Dim
20
2072
FREDERICK M.GAIGE





S Y N O P S IS
OF THE
NATURAL HISTORY
OF
GREAT-BRITAIN AND IRELAND.
VOL. I.


123
17
S Y N O P S I S
OF THE
NATURAL HISTORY
OF
GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND.
CONTAINING
A SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT
AND
CONCISE DESCRIPTION
OF ALL THE
ANIMALS, VEGETABLES, AND FOSSILS,
WHICH HAVE HITHERTO BIEN DISCOTIRED
IN THESE KINGDOM S.
By JOHN BERKENHOUT, M.D.
BEING A
SECOND EDITION OF THE OUTLINES, &c.
CORRECTED AND CONSIDERABLY ENLARGED.
VOL. I.
COMPREHENDING THE ANIMAL AND FOSSIL
KINGDOMS.
LONDON:
PRINTED FOR T. CADELL, IN THE STRAND
M DCC LXXXIX,


ΤΟ
THE RIGHT HONOURABLE
Τ Η Ο Μ Α S
LORD VISCOUNT WEYMOUTH,
THESE VOLUMES
ARE HUMBLY INSCRIBED,
BY HIS LORD SHIP'S
MOST FAITHFUL SERVANT,
THE AUTHOR.


GAIGE Cose
2248296
P R E F A CE.
TH
HE Linnæan Syſtem of Nature is now
too univerſally adopted to require any
defence or apology: if it be not the moſt
natural, it is doubtleſs the moſt convenient,
and that is a fufficient anſwer to every objec-
tion.
a
The firſt volume of this Synopſis contain-
ing the Animal Kingdom, was firſt publiſhed
in the year 1769 under the title of Outlines,
&c. the ſecond, comprehending the Vege-
table productions of Great Britain and Ireland,
in 1770; and the Fofils, in a ſmall volume,
in the year 1772. In the preſent edition, the
Animals and Foſſils are compriſed in one
volume.
This ſketch of our Natural Hiſtory hath
been long out of print: it was originally
imperfect, and that imperfection is ſo con-
ſiderably augmented by the labours of later
writers, that I am compelled to reviſe and
republiſh the book, in ſpite of my indo-
lence.
A 3
The

vi
P R E FACE.
The prefent age is particularly diftinguiſhed
by the expanſionof Chemiſtry and of Natural
Hiſtory. For this expanſion we are prin-
cipally indebted to the frozen regions of the
North. Linnæus, Bergman and Scheele are
immortal in the annals of Philoſophy. Ima-
gination may be peculiarly the offspring of
fouthern climes; but colder regions are more
favourable to that indefatigable perſeverance
from which great improvements and diſco-
veries are to be expected.
In the Animal Kingdom, the number of
Species, in the clafs MAMALIA, hitherto diſ-
covered, is about 350: of this number 54
only are inhabitants of Britain.
The Species of Birds, deſcribed by Line
næus, amount to very near a thouſand. This
number is now almoſt doubled by the disa
coveries of Sir Joſeph Banks, Mr. Pennant,
Latham, Briffon, Mauduit, Desfontaines,
Dombey, Vaillant, &c. by the laſt of whom
upwards of 50 new ſpecies have been lately
brought from the Cape of Good Hope. Of
this claſs about 250 ſpecies inhabit theſe
iſlands; ſome of them conſtantly, others
during part of the year.
Of

P R E F A CÉ,
vii
Of the claſs AMPHIBIA there are in the laſt
edition of the Syſtema Nature very near 300
ſpecies, of which 50 have been deſcribed by
the Natural Hiſtorians of Britain.
Of FISHES Linnæus has deſcribed about
400 ſpecies. Our late celebrated circum-
navigators have ſo conſiderably augmented
the catalogue, that they now amount to up-
wards of one thouſand. Of theſe about 130
ſpecies have been caught in our rivers, lakes,
and on our ſea-coaſts.
OF INSECTS, near 10,000 ſpecies have been
deſcribed, and probably many thouſand ſtill
remain undiſcovered. In this claſs I have
added nothing to thoſe that were in the for-
mer edition. They are upwards of 600.
The Fossil KINGDOM, which, in the pre-
ſent edition, makes a part of the firſt volume,
has ſuffered no alteration in point of dif-
poſition. The ſyſtem is neither that of Lin-
næus nor directly that of any other Minera-
logift. I flatter myſelf it will be found more
uſeful than if it were. The additions,
corrections, and emendations are, as
bulk, inconſiderable ; but thoſe addi-
tions
to
A 4

viii
P R E F À CE.
ditions which, in confequence of the late diſ-
coveries in Chemiſtry, indicate the conftitu-
ent parts of bodies, are numerous and im-
portant.
The ſecond volume contains the VEGE-
TABLE KINGDOM. The number of plants,
ſpecifically diſtinct, defcribed by Linnæus,
father and ſon, is about 13,500. To theſe
M. Commerçon has added 1500, and M.
Dombei about the ſame number. M. Def-
fontaines enumerates between three and four
hundred non-deſcripts. M. Thunberg has
lately brought 600 new ſpecies from Japan;
Dr. Sipthorp, 200 from the Archipelago;
M. Michaux, 400 from the Levant, Perſia,
and North America. Theſe, together with
the numerous collection of Sir Joſeph Banks
and of other travellers, have probably in-
creaſed the number of ſpecies to upwards of
20,000. Of this number I have deſcribed
.
1600; which I believe is allthat have hitherto
been diſcovered growing ſpontaneouſly in this
country. Some of them, certainly, are not
aboriginally indigenous; the preſent genera-
tion however are natives, and propagate
their ſpecies without cultivation; they are
not

PRE FACE.
ix
not indeed Ancient Britons; but they are Bri-
tons nevertheleſs,
The Linnæan ſyſtem is evidently and con-
feffedly artificial, the ſole uſe and intention
of which is, to enable a young Botaniſt to
diſcover the name of any unknown plant, by
reducing it, firſt to its Claſs, then to its Order,
then Genus, and finally to its Species. Sup-
poſing him, therefore, well acquainted with
the characteriſtics of the Twenty-four Claſſes,
having gathered a plant with which he is un-
acquainted, he firſt examines the parts of
fructification, and, without much difficulty,
determines the Claſs. He then fixes the
Order; and ſoproceeds. But if it ſhould un-
fortunately happen, that the whole Clafs and
Order, to which his plant evidently belongs,
exhibit no ſuch Genus, heis immediately be-
wildered, and begins to flatter himſelf that he
has diſcovered a plant unknown to Linnæus:
Nor is there any method of finding his mif-
take, except by comparing the plant in
queſtion with every generic character in the
whole Syſtem.
How ſtrange foever this may appear, it is
a caſe that muſt frequently happen, in con-
ſequence

PRE FACE.
ſequence of Linnæus, and Hudſon after him,
having ſometimes arranged particular Species
in Claſſes to which they do not belong, be-
cauſe they were unwilling to ſeparate one or
more Species from others of the fame Genus:
Doubtleſs, if this could be avoided, without
fo manifeſt an inconveniency, it ought. But
if Nature be ſo untractable as not to ſubmit
entirely to the fetters of Art, we muſt do the
beſt we can, and of two evils chuſe the leaft.
I am ſorry to differ from a man to whom the
ſcience of Botany owes ſuch infinite obliga-
tion; but I humbly conceive, that in all
ſyſtems, the firſt grand diviſions of Claſs and
Order ſhould be abfolute, withoutexceptions;
otherwiſe the ſyſtem ſerves only to perplex the
inveſtigation it was meant to facilitate. On
this principle, therefore, I have transferred
ſeveral ſingle Species to their proper Claſs
and Order, referring the reader for their
generic character to the Claſs and Order
where the reſt of the fame Genus are to be
found.
In a Natural ſyſtem this feparation would
be unpardonable; but in an Artificial one,
provided I am thus enabled more readily to
identicate the plant in queſtion, it is cer-
tainly

P R E FACE.
xi
tainly of no importance that there are other
Species of the fame Genus in another part of
the Book.
I cannot conclude this preface without ac-
knowledging my obligation to thoſe to whom
I am particularly indebted for the additions in
the preſent publication.
My firſt acknowledgements are due to
Thomas Pennant, Efq; whoſe Britiſh Zoology
was my principal original affiftant in the
firſt four Claſſes; and to whoſe kind com-
munications I am obliged for upwards of 50
new ſpecies: theſe are diſtinguiſhed by a re-
ference to the Zoology. Mr. Pennant's
Syſtem I think preferable to that of Linnæus:
it is perhaps equally convenient for inveſti-
gation, and certainly much leſs diſtorted; but
a predilection for the fyftem of my old maf-
ter, and the trouble incidental to the altera-
tion, overpowered my wiſh to adopt that of
Mr. Pennant.
In
my
reviſal of the Vegetable Kingdom,
Dr. Withering's Botanical Arrangement, and
Mr. Lightfoot's Flora Scotica, were of great
uſe to me: they are both valuable publica-
tions.
4
I am

xii PRE FACE.
I am particularly happy in acknowledging
my obligations to Mr. Curtis; whoſe favour-
able opinion of theſe volumes was a principal
cauſe of their republication, and the re-
ferences to whoſe admirable Flora Londinenſis
hath ſo much improved the preſent edition
of my book.
THE

The ANIMAL KINGDOM is divided
into fix Claſſes, viz.
Claſs I. MAMMALIA. Suckle their
young
II. Birds. Body covered with feathers.
III. AMPHIBIA. Lungs arbitrary.
IV. Fishes. Breathe by gills, not arbitrarily.
V. Insects. Two antenna, or feelers.
VI. VERMIS. No head.
I. MAMALI A.
Order I. Primates. Four parallel fore teeth. Two
pectoral mamma.
II. Feræ. Upper fore-teeth 6; canine teeth
2 in each jaw.
III. Glires. Fore-teeth ſharp, 2 in each jaw.
No canine teeth.
IV. Pecora. No upper fore-teeth.
Under
fore-teeth 8. Hoof divided. Horns.
V. Belluæ. Fore-teeth more than 2 in each
jaw. No horns.
VI. Cete No legs.
II. BIRD S.
Order 1. Accipitres. Bill and claws arched, ſtrong.
II. Picæ. Bill compreſſed, curved a little.
III. Anſeres. Bill obtuſe at the end. Feet
webbed or finned.
Iy. Gralle. Legs very long.
IV
V. Gallina. Bill convex; the upper man-
dible arched. Toes connected by a
membrane at the bottom. Tail-feathers
more than 12.
VI. Paferese

( 14 )
VI. Paſſeres. Bill conic, pointed. Noſtrils
oval, broad, naked.
III. AMPHIBIA.
Order T. Reptiles. Feet 4.
II. Serpents. No legs. No fins.
III. Nantes. No ſcales. Rays of their fins
cartilaginous.
IV. FISHES.
Order I. Apodes. No ventral fins.
II. Jugulares. Ventral fins before the pecto-
ral.
III. Thoracici. Ventral fins under the pecto-
ral.
IV. Abdominales. Ventral fins behind the pec-
toral.
V. INSECTS.
Order I. Coleoptera. Wings 2, covered by 2 ſhells,
divided by a longitudinal future.
II. Hemiptera. Shells, or covers of the
wings ſomewhat ſoft and incumbent on
each other.
III Lepidoptera. Wings 4, imbricated with
minute ſcales.
IV Neuroptera. Wings 4, naked, tranſparent,
reticulated with veins or nerves: Tail
.
without ſting
V. Hymenoptera. Wings 4, membraneous.
Tail of the female armed with a ſting.
VI. Dipiera. Wings 2.
VII. Aptera. No wings.
VI. VERMES

( 15 )
VI. VERMES.
Order I. Inteſtina. Naked, ſimple, without limbs,
II. Molluſca. Simple, without ſhell ; but not
entirely without limbs.
III. Teftacea. Incloſed in a hard ſhell moveable
by the animal.
IV. Lithophyta. Coral.
V. Zoophyta. Stems vegetating and changing
into animals.


