, p. 147.
These Field-Rats, of which there are many species, are found all over Africa : they
are characterized by a speckled fur and are often longitudinally striped (as is the case
with the Barbary Mouse); the ears are rounded and almost invariably of a brick-red
colour. The first and fifth toes of the hind feet are very short, the three middle ones
long and of almost equal length. The skull is strong, the palate narrow and not
prolonged behind the molars; the lower jaw is very deep and massive. Teeth as in
Mus.
ARVICANTHIS NILOTICUS, Desmar. (Plate XLVI.)
Lemmus niloticus, E. Geoffr. Cat. Mus. Paris (nom. nud.).
Arvicola niloticus, Desmarest, Ency. Méthod., Mamm. Suppl. 1822, p. 281.
Hypudæus variegatus, Licht. Verz. Doubl. Berlin, 1823, p. 2.
Hypudæus niloticus, Brants, Muizen, 1827, p. 87.
Mus variegatus, Brants, Muizen, 1827, p. 102. .
Echimys niloticus, Geoffr. et Aud. Descr. Egypte, ii. 1829, p. 734 (“Echimys d'Egypte,” Atlas,
pl. v. fig. 2); id. ibid. 2e éd. Svo, Hist. Nat. v. p. 186.
Arvicanthis niloticus, Lesson, Nouv. Tab. Reg. Anim. 1842, p. 147.
Isomys variegatus, Sundev. K. Vet.-Ak. Handl. (1842) 1843, p. 220.
Isomys variegatus, var. major et var. minor, id. ibid.
6. Minia. Major R. H. Brown, R.E., C.M.G.
. Fayum.
ő. Assuan.
of. Gizeh. Capt. S. S. Flower.
30,14. Plain of Tokar.
.
.
Head moderately pointed; distance between the inner canthus of the eye and the
tip of the snout very slightly in excess of the interval between the external canthus
and the base of the anterior margin of the conch. Ears broadly rounded, when
laid forwards reaching to the posterior canthus or a little anterior to it, but never
covering the eye. Tail invariably a little shorter than the length of the body and
head. Hind feet large.
Hairs deep black, but with a broad subapical yellow band tipped with black, the
yellow bands and black tips giving a speckled or variegated appearance to the fur ;

280
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT.
mixed with the fur are many long black unbanded hairs, becoming more numerous
on the hinder part of the body. In some specimens from Egypt there is a decided
narrow black median dorsal line. The whole of the under surface is greyish white.
The nose and ears and a small patch above the upper eyelid are covered with short
reddish-brown hairs. The upper surface of the foot is concolorous with the body,
and the bare under surface is livid. The skin and hairs on the upper surface of the
tail are almost black; the sides of the tail are brown, and below it is sparsely covered
with brownish-yellow hairs.
[The specimens from Assuan are very much paler than the examples from Cairo and
its neighbourhood, and are slightly more rufous posteriorly. This form may represent
A. variegatus, var. minor, Sundevall (Vet.-Ak. Handl. 1842, p. 221), from Syrkut,
Upper Nubia, described as being smaller and paler than the typical form.
Measurements taken from specimens preserved in alcohol.
Cairo.
Plain of Tokar.
Minia.
o.
8.
mm.
mm.
mm.
mm.
오​.
mm.
150
178
163
188
133
35
178
147
136
Head and body.
Tail
Hind foot
Ear
165
37
158
35
19
33
36
18
.
18
20
19
Measurements of skulls.
Cairo.
Tokar.
o.
mm.
mm.
mm.
36.5
38.5
37.5
.
20
20
ور
19.5
13
14.2
Greatest length
breadth
Length of nasals
Basal length
Length of palate
Incisive foramina
Molar series
15
34.5
34
33
17
17
8
8.5
16
7.5
7.1
8
8
The skull is shorter than that of Mus rattus, but while the zygomatic arches are
broad in proportion, the cranium is narrow. The palate is very narrow; the posterior
narial opening is narrow, commencing in a line with the posterior end of the molars;
there is no postdental shelf; the molars are very broad; the incisive foramina are
narrow, especially posteriorly, the median septum in this portion being excessively

Mammals of Egypt.
Pl. XLVI.
OF
UNIG
ARVICANTHIS NILOTICUS.
MICH


ARVICANTHIS NILOTICUS.
281
narrow, hardly a hair's breadth ; the sphenoidal pits are very deep; the auditory bullæ
are small and slightly compressed laterally; the lower jaw is very strong and deep.
This animal was badly figured in the Atlas of 'Descr. d'Egypte' under the name of
** l’Echimys d’Egypte,” but was re-named “ l'Echimys du Nil” in the text, which was
not published till many years after, with the assistance of Audouin. The Lemmus
niloticus of the Catalogue of the Paris Museum also refers to this animal.
The specimens from Tokar agree with those obtained by Mr. Rothschild at Shendi
and by Mr. Witherby to the south of Khartum in being very pale in colour and
in having a proportionately longer tail than those of the typical species. This race
represents the A. testicularis, Sundevall (Vet.-Ak. Handl. 1842, p. 221), which is also
found in Arabia.
In the damper regions of both the Blue and White Niles a dark form is again
found, A. abyssinicus, Rüpp.—W. E. DE W.]
a
20

282
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT.
ACOMYS.
Acomys, Is. Geoffr. Ann. Sci. Nat. 2° sér, x. 1838, p. 126.
Hair generally coarse and flattened over the greater part of the body, and forming
inflexible spines on the back. Dentition as in Mus. The palatal surface of the skull
is considerably modified, the posterior narial opening being extremely narrow, the
pterygoid fossæ very shallow, aud the auditory bullæ very small. The pads of the feet
each with an auxiliary smaller pad. Mamma 6--one pair axillary, two inguinal.
Aristotle (Hist. Anim. vi. xxx. 3) says Egyptian mice have hair nearly resembling
that of the hedgehog.
ACONYS CAHIRINUS, Desmar. (Plate XLVII.)
Mus cahirinus, E. Geoffr. Cat. Mus. Paris (nom. nud.); Desmarest, Dict. Hist. Nat. xxix. 1819, p. 70
(partim); id. Ency. Méth., Mamm. 1822, p. 309 (partim); Licht. Verz. Doubl. Berlin, 1823,
p. 2; Desm. Dict. Sci. Nat. xlix. 1826, p. 482 (partim); Brants, Muizen, 1827, p. 153; Licht.
Darstellung, 1829, pl. 37. fig. i.; Cretzschm. Rüpp. Atlas, p. 38, pl. 13. fig.b; Is. Geoffr. Ann.
Sci. Nat. 1838, p. 126; Wagner, Schreb. Säug. Supp. iii. 1813, p. 440 (partim).
)
Acomys cahirinus, Is. Geoffr. Ann. Sci. Nat. 2e sér. x. 1838, p. 126; Sundev. K. Vet.-Ak. Handl.
1842 (1843), p. 222; Heuglin, Reise N.O.-Afr. ii. 1877, p. 69; Tristram, Faun. Palest. 1881,
p. 10, fig. sup
4. Gizeh. Dr. J. Anderson. British Museum, No. 92.9.9.56.
25. Mahallet-el-Kebir. Mr. G. H. Kent. British Museum, No. 92.9.9.57-8.
o 6. Minia. Major R. H. Brown, R.E., C.M.G.
o. Houses of Suez.
오​. Wadi Halfa. Major H. d’A. Harkness.
27. Assuan. Dr. J. Anderson. British Museum, No. 92.9.9.59-60.
8. Beni Hasan. Mr. M. W. Blackden. British Museum, No. 92.9.9.61.
Snout rather sharply pointed; ears large, rounded, and when laid forwards reaching
to or a little beyond the inner canthus of the eye. General colour dark sooty fuscous or
slate-grey, paler on the sides and under surface; the hand from the wrist and the toes of
hind foot whitish; the ears, which are almost nude, and the tail dark sooty grey. The
conch, externally at its base, the skin around the mouth, and the naked skin of the feet
dusky fleshy white. From behind the shoulder to the tail the back is clad with stiff
spines, increasing in length as they pass backwards. In outline they are concave
anteriorly and convex posteriorly, a form which is even preserved in the softer hairs of

Mammals of Egypt.
Pl. XLVII.
09S.
Nn
or
ACOMYS CAHIRINUS.
SICH

o

ACOMYS CAHIRINUS.
283
the shoulders and occiput. The spines are generally almost pale grey at their bases,
passing gradually into darker grey at their tips, the deep colour being chiefly confined
to the sharp well-defined border and apices of the spines, so that when the animal is
looked at from behind the spiny fur has a greyish-speckled appearance due to the
paler bases of the spines becoming visible.
Measurements taken from specimens preserved in alcohol.
1
Minia.
Suez.
Assuan.
o .
Gizeh.
오​.
mm.
8+
100
mm.
nim.
98
96
::
Mahallet. Halfa.
오​.
mm. mm.
91 87
91 98
18 18
23
23:5
17
18
107
Head and body
Tail.
Hind foot
Forearm and hand
Ear
104
o .
mm.
92
116
19.5
26
20
17
18
19
.
23
23.7
19
26
20
205
.
a
One specimen from Assuan has a rufous tint on the sides, while two others from
the same place differ but little from the Cairo specimens in the colour of their upper
parts, but the whole of the throat is white and the under parts pale grey, the under
surface of the tail being yellowish. In the specimen with a tendency to rufous sides
(which colour also encroaches on the brownish mousy tint of the middle of the back)
the whole of the under surface is white and the tail is yellow. A tuft of hairs behind
the ears of this specimen is almost wbite. The latter specimen with another from Beni
Hasan, for which I am indebted to Mr. Blackden, the Artist to the Egypt Exploration
Fund, may be referable to the Acomys nubicus, Heuglin?, which, besides the difference
in colour, may be distinguished by its shorter ears and tail.
This species is very common throughout the Valley of the Nile in Lower Egypt,
and is generally found in towns and villages and in the houses; I found it at Mena
House, the hotel at the foot of the Pyramids.
[According to Mr. Sherborn (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1897, p. 287), the article on the Bats
and that on the Ichneumon in the ‘Descr. de l’Egypte,' written by Etienne Geoffroy
Saint-Hilaire, were published in 1818, together with all the remaining plates of
Mammals; the third and following articles to the eighth were written conjointly with
Victor Audouin, and published, together with the Supplement (which was written by
Audouin alone), in 1829.
Geoffroy was in the habit of setting up specimens in the Paris Museum, registered
in his Manuscript Catalogue under a Latin name, without publishing any description
of the species.
1 Reise N.O.-Afr. ii. 1877, p. 70.
202

281
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT.
Desmarest, in describing the “Spiny Mouse" from Cairo, mistook the ill-drawn
figure of “l'Echimys de l’Egypte ” (plate v. fig. 2)—which was intended for the
Arvicanthis, as already mentioned—for this animal; but his description was founded
on the Museum specimen of the true Mus cahirinus of Geoffroy's MS. catalogue, as
he remarks later on in the ‘Encyclopédie.'. Mus cahirinus was never mentioned in
the work by Geoffroy and Audouin.-W. E. DE W.]
6
-
ACOMYS DIMIDIATUS, Cretzschm. (Plate XLVIII.)
Mus dimidiatus, Cretzschm. Rüpp. Atlas, 1826, p. 37, Taf. 13. fig. a.
Mus hispidus, Brants, Muizen, 1827, p. 154 (nec Geoffr. nec Licht.).
Mus megalotis, Licht. Darstellung, 1829, pl. 37. fig. 2.
Acomys dimidiatus, Tristram, Faun. Palest. 1884, p. 10, pl. iii. fig. 3.
-
Ć. Wadi Sikait, S. of Gebel Zeban, E. Egypt. Mr. D. MacAlister. British Museum, No.0.5.9.2.
Larger and more slender in form than 4. hunteri ; ears very large; tail about
the length of the head and body, somewhat coarsely scaled; hind legs and feet rather
long. The whole body covered with semicircular flattened spines. Colour brown-
fawn, darker on the back, clearer fawn on the sides; all the under parts white.
Approximate measurements :-Head and body 110 mm.; tail 108; hind feet 20-5;
ear 21.
The single Egyptian specimen available is a skin in poor condition; a specimen in
alcohol from Sinai, also in the British Museum (No. 94.7.20.1), collected by Mr. E. N.
Buxton, which may be taken as typical of the species, is apparently similar in form and
colour.
The Plate was prepared from specimens obtained by Mr. Bent in the Hadramut,
which seem to agree with the specimen from Egypt in all essential features, so far as
can be judged from the poor condition of the latter.-W. E. DE W.
ACOMYS HUNTERI, de Winton. (Plate XLIX.)
Acomys hunteri (Anderson), List of Animals Zool. Soc. Lond. 1896, p. 123 (nom. nud.);
Trouessart, Cat. Mamm. 1899, p. 496 (nom, nud.); de Winton, Novitates Zool. vol. viii. 1901,
p. 401 (nota).
9. Suakin. Major Penton, R.A.M.C., D.S.O.
o ļļ. Plain of Tokar.
[Larger than 4, cahirinus ; form robust; ears moderate, rounded; tail rather shorter
than head and body, somewhat finely ringed; feet very short and broad. The coat

Mammals of Egypt.
Pl. XLVIII.
CH
OF
UNIE
ACOMYS DIMIDIATUS.
,


Mammals of Egypt.
Pl. XLIX.
OTS
OF
ACOMYS HUNTERI.
3

.

ACOMYS HUNTERI.
285
generally spiny; no marked contrast in the spines of the back and those of the rest
of the body. A few scattered very fine hairs projecting beyond the spines of the back.
General colour above bright chestnut-red, the spines of the back minutely tipped
with brown; the whole of the under parts, the feet, the inner sides of the legs, and a
spot at the hinder base of the ear white.
Mammæ 1—2=6.
Measurements taken from specimens preserved in alcohol.
Plain of Tokar.
o.
mm.
4.
mm.
105
96
.
4.
mm.
98
93
23
102
93
Head and body
Tail . . .
Forearm and hand
Hind foot
Ear
.
26
17-5
22.5
17
15.5
.
16.5
15.5
16
.
This species is distinguished from A. dimidiatus, Cretzschm., by its shorter ears and
feet and by the absence of the darker dorsal area.
Dr. Anderson presented some specimens of this Spiny Mouse to the Zoological
Society's Gardens, where their descendants lived for several years. No description of
the animal was at the time published, but the donor wished the species to be known
as A. hunteri, in recognition of the great assistance rendered to him by Gen. Sir
Archibald Hunter, then Commandant at Suakin.-W. E. DE W.]
Dr. Anderson had the following note on this species :-
· Native name among the Hadendowah Arabs, ‘Goup' or “Shoeshabgoop.'
* Two specimens collected by Major Penton in 1893 at Suakin have lost their tails
and their ears are injured. They are a uniform pale red above, white below, with the
ears externally livid. The fore limb from the elbow and the hind limb from the tarsus
are yellowish white. Many of the spiny hairs are more or less tipped with brownish.
-
4.
mm.
mm.
Snout to vent
Length of ears
tarsus
98
16.3
17
96
15.5
17
“This Spiny Mouse is common at Tokar. Between the morning of the 18th and
that of the 19th January, a Tokar female gave birth to two young ones, which, when
discovered on the latter morning, had their eyes fully open and exhibited little of the
helplessness generally characteristic of newly-born Rodents. This mouse seems chiefly
to live on green food."

286
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT.
NESOKIA.
Nesokia, Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. x. 1842, p. 264.
Form stouter than that of Mus norvegicus, with much heavier deeper muzzle and
shorter tail. Incisors flat and very broad. Molars divided by plain, almost straight,
transverse bars of enamel. Skull approaching in shape to that of the more fossorial
Rhizomys.
NESOKIA BACHERI, Nehring. (Plate L.)
Nesokia sp.?, Thomas, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1881, p. 524 ; Tristram, Fauna Palest. 1881, p. 12.
Nesokia bacheri, Nehring, Zool. Anz. 1897, p. 503.
Ô f. Shaluf, near Suez. Mr. W. H. Beyts.
37, 24. Shaluf. Rev. W. Statham.
The hands are white above and below, and the claws (which are strong) are brown
towards their bases. The upper surface of the fore feet is sparsely clad with brownish
hairs, and the fingers with white hairs; the palmar surface nude. Pollex reduced to
a tubercle, but furnished with a well-defined but minute flat nail.
Three digital tubercles. A large tubercle, nearly equal in size to two of the
digital tubercles, placed on the internal border of the metacarpus, and a still
larger and more prominent tubercle on the palmar side of it. Immediately above
the wrist there is a prominent rounded eminence, with a solitary bristle occurring
among the hairs that are sparsely distributed over its surface.
Upper surface of the hind foot and bases of toes very sparsely clad with brownish
hairs. Plantar surface nude and somewhat livid. Claws strong, brown at their bases.
Four prominent digital tubercles on the hind foot. A metatarsal tubercle a little
way above and slightly internal to the tubercle at the base of the fifth toe, and a much
larger tubercle situated still more proximally and on the inner side of the metatarsus.
This tubercle or pad is slightly inwardly curved and projecting at its free end.
Tail rather thick, short, ringed, but very sparsely clad with very short feeble hairs.
,
The base nearly nude, flesh-coloured, the remainder brown. The transverse rings on
the middle of the tail number 14 to each 10 mm. There are 131 rings in all, each
ring being made up of separate scales. The ears are broad and rounded at their
tips; they are very sparsely clad with short hairs, and there is a broad livid margin,
the middle of the conch anteriorly being pale flesh-coloured.
The basal half of the fur is sooty grey, the terminal half being pale yellowish brown,
feebly tipped with brown. Scattered among the fur are numerous long hairs, more

Mammals of Egypt.
Pl. L.
12.
OF
UNIE
NESOKIA BACHERI.
.
.
M4


NESOKIA BACHERI.
287
rigid than the general fur, and projecting out beyond it, and especially so on the rump.
The sides of the face, the lower part of the limbs, and the under parts are a greyish
yellow or yellowish white, passing gradually on the sides into the colour of the back.
The skin of the feet above is yellowish, sparsely covered with short brownish hairs.
The specimen from the Dead Sea (British Museum No. 64.8.17.28), in alcohol, the
measurements of which are given below, differs only from the Suez specimens in its
greater size.
The clitoris of the female is of the same size and shape as the male organ. Mammæ,
two pairs inguinal, two axillary.
Measurements taken from specimens preserved in alcohol.
Shaluf.
Dead Sea.
o .
.
8.
mm.
mm.
o .
mm.
185
124
mm.
173
168
205
130
.
125
30
13
112
29
31
15
13.5
.
"
23
20
23
18
20
18
18
20
Snout to vent
Vent to tip of tail
Breadth of head before ears.
across snout
Base of upper margin of conch to eye.
Eye (ant. angle) to tip of snout
Height of ear, anterior border .
from notch
Breadth of ear
Length of hind foot without claw .
Forearm and hand.
Length of head. .
Breadth of upper incisors together
22.5
18.2
20
19
21
21
20
21.5
15.5
15
14.5
.
16
36.5
54
37.3
33.5
38
53
46
53
53.5
53
49
5
5
UT
Measurements of skulls.
Shaluf.
Dead Sea.
o imm.
mm.
mm,
mm.
36
47
28
24
29.5
20:5
19
18
.
7
6.5
7.5
15
15
Greatest length
.
breadth
Breadth of brain-case
Temporal constriction.
Length of nasals
Basal length ..
Length of palate
Incisive foramina
Molar series (alveolar).
(masticatory)
43
24
12.5
33.5
19.3
6.5
6
25.2
7
10.5
.
9.3
9.3
7.5
8
8
رو

288
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT. .
The Nesokia has apparently not yet been recorded from any other locality in Egypt
than from the banks of the Sweet Water Canal, between Big and Little Shaluf, near
Suez, where its numerous burrows and tortuous well-padded runs are concealed
amongst long sedgy grass and stunted spiny shrubs. In this locality one of the
animals was dug out under my directions.
It is well known to the natives, both Egyptians and Arabs, by the name Girdi.'
Every effort to obtain specimens, or to get information regarding it in any other
quarter, proved unavailing.

LOPHIOMYS IMHAUSI.
289
Subfamily LOPHIOMYINÆ.
LOPHIOMYS.
Lophiomys, Milne-Edwards, L'Inst. xxxv. 1867, p. 46.
Fur full and long; the dorsal area separated from the lateral by longitudinal spaces
covered with short adpressed hair. Tail bushy, well developed. Hallux somewhat
opposable. Skull rugose, the temporal fossæ roofed over by a plate of bone formed by
processes thrown out from the malar, frontal, and parietal bones. Molars typically
Cricetine, with persistent cusps set in two rows in both upper and lower jaws; incisors
smooth, flat in front.
Dentition : i. § = 16.
1
1'
3
m.
3
.
LOPHIOMYS IMHAUSI, M.-Edw. (Plate LI.)
Lophiomys imhausii, Milne-Edwards, L'Inst. xxxv. 1867, p. 46; id. Ann. Sci. Nat. vii. 1867,
p. 113; id. Nouv. Arch. Mus. iii. 1867, p. 81, pls. 6-10; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874,
p. 497 ; Gestro, Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. xv. 1880, p. 122.
Phractomys æthiopicus, Peters, Zeitschr. ges. Naturwiss. xxix. 1867, p. 195; Reichert, SB. Ges.
naturf. Fr. Berl. 15 Jan. 1867, p. 1 (skull).
Lophiomys imhausii, Giglioli, Zool. Anz. iv. 1881, p. 45.
Dr. Anderson left the following notes on this animal:-
‘Specimen in the Florence Museum, from which the Plate was drawn by the kind
permission of Prof. Giglioli, 30/1/97.
f. Eskapid (Erkoweet ?) (Suakin). Count L. Marrazzani, 12 April, 1880.
“In this specimen the denser fur generally is grey at the base, with a broad white band
and wide brown tip; the long hairs, however, are broadly tipped with white. The upper
surface of the head is covered anteriorly by a triangular white area, pointed over the
forehead, and prolonged outwards and backwards below the ears to the side of the neck,
where the adpressed lateral band of yellowish hairs commences. A white spot below
the eye. The front of the head, a narrow area above the eye, the sides of the head,
cheeks, throat, and sides of the neck to the shoulder blackish brown; under surface
generally pale brown, with an admixture of white. Limbs also pale brown, with
numerous white hairs; ears flesh-coloured, nearly nude; tip of tail white.
“ Total length of the stuffed specimen from snout to tip of tail about 40 cm.
“Skull very imperfect : total length - ?; basilar length — ?; greatest breadth — ?;
-
2 P

290
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT.
interorbital constriction 13; length of nasals 22 ; basal breadth of nasals 7; length of
upper molar series (alveolar) 11; length of mandible 37 mm.
Professor Giglioli informs me that he was told by Count Marrazzani that Eskanid
(which I think there can be no doubt is Erkoweet) is close to Suakin, and that this
female was shot by a fellow companion of the Count's. The chief of this place was
interviewed by me at Suakin, and on showing him a drawing of Lophiomys he said he
recognized the animal and would try and get one for me. About fourteen days after
this, news came to me, through the Mudir of Suakin, that the chief had caught one
alive, but that at night it had eaten its way out of the bag in which it had been kept.
He called it Bamsuika.'
“ Colonel Hunter also obtained one alive, which he took to Cairo, where it escaped.
This animal is said to occur in the Khor Baraka and also at Tamai, and it is stated
that it burrows under the roots of trees like a rat.”
[The Plate will convey an idea of the form of this very curious rodent, which is of
about the size of a guinea-pig. The fur is exceedingly dense and long, which gives it
the appearance of having a proportionately very small head. The ears and eyes are
rather small. The tail, which is rather more than half the length of the head and
body, is densely clothed with somewhat harsh wool-like fur, with a moderate number of
longer hairs; the under-fur upon the body is very soft.
The short ears are well clothed with hair, that on the inner surface being very thick
and projecting well beyond the margin of the conch. In a line with the ears upon
either side of the nape there commences a narrow area, which is covered with shorter,
more adpressed, harsher fur of peculiar structure; these two depressed bands continue
over the shoulders and along the sides to above the hips, thus dividing the coat on the
upper side of the animal into three pretty equal divisions, a dorsal and two lateral.
These lateral bands are no doubt of glandular formation.
The feet are short and broad. The fore feet have four well-developed digits, with
moderate, slightly curved claws partially hidden by stiff hairs; the pollex is very short
or vestigial, with a small flattened nail on its outer side; there are three pads at the
base of the longer fingers, and two large rounded pads behind these on a level with
the bones of the thumb.
The hind feet have five well-developed digits, with claws only slightly larger than
those of the fore feet; the hallux, which is somewhat opposable, reaches to the base
of the second toe and is similarly clawed. There are four pads at the bases of the toes,
and two larger oval pads further back, the one on the inner side being very much the
larger and also the more proximal.
The skull of this animal is totally unlike that of any other mammal, more resembling
that of some re; tiles. In all other rodents the zygomatic arch is entirely separated

PI. LI.
Mammals of Egypt.
Ho
2
0.23
LOPHIOMYS IMHAUSI. f.
OF
UNIL
(Florence Museum).
SICH


LOPHIOMYS IMHAUSI. .
291
from the frontals and parietals, the temporal fossa being uncovered, the masseter
muscle thus having no bone between it and the skin. In Lophiomys the malar is
greatly expanded in its whole length, rising to meet a wing-like lateral expansion of
the frontal and a similar process of the parietal, the three forming a pent-roof over the
masseter muscle, completely covering the temporal fossa, and leaving only a roughly
square-shaped orbital opening. The whole of the upper surface of the skull is rugose
or covered with papilliform nodosities; this roughening extends on to the occipitals
and paroccipitals, and somewhat resembles a structure found in certain fish. The
squam esal is also flattened, and extends back to above the auditory meatus, forming a
deep pit for the condyle. The sphenoidal fossæ are absent, there being no external
lateral processes.
The paroccipital processes are very long, free, and descend
below the inferior plane of the builæ. The skull in other respects much resembles
that of Cricetus, as do the teeth, with the exception of the upper incisors, which are
flat with square edges, and not rounded as in the Hamster.
The lower jaw is deep and strong. The coronoid process strong and upright. The
condylar process strong, rising abruptly to the same level as the coronoid. The angle
of the jaw is very short, broad, and flattened, evenly bowed inwards, forming a spoon-
like structure.
The specimen described by Milne-Edwards was purchased alive in the streets of
Aden by M. Imhaus; it was brought to Paris, where it lived for some years in the
Jardin d'Acclimatation. About the same time that the description of this animal,
tvhich had died, was being published in Paris, a skull was received in Berlin from
Maman, 70 miles N.E. of Kassala, and was exhibited to the German naturalists by
Herr Reichert. Peters described this skull, forming a new genus for its reception,
not having heard of the work of the Paris naturalists.
Only some half-dozen other specimens of this species are known. The British
Museum possesses one from Fekkeri Ghesse Forest, near Het Marafia, the Shoa station
of the Geographical Society of Italy. Dr. Sclater exhibited a specimen at a meeting
of the Zoological Society of London, 3rd November, 1874, from Keren, in the Bogos
Country. There is a mounted skin and skeleton in the Genoa Museum, mentioned
by Gestro, also from Keren, where it is called "Tzechira.' The specimen from
Erkoweet described above, and two females collected by Dr. Traversi in the forest of
Tikem, Shoa, are all in the Florence Museum.
A nearly allied form occurs in Western Somaliland and British East Africa, L. smithi,
Rhoads (Proc. Ac. Philad. 1896, p. 524). The type of the species was obtained by
Dr. Donaldson Smith at Sheikh Husein, about lat. 80° N., long. 41° E.; a second
specimen, collected by F. J. Jackson, C.B., at the Ravine Station, Mau Platean,
and presented to the British Museum, bears the note Caught under fly of
tent.”— W. E. DE W.]
66
2 p2

292
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT. .
SPALACIDÆ.
SPALAX.
Spalax, Güldenstaedt, Nov. Comment. Petrop. xiv. i. 1770, p. 409.
This genus is distinguished from the other mole-like rodents included in the sub-
division of this family characterized by the suppression of the premolars, by the total
absence of an external eye, and by some peculiarities in the structure of the internal
organs.
6
SPALAX ÆGYPTIACUS, Nehring. (Plate LII.)
Spalax typhlus, Anderson, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 472.
Spalax ægyptiacus, Nehring, SB. Gesellsch. naturf. Fr. Berlin, 1897, p. 180; id. ibid. 1900, p. 210.
All the Egyptian specimens described were procured by the author, or the Bedouins
in his service, at Maryut, in 1892 and 1893.
Native name “ Abu Amma' (Lacl gl.).
The head is broad and wedge-shaped, flattened above and below. The nose is broad
and truncated, shelving over the nostrils in a sharp horny edge. Lateral ridges
continue on the sides of the face, from the nose to the region of the orbits, and are
clad with stiff hairs, those above and below growing towards one another. The front of
the head is thus formed into a semicircular spade. Behind the nose there is a
triangular space devoid of hair, the hinder portion of which is somewhat swollen.
There is no trace of an eye externally, nor any indication of it on the inner surface
of the deflected skin of the head, but a black speck in the skin-muscle has been stated
by M. Olivier 1 to show a perfectly organized eye. The ear is not provided with a
conch, but the short tube, hidden in the fur, appears to have otherwise a very complete
development, as the blind animal is most sensitive to sounds.
The thumb is rudimentary, but the remaining fingers are short and strong, ending
in short claws, and the membrane at their bases has somewhat the form of a
rudimentary web. There is one round pad at the base of the first digit, and a large
palmar pad. The third, fourth, and fifth fingers in their natural position are bent
slightly inwards.
1 Voy. Emp. Oth. ii. (Syrie), 1804, p. 317, pl. 28. fig. 2.