ERRAT A.
--
Page.
61. for Chmera
read
Chymera
Accipenſer
Accipencer
66. Ophidium
Ophidium
86. ClaſsI.
Claſs IV.
267. Zine
Zinc
268. Led
Lead
271. Gyphites
Gryphites
246. dele Flour and vide page 239
300. for Dorfthill read Dortſhill
305
Willenborough
Wellenborough
308.
Clanagarin
Glanagarin


D ER I V A T I O N S.
A
BDOMINALES. From Abdomen, the Belly. The
4th Order of Claſs IV. Fiſhes whoſe belly-
fins are behind the pectoral.
ACCIPITRES. From Accipiter, a Hawk. Birds of
the Hawk kind. The firſt Order in Claſs II.
AMPHIBIA. From audi utrimque, and Gros vita.
Living in both elements. Claſs III.
APODES. From à priv. and wous, pes, a foot. The
Iſt Order of Claſs IV. Containing thoſe Fiſhes
which have no belly-fins, which Linnæus conſiders
as feet.
APTERA. From à priv. and stepov, ala, a wing,
The 7th Order of Claſs V. Without Wings.
BELLUÆ. From Bellua, a beaſt. The 6th Order
of Claſs I.
Cete. From Kero-, Cetus, a Whale. The 7th
Order in Claſs I.
DIPTERA. From diwno, duplex, double, and WTS-
,
pov, ala, a wing. The 6th Order of Claſs V.
Containing thoſe inſects which have two wings.
FERÆ. From Fera a wild-beaſt. The 3d Order of
Claſs I.
GALLINÆ. From Gallina, a Hen. The 5th Order
of Claſs II.
GLIRES. From Glis, a Dormouſe. The 4th Order
of Claſs I.
GRALLÆ. Grallæ, ſtilts. Having very long Legs.
The 4th Order of Claſs II.
a
HEMIPTERA,

( 18 )
HEMIPTERA. From nurous, dimidius, half, and
W Tepov, ala, a wing. The 2d Order of Claſs V.
HYMENOPTERA. From yuny, membrana, a mem-
brane, utepov, ala, a wing. The 5th Order of
Claſs V.
JUGULARES. From Jugulum, the Neck. The ad
Order of Claſs IV. containing thoſe Fiſhes whoſe
lower fins are in the neck, before the pectoral.
LEPIDOPTERA. From newis, a ſcale or thin plate,
and wrepov, ala, a wing. The 3d Order of Claſs V.
,
LITHOPHYTA. From rido, lapis, a ſtone, and
λίθG
quois, nature, fubftance. The 4th Order of
Claſs VI.
MAMMALIA, or Dug. The iſt Claſs of the Ani-
mal Kingdom, comprehending thoſe which fuckle
their young
MOLLUSCA. Molluſca, a ſpecies of nut with a ſoft
fhell. The 2d Order of Claſs VI.
NEUROPTERA. From veípov, nervus, a rerve, and
"tepov, ala, a wing. The 4th Order of Claſs V.
PASSERES. From Paſſer, a Sparrow. Order the
6th of Claſs II.
PECORA. From Pecus, a flock of ſheep, &c. The
5th Order of Claſs I.
PICÆ. From Pica, a Magpie. The 2d Order in
Claſs II.
PRIMATES. From Primas, firſt in rank, moſt con-
ſiderable. The iſt Order in Claſs I.
TESTACEA. From Teſta a fhell. The 3d Order
of Claſs VI.
2
THORACICI.
4

( 19 )
THORACICI. From Thorax, the Breaſt, or that part
of the Body which contains the heart and lungs.
The 3d Order of Claſs IV. Containing thoſe
Fiſhes whoſe ventral or belly fins are placed imme-
diately under the pectoral fins.
VERMES. From Vermis, a Worm. Claſs VI.
ZOOPHYTA. From Zãov, an animal, and Quots, na-
ture, ſtructure, &c. The 5th Order of Claſs V.


THE
ANIMAL KINGDOM.
CLASS 1.
Μ Α Μ Μ Α LI A
Suckle their Young. Quadrupeds, except the laſt
Order
Ord. I. PRIMATES
Four parallel upper fore-teeth. Two pectoral
mamma
HOMO. Fore-teeth ſharp-edged. Walks
erect:
1. Sapiens. Rational Man.
VESPERTILIO. Teeth ſharp-pointed.
Flies.
1. Auritus. Long-eared Bat. Ears double and larger
than the head. Length not quite twoinches.
2. Murinus. Short-eared Bat. Length 2 inches.
3. Magnus. Great Bat. Wings extend 15 inches
Ears ſmall and round. Hair brown. Brit.
Zool. No. 38.
B
4. Horſe-shee

2
FERÆ.
MAMMALIA.
4. Horfe-Shoe Bat. At the end of the nofe a mem-
brane fhaped like a horſe-lhoe. Length
3 inches, extent 14. Brit. Zool. No. 39.
III. FERÆ.
Upper fore teeth 6, ſomewhat ſharp and conic.
Canine teeth 2 in each jaw, longer than the reſt.
PHOCA. Hind legs horizontal. Feet webbed.
1. Vitulina. Seal, or Sea Calf. No external ears.
Length 5 or 6 feet. Frequent on the rocky
fhores of Wales, Cornwall, and Ireland.
2.
Great Seal. Length 12 feet. Coaſt of
Scotland. Br. Zool. I. No. 36.
CANIS. Fore teeth in each jaw 6. Grin-
ders 6 or 7. Canine teeth curved. Laterat
fore teeth longer, and diſtant from the reſt;
the intermediate ones lobed. Five toes be-
fore, 4 behind.
1. Familiaris. Dog. Tail bends to the left.
Varieties. Maſtiff, Hound, Greyhound, Pointer,
Spaniel, Terrier, Shock, Lap-dog, Cur.
2. Vulpes. Fox. Tail a bruſh, not bent, and tipt
with white. Lips white. Fore feet black.
a
FELIS. Fore-teeth equal. Grinders 6 in
each jaw. Tongue rough. Claws retractile.
1. Catus. Cat. Tail long, annulated. Body marked
with ſpiral, and 3 longitudinal ſtripes. Our
tame cats are leſs in ſize, and vary in colour. .
MUSTELA.
4

MAM MALIA.
3
FERÆ
MUSTELA. Fore-teeth in each jaw 6;
thoſe of the under-jaw cloſe, obtuſe, with
two interior ones. Body long and ſlender.
Legs ſhort. Five toes on each foot.
Lutra. Otter. Colour dark brown, with two white
ſpots on each fide the noſe. Length 3
feet 3 inches. Tail compreſſed and taper.
Eyes ſmall. Ears ſhort. Long whiſkers.
Feet webbed.
2. Martes. Martin.
Martin. Colour dark brown. Throat
and breaſt white. Length 2 feet and a
half. Canine teeth large. Skin and ex-
crement ſmell like muſk. Noſe ſharp.
3. . . . . . Pine Martin Leſs than the former, its co-
lour darker, and breaſt yellow, Br. Zool. I.
No. 16.
4. Putorius. Polecat. Length about two feet. Co-
lour blackiſh tawny.
Muzzle and ears
white. Noſe ſharp.
5. Erminea. Stoat, or Ermine. Upper part of the
body pale brown; under white. Tail tipt
with black ; Ears and Toes, with white.
Length 15 inches. In northern climates
white in winter.
6 Vulgaris. Weeſel or Foumart. Upper part of the
Body and Tail entirely tawny. Throat
and belly white. Length 9 inches, leſs
common than the former.
URSUS. Fore teeth in each jaw 6; upper ones
excavated. Grinders 5 or 6. Body thick
and clumſy. Toes 5 on each foot.
1. Meles. Badger. Length 2 feet and half. Upper
part of the body grey; under, black. Tail
B 2
Thorts

MAMMALIA GLIRES.
ſhort, with long ſtiff hair. Face black and
white. Fore claws long. A tranſverſe ori-
fice between the tail and the anus. Three
black briſtles over each eye.
TALPA. Upper fore-teeth 6; lower 8.
1. Europæa. Mole. Five toes on each foot. Snout
long. Eyes ſmall. Fur remarkably foft.
No external ears. Fore legs ſhort, with
broad feet turned outwards.
SOREX. Upper fore teeth 2, bifid ; lower 4;
canine ſeveral.
1. Araneus. Shrew Mouſe. Snout and tail long.
Above brown; beneath dirty white. Toes
1
5
on each foot. Eyes ſmall. Length 4 inches.
2. Fodiens. Water Shrew. Above black; beneath
afh-colour. Ears and Eyes very ſmall.
Length near 6 inches. Snout long and
ſmall. Burrows near water. Lincolns.
Br. Zool. I. 33
ERINACEUS. Fore-teeth 2 in each jaw,
canine teeth, 4 above, 3
beneath.
2. Europæus. Hedgehog. Five toes on each foot.
Long fnout. Body covered with long iharp
briſtles. Length 11 inches.
IV. GLIRES.
Fore-teeth 2 in each jaw, remote from the grinders.
No canine teeth.
LEPUS. Ears long. Tail ſhort. Upper fore-
teeth double. Toes 5 before, 4 behind.
5
1. Timidus Hare. Ears tipt with black.
2. Variabilis.

MAMMALIA. GLIRES. 5
2. Variabilis. Variable or Alpine Hare. Shorter
Ears. Much leſs. Tail quite white. En-
tirely white in winter, except the tips of
the ears On the tops of mountains in the
highlands of Scotland.
3. Cuniculus. Rabbit. Ears almoſt naked. Pupil of
the Eyes red.
a
MUS. Lower fore teeth ſmall, pointed,
Toes 4 before, 5 behind. Tail long.
1. Norvegicus. Brown Rat. Length to the tail 9 inches;
9
tail 9 inches. Back tawny. Belly dirty
white. Feet and Legs almoſt bare. Tail
{caly, Omitted by Linnæus.
2. Terreſtris. Short-tail'd Field-mouſe. Head large.
Length to the tail 6 inches; Tail 1 inch,
ending in a bruſh. Back ruſty black; beliy
aſh colour.
3. Amphibius. Water Rat. Length to the tail 7
inches; tail 5. Body covered with long hairs
browniſh black. Belly grey. Tail black,
white at the extremity. Ears and Eyes ſmall.
4. Rattus. Common Rat. Tail longer than the body.
On the fore feet 4 claws and a kind of thumb
nail; behind 5. White whiſkers, Almoſt
5
extinct.
5. Muſculus. Common Moufe. Differs very little from
the Common Rat, except being much leſs.
6. Avellanarius. Dormouſe. Toes 4 before, 5 behind,
5
the interior of which wants the nail. Tail
2 inches, thick ſet with hair. Colour
tawny red. Throat white. Size of the
com-
mon mouſe.
B 3
7. Syl.

6
PECORA,
M A M M A LI A.
7. Sylvaticus. Long-tailed Field Mouſe. Differ from
the common rat and common moufe chiefly
in being leſs than the former and larger
than the latter, Back brown. Belly grey.
Leſs long-tailed Field Mouſe. From
noſe to tail 2 inches; tail 2 inches,
Weight of an ounce. Ears naked. Back
and belly divided by a ſtrait line on each ſide,
8. .
SCIURUS. Upper fore-teeth like wedges ;
lower compreſſed.
1. Vulgaris. Squirrel. Colour red-brown; breaſt and
belly white, Ears tufted, Tail a bruſh,
,
V. PECORA,
Upper fore-teeth none. Under fore-teeth 8,
diſtant from the grinders. Canine teeth none, Hoof
divided.
CERVUS. Horns folid, rough, annual.
1. Elaphus. Stag, Red Deer, or Hart. Horns round,
branched, and turn backward.
2. Dama. Buck, or Fallow Deer. Horns compreſſed,
branched, turned backward, and broad at
the extremities.
3. Capreolus. Roebuck. Horns round, erect, and bifid
at the extremity. Leaſt ſpecies. In the
highlands of Scotland.
CAPRA. Horns hollow, rough, ſimple, erect
bending backwards. Body covered with
long hair.
1. Hircus. Goat. Horns edged on the interior fide,
round on the exterior. Long beard.
OVIS.

MAMMALIA.
7
BILLU Æ.
OVIS. Horns rough, hollow, ſimple, fpiral,
turning outwards. Body covered with wool.
1.
7. Aries. Sheep. Horns compreſſed.
.
BOS. Horns ſmooth, ſimple, hollow.
1. Taurus. Ox. Horns round, curving upwards and
outwards.
VI. BELLUÆ.
Fore-teeth, in each jaw, obtuſe, truncated. No
horns.
EQUUS. Fore-teeth 6 in each jaw. Hoof
undivided.
1, Caballus. Horſe. Tail covered entirely with long
hair. Ears ſhort, erect. Mane long,
2. Aſinus. Aſs. Long hair towards the extremity of
the tail. Ears long, flaccid. A black croſs
on the top of the ſhoulders.
SUS. Hoof divided. 2 tuſks in each jaw.
1. Scrofa. Hog. Ridge beſet with ſtrong briſtles.
VII. CETE.
.
Spiracula, or ſpout in the upper ſurface of the
head. Pectoral ſoft fins. Tail horizontal. Copulate
like quadrupeds, which they reſemble alſo in the
ſtructure and uſe of their internal parts.
BALÆNA. No teeth Spout double.
1. Myſticetus. Whale. No dorſal fin. Spout in the
middle of the head. Under jaw much larger
than the upper. Eyes very ſmall and diſtant
from each other. Skin ſmooth. Belly white.
The largeſt of all animals. Dale Harw.409.
2. Phye
B 4

8
MAMMALIA. CETE.
2. Phyſalus. Fin-back Whale. A dorſal fin near the
tail. Body long and ſmall. Belly ſmooth.
Dale Harw. 410.
3. Boops. Pike-headed, or Sharp-noſed Wbale. Horny
protuberance on the back towards the tail.
Back ſmooth and ſhining. Longitudinal
folds on the belly. Dale Harw. 410, Sib.
Obf. 29.
4. Muſculus. Round-noſed Whale. A dorſal fin.
Under jaw much larger than the upper.
Belly folded. Şib. Obf. 33.
5. Roftrata. Beaked Whale. Length 14 feet. Fore-
head high, noſe much depreſſed and long.
Dorſal fin nearer the tail. Taken near
Maldon, 1717. Br. Zool. III. No. 20.
PHYSETER. Teeth in the under jaw.
I. Catodon. Leſs Whale. No dorſal fin. Spout in the
noſe.
2. Macrocephalus. Sperma-ceti Whale. No dorſal fin,
Spout in the back part of the head. Double
row of teeth, in number 46. Length 50 or
60 feet.
3. Microps. Sharp-toothed Whale. Dorſal fin long.
Upper maxilla longer than the under. Teeth
hooked. Spout in the middle of the noſe.
4. ...: High finned Whale. Dorſal fin very long
and erect. Spout in the forehead. Brit.
Zool. III. No. 23.
DELPHINUS. Teeth in each jaw, One
dorſal fin.
1. Pho.

MAM MALIA. CETE. 9
1. Phocæna. Porpeſs. Back broad and black. Belly
white. Noſe ſhort, obtuſe. Teeth ſmall,
acute.
2. Delphis. Dolphin. Body long, and nearly round,
Noſe long, ſharp, with a broad tranſverſe
mark. Teeth ſmall, pointed. Length 9 or
Io feet.
3. Orca. Grampus. Teeth obtuſe. Noſe turned a
little upwards. Upper jaw much leſs than
the under. Length 24 feet .
CLASS

BIRDS.
ACCIPITRES.
CLASS II.
BIRDS.
Body covered with Feathers.
1. ACCIPITRES.
Birds of prey. Bill and claws ſtrong, hooked.
An angle in each margin of the upper mandible.
Body muſcular. Females larger and more beautiful
than the males,
a
FALCO. Bill arched from the baſe, which is
covered with a wax-like membrane or cere.
1. Ollefragus. Sea Eagle. Cere yellow. Colour
light brown. Legs yellow and feathered
half way down. I ail ſpotted with white.
Claws black. In ſeveral parts of Britain
and Ireland.
2. Chryſætos. Golden Eagle. Cere and Legs yellow,
feathered to the toes. Wings reach to the
extremity of the Tail. Beak lead colour.
Irides hazel. Colour dark brown.
Weight 12 pounds. Tail clouded with
dark afh colour. In the mountainous parts
of Ireland, and ſometimes in Wales.
Ringtail Eagle. Reſembles the laſt in
fize and colour, but diſtinguiſhed by a broad
white band acroſs the tail.
4. Albiulla. Erne. Bill, Cere, Irides and Legs pale
yellow. Between the eyes bare. Head and
Neck aſh colour. Body dark brown. Tail
white. Leſs than the former. Lin. Syft.
Nat. Ed. 12. p. 123.
5. Pygargus.
3. Fulvus.

BIRDS.
II
ACCIPITRES.
5. Pygargus. Hen-Harrier. Male : cere and feet
yellow, Above
grey; beneath white.
Weight 12 ounces. Length 17 inches. Fe-
male: A rough round the head. Under
each eye a white ſpot. Back duſky; Rump
white. Belly rediſh brown. Weight 16
ounces. Length 20 inches.
6. Milvus. KITE. Cere and legs yellow. Head
grey. Back brown. Tail forked. Flies
remarkably ſteady.
7. Gentilis. Falcon Gentle. Cere, Irides, and Feet
yellow. Above deep brown. Breaſt and
Belly yellowiſh with longitudinal ſpots. 5
or 6 broad bars acroſs the tail. Feather of
the Head black edged with brown. Sib.
Scot. II. lib. 3. p. 14.
8. Subbuteo. Hobby, or Tree Falcon. Cere and Feet
yellow. Above black brown. Beneath
white, with long brown ſpots on the Breaſt.
Back of the neck white. Under each eye a
dark longitudinal foot. Length 12 inches.
Weight of the male 7 ounces.
9. Buteo. Common Buzzard. Cere and Feet pale yel-
low. Beak lead colour. Above ferruginous
brown. Beneath yellowiſh white, ſpotted
with brown. Tail barred with black and
aſh colour, and tipt with browniſh white.
Weight 32 oz. Length 22 inches.
10... Spotted Buzzard. Size of the laſt. Bill
black. Under ſide of the entire body white.
Crown white with brown ſpots. Back and
Scapulars brown edged with white. Middle
feathers of the Tail barred with white and
dark brown. Br. Zool, I. No. 55.
11. Tinnunculus.
.

12
ACCIPITRES.
BIRDS.
:
II. Tinnunculus. Keſtril. Cere and Feet yellow.
Male : Headlight grey: Tail the ſame, with
a black bar near the end and tipt with white.
Back purple, ſpotted with black. Weight
6 oz. Length 14 inches. Female : Back
.
leſs bright. Head and Tail pale brown ſpot-
ted with black. Weight 11 ounces.
.
12. Lanarius. Lanner. Cere yellow-blue. Bill and
Feet blue. Above deep brown. Beneath
yellow-white, with brown ſpots. A white
line above each eye.
13. Haliætus. Oſprey. Cere and Feet blue. Back
brown. Belly and back of the Head white.
A brown patch from the Eye down each
ſide the Neck. Legs naked, Weight 62 oz.
Length 23 inches
14. Gyrfalco. Gyrfalcon. Cere and Feet blue. Beak
and Legs yellow. Body white, ſpotted with
dark lines. Length 20 inches.
15. Apivorus. Honey Buzzard. Cere and Bill black
Legs yellow and half naked. Head aſh co-
lour. Back brown. Breaſt and Belly white,
ſpotted. Tail barred. Claws brown and
not much curved. Weight 30 oz. Length
23 inches.
16. Æruginoſus. Moor Buzzard. Cere greeniſh yel-
low. Body chocolate tinged with brown.
Legs long and ſlender. Beak and Talons
black. Weight 20 oz. Length 21 inches.
17. Palumbarius.
Gos Hawk. Cere yellow-green.
Irides and Feet yellow. Beak and talons
black. Head and Back deep brown. Breaſt
and Belly white, waved with brown.
white line above the Eye. Tail barred and
much longer than the Wings when folded,
Length 22 inches
18. Niſus.
A

BIRDS
13
ACCIPITRES.
Beneath tawny
19. .....
18. Niſus. Sparrow Hawk. Cere green-yellow.
Feet yellow. Bill blue. Claws black
Above brown, or grey.
white, waved with brown. Tail afh co-
lour, barred and tipt with white. Weight
of the male 5 oz. female 9.
Peregrine Falcon. Cere, Irides, Legs,
and Feet yellow. Beak blue. Claws black.
Above aſh colour barred with black and
blue. Beneath white tinged with brown,
with longitudinal and tranſverſe lines.
Length 16 inches. Builds annually in the
rocks of Llandidno in Caernarvonſhire.
20...
Grey Falcon. Cere and Legs yellow.
Irides red. Fore part of the Head deep
brown; hind part white. Sides of the
Head and Throat cream colour. Belly white
with long black ſpots. Back deep grey.
Wings folded extend beyond the extremity
of the Tail. Legs long and naked.
Merlin. Cere and legs yellow. Bill
lead colour. Above purpleifh aſh colour
with ferruginous ſpots. Beneath yellowiſh
white with brown ſpots. Tail barred with
brown. Length 6 ] inches.
21.....
STRIX. Bill ſhort, hooked, without cere.
Head large. A broad diſk ſurrounding each
Eye. Legs feathered to the toes. Tongue
bifid. Nocturnal.
1. Otus. Long-eared Owl. Bill and claws black.
Plumage red-brown variegated with white.
Auricular feathers 6. Length of the female
inches. In the North and in Wales.
2. Otus,

14
BIRDS. ACCIPITRES.
2. Otus. Short-eared Owl. Horns, or ears a ſingle
feather. Above brown. Beneath pale
yellow. Quill feathers barred with red.
Tip of the Tail white. Wings, when cloſed,
reach beyond the Tail. Migrates. Length
13 inches and a half. Br. Zool. I.
No. 66.
3. Flammea. White Owl. Above pale yellow, with
white ſpots. Beneath white. Interior ſides
of the quill feathers, four black ſpots on each
fide. Edge of the middle claw ſerrated.
Weight 11 oz. Length 14 inches.
.
4. Ştridula. Tawny Owl. Above tawny red, ſpotted
with black and white. Beneath yellowiſh,
with black longitudinal ſtrokes.
5. Ulula. Brown Owl. Above, deep brown ſpotted
with black and white. Beneath, pale afh-
colour mixt with tawny, with black ſtrokes.
Diſk round the eyes aſh-colour with brown
ſpots.
6. Pafferina. Little Owl. Not much larger than a
Thruſh. Irides and Bill pale yellow.
Above, olive brown with white ſpots. Be-
neath, white with brown ſpots. In Yorkſhire,
Flintſhire, and ſometimes near London.
LANIUS. Bill hooked towards the end, with
a notch in the upper Mandible. Tongue
.
jagged,
1. Excubitor. Great aſh-coloured Butcher Bird. Bill
and Legs black Tail wedged, black in
the middle and white on the ſides. Crown
and Back aſh colour. Wings black with a
white bar. Cheeks white with a black
ſtroke. Weight 3 oz. Length 10 inches.
Migrates.
2. Collurio.