Mammals of Egypt.
Pl. LII.
OF
SPALAX ÆGYPTIACUS.
MIC


SPALAX ÆGYPTIACUS.
293
The first toe is feeble, but relatively more developed than the poilex, and the claws
on the second and third toes are stronger than those on the fingers. There is one pad at
the base of the first toe, and external to it there is another irregularly shaped pad.
The fur on the body generaily is 10 mm. in length, and is very fine, soft, and dense,
and practically reversible. It is shorter and more sparse on the belly, the lower
portion of which is nude in the adult male.
The fur on the upper surface of the broad, flat, and spatulate head is much shorter,
and on the chin it is sparsely distributed. A ridge of strong, short, bristly hairs is
prolonged backwards from the side of the nose above and behind the nostril, along the
side of the head for nearly one-half of its length. On the areas above and below this
ridge there are numerous scattered, long, anteriorly curved, tactile hairs.
The outside of the short tubular ear is nearly nude, but on its inner surface there
are a few strong inwardly directed hairs. The hand is nude, with the exception of a
few outwardly directed yellowish hairs on its upper surface, with still fewer on the
tingers; the upper surface of the foot is sparsely covered all over with whitish hairs.
The under surfaces of both hands and feet are nude. The rudimentary tail is
perfectly devoid of hairs and is a mere nodule.
The basal half of the fur is black on the back generally, the terminal half being
greyish fawn, so that the prevailing colour of the upper surface of the animal is of the
latter tint, but in certain lights it assumes a bright silvery-grey sheen. On the under
surface of the body the terminal fawn is reduced to a mere point, so that this surface
is blackish, tinged with yellowish. On the head the yellowish fawn of the back
passes into pale bluish grey a little way anterior to the ear, the position of the latter
being usually indicated by a break in the continuity of the fur. The anterior half of
the upper surface of the head is grey, which is also more or less the colour of the cheeks,
while the chin and its sides are dark slate-grey. The nose above and below and the
bare surfaces around the mouth are pale flesh-coloured, which is also the colouring of
the hands and feet; but the skin of the belly is pinkish, and the tail is pure white.
Measurements of specimens of Spalax from Maryut.
Measured :
in life.
No. on specimens: 140, o.
mm.
Tip of snout to vent.
165
Anterior margin of tubular ear to snout
45
Length of fore foot (under surface from proxi-
mal end of bare surface (wrist) to 3rd
finger without claw).
21
Length of hind foot to base of middle claw . 23
in life. in life.
141, 0. 142, 4.
mm.
min.
160 130
alcohol. alcohol. alcohol. alcohol.
139, d. 148 a, o. 148 b, 4. 148, 1.
mm.
mm.
mm.
mm.
175-5 156 148 161
45 36.2 33
36.2
40
36
20.5
19
18.5
19
18.5
21
19.5
23.5
22
22:3
21.3
22.3
1 Had been suckling her young. One pair of pectoral and one pair of inguinal mammæ. She was kept alive
for a week in Alexandria, April 1892.

294
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT.
mm.
mm.
Measurements of the skulls of Spalar.
Egypt. Egypt. Merom. Erzerum. European. European.
139 a, 3. 140, 8. Tristram. 1071b.
3181. Brandt.
mm. mm.
mm.
min.
Length from superior border of foramen
magnum to anterior border of premaxil-
laries in front of incisors
43 37
39-5 47.5 49
55
From inferior border of foramen magnum
to end of nasals .....
46
40-3 43
51
52-3
58
Greatest breadth across nasal portion of
premaxillaries 1
9.5
8.3 9.2 11 12
13
Anterior extremity (pre-incisorial) of pre-
maxillaries to posterior border of palate .. 28 2+ 25-5 33 33
35
Now in measuring the tooth-row of these specimens we find that there is no
perceptible difference in the size of the teeth judged by their length ; but a comparison
of the six skulls—two Egyptian, one Palestine, one Erzerum, and two European-
brings out at once that the Asiatic and African skulls are distinguished by molars
considerably narrower than those of the European form, although in the folds of enamel
they are alike. This difference becomes important when we find that it is associated
with some differences in the form of the skull, the Asiatic form having the nasal
portion of the skull more elongated and narrower than in the European specimens,
but at the same time the nasal portion of the skull of Tristram’s skeleton of Spalax is
relatively broader than the corresponding portion of my Fgyptian skulls.
I observe also that the skulls undoubtedly of European origin have the nasals of
equal breadth throughout the first (proximal) half of their length, beyond which they
suddenly expand, their temporal suture being as broad as the first half of the conjoint
bones; whereas in my Egyptian animals, and also in the skull of Canon Tristram's
skeleton, the nasals contract gradually from before backwards, and the temporal suture
is the narrowest portion of the conjoint bones. In the Erzerum specimen the
condition of the nasals is intermediate between the European and the Syrian and
Egyptian animals, their first half gradually expanding to about their middle and then
rather suddenly so, as in the European skulls before me, but not to the same extent.
The naso-intermaxillary portion of the skull, however, has in its narrowness all the
characters of the Syrian and Egyptian rat-moles rather than those of the European
ones.
66
Besides a stuffed specimen from Europe,” there is a skin from Volga, Russia, in
the British Museum, very much paler than my specimens from Egypt, the upper surface
1 In the Egyptian specimens the greatest breadth is situated at the fronto-maxillary angle of the
premaxillaries, whereas the breadth in the Erzerum specimen, about the middle of the length of the nasals,
is equal to the former, and this is the same in the European specimens, whilst in the Merom skull the
breadth across the naso-maxillary region is greatest in the middle of its length. These last four
specimens, which are in the British Museum Collection, are unfortunately not sexed.

SPALAX ÆGYPTIACUS.
295
being a uniform yellowish fawn, much paler on the sides and abdomen, dusky grey on
the chest and throat, the anterior half of the upper surface of the head yellowish grey,
the vibrissal ridge very strongly pronounced. It is larger than my Egyptian specimens
and others from Palestine with which mine are identical. The fore foot of the skin of
the Volga animal (much shrunk in its fleshy investment) measures 22) and the hind
foot 251 mm.
Unfortunately I have not been able to obtain a European specimen of Spalax in
spirit, which I had hoped to be able to do, in order to compare the character of the
external nose with that of Egyptian and Palestine specimens, because it appears to
me that the differences presented by the dried nose of the Volga skin and that of the
skin of an Egyptian rat-mole are so great as to suggest the existence of a structural
difference in the living animal, a supposition which is also supported by the condition
of the nose in the stuffed specimen.
From this statement of facts it is evident that the materials in London at my disposal
raise questions of possible racial distinctions between the animals under discussion.
The Egyptian and Syrian rat-moles may therefore for the present be regarded as not
more than a possible race of Spalax typhlus.
I am aware that the European representatives have been referred to two species, but,
as Kessler 1 has pointed out, the alleged differences are purely due to age. However,
among the specimens dealt with here the variations may be susceptible of quite
another explanation.
The preceding table seems to establish the racial separation of the Egyptian and
Palestine specimens on the one hand, and the European on the other, as the skulls are
those of adults with well-worn teeth. The dissimilarity appears to be one of size only,
if there prove to be no differences in the form of the nose.
1
[Prof. A. Nehring (SB. Gesellsch. naturf. Fr. Berl. 1897, p. 163) divides the genus
into the following species :-
1. Spalax microphthalmus, Güldenst. The Steppes near Novo Choperskaja on the Choper
(Güldenstaedt); the environs of Bachmuth and Tanganrog in the Government of
Ekaterinoslaw (Nordmann, S. pallasii); the neighbourhood of Sarepta.
2. S. giganteus, Nehr. Petrowsk, on the west coast of the Caspian Sea; mouth of the Terek.
3. S. typhlus, Pall. Dondolia, Volhynia, Hungary, and Bessarabia.
4. S. priscus, Nehr. Found fossil in the Harsany Mountain near Villany, Southern Hungary.
5. S. kirgisorum, Nehr. Kirgis Steppe.
6. S. ehrenbergi, Nehr. The neighbourhood of Jaffa, Palestine.
7. S. ægyptiacus, Nehr. Ramleh, Lower Egypt.
8. S. intermedius, Nehr. Tschenkenkoi, in the interior of the country, some hours from
,
Iskenderun (Alexandretta) in North Syria.
W. E. DE W.]
i Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscou, xxiv. 1851, pt, 2, p. 127.

296
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT.
On the Distribution of Spalax typhlus.
“ This remarkable animal was known to Aristotle 1, and during the last two centuries
it has been described and figured by many naturalists. It is the only representative of
the genus Spalax, if these Egyptian individuals prove to be the same as the European
anin.al which is found in Poland, Southern Hungary, and Eastern Russia, indeed over
nearly the whole of South-eastern Europe, extending, as pointed out by Olivier 2 in the
beginning of the present century, to Syria, Mesopotamia, and Persia, and of late years
found by Canon Tristram in Palestine as far south as the neighbourhood of Jerusalem,
and by Mr. H. C. Hart at Gaza.” [Extract from the Author's communication on
Spalax typhlus to the Meeting of the Zoological Society of London, June 14, 1892.]
As a statement followed, that probably Spalax was now recorded for the first time
from the African continent, M. Lataste, to whom a copy of the paper had been sent,
hastened to give me information correcting my conjecture that it had not been before
observed in Egypt.
Dating from Santiago, 9th October, 1892, he writes :-“ Je viens de lire, avec un vif
intérêt, votre note sur le Spalax typhlus (P. Z. S. 1892, p. 472). Vous dites, p. 475:
• If I have not overlooked any of the literature of this subject, it is now recorded for
the first time from the African continent.' Permettez-moi de vous dire à ce propos,
que l'espèce a été déjà recueillie en Egypte par M. Letourneux, il y a un certain nombre
d'années, et envoyée par lui au Muséum de Paris, où je l'ai vue. Le fait a-t-il été
déjà publié, ou est-il resté inédit? C'est ce que je ne saurais dire. Mais M. le Prof.
A. Milne-Edwards, du Muséum de Paris, pourrait vous renseigner à cet égard et vous
faire connaître aussi l'époque précise de la capture.” Acting on M. Lataste's
suggestion, I addressed myself to Prof. A. Milne-Edwards for the desired information
regarding the specimens of Spalax from Egypt in the Paris Museum. I received the
following reply:-
“Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle.
22 février, 1893.
“ CHER MONSIEUR, —Nous avons reçu en 1879 des Spalax typhlus, envoyés
d'Egypte par M. Letourneux. Ils portent sur nos catalogues les numéros 1614 à
1618, année 1879. L'un d'eux a été empaillé, et figure aux galeries de zoologie.
Ils ont été capturés à Mariout.
* Je n'ai rien publié relativement à ces animaux.
Croyez, cher Monsieur, à l'expression de mes sentiments très distingués.
(Signed) “A. MILNE-EDWARDS.”
1 Genus Aspalax of Aristotle.—In the 4th century B.C. this distinguished Greek scholar observed and
described this peculiar animal, remarkable, as he has recorded, by the “ total absence of an external eye,”
and he gives otherwise a very accurate account of the animal.
2 Olivier quotes Aristotle both in Bull. Soc. Phil. 1801, and in Voyage dans l'Empire Othoman, l'Egypte,
&c. 1804, t. ii. pp. 317-323, pl. 28; and it was the object of Olivier's · Memoir' to show that the Mus
typhlus, Güldenstaedt, described by Pallas, was identical with the Aspalax of Aristotle.
66

SPALAX ÆGYPTIACUS.
297
M. Letourneux occupied the position of a Judge of the Mixed Tribunal Courts in
Alexandria for some years previous to 1880, and he took a great interest in natural
history pursuits. He found the Spalax at Maryut in 1877 in much the same locality
as I did in 1892. It is much to be regretted that a description of the animal was not
given by M. A. Milne-Edwards.
a
1
The History of the finding of the Spalax.
On the dry, hilly, or rather low undulating land near Lake Maryut, seven or eight
miles to the west of Alexandria, there is a group of humble dwellings, chiefly
inhabited by Bedouins, who gain a precarious livelihood from the cultivation of barley
and other crops wherever a level spot occurs. The land consists of an exceedingly
sandy loam, but never having the pure sandy characteristics of the desert; and in
similar soil between Ramleh 1 and Mandara we had noticed that vines were being
cultivated to a considerable extent. The wine of Maryut or Lake Mariotis was
famous in olden times.
We had expected at this season, the month of April, to have found fair crops of
barley, and the district gay with the flowers of Asphodel and other liliaceous plants,
but there were only stunted patches of barley and the withered stems of Asphodel
amidst the burnt-up grass. The rainfall of winter and spring, scant and uncertain at
all times, had completely failed, and the surface of the soil was perfectly hard,
However, it was noticeable here and there that the soil was marked by numerous little
heaps of earth thrown out by some burrowing animal, many of these being quite fresh.
Enquiries being made on the spot elicited the fact that the Arabs knew of a rodent
inhabiting these burrows which they asserted was perfectly blind 2. As their word
required confirmation, a promise of good reward was given, with the result that a
living specimen was brought to me in a couple of days to the hotel in Alexandria. A
personal visit was next arranged, and men were engaged to open some of the burrows
and find out whether they were tenanted before my wife and I should arrive. This
was ascertained by their observing after a time whether any fresh earth was thrown
out. On our arrival we found that the Arabs had marked four such runs, and
they immediately set to work to dig them up, one after the other. The runs were
found to extend over a wide area, and in some parts of their course they were most
intricate. In two of those opened, as many as three passages were found, all going off
close together from the same side of the run, and some of these branched off again, for
1 [This is interesting in view of Dr. Nehring's mention of an old specimen of Spalax in the Berlin
Museum, labelled “ Ramleh, near Alexandria.”—G. S. A.]
2 The name given to the animal by the natives, ' Abu Amma,' is literally " Father of the blind," and may
be translated as “truly or essentially blind."
2 Q

298
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT. .
there were many branches in one system. One passage measured over thirty metres in
length, measurements being taken from what might be called the fortress of the animal,
which was excavated a metre in depth beneath the surface, and consisted of three
separate small chambers, two of which were filled with the bulbs of some species of
lily stored as food. Sixty-eight bulbs were taken out of these two chambers; the
smallest bulbs measured 2 cm. in their greatest diameter, whilst others were considerably
larger. One of the three chambers was empty and was said by the Arabs to be the
sleeping-quarters of this mole-rodent. Similar storehouses were found in every other
burrow opened, and each was filled with the same species of bulb, the presence of no
other kind of food being observed. As this blind rat is said never to appear on the
surface, the long burrows are doubtless constructed by it in search of food, to which it
is probably guided by its acute sense of smell, and when a bulb is met with it is
dragged into the passage and then to the storehouse. As these animals were being
dug out we noticed these bulbs in situ. However, it was impossible to determine
the species in absence of leaf and flower.
Our excursion to Maryut resulted in the capture of three living animals. These
were with the least possible delay forwarded to England from Alexandria ; but they
died on the voyage, owing to the sand in their cages being impregnated with salt,
which began to deliquesce in the moist atmosphere of the Mediterranean. Fortunately
they were preserved as museum specimens, and are described in the tables of
measurements. Later on, a second venture was more successful and two arrived at my
house in London, where one lived under observation over three months. Meanwhile
the artist Mr. P. J. Smit made the coloured sketch which is represented on the
accompanying Plate. Bulbs were supplied to the Spalax out of the ordinary garden
after the supply from Maryut was exhausted. It took them one by one, partially
eating some and hiding the others in the soil ; it apparently throve, but one morning
the food was observed not to have been touched, and as another day similarly
passed, a search beneath was made and the animal was found to be dead. This
is the specimen which furnished my description and is No. 140 of the tables of
measurements (pp. 293–4).
Rear-Admiral Blomfield, Port Commissioner at Alexandria, informed me that four
different kinds of grape-hyacinth occur at Maryut, one flowering in August, the
others in March and April. Next spring, when we were again in Egypt, at Cairo,
Professor Sickenberger brought us a plant in flower direct from Maryut, which he had
plucked in the end of March. He called it Muscari holymanni, Heldreich, which he
observed was recently united to Muscari comosum, Miller, the musk or grape-
hyacinth.
Of the bulbs we had taken to England with us in June 1892 we had distributed a
few to various friends in hopes that plants might be reared to show the flower. The

SPALAX ÆGYPTIACUS.
299
first to succeed was Mrs. Harry Coghill, who sent a good flowering plant 1 in July
1893, grown at Coghurst Hall near Hastings.
[The preceding observations on Spalax are given in nearly the same form in which
they were left by their lamented author, and were mostly completed in 1893, when
the animal was described and figured from life, in London.
M. Letourneux was readily accepted as the discoverer of the blind rat in North
Africa, but as no description of any of his specimens was extant, when it became known
to some of Dr. Anderson's zoological friends that he had prepared a description, he was
urged to publish his remarks and give the animal a specific name, in anticipation of the
issue of his forthcoming volume on the Mammals of Egypt. A local term had been
suggested, but he observed that a determinative local name oftentimes had proved
embarrassing, if not misleading; and in this he was afterwards justified, as he leaned
to the opinion that the North African form would prove to be identical with that from
Palestine, obtained by Canon Tristram, with whose specimens in the British Museum
he had become familiar and had carefully compared with his own. It is not improbable
that if the species had then been given a name, that of the distinguished clerical
naturalist would have been associated with it.
However, as the Dervish disturbances in Egypt interfered with the collecting of
Mammals, the work on that section was laid aside and the volume on the Reptiles was
completed. Meanwhile the subject of the Spalacidæ came to be taken up and treated
exhaustively by Dr. A. Nehring, in a publication in which he discriminated several new
species; and to a stuffed Spalax from Ramleh, in Lower Egypt, without name of donor,
but in the possession of the Nat. Hist. Museum, Berlin, since 1878, he gave the
specific name of ægyptiacus.
Dr. Nehring's paper was placed, without any notes, beside Dr. Anderson's MS. relating
to Spalax. Likewise, a paper by Professor F. Sordelli ?, of Milan, “Sulla esistenza del
genere Spalax, nell'Africa settentrionale” (Seduta 26 Nov., 1899), was enclosed with the
other materials bearing on the subject. This paper was of much interest, as it extended
the area of distribution on the N. African coast to the westward of Egypt, into Cyrenaica.
In 1893, Dr. Anderson wrote to H.B.M.'s Consul at Benghazi, Tripoli, to ask if he
could allow a Collector to be sent to get all kinds of small mammals in that neighbour-
hood—the rat-mole being specially kept in view ; but the reply was discouraging,
“the country (the true Cyrenaica) being too unsettled for carrying out such an object.'
a
1 Length of flower-spike about 12 inches. Stem a delicate green, giving off the small flower-stalks almost
alternately, with a tiny stiffish bract, terminating in a yellowish-green margin. The terminal fourth of the
stem is covered with imperfect flowers of a delicate violet tint, which are asexual and do not open and are
very small, and become smaller and rather crowded at the apex, being spirally arranged.
This grape-hyacinth probably extends all over North Africa. It is common in Southern Europe.
2 Atti Soc. Ital. Mus. Civ. Milano, 1899, p. 357.
2 Q2

300
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT.
In response to my request Professor Giglioli, of Florence, has been good enough to
summarize thus Prof. Sordelli's conclusions :-—“One specimen of Spalax, studied and
referred to S. typhlus by Professor Cornalia, and considered S. ægyptiacus, Nehring, by
Prof. Sordelli, exists (preserved in alcohol) in the Museo Civico at Milan, and it is the
specimen collected by Signor Haimann at Ras-el-Ferg, in Cyrenaica (Tripoli), in or
about 1882. Haimann thought he had got a Mole! Prof. Cornalia, who gave a list
of the animals collected (printed in Haimann's Cirenaica,' p. 138, Roma, 1882),
found that the supposed Mole was a Spalax, and said so in that list.”—G, S, A.]

JACULUS.
301
JACULIDÆ.
JACULUS.
Jaculus, Erxleben, Syst. Reg. Anim. 1777, p. 404. .
Dipus, Gmel. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1788, p. 157 (partim).
Hind legs greatly elongated, with only three toes.
Dentition : i. ], m. g = 16.
Incisors grooved.
1
1'
3
3
On the Egyptian Jerboas in general.
The young Swedish naturalist and traveller, Frederick Hasselquist, arrived in Egypt
from Smyrna in May 1750, and two months later visited the Pyramids of Gizeh', and
on that occasion observed a jerboa, of which he appears to have obtained specimens, as
he, in the very same month, sent a description of it in Latin to Linnæus 2, who com-
municated it to the Academy of Science at Upsala. Hasselquist called this jerboa
“ Mus ægyptius pedibus posticis longissimis."
In the following September he again visited the Pyramids and observed this
animal for the second time. He left Egypt in the end of March 1751, but when in
Smyrna in November of the same year he forwarded a paper in Swedish to the
Stockholm Academy of Science 3, describing it again under the popular name of the
Egyptian Mountain Rat, and gave a figure of it. In the description of this jerboa in the
Latin edition of his « Travels ' 4, Hasselquist mentions that his “ Mus ægyptius &c.”
known to the French as the “Rat de montagne," and in his Swedish paper he says no
Swedish name could be better than a translation of the French appellation. It is
probable that the two papers refer to one and the same species, which in both
descriptions he characterized as “ Mus pedibus posticis longissimis.”
The Iter Palæstinum 'was not published until 1757, and Linnæus took a great deal
of trouble with its publication. He says he digested the work in the best manner he
could, ranged everything under its proper tribe, added names to plants and animals,
altered the technical terms and manner of writing without changing in the least the
author's meaning. He had the work corrected at the press and personally inspected
its publication, all this being necessary as Dr. Hasselquist had died. Linnæus says :-
was
1 Voyages and Travels in the Levant,' Engl. ed. 1766, p. 66.
2 Op. cit. pp. 421, 427.
3 Acta Stockh. 1752, vol. xiii. pp. 123–4, fig. 1.
4 Iter Palæst. 1749-1752 (Stockh. 1757), p. 200.

302
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT.
“ Onr beloved Dr. Klasselquist wasted away daily like a lamp whose oil is spent, and
departed this life at Smyrna, the 9th February, 1752, to the inexpressible grief of all
who knew him.” With this explanation of how the book came to be edited by
Linnæus, we understand how Hasselquist is made to speak in his 'Iter Palæstinum,'
p. 94, of his “ Mus ægyptius &c." as Mus jaculus, a term for this Egyptian jerboa which
he had never applied to it, since it was purely of Linnean origin, as Linnæus says in
his preface that he had imagined it needless to add synonyms to the . Iter Palæstinum,
as they might easily be found in the 10th edition of his ‘Systema Naturæ,' in which
he had introduced them, having described Hasselquist's specimens in that work.
The paper in Swedish, entitled “Die ægyptische Bergratte”), has priority given it by
Linnæus over Hasselquist's first paper in the Upsala · Acta,' doubtless because it was
accompanied by a figure of the species.
In Hasselquist's original description the only information recorded regarding the size
of the animal is “ Magnitudo corporis media inter Spec. 6 et 8 Linn. Syst. Nat.”; but
in the Iter Palæstinum' it is stated “ Magnitudo corporis ut in mure domestico
majore," and the following dimensions are given :-“ Mensuratio Cap. poll. 1; Corp.
poll. 23; Caud. spith. 11; Post. ped., spith. }; Ped. anter. infra pollicem ; Myst.
longit. poll. 3." His second added nothing to his first paper.
.
In Lower Egypt I have met with two distinct species of jerboa, one larger than the
other. The largest specimen of the smaller species that has passed under my
observation was an old female with the teeth so worn that all the laminar cusps were
obliterated, the crowns of the teeth being reduced by use to perfectly rounded surfaces.
The head of this animal measured nearly 38 mm. in length, the body a very little
over 63 mm. in length, the ears a little more than 13 mm. long, and the tail nearly
203 mm. long. This individual, with another of nearly similar dimensions, was captured
for me alive at the Pyramids by some Bedouins, and I have observed many other
specimens of this species from the same locality, where it is so common that I had
only to signify my desire to be possessed, say, of twelve living examples, and they
were brought to me in a couple of days by my Bedouin guide.
After a very careful consideration of Hasselquist's two descriptions of his specimens
obtained at the Pyramids of Gizeh, and his measurements as quoted above, with the
specimens obtained by me at the same locality, I think there can be no doubt that the
latter are examples of Mus jaculus, Linn.
Hasselquist does not appear to have met with the larger Egyptian jerboa, as in his
account of his visit to Alexandria and Rosetta he makes no mention of it; and I may
state that during a residence at the Pyramids of Gizeh for a period of four weeks in
December and three weeks in March and April, during which time I was constantly
1 The Bedouins at the Pyramids of Gizeh call the small species of Dipus found there the rat of the Gebel,
i.e. the rat of the desert or mountainous country, in contradistinction to the level valley of the Nile.

JACULUS.
303
urging the Bedouins to bring to me all the mammals they knew to occur in the neigh-
bourhood of the Pyramids, the only jerboa I obtained from them was the smaller
species. It was not until I had commenced my observations on the fauna around
Alexandria that I became acquainted with the larger species, which is there even more
abundant than the smaller form is at Gizeh, but the latter I never observed at
Alexandria. If the larger species does not occur at the Pyramids, then there can be no
doubt whatever that Mus jaculus, Linn., is the smaller Egyptian jerboa.
Olivier !, while in Egypt, directed his attention to the jerboa found in the environs of
Alexandria, which he described under the name Dipus gerboa 2. Numerous examples
of a large jerboa, common in the country surrounding Alexandria to the east and west,
on high land beyond the direct action of the Nile inundations, were examined by me
and were frequently dug out of their burrows on the stony low hills about Ramleh.
This species is undoubtedly the Dipus gerboa of Olivier, and is the only species of the
genus, as far as I could ascertain, that occurs in that part of the Delta of the Nile. It
is very much larger than the smaller species of the outskirts of the Libyan Desert at
the Pyramids of Gizeh ; and when seen at rest, seated on the ground, with its body
drawn together, it reminds one of a diminutive hare in its general colour, form,
and large ears.
Olivier fortunately described some parts of the anatomy of this animal, and among the
features which caught his attention as being remarkable, which it certainly is, was the
formidable armature of the penis, the dorsum of the glans being provided with two
remarkable curved horny spines, measuring 9 mm. in length, the rest of the glans
being covered over with spines of varying sizes. In the smaller form from Gizeh the
structure of the glans penis is entirely different, as it is destitute of spines, and, indeed,
so far from being armed with such structures, it is covered with a multitude of minute
pits, in each of which lies a small scale, adpressed to the bottom, but with a toothed
free border. The glans itself also differs in the form of its lobes, and by this structural
difference the two species are sharply defined one from the other.
The first figure of the large species was published a few years after Hasselquist's visit
to Egypt. It is found in Edwards's "Gleanings of Natural History'3, where we are
told that it is a life-sized representation of the species. This figure, although very
imperfect from an artistic point of view, is still undoubtedly intended for the larger
species; it was drawn from a specimen living in London, and it was probably from
this figure that Pennant 4 derived his knowledge of the Egyptian jerboa, although in
his synonymy he did not distinguish between it and the smaller species.
a
4
1 Voyage dans l'Empire Othoman, t. ii. (1801) pp. 42, 43.
2 Bull. de la Soc. Phil. t. ii. 1801, p. 121.
3 Vol. v. 1758, pp. 18-19, pl. 219.
4 Hist. of Quad. vol. ii. 1793, pp. 164–166.