BIRDS. PICA.
15
3.
•
2. Collurio. Red-back'd Butcher Bird, or Fluſher.
Bill and Tail like the former. Head, Rump,
and Legs aſh colour. Back red-brown. Be-
neath bloffom. Black ſtroke acroſs the Eyes.
Weight 2 oz. Length 7 inches.
Wood Chaf. Bill horn colour, with
white feathers at the baſe. Black line croſs
the Eye, extending down the Neck. Head
and back of the Neck bright bay. Back
duſky. Scapulars white. Quill feathers
black, with a white ſpot towards the boz-
tom. Breaſt and Belly yellowiſh white.
Two mniddle feathers of the Tail and Legs
blackSize of the former. Br. Zool.
fol. 74. oct. I. No. 73. Migrates.
II. PICÆ.
Bill compreſſed, convex.
CORVUS. Bill ſtrong, conic, with briſtles at
its bafe reflected downwards. Tongue
bifid.
1. Corax. Raven. Above ſhining bluiſh black.
Beneath duſky, Weight 3 pounds. Length
26 inches.
2. Corone. Crow. The whole body bluiſh black.
Tail rounded. Weight 20 OZ. Length
18 inches.
3. Frugilegus. Rook. Colour bluiſh black. Noſtrils,
Chin and ſides of the Mouth white and
bare. Somewhat larger than the laſt
4. Cornix. Royſton-Crow. Back, Breaſt, Belly, and
upper part of the Neck aſh colour; the reſt
bluiſh black. Weight 22 oz. Length
22 inches. Migrates,
.
5. Mo-

16
BIRDS, PICÆ.
5. Monedula. Fackdaw. Back of the Head, Breaſt
and Belly aſh colour; the reſt black. Irides
white. Weight 9 oz. Length 13 inches.
6. Glandarius. Jay. Head covered with long fea-
thers. Forehead white with black ſtrokes
Neck black. Coverts of the Wings fine
blue, barred with black and white. Back,
Breaſt, and Belly, purple, daſhed with grey.
Rump white. Tail black. Weight 6 oz.
Length 13 inches.
7. Caryocatactes. Nutcracker. Brown, ſpotted with
triangular white ſpots. Wings black. Tail
black, rounded, tipt with white. Rare in
this kingdom.
8. Pica. Magpye. Black and white. Tail long,
wedge-faſhioned and richly tinged. Weight
9 oz. Length 18 inches.
9. Graculus. Corniſh Cough. Purpliſh black. Bill
and Legs orange. Weight 13 oz. Length
16 inches. Cornwall
, Flintſhire, Caernar-
vonſhire, and Anglefea.
CORACIAS.
Bill ſharp-edged, and curred
towards the apex.
1. Garrula. Roller. Colour greeniſh blue. Back
red-brown. Bill black. Legs yellow.
Tail forked. Weight 7 oz. Length 13
inches. Rare in this iſland.
CUCULUS. Bill roundiſh and curved a little.
Noſtrils circular, with a raiſed margin.
Tongue entire, pointed. Two fore and
Two hind claws.
1. Canorns,

BIRDS. PICÆ.
17
1. Canorus. Cuckoo. Above afh-colour. Beneath
white, waved with tranſverſe black lines.
Tail rounded and - ſpotted with white.
Weight 5 oz. Length 14 inches. Mi.
grates.
YUNX. Bill ſhort, roundiſh, pointed. Nof-
trils concave, naked. Tongue very long,
cylindrical. Two fore and two hind claws.
1. Torquilla. Wryneck. Above aſh colour, with
black and brown ſtrokes.
Beneath light
brown, with black ſpots. Tail afh-colour,
with 4 black bars. Irides hazel. Weight
11 oz. Length 7 inches. Migrates.
Tongue very
PICUS.. Bill angular, ſtrait. Noſtrils covered
with recumbent briſtles.
long and round, with a ſharp, hard, barbed
point. Two fore and two hind claws.
1. Viridis. Green Woodpecker. Crown crimſon.
Back
green. Rump pale yellow. Beneath
pale green
Tail tipt with black: Bill
lead colour, Legs and Feet greeniſh aſh-
colour. Weight 61 oz. Length 13 inches.
2. Major. Greater Spotted Woodpecker. Irides red .
Crown of the Head black, back
part
crim-
fon. A black collar round the neck.
Back and Rump black. Cheeks and Scapu-
lars white. Breaſt yellowiſh white. Weight
3 oz. Length 9 inches.
.
3. Medius. Leſs Spotted Woodpecker. Crown and
back of the Head crimſon. Above black.
Scapulars white. On each ſide the Breaſt
a broad black line. Length 8 inches.
Three exterior feathers of the tail tipt with
white.
с
4. Minor.

18
PICÆ.
BIRDS.
4. Minor. Leaft ſpotted Woodpecker. Crown crimfon.
Above black barred with white. Beneath
dirty white. Weight 1 oz.
Length 6
inches. In the female the crown is white.
SITTA. Bill ſtrait, roundifliy and compreſſed
at the apex. Three fore and i hind toe.
.
1. Europæa. Nuthatch, or Woodcracker. Upper
mandible black, lower white.
Crown
black. Black ſtroke acroſs the eyes. Cheeks
and Chin white. Coverts of the Wings
bluiſh aſh-colour. Beneath dull orangea
Legs pale yellow. Twelve feathers in the
tail. Weight r oz. Length 6 inches.
ALCEDO. Bill triangular, thick, ſtrait, long
Tongue ſhort, ſharp.
Iſpida. Kingfiſher. Bill, upper Mandible black,
under yellow. Crown and Coverts of the
Wings dark green, fpotted with blue. Sca-
pulars and Coverts of the Tail bright azure.
Tail deep blue. Feet
orange. Weight 1 oz. Length 7 inches.
Beneath orange,
UPUPA. Bill arched, convex, and for vhat
obtuſe.
7. Epops. Hoopoe. Creſt orange, tipt with black,
2 inches long. Bill and Legs black. Neck
tinged with red.
Beneath white. Above
barred with black and white. Rump white.
Tail of 10 feathers black and white. Mi.
grates.
CERTHIA. Bill arched, flender, and ſome-
what angular. Tongue fharp.
1. FR

BIRDS. ANSERE S.
19
t. Familiaris. Creeper. Above brown, ſtreaked
with black
Quills tipt with white. Be-
neath white. Tail of 12 long feathers.
Weight 5 drams. Length 51 inches.
III. ANSERË S.
Bill obtuſe, covered with a thin membrane,
broad, gibbous below the baſe, ſwelled at the apex.
Tongue fleſhy, Legs naked, Feet webbed, or finned.
ANAS: Bill convex above, flat beneath, hooked
at the apex, with membranous teeth.
1. Cygnus. Wild Swan. Cere yellow. Bill black
t
.
Plumage white. Legs and feet brown.
2. Manſuetus. Tame Swan. Cere knotty and black.
Bill red, tipt with black. Feet lead colours
Larger than the former.
Tadorna. Sheldrake, or Borrow Duck. Bill red.
Head dark green: Neck and Back white.
Scapulars black.
Breaſt orange. Belly
white, divided by a longitudinal black line.
Tail white, tipped with black.
,
Legs
pale red. Weight 2 lb. 10 oz. Length
2 feet. On the ſea coaſt.
4. Fuſca. Velvet Duck. Bill broad and ſhort, fides
yellow, hook red, and a black tubercle at
the bafe. Plumage black, with a white
fpot behind each Eye, and on each Wing
Legs red; Webs and Nails black. Female:
deep brown.
& Nigra. Scoter, or black Diver. Plumage en-
tirely black. Bill black, yellow in the mid-
dle, with two large red tubercles at the baſe.
2
The
large

20
BIRDS ANSERE S.
The Sorbonne pronounced this bird to be
a fiſh, and therefore might be eaten in Lent.
6. Marila. Scaup Duck.
Scaup Duck. Bill lead colour. Head,
Neck, Breaſt, and Tail black. Belly white.
Back grey. Leſs quills white tipt with
black. This ſpecies varies greatly in co-
lour.
7. Anſer. Grey Lag Gooſe. Weighs near 10 pounds.
Length 2 feet 9 inches.
9
Extent 5 feer
Bill pale yellow. Nail white. General
colour
grey. Secundaries black. Vent and
exteriors of the Tail white. Legs fleſh-
colour. Origin of the domeftick Gooſe.
Refides in the fens the whole year.
Br.
Zool. II. 266.
8... Bean Gooſe. So called from the nail
of the bill reſembling a horſebean. It is
leſs than the former, and its bill ſmaller
and more compreſſed near the end, whitiſh
in the middle, and black at the baſe and
nail. Arrives in Lincolnſhire in Autumn
and departs in May. Br. Zool. II. 267.
g. Erythropus. White-fronted Wild Gooſe.
.
Bill
orange, thicker and larger than the laft.
Forehead white. Crown brown. Breaſt
aſh-colour. Belly white, with large black
ſpots.
Tail black Legs
orange.
Barnacle. Bill black. a black line
from the Bill to the Eyes. Forehead and
Cheeks white. Back of the Head, Neck,
and Shoulders black. Back grey. Belly
white. Tail and Legs black. Frequent in
winter on the north-weſt coalt.
Back grey.
10. Ne
II. Bernicla

BIRDS.
21
ANSERE S.
11. Bernicla. Brent Gooſe. Head, Neck, Tail, Quills,
and Legs black. Breaſt, Scapulars, and Co-
verts of the Wings afh-colour. Frequent in
Ireland, where they are called Bernacles.
12. Molliſſima. Eider Duck. Bill, Forehead, Belly,
Tail, and Quills black. Crown, Cheeks,
Neck, Back, Coverts of the Wings, and Sca-
pulars white. A black bar acroſs the eyes.
A green ſtain on the back of the neck.
Legs green.
13. Clypeata. Shoveller. Bill black, and very broad
at the end. Irides hazel. Head dark
green.
Breaſt and Scapulars white. Back brown.
Coverts of the wings blue. Tail of
14
fea-
thers, exteriors white, thoſe in the middle
black, edged with white. Vent feathers
black. Legs red. Weight 22 oz. Length
22 inches.
Red-breaſted Shoveller. Bill large, broad,
ferrated, brown-yellow. Head large. Eyes
ſmall. Irides yellow. Breaſt red-brown.
Back brown. Wings, quills brown, the reſt
grey, ſpot purple, edged with white. Tail
white. Feet red-brown. Size of a com-
mon Duck. Lincolnſhire.
15. Strepera. Gadwall. Bill black. Head brown,
ſpotted with black. Breaſt, Back, and Sca-
pulars marked with black and white lines.
Belly dirty white. Rump black. Tail aſb-
colour, edged with white.
,
.
A white ſpot
on the Wings. Legs orange.
26. Clangula. Golden Eye. Bill, Back, Tail, and
Coverts of the Wings black. Beneath white.
Middle of the Wings white, the reſt black.
A White ſpot on each ſide the Mouth.
C3
Legs

22
BIRDS. ANSERES.
Legs orange. Weight 2 pounds. Length
2
19 inches.
Sea coaſt, and on the lakes in
Shropſhire.
17. Penelops., Wigeon. Bill lead-colour tipt with
black. Head bright bay. Back waved
with black and white. Breaſt purpliſh.
Belly white. Vent black. Middle quills
green, tipt with black. Tail, two middle
feathers black, longer, pointed ; the reſt
afh-colour. Weight 23 oz. Length 20
inches
18. Glacialis. Longtailed Sheldrake. Bill, baſe and tip
black, middle orange Neck, Scapulars,
Belly, and exterior feathers of the Tail white.
Breaſt and Back chocolate colour. Four
middle feathers of the Tail black, and four
inches longer than the reſt. On our coaſts
in hard winters only.
79. Ferina. Pochard, or Dun Bird. Bill and Legs
.
lead-colour. Head and Neck bright bay.
Breaſt and upper part of the Back black.
Above grey, with black lines. Belly aſh-
colour. Tail of 12 feathers dark grey.
Weight 28 oz. Length 19 inches.
.
206 Glaucion. Morillon. Irides gold. Bill brown.
Head brown. White collar. Back duſky;
Primaries black. Secund. white. Legs yel-
low. Br. Zool. II. No. 277.
21.
Ferruginous Duck. Bill and Legs pale
blue. Plumage red-brown. Webs black.
22. Querguedula. Garganey. Bill and Legs lead-
colour. Black ſpot on the chin. A white
line from the corner of each Eye. Cheeks
and upper part of the Neck pale purple,
4
with

BIRDS. ANSE RES.
23
.
with ſmall white lines. Breaſt brown, with
black curved lines. Belly white. Exterior
webs of the middle quills green.
23.
Bimaculated Duck. Bill deep leade
colour. Head, Coverts of the Tail, and Se-
condaries green.
Two brown ſpots on
each ſide of the Head. Throat purple.
Breaſt light. Back dark brown, ſpotted
with black. Two middle feathers of the
Tail black. Br. Zool. II. 287.
24. Crecca. Teal. Bill and Vent feathers black,
Head bay, with a green and a white line
on each ſide. Beneath dirty white. A
green and a black ſpot on the Wings. Co.
verts of the Wings brown.
Tail pointed
Weight 12 oz. of the female 9. Length
17 inches.
25. Boſchas. Mallard, Wild of Tame Duck. Bill
green-yellow. Head and Neck green. Au
А
imperfect white circle round the Neck.
Beneath grey. Scapulars white, barred
with brown. Spot on the Wings purple.
Tail of 24 feathers, four middle ones black,
and curled upwards in the male,
26. Fuligula. Tufted Duck. Bill and Legs lead-
colour. Creſt pendent. Belly and mid-
dle quills white. The reſt of the plumage
black. Weight 2 lb. Length 15 inches.
Female wants the creſt.
MERGUS. Bill long, roundiſh, taper, fer-
rated and hooked at the apex.
the Head. Migrate.
.
A Creft on
C4
1. Merganſer.

24
BIRDS. ANSERES.
I. Merganfer. Gooſander. Male : Bill, Irides and
:
Legs red. Head green-black. Neck, Breaſt,
and Belly pale yellow. Wings and Tail
black and white: Weight 4 lb. Length
.
a feet 4 inches.
Dun Diver, Female ; Head ferruginous.
Back and Tail afh-colour. Leſs
than the Male.
2. Serrator. Leſs Dun Diver. Lower Mandible and
Irides red. Head red-brown. Throat and
Belly white. Breaſt and ridge of the Wings,
Scapulars, Back, and Tailaſh-colour. Wings
black and white. Weight 2 lb. Length
21 inches.
3. Albellus. Smew, or White Nun. Bill and Legs
lead-colour. A long Creſt. Above black
and white. Beneath white. Head and
Neck white. A green-black ſpot on each
fide the Head. Tail afh-colour. Weight
34 oz. Length 18 inches.
Lough Diver. Female : Leſs than the Male.
Head ferruginous. Breaſt clouded
with grey
4. Minutus. Red-headed Smew. Bill lead-color.
Head red-brown, with a ſmall Creſt, and a
black ſpot on each ſide. Cheeks, Throat,
and Belly white. Back, Tail, and Legs aſh-
colour. Wings black and white. Weight
15 oz. Length 16 inches.
ALCA. Bill ſhort, compreſſed, convex, fur-
rowed tranſverſely, and not ferrated. No
back toe.
1. Torda

BIRDS. ANSERES.
25
1. Torda. Awk. Bill, Head, Throat, Back, Tail,
and Legs black. Tips of the Wings and
Belly white. A white line from the Eyes to
the bill. On the upper Mandible 4 grooves, ,
on the under 3. Weight 22 oz. Length
18 inches.
2. Pica. Black-billd Awk. Cheeks, chin, and throat
white. In other reſpects like the former,
Weight 18 oz. Length 15 inches.
3. Impennis. Great Awk, or Pinguin. Wings very
ſhort. A white ſpot between the eyes and
.
bill. Under ſide of the body and tips of the
Wings white; the reſt black. Length to
the end of the toes 3 feet. On the iſle of St.
Kilda.
4. Arctica. Puffin. Bill compreſſed, triangular,
ſharp-pointed, red, baſe grey, furrows 4.
Noſtrils long and narrow. Eye-lids cal-
lous, edges crimſon. Above black. Cheeks,
Chin, Belly white. Collar black. Legs
orange, and near the tail. Prieſtholm ifles.
Angleſey. Man. Migrates.
5. Alle. Little Awk. Bill ſhort, conic, black. Above
black. Beneath, and tips of the leſs Quills
white. Scapulars black and white. Legs
and Feet ſcaly. Webs black. Size of a
Blackbird. Lancaſhire.
PROCELLARIA. Bill compreſſed, hooked at the
end. Noſtrils tubular. Back Toe feſlile.
Spout oil from their Bills. Migrate.
1. Pelagica. Stormfinch. Black. Coverts of the Tail
and Vent white. Wings very long. Size
of the Swallow.
2. Glacialis.

BIRDS. ANSERES.
2. Glacialis. Fulmar. Bill and Legs yellow. Head,
Neck, Breaſt, Belly white. Above aſk-
colour. Length 18 inches. St. Kilda.
3. Puffinus. Shear-Water. Head, Back, Wings, Tail,
Thighs black. Beneath white. Legs weak,
compreſſed. Length 17 inches, Calf of
Man,
PELECANUS. Bill ſtrait, hooked at the
end; without noſtrils.
Four Toes con-
nected by a membrane.
1. Carbo. Corvorant. Bill afh-colour, with a yellow
naked ſkin round the baſe. Head and Neck
black. Chin white. A ſhort pendant Creft.
Above bluiſh green. Beneath duſky. A
white tuft on the Thighs. Tail long and
rounded. Legs black; the middle claw
ſerrated. Weight 4. lb. Length 32 inches.
2. Graculus. Creſted ſmag. Long creſt. Above green.
Beneath browniſh
grey.
Tail of 12 fea-
thers, rounded. Feet black. Length 27
inches. Holyhead. Arct. Zool. N. 510.
4. Baſſanus. Gannet, or Soland Gooſe. Bill bluiſh
grey. Jagged at the ſides ; a long furrow
in the upper Mandible. Eyes yellow, fur-
rounded by a blue ſkin. A black pouch
under the Chin. Neck long. Crown buff
colour. Wings and Légs black. The reſt
of the plumage dirty white. Tail rounded.
Weight 45lb. Length 37 inches.
COLYMBUS. Bill ſtraight, ſlender, pointed. Nor-
trils linear, at the baſe of the Bill. Legs
near the Tail. Feet webbed.
1. Grylle.

BIRDS.
27
ANSERES.
I, Grylle. Black Guillemot, Greenland Dove, or Sea
Turtle. Bill black. Inſide of the Mouth
and Legs red. A large white ſpot on each
Wing. Small Quills tipt with white. The
reſt of the plumage black. Length 14
inches. St. Kilda and Baſs Ife.
2. Trolle, Guillemot. Bill black. Inſide of the
Mouth yellow. Tips of the ſmall Quills,
Breaft, and Belly white. The reſt deep
mouſe colour. Weight 24 oz. Length 17
inches,
3. .... Leſs Guillemot. Above darker than the
former; beneath and tips of the Secundaries
white. Legs black. Tail fhort. Weight
19 oz. Firth of Forth. Br. Zool. II. 235.
4. Septentrionalis. Red throated Diver. Above grey.
Beneath white. A few white ſpots on the
Back. Throat dull red. Weight 3lb.
Length 2 feet. Lancaſhire ; river Dee.
5. Glacialis. Great Northern Diver. Beneath white.
A ſemilunar white ſpot on the back of the
Neck, and under the Throat. All the reſt
black; a purple tinge on the Neck. Length
3 feet 5 inches.
3 5
Imber. Larger than a Gooſe. Above
duſky; beneath filvery. Primaries and
Tail black. Skin uſed for leather. Britiſh
Zool. 238.
7. ..... Grey Speckled Diver. Bill turns a little
vpwards. Above grey, ſpeckled with white.
Beneath white. Tail of 20 black feathers,
Some tipt with white. Feet finned.
8. Criftatus

28
ANSERES.
BIRDS
a
8. Criftatus. Great creſted Grebe. A pendent ruff
under the Chin. No tail. Above black-
brown. Beneath ſilver-white. Weight
2 lb. Length 21 inches. Shropſhire,
Cheſhire.
9. Auritus. Leſs creſted Grebe or Dobchick. Above
black-brown, Beneath white. Head and
Neck black. Ridge and tips of the Wings
white. A tuft of long feathers on each ſide
of the Head. Legs green.
Irides red.
Leſs than a teal.
10.. .. Little Grebe. Above, Neck, Breaſt dark
red-brown. Belly, aſh-colour mixt with
ſilver-white. Cheeks bright bay, weight
7 oz. Length 10 inches.
11. Urinator. Grebe. Above black-brown. Beneath
filver-white. Length 18 inches. Ridge of
the Wings and tips of the ſmall Quills white.
White and Duſky Grebe. Above black-
brown. Beneath white. Ridge of the
Wings and middle Quills white. A red ſkin
between the Bill and the Eyes. Irides red.
Feet externally greeniſh. Size of a Teal.
Lincolnſhire.
13.
Black-chinned Grebe. Neck ferruginous.
Belly filvery aſh colour. Hebrides. Britiſh
Zool. II. No. 227.
I 2.
a
LARUS. Bill ſtraight, ſharp-edged, hooked
at the end, a knob on the lower Mandible.
Noftrils narrow, in the middle of the Bill,
Feet webbed.
I. Tridactilus.

BIRDS.
29
ANSERE 3.
Back grey.
1, Tridactilus. Tarrock. Bill, tips of the Wings, and
tip of the Tail black. Head, Neck, Breaſt,
Belly, and Tail white. A black creſcent on
the back of the Neck. Back bluiſh grey.
Legs dull afh-colour. A ſmall protuberance
in lieu of a back Toe. Weight 7 oz. Length
17 inches.
2. Canus. Common Gull, Mew, or Sea Mall. Bill
yellow.
The reſt white.
Weight 12 oz. Length 17 inches. .
3. Nævius, Brown and White Gall, Wagel, or Dung
Hunter. Bill and Quills black. Tail black
and white. The reſt of the plumage a
mixture of aſh-colour, white and brown.
Weight 32 oz. Length 23 inches. Is this
the young of the Herring gull ?
4...
Winter Mew. Irides hazel. Bill flen-
der, whitiſh towards the baſe, black at the
end. Back grey. Coverts of the Wings
pale brown. Firſt Quill black. A black
bar acroſs the Tail, The reſt white; above
ſpotted with brown.
Weight 15 OZ.
Length 18 inches. Can this poſſibly be
the young of the Common Gull ?
5. Marims. Great Black and White Gull. Bill and
Irides yellow; a red ſpot, with a black
center in the lower Mandible. Back and
Wings black; all the reſt white. Weight
;
5 lb. Length 29 inches.
6. Fufcus. Herring Gull. Irides and Bill yellow; an
orange ſpot on the lower Mandible. Back
aſh-colour. Quills black. The reſt white.
Legs pale red. Weight 30 oz. Length 23
inches.
7. Ridibundus. Pewit Gull, Black-cap, or Sea Crow.
Bill and Legs red. Head, Throat, and tips
of

30
BIRDS A NSERES.
of the Wings black. Back and Wings alt-
colour. The reſt white. Its note a hoarſe
laugh. Weight 10 oz. Length 15 inches.
.
Staffordſhire.
8. Paraſiticus. Aretic Gull. Crown and Legs black.
Above brown. Beneath white. Tail of
12 feathers, 2 middle ones 4 inches longer
than the reſt. Galway.
g. Cataractes. Skua. Cere black. Bill and Claws
very ſtrong and hooked.
Above brown.
Beneath afh-colour and red. A bird of
prey.
10..
Black-toed Gull. Bill black, Cere
brown. Legs lead colour. Above black
and white. Beneath white and brown.
Tail 12 black feathers tipt with white;
2 middle ones longer. Weight 12 OZ.
oz
Length 15 inches.
Above grey:
STERNA. Bill ſtraight, ſlender, pointed. Nof-
trils narrow, on the baſe of the Bilt. Tail
forked. Feet webbed. Migrate.
I Hirundo. Greater Tern, or Sea Swallow. Bill
and Feet red. Crown, and tip of the Bill,
black.
Beneath white.
Weight 4 oz. Length 14 inches.
2. Minuta. Leſs Tern. Bill and Legs yellow. Tip
of the Bill and Crown black. A black line
between the Eyes and Bill.
Beneath white of exquiſite glofs and ſoft-
nefs. Tail white. Weight 2 oz. Length
8 inches.
3. Fiffipes. Black Tern. Head and under ſide of
the body black. Above dark aſh calour.
Leſs than the former Fre-
quents freſh water.
Above grey
Legs red.
IV.