304
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT.
Lichtenstein in 1823 1 gave a short description of two species of Egyptian jerboas,
viz. Dipus bipes and D. hirtipes, the former said to inhabit Egypt, and the latter the
Desert of Sakkarah; the first was the animal originally described by Olivier, and the
second that first described by Hasselquist.
In 1828, in his Monograph of the Springmäuse 2, Lichtenstein indicated two species
from Egypt—the one under the name D. ægyptius, Hempr. & Ehrenb. (which was
most probably a manuscript name of these authors, as I have not been able to find in
their writings any jerboa described by them under this term), and the other as
D. hirtipes; the former being the larger and corresponding to his D. bipes, a term
which does not occur in his Monograph, and the other the smaller species already
indicated by him in 1825. It is evident from Lichtenstein's description of the feet of
D. ægyptius that it is not the Mus jaculus, Linn., but the jerboa of Olivier, which this
traveller says was regarded by the ancients and moderns as a biped animal. Olivier saw
it frequently in the environs of Alexandria, just as I have observed it there a century
later, and the description in the third volume of his . Travels' leaves no doubt whatever
of the identity of his Dipus gerboa.
Over the bare area of the nose of Jaculus there is a thickened fold of skin capable of
being drawn forwards so as almost to cover the nostrils, this structure serving to protect
them when the animal is using its broad snout to push out the earth when making its
burrow.
One of the leading features of the skull of Jaculus is the great size of the infra-
orbital foramen and the development of the preorbital wing-like processes of the malar
surmounted by the expanded lachrymal. These modifications of the area in front of
the oi bital cavity have reference to the habits of the animal, and serve to protect the
eye when the head is used to shovel out the soil from its burrows. 'The digging is
done by its seemingly feeble anterior extremities, the loosened sand being swept
back by the brushes of the hind feet.
The skulls of the two species manifest the same differences that are observable in
the head of the living animal, namely, the greater breadth across the conjoint areas of
the infraorbital foramina, and also the greater interorbital breadth in the larger
as compared with the smaller species. The difference in the size of the two species is
also well exemplified in the dimensions of their skulls in the adult state.
>
[Notices of the jerboa date from the earliest historic times, Herodotus, Theophrastus,
and Aristotle being among the earliest writers. Bruce has an excellent chapter on the
subject in his “ Travels.' Sonnini (Voy. Egypte, i. 1798, chap. xi. p. 156) gives a most
complete anatomical description of the animal, and preceded Olivier in noticing the
extraordinary armature of the glans penis of the large species.
1 Verz. Doubl. p.
2 Abhandl. königl. Akad. Berl. 1828, pp. 151, 152.
p. 5.

JACULUS JACULUS.
305
The
synonymy of the Jerboas is very complicated, for none of the earlier writers
distinguished between the different species, and even embodied the five-toed Alactaga
in their descriptions. The synonymy given below for the several species is confined
to notices relating more particularly to specimens from Egypt. Lataste identifies
certain Jerboas from Algeria and Tunisia with the Egyptian species, setting aside names
which had been bestowed on these local forms, but the absolute identification should
be received with caution. At the same time it may be remembered that Jaculus
mauritanicus, Duvernoy (Mém. Soc. Hist. Nat. Strasb. iii. 1842, p. 30), from Oran, is
allied to Jaculus orientalis, Erxl., and Jaculus desertii, Levaillant (Loche, Explor.
Algér. 1867, p. 100), to J. jaculus, Linn.—W. E. DE W.]
JACULUS JACULUS, Linn. (Plate LIII.)
“Mus ægyptius, &c.," Hasselq. Act. Soc. R. Sc. Upsal. 1750, p. 17; id. Act. Stockh. 1752, p. 123,
t. 4. fig. 1.
Mus jaculus, Linn. Syst. Nat. x. 1758, p. 63.
Dipus hirtipes, Licht. Verz. Doubl. 1823, p. 5; id. Abh. k. Akad. Wissensch. Berl. 1825 (1828),
p. 152, tab. iv. ; id. Darst. 1827, tab. xxiv. fig. sup.
Dipus (Haltomys) hirtipes, Brandt, Bull. Acad. St. Pétersb. 1844, p. 215.
The snout is not quite so truncated as in the large species and the cheeks are less
prominent. The ears are proportionately much shorter, since when laid forwards
they only pass beyond the anterior angle of the eye by 2 or 3 mm., or even less ;
they are also somewhat narrower, and the posterior border above is more rounded.
The ears are finely clad with hairs internally, and along the anterior border there is a
fringe of long hairs gradually becoming shorter towards the upper margin, where they
are not more than 1 mm. long. The backs of the ears appear nude to the naked
eye, but they are in reality very sparsely covered with minute hairs. The thumb is
,
minute, but furnished with a flat nail. The claws of the other fingers are long, curved,
and sharp. There is a large palmar tubercle immediately behind and external to the
thumb, with another but smaller tubercle external to it, the portion of the palm imme-
diately before them being swollen. There are long hairs immediately behind these
tubercles, and the upper surfaces of the toes are finely clad with long, outwardly curved,
white hairs. The palm itself is perfectly nude, but on the sides of the fingers there are
a few white hairs curving inwards. The three toes of the hind foot are more laterally
compressed than in the other species, and this is especially observable in the cushions
below the nails. The claw of the middle toe is feebler, and only about half the length
of that of the inner toe, which, with the outer, is broad, bare, flat externally, and
2 R

306
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT. .
slightly concave internally; the inner toe is slightly shorter than the outer. At
the base of the proximal phalanx of the middle toe there is a minute white tubercle.
From the side of each toe to the base of each phalanx a brush of long white hairs is
directed forwards, so that the foot is a regular brush, the only portion that is bare
being the fronts of the toe-pads and the restricted area immediately around the minute
tubercle in the centre of the hairy foot. The metatarsal area is moderately covered
with white hairs, which come towards each other along the outer surface of the meta-
tarsal bone. The lower half of the tibial joint is also very sparsely covered with
short hairs.
The snout generally, with the exception of the limited bare surface of the nose and
the narrow groove leading downwards to the cleft of the incisors, is densely covered
with white hairs, shorter and directed forwards on the middle of the snout, much
longer and directed outwards and forwards on the sides. Behind them are the
moustachial hairs, generally all white, with the exception of a few black ones. The
most posterior of the moustachial hairs is very thick at its base, a true bristle, and
springs from a prominent papillary eminence; it is generally as long as the body of the
animal and is pure
white.
General colour of the dorsal surface pale sandy fawn, the hairs being finely tipped
with black, more heavily towards the loins, while on the head the black tips are
exceedingly minute. On this dorsal area, which stops short of the root of the tail, the
base of the fur is bluish grey ; on the sides, the rump, and all the lower parts of the
head and body, with the exception of the outside of the thighs, the base of the fur is
pure white. The fawn-colour does not extend on to the moustachial area, nor between
it and the eye, nor above and below the eye, all of which are white; but behind the
eye there is more or less fawn, and the hair is grey basally, but posterior to this on
the sides of the body the extreme points of the fur only are washed with fawn, with
almost microscopic black tips; on the outside of the thighs, where the fur is grey at the
base, the fawn is stronger ; the base of the tail and all the rump are pure white, and a
white band is directed forwards across the thigh. The under parts, the fore limbs, and
the feet are pure white. The outside of the ears is sparsely covered with short hairs.
The anterior margin of the ear at the base of the conch is clad with moderately long
hairs for the protection of the orifice. The skin of the upper half of the conch,
externally, is pale brown, but the lower half is fleshy white, and there is a tuft
of white hairs behind the ear. The tail is more or less quadrangular in transverse
section, and is densely covered on the upper surface, for three-quarters of its length,
with short yellowish-fawn hairs, the under surface being nearly white. The longer
hair, sagittally arranged, is pure white for about 30 mm. at the extremity of the tail,
the proximal portion of this feather-like tip being blackish brown for about 45 mm.

Mammals of Egypt.
Pl. LIII.
OF
UNIL
JACULUS JACULUS.
MICH


JACULUS ORIENTALIS.
307
Measurements.
Beltim.
오​.
오​.
Pyramids.
o (figured).
mm.
111
mm.
mm.
105
156
105
175
35
180
35
34
165
13
59
18
13
18
15
55
59
Snout to vent
Vent to tip of tail
Length of head
Height of ear
Breadth of ear
Length of hind foot, without claw
Snout to eye.
Eye to ear 6
Diameter of eye (lougitudinal)
.
(vertical)
Posterior moustachial bristle
Weight.
21
11
10
.
9
99
2 oz. 12 grs.
-
Measurements of skull :-Greatest length 34 mm.; greatest breadth of anteorbital
malar processes 24:5; breadth outside auditory meatus 23 ; length of nasals 13; height
of infraorbital foramen 7, breadth of infraorbital foramen 4:5; basal length 28;
length of incisive foramina 4; length of molar series 5.
This species probably occurs in suitable localities in the Nile Valley as far south as
Shendi. However, specimens from different districts are needed to work out the
ranges of the several species satisfactorily.
CC
JACULUS ORIENTALIS, Erxleb. (Plate LIV.)
Jaculus orientalis, Erxleben, Syst. Reg. Anim. 1777, p. 404.
Dipus jaculus, Gmel. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1788, p. 157 (partim, nec Schreb.).
Jerboa,” Bruce, Travels, vol. v. App. 1790, p. 121, pl.
Dipus sagitta, Schreb. Säug. iv. 1792, p. 849 (partim, nec Mus sagitta, Pall.).
Dipus abyssinicus, Meyer, Syst. Zool. Entdeck. Neuholl. u. Afrika, 1793, p. 86.
Dipus gerboa, Olivier, Nouv. Bull. Soc. Philom. ii. 1801, p. 121; Desm. Encycl. Méth., Mamm.
p
1822, p. 316.
" La Gerboise,” Olivier, Voy. Emp. Oth. ii. 1804, p. 42.
Dipus bipes, Licht. Verz. Doubl. 1823, p. 5.
Dipus locusta, Illig. ap. Licht. Abh. k. Akad. Wissensch. Berl. 1825, p. 152.
Dipus ægyptius, Licht. Abh. k. Akad. Wissensch. Berl. 1825 (1828), p. 151, tab. i.; id. Darst.
1827, tab. xxii.
Dipus (Haltomys) ægyptius, Brandt, Bull. Acad. St. Petersb. 1844, p. 215.
The snout is rather broad and short, rapidly increasing in breadth before the eyes.
2 R2

308
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT.
a
The forehead is convex. The ears are large, broad, and placed relatively closer to the
eye than in the other Egyptian species ; when laid forwards they reach to the middle of
the moustachial area, and to the upper margin of the opposite eye when laid across the
head, whereas in the other species they fall far short of that distance, just crossing the
mesial line of the head. The anterior margin in its upper half is nearly straight, but
directed obliquely backwards, while in the small species it is rounded. The anterior
border of the ear nearly up to the rounded summit is fringed with rather long, dark brown
hairs, curving inwards to the conch-cavity, the summit and rounded posterior border
of the ear being fringed with minute hairs increasing in length towards the orifice of
the conch, where they become long and silky, but erect. The inner surface of the ear
is covered with fine, white, adpressed, silky hair, but not sufficiently dense to obscure
the skin, and the outer surface is covered in a similar manner, but with yellowish hair,
which is much more dense along a narrow band close to the anterior border. The skin
of the ear on both surfaces, in its upper two-thirds, is clearly marked off by its colour
from the lower third, which is white; the upper two-thirds are black behind, but of a
leaden colour in front. The thumb is small, but with a well-developed flat claw. The
third finger is very slightly longer than the fourth, and the second than the fifth. The
claws are rather long, curved, and sharp. Posterior to the thumb there is a very large
tubercle, with a smaller one external and slightly anterior to it, the palm immediately
in front being swollen, but concave further in advance. Behind these tubercles there
are short white hairs partially curving over them. The palm itself is perfectly nude,
but the dorsum of the hand and the sides of the fingers are more or less covered with
downwardly curved white hairs. The toes of the hind foot are more or less laterally
compressed. The middle toe is the longest, with a feeble claw; the inner toe is
somewhat longer than the outer; the claws on both are short and stout, flat internally
and convex externally. The sides of the toes, up to the distal end of the common
metatarsal, but more especially their under surfaces, with the exception of the fronts
of the subungual pads, are clad with strong, brush-like hairs, directed obliquely
forwards, and curving inwards on the sole of the foot to the mesial line, where
a prominent ridge is formed. The hairs from the sides of the toes and cushions
are white; those on the under surface of the phalanges dark brown. The upper
surface of the foot from the heel downwards is covered, but not very thickly,
with short white hairs. The under surface of the tarsus in the mesial line is
semi-nude, but is more or less obscured by the hairs from its sides, which curve
inwards and forwards. Immediately behind the base of the middle toe there is
a small bare area on the sole hidden by the inwardly curving hairs of the foot-
brushes, at the back part of which there is a somewhat sharply pointed, rather
prominent tubercle. The lower third of the tibial portion of the leg is sparsely
clad with reddish-yellow hairs. The tail is more or less quadrangular in transverse

Mammals of Egypt.
Pl. LIV.
OF
UNIL
JACULUS ORIENTALIS.
WICH


JACULUS ORIENTALIS. .
309
section, and is covered, but not very thickly, with short greyish-yellow hairs above,
and almost white hairs below. The long hairs on the terminal fourth of the tail are
arranged sagittally, about 30 mm. of the tip being white, and 50 mm. in front of
this brownish black.
The nose and the groove leading to the cleft of the incisors are nude. The
moustachial hairs are well developed, and there is a strong and long bristle placed
posteriorly as in the other species, but not quite so long.
The general colour of the upper surface is sandy fawn, mottled with black, some-
what similar to that of the European hare; the variegated appearance is due to the
black tips and broad subapical yellow bands of the hairs amalgamating in patches.
Along the sides of the body to the outside of the thigh the colour is reddish fawn, and
although in this area the black tips to the hairs are extremely short, the fur is here
and there streaked with irregular black lines where these minute black points come
together. On the dorsal area and the outside of the thighs only the base of the fur is
bluish grey, on all other parts it is white. On the upper portion of the tibial region
the hairs are long, silky, and reddish-yellow fawn, the black tips being obsolete. The
cheeks behind the moustaches, the whole of the under surface of the animal, the fore
limbs from the elbows, the inner side of the thighs, the upper surface of the metatarsus,
the hairs at the base of the tail, and a broad stripe from the latter on to the thighs
below the distal end of the femur are white. The short hairs immediately above the
bare area of the nose are black-tipped, while those from the moustachial area to the eye,
those below the latter, a narrow area above it and also more or less behind, are paler
than the rest of the head, being greyish white, but not clearly defined from the
surrounding colour. The margin of the eyelids, the eyelashes, and long sensory hairs
are black. The longest moustachial hairs are dusky at the base and silvery white
distally.
In the young the areas of colour are well defined, so much so that they recall
the particoloration of young birds. The area between the eyes is dark brown, due to
the presence of very black hairs among the fawn-coloured ones, while anteriorly the
muzzle is almost golden ; the top of the head and the back of the neck to between the
shoulders are also golden fawn; behind this, the back to the white root of the tail is
brownish black, and this colour is clearly defined across the femur by the position of
the white stripe, which, however, is not so well defined as in the adult. The hinder
parts of the thighs and the outside of the upper part of the tibial portion of the
legs are greyish brown, due to the presence of very short blackish hairs. The whole
of the under surface of the tarsus and a small area at the base of each toe is clad with
blackish-brown hairs, the hairs on the remainder of the toes being white. The
quadrangular character of the tail is well seen in the young, and on the areas on which
the blue-grey and white under-fur occurs the skin partakes of the same colours.
a

310
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT.
Measurements.
8.
mm.
151
o .
mm.
147
Snout to vent
Vent to tip of tail, without hairs
Length of head.
Height of ear from anterior border of meatus
Length of hind foot, without claws
226
41
28.2
235
41.3
27
76
Measurements of skull :-Greatest length 39 mm. ; greatest breadth of ante-
orbital malar processes 29; breadth outside auditory meatus 25.5; length of nasals
13-5; height of infraorbital foramen 11, breadth of infraorbital foramen 6; basal
length 32 ; length of incisive foramina 5.5; length of molar series 6.5.
The neighbourhood of Alexandria is the only locality within our bounds from which
this species has been recorded. The same or a nearly allied form occurs also in Tunis
and Algiers. At Ramleh great numbers are to be seen in the evening and on
moonlight nights.
[In the neighbourhood of Suez there is a third species of jerboa, probably J. macro-
tarsus, Wagner (Abh. Ak. Wiss. München, iii. 1843, p. 214, pl. iv. fig. 2).
Dr. Anderson has the following note on specimens taken to the “ N.E. of the Suez
Canal”:“ Ears larger and broader than in specimens of J. jaculus from the neigh-
bourhood of the Pyramids. Measurements of female : snout to vent 113 mm.; vent to
tip of tail, without hair, 185 ; length of head 35; height of ear 23, breadth of ear 16;
hind foot without claws 64. A male was slightly larger.”
Mr. Th. Meyer, German Consul at Suez, has kindly sent three specimens in
alcohol—“ Appelés par les Bedouins "Gerbouh.'” The material at my disposal is,
however, wholly insufficient to go further into the subject, as there are no specimens
from other parts of Egypt with which to compare them, the numerous specimens
mentioned by Dr. Anderson not having been preserved.
A jerboa, without the conspicuous white band on the feather-like portion of the
tail, has been recorded from Sennaar by Reichenow, in the Zool. Anz. x. 1887, p. 369,
under the name of Dipus microtis.-W. E. De W.]

SCIRTOMYS TETRADACTYLUS.
311
SCIRTOMYS.
Scirtomys, Brandt, Bull. Ac. St. Petersb. ii. 1844, p. 220.
Four toes on the hind feet.
Dentition : i. 1, pm.
Incisors without grooves.
1
12
=
m.
3
3
Õ
= 18.
SCIRTOMYS TETRADACTYLUS, Licht.
Dipus tetradactylus, Licht. Verz. Doubl. Berlin, 1823, p. 2; id. Abh. k. Akad. Wissensch. Berl.
1825 (1828), p. 153, tab. iii. ; id. Darst. 1827, tab. xxiii. fig. inf.
Scirtomys tetradactylus, Brandt, Bull. Acad. St. Petersb. ii. 1844, p. 220.
Lichtenstein indicated a species of jumping desert-rat which he designated Dipus
tetradactylus, “e deserto Libyco inter Sivam et Alexandriam.”
The unique example of this species is preserved in the Berlin Museum, and I am
indebted to Mr. Matschie for having been permitted to examine it.
This animal is intermediate in size between Jaculus jaculus and J. orientalis, with
long pointed ears; they are longer, more pointed, and narrower even than in J. orientalis.
It is coloured much the same as the latter. The tail seems to be relatively shorter
than in either of these species, but is marked the same way at the extremity. The
first or inner toe is entirely wanting, as in Jaculus, but in Scirtomys the outer or fifth
toe is found, though quite functionless, on the outer side of the tarsus, considerably
removed from the other toes.
mm.
118
150
32.5
.
Snout to vent .
Vent to tip of tail
Height of ear
Breadth of ear, approximate
Length of tarsus
Distance of origin of fifth toe above extremity of middle toe
Length of fifth toe, without claw
15
57
31.8
7
The upper incisors are perfectly smooth. In Scirtomys, besides three upper molars,
there is a premolar, absent in Dipus: this tooth is very small, unicuspidate, and
conical.
The preorbital prolongation of the malar is very feeble, as also is the process of the
maxillary, so that the exterior boundary of the preorbital foramen is reduced to little
more than a vertical rod, these parts in Jaculus forming a broad widely projecting
plate. The interorbital region compared with that of Jaculus is somewhat narrow.

312
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT.
HYSTRICIDÆ.
HYSTRIX.
Hystrix, Linnæus, Syst. Nat. x. 1758, p. 56.
Form heavy, tail and legs short, plantigrade.
Muzzle very deep, ears short and rounded.
The fore parts, the under surface, and the legs are covered with short spines; the
nape to the shoulder with long, tapering bristles. From the shoulders backwards the
body is covered with strong rigid spines. At the end of the short tail there is a bunch
formed of small, sharp, rigid spines, and hollow, inflated, open-ended quills with thin
hair-like stalks.
In the skull the nasal cavity is greatly enlarged; the brain is of peculiar structure.
Dentition : i. 1, pm. = 20.
1
1
19
3
m.
3
ין
HYSTRIX CRISTATA, Linn. (Plate LV.)
Hystrix cristata, Linnæus, Syst. Nat. x. 1758, p. 56; id. ibid. xii. 1766, p. 76; Erxleb. Syst. Reg.
Anim. 1777, p. 340; Schreb. Säug. iv. 1792, pls. 166, 167 ; F. Cuv. Mém. Mus. ix. 1822,
p. 430, pl. 20 bis, figs. 1, 2; id. Mamm. 1821, pl. 269; Waterh. Mamm. ii. 1848, p. 448; Sclater,
Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871, p. 233; et auct.
Acanthion cuvieri, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1847, p. 102.
The head, legs, and all the under parts are black or brown-black, with the exception
of a crescent-shaped band of white-pointed spines on the chest. From the crown of
the head to behind the shoulders, where the long quills commence, there is a high
crest of long, finely tapered, flexible bristles, dusky or black for a variable distance
basally, with white tips. On the fore part of the back some of the large quills are very
long and curved, reaching to beyond the tip of the tail; on the hind-quarters the
spines or quills are very strong; they diminish in length towards the base of the tail,
then again become longer and very strong; the short tail, which is hidden among
these strong spines, has a bunch of stalked, hollow-ended quills, which cause a curious
rustling noise when the animal moves, or which rattle among the clattering of the
spines when the animal is excited. All the quills are black and white in broad rings,
or white basally and black distally, but variable.
Measurements of an adult female from the hills behind Suakin :-Snout to vent
650 mm. ; vent to tip of tail 100; length of tarsus 100; snout to eye 81; length
ul eye 11 ; eye to ear 40; height of ear 42.

Mammals of Egypt.
PI. LV.
9. S.
UNI
6
HYSTRIX CRISTATA.
MIC


HYSTRIX CRISTATA.
313
Measurements of skulls of specimens from Suakin.
mm.
mm.
140
130
72
57.5
75
Greatest length (pmx. to occiput)
breadth
Vertical depth (palate to highest point of nasals)
Length of nasals
frontals, middle line.
Basal length
Palatal length
Molar series
ور
77
61
81.5
22.5
125.5
69.5
34
24
114
61.3
30:51
Within our boundary, Suakin is the only locality from which Porcupines have been
recorded.
Rüppell (Reise Nub., Kordof., &c. 1829, p. 123) mentions porcupines among the
animals observed on the route from Debbeh by Simrie and Haraga to El Obeid ; and
Heuglin (SB. Ak. Wissensch. Wien, ix. 1852, p. 917) also mentions the animal in
Bayuda Province. Specimens are necessary before the species can be determined.
The porcupines from Southern Europe, the whole of Africa, and Asia as far as the
peninsula of India are almost indistinguishable outwardly; the species are separated
with certainty only by the formation of the skull.
In 1894 Dr. Anderson presented a living specimen from Suakin to the Zoological
Society of London, and from this specimen the Plate has been drawn. This animal is
still living in the Gardens at Regent's Park, side by side with specimens of the distinct
species—according to the skull—from South Africa, but it is quite beyond my power to
find any character by which to separate these specimens outwardly. The amount of
white on the crest is variable.
The Crested Porcupines are readily separable into well-marked races by their skulls.
In Southern Europe, North Africa, probably Asia Minor, and the neighbourhood of
Suakin they all agree in being of rather small size, with the nasals moderately arched
and extending back to above the posterior half of the temporal fossæ, the ascending
process of the premaxilla rather narrow, and the process of the maxilla forming the
outer wall of the infraorbital foramen narrow and very slightly inflated. This form is
known as H. cristata, Linn.; but if further evidence shows the North-African porcupine
to be distinct from the Italian, it would have to take the name of H. cuvieri, Gray,
Linnæus having based his description of H. cristata upon the porcupine of Southern
Europe.
Hystrix senegalica, F. Cuv., is a larger form, confined to Western Africa. This
species is distinguished by still greater developed nasals, both in length and breadth ;
1 Permanent pm. not yet up.
2 s

314
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT.
the process of the premaxilla narrows posteriorly before joining the frontal; the outer
wall of the infraorbital foramen is broad and inflated.
In H. africa-australis, Peters, from South Africa, the nasals are shorter than in either
of the foregoing forms; otherwise the skull nearly resembles that of H. senegalica.
H. galeata, Thomas, is by far the largest of all the Crested Porcupines. It was first
described from British East Africa, but Mr. A. E. Pease has lately found it in the Hawash
Valley in Abyssinia. It differs from all other species in having a longer palate, the
posterior narial opening being level with the back of the last molars, whereas in all the
others the palate ends on a level with the back of the second molars. The premaxilla
sends up a broad process to meet the frontal, the suture is placed about equidistant
from the anterior and posterior extremities of the huge, dome-like nasals. The maxilla
is very broad and greatly inflated in the outer wall of the infraorbital foramen.
Hystrix indica, Gray, differs greatly in the form of its skull from any species found
on the African continent. It ranges as far west as Aden, and is there very plentiful.
The skull is narrow and flat, the nasals are truncated posteriorly and only extend
slightly further back than the junction of the premaxille and frontals. The pre-
maxillary process is extraordinarily broad and actually embraces the lachrymal. The
maxilla in front of the orbit is narrow, thin, and solid.-W. E. de W.