BIRDS.
GRALLE.
IV. GRALLÆ.
Bill roundiſh. Tongue entire, fleſhy. Thighs
naked. Toes divided.
Above grey
a
ARDEA. Bill ftrait, long, acute. Toes 4.
1. Cinerea. Common Heron. Bill greeniſh above,
yellowiſh beneath, black at the end. A
ſhort pendent creſt.
.
Be-
neath white, with longitudinal ſpots. A
greeniſh naked ſkin between the Bill and
the Eyes. Irides yellow. Quills black.
Legs greeniſh.
2. Major. Creſted Heron. A long pendent black
creſt. Forehead and crown white. Fea-
thers of the fore part of the Neck long and
looſe. Male of the former.
3. Stellaris. Bittern. Bill a little arched. Irides
yellow Crown black. A ſhort pendant
Creft. A black ſpot at each corner of the
Mouth. Plumage pale dull yellow, ſpotted
with black. Feathers of the Breaſt long and
looſe. Legs greeniſh. Hind claw very
long.
Alba. Great white Heron, Entirely white. Legs
black. Weight 40 oz. Length 40 inches,
Migrates.
Little Bittern. Bill green-yellow.
Head, Back, Quills, Tail greeniſh-black.
Fore part of the Neck, Breaſt, and Thighs
buff. Belly white. Thighs feathered to
the knees. Length 15 inches.
Shrewſbury
5. Minuta.
Shot near
SCOLOPAX

32
GRALLA.
BIRDS
SCOLOPAX. Bill very long, ſlender, obtuſe:
Arched Bills.
1. Arquata. Curlew. Bill 6 inches long. Plumage
white ſpotted with black. Quills black
Tail white barred with black. Legs
bluiſh grey. Weight from 22 to 37 oz.
2. Phæopus. Whimbrel.
Bill not quite 3 inches
long. Above brown ſpotted with black.
Beneath white. Tail barred with black.
Legs dull green.
green. Weight not exceeding
12 OZ.
Strait Bills
3. Ruſticola.
Woodcock. Bill
3
inches long
Above variegated with red-brown, black
and grey. Beneath dirty white, with tranſ-
verſe dark lines. Chin yellow. Weight
.
I 2 oz. Length 14 inches.
OZ
4. ... Great Snipe. Head divided by a teſtaceous
line. Neck and Breaſt yellowiſh white,
with femicircular black lines. Sides waved
with black. Back teftaceous. Tail ruſt
colour. Legs black. Weight 8 oz. Br.
Zool. II. 188.
5. Gallinago. Snipe. Bill 3 inches. Four black and
3
3 red longitudinal lines on the Head. Chin,
Breaſt, and Belly white. Neck red and
brown. Scapulars black and yellow. Tail
tipt with white. Legs pale green. Weight
4 oz. Length 12 inches.
6, Gallinula. Jackſnipe. Bill 1 1 inch. Crown
black. Rump ſhining purple. Over each
Eye a yellow ſtroke. Weight ſcarce 2 oz
Length 9 inches,
7. Glottis.

BİRDS. GRALL. 33
17. Glottis. Greenfhank: Bill 24 inches ; upper
Mandible black. Above aſh colour. Be-
neath white. Tail white, undulated with
duſky bars. Legs greeniſh and bare above
the knees Weight 602. Length 14
inches.
8..... Spotted Redfhank. Above aſh colour;
the Head ſtreaked with black, the Back ſpot-
ted with white. Beneath white. Legs red.
Size of the laſt.
9. Calidris. Redſbank. Bill 2 inches, red at the
baſe, black at the end. Head, back of the
Neck and Scapulars duſky aſh colour ſpotted
with black. Back and under fide of the
Body white, ſpotted with black. Tail barred
with black and white
Legs orange
Weight 5 1 oz. Length 12 inches:
io
10. ... Cambridge Godwit. Larger than the laſta
Above greyiſh brown; beneath dull white:
Leſs coverts brown edged with white and
barred with black. Primaries duſky. Se-
cundaries barred with duſky and white:
Legs orange. Britiſh Zool. II. No. 185.
.
it. Limoſa. Leſs Godwit. Bill a little curved up-
wards, redifh at the baſe: Head olive
brown. Neck aſh colour. Back brown.
A white creſcent on the Tail, which is
fomewhat forked. Legs black.
12. Laponica. Red Godwit. Bill a little curved up-
wards, yellow at the baſe, black at the
point. Plumage red-brown, ſtreaked with
black. Wings and Tail black and white
Le gblack.
D
3. Ægo-

34
BIRDS. GRALLA.
13. Ægocephala. Godwit, or Yarwhelp. Bill ftrait,
4 inches long, purple tipt with black. A
broad white ſtroke from the bill to the
eye.
Above red-brown. Beneath white. Quills
black. Tail barred with black and white.
Middle and exterior Toe connected by a
membrane. Weight 12 oz. Length
16 inches.
14. Cinereous Godwit. Bill 2 inches. The entire
bird aſh colour mix'd with white. Spal-
ding, Lincolnſhire. Br. Zool. II, No.
180.
TRINGA. Bill roundiſh, ſtrait, about the length
of the head. Noſtrils narrow. Toes 4.
1. Pugnax Ruf Feathers of the Neck remarkably
long. Coverts of the Wings and 4 exte-
riors of the Tail brown. Four middle fea-
thers of the Tail barred with black and
brown. Legs yellow. Weight 5 or 6 oz.
Female, Reeve. Brown ſpotted with white
or aſh-colour. No ruff. Legs red. Theſe
birds differ remarkably in their colours.
Migrate.
2. Vanellus. Lapwing, or Tewit. Bill, Crown,
Creſt, Throat black. A black line under
each Eye. Back purpliſh green. Wings
and Tail black and white. Legs red.
Weight 8 oz. Length 13 inches.
3. Morinella. Turnſtone. Bill ſtrong, a little promi-
nent above, whitiſh at the baſe, black at
the end. Forehead and Throat aſh colour.
Neck and Back brown. Rump white with
a triangular black ſpot, Tail black and
white.

BIRDS. GRÅ L LÆ. 35
white. Legs orange.
Size of a Thruſh.
Shropſhire, Cornwall, Wales, Norfolk.
4. Interpres. Hebridal Turnſtone. The ſize of a
Thruſh. Forehead, Throat and Belly white.
Collar, Breaſt, Primaries, Secundaries and
Tail black. Legs orange, short. Br.
Zool. II. No. 200.
5. Gambetta. Gambet. Head, Back and Breaſt cine-
reous brown. Spots on the Breaſt, edges
of the Covers, Scapulars and Tail yellow,
alſo the Legs. Weight 6 oz. Br. Zool. II.
No. 198.
6. Maculata. Spotted Sandpiper. Bi'l red, black
at the point. Above olive brown, with
,
black ſpots. Beneath white, with dark
ſpots. Above each Eye a white line.
Quills black, the leſs tipt with white.
Middle of the Tail brown, fides white and
ſpotted. Legs pale dull red. Weight 5 oz.
Length 10 inches. Migrates.
Black Sandpiper. Bill fhort, obtuſe,
blackiſh. Noſtrils black. Irides yellow.
Head and under ſide of the body white
ſpotted with black and brown. Above
tinged with brown. Quills black with a
white croſs line. Two middle feathers of
the Tail black, the reſt white. Legs long
and brown. Lincolnſhire.
8. Lobata. Grey Scollop-toed Sandpiper. Bill black
with a double groove. Head and under
part
of the body white. Above grey. Legs
lead colour. Toes finned, fcolloped, fer-
rated. Weight I oz.
7. ......
a
D 2
9. Hy.

36
GRALLE.
BIRDS.
9. Hyperborea. Red ſcollop-toed Sandpiper. Bill
ſtrait, flender, round, pointed, black.
Crown black-red. Neck red. Above
brown, with yellow ſpots. Beneath white.
Wings long, tipt with white. Toes fcol-
loped like the laft. Size of a Blackbird.
Yorkſhire.
30. Alpina. Dunlin. Bill, Legs, Feet black. Above
red-brown. Beneath white, with black
ſpots. Wings afh-colour, Back Toe very
ſhort. Length 8 inches
BI. Ocrophus. Green Sandpiper. Head brown-aſh
colour. Above green, with white ſpots,
,
Belly, Rump, Tail white, with a few black
ſpots. Bill and Legs greeniſh lead. Length
8 inches. Frequents lakes and rivers,
120.
Aberdeen Sandpiper. Bill, Legs, and
ſpots on the Back, black. Edges of the
greater Coverts and Quills, and the Belly
Vent white. Breaſt red-brown. Tail aſh-
colour, two middle feathers long. Br.
Zool. II. No. 203.
13 Hypoleucos. Sandpiper. Bill, Head, Quills
.
brown. Neck dark afh-colour. Back
brown mixt with green, with tranſverſe
duſky lines. Longitudinal black lines on
the Head. A white ſtroke above each eye.
Beneath white. Legs greenith. Weight
2 oz. On lakes and rivers.
14
Brown Sandpiper. Differs from the
laſt principally in being near 2 inches
ſhorter ; its whole length 84 inches. Bro
Zool. II. No. 195.
15. Canutus.

BIRDS. GRALL Æ.
37
15. Canutus. Knot. Bill deep aſh colour. Under fide
of the Body, edges of the Wing-coverts,
and ſides of the Tail white. The reſt brown.
Tail-coverts ſpotted with white. Tail
afh-colour. Legs bluiſh grey. Toes di-
.
vided to the bottom. Length 9 inches.
On our coaſt in winter.
26....... Aſh coloured Sandpiper. Breaſt and
Belly white.
The reſt aſh colour, the
Head ſpotted with black, the Tail barred,
and the Back curved with black and white.
Legs black
green.
Toes bordered with a
ſcolloped membrane. In flocks on the
Welſh coaſt in Winter.
Little Sandpiper. Above brown; beneath
white. Tail duſky. Legs black. Size of
a Hedge-ſparrow. Br. Zool. II. No. 207.
18. Cinclus. Purre, or Stint. Bill flender, black.
Head, Neck, Back, Tail aſh colour. Co-
verts dark brown. Breaſt, Belly, and lower
part of the Quills white. Legs greeniſh.
Length 7 inches. In flocks on our coaſt in
Winter.
17.....
$
Toes 3
CHARADRIUS. Bill ftrait, roundiſh, obtuſe.
Noſtrils narrow. .
1. Hiaticula. Sea Lark. Bill orange tipt with black.
Forehead, Breaſt, Belly white. Cheeks
black. A black line from the bill to each
eye, another from one eye to the other.
Crown of the Head brown. A black and
a white Collar. Back and Tail brown.
Legs yellow. Weight 2 oz. Length 71
irche, On our ſhores in Summer.
D 3
2. Moris