LEPUS.
315
Suborder DUPLICIDENTATA.
LEPORIDÆ 1
LEPUS.
Lepus, Linn. Syst. Nat. x. 1758, p. 57.
This genus contains the Hares and the Rabbit, and, so far as existing forms are
concerned, constitutes the family Leporide. This, with the Pikas (Lagomyidae), forms
the suborder, which is distinguished by having a second pair of small incisor teeth in
the upper jaw placed behind the large cutting-teeth characteristic of the order. The
members of this suborder also differ in many other respects from other rodents.
The clear definition of the different species of Hares is a matter of great difficulty.
Proportions of ears and limbs change with age, the teeth are all of persistent growth,
and the skulls give no reliable records, the sutures of the different bones being so
variable in individuals belonging to the same species.
Dr. Forsyth Major has shown (Trans. Linn. Soc. 2nd ser. Zool. vii. p. 433, 1898) that
the Hares may be classified to a certain extent by characters of the teeth; and, indeed,
very valuable help in distinguishing and showing the affinities of the various species will
be found in the character of the infolding of the enamel which forms the groove on the
front of the upper incisors. This character is easily discerned by examining the cutting-
face of the teeth with the aid of a lens, when the fold of enamel will be seen to
penetrate in variable pattern according to species, and to be generally filled with
cement. In the Hares with which we are now dealing these grooves are comparatively
simple, but in some Indian species in particular the pattern of the fold is very
complicated
و
According to Champollion (Syst. Hierogl. 1826, p. 36) the hare was the symbol for
the letter S in the ancient hieroglyphic writing. The Coptic name for this animal is
'Saragousch'; Arabic name 'Aerneb.'
Hares occur in various Hunting-Scenes on the Monuments, e.g. at Abusir and
Sakkarah ; they are also depicted in colours at Beni Hasan, and one very good Hare,
coloured reddish-brown, is figured from Deir-el-Bahari by Mr. F. Ll. Griffith in his
“Memoir on Hieroglyphs ”2. There is a fire Hunting-Scene at Thebes, probably of the
XVIII. Dynasty, well portrayed in Prissé's · Art Egyptien,' t. ii. pl. 24, in which a hare
is being held by its ears.
1 Except when otherwise stated, the chapter on the Hares is written by W. E. de Winton.
2 Arch. Survey of Egypt, 6th Mem. pl. i. fig. 2.
2 s 2

316
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT.
LEPUS ÆGYPTIUS, Desmar.
" Lièvre d'Egypte,” Geoffr. & Aud. Descr. Egypte, Atlas, 1818, pl. vi. fig. 2.
Lepus ægyptius, Desmar. Mamm. 1822, p. 350; Is. Geoffr. Dict. Class. ix. 1826, p. 381; E. Geoffr.
& Aud. Descr. Egypte, Hist. Nat. ii. 1829, p. 739; ed. 8vo, 1829, Hist. Nat. vol. v. p. 196;
Hemp. & Ehrenb. Symb. Phys. 1832, pl. xv. fig. 1; Wagner, Schreb. Säug. Suppl. iv. 1844,
p. 90; Waterhouse, Mamm. ii. 1848, p. 85.
"
ور
99
Sex ? Province of Gizeh. Dr. Walter Innes, Bey.
. Eastern Desert, Assuan,
o Western
f. Birket-el-Kerun, Fayum. Dr. C. W. Andrews.
Largest of the Egyptian hares. Ears enormous, measuring fully lf times the
length of the head. Legs very long and thin, feet long and narrow. Fur rather
short, without conspicuous longer hairs. General colour rather greyish, the front of
the head more rufous, the nape rufous fawn ; the ears margined with yellowish-white
hairs on both borders for two-thirds of their length, the apical third brightish yellow-
fawn edged with black; a well-marked black tip on the hinder surface. The tail is
rather long, the black on the upper side slightly mixed or bordered with brownish.
The legs more fawn-coloured than the body, but slightly grizzled with darker tips
to the fur.
The fold of enamel on the front of the upper incisors is rather deep, the sides
slightly bowed out and the inner point inclined outwards, almost wholly filled with
cementum showing a very shallow groove.
Measurements taken from specimens freshly preserved in alcohol.
8. Near Assuan, o . Near Assuan,
Western Desert. Eastern Desert.
mm.
mm.
400
430
94
97
43
133
165
45
142
168
وو
76
.
80
Head and body -
Length of head.
Breadth of head
Ear from notch.
crown.
Breadth of ear
Tail. .
with hair
Hind foot
with hair
Tibial joint ..
Forearm and hand
103
125
"
107
104
135
111
116
143
160
9
114
138
154

LEPUS ÆGYPTIUS.
317
•
.
.
Measurements of skulls.
ģ. Assuan, Š. Assuan, 4. Birket-el-
W. Desert. E. Desert. Kerun.
mm.
mm.
mm.
Greatest length
85.5
90
85
breadth.
40
40
41:5
Basal length
69
75
68
Front of incisors to back of palate .
33.5
31.5
32
Length of molar series (alveolar)
14
15
16
Anterior point of zygoma to front of incisors 31.5
33
32.5
Length of snout, middle line of nasals from
central imaginary point .
35
39.5
36
Breadth of face outside posterior processes of
premaxillæ
22
23.5
24.5
Breadth of nasals anteriorly
11:5
13
13
.
.
Etienne Geoffroy St.-Hilaire first described the Egyptian hare as a distinct species from
specimens obtained during the French Scientific Expedition 1798-1802, but unfortunately
his work was not published for many years afterwards, so that Desmarest gets the
credit of having named the species. From the description and measurements he
gave, there can be no doubt that the very long-eared hare, light in form and greyish in
colour, was the animal that Geoffroy had before him. Since that time very few hares
from Lower Egypt have found their way into the Museums of Europe, and it was with
very great surprise that I discovered that three quite distinct species are there
represented. One would think that it would have been an easy matter to obtain
such animals as hares from a country so easily accessible; but this was found to be
far from the case, and although Capt. Flower made considerable efforts to procure
material, other engagements prevented him from looking after the proper preservation
of the specimens, so that when they reached this country they were in such poor
condition that specific identification was impossible.
The Hon. N. Charles Rothschild offered to help, and with the aid of a native shikari
specimens were obtained. These, however, were so unlike the description given by
Geoffroy and Audouin that it was very evident that the true L. ægyptius had still to be
sought for. Dr. Walter Innes, Bey, then very kindly made efforts to obtain material,
and to my still greater surprise specimens of a distinct short-eared species arrived, and
it is not till now (May 1902) that the problem has been solved by further specimens
from the same contributor. These all arrived in the most perfect state of preservation
and prove that there are three very distinct species of hares to be found living within
à short distance of Cairo. It will be highly interesting to know the habits of these
different species, and it is to be hoped that the publication of this work will encourage
research and interest in the habits of the animals of the country.

318
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT.
LEPUS HABESSINICUS, Hemp. & Ehrenb. (Plate LVI.).
Lepus habessinicus, Hemp. & Ehrenb. Symb. Phys. 1832, pl. xv. fig. 2; Waterhouse, Mamm. ii.
1848, p. 87.
Lepus ægyptius, Cretzschm. Rüpp. Atlas, 1828, p. 53; Blanford, Geol. Zool. Abyss. 1870, p. 273.
Suakin Plain. Head preserved in alcohol.
Suakin Plain. Capt. Henderson, R.N. (Figured.)
o. Suakin. Dr. Foot.
Size rather small, form slender. Ears moderate, measuring about 1} times the
length of the head. Legs and feet moderate, rather slight. Fur rather short, without
conspicuous outstanding hairs.
General colour dark grey, strongly washed with black all over the dorsal area and
head. The nape rufous fawn. The ears almost naked over the general surface; the
margins buff-white, except near the tips, where they are yellowish ; black tips on
the posterior sides. The tail with yellowish borders to the black on the upper side.
The legs paler and more fawn-coloured than the body, but somewhat grizzled.
The specimen from which the Plate was drawn is in very worn coat, and the rich
black-brown tips to the fur which are present in the normal condition have almost
entirely disappeared; the whole of the under parts are also much damaged.
Dr. Anderson made the following note from specimens freshly obtained :-
-
mm.
mm.
415
370
90
78
100
135
« Snout to vent .
Vent to tip of tail
Height of ear, external meatus
,
Height of ear behind
Length of tarsus and digits
Snout to eye
Length of eye.
Eye to external meatus.
102
124
91
37
95
40
.
18
17
45
49
“ In the young the ears are short and there is a small black spot on the hinder
surface of the ear below the tip.
Common on Suakin Plain.”
In form and coloration this hare somewhat resembles L. ægyptius, but the ears are
very much shorter and the colour very much darker. The pattern of the enamel fold
in the incisors also is practically the same in the two species, and there is no doubt
that they are nearly allied.

Mammals of Egypt..
Pl. LVI.
OF
UNIL
LEPUS HABESSINICUS.
MICH


LEPUS ROTHSCHILDI.
319
Measurements of skulls.
8. Suakin.
Dr. Foot.
4. Zoula.
Brit. Mus.
No. 69.10.24.14.
mm.
86.5
mm.
83
...
.
67
39
70
36.5
15
34
.
.
Greatest length
breadth
Basal length.
Front of incisors to back of palate
Length of molar series (alveolar).
Anterior point of
zygoma to front of incisors .
Length of snout, middle line of nasals from central imaginary
point
Breadth of face outside posterior processes of premaxillæ .
nasals anteriorly.
14.5
30.5
34
33.5
35
21.5
21
11
12
Dr. Blanford collected specimens of this hare at Zoula, near Annesley Bay, and one
of the specimens still in the British Museum agrees so closely with a specimen from
the Suakin Plain that there can be no question as to their specific identity. The
measurements of the skull of this specimen, No. 69.10.24.14, are given above.
Dr. Blanford questions the identity of this hare with L. habessinicus, Ehrenb.; but I
cannot agree in this view, and have no hesitation in assigning the specimens before
me to that species, which was founded on a hare from the same locality and the
description of which agrees with the specimen in poor coat figured in the Plate.
Dr. Anderson made the following note on the type specimen in the Berlin
Museum :-
"Lepus habessinicus, H. & Ehr. Type.
Abyssinia, No. 900. Hemprich and Ehrenberg.
“ The fur of this animal has the same character as that of L. ægyptius, but it is
distinguished by its much shorter ears. Skull in specimen.”
LEPUS ROTHSCHILDI, de Winton.
Lepus rothschildi, de Winton, Nov. Zool. vol. ix. 1902, p. 444.
Size intermediate between L. ægyptius and L. innesi, but form much more robust.
Ears rather large and broad, measuring about 13 times the length of the head. Legs
apparently rather short; feet large and broad, with very thick hairy cushions. Fur
far denser and longer than in any other Egyptian species, with conspicuous long
white hairs on the shoulders and sides. General colour pale isabelline-fawn, strongly

320
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT. .
-
washed with black on the back and on the front of the head; nape very pale isabelline.
Borders of the ears pale whitish buff, rather more fawn towards the tips; well-marked
black tip behind. The tail is long and pure black and white. The legs only slightly
more pure isabelline than the sides of the body; feet very pale coloured.
Measurements taken from specimens in skin :—Head and body (c.) 420 mm.; tail
(c.) 75, with hair 95; hind foot (c.) 100; ear from crown (c.) 130, from notch (c.) 118.
Measurements of skulls.
g.
4.
mm.
86
(type).
mm.
mm.
84
855
38.5
69.5
39
40
69.5
34
Greatest length.
breadth
Basal length
Front of incisors to back of palate
Length of molar series (alveolar)
Anterior point of zygoma to front of incisors
Length of snout, middle line of nasals from central
imaginary point
Breadth of face outside posterior processes
of
pre-
maxillæ..
Breadth of nasals anteriorly
34.5
14.5
34.5
69.5
34.5
14.5
33.5
15
33.5
32.5
32
32-5
20:5
20-5
20:5
12
11.5
12
For the object of this work, Mr. Rothschild has lent several specimens of this hare
at various ages, obtained in the neighbourhood of Cairo, probably in the Province of
Gizeh. Two specimens obtained by Capt. Flower, also in the Province of Gizeh, were
made into mats by an officious taxidermist; other specimens were rolled up and
completely destroyed by damp and beetles.
The grooves of the upper incisors are shallower than those of L. ægyptius, simple,
V-shaped, straight, and filled with cement.
LEPUS INNESI, de Winton.
Lepus innesi, de Winton, Nov. Zool. vol. ix. 1902, p. 445.
8 f. Gattah, Fayum. Dr. Walter Innes, Bey.
Size smaller than L. ægyptius; ears short, measuring only 11 times the length of
the head. Legs rather short; feet narrow, hair of the cushions short. Fur short, with
but few conspicuous longer hairs about the shoulders and flanks. General colour paler
and more sand-coloured than L. ægyptius, but with the nape of the neck of a very
similar tint of rufous fawn. The ears margined throughout their length with whitish
short hair on the outer border, and on the inner border with longer buff hairs; blackish

LEPUS ISABELLINUS.
321
tips posteriorly. The tail is moderate, pure black on the upper side. The legs are clear
pale fawn-coloured.
Measurements taken from a specimen freshly preserved in alcohol :—Head and
body 397 mm.; length of head 95, breadth 42 ; ear from notch 98, from crown 118,
breadth 42; tail 82, with hair 113; hind foot 101, with hair 107; tibial joint 123;
forearm and hand 139.
The female has six mammæ, one pair preaxillary and two pairs abdominal, placed
at about even distances from the fore and hind legs and from each other.
Measurements of skulls.
o
mm.
79
(type).
mm.
82
37
64.5
32
375
ور
.
64.5
30.5
.
13.4
14
Greatest length.
breadth
Basal length ..
Front of incisors to back of palate
Length of molar series (alveolar).
Anterior point of zygoma to front of incisors .
Length of snout, middle line of nasals from central imaginary
point
Breadth of face outside posterior point of premaxillæ
nasals anteriorly
28
28.5
.
31:5
29.5
19.5
11.5
19.5
10.5
Groove on the upper incisors open, the fold of enamel being rather shallow, with
very little, if any, cement in it.
LEPUS ISABELLINUS, Cretzschm.
Lepus isabellinus, Cretzschm. Rüpp. Atlas, 1828, p. 52, pl. 20; Waterhouse, Mamm. ii. 1848,
P. 88.
? Lepus æthiopicus, Hemp. & Ehrenb. Symb. Phys. dec. ii. 1832.
Cretzschmar described this species from specimens obtained by Rüppell to the
south-west of Ambukol. Hemprich and Ehrenberg had sent home specimens obtained
in the province of Meroë to the Berlin Museum under the manuscript name of
L. æthiopicus; and in writing the Symbolæ Physicæ,' Dr. Ehrenberg adhered to that
name, saying that probably the form described by Cretzschmar belonged to the same
species. This question is not yet settled.
Messrs. Rothschild and Wollaston obtained specimens of hares at Shendi from both
sides of the river, which agree with Ehrenberg's description and plate, but seem to
differ from the diagnosis given by Cretzschmar. It is therefore desirable to have
specimens of hares from the type locality before an opinion can be expressed.
2 T

322
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT.
Dr. Anderson made the following note on Cretzschmar's type of the species, preserved
in the Frankfort Museum :-
“7. Nubia. Rüppell, 1823. (Type.)
“ This specimen is now pale yellowish fawn above, paling on the sides of the body
and below into white, with a faint yellowish tinge. Limbs pale fawn in front, whitish
behind; the feet-brushes rich rusty yellow. Sides of the head, before and below the
eye,
whitish, but in the latter situation marked with pale fawn ; the sides of the neck
behind the bases of the ears nearly white. Ears semi-nude behind, the apical margin
densely clad with brownish-yellow soft hair, their inner margin fringed with a line of
rather long, upwardly-directed white hairs; outer margin with soft, short, brownish-
yellow hairs; whiskers dark brown, the longest with a subapical broad yellowish band.
Tail marked on the upper surface with brownish.
The hair generally is pale fawny white in the basal half, yellowish fawn in the
terminal half, becoming paler at the extremities in the great mass of instances, but
with an intermixture of hairs ending in black tips of varying extent and intensity,
but never to such an extent as to interfere with the uniform yellow-fawn colour of the
entire upper surface.”
Lepus, species?
9. Shot in desert hills east of Ain Musa. 20.3.93.
mm.
492
145
Snout to vent.
Height of ear from behind
lower margin of external meatus.
Length of hind foot
tail, without hair.
110
113
.
63
The skin of the specimen from which these measurements were taken is in a very
bad state of preservation and the skull is wanting. It is a very pale-coloured animal,
and may possibly be referable to L. rothschildi. It certainly does not belong to the
species recorded from the Sinaitic Peninsula or from Syria by Hemprich and Ehrenberg,
a description of the types of which Dr. Anderson gives as follows:--
“ Berlin Museum.
“ Lepus sinaiticus, Ehr. (Type.)
“Mount Sinai. No. 896. Skull in specimen.
mm.
410
90
Snout to vent, approximately
Vent to tip of tail
Height of ear
Breadth of ear
.
120
75

LEPUS ISABELLINUS.
323
" Base of fur pale blackish grey, passing into pale yellowish, followed by a
brown band about half the length of the grey-yellowish basal portion of the hair,
succeeded by a pale yellow band about the same length, the hairs terminating in broad
apical dark brown tips. On the sides of the body the basal portion of the fur is more
pronouncedly bluish than on the dorsal area, the annulation practically disappears,
and the black tips to the hairs are only very feebly indicated. The intensity of the
blackish-brown tips to the hairs on the vertex and on the back from behind the
shoulder along with the subapical yellow bands produces a yellow and blackish-brown
variation of those parts, which is most pronounced on the hinder part of the back and
rump. The sides, owing to the pale colour of the individual hairs, are yellowish white;
this is the colour also on the limbs, which, however, have a rather more pronounced
yellowish tint. The brushes on the fore feet, and on the hind feet and tarsus, yellow
sandy coloured. The area around the eye, and backwards towards the ear, whitish,
and an area before the eye greyish white. Moustachial area and cheeks yellowish, the
latter margined more or less below from the ear downwards with brownish black, due to
a corresponding area of black-tipped hairs. Lower parts of cheek, chin, and throat
pure white. Chest concolorous with the lower part of the shoulders and fore limb.
Under parts white. Ears long and broad, broadly ciliated anteriorly by white erect hairs,
but not to the tip; the terminal fifth of the inner border and the posterior border with
soft adpressed hairs, pale on the posterior margin, more brownish on the apical fifth of
the anterior border. An area on the outer posterior surface of the tip covered with
short dark brown hairs. The parts nearest the borders of the back of the ear covered
with very finely-speckled short hairs; the mesial area semi-nude. Base of the ear
posteriorly with soft white hairs. Occiput and mesial line of neck rufous yellow.
Many long hairs on the sides.
“ Lepus syriacus, Ehr.
No. 895. Hemprich & Ehrenb. Skull in specimen.
mm.
Snout to vent, approximately
Vent to tip of tail
Height of ear
Breadth of ear.
410
80
110
.
75
This specimen (type) differs from the type of the previous species in being much
more uniformly yellow throughout, due to the much greater development of the subapical
yellow band and to the very feeble way in which the black apices of the hairs are
developed. The white markings on the head are much more distinct than in the
previous specimen. The brushes on the fore and hind feet are very rich orange or rusty
yellow. The ears of both species are alike.
Many long hairs on the sides.”
2 T 2

324
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT.
UNGULATA.
Suborder HYRACOIDE A.
PROCAVIIDÆ.
PROCAVIA.
a
1
4
3
ܕ
0
0
Procavia, Storr, Prodr. Syst. Mamm. 1780, p. 39.
It is still a debatable question what position the Hyrax should occupy in a
systematic list of Mammalia. Most of the anatomical characters are peculiar, but
the pattern of the molar teeth, resembling closely that of the Rhinoceroses, seems
to point to kinship between the two groups. Up to the present time, however,
palæontology has thrown no light on the affinities of these animals. The dentition
generally accepted is : incisors », canines o, premolars 4, molars į = 34 teeth.
The upper incisors have persistent pulps, and are curved longitudinally, forming a
semicircle as in Rodents, but their apices are sharp-pointed instead of chisel-shaped.
There is a long diastema between the incisors and the molar series of both jaws.
There are five toes on the fore feet, but only three on the hind feet: they are shod
with short broad nails, with the exception of the inner toe of the hind foot, which has
a pecaliar long curved claw.
The size is about that of the Hares, but the form is heavy and robust. The tail
rudimentary. The hair short, thick, moderately harsh, with scattered, longer, bristle-
like hairs over the greater part of the body. A glandular area, covered with adpressed
modified hairs, on the middle of the back. The ears are very short.
PROCAVIA RUFICEPS, Ehrenb.
Hyrax ruficeps, Hemp. & Ehrenb. Symb. Phys. dec. i. 1828, pl. ii. fig. sup.
Hyrax burtonii, Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) i. 1868, p. 43.
Hyrax dongolanus, Blanford, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1869,
p
642.
Procavia ruficeps, Thomas, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 63.
Dr. Anderson gives the following notes on specimens of Procavia preserved in the
Continental Museums :-

Mammals of Egypt.
Pl. LVII.
DE
-a
ODS
mich
Un
CH
PROCAVIA sp.?
(Zoological Gardens, Berlin).


PROCAVIA RUFICEPS.
325
Berlin Museum.
Hyrax ruficeps, Ehrenb. Dongola, Ehrenberg and Hemprich.
At present the general colour of this museum specimen, evidently much faded,
is pale sandy brown, a brownish yellow above, on the trunk generally, and on the
outsides of the limbs, but the upper surface of the head is reddish brown. The
under parts are much paler than the upper parts, and nearly sandy yellowish white.
The rufous tint of the upper surface of the head is continued on to the sides of the
cheek below the eye, but anterior to the eye the face is sandy yellow. The dorsal
glandular area is long and well defined, and the hairs covering it are orange-yellow,
except at their tips which are concolorous with the rest of the back.
The total length of the fur is about 25 mm., but a few hairs of the ordinary fur are
longer; the isolated scattered black bristles measure about 45 mm. long. The
ordinary fur is for about 8 mm. at its base dark brown, succeeded by an area of pale
somewhat golden yellow for about 10 mm. or more, followed by a dark-brown
area, then by a yellowish annulus and a blackish tip.
a
a
Snout to vent.
about 390 mm.
The total length of the skull from the upper border of the foramen magnum to the
tip of the premaxillaries is 82 mm., and from the lower border to the same point
76 mm. The mesial line of the palate measures 41 mm. Anterior orbital angle of
frontal to tip of premaxillaries 27 mm. Breadth of snout at its base 14 mm.
mm.
34
.
6.8
7.5
Length of upper dental line
last
upper
molar
penultimate upper molar
dental line of lower jaw
last lower molar.
penultimate lower molar
35
6.6
6.2
22
A half-grown young individual of this species, also from Dongola (305 mm. long), is
uniformly pale brownish sandy-coloured, like P. sinaitica. The ears are pointed and
measure about 19 mm. in height behind, 23:5 in front, and 21 in breadth.
P. ruficeps is distinguished from P. habessinica, Ehrenb., by the long linear shape
of its dorsal gland, by the broad but feeble annulation of the fur in the adult, and by
the gradual increase in size of the teeth from before backwards, without any sudden
enlargement of the last three molars. The skull also is not so elongated as that of
P. habessinica, and is marked by great occipital breadth. Compared with the skull
of P. habessinica of the same age, it has a narrower muzzle, and the palatal border of
the posterior nares is much broader and more open.

326
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT.
Hyrax habessinicus, Ehrenberg. Abyssinia, Ehrenberg and Hemprich. Marked *, meaning that
.
it is the type. No. 1989.
The hair is speckled grey and brownish, and very markedly so, quite distinct from
that of P. ruficeps. The general length of the fur in the type is about-24 mm., but
some hairs are longer. The basal portion of the hair is very pale yellowish brown ;
the darkest portion of each hair is the dark brown band that succeeds the basal
portion, which is the reverse of what obtains in P. ruficeps, where the basal portion of
the hair is the darkest. This dark brown band is succeeded by a bright yellowish-
grey narrow band, followed by a narrow dark brown tip. The dorsum of the head is
somewhat darker than the rest of the body. The under parts are greyish yellow.
The dorsal glandular area is short and badly defined. The hairs covering it
are very deep dark brown throughout the greater part of their extent, with a yellow
subapical band and a black tip.
In a second and larger example from Abyssinia, total length 410 mm., the general
tint is a dark brown, finely speckled with yellowish. The hairs generally in this
specimen are coloured like those of the glandular area of the type, but the hairs of the
dorsal glandular area are blackish brown.
In the same Museum there is a fine adult skull, ó (7079), from Sinai, referred to
P. syriaca. Its teeth gradually increase in size from before backwards. The upper
dental line measures 37 mm., the lower 38. In the skull of the type of P. syriaca
the upper dental line, with the last molar not quite through, measures 37 mm.; the
lower dental line, with the last molar quite through, measures 38 mm.
Adult Sinai skull.
mm.
8.5
7
Length of last
upper
molar.
penultimate upper molar
last lower molar.
penultimate lower molar.
8
7
Frankfort Museum.
Hyrax daman, G. Cuv.=H. syriacus, Schreb. “Der Klippschliefer.” Icon. Ehr. Symb. Mamm.
t. 2. Sinai, Dr. Rüppell, 1822.
The skull is in this specimen.
The colour is uniform pale sandy, darker on the back, and paler on the under
parts and sides of head. The long scattered bristle-like hairs are stronger and more
numerous on the rump. The feet are greyish yellow, and the tarsus is about 65 mm.
in length. It is distinguished from all the foregoing Hyraces by the smaller,
rounded ears.

PROCAVIA RUFICEPS.
327
Another, but very young, animal from Sinai, with soft, fluffy hair, is coloured like
the adult.
[The three specimens collected by James Burton in Egypt, probably in the Eastern
Desert, although the exact locality is not known, are still preserved in the British
Museum.
The above-given description of the type of P. ruficeps in the Berlin Museum might
very well be applied to either of these faded specimens, which served Gray as types of
P. burtoni. A specimen from Etbai, presented to the Museum by Capt. S. S. Flower,
and another from Gebel Assab, 50 miles N.W. of Suakin, collected and presented by
Mr. T. B. Hohler, of the British Embassy at Cairo, are in shorter coat and are darker
and greyer in colour, and closely resemble the specimens figured; but in both these
specimens the head is darker than the body and shows no light face-markings such as
are represented in the Plate (Plate LVII.), which was drawn from animals living in
the Zoological Gardens at Berlin. The exact locality from which these specimens
were obtained is not known, but it was probably the neighbourhood of Kassala.
The three skulls of Burton's specimens are very unlike one another, and seem to
prove
the untrustworthiness of conclusions formed on comparisons of single specimens
from different localities. Of two female skulls, one is long with the malars but little
expanded, the other short with broad malars; the molar series seems to be the only
point in which the two skulls agree.
4. 120 a. 4. 120 c.
mm.
mm.
86
94
.
Greatest length.
breadth
Upper molar series
54
.
53
99
36.5
36.7
Two very young (not half-grown) specimens in the British Museum, collected by
Mr. W. Jennings Bramly in the Shabluka Hills, 40 miles north of Omdurman, are
very pale and grey in colouring, with distinctly brown, darker heads. These would
seem to correspond with the typical P. ruficeps. Mr. Bramly says :-“It is called
* Kalidope' in the Sudan; the Arabs sometimes catch it and eat it when young;
there are many colonies in the Shabluka Hills.”
The two skulls from Wadi Ergayn, Sinai, collected by Dr. W. F. Hume and
Mr. H. G. Skill, and forwarded by Mr. H. S. L. Beadnell, are of rather younger
animals than those collected by Burton, so it is difficult to make a comparison ; but in
one, in which all the teeth are up, the measurement of the row of seven is practically
the same. These two Sinai skulls agree in having shorter incisive foramina, with the
premaxillæ showing further back on the palate, otherwise there seem to be no tangible
differences between them and Burton's specimens.

328
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT.
Until more is known of the Hyraces of Egypt, nothing can be definitely said as to
the number of species inhabiting the country. The synonymy quoted on p. 324
agrees with that given by Mr. Oldfield Thomas, who collected all the available
material to be found in the museums of Europe, when writing his paper for the
“Proceedings of the Zoological Society'in 1892. Whether P. burtoni is distinct from
P. ruficeps is still unsettled.
The Hyrax of Sinai (P. sinaitica, Ehrenb.) is supposed to have softer fur;
unfortunately the skins which should have accompanied the skulls collected by
Messrs. Hume and Skill have been lost, a most unfortunate circumstance, for the
true relationship of the Egyptian and Sinaitic Hyraces is still uncertain; the latter
animal is supposed to be specifically identical with P. syriaca, Schreb., but whether
both P. ruficeps and P. burtoni are truly distinct from P. syriaca has not so far been
clearly shown.
Mr. H. S. L. Beadnell writes on 12th July, 1899:-“I give the following information
on the authority of Dr. Schweinfurth : ‘Hyrax footprints were numerous in the upper
part of Wadi Shietun (that is, above Ain Shietun), where there is a precipice dividing
the valley and impassable to most animals.'1 I did not myself find them in the lower
part of this valley on my recent visit.
** Dr. Schweinfurth further informs me that the Hyrax lives on the bark, wood,
branches, and sprigs of Ochradenus baccatus, DeC., the “Gurdhi' of the Arabs.
The native name for the animal is. Wabber.'”—W.E. DE W.]
-
6
1 Mention is made of this circumstance in the Introduction to the first volume of the Zoology of
Egypt,' 1898, p. xxix. Dr. Schweinfurth named this valley “Valle di Hyrax.” Mr. E. A. Floyer also
observed a colony in Wadi Kittar.

EQUUS ASINUS.
329
Suborder PERISSODACTYL A.
EQUIDÆ.
3
1
2
C.
.
3
3
EQUUS.
Equus, Linnæus, Syst. Nat. x. 1758, p. 73.
This
genus
consists of the Horses, Asses, and Zebras, in which there is but one toe
shod with a hoof on each foot, nothing being left of the side toes but the so-called
splint-bones, to be detected only in the macerated skeleton.
Dentition : i. Ž
39
i, pm. ž, m. j = 36.
2
The canines are usually present only in males; occasionally small teeth appear in
front of the molar series, representing, no doubt, the anterior premolars which are
known to exist in some of the extinct forms. The molars are persistent in growth,
not rooting until the animal has attained a very advanced age.
The Asses are often separated from the Horse under the subgeneric name of Asinus ;
likewise the Zebras as Hippotigris. Both the Asses and Zebras differ from the Horses
in not having the bare patch of callous skin, often called “chestnut," on the inner side
of the hind leg below the hock. It is very doubtful if there is any indigenous wild
horse in any part of the world at the present day.
EQUUS ASINUS, Linn.
Equus asinus, Linnæus, Syst. Nat. x. 1758, p. 73.
Description of specimen in the British Museum, No. 1.7.1.1, collected and presented
by Mr. H. W. Haig, from Yalalub, Eastern Sudan :-General colour greyish fawn.
The nose, a circle round the eyes, and the belly are whitish; the legs also are of the
same pale colour, with some greyish running down the front; there are dark spots on
either side of the fetlocks. The mane commences between the ears and is dark brown
or black. The black back-stripe is very narrow, from 8 to 12 mm. in width; it is
continued in a very narrow stripe well down on to the tail; the arms of the cross-
stripe on the withers are about 125 mm. long and of about the same width as the
dorsal stripe. The long hairs on the end of the tail are about 130 mm. in length,
and are mixed black and grey. The ears are about 140 mm. long, posteriorly
black for about 60 mm. at the tips. The chestnut on the inner side of the forearm
is 41 mm. in length.
2 U

330
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT.
Dr. Lyle Cummins has kindly lent the skin of a wild ass from near Kassala.
This specimen agrees with the foregoing in every important detail. The colour
at present is, however, yellower, but it is quite evident that this is the result of stain
from the tanning used in preserving the skin.
In both of these specimens the back-stripe and cross-stripe on the withers are very
narrow, and there are no dark bars on the legs whatever.
Baron Theodor von Heuglin has described the wild ass from the provinces of Taka
and Berber under the name of Equus tæniopus. He says that this particular form
was met with at the ruins of Wadi Safra, on the Atbara, and on the road from Taka
to Suakin, and that it appears to extend northwards into the Desert of Korosko. A
preliminary notice and description were given in the “Fauna of the Red Sea and Somali
Coasts,” published in Petermann's · Mittheilungen,' 1861, p. 19; and in the Verh.
Leopold.-Carol. Akad. Naturf.' 1861, a coloured plate of the animal was given in a paper
entitled “Diagnosen neuer Säugeth. aus Afrika am Rothen Meere.” In this latter
animal, according to the description and the plate, the shoulder-stripe is broad, and
the legs are heavily barred with irregular black bands.
Heuglin met with another form, which seems to resemble the Yalalub and Kassala
specimens, but the locality for this is said to be the Somali Coast. To this form,
with narrow shoulder-stripe and unbarred legs, Fitzinger applied the name Asinus
africanus (SB. Wiss. Wien, liv. i. 1866, p. 588), a name which he had used a few years
previously in ‘Naturg. Säug.' iii. 1860, p. 434, without publishing any description of the
species. It seems to me possible that Heuglin may have transposed the localities of
the two forms, but nothing further can be said with our present knowledge.
The Arabic for the wild ass is · Homar-'or · Hamár el Wadi.'
Burckhardt and Rüppell mention a valley between Assuan and Berber known as
“ Wadi el Hamar," and a desert called “Homar Elwaheish,” in which wild asses were
to be found in the first quarter of the last century.
Dr. Anderson left the following note on the Wild Ass :-
* This animal is found at the foot of the Gebel Hennah, near Tokar. It is common
in the Khor Sabbat parallel to the Khor Baraka. Captain O'Connor informs me
that he has often seen them at the Khor Sabbat, on the plain of Tokar. A mountain
near the Khor Baraka is called the mountain of the donkey = Gebel O’meik of the
Hadendowahs.”
In James Burton's MS. in the Brit. Mus. (add. MS. 25.666) is the following note :-
“Wild Asses are found in the neighbourhood of Gebel Kattar in the Arabian or
Eastern desert of Egypt inland about opposite to the island of Shadwan. One was
seen a little further south, at Ayd, in the neighbourhood of old Keneh; the animal
was white, with a dark line down its back. The Ababdeh Arabs turn out the tame
females into the mountains for the purpose of having them covered by the wild males,
a

EQUUS ASINUS.
331
and they always produce white donkeys. It is called 'Homar Wahsh' by the Ababdeh
Arabs; but the Arabs of the Eastern desert do not know the name.”
G. A. Hoskins, Travels in Ethiopia,' 1835, p. 41, records that at Grananta,
immediately above the 5th Cataract, he saw, for the first time on his journey south-
wards from Wadi Halfa via Abu Hamed to Berber, three wild asses which had been
browsing among the acacias near the Nile.-W. E. DE W.
202

332
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT. .
Suborder ARTIODACTYL A.
Group I. RUMINANTIA.
BOVIDÆ.
Subfamily CAPRINÆ.
CAPRA.
stout.
3
Capra, Linnæus, Syst. Nat. x. 1758, p. 68.
The Goats are closely allied to the Sheep (Ovis). Size medium and build rather
Tail short. No glands either on the face or in the groin, and foot-glands
either wanting or confined to the fore feet. Muzzle hairy; a more or less distinct
beard beneath the lower jaw of the males. Males with a strong, unpleasant odour.
Horns present in both sexes.
Since no specimens from Egypt are available for examination, the general description
of the Ibex is taken from Oxen, Sheep, and Goats of All Lands,' by the kind
permission of the author.
CAPRA NUBIANA, F. Cuv. (Plate LVIII.)
Capra ibex, ‘Beden,' Forskål, Descr. Anim. Ægypt. 1775, iv.
Capra nubiana, F. Cuvier, Hist. Nat. Mamm. fasc. vii. 1825, pl. 397 ; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc.
1885, p. 2; Ward, Records of Big Game, 1896, p. 230; Pousargues, Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. 8,
vol. iv. 1897, p. 85; Lydekker, Oxen, Sheep, and Goats of All Lands, 1898, p. 266 ; Marriott,
in Great and Small Game of Afr. 1899, p. 129.
Capra sinaitica, Hemp. & Ehrenb. Symb. Phys. i. 1828, pl. xviii. ; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1886,
P.
316, pl. xxxii., 1891, p. 464 (Suakin); Ward, Records of Big Game, 1896, p. 229.
Capra arabica, Rüpp. Neue Wirb. Abyss. 1835, p. 17; Fitz. SB. Wien, liv. i. 1866, p. 602.
Ægoceros beden, Wagn. Schreb. Säug. Suppl. iv. 1844, p. 494; Heuglin, Reise N.O.-Afr. ij.
1877, p. 126.
Ibex nubianus, Gervais, Hist. Nat. Mamm. vol. ii. 1855, p. 189.
Ibex sinaiticus, Gervais, tom. cit. pl. 39; Hartmann, Zeitsch. Ges. Erdk. Berl. iii. 1868, p. 345.
Ibex beden, Heugl. Fauna Roth. Meer., Peterm. Mitth. 1861, p. 16.
Capra beden, Tristram, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1866, p. 85; id. Fauna Palestine, 1884, p. 6, pl. ii.
Build rather stout; height at shoulders about 33 inches. Horns scimitar-like, very
long, slender, and highly curved; the outer front angle bevelled off, sloping from the

Mammals of Egypt.
Pl. LVIII.
-
To
vo
10
CAPRA NUBIANA.
UNIL
OF
MICH


CAPRA NUBIANA.
333
inner border, having no flat front surface, with numerous, somewhat irregular, rather
large, knot-like ridges. The beard is long and full, as wide as the jaw. There is a
nuchal tuft of longer hair just in front of the withers.
General colour brownish fawn or darker, somewhat grizzled with white, especially
on the face, in winter coat. Muzzle, chin, beard, sides of belly, chest, dorsal line, sides
of tail, and outer side and front of legs (except knees and pasterns) black. Inner
sides of thighs and buttocks, the middle line of the abdomen, the inner sides and back
of hind legs below the hocks, most of the corresponding surfaces of the fore legs, the
knees, and a band above each hoof white or whitish ; in winter longer hairs of greyish
colour extend up each side of the face in continuation of the beard. Horns of rather
light colour.
The head of a specimen obtained by Dr. Anderson from an hotel-keeper at Heluan
gives the following measurements:—Right horn over curve 48 inches = 121 cm., left
horn 473 inches=120 cm., circumference at base 7 inches=19.6 cm., from tip to tip
17 cm., from base to tip direct 124 inches = 31.5 cm.; beard 19 cm. ; ear from notch
-
12 cm.
This species extends as far north in Palestine as the mountains of Lebanon; it is
found throughout Arabia, is very plentiful on the Sinaitic Peninsula, and occurs in
Egypt and Nubia in suitable localities to the east of the Nile, probably as far south as
the latitude of Shendi.
Burckhardt (* Travels in Nubia,' 1819, p. 282) says :—"I frequently saw mountain-
goats of the largest size brought to the market of Shendi; they have long horns
bending to the middle of the back; their flesh is esteemed a great dainty. In Upper
Egypt they are called • Teytal’ (Jä).”
Heuglin gives the Egyptian name "Tetel,' and that of Northern Nubia Kebsch el
djebel' and 'Neger.'
The Plate was drawn from a specimen which has lived in the Zoological Gardens of
London since April 1, 1889; it was presented to the Society by Commander Alfred
Paget, R.N., the locality given being “Red Sea Coast.”
Dr. Schweinfurth, writing to Dr. Anderson from Assiut, February 22, 1893,
says:—“Mr. Allen Joseph, Chief Engineer of the Behéra Irrigation Works, mentions
that he has shot Ibex just opposite Nagi Hamada, near Farchoût, on the eastern side
of the Nile.” Mr. Beadnell writes :—“I feel quite sure that the Ibex occurs in the
eastern desert wadis between Assiut and Kenneh, and they are often shot in Wadi
Shietun by the Bedouins, according to their own statements."
Dr. W. F. Hume, writing to Capt. Stanley Flower, says :-“I spent some days
round Undisi. Ibex were evidently abundant, judging by the tracks near the
water-pools.”—W. E. DE W.

334
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT. .
OVIS.
Ovis, Linnæus, Syst. Nat. x. 1758, p. 70.
The Sheep are distinguished from the Goats (Capra) in having glands between the
hoofs of both fore and hind feet, and frequently also on the face below the eyes. The
males have no distinct beard on the chin and are free from rank odour.
The description of the animal is taken almost entirely from Oxen, Sheep, and
Goats of All Lands' in which the specific features of a recent wild-killed specimen
from Tunisia are given.
OVIS LERVIA, Pall.
“Fishtāll” or “Lervee," Shaw, Travels, 1738, p. 243.
.
Antilope lervia, Pallas, Spicil. Zool. 1777, fasc. xii. p. 12.
“Mouflon à Manchettes,” Geoffr. Descr. Egypte, 1818, pl. vii. fig. 2.
Ovis tragelaphus, Desm. Mamm. 1822, p. 486; Rüpp. Neue Wirb. Abyss. 1835, pp. 17, 26;
Lataste, Act. Soc. Linn. Bordeaux, xxxix. 1885, p. 288; Buxton, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1890, p. 361
(Algeria); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1895, p. 85 (Egypt); Ward, Records of Big Game, 1896,
p. 257.
Ovis ornata, Audouin, E. Geoffr. Descr. Egypte, ii. 1829, p. 742; id. ibid. ed. 8vo, 1828, xxiii.
p. 201.
Ægoceros tragelaphus, Heugl. Faun. Roth. Meer., Peterm. Mitth. 1861, p. 16.
Ammotragus tragelaphus, Fitz. SB. Wien, liv. i. 1866, p. 604; Hartmann, Zeitschr. Ges. Erdk.
Berlin, iii. 1868, p. 346.
Ovis lervia, Lydekker, Oxen, Sheep, and Goats of All Lands, 1898, p. 226, pl. xviii. ; Johnston, in
Great and Small Game of Afr. 1899, p. 126.
Size comparatively large, the height at the shoulders being about 3 feet 3 inches.
Withers relatively high, and hind-quarters low. Head rather long, without face-
glands below the eyes, and no pits in the skull for their reception ; ears relatively
large. Hair of the chin quite short, a little longer hair on the sides of the jowl and
angles of the lower jaw. A short upright mane extending from the nape of the neck
to the middle of the back. In males a heavy fringe of very long and perfectly straight
hair commencing on the throat and continued down the front of the neck to split on
the chest and terminate on the front of the base of each fore leg; thence after a short
interval it is continued on the front and outer surface of the leg to a short distance above
the knees, below which the hairs depend. Tail long, tufted in its terminal half, and
reaching to within about 5 inches of the hocks. In females the pendent hair is sparser
and shorter.
Horns of adult males massive, pretty evenly bowed outwards and upwards, then
downwards and inwards, with a distinct keel in the middle of the front surface at the
base; in young specimens the whole horn is marked with prominent sinucus transverse
a
a

OVIS LERVIA.
335
a
a
wrinkles, which are often retained at the tips of adult specimens. The horns of females
are somewhat smaller, but of much the same form.
General colour of head, upper parts, outer surface of limbs, and tail uniform rufous
tawny, becoming rather darker on the mane; ears, chin, middle of under parts,
and inner surfaces of limbs dull whitish; a few dark bars on the long hair of the
neck. Horns yellowish brown, becoming darker in old animals.
Menagerie specimens show a much greater profusion of long hair on the fore-
quarters than is found in animals living in a wild state.
In the characters of the skull and horns the Arui, or Barbary Sheep, approaches
the Goats, but the transverse wrinklings in the horns is an ovine character. The length
of the tail is a feature unknown in the Goats, and at first sight might seem to affiliate
this species with the domesticated breeds of sheep, from which the Arui is, however,
widely separated by the absence of face-glands and the form and structure of the
horns. In the large size of the horns in the female the species is unlike any other
sheep or goat.
Mr. Rowland Ward gives the greatest size of the horns from a specimen from
Algeria : length along outer curve 287 inches, basal circumference 113, tip to tip 183.
Distribution. Mountains of North Africa, southern arid slopes in sight of the desert,
and in Egypt.
Mr. Beadnell writes about the Barbary Sheep :-“ Dr. Schweinfurth says that the
only locality for this animal he knows is in the country east of Minieh. When he
was at the well of El Gos, in Wadi El Gos, he was given two perfect skulls of this
wild sheep by the Arabs, which evidently belonged to animals killed only a few weeks
before. These heads are now in the Berlin Museum."
Dr. Schweinfurth himself wrote to Dr. Anderson in 1893 to the same effect; the
locality was then mentioned as Wadi Gossal, south-east of Assiut.”
Native name “Kebsh.'
General Sir Archibald Hunter took much trouble to obtain a specimen of this wild
sheep for Dr. Anderson, but was only successful in procuring a leg, which was picked
up in the Dongola district. Specimens were also seen which had been shot at Sarras.
Mr. E. N. Buxton found a horn of this sheep at the rocky base of a mountain
(1800 feet high) near the Wadi Medisa. This mountain is indicated in Mr. E. A.
Floyer's map, published in the 'Proceedings of the Geographical Society' for 1887, a
little to the south-east of Ain Yessar, and directly west of the Three Yessars
(2520 feet). The specimen is the sheath of the right horn of a male, and is pale
yellowish sandy in colour, and the side that lay uppermost is worn and cracked and in
holes. It measures 59 cm. along the outer curve, and 43 cm. along the inner curve.
Mr. Buxton has published, in the ‘Proceedings of the Zoological Society,' 1890,
p. 361, some excellent notes on the habits of this animal as observed in the Atlas
Mountains of Algeria.-W. E. DE W.
66

336
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT.
Subfamily ANTILOPINÆ
BUBALIS.
Bubalis, Licht. Mag. nat. Freund. Berl. vi. 1814, p. 154.
Size large; withers considerably higher than the rump. Horns present in both
sexes, those of the female as long, but not so heavy, as those of the male. They are
placed close together at the base, rising outwards and backwards, then curved forwards
and upwards, and then bent more or less abruptly backwards and upwards at their
tips. Colour uniform brown or rufous, with or without black markings on the face and
legs. Longer hairs towards the end of the tail growing from upper side only, projecting
at right angles to the vertebræ.
Having very little fresh local material at my disposal, in this and other definitions
of genera and species of Antelopes I have depended largely upon Sclater and Thomas's
• Book of Antelopes, both for the synonymy and specific characters of this group of
Ungulata.
2
BUBALIS BUSELAPHUS, Pall.
“ Bekker-el-Wash,” Shaw, Travels, 1738, p. 242.
“Le Bubale,” Buffon, Hist. Nat. xii. 1764, p. 294, pls. xxxvii., xxxviii.
Antilope buselaphus, Pallas, Misc. Zool. 1766, p. 7.
Antilope bubalis, Pall. Spic. Zool. fasc. i. 1767, p. 12, xii. 1777, p. 16; et auct.
Bubalus mauritanicus, Ogilb. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1836, p. 139.
Bubalis mauritanica, Sund. Pecora, K. Vet.-Ak. Handl. 1844, p. 208 ; Lydekker, Horns and Hoofs,
1893, p. 195.
Alcelaphus bubalis, Gray, Cat. Ung. Brit. Mus. 1852, p. 123 ; Tristram, Great Sahara, 1860,
p. 387; id. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1866, p. 86; Brooke, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872, p. 643.
Alcelaphus bubalinus, Flower & Lydekker, Mamm. 1891, p. 335.
Bubalis buselaphus, Sclater & Thomas, Book of Antelopes, i. 1894, p. 7, pl. i.
Bubalis boselaphus, Bryden, in Great and Small Game of Afr. 1899, p. 133, pl. iv. fig. 1.
Size, smallest of the Hartebeests; height at withers about 43 inches. Colour
uniform pale rufous, entirely free from darker patches on head or limbs. Tail black
on the terminal tuft only. Horns diverging from each other at an evenly rounded
curve, so as to form a U when viewed from in front; length measured round the
curves about 14 inches.
Hab. Northern Africa (interior of Morocco, Algeria, and Tunis) and Arabia.

BUBALIS BUSELAPHUS.
337
6
Dr. J. C. Mitchell writes in 1895 :-“ 'Two years ago I visited Lake Kurun, in the
Fayum, and the Bedouins there informed me that the ‘Baggara-el-Wahsh' was to be
found two days' journey off due west into the Desert.”
In 1900 Dr. Flinders Petrie, on behalf of the Egypt Exploration Fund, presented to
the Natural History Department of the British Museum a skull and horns of a
Hartebeest taken from a tomb at Abadiyeh, of about the date 300 B.C. This specimen
has been identified as B. lelwel, Heuglin, a species which at the present time is not
known to occur north of Khartum.-W. E. DE W.
2 x

338
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT.
OREOTRAGUS.
Oreotragus, A. Smith, S. Afr. Quart. Journ. ii. 1834, p. 212.
Size small. Horns directed nearly vertically, slightly curved forwards, their basal
third ringed. Hoofs cylindrical, blunt; the animal walks upon what is normally the
pointed tip of the hoofs in all other antelopes, so that the hoof stands up vertically
and the pastern-joints are modified accordingly. Accessory hoofs present.
mere stump, scarcely projecting beyond the fur. Skull peculiarly short and broad.
Anteorbital fossæ large.
Range. Eastern and Southern Africa, from Northern Abyssinian Hills to the Cape.
Tail a
;
OREOTRAGUS OREOTRAGUS, Zimm. (Plate LIX.)
Antilope oreotragus, Zimm. Geogr. Gesch. iii. 1783, p. 269; Schreb. Säug. 1785, pl. cclix. ; Rüpp.
Neue Wirb. Abyss., Mamm. 1835, p. 25; et auct.
Nanotragus oreotrayus, Brooke, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872, p. 642; Flower & Lydekker, Mamm. 1891,
p. 339; Lydekker, Horns and Hoofs, 1893, p. 219.
Antilope saltatrix, Boddaert, Elench. 1785, p. 141.
Oreotrugus saltatrix, Jard. Nat. Libr. (1) Mamm. iii. 1835, p. 221, pl. xxx.; Heugl. Ant. u. Büff.
N.O.-Afr. (N. Act. Leop. xxx. pt. 2) 1863, p. 9; Blanf. Geol. Zool. Abyss. 1870, p. 265;
Heugl. Reise N.O.-Afr. ii. 1877, p. 104 ; Brehm, Thierl. iii. 1877, p. 262.
Orectragus saltator, Kirk, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864, p. 657 (Shiré R.); Crawshay, loc. cit. 1890,
p. 653 (Nyasa); Thomas, loc. cit. 1891, p. 211 (Somali); Jackson, Badm. Big-Game Shooting,
i. 1894, pp. 285, 309 ; Rendall, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1895, p. 361 ; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1896,
p. 303 (Suakin); Sclater & Thomas, Book of Antelopes, ii. 1896, p. 5, pl. xxv.; Kirby, in
Great and Small Game of Afr. 1899, p. 235, pl. vi. fig. 8.
Oreotragus oreotragus, Jentink, Cat. Mamm. Leyd. Mus. (Mus. Pays-Bas, xi.) 1892, p. 160 ;
Matschie, Thierw. Ost-Afr., Säug. 1895, p. 122.
Height about 20-22 inches. Fur long and of very peculiar texture, each hair being
thick, flattened, wavy, and, in fact, quite unlike the hair of any other antelope, but
more similar to that of the Musk-Deer. The general colour is a mixture of brown and
greenish yellow, each hair being whitish for three-quarters of its length, then brown,
and tipped with greenish yellow. Specimens vary very much in the vividness and
tone of the yellow, which, especially in old males, is often exceedingly bright, even
verging on orange, particularly along the flanks. Chin white; throat grizzled brownish
yellow; belly whitish. Back of ears grey, their edyes black. Front and outer sides
of limbs coloured like the back, inner sides white. Feet just above hoofs black.
False hoofs large. Tail short and stumpy, coloured like the back. Horns wide apart,

Mammals of Egypt.
Pl. LIX.
.
WITH
--0
OREOTRAGUS OREOTRAGUS.
.
UNIL
OF
SICH


OREOTRAGUS OREOTRAGUS. .
339
practically straight, roughly ringed at the base ; length 31 to 4 inches. Females
without horns.
The Klipspringer occurs within our boundary only on the rocky hiils around Suakin,
but it is found in Abyssinia, East Africa, and all suitable rocky districts down to the
extreme south of the continent. In this vast range the variation in form of
specimens from the different localities is very slight.
The Plate was drawn from a specimen living in the Gardens of the Zoological
Society of London, and presented by Commander Alfred Paget, R.N., H.M.S. ‘Dolphin,"
February 3rd, 1896 ; it was captured in the Khor Abent, halfway between Suakin and
Kassala. This specimen lived in the Gardens in Regent's Park for six years.—W. E. de W.
2x3

340
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT.
GAZELLA.
Gazella, Licht. Mag. nat. Freund. Berl. vi. 1814, pp. 152, 171.
Size medium, but with a considerable range of variation. Horns usually present
in both sexes; those of the male strong, prominently ribbed, and generally of
medium size, about the length of the head, but sometimes considerably longer; those
of the female more slender, straighter, and shorter than in the male. Coloration
ordinarily sandy, with a white belly, the face generally marked with dark and light
streaks; streaks also usually present on the flanks.
Mr. R. H. Porter, the publisher of the Book of Antelopes,' has very kindly lent
woodcuts of heads of three of the smaller gazelles for the illustration of this work.
These text-figures clearly show the form of the horns in the different species.
3
;
ز
GAZELLA DORCAS, Linn. (Plate LX.)
Gazella africana cornibus brevibus, Ray, Quadr. 1693, p. 80.
Capra dorcas, Linnæus, Syst. Nat. x. i. 1758, p. 69. .
Antilope dorcas, Pallas, Spic. Zool. i. 1767, p. 11; Licht. Darst. Säug. 1827, pl. v. (partim) ;
Heugl. Ant. u. Büff. N.O.-Afr. (N. Act. Leop. xxx. pt. 2) 1863, p. 5 (partim); id. Reise
N.O.-Afr. ii. 1877, p. 99; Brehm, Thierl. iii. 1877, p. 205 ; et auct.
Gazella dorcas, Ogilby, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1836, p. 137; Loche, Cat. Mamm. Algérie, 1858, p. 13;
Tristram, Great Sahara, 1860, p. 337; Fitz. SB. Ak. Wien, lix. pt. i. 1869, p. 159; Brooke,
Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 537 ; Danf. & Alst. ibid. 1877, p. 276 (Asia Minor); Lataste,
Mamm. Barb. (Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. xxxix.) 1885, p. 293, sep. p. 171 ; id. Mamm. Tunisie,
1887, p. 36; Rowland Ward, Horn Meas. (2) 1896, p. 157 ; Lydekker, Horns and Hoofs,
1893, p. 180; Thomas, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1894, p. 467 ; Sclater, ibid. 1895, p. 523 (Egypt);
Pease, ibid. 1896, p. 812 (Algeria) ; Whitaker, ibid. 1896, p. 815 (Tunis) ; Sclater & Thomas,
p
Book of Antelopes, iii. 1897, p. 99, pl. lvii.; Johnston, in Great and Small Game of Afr.
1899, p. 344, pl. ix. figs. 2, 3; et auct.
Size small; height at withers 21–22 inches. General colour pale fawn, rather
variable in tone. Facial markings distinct; central band rufous fawn, no dark nose-
spot; streaks from eye to mouth brownish fawn, contrasting with the white bands
between them. Ears long, whitish fawn behind. Light lateral band present, but not
.
strongly marked ; dark lateral band brown, considerably darker than the back. Pygal
band indistinct. Knee-tufts present, reddish fawn.
Horns of the male flattened laterally, evenly divergent as they curve backwards in
the basal half of their length, and as evenly convergent in the terminal half, with the
tips bent upwards in a well-marked curve. Thus, viewed from in front, the widest
expanse of the horns is in the middle, the tips being rather wider apart, but bearing
the same relative positions one to the other as the bases of the horns have to each other,

Pl. LX.
Mammals of Egypt.
oper
9
OF
UNIL
GAZELLA DORCAS.
S
ICH


GAZELLA DORCAS.
341
The horns of the female are slender, only slightly curved, and little more than half
the length of those of the male.
Hab. Morocco and Algeria, and extending through Egypt into Palestine and
Syria.
Fig. 2.
(
inn
10:
KWA
Head of the Dorcas Gazelle (Gazella dorcas), 0.
( Book of Antelopes,' vol. iii. p. 108.)
Capt. Flower informs me that he believes this Gazelle is found in the Nile Valley as
far south as Wadi Halfa.
The horns of a male obtained by Dr. Anderson from “the desert to the west
of Cairo” measure 12 inches=32 cm. and 121 inches=31:4 cm. over the front curve;
they are only 15 mm. apart at the base and 92 mm. apart at the tips. Those of a
female from Moses' Well, to the east of Suez, measure 7} inches or 195 mm. in length
and are very wide apart at the tips.