38
GRALL Æ.
BIRDS.
2. Morinellus. Dottrel. Bill, Head, ſhafts of the
Quills, Belly, tip of the Tail, Legs black.
A broad white line above the Eyes.
Cheeks, Throat, Thighs white. Breaſt
and fides orange. The reſt olive. Weight
4 oz. Migrates.
3. Pluvialis. Green Plover. Bill, Head, Back, Legs
black. Breaſt brown. Belly white. Up-
per part of the body and breaſt ſpotted with
green. Tail barred with black, green, and
brown. Weight 9 oz. Length 11 inches.
Migrates.
4. Calidris. Sanderling. Bill and Legs black. Head
and back of the Neck aſh colour, with long
black ſpots.
Back browniſh grey.
Be-
neath white. Tail of 12 pointed feathers
alh colour. Coaſt of Cornwall.
5. Oedicnemus. Norfolk Plover. A yellowiſh green
bare ſpace between the Eyes. Irides and
Legs yellow. Above black. Beneath
white. Knees ſwollen. Toes bordered
by a membrane. Weight 18 oz.
6. Hymantopus. Long Legged Plover. Bill black 2
inches long. Legs red, very long and
flender. Wings extend beyond the Tail.
.
Forehead, Breaſt, Belly, Tail white.
Crown, Back, Wings black. Scotland,
RECURVIROSTRA. Bill curved upwards,
flexible at the apex. Three Toes, web-
bed.
1. Avocetta. Avoſetta. Bill 37 inches long. Above
black and white. Beneath white. Legs
blue and very long. Thighs naked. Fre-
quent on our Eaſtern coaſt.
HÆMA-

BIRDS. GRALLÆ.
39
HÆMATOPUS. Bill compreſſed, obtuſe.
Toes
3,
the middle connected to the exte-
rior as far as the firſt joint.
I. Oltralegus. Sea Pie. Bill
Bill 3 inches, orange.
Irides crimſon. Tongue very ſhort. Head,
Neck, Shoulders black. Wings and Tail
black and white. Beneath white. Legs
Weight 16 oz. Length 17
inches. Frequent on the coaſt.
pale red.
FULICA. Bill ſhort, thick, convex. Fore-
head bare. Toes 4, finned On Lakes
and rivers.
I. Atra. Coot. A thick, callous, red mernbrane
above the bill. Bill and legs olive; Garter
yellow. Belly aſh-colour. Margin of the
wings white. The reſt black or very dark
aſh-colour.
Weight 26 oz.
26 oz. Toes ſcol-
loped.
2. Aterima. Greater Coof. Callus white. Garter
red. Darker coloured and larger than the
laft.
3. Chloropus. Water Hen.
Water Hen. Callus,
Callus, Irides, upper
part of the Bill and Garters red. Head,
Neck, Breaſt black. Belly deep aſh-colour.
Margin of the Wings white. The reſt
gloffy olive brown. Fins of the Toes ſtrait,
narrow.
Weight 15 oz. Length 14
inches.
RALLUS. Bill compreſſed, ſharp. Noſtrils
oval. Toes 4. Body compreſſed.
1. Crex. Land Rail. Bill and Legs grey.
Above
black edged with light brown. Beneath
white. Legs very long. Weight 7 oz.
Frequent in Ireland and Anglefea.
2. Aqua-
D 4

40
GALLINÆ.
BIRDS.
2. Aquaticus. Water Rail. Bill flightly arched,
flender, above black, beneath orange,
Above black, the feathers edged with olive
brown. Beneath aſh colour. Baſe of the
Wings white. Tail ſhort. Legs rediſh,
and near the Tail. Weight 41 oz. Length
12 inches,
3: Porzana. Small Spotted Water Hen. Bill and Legs
olive. Head brown ſpotted with black.
Neck deep olive ſpotted with white. Back
variegated with black, olive and white.
Beneath aſh-colour and white. Weight
41 oz. Length 9 inches. Lincolnſhire.
a
OTIS. Bill ſtrong and a little hooked. No
back Toe.
1. Tarda. Buſtard. On each ſide the lower Man-
dible a tuft of long feathers. Bill and Legs
greyiſh brown. Irides bright orange. Head
and Neck afh-colour. Back and Tail barred
with black and red-brown. Quills black.
Beneath white. Weight 25 lb. Length 4
feet. The female is much leſs, and wants
the long feathers from the bill.
V. GALLINÆ.
Bill convex: the upper Mandible arched.
Toes connected by a membrane at the bot-
tom. Tail-feathers more than 12.
PHASIANUS. Cheeks naked, ſmooth. Spurs
on the legs.
1. Colchicus. Pheaſant. Bill horncolour. Cheek-
membrane bright red. A tuft of black fea-
thers near the Ears. Head and Neck tinged
with

BIRDS.
40
GALLINÆ.
with rich green-purple. Beneath brown, .
Tail of 18 feathers, long and of various
colours. A ſharp ſhort ſpur. Weight
45 oz. Length 36 inches. The Pheaſant,
though lately introduced, now breeds ſpon-
taneouſly in this iſland.
TETRAO. A bare ſcarlet ſpot above the eyes.
Legs feathered to the Feet.
1. Urogallus. Cock of the Wood, or Mountain. Bill
yellow. Above ſtreaked with tranſverſe
black and
grey
lines. Breaſt
green. Belly
black, with a few white ſpots. A white
ſpot on the Scapulæ. Tail of 18 black fea-
thers, with a few white ſpots. Length 32
inches. Weight 13 lb.
.
Female: Leſs.
Throat red. Belly orange. Tail brown
barred with black. In the Highlands of
Scotland.
2. Tetrix. Black Game, or Heath Cock. Plumage
black. A white ſpot on the Shoulders.
Tail of 16 feathers, forked. Thighs and
Legs dark brown Weight near 4 lb.
Length 22 inches. Female : Plumage mixt
with red. Weight 2 lb.
3. Lagopus. Ptarmigan, or White Game. In fum-
mer pale brown with dark ſpots. In win-
ter white. feathered to the claw. Tail of
16 feathers. Weight 14 oz. Length 16
inches. In the Highlands of Scotland.
4.
Grous, Red Game, or Moor Game. Bill
black. Irides hazel. A white ſpot on each
ſide the lower Mandible. Throat red.
Head and Neck tawny red, mixt with black.
Back red, with black ſpots. Beneath pur-
pliſh
4

42
PASSERES.
BIRDS.
pliſh brown, ſtreaked with dark lines.
Tail of 16 feathers. Thighs pale red. Legs
feathered to the claws. Weight 19 oz.
Length 15 inches. Female: Belly ſpotted
with white. Weight 15 oz.
Legs Naked.
5. Perdix.. Partridge. Bill white. Plumage orange,
black and brown. A femilunar mark on
the Breaſt. Tail of 18 feathers. Weight
15 oz. Length 13 inches. Female leſs.
6. Coturnix. Quail. Bill duſky. Head black, a yel-
lowiſh line from the Crown to the Back,
Chin and Throat whitiſh.
Breaſt pale
orange ſpotted with black. Back black and
yellow. Tail of 12 feathers black and red.
Length 7 inches. Migrates,
7
VI. PASSERES.
Bill conic, pointed. Noſtrils ovale, broad,
naked.
COLUMBA. Bill ſtrait, a little bent at the
apex. Noſtrils oblong, half covered by a
ſoft tumid membrane. Tongue entire.
1. Oenas. Pigeon, or Stock Dove. Plumage deep
bluiſh aſh-colour. Breaſt tinged with pur-
ple-green. Two black bars on the Wings.
and one near the end of the Tail. Back
white. All our tame Pigeons are varieties
of this ſpecies.
2. Palumbus. Ring Dove. Above bluiſh aſh-colour,
Breaſt tinged with purple. Belly dirty
white. On the back of the Neck a ſemi-
circular
I

BIRDS. PASSERES.
43
3.
circular white line. Weight 20 Oz
Length 18 inches.
Turtur. Turtle Dove. Bill bluiſh brown. Irides
yellow. Crown and Back afh-colour mixt
with olive. On the ſides of the Neck a black
ſpot edged with white. Wings brown.
Breaſt purple mixt with yellow. Belly
white. Circle round the Eyes, and Feet red.
Claws black. Length 12 inches. Bucks,
Glouceft. Shropſh. Weſt of Engl.
ALAUDA. Bill fubulate. Tongue bifid.
.
The hind claw not much bent, and longer
than the toe.
I. Arvenſis. Sky Lark. Lower Mandible, ſpot
above the Eyes, ſoles of the Feet and under
fide of the Body yellow. Head and Breaſt
ſpotted with black. Exterior web of the
Quills edged with white. Weight 1į oz.
Length 7 inches. Sings flying.
2. Pratenſis. Tit Lark. Bill, ſpots on the Head,
Breaſt and Back black.
Above greeniſh
brown. Breaſt yellow. Throat and Belly
white. Sides of the Tail white. Length 51 in.
3. .. Lefs Field Lark. Head and back of
the neck pale brown with dark lines. Back
and Rump dirty green,
Coverts of the
Wings, firſt Quill, and fides of the Tail
white. Hind claw ſhorter. Legs brown.
Larger than the laſt.
4.
Red Lark. Above brown. Beneath
red-brown with dark ſpots. Sides of the
Tail white. A dark line acroſs the Eyes,
and above that a yellowiſh one. The third
Quill long.
Back Claw not very long.
Size of the laſt. Middleſex.
Pratenfis.

BIRDS.
PASSERES.
5. Pratenſis. The lefs Creſted Lark. Above brown.
Beneath whitiſh. Creſt long. Feet red.
Leſs than the Sky Lark. Yorkſhire.
6. Arborea. Wood Lark. A white ring round the
Head. Crown, Throat, and Back ſpotted
with black. Breaſt tinged with red. Belly
white. Tail black edged with white. Leſs
than the Sky Lark. Sings flying.
7. Trivialis. Graſshopper Lark. Above green-brown
ſpotted with black.
Beneath yellow-
white. Tail of 12 Feathers. Long and
rounded. Legs whitiſh. Leſs than the
Tit Lark. Shropſhire.
.
8. ... ... Willow Lark. Above yellow-brown,
with dark ſpots. Beneath yellow-white,
Tail dark brown.
1
STURNUS. Bill ſtrait, fubulate, and ſome-
what angular.
1. Vulgaris. Stare or Starling. Bill yellow, de-
preſſed; the baſe of the lower Mandible
furrowed on each fide. A prominent
margin round
the Noſtrils. Tongue
bifid, horny. Irides hazel. Plumage black
tinged with green-purple; tips of the Fea-
thers yellowiſh. Legs and Feet rediſh black.
2. Cinclus. Water Ouzel. Bill compreſſed, black.
Eyelids white. Above brown. Throat
and Breaſt white. Belly red-brown. Tail
black. Legs bluiſh before; behind black,
Weight 2 oz. Length 7 inches.
7.
TURDUS,

BIRDS.
45
PASSERES.
TURDUS. Bill roundiſh, ſharp-edged: upper
Mandible notched, and bent at the apex.
Noſtrils naked, and half covered by a
membrane.
1. Viſcivorus. Miſſel Bird. Above brown-grey. Bee
neath yellow-white, with dark ſpots. Irides
hazel. Tail of 12 Feathers, exteriors tipt
with white. Inner Coverts of the Wings
white. Weight 5 oz. Length 11 inches.
.
Our largeſt finging bird.
2. Pilaris. Fieldfare. Bill yellowiſh tipt with black.
Head and Rump aſh colour.
Back deep
brown, Tail and Legs black. Beneath
white. Breaſt rediſh with dark ſpots.
Weight 14 oz. Length 10 inches.
Mi-
grates.
3. Iliacus. Redwing. Above brown-grey. Beneath
whitiſh brown ſpots.
Sides and under
Coverts of the Wings red-yellow.
-
A
yellow-white line athwart the
the Eyes.
Weight 2 oz.
4. Muſicus. Throftle. Above brown-grey. Beneath
white with black ſpots. Throat and Breaft
rediſh. Inner Coverts of the Wings yellow.
Weight 3 oz. Length 9 inches.
5. Rofeus. Rofe coloured Ouzel. Bill at the baſe
rediſh, at the point black. A long pendent
Creſt. Head, Creſt, Neck, Wings, Tail
black, tinged with green-purple. Breaſt,
Belly, Back roſe colour with black ſpots.
Legs dirty orange. Middleſex, Norfolk.
6. Merula. Blackbird. Plumage-black. Bill and
edges of the Eyelids yellow.
7. Torquatus.