342
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT.
Mr. H. S. L. Beadnell, of the Survey Department, writes :-“I have seen specimens
of Gazella dorcas all over Egypt on both sides of the Nile Valley; and in the very centre
of the western desert between the valley and oases. They are also common in the desert
.
surrounding the Fayum, in the oases of Baharieh, Farafreh, Dakhel, and Khargeh.
They are, however, very difficult to approach, so are seldom obtained. In the summer
they become comparatively tame in the oases, as they come down to drink at the springs
in the very hot weather. As the inhabitants do not, as a rule, have guns, and there
are practically no Arabs in the oases at this time of the year, they have nothing
to fear. The oases also abound in green scrub and juicy plants, on which Gazelles
feed, and they also occasionally feed on the cultivated crops at night.”
Mr. Beadnell has also sent two snares, similar to those described by Mr. Jennings
Bramly under G. leptoceros (p. 345). The rings bearing the thorns are rather over
four inches in circumference; the description of their use tallies entirely with that
given by Mr. Bramly.-W. E. DE W.
GAZELLA ARABICA, Licht.
Antilope arabica, Licht. Darst. Säug. 1827, pl. vi. ; Ehrenb. Symb. Phys. dec. i. pl. v. (1828); Heugl.
Faun. Roth. Meer., Peterm. Mitth. 1861, p. 16; id. Ant. u. Büff. N.O.-Afr. (N. Act. Leop. xxx.
pt. 2) 1863, p. 5; et auct.
Gazella arabica, Tristram, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1866, p. 86; id. Faun. & Flor. Pal. 1884, p. 6
(? Palestine) ; Fitz. SB. Ak. Wien, lix. pt. i. 1869, p. 159 ; Blanf. Zool. Abyss. 1870, p. 261,
pl. i. fig. 3 (horns); Brooke, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 544 ; id. ibid. 1874, p. 141 (fig. head);
Ward, Horn. Meas. (1) 1892, p. 114, (2) 1896, p. 156; Lydekker, Horns and Hoofs, 1893,
p. 179; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1897, p. 812 (Hodeidah); Sclater & Thomas, Book of
Antelopes, iii. 1898, p. 115, pl. lix.
Size medium ; height at withers about 24 or 25 inches. General colour dark smoky
fawn; facial markings distinct, central facial band dark rufous fawn, with a black spot
on the nose. Ears of medium length, brownish fawn behind. Dark lateral and pygal
bands smoky brown; light lateral band very slightly lighter than the back. Limbs more
rufous than the body; knee-brushes brown or black. Horns thick and rather short,
almost straight, and parallel to each other, a little curved backwards below and
forwards above.
Hemprich and Ehrenberg were the discoverers of this Gazelle ; specimens were
sent home to Berlin, and Lichtenstein described the species in his • Darstellung der
Säugethiere,' under the travellers' MS. name Antilope arabica. It was first found in
the valleys of the Sinaitic Peninsula between Suez and Tor, and afterwards met with
at many places in Arabia near the Red Sea coast, and also on the island of Farsan.

GAZELLA LEPTOCEROS.
343
Hemprich and Ehrenberg were under the impression that they saw the same
Gazelle near Baalbec, in Syria, and Canon Tristram records it from “desert-country
east of the Jordan”; but both of these localities require confirmation, as the animals
seen may possibly have belonged to G. dorcas.
Fig. 3.
Head of Arabian Gazelle (Gazella arabica), o.
(Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 141.)
The above woodcut was first published in illustration of a paper by the late
Sir Victor Brooke, and has since appeared in the Book of Antelopes. It is
reproduced here by the kind permission of the Zoological Society.-W. E. DE W.
-
GAZELLA LEPTOCEROS, F. Cuv. (Plate LXI.)
Antilope leptoceros, Geoffr. & Cuv. Hist. Nat. Mamm. (fol.) pls. 373, 374, livr. 72 (1842); Wagn.
Schreb. Säug., Suppl. iv. 1844, p. 422, v. 1855, p. 407 ; Sund. Pecora, K. Vet.-Akad. Handl.
1845, p. 269; Heugl. Reise N.O.-Afr. ï. 1877, p. 100, tab.
Gazella leptoceros, Brooke, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 543; Lydekker, Horns and Hoofs, 1893, p. 234;
Sclater & Thomas, Book of Antelopes, iii. 1898, p. 137, pl. lxiii.; Johnston, in Great and Small
Game of Africa, 1899, p. 319, pl. ix. fig. 8.
Leptoceros abuharab et L. cuvieri, Fitz. SB. Ak. Wien, lix. pt. i. 1869, p. 160.
Gazella loderi, Thos. Ann. Mag. N. H. (6) xiii. 1894, p. 452 (Algeria); id. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1894,
p. 470, pl. xxxii.; Loder, ibid. 1894, p. 473 (habits); Sclater, ibid. 1895, p. 522 (Egypt);
;

344
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT.
Bramly, ibid. 1895, p. 863 (Egypt); Sclater, ibid. 1896, p. 780 (Viv. Soc. Zool.); Pease, ibid.
1896, p. 813 (Algeria); Whitaker, ibid. 1896, p. 816 (Tunis); Ward, Horn Meas. (2) 1896,
p. 169.
Height of male at withers about 25 inches. General colour very pale sandy fawn, the
Gazelline markings little defined. Central facial band and darker cheek-bands sandy,
not rufous, and but little contrasting with the light ground-colour. Light lateral
bands scarcely perceptible, and the darker ones below them only pale sandy, with a
tinge of brownish, as are the pygal bands, neither being much darker than the general
dorsal colour. Ears long, narrow, pointed, pale whitish buff externally. Tail sandy at
base, darkening terminally to brownish black. Front of fore limbs sandy, of hind
limbs whitish; knee-brushes distinct, but little darker than the general colour; a circle
of black stiff hairs round the base of the hoofs. Horns of male long, about twice the
length of the head, slender, closely and heavily ringed nearly to the tip; somewhat
variable as to their exact curvature, but usually less curved than in most species; they
are placed near together basally, diverging above, sometimes very widely.
The horns of the female, though sometimes nearly equal to those of the male in
length, are far more slender, and even less curved.
Hab. The interior of Algeria and the Libyan Desert.
In the Plate, the male represented in the foreground was obtained by Mr. Jennings
Bramly at Wadi Natrun. The horns of this specimen measure as follows:-Right
horn over curve 1 foot 3 inches=380 mm., left horn 1 foot 21 inches=368 mm.,
circumference 34 inches=95 mm., tip to tip 103 inches=270 mm. This was an old
animal; the horns show considerable wear, and the point of the left one is slightly
broken. These are believed to be the second longest, and have by far the widest
spread, of any known specimen.
The female represented in the background was drawn from a photograph of the
specimen presented to the Zoological Society of London by Mr. A. R. Birdwood,
August 6, 1896, from the Western Desert of Egypt, and, notwithstanding that one
of its legs was badly wrenched in the Arab trap, it has thriven and lived for six and a
half years in captivity. (Fig. head, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1896, p. 781.)
Mr. Jennings Bramly, in the · Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London,
1895, p. 863, gives an interesting account of the mode of. capture of this Gazelle,
which has already been republished in The Book of Antelopes '; but as it is an
entirely local field-note, it is again given here in extenso :-
“On the 27th of June I started from the Pyramids in order, if possible, to catch
some living specimens of Loder’s Gazelle, known to the Arabs as 'Ghasal Abiad' (the
White Gazelle), which the shikaris whom I took with me reported to be found in the
desert at some thirty or forty miles distant from Cairo.
“ Leaving at 4 P.m. on the 27th, we started, taking a south-easterly direction. We
6

Mammals of Egypt.
Pl. LXI.
09S
-100
OF
UN
GAZELLA LEPTOCEROS.
.
MICH


GAZELLA LEPTOCEROS.
345
travelled till 12 that night, and at 4 next morning resumed our march. Soon after the
sun had risen, one of the shikaris, pointing to the ground, showed what he made out
to be the spoor, evidently but lately made, of a male Loder's Gazelle. This, being
larger than that of the Dorcas Gazelle, is very easily recognizable; the bluntness of
the hoof in the case of Loder's Gazelle shows a marked difference. About 12 o'clock
one of the camel-men called out that a Gazelle could be seen ahead, but the many
heaps of white stones, scattered all over the desert, are so deceiving at a little distance
that both shikaris shook their heads.
“ The habit that all Gazelles have, when first viewing an approaching danger, of
standing motionless for some time, is carried to such an excess in this particular
species that it is often possible to get within easy rifle-range by quietly walking up,
without taking any particular care to hide the approach. On the other hand, the
animal is often missed entirely, and passed by at some little distance as a heap
of bones or white stones.
The camel-man, however, in this case proved to be correct, as we soon noticed the
Gazelle walking leisurely away. It disappeared behind a mound of sand, where it
must have remained, for, on reaching the place about half an hour later, we were
surprised to come suddenly on the Gazelle, now only some 200 yards off. It was a fine
female, very white in colour. Not wishing to disturb any others that might be near,
I did not fire. We found, however, that it was alone. At 12 o'clock or thereabouts
we came upon the skirt of the plateau, from which the Fayoum can be seen, and here
the shikaris decided to turn back, as they said we had passed the White Gazelle
ground '; so, after returning about two miles, we set up the tents and waited for the
evening, the sun being so hot that it was impossible to continue our search. Two
Arabian greyhounds I had with me felt the heat especially. No sooner were the
camels on the ground than, going to the shady side, they began to dig in the sand
under the beasts in order to bury themselves away from the heat.
“ During the afternoon the two shikaris constructed traps, which we set in
the evening.
“ The Gazelle trap, except the small hemp-platted rope, is made entirely from the
date-palm. Taking the long leaves, the shikari first constructs by platting them
together a deep ring, about 3 inches in diameter and about 4 inches deep: it should,
in fact, fit well into a golf-hole and make its walls secure. He now takes an old stalk
from which the dates have been picked, and separating about twenty of the fibres
which compose it, and run its whole length, he twists them into a rude bracelet about
three inches in diameter. Then taking three more fibres, in place of twine, he binds
the ring securely; the ring or bracelet has then a form much resembling a diminutive
* Ringold' ring. The shikari now breaks off the points of the date-thorns until he
has about twenty-five of them 2 inches in length; these he pushes through the
a
a
2 Y

346
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT.
a
fibrous sides of the ring until all the points meet in the centre, so that when finished
this ring has much the appearance of a small sieve. All the thorn-points overlap
slightly in the centre of the ring. This ring, holding all the thorns, the deep ring
of platted leaves, and a soft thick hemp rope, made by the Arab himself, by the ordinary
three-plat from raw hemp (this rope, being soft, not only binds itself more securely to
the Gazelle, but does not cut the skin when drawn tight), attached to a date-stick
about a yard in length, are all the implements that an Arab requires to catch a
Gazelle.
“Starting in the evening for the lower ground, which is studded with small bushes
(for when pitching the tents we purposely kept at a good distance from the feeding-
ground), we soon found spoor, but none very promising; a buck and two does had
been there two nights before. A small desert plant, much resembling our English
Red Cranesbill (Geranium sanguineum), was pointed out to me by the Arabs as a
favourite food of the Gazelles. Finding a spot where the spoor led to one of
these plants, and the plant evidently having been nibbled, we decided to put a
trap near it. The Arab sat down and made a hole, using his deep ring to
keep its sandy walls intact, so that he now had a hole resembling exactly in
size and depth a golf-hole with basket-work sides, within four or five inches of
the plant.
“ Taking now the thorny ring he places it on the hole, which it should exactly cap.
He now powders up some camel-dung and drops it carefully over the thorns in
the ring, which being close together hold it up, so that soon nothing can be
seen of the thorns. The use of the dried dung is to hold up the sand which
hides the trap.
The hemp rope, now made into a slip-noose, is put round the
top ring, and the stick to which it is attached buried in the sand. The whole
is now carefully covered with sand. One of the shikaris laid his traps so successfully
that it was almost impossible to find one again unless a Gazelle was caught in it.
The marks like those of a Gazelle made by the fingers over the trap add to the
deception. It is curious to remark that a Gazelle will rarely walk over an impression
left by either beast or man in the sand.
“When the Gazelle comes in the evening to feed, its foot slips through the
top ring in the centre where the thorns meet, and so to the bottom of the hole,
The top ring is now fixed round the Gazelle's leg, at the height of the depth of
the hole, the spiky thorns entering the skin. This ring also holds up the hemp rope,
which the Gazelle, in endeavouring to kick off the thorny ring that pricks it, draws
tight, generally over the knee.
“ The Gazelle starts off, dragging after it the date-stick attached to the rope. The
swinging stick makes it impossible for the animal to get away at any pace, as,
twisting round one leg or the other, it throws the Gazelle to the ground continually.

GAZELLA ISABELLA.
347.
“ The spoor of the trapped Gazelle with the marks of the swinging stick are
easily found, and the animal tracked down until in sight, when a trained greyhound
will soon catch and hold it until its master comes up.
“During November and December the Gazelles are caught when fawns by trained
hounds, and this is the simplest method ; but it can only be practised during two
months, as it takes a very good dog to catch a Gazelle when more than this age.
“During the eight days I was in the desert, though unsuccessful in trapping any,
I saw several very fine specimens of Loder's Gazelle.”—W. E. DE W.
a
GAZELLA ISABELLA, Gray.
Antilope dorcas, Licht. Darst. Säug. pl. v. 1827 (partim).
Gazella dorcas, Blanf. Zool. Abyss. 1870, p. 261, pl. i. fig. 1.
Gazella isabella, Gray, Ann. Mag. N. H. (1) xviii. 1846, pp. 214, 231; id. Knowsl. Menag. 1850,
p. 4; id. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, p. 113; Fitz. & Heugl. SB. Ak. Wien, liv. pt. i. 1866, p. 591;
Fitz. SB. Ak. Wien, lix. pt. i. 1869, p. 158; Brooke, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 539; Ward,
Horn Meas. (1) 1892, p. 116, (2) 1896, p. 158; Sclater & Thomas, Book of Antelopes, iii.
1898, p. 151, pl. lxiv.
Antilope isidis, Sund. Pecora, K. Vet.-Ak. Handl. 1845, p. 267.
Height at withers about 25 inches. General colour pale fawn, rather variable in
tone, sometimes tending towards brownish. Light lateral band very indistinct; dark
band generally fawn like the back, occasionally darker, almost smoky brown. Central
dark facial band deep rufous, a darker nasal patch often developing in old individuals.
Light facial streaks well defined, white. Pygal bands almost obsolete, little or not
darker than the back.
Horns of the male nearly straight and parallel for a short distance, then evenly
diverging and curving backwards for four-fifths of their length, the tips strongly bent
inwards nearly or quite at a right angle; length about 10 inches. The female
is similar to the male, but the horns are slender, scarcely ridged, their tips curved
inwards rather than upwards, and nearly equal to those of the male in length.
Hab. Coast-lands of the Red Sea from Suakin to Massowah, and over the interior to
Bogos, Barca, and Taka.
Capt. Stanley Flower writes :—“G. isabella appears to be the common Gazelle
from No. 6 Station (between Wadi Halfa and Abu Hamed) right away to Khartum.
I have seen no G. dorcas south of Wadi Halfa, but the Gazelles from that place I
believe to be G. dorcas."
Dr. Anderson had a note relating to this species, saying that behind Suakin the
Gazelles were not to be seen far out on the open plain, as they usually kept close to
the base of the hills.
2 y 2

348
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT.
The very beautiful plate of G. dorcas given by Lichtenstein in his 'Darstellung'
undoubtedly represents the Gazelle under notice, but it is quite evident that he did
not recognize the distinction between G. dorcas and G. isabella; and although
Fig. 4,
Fig. 5.
upp
་རིརདུད༔
Heads of Isabella Gazelle (Gazella isabella), o & .
( Book of Antelopes,' vol. iii. p. 154.)
plate of the living animal depicts the latter form, drawn from specimens sent home
by Hemprich and Ehrenberg from their travels in Nubia, the text treats of the
Gazelle of Egypt proper, and the papyrus drawings represent animals being brought
to sacrifice which are probably intended also for G. dorcas.
Sclater and Thomas say, in the Book of Antelopes,' that, notwithstanding much
kind assistance from several officers serving in Egypt, there is still much to be learnt
about this somewhat variable species.-W. E. DE W.

Mammals of Egypt.
Pl. LXII.
17.5.
M
GAZELLA SOEMMERRINGI.
UNIL


GAZELLA SOEMMERRINGI.
349
GAZELLA SOEMMERRINGI, Cretzschm. (Plate LXII.)
Antilope soemmerringii, Cretzschmar, Atlas Rüpp. Reise, 1826, p. 49, pl. xix.; Rüpp. N. Wirb.
Abyss. 1835, p. 25; Sund. K. Vet.-Ak. Handl, 1842, p. 201; Heugl. Faun. Roth. Meer.,
Peterm. Mitth. 1861, p. 16; id. Ant. u. Büff. N.O.-Afr. (N. Act. Leop. xxx. pt. 2) 1863,
p. 7; id. Reise N.O.-Afr. ii. 1877, p. 102; Hartm. Zeitsch. Ges. Erdk. Berl. iii. 1868, p. 254;
p
et auct.
Gazella soemmerringii, Jard. Nat. Libr. (1) iii. 1835, p. 215, pl. xxviii. ; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc.
1867, p. 817, pl. xxxvii. (yg.); Fitz. SB. Ak. Wien, lix. pt. i. 1869, p. 158; Blanford, Geol.
Zool. Abyss. 1870, p. 260 ; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871, p. 701 (Suez ?); Ward, Horn Meas.
(1) p. 108, (2) 1896, p. 150; Lydekker, Horns and Hoofs, 1893, p. 236 (fig. head); Sclater &
p
Thomas, Book of Antelopes, iii. 1898, p. 195, pl. lxx. (typical subspecies) ; Elliot, in Great
and Small Game of Afr. 1899, p. 361, pl. x, fig. 4; Sitwell, ibid. p. 364 (Suakin).
Size large ; height at withers 352 inches in an old male of the Somali subspecies ;
animals from the Red Sea littoral measure somewhat less. General colour very pale
fawn and very uniform everywhere, as there are neither light nor dark lateral bands
nor any pygal bands. Central facial band black or blackish fulvous, contrasting
markedly with the white lateral facial streaks. Dark facial streaks also black
but narrow. Sides of muzzle black, continuous with the central facial band. Back of
ears whitish, margined and tipped with black. White of rump very broad and
extended, projecting far into the body-colour which is broadly cut off from the tail.
Tail white basally, with a black terminal tuft. Knee-brushes present, whitish or
fawn.
Horns long, nearly circular in section, heavily ringed. In the typical subspecies
they are but little divergent for their basal half, but then curve widely outwards
above, their tips being again abruptly hooked inwards so as to point almost directly
towards each other.
The horns of a male obtained by Dr. Anderson near Suakin measure 14] inches or
36 cm. in length, 102 inches or 26.5 cm. in their widest spread, and 14.5 cm. from tip
to tip. The horns of a female measure 30-5 cm. in length.
In a MS. note Dr. Anderson says:—“In December the plain behind Suakin is quite
green and covered with shrubs, very few of which exceed 4 feet in height; a few
isolated ones rising to 9 feet. Ariel Antelope abound at this season. I saw one herd
of 50 close at hand and many others.”
The typical form is found along the coast-lands of the Red Sea from Suakin
to Tajurah, and inland to the Nile Valley from Berber district to the Atbara. It is
commonly known as · Ariel.'
A rather larger form with narrower horns is very plentiful in Somaliland, where it
is known as “ Aoul.'-W.E. DE W.
a
a

350
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT.
GAZELLA TILONURA, Heugl.
Antilope melanura, Heuglin, Ant. u. Büff. N.O.-Afr. (N. Act. Leop. xxx. pt. 2) 1863, p. 6 (nec
Bechstein, 1799).
Gazella melanura, Fitz. SB. Ak. Wien, lix. pt. i. 1869, p. 159.
Antilope tilonura, Heugl. Reise Weiss. Nil, 1869, p. 315; id. Reise N.O.-Afr. ii. 1877, p. 101.
p
Gazella tilonura, Ward, Horn Meas. (1) 1892, p. 126, (2) 1896, p. 170; Lydekker, Horns and
Hoofs, 1893, p. 233; Scl. & Thom. Book of Antelopes, iii. 1898, p. 159, pl. lxvi.; Bryden, in
Great and Small Game of Afr. 1899, p. 351, pl. ix. fig. 9.
Gazella lævipes, Brooke, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 541 (nec Sund.).
Height at withers about 27 inches. General colour deep sandy. Central facial
band but little more rufous than the back; no black patch on muzzle. Light
facial streak absent or scarcely perceptible on sides of muzzle; the area round the eye
dull whitish, not sharply defined. Back of ears scarcely lighter than nape. Light
lateral band present, not strongly defined. Dark lateral band black, strongly marked,
though narrower than in G. thomsoni from British East Africa; a sandy line present
between it and the white of the belly. No dark pygal band. Tail sandy at base, the
remainder black. Knee-brushes present, dark sandy.
Horns little or no longer than the head, lyrate, parallel at base, curving outwards
above, and then abruptly twisted inwards towards each other at the tip, the ends each
forming a sharp hook, similar to that found in G. soemmerringi, but even more
strongly bent inwards.
Dr. S. Lyle Cummins has kindly placed at my disposal a book of water-colour
sketches, with field-notes on animals and birds of the Kassala district. In the notes
relating to the Gazelles, G. isabella is called G. dorcas, but there is no doubt that
this latter name is applicable only to the Gazelle of Egypt proper. In the following
quotation this error is corrected.
Dr. Cummins, in comparing G. isabella with this species, says :—“G. isabella
has a much more pointed snout, the lips projecting well in front of the nostrils,
whereas in G. tilonura the muzzle is very blunt; the horns of the former bend back
before turning in, but in the latter they are hardly at all bent back, but hooked
sharply inwards and backwards. [The sketch which accompanies the MS. shows a
young male; the horns are not sufficiently developed to show the true backward sweep
of the adult condition.] G. isabella has the typical gazelline markings on flanks,
without dark band; in G. tilonura this band is black. In G. isabella there is a black
line behind the fetlock-joint both on fore and hind legs, and a little tuft of black hair
just above the hoof in front; these are absent in G. tilonura.
a

GAZELLA TILONURA,
351
Travelling up from Berber to Kassala, viâ Atbara, the Isabella Gazelle alone
is seen until within a half-day's march of Adurrama. From this point this species
and Ariels (G. soemmerringi) are both seen in great numbers.
G. tilonura may
be found south of Gog-regeb, but only very few, while G. isabella becomes less
numerous, and the Ariels perhaps more so. From Asobri southwards on the Atbara,
Heuglin's Gazelle becomes much more common than G. isabella, the latter being
distinctly rare south of Kashm-el-Girba. At Kassala and up the Gash River, Heuglin's
is much more common than the Isabella Gazelle, though both are found. There was a
herd of G. isabella that lived near the Jebel at Kassala, and was to be found any day
by riding close in round the base of the mountain, but Heuglin's were much
more common.
Heuglin's Gazelles are also found from Gedaref up to Gallabat, but no Isabellas
(at least I have never seen any of the latter). There is another, larger, black-striped
Gazelle at Gelet Arang Hills.”
Fig. 6.
Fig. 7.
WWW.
ma
Heads of Heuglin's Gazelle (Gazella tilonura), o & f.
("Book of Antelopes,' vol. iii. p. 160.)
Very little is known about the animals of this district, and specimens with accurate
locality are much needed in the British Museum. It appears from the above note that

352
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT. .
there is possibly an unrecorded species with a black lateral stripe, as in Heuglin's
Gazelle; but again, this larger black-striped species may turn out to be Gazella lævipes,
Sundevall (K. Vet.-Ak. Handl. 1845, p. 266, form a), the eastern representative of
G. rufifrons found in Senegal, and possibly identical with G. rufina, Thomas (Proc.
Zool. Soc. 1894, p. 467, fig., skull).-W. E. DE W.
In the country between Berber, Suakin, and Kassala there are several other
antelopes which cannot be dealt with at length in this book. Among others, a Duiker,
probably Cephalophus abyssinicus, a Dik-dik (Madoqua saltiana), and others.
There are several fine species of antelopes which come very near our south-western
boundary. Of Gazelles there is the very beautiful red-necked G. ruficollis, which has
recently been obtained in Northern Kordofan. Schweinfurth (Bull. Soc. Géogr.
Paris, 1874, 6 sér. vii. p. 627) mentions G. dama, a name which properly belongs to a
closely allied species from Senegal, as occurring in the oasis of Khargeh ; but such
a very casual reference requires confirmation. The White Oryx (Oryx leucoryx), with
long sweeping horns, and the Addax (Addax nasomaculatus) are also found in the
country between Kordofan and the great bend of the Nile. Very beautiful plates of
these antelopes are given by Rüppell, Lichtenstein, and Hemprich and Ehrenberg in
their chief works so often quoted.
Of the last-mentioned species, Major H. Hodgson writes on June 12, 1901, from
Dongola :-“ Two days ago I was able to buy from some desert Arabs a head
and horns of what I believe to be the 'Addax,' and a young one of the same species
alive. The horns have a curve resembling those of a Kudoo, and the pair measure
38 and 35 inches taken on the outside of the curves, circumference at base 5 inches.
The Arabs say they got these specimens at what I reckon to be a point about 130 to
150 miles away, a point or two of the compass south of due west from here."
Very good photographs accompanied this note; the head was no doubt that of the
Addax, and the young living animal showed a very strong likeness to an example of
Leucoryx of a similar age figured in the Book of Antelopes,' vol. iv. p. 47.—W.E. DE W.
-
a
Mention may perhaps be made of the Giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis, Linn.).
Burckhardt, “Travels in Nubia,' 1819, p. 282, says :—“In the mountains of Dendor,
a district towards the Atbara, and six or eight journeys south-east of Shendi, the
Giraffe is found (Arabic, Zarafa,' i.e. the elegant). It is hunted by the Arabs,
Shukorein and Kowahel, and is highly prized for its skin, of which the strongest
buckles are made."
Rüppell, “Reisen Nub., Kordof., &c.' 1829, p. 123, mentions the Giraffe as one of the
animals observed on the route from Debbeh by Simrie and Hazara to El Obeid,

GIRAFFA CAMELOPARDALIS.
353
In the same work (pp. 63-71) Rüppell also mentions the Giraffe as one of the
animals hunted in the Western deserts of Dongola in the months of May and June.
Cretzschmar, in Rüppell's Atlas Reise nördl. Afr., Säugeth. 1826, p. 25, says that
Rüppell brought back five specimens, two males and three females, from his journey
in Nubia and Kordofan. He states that Giraffes were found to the south of Simrie
in small companies, and were common in the desert of Dar-Fur.
Hoskins, ` Travels in Ethiopia,' 1835, says, p. 187, that “the Giraffe is found in great
numbers on the road from El Debbeh (on the Nile) to Kordofan, between Sabrian and
Jebel el Arazi, and behind Kordofan, on the Bahr el Abiad, in the territory of the
Baggara.”
Holroyd (A. T.), Journ. Roy. Geogr. Soc. 1839, who visited Kordofan in 1836–37,
says that the Camelopard is found within a few days of El Obeid.-W. E. DE W.
a
2 Z

354
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT.
Group II. SUINA.
SUIDÆ.
SUS.
Sus, Linnæus, Syst. Nat. x. 1758, p. 49.
.
The Wild Boar of Europe is the type of this genus. The hairy covering of the body
is well developed, consisting of long stiff bristles, most abundant on the back and sides,
and of close, softer, curling under-coat.
Dentition: i. c. 1,
m. g = 44.
.
The canines strongly developed, with persistent roots; those of the upper jaw without
the usual downward curvature, but directed strongly outwards, upwards, and finally
inwards. The molar series increases in size from the front backwards, the third molar
of both jaws being very long and complex.
1
4
3
3
3
י
pm. 42
SUS SCROFA, Linn. (Plate LXIII.)
Sus scrofa, Linn. Syst. Nat. x. 1758, p. 49.
The Plate of the Wild Boar was drawn from photographs of a specimen living
in the Zoological Gardens at Gizeh, and was coloured from a sketch of the
same animal made by Mr. Ogilvy, through the kindness of Dr. J. C. Mitchell.
In the original photographs this pig appears to have a far thicker and rougher coat
than is shown in the Plate; but this may be the result of seasonal change, the
photograph and sketch being taken at different times. So far as is known, the
Wild Pig of Egypt does not differ from the typical form of Europe.
Mr. Ogilvy, brother of the artist, who was chief engineer of the Salt Works at
Wadi Natrun in 1895, informed Dr. Mitchell that there were then only two pigs left in
that district, one having been shot the summer before.
For some time after this it was supposed that these animals became extinct in the
Wadi, but Capt. Flower has quite recently informed me that a few still remain, which
are being strictly preserved.
Mr. J. Dewitz, of Zurich, Switzerland, who has taken much trouble in his endeavours
to obtain specimens and information concerning Egyptian animals for Dr. Anderson,
writes, November 1899:—“About the wild pig, Mr. Prochaska, late chief of the Chemical
Survey of the Natrun Valley Company, tells me that some thirty years ago these
animals abounded in the Wadi, but they became exterminated by injudicious hunting.
a

Mammals of Egypt.
Pl. LXIII.
1
OF
UNIL
SUS SCROFA.
MICH


SUS SCROFA.
355
Those who hunted them burned down the 'Bourdi' shrubs, in which the pigs lived,
killed nearly all, only a few specimens escaping; these, or their offspring, are
still living round the Lake Gar, at the extremity of the Wadi.”
Dr. J. C. Mitchell writes from Damietta, February 20, 1897:—“I have made
enquiries about the occurrence of Wild Pig in this neighbourhood, and I have
no doubt that they exist. A few years ago, I am told, natives used to shoot them
and bring them into Damietta, slung across a donkey's back. They were obtained
from the waste marshy ground to the W. of Farascon, not many miles from this
place.
“In 1892, on the estate of Ressendila, a man having fired a shot at one, missed or
only wounded it. It charged him and ripped open his abdomen. This incident I
have on good authority from a person who saw the man's body. I also heard of
it in Cairo. Between Ressendila and Lake Burlos it is said that many are to be
found. I shall make an excursion there soon and find out. A son of Prince
Hussein Pasha, who is a sportsman, tells me that with a large party of beaters
he traversed all the marshes between Rosetta and Damietta, and never saw a
trace of pig. Still there is the 1892 incident."—W. E. DE W.
2 z 2

356
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT.
HIPPOPOTAMIDÆ.
HIPPOPOTAMUS.
a
Hippopotamus, Linnæus, Syst. Nat. x. 1758, p. 74.
Form very massive and unwieldy. Skin practically hairless. Muzzle very broad and
rounded. Feet short and broad, with four subequal toes, with short, rounded hoofs,
all reaching the ground when walking. Ears small; tail short. The legs also are so
short that the belly is raised but a little distance above the ground.
Dentition : i.
1 or 2, c. 1, pm. ą, m.
4
= 38 or 42.
Incisors and canines not rooted, but continuously growing. The crowns of the
molars, when worn, showing trefoil-shaped pattern of dentine.
The dental formula i. ſ belongs to the Pigmy Hippopotamus (H. liberiensis)
.
only.
4
:
2 or 3
2
c.
,
3
=
3
2
1
HIPPOPOTAMUS AMPHIBIUS, Linn.
Hippopotamus amphibius, Linn. Syst. Nat. x. 1758, p. 74.
At the present day the Hippopotamus is not found within the area treated of
in this book, but it has disappeared only since firearms have become plentiful.
The hippopotamus of the Nile has been mentioned by most of the old writers.
Diodorus Siculus (liv. i. p. 42, Wesseling Amstel. 1745) gives a very fairly accurate
i.
description of the animal.
This animal is supposed to be the “Behemoth” of Job, and it goes by this name at
the present day in the Hebrew language.
Dr. Anderson had the following note on a specimen preserved in the Frankfort
Museum :
“ Š. Nubia, Rüppell, 1825.
“This is probably the specimen, the killing of which Rüppell describes in his Reisen
in Nubien, &c.
“Total length of skeleton, premaxillaries to end of pelvis, 3 m. 305 mm. Height
from apex of spinous process of 1st dorsal, 2 m. 400 mm."
In Buffon's Hist. Nat. vol. xii. 1764, p. 24, will be found an account of the capture
of two of these animals in the Delta near Damietta, by Federico Zerenghi, Surgeon,

HIPPOPOTAMUS AMPHIBIUS.
357
:
of Narni, in Italy, which was published at Naples in 1603. The story is told
as follows:
“With the object of obtaining a hippopotamus, I posted men on the Nile, who,
having seen two animals leave the river, made a large trench across the track and
covered it over with light wood, earth, and grass. During the night, in returning to the
river, both of the hippopotami fell into the trap. My men came and told me of their
success, and I ran down with my soldier guard. We killed the two animals by giving
each one three shots in the head from a gun of greater calibre than the ordinary
musket. They died almost at once, giving out a cry which more resembled the lowing
.
of a buffalo than the neighing of a horse. This happened on the 20th July, 1600;
the next day I had them taken out of the trench and skinned with care; the one was
a male, and the other a female. I had the skins salted; they were filled with leaves
of sugar-cane to take them to Cairo, where they were salted a second time with more
care and convenience ; it required 400 lbs. of salt for each skin.
“On my return from Egypt in 1601 I took the skins to Venice, and from thence to
Rome. I allowed several learned doctors to see them..
The doctor Jerome Aquapendente and the celebrated Androvandus were the only
ones who recognized the hippopotamus from these remains, and as Androvandus' work
was then in the press, by my permission he had the figure which appears in his book
drawn from the female specimen. ... The inhabitants of this part of Egypt call the
hippopotamus · Foras l’bar,' meaning sea-horse.""
a
66
.
Dr. Burckhardt, in his Travels in Nubia,' 1819, p. 67, observes :-“ The hippo-
potamus is very common in the river at Dongola. Its Arabic name is · Barnik
or Farass-el-Bahr'; the Nubians call it Ird.' It is a dreadful plague on account
of its voracity, and the want of means in the inhabitants to destroy it. It often
descends the Nile as far as Sukkot; the peasants, as I passed, told me there were
three of them in the river between Mahass and Sukkot. Last year several of them
passed the Batn el Hadjar, and made their appearance at Wady Halfa and Derr,
an occurrence unknown to the oldest inhabitant. One was killed by an Arab by a
shot over its right eye; the peasants ate the flesh, and the skin and teeth were sold to a
merchant at Siout. Another continued its course northward, and was seen beyond the
cataract at Assouan, at Derau, one day's march north of that place.”
Writing from the island of Argo, in their Journal of a Visit to some parts of
Ethiopia,' 1822, p. 247, Waddington and Hanbury say :-“ Jan. 10, 1821. The silence
of the last two or three evenings had been disturbed only by one sound, the voice of
the hippopotamus, extremely near to us; it is a harsh and heavy sound, and like the
creaking or groaning of a large wooden door ; it is made when he raises his huge head
a

358
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT. .
out of the water, and when he retires into it again. He sleeps on shore, eats greens,
but not flesh, and passes his days under water. He is here caught in pits and snares,
and furnishes food for the table of Malek Tombol.”
Mariette Bey's 'Monuments of Upper Egypt,' 1877:-
P. 98. “In the tomb of Tih, a servant of the household of the deceased is hooking a
hippopotamus with a sort of harpoon.”
P. 118. “The hippopotamus formerly existed close to Memphis, i. e. almost as low
down as Cairo. Moreover, let it be borne in mind that in the days of Abd-el-Latyf
(1190 of the present era) hippopotami were still to be found in the Damietta branch
of the Nile." —W. E. DE W.
-

HALICORE HEMPRICHI.
359
SIRENIA.
HALICORIDE.
HALICORE.
Halicore, Illiger, Prod. Syst. Mamm. 1811, p. 140.
HALICORE HEMPRICHI, Ehrenb.
Halicora hemprichii, Ehrenb. Symb. Phys. dec. ii. 1832, k.
Halicora lottum, Ehrenb. Symb. Phys. dec. ii. 1832, k.
Halicore tabernaculi, Rüpp. & Sömm. Mus. Senck. i. 1834, pp. 99–113, pl. 6; Gray, Cat. Cet. Brit.
Mus. 1866, p. 364.
.
Halicore dugong, Heuglin, Peterm. Mitth. 1861, p. 17; Fitz. & Heugl. SB. Akad. Wien, liv.
i. 1866, p. 609.
Halicore - Krauss, Archiv Anat. Phys. Leipsig, 1870, p. 525.
Halicore cetacea, Heugl. Reise N.O.-Afr. ii. 1877, p. 135.
This animal is supposed to be the origin of the legendary Mermaid, probably from
its habit of carrying its young clasped to the breast.
The Dugong inhabiting the Red Sea has generally been considered specifically
distinct from the earliest described species, H. duyong, Erxleb., inhabiting the
shores and islands of the Indian Ocean, and from that of the coast of Northern
Australia and New Guinea, H. australis, Owen. The differences between the
three forms, however, appear to be very slight.
Ehrenberg was of opinion that there were two species inhabiting the Red Sea.
The species found on the northern shores he named after his travelling companion.
The Arabic name given is Nake.' The form found further southward he named
H. lottum, saying at the same time that it was only known to him from some
teeth purchased in the island of Hanakel, which seemed “scarcely to agree with the
Indian H. dugong," and differed from those of H. hemprichii.
Rüppell gives a very full description of this animal, which he named H. tabernaculi,
from observations taken on the spot and communicated through Dr. Sömmerring, of
Frankfort. It is said to be known among the Arabs as the “Sea Camel.” He
considered that the “ Tachash ” of Moses in the Pentateuch, translated in the English
Bible (Exodus, xxv. 5) “ Badger skins,” used by the Israelites in the construction of
the Tabernacle, was really the skin of the Dugong.
9

360
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT.
6
CG
Dr. F. Krauss, of Stuttgart, has published a lengthy anatomical paper on seven
specimens from the Red Sea, collected by Dr. Klunzinger at Kosseir. Without
expressing any opinion as to specific characters, Dr. Krauss certainly seems to
consider that the specimens from the Red Sea, when compared with those from
the Indian Archipelago, show considerable modification. In this paper will also
be found some interesting field-notes, obtained by Dr. Klunzinger, chiefly from the
Bedouin hunters, of which the following is an abstract :-
" In Arabic this animal is called “Gild,' i. e. "Skin. They live socially 2-10
together, are apparently plentiful, and appear annually on the Nubian coast, especially
near Aesa. In winter (December and January) they come northward to the island of
Safadje, or further, and even to the mainland.
They feed on the Phanerogamic [Cryptogamic] plants growing on the sea-bottom.
They are very shy and cautious, therefore are very little seen by day; at night they
betray their whereabouts by the glimmer of the sea, caused by their swimming. They
keep in the upper stratum of the sea, but sometimes descend into the depths. About
every ten minutes they rise to the surface to take breath, taking about four heavy
respirations, but without uttering any sound.
The males get their front teeth at the age of four years.
.
“The rut is in winter, like the camel. The female brings forth during the
following winter, at which time she keeps to the surface-waters, and descends
after two days with the young one into the deeps. The young are nursed for
one year, and during the suckling are clasped by the mother in her arms, and
likewise when danger threatens."—W. E. DE W.

BALÆNOPTERA.
361
CETACEA.
BALÆNIDÆ.
BALÆNOPTERA.
Balenoptera, Lacépède, Hist. Nat. Cétacées, 1804, p. 114.
Dr. Anderson obtained one specimen of Fin-Whale from the Red Sea, which was
cast ashore in April 1893 near Tor, on the Sinaitic Peninsula. With the kind
assistance of Mr. A. R. Weston, Head of the Post-Office at Suez, and of Mr. N. Beyts,
the entire skeleton was collected and preserved.
This is probably a specimen of B. edeni, Anderson, the Lesser Indian Fin-Whale,
described in Zool. Res. W. Yunnan, 1878, p. 551, and, judging from the size of the
.
bones, which are now in the British Museum, the animal would have been somewhat
over forty feet in length.
Ehrenberg mentions having seen large mandibles of whales thrown up by the sea
on the shore of Arabia, for which he suggests the name Balæna bitan (? australis), but
gives no description. It is most unlikely that Ehrenberg saw the mandibles of
a Right Whale (Balæna), and these bones probably belonged to Balænoptera edeni.
Capt. J. F. M. Prinsep, R.N., writing to Dr. Anderson, says :-“When at Akik,
about 80 miles south of Suakin, the ship was surrounded one day by a school
of whales."—W. E. DE W.
3 A

362
THE MAMMALS OF EGYPT.
DELPHINIDÆ.
DELPHINUS.
Delphinus, Linnæus, Syst. Nat. x. 1758, p. 77.
So little is known of the Porpoises and Dolphins inhabiting the Egyptian waters
that brief mention only is made of occuriences; at the same time it is hoped that the
published announcement of lack of material may stimulate those who have opportunities
for collecting to send specimens to the British Museum.
Dr. J. C. Mitchell, late of the Agricultural College, Cairo, writes in April 1897 :-
“Dolphins are found in the lake, but only a short distance inside the sea-entrance,
at Fort Gemeel, about nine miles from Port Said. The sea-entrance, supposed to be
one of the ancient mouths of the Nile, has, with the channels, an average depth of
about 5 metres. At about one and a half miles inward the channels, which converge
at the entrance, lose themselves in the lake called Bahr-el-Gemeel, the depth of which
is about 2 metres.
“I have counted between 30 and 40 dolphins in the channels in the neighbourhood
of the fort, and occasionally I have seen stragglers in Bahr-el-Gemeel, about five miles
from the sea-entrance ; but the channels are their chief hunting-grounds, for it is by
these that the fish leave and re-enter the lake. In summer and autumn the dolphins
are particularly abundant, as at this time a species of grey mullet leaves the lake in
shoals to spawn in the open sea.
** The dolphins are protected by Government, as by their help the spawning fish are
driven into the shallow water at the margin of the channels, where they are within
reach of the fishermen. These dolphins seem to be about 10 feet in length; the
colour of the back is rarely black, it is often greyish. They bring forth about
this time of the year [April], according to the fishermen, and I have just seen several
pairs, parent and young one, swimming together. Formerly the fishermen used to
catch them and eat portions of them, the black skin and fat beneath it.
66 I send you a mutilated skull which was cast ashore inside the sea-entrance.
“Dolphins (a few) are found at the Damietta mouth of the Nile, but I have neither
seen nor heard of their ascending the river.”
The skull proves to be that of D. delphis, the widely-distributed Common Dolphin.
Ehrenberg (Symb. Phys. ii. k) described a dolphin from the Red Sea as follows:-
Delphinus aduncus, H. & E. Expansus sexpedalis. Pinna dorsi 1? Capite
17-pollicari. Rostro depresso elongato, utrinque utrinquesecus 25 dentibus conicis
validis armato, ad postremos dentes 2" 67" lato ad medios 1" 9", mandibulæ longioris
a
9
66

DELPHINUS.
363
apice 81" lato sursum adunco. In insula Belhosse, Hemprichianarum una, a mari
projectum, corruptum vidi.”
Ehrenberg says that he also saw a young specimen of another species, recently
captured by Arabs, with an obtuse snout and a single dorsal fin, but that he tried in
vain to obtain it.
Rüppell (Abhandl. Mus. Senckenb. iii. 1845, p. 140, pl. xii.) gives a detailed
description of a dolphin which he says is found all over the Red Sea in small parties;
it is known by the Arab boatmen as “Abu Salam.' The diagnosis is as follows:-
“ Delphinus abusalam, Rüpp. Delphinus rostro conico, mandibula paullulum prominente,
in utraque maxilla supra et subtus 25-27 dentibus conicis subrobustis, fronte globosa,
oculis non in linea prolongata anguli oris, sed supra illam positis; dorsi colore viridi-
fusco, margine labiali, gula et ventre carneo-albicante, nonnullis maculis minutis nigris
variegato."
Rüppell also briefly mentions that there is another dolphin which occurs in the Red
Sea, with a very long, narrow beak, with about fifty teeth on each side of the jaw,
“ which may very likely be Delphinus longirostris, Dussumier.” He also mentions an
animal about fifteen feet long, with a short rounded head, light green in colour, which
probably belongs to the genus PHOCÆNA, or True Porpoises.--W. E. DE W.
ЗА 2


INDE X.
abuharab (Leptoceros), 343.
abusalam (Delphinus), 363.
abu-wudan (Ichneumia), 193.
abyssinica (Genetta), 187.
abyssinica (Viverra), 189.
abyssinicus (Arvicanthis), 281.
abyssinicus (Cephalophus), 352.
abyssinicus (Dipus), 307.
Acomys, 282.
Addax, 352.
aduncus (Delphinus), 362.
ægyptiaca (Cynonycteris), 85.
ægyptiaca (Eleutherura), 85.
ægyptiaca (Hamadryas), 28.
ægyptiaca (Pachysoma), 85.
ægyptiaca (Simia), 8, 28, 54, 58.
ægyptiaca (Vulpes), 215, 226, 230, 231.
ægyptiaca (Xantharpyia), 85.
ægyptiaca, subsp. See vulpes (Vulpes), 221, 227.
ægyptiacus (Canis), 227.
ægyptiacus (Nyctinomus), 151, 153, 154.
ægyptiacus (Plecotus), 114.
ægyptiacus (Pteropus), 84, 87.
ægyptiacus (Pteropus) (Xantharpyia), 85, 87.
ægyptiacus (Rousettus), 84, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 92.
ægyptiacus (Spalax), 292, 295, 299, 300.
ægyptiacus (Vespertilio), 84.
ægyptiacus, var. See auritus (Vespertilio), 114.
ægyptio (Ichneumon), 190.
ægyptius (Canis), 221, 227.
ægyptius (Dipus), 304, 307,
ægyptius (Dipus) (Haltomys), 307.
ægyptius (Erinaceus), 156.
ægyptius (Gerbillus), 252, 262.
aegyptius (Lepus), 316, 317, 318, 319, 320.
ægyptius (Mus), 301, 302, 305.
ægyptius, var. See pipistrellus (Vespertilio), 124.
æthiopica (Nycteris), 109.
æthiopicus (Erinaceus), 158, 160, 161, 162, 163, 165.
æthiopicus (Lepus), 321.
æthiopicus (Phractomys), 289.
@thiopicus (Plecotus), 110, 116.
æthiops (Cercopithecus), 7, 8, 9, 12, 13, 15.
æthiops (Rhinolophus), 97.
cethiops (Simia), 8, 13, 15.
affinis, subsp. See chaus (Felis), 181, 182.
afra (Colëura), 134, 135.
afra (Emballonura), 134.
africana (Gazella), 340.
africana (Mephitis), 239, 243.
africana (Mustela), 235, 236, 237.
africa-australis (Hystrix), 314.
africanus (Asinus), 330.
africanus (Nyctinomus), 153.
africanus (Putorius), 235.
Alactaga, 305.
albescens (Ichneumia), 193.
albicauda (Herpestes), 193, 194.
albicauda (Herpestes) (Ichneumia), 193.
albicauda (Herpestes), var. nigricauda, 194.
albicaudus (Herpestes), 193.
albipes (Meriones), 266.
albiventer (Monachus), 248.
albiventer (Nycteris), 107.
albiventris (Erinaceus), 159, 162, 164.
albolimbatus (Vespertilio), 124.
alexandrinus (Mus), 274.
algirus (Erinaceus), 160.

366
INDEX.
alopex (Canis), 221.
amænus (Dipodillus), 262.
amphibius (Hippopotamus), 356.
amplexicaudatus (Rousettus), 90, 91.
andersoni (Gerbillus), 259.
angolensis (Nycteris), 107, 110.
anthus (Canis), 204, 208, 213, 215.
anthus (Dieba), 213.
anthus (Lupus), 213.
Antilopinæ, 336.
antinorii (Rhinolophus), 96, 97, 98.
antiquorum (Cynocephalus), 54.
anubis (Canis), 223, 227.
“ anubis (Cynocephale),” 34, 36.
anubis (Cynocephalus), 10, 34, 36, 37, 44, 45.
anubis (Papio), 7, 9, 11, 12, 30, 34, 37, 39, 48, 49,
50, 52, 53, 57, 59, 66, 68.
anubis (Simia), 34.
anurus (Epomophorus), 92.
arabica (Antilope), 342.
arabica (Capra), 332.
arabica (Gazella), 342, 313.
arabicus (Rousettus), 86, 90, 142.
aranea (Crocidura), 169.
Arctonyx, 245.
Artiodactyla, 332.
Arvicanthis, 279, 284.
Asinus, 329.
asinus (Equus), 329.
Aspalax, 296.
assabensis, var. See perforatus (Taphozous), 140.
aureus (Canis), 204, 205, 206, 210, 211, 212, 213.
aureus græcus (Canis), 213.
aureus syriacus (Canis), 213.
auritus (Erinaceus), 156, 160, 161, 162.
auritus (Plecotus), 113, 114.
auritus (Vespertilio), 114.
auritus (Vespertilio), var. ægyptiacus, 114.
auritus (Vespertilio), var. austriacus, 114.
ausiensis (Meriones), 266.
austriacus, var. See auritus (Vespertilio), 114.
Balenidæ, 361.
Balænoptera, 361.
Barbastellus, 132.
barbastellus (Barbastellus), 132.
barbastellus (Vespertilio), 132.
beden (Ægoceros), 332.
beden (Capra), 332.
beden (Ibex), 332.
“ Bekker-el-Wash,” 336.
bengalensis (Vulpes), 232.
berberorum (Caracal), 184.
bipes (Dipus), 307.
bitan (Balana), 361.
boccamela (Mustela), 235.
boccamela (Putorius), 236.
bonapartii (Plecotus), 114.
“Booted Lynx," 171.
boselaphus (Bubalis), 336.
Bovidæ, 332.
brachydactylus (Erinaceus), 156, 160, 162.
brachydactylus (Hemiechinus), 160.
brachyotus (Sciurus), 249.
brachyotus (Xerus) (Sciurus), 249.
brevimanus (Vespertilio), 114.
bubalinus (Alcelaphus), 336.
Bubalis, 336.
bubalis (Alcelaphus), 336.
bubalis (Antilope), 336.
bubastis (Felis), 171.
burtoni (Gerbillus), 256, 257, 258.
burtoni (Hyrax), 324, 327.
buselaphus (Antilope), 336.
buselaphus (Bubalis), 336.
cærulea (Crocidura), 170.
caffer (Herpestes), 192.
caffer (Hipposiderus), 102.
cafra (Felis), 175.
cahirinus (Acomys), 282, 284.
cahirinus (Mus), 282.
calcarata (Romicia), 124.
caligata (Felis), 171, 173.
caligata (Lynx), 171.
callitrichus (Cercopithecus), 14, 16, 18.
callitrix (Simius), 25.
calurus (Dipodillus), 264.
camelopardus (Giraffa), 352.
babuin (Cynocephalus), 9, 34, 36, 54, 57, 58, 59, 60,
61, 65, 70, 71.
babuin (Papio), 30, 54, 62, 68.
bacheri (Nesokia), 286.
bactrianus (Mus), 278.

INDEX.
367
Canidæ, 203,
Canis, 204, 221.
capensis (Gulo), 246.
capensis (Ictonyx), 238, 239, 241.
capensis (Nycteris), 108, 110.
capensis (Ratelus), 246.
capensis (Rhinolophus), 96.
capensis (Viverra), 246.
capensis, var. See variegata (Zorilla), 239.
Capra, 332, 334.
Caprinæ, 332.
“ Caracal aux Oreilles Blanches," 171.
caracal (Felis), 184.
caracal (Felis), var. nubicus, 184.
caracal (Felis) (Lynx), 184.
caracal (Lynx), 184.
Carnivora, 171.
catolynx (Felis), 176.
caudata (Simia), 8.
Cercocebus, 15.
Cercopitheci, 3, 27.
Cercopithecidæ, 1.
Cercopithecus, 1, 3, 5, 13, 14, 16, 28, 54.
cestoni (Nyctinomus), 153, 154.
Cetacea, 361.
cetacea (Halicore), 359.
“Chat aux Oreilles Rousses," 171.
“Chat Botté," 171.
chaus (Felis), 173, 176, 177, 178, 179, 184.
chaus nilotica (Felis), 176.
Chiroptera, 83.
choras (Papio), 65.
christii (Plecotus), 114.
chrysurus (Cercopithecus), 14.
civetta (Viverra), 186.
clivosus (Rhinolophus), 98.
Colëura, 133.
collaris (Cynonycteris), 85.
collaris (Rousettus), 86, 87, 89.
? comata (Simia), 29.
communis (Plecotus), 114.
Conepatus, 245.
cor (Megaderma), 104, 112.
Cordiæ, 91.
cordofanicum (Rhinopoma), 144.
cornutus (Vespertilio), 114.
corsac (Vulpes), 204.
crassibulla (Meriones), 266.
crassicauda (Crocidura), 169, 170.
crassicauda (Crocidura) (Pachyura), 169.
crassicauda (Pachyura), 169.
crassicaudus (Sorex), 169.
crassus (Meriones), 266, 267.
Cricetus, 291.
cristata (Hystrix), 312, 313.
cristata (Viverra), 197.
cristatus (Proteles), 197.
Crocidura, 166.
crocuta (Canis), 201.
crocuta (Hyæna), 199, 201.
cuvieri (Acanthion), 312.
cuvieri (Hystrix), 313.
cuvieri (Leptoceros), 343.
Cynailurus, 185.
Cynocephali, 33.
Cynocephalus, 9, 28, 57, 65, 79.
cynocephalus (Cercopithecus), 28, 54.
cynocephalus (Cynocephalus), 71,
cynocephalus (Papio), 7, 30, 34, 39, 48, 54, 57, 59,
60, 61, 65, 66, 68, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82.
cynocephalus (Simia), 54, 57, 58, 82.
Cynomolgos, 65.
cynosurus (Cercopithecus), 14, 60, 61.
dama (Gazella), 352.
daman (Hyrax), 326.
damarensis (Nycteris), 110.
decumanus (Mus), 276.
Delphinidæ, 362.
Delphinus, 362.
delphis (Delphinus), 362.
deserti (Erinaceus), 160, 163.
Desmodontes, 93.
diadematus (Erinaceus), 159, 164.
dimidiatus (Acomys), 284, 285.
dimidiatus (Mus), 284.
Dinops, 153.
Dipodillus, 261, 264.
Dipus, 301, 302, 311.
doguera (Cynocephalus), 12, 34, 41, 54.
doguera (Papio), 30, 39, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 49,
53.
dongolana (Genetta), 187, 188, 189.
dongolana (Viverra), 188, 189.

368
INDEX.
furax, subsp. See Chaus (Felis), 182.
fusca (Hyæna), 198.
dongolano (Felis), 171.
dongolanus (Hyrax), 324.
dongolanus (Meriones), 256.
dorcas (Antilope), 340, 347.
dorcas (Capra), 340.
dorcas (Gazella), 340, 341, 342, 343, 347, 348,
350.
dorsalis (Erinaceus), 161, 163.
dubbah (Hyæna), 199.
dugong (Halicore), 359.
Duplicidentata, 315.
duvernoyi (Pachyura), 169.
edeni (Balanoptera), 361.
ehrenbergi (Spalax), 295.
elegans (Psammomys), 272.
Eliomys, 251.
engytitthia (? Simia), 13.
Epomophorus, 84, 91, 92.
Equidæ, 329.
Equus, 329.
Erinaceidæ, 156.
Erinaceus, 156.
erminius (Putorius), 236.
erythopus (Xerus), 250.
erythreä (Ictonyx), 240, 241, 242.
europeus (Erinaceus), 163, 164.
euryale (Hipposiderus), 94.
euryale (Rhinolophus), 94.
gætulus (Meriones), 266.
galeata (Hystrix), 314.
Galera, 245.
Galictis, 245.
Gazella, 340.
Gebel, 302.
gelada (Theropithecus), 10, 12.
Genetta, 187.
genetta (Genetta), 187, 188.
gentilis (Mus), 277, 278.
geoffroyi (Dysopes), 151.
geoffroyi (Nycteris), 107.
geoffroyi (Nyctinomus), 151.
geoffroyi (Pteropus), 84.
Gerbillinæ, 252, 274.
Gerbillus, 252, 260, 268, 270.
gerbillus (Dipus), 252, 258, 260.
gerbillus (Gerbillus), 252, 255, 256, 259, 260,
268.
gerbillus (Meriones), 256.
gerboa (Dipus), 303, 304, 307.
gigantea (Pachyura), 169.
giganteus (Sorex), 169.
giganteus (Spalax'), 295.
Giraffa, 352.
Glauconycteris, 129.
Graphiurus, 251.
griseoviridis (Cercopithecus), 9, 10, 13, 14, 18, 19.
griseoviridis (Simia), 10.
griseus (Cercopithecus), 13, 16, 17.
guereza (Colobus), 10, 11, 12.
Gulo, 245.
guttata (Felis), 185.
guttatus (Cynælurus), 185.
guyoni (Gerbillus), 266.
famelica (Vulpes), 230, 233, 234.
famelicus (Canis), 230.
famelicus (Fennecus), 230.
famelicus (Megalotis), 230, 231.
Felidæ, 171, 182.
Felis, 171.
Fennec," 233.
ferrum-equinum (Rhinolophus), 97, 98.
“Fishtāll” or “ Lervee,” 334.
“ Fizzler Weasel,” 246.
flavigaster (Mus), 274.
floweri (Glauconycteris), 129.
frenata (Ictonyx), 239, 243, 244.
frenata (Zorilla), 243.
frons (Megaderma), 104, 111, 112.
frontalis (Erinaceus), 156, 159.
fuliginosa (Nycteris), 110.
habessinica (Procavia), 325.
habessinicus (Hyrax), 326.
habessinicus (Lepus), 318, 319.
hadramauticus (Canis), 210.
hagenbecki (Canis), 215, 218, 219.
Halicore, 359.
hamadryas (Cercopithecus), 28.
hamadryas (Cynocephalus), 9, 10, 11, 12, 28.

INDEX.
369
indica (Hystrix), 314.
indicus (Sorex), 169.
innesi (Lepus), 319, 320.
innesi (Vespertilio), 121.
innesi (Vesperugo) (Vesperus), 121.
innuus (Macacus), 7.
Insectivora, 156.
insignis (Nyctinomus), 152.
intermedius (Spalax), 295.
inuus (Simia), 57.
isabella (Gazella), 347, 348, 350, 351.
isabellinus (Lepus), 321.
isidis (Antilope), 347.
hamadryas (Papio), 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 12, 19, 28, 31,
32, 34, 43, 57, 60, 69.
hamadryas (Simia), 8, 28, 58.
hardwickii (Rhinopoma), 144, 146, 147.
hardwiclcii, subsp. See microphyllum (Rhinopoma),
144.
Harpyia, 86.
Helictis, 245.
hemorichi (Halicore), 359.
hemprichi (Otonycteris), 118, 120.
hemprichii (Halicora), 359.
Herpestes, 190.
Herpestinæ, 190.
heterodactylus (Erinaceus), 164.
heuglini (Papio), 34, 38, 39, 42, 44, 45, 46.
hibernicus (Mus), 276.
Hippopotamidæ, 356.
Hippopotamus, 356.
Hipposiderinæ, 93, 99.
hipposideros (Rhinolophus), 95.
Hipposiderus, 99.
Hippotigris, 329.
hirtipes (Dipus), 304, 305.
hirtipes (Dipus) (Haltomys), 305.
hispida (Nycteris), 110.
hispidus (Mus), 284.
homochrous (Plecotus), 116.
hunteri (Acomys), 284, 285.
Hyæna, 199.
hyæna (Canis), 199.
hyæna (Hyæna), 199, 201.
Hyænidæ, 199.
hyenoides (Viverra), 197.
hypoleucus (Vesperugo), 127.
Hyracoidea, 324.
Hystricidæ, 312.
Hystrix, 312.
jacquemontië (Felis), 179.
Jaculidæ, 301.
Jaculus, 301, 304, 311.
jaculus (Dipus), 307.
jaculus (Jaculus), 305, 311.
jaculus (Mus), 302, 304, 305.
“Jerboa," 307.
“Jird,” 266.
jubata (Felis), 185.
jubatus (Cynailurus), 185.
jubatus (Cynailurus), 185.
kachhensis (Taphozous), 140.
kachhensis, subsp. See nudiventris (Taphozous),
140.
kirgisorum (Spalax), 295.
kuhli (Pipistrellus), 124, 127.
kuhlii (Vespertilio), 124.
kuhlii (Vesperugo), 124.
kuhlii (Vesperugo), var. leucotis, 124.
ibeanus, subsp. See cynocephalus (Papio), 79.
ibeanus, subsp. See thoth (Papio), 54, 66, 67.
ibex (Capra), 332.
Ichneumon, 190.
ichneumon (Herpestes), 190, 192.
ichneumon (Viverra), 190.
Ictonyx, 238, 241, 242, 244, 245.
imbausi (Lophiomys), 289.
“indéterminée (Gerbille)," 266,
labiata (Nycteris), 107.
labiatus (Epomophorus), 91.
lævipes (Gazella), 350, 352.
“La Gerboise,” 307.
Lagomyido, 315.
lalandei (Proteles), 198.
lalandii (Proteles), 197.
langheldi (Cynocephalus), 64, 66.
langheldi (Papio), 30, 48, 54, 67, 68, 69, 73.
“ L’Animal anonyme,” 233.
Latax, 245.
lateralis (Canis), 207.
3 B

370
INDEX.
Lycaon, 203.
Lyncodon, 245.
lyra (Megaderma), 104, 112.
“Le Babouin,” 54.
“Le Bubale," 336.
“Le Kevel Gris," 342.
lelwel (Bubalis), 337.
leo (Felis), 182.
leopardus (Felis), 183.
Leporida, 315.
lepsianum (Rhinopoma), 144.
leptoceros (Antilope), 343.
leptoceros (Gazella), 342, 343.
Lepus, 315, 322.
lervia (Antilope), 334.
lervia (Ovis), 334.
leschenaultii (Rousettus), 91.
6. Le Tartarin," 28.
leucampyx (Cercopithecus), 11.
leuciscus (Hylobates), 57.
leucomelas (Synotus), 132.
leucomelas (Xantharpyia), 91.
leucopus (Vulpes), 224, 226.
leucorya (Oryx), 352.
leucosternum (Mus), 296.
leucotis (Vesperugo) (Pipistrellus), 124.
leucotis, var. See kuhlii (Vesperugo), 124.
leucoumbrinus (Sciurus), 250.
leucurus (Herpestes), 193.
liberiensis (Hippopotamus), 356.
libyca (Felis), 171.
libyca (Ictonyx), 243, 244.
libyca (Mustela), 243.
libycus (Erinaceus), 156, 158, 165.
libycus (Felis), 174, 176.
“ Lièvre d'Egypte," 316.
locusta (Dipus), 307.
loderi (Gazella), 343.
loempo (Herpestes), 193.
longicaudatum (Rhinopoma), 144.
longicaudus (Meriones), 252.
longirostris (Delphinus), 363.
Lophiomyinæ, 289.
Lophiomys, 289, 290, 291.
lottum (Halicora), 359.
lunulatus (Cercocebus), 15.
lupaster (Canis), 209, 210, 212, 213, 215.
Lutra, 245.
Lutrinæ, 245.
lybica (Felis), 171, 173, 175, 179, 180, 181, 182,
macracanthus (Erinaceus), 163,
macrotarsus (Jaculus), 310.
macrotis (Nycteris), 110.
Magot, 28.
major, var. See variegatus (Isomys), 279.
maniculata (Felis), 171, 172, 174.
maniculatus (Mus), 276.
margarita (Felis), 175.
marginatus (Vespertilio), 124, 127.
marginatus (Vesperugo), 124.
mauritanica (Bubalis), 336.
mauritanicus (Bubalis), 336.
mauritanicus (Jaculus), 305.
mauritianus (Taphozous), 139.
megabalia (Felis), 185.
Megachiroptera, 83.
Megaderma, 105, 111, 149.
Megadermatidæ, 103, 105, 106, 111.
Megaloglossina, 84.
Megaloglossus, 84.
megalotis (Mus), 284.
melanura (Antilope), 350.
melanura (Gazella), 350.
melanurus (Eliomys), 251.
melanurus (Gerbillus), 269.
melanurus (Meriones), 266, 267, 269, 276.
melanurus, subsp. See shawi (Meriones), 267, 269,
272.
Meles, 245.
meles (Ichneumon), 190.
Melinæ, 245.
melivorus (Ursus), 246.
Mellivora, 245.
mellivora (Viverra), 246.
mellivorus (Gulo), 246.
mellivorus (Ratelus), 246.
mellivorus (Taxus), 246.
mengesi (Canis), 218, 219, 220.
Mephitis, 245.
Meriones, 266, 270, 271.
mesomelas (Canis), 204, 217.
Microchiroptera, 93.
microphthalmus ( Spalax), 295.

INDEX.
371
microphyllum (Rhinopoma), 143.
microphyllum (Rhinopoma), subsp. hardwickii, 144.
microphyllus (Vespertilio), 143, 147.
micropus (Erinaceus), 161, 163.
microtis (Dipus), 310.
midas (Nyctinomus), 155.
minimus (Scotophilus), 130.
minor, var.
See variegatus (Isomys), 279.
minuta (Pipistrella), 124.
Molossida, 151.
Molossinæ, 133.
monachus (Monachus), 248.
Mormopterus, 153.
“Mouflon à Manchettes," 334.
multivittata (Rhabdogale), 239, 243.
Muridæ, 252.
Murine, 274.
murinus (Meriones), 265.
murraiana, subsp., 102.
· murraiana, var. See tridens (Phyllorhina), 100.
Mus, 274.
“Musaraigne Grande," 166.
musculus (Mus), 277, 278.
Mustela, 245.
Mustelidæ, 235.
mustelina (Rhabdogale), 239.
Mustelinæ, 235, 245.
Mydaus, 245.
Myoxidæ, 251.
Nisnas, 22.
nivalis (Putorius), 236.
Noctilionidæ, 133.
Noctilioninæ, 133.
noruegicus (Mus), 276.
norvegicus (Mus), 275, 276.
nubiana (Capra), 332.
nubianus (Ibex), 332.
nubicus (Acomys), 283.
nubicus, var. See caracal (Felis), 184.
nudiventris (Taphozous), 139, 140.
nudiventris (Taphozous), subsp. kachhensis, 140.
numidicus (Herpestes), 190.
numidicus (Putorius), 236.
Nycteridæ, 103, 105, 106, 107.
Nycteris, 105, 106, 107.
Nyctinomus, 151, 153, 154.
obesus (Psammomys), 270.
obscura (Felis), 175.
obscura, subsp. See lybica (Felis), 175.
obscurus (Theropithecus), 10.
olivaceus (Cynocephalus), 34.
olivaceus (Papio), 49, 53,
olivieri (Crocidura), 170.
olivieri (Crocidura) (Crocidura), 166.
olivieri (Sorex), 166.
Oreotragus, 338.
preotragus (Antilope), 338.
oreotragus (Nanotragus), 338.
oreotragus (Oreotragus), 338.
orientalis (Jaculus), 305, 307, 311.
orientalis (Mus), 277.
ornata (Ovis), 334.
orobinus (Graphiurus), 251.
orobinus (Myoxus), 251.
Otonycteris, 117.
otus (Vespertilio), 114.
Ovis, 332, 334.
nanus (Dipodillus), 263.
nasomaculatus (Addax), 352.
neglectus (Cercopithecus), 11.
Nesokia, 286.
neumanni (Papio), 34, 42, 46, 47, 49, 52, 53, 68.
nigricauda (Ichneumia), 193.
nigricauda, var. See albicauda (Herpestes), 194.
nilotica (Vulpes), 224, 226.
nilotica, subsp. See chaus (Felis), 176, 181.
niloticus (Arvicanthis), 272.
niloticus (Arvicola), 279.
niloticus (Canis), 221, 224, 225, 227, 229.
niloticus (Echimys), 279.
niloticus (Hypudoeus), 279.
niloticus (Lemmus), 279, 281.
niloticus (Vulpes), 221, 227.
nimr, var. See pardus (Felis), 183.
Pachyura, 166.
paleaceus (Pterocyon), 91.
pallescens (Mus), 277, 278.
pallida (Vulpes), 232, 234.
pallidus (Canis), 232.
pallidus (Cynalopex), 232.
pallidus (Erinaceus), 162.
3 B 2

372
INDEX.
Proteles, 197.
pruinosus (Papio), 79.
pruneri (Erinaceus), 164.
pruneri, subsp. See albiventris (Erinaceus), 164.
Psammomys, 270.
Pteralopex, 83.
Pteropodidæ, 83, 84.
Pteropodinæ, 84.
Pteropus, 149.
pulchella (Felis), 171.
pulcher (Pipistrellus), 129.
pumilus (Nyctinomus), 155.
pusilla (Vulpes), 224.
pusillus (Epomophorus), 92.
Putorius, 235, 245.
pygargus (Gerbillus), 256, 258, 259,
Pygmæus (Canis), 232.
pyramidum (Gerbillus), 254, 255, 256, 258, 259,
264, 268.
pyrivorus (Pteropus), 90.
Pyrrhonotus (Cercopithecus), 5, 8, 9, 12, 15, 22, 24,
25, 26.
Pyrrhonotus (Simia), 10.
pallidus (Fennecus), 232.
pallidus (Hemiechinus), 160.
pallidus (Scotophilus), 130.
pallidus (Vulpes), 232.
pallipes (Canis), 204, 205.
palmarum (Xantharpyia), 91.
Papio, 1, 3, 28, 81.
pardus (Felis), 174, 182, 183.
pardus (Felis), var. nimr, 183.
patas (Cercopithecus), 8, 22, 25, 26.
perforatus (Taphozous), 137, 138, 139, 140, 142.
perforatus (Taphozous), var. assabensis, 140.
Perissodactyla, 329.
peronii (Plecotus), 114.
persica (Vulpes), 224, 225, 226.
persicus (Trianops), 135.
petersi (Otonycteris), 118.
pharaon (Ichneumon), 190.
pharaonis (Herpestes), 190.
pharaonis (Mus), 190.
Phocæna, 363.
Phyllostomatidæ, 93.
picta (Hyæna), 203.
pictus (Canis), 203.
pictus (Erinaceus), 161, 163.
pictus (Lycaon), 203.
pileatus (Semnopithecus), 57.
Pinnipedia, 248.
Pipestrelle, 116.
Pipistrellus, 117, 121, 124, 129.
pipistrellus (Pipistrellus), 124, 127.
pipistrellus (Vespertilio), 124, 127.
pipistrellus (Vespertilio), var. ægyptius, 124,
platyotis (Erinaceus), 156, 159, 160.
Plecotine, 113.
Plecotus, 113.
plicatus (Nyctinomus), 153.
Poecilogale, 245.
poliophous (Cercopithecus), 10, 24, 25.
porcarius (Cynocephalus), 9, 10.
porcarius (Papio), 69.
porcarius (Simia), 58.
prætextus (Mus), 278.
priscus (Spalax), 295.
Procavia, 324.
Procaviidæ, 324.
Proteleidæ, 197.
quadrimaculatus (Dipodillus), 261, 262, 263.
quadrimaculatus (Gerbillus), 261.
quadrimaculatus (Meriones), 262.
ratel (Mellivora), 246.
ratel (Viverra), 246.
rattus (Mus), 274, 275, 276, 278.
religiosa (Crocidura) (Crocidura), 168.
religiosus (Sorex), 168.
renaultii (Gerbillus), 266.
revoili (Nycteris), 108.
Rhinolophidæ, 93.
Rhinolophine, 93.
Rhinolophus, 94.
Rhinopoma, 143, 146, 148, 149.
Rhinopomatidæ, 143.
richardi (Gerbillus), 266.
riparius (Canis), 215, 217, 218, 219.
robustus (Meriones), 265, 266.
robustus (Tatera), 265.
Rodentia, 249.
rothschildi (Lepus), 319, 322.
roualeyni (Tragelaphus), 56.

INDEX.
373
roudairei (Psammomys), 270.
Rousette, 92.
Rousettus, 84.
ruber (Cercopithecus), 9, 10, 22.
rubra (Simia), 26.
ruficeps (Hyrax), 324, 325.
ruficeps (Procavia), 324, 325, 327, 328.
ruficollis (Gazella), 352.
rufifrons (Gazella), 352.
rufina (Gazella), 352.
Ruminantia, 332.
rupelii (Dysopes), 151, 154.
rüppelii (Felis), 171, 174, 176.
rüppellii (Lynx), 176.
rueppelli (Pipistrellus), 127, 129.
rüppelii (Vespertilio), 127.
rüppellii (Vesperugo), 127.
russula (Crocidura), 169.
rutilus (Sciurus), 249.
rutilus (Xerus), 249.
sabæa (Simia), 13, 14, 17.
sabæus (Cercopithecus), 8, 14, 17.
sabbar (Canis), 223, 227, 228.
sacer (Canis), 208, 213.
sacer (Suncus), 169.
sagitta (Dipus), 307.
saltator (Oreotragus), 338.
saltatrix (Antilope), 338.
saltatrix (Oreotragus), 338.
saltiana (Madoqua), 352.
savvii (Gerbillus), 266.
schliefeni (Scotophilus), 130.
schliefenii (Nycticejus), 130.
schliefenië (Vesperugo) (Scotozous), 130.
schousboeii (Gerbillus), 266,
Scirtomys, 311.
Sciuridæ, 249.
Scotonycteris, 84.
Scotophili, 132.
Scotophilus, 130.
scrofa (Sus), 354.
“Sea Fox,” 215.
sellysië (Meriones), 266.
seminudus (Rousettus), 90.
senaariense (Rhinopoma), 144.
senaariensis (Erinaceus), 160.
senegalensis (Genetta), 187.
senegalensis (Ictonyx), 241, 242.
senegalensis (Taphozous), 137, 140, 142.
senegalensis, var. See variegata (Zorilla), 239.
(,
senegalica (Hystrix), 313, 314.
senex (Theropithecus), 10.
sennaariensis (Vesperugo), 127.
serotinus (Vespertilio), 123.
serratus (Nycticejus), 140.
serval (Felis), 183.
serval (Felis) (Galeopardus), 183.
seychellensis (Colëura), 135.
shawi (Gerbillus), 266.
shawi (Meriones), 266, 267, 271.
shawi (Meriones), subsp. melanurus, 276.
shawii (Meriones), 266.
Simia, 65.
Simplicidentata, 249.
sinaitica (Capra), 332.
sinaitica (Procavia), 325, 328.
sinaiticus (Ibex), 332.
sinaiticus (Lepus), 322.
Sirenia, 359.
smithi (Lophiomys), 291,
soemeringii (Cynailurus), 185.
soemmerringi (Gazella), 349, 350, 351.
soemmerringii (Antilope), 349.
soemmerringii (Gazella), 349.
Soricidæ, 166.
Spalacidæ, 292.
Spalax, 292, 293, 295, 298.
spasma (Megaderma), 104.
sphingiolus (Cynocephalus), 9.
sphinx (Cynocephalus), 36, 54, 58, 59, 60.
sphinx (Papio), 42, 54.
sphinx (Simia), 8, 9, 58.
Spilogale, 238.
spretus (Mus), 278.
stramineus (Pteropus) (Rousettus), 91.
striata (Hyæna), 199.
striata (Viverra), 239.
subpalmata (Mustela), 235,
subviridis (Simia), 10, 13.
Suidæ, 354.
Suina, 354.
Sus, 354.
sylvanus (Macacus), 9.
syriaca (Procavia), 326, 328.
syriacus (Canis), 212.

374
INDEX.
syriacus (Hyrax), 326.
syriacus (Lepus), 323.
tabernaculi (Halicore), 359.
toniopus (Equus), 330.
tæniotis (Nyctinomus), 154, 155.
Taphonycteris, 136.
Taphozous, 136, 148.
Tatera, 265.
Taxidea, 245.
tectorum (Mus), 274.
temminckii (Pipistrellus), 127.
temminckii (Vesperugo), 127.
temminckii (Vespertilio) (Alobus), 127.
testicularis (Arvicanthis), 281.
tetradactylus (Dipus), 311.
tetradactylus (Scirtomys), 311.
thebaica (Nycteris), 107, 109, 110, 116.
Theropithecus, 10, 12.
thomsoni (Gazella), 350.
thoth (Cynocephalus), 36, 37, 54, 59, 64, 66.
thoth (Papio), 30, 62, 64, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71.
thoth (Papio), subsp. ibeanus, 54, 67.
tigrina (Genetta), 187, 188.
tilonura (Antilope), 350.
tilonura (Gazella), 350, 351.
tragatus (Nyctinomus), 153.
tragelaphus (Ægoceros), 334.
tragelaphus (Ammotragus), 334.
tragelaphus (Ovis), 334.
tricolor (Lycaon), 203.
tridens (Asellia), 100.
tridens (Hipposiderus), 99, 135.
tridens (Phyllorhina), 100.
tridens (Phyllorhina), var. murraiana, 100,
tridens (Rhinolophus), 99.
tripolitanus (Canis), 212, 213.
trouessarti (Meriones), 266.
typhlus (Mus), 296.
typhlus (Spalax), 292, 295, 296, 300.
vaillantii (Zorilla), 243.
Vampyrus, 149.
variegata (Vulpes), 215.
vuriegata (Zorilla), var. capensis, 239.
variegata (Zorilla), var. senegalensis, 239.
variegatus (Canis), 204, 205, 206, 208, 212, 215,
217, 218, 219, 220.
variegatus (Hypudæus), 279.
variegatus (Isomys), 279.
variegatus (Isomys), var, major, 279.
variegatus (Isomys), var, minor, 279.
variegatus (Mus), 279.
venustus (Meriones), 256, 258.
Vespertilio, 121, 131.
Vespertilionidæ, 113.
Vespertilionine, 113.
vispipistrellus (Vespertilio), 124.
vispistrellus (Pipistrellus), 124.
vitulinus (Calocephalus), 248.
Viverra, 186.
Viverrida, 186.
Viverrinæ, 186.
vulgaris (Hyæna), 199.
vulgaris (Mustela), 235.
vulpecula (Canis), 221, 223, 227, 229.
Fulpes, 221.
“Vulpes minimus saarensis,” 233.
vulpes (Canis), 221, 227.
vulpes (Vulpes), 221, 224, 225.
vulpes (Vulpes), subsp. ægyptiaca, 227.
wagleri (Cynocephalus), 28.
watersi (Dipodillus), 263.
watersi (Gerbillus) (Dipodillus), 263.
whitei (Pteropus), 91.
Xerus, 249.
zerda (Canis), 233.
zerda (Vulpes), 233.
zorilla (Mephitis), 239.
zorilla (Mustela), 238, 239.
zorilla (Putorius), 239.
zorilla (Viverra), 238, 239.
Ungulata, 324.
ursula (Vesperugo), 124.
ustus (Plecotus), 118, 120.
PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.

Some of the more Important Works
BY THE LATE
JOHN ANDERSON, M.D., LL.D.E din., F.R.S., F.S.A., F.L.S., F.Z.S., F.R.G.S.,
SUPERINTENDENT IMPERIAL MUSEUM OF INDIA, PROFESSOR OF COMPARATIVE ANATOMY,
MEDICAL COLLEGE, AND FELLOW OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALCUTTA.
A REPORT ON THE EXPEDITION OF 1868-9 TO WESTERN YUNAN, viâ BHAMÔ.
BY JOHN ANDERSON, M.D., MEDICAL OFFICER TO THE EXPEDITION.
Contents, as summarized by the late General Sir HENRY RAWLINSON in his Presidential Address
to the Roy. Geogr. Soc., May 1872.—One half the volume consists of a series of pregnant
chapters on the following subjects :-
1. A critical account of the former history of the country; 2. Wars between Burma and China;
3. A review of the work of former travellers in the region; 4. Physical Geography and Geology ;
5. Ethnology-Shans and Kakhyens ; 6. Mahomedans in Yunan; 7. Trade-routes of Upper
Burmah; 8. The Irrawady and its sources .... The rest of the volume—Chapters 9-15—is occupied
by a Narrative of the journey.
With Maps and Appendices.-App. C. Notes on the Stone and Bronze
Implements of Yunan, illustrated by 5 Plates.
-
CALCUTTA: GOVERNMENT PRINTING PRESS, 1871.
MANDALAY TO MOMIEN: a Narrative of the Two Expeditions to Western China
of 1868 and 1875, under Col. E. B. SLADEN and Col. HORACE BROWNE.
BY DR. ANDERSON, SCIENTIFIC OFFICER TO BOTH EXPEDITIONS.
First Expedition, Chapters I. to XI.
Second Expedition, Chapters XII. to XVI., giving in the last chapter a graphic account of the
Repulse of the Mission and the Murder of Margary.
With Maps, and Illustrations of the Country from Water-colour Sketches by the Author, and
of the hill-tribes, Shans and Kakhyens, from Photographs by himself, Colonel SLADEN, and Major
WILLIAMS.
LONDON: MACMILLAN & CO., 1876.
ANATOMICAL AND ZOOLOGICAL RESEARCHES:
Zoological Results of the Yunnan Expeditions, and a Monograph of the
two Cetacean Genera “Platanista and Orcella."
Part I. MAMMALIA ; II. CETACEA ; III. AvEs; IV. REPTILIA ; V. AMPHIBIA; VI. PISCES.
The Section on Invertebrata was worked out by authorities in their several Departments.
4to. Pp. 935, with 84 Plates, many of which are Coloured.
CALCUTTA: GOVERNMENT PRINTING PRESS.-LONDON: QUARITCH, 1878.

CATALOGUE OF MAMMALIA. -Part I.
INDIAN MUSEUM, 1881.
CATALOGUE AND HANDBOOK OF ARCHÆOLOGICAL COLLECTIONS
IN THE INDIAN MUSEUM.-Parts I. & II., 1883.
-
FAUNA OF MERGUI AND ITS ARCHIPELAGO,
WITH AN ACCOUNT OF THE SELUNGS OF THE ARCHIPELAGO.
The Collections were made by Dr. ANDERSON, but were brought to Europe to have the specimens
identified and named by various men of Science in Britain and on the Continent.
PUBLISHED IN THE JOURNAL OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY, VOL. XXI. & XXII., 1889,
AND ALSO SEPARATELY
LONDON: TAYLOR & FRANCIS.
ENGLISH INTERCOURSE WITH SIAM IN THE
SEVENTEENTH CENTURY.
(With a Map.)
Dr. Anderson in his Preface explains how he was led to take up the history of the district of
Tenasserim and Mergui, in which his scientific labours in connection with the Indian Museum had
lain.
In the Introductory Chapter to his exhaustive enquiry into the earliest attempts of European
Traders to gain a footing in Siam, Dr. Anderson gives the chequered history of Tenasserim, both
Province and City, the latter having been founded by the Siamese in 1373 up the river of the same
name. It was the starting point of an overland route to Ayuthia. Such it remained until the
Burman Conquest of 1765, when both it and Mergui were destroyed, and Ayuthia being burned
shortly afterwards, Bangkok became the capital of Siam.
TRÜBNER'S ORIENTAL SERIES, 1889.
LONDON : KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRÜBNER, & Co., Ltd.
ZOOLOGY OF EGYPT.
ANDERSON.
REPTILIA AND BATRACHIA.
Royal 4to. Pp. lxv +372, with 41 Coloured and 11 Uncoloured Plates ;
having an Introduction with Map and seven Photographs illustrating
the physical features of the country.
LONDON: QUARITCH, 1898.





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