46
PASSERES:
BIRDS
7. Torquatus. Ring Ouzel. Plumage black-brown,
the edges of the Feathers of a lighter co-
lour. A white creſcent on the Breaft,
Length 11 inches.
AMPELIS. Bill ſtrait, convex; upper Mandible
ſomewhat curved, and notched. Tongue
cartilaginous, bifid.
1. Garrulus. Chatterer. A long Creſt. Plumage aſh
colour, red, black, purple, yellow, white,
brown. Red horny appendages from the
tips of 7 of the ſmall Quills. Length 8
.
inches. Rare in this Iſland,
LOXIA. Bill ſhort, thick.
1. Curviroſtra. Croſsbill
. Upper Mandible curved
downward, the under upwards, croſſing
each other. Male red. "Female green,
both varying with the ſeaſons. Shropſhire.
Migrates.
2. Coccothrauſtes. Groſsbeak, or Hawfinch. Bill,
under fide of the Body, and Legs redifh.
Head cheſnut. Chin and Quills black.
The ends of the middle Quills curved out-
wards. A black line from the Bill to the
Eyes. Back brown. Weight 2 oz. Length
7 inches. Shropſhire. Migrates.
3. Pyrrhula. Bulfinch. Bill, Crown, Coverts of
the Wings, Tail black. Back of the Neck
and Back grey.
Coverts of the Tail and
Vent white. Cheeks, Breaſt, Belly crim-
fon. A white line acroſs the Wings. The
Breaſt and Belly of the Female dirty buff cor
lour.
4. Chloris.

BIRDS. PASSERES. 47
4 Chloris. Greenfinch. Plumage yellow-green. Ex-
terior webs of the outmoſt feathers of the
Tail yellow. Lower Belly white. Length
57 inches,
EMBERIZA. Bill conic, angular on each
fide; a hard knob within the upper
Mandible.
1. Nivalis. Greater Brambling. Bill yellow tipt
with black. Head and Neck tawny. Back
and Legs black. Beneath yellow-white,
Rump yellow. Tail of 12 feathers, exte-
riors white. Coverts of the Wings white.
Weight 1 oz. Length 7 inches. Migrates.
2. Miliaria. Bunting. Above olive-brown, with black
ſpots. Beneath yellow-white. Edges of
the Wings and Legs yellow. Sides of the
Tail white. Length 73 inches
3. Citrinella. Yellow-hammer. . Crown, Chin,
Throat, Belly yellow. Back of the Neck,
leſs Wing-Coverts, part of the Quills, and
part of the Tail
green.
Rump brown-red. Length 6 inches.
4. Schoeniclus. Reed Sparrow. Above black, edged
with red. Beneath white. A white circle
round the head of the Male. Length near
6 inches.
Breaſt orange.
FRINGILLA. Bills ſtrong, conic, ſtrait,
ſharp.
I. Coelebs. Chaffinch. Bill, Crown, back and fides
of the Neck, bluiſh. Forehead, Wings,
Tail black. Three white lines acroſs the
Wings. Above the Eyes, Cheeks, Throat
red.

48
PASSERES.
BIRDS.
red. Belly rediſh white. Female wants
the red feathers.
2. Montifringilla. Brambling, or Mountainfinch. Back
and Crown black edged with brown.
Chin, Throat, Breaſt, and leſs Wing-Co-
verts orange; inner Coverts yellow. Quills
edged with yellow. Belly whitiſh. Length
6 inches.
3. Carduelis. Goldfinch. Bill, Cheeks, back of the
Head, Belly, tips of the Wings, ſpots on
the Tail, Legs, white. Tip of the Bill,
line from that to the Eyes, Crown, Wings,
Tail black. Circle round the Bill red.
Breaft, Back, Rump, pale brown. Middle
of the Wings yellow.
4. Spinus. Siſkin, or Aberdavine. Bill-white tipt
with black. Head black. Belly white.
The reſt of the body yellow-green. Two
middle Feathers of the Tail black, the reſt
yellow with black tips. Length near 5
inches. Migrates.
5. Cannabina. Greater red-headed Linnet, or Red-
pole. Bill blackiſh, baſe of the under Man-
dible whitiſh. Head and Neck aſh colour,
on the Forehead a dark red ſpot. Back,
Scapulars and Coverts red-brown. Quills
black, with a white bar. Breaſt pale red.
Sides yellow. Belly and ſides of the Tail
white. Length 5 inches. On the ſea
coaſts, and ſometimes near London.
6. Linaria. Leſs red-headed Linnet. Plumage much
like the former; but conſiderably leſs.
7.....: Mountain Linnet or Twite. Bill yellow.
A brown ſpot above and below each eye.
Head aſh colour and black. Back brown
and

BIRDS.
49
PASSER È S
and black. Breaſt blackd and white. Rump
tawny red. Wings and Tail edged with
white. Rather leſs and more taper than
the common Linnet.
8... ... Linnet. Head black and aſh colour.
Back black and brown. Throat, two
white lines with a brown one in the
middle. Breaſt deep red. Belly white
Wings black, brown and white. Tail
brown, edged with white. Length si
inches.
9. Domeſtica. Sparrow. Bill, ſpot under each Eye,
Chin, under ſide of the Neck, and Quills
black. Crown and ſides of the Head brown
aſh colour. Cheeks and Belly white.
Back black and red.
10. Montana. Mountain Sparrow, or White Cap.
Bill, ſpot on the Throat, and under each
Ear, black. Under the Eyes, back of the
Neck, and under ſide of the Body white;
Back brown and black. Legs pale red.
MUSCICAPA. Bill triangular, the upper
Mandible notched; broad at the baſe; fura
rounded with ſhort briſtles.
1. Griſola. ſpotted Fly-catcher. Bill, Legs, Feet
black. Above browniſh grey. Beneath
white. Quills edged with yellow. Throat
and Sides tinged with red. Mouth yellow.
Length 51 inches.
2. Atricapilla. Pied Fly-catcher. Bill, Legs, Head,
Cheeks, Back and middle Feathers of the
Tail, black. Beneath white, and alſo the
Forehead and Bar in the Wings,
E
In

50
BIRDS. PASSERES.
colour ;
I
In the female the Head is entirely brown and the
Belly not fo clean a white. Leſs than a
hedge-ſparrow. Br. Zool. I. No. 135.
MOTACILLA. Bill ftrait, ſlender. Tongus
jagged.
1. Luſcinia. Nightingale. Head and Back tawny
olive. Tail tawny red. Beneath pale aſh
lower Belly white. Irides hazel.
Eyes large. Legs deep aſh colour. Weight
1 oz. Length 7 inches.
2. Modularis. Hedge Sparrow. Head deep brown
and aſh colour. Back and Tail blackiſh,
fome of the feathers edged with brown.
Throat and Breaſt bluiſh aſh colour. Belly
dirty white. Legs rediſh. Weight not
quite i oz.
3. Hippolais. Petty-chaps. Above greeniſh dark
aſh colour. Belly white. Breaſt yellowiſh.
.
Mouth red. Legs lead colour.
Quills
edged with green. Length 6 inches.
4. Sylvia. White Throat. Above brown aſh colour.
.
Beneath white. Breaſt and Belly tinged
with red. ,Tail edged with white. Legs
tawny brown. Mouth yellow. Length
6 inches.
3. Alba White Waterwagtail
. Bill, Mouth, Head,
Neck, Back, Tail, Legs black. Breaſt,
Belly and ſides of the Tail white. Tail
and back Claw very long Weight 6
drams. Length 8 inches.
6: Flava, Yellow Waterwagtail. Above olive green.
Beneath yellow. A yellow line above the
Eyes. Tail black edged with white.
Throat fpotted with black.
7... ... Grey

BIRDS. PASSERES.
51
7.6... Grey Waterwagtail. Crown, Neck,
Back aſh colour. Throat black. A white
line above and below the Eyes. Rump,
Breaſt, and Belly yellow. Tail like the
two former, but longer.
8. Oenanthe. Wheat Ear. A black and a white
line acroſs the Face. Head and Back ath
colour tinged with red. Beneath yellowiſh
white. Bill, Mouth, Quills, and upper
half of the Tail black; the other half and
Rump white. Size of a Sparrow. Mi-
grates.
9. Rubetra. Whinchat. Above red-brown with
black ſpots. Beneath rediſh yellow. A
white ſtroke above the Eyes, and a broad
black one under it. Two white ſpots on
the Wings. Tail black and white. Bill,
Mouth and Legs black. Weight I oz.
10. Rubicola. Stone Chatter: Bill, Mouth, Head,
Neck, Back, Tail, Legs black. Sides
of the Throat and Rump white. Be-
neath rediſh yellow. White ſpots on
the Wings. Size of a Linnet.
а
II..
Coldfinch. Bill, Head, Back, firſt
Quills, middle of the Tail, Legs black.
Forehead, ſpots on the Coverts and fides
of the Tail, alſo the exterior webs of ſome
of the Quills, and all the underſide of the
body white. Leſs than the Hedge Spar-
row.
12. Atricapilla. Blackcap. Bill and Crown black.
Neck aſh colour. Back green.
Back green. Beneath
pale alh colour. Quills and Tail edged
with green. Legs lead colour.
Weight
oz.
E 2
13. Phoe-

52
BIRDS.
PASSERES.
14.
13. Phoenicurus. Redſtart. Bill, Cheeks, Throat
Legs black Forehead white. Crown,
Neck, Back blue grey. Breaſt, Rump,
Tail red. Wings and 2 middle feathers of
the Tail brown. Weight 6 drams. Length
5 inches.
Dartford Warbler. Irides redifh. Bill
flender, curved a little at the point. Above
dulky brown tinged with yellow; beneath
deep brown. Middle of the Belly, edges
of the Quills, and baſtard Wing white.
Legs yellow, long. Br. Zool. I. No. 161.
15. Rubecula. Redbreaft. Bill and Legs blackiſh.
Forehead, Chin, Throat, and Breaſt yel-
low-red. Above green-aſh colour. Belly
white. Weight z oz. Length 6 inches.
36. Troglodytes. Wren. Above red-brown, with
tranſverſe black lines. Beneath yellowiſh
white. Mouth yellow. A white ſtroke
above the Eyes. Weight 3 drams. Length
4 inches.
17. Regulus. Golden-crefied Wren. Crown ſcarlet ;
a yellow line on each ſide. Above dark
green.
Beneath white with a green tinge.
Legs yellow. Weight-70 grains. Length
4 inches.
18. Trochilus. Willow Wren. Above green-afh co-
lour. Wings and Tail brown, edged with:
green. Beneath yellowiſh white. A yel-
lowiſh line above the Eyes. Mouth yellow.
Weight 2 drams. Length 5 inches.
PARUS. Bill, ſhort, ſtrong, entire, briſtles at
the baſe. Tongue blunt, with briſtles at
the end
I. Major.

BIRDS. PASSERES.
53
Major. Great Titmouſe. Bill, Head, Throat,
black. Back green. Beneath green-yellow,
with a black line in the middle. Rump
bluiſh. Quills tipt with blue and white
Tail edged with white. Legs lead colour.
Weight ſcarce i oz. Length 6 inches.
2. Coeruleus. Blue Titmoufe. Crown, Wings,
Tail blue. Forehead, Cheeks white. Back
yellow-green. Beneath yellow. A white
bar acroſs the Wings. Legs lead colour.
Weight 37 drams. Length 5 inches. .
3. Ater. Colemoufe. Bill, Head black, a white ſpot
on the hind part of the latter, Above green
grey. Beneath white. Wing-coverts tipt
with white. Legs bluiſh. Weight 2
drams. Length near 5 inches.
4. Paluſtris Marſh Titmoufe. Head black. Cheeks
white. Above greeniſh. Beneath white.
Legs lead colour. Weight above 3 drams.
3
5. Caudatus. Long-tailed Titmoufe. Bill black, thick,
and convex. Crown white. Coverts of
the Wings black. Tail black and white
and remarkably long.
6. Biarmicus. Leaſt Butcher Bird, or bearded Tit-
mouſe. Bill ſhort, ſtrong, convex, yellow.
.
A black tuft beneath each
Eye. Plumage red-yellow. Tail very
long. Legs black.
Head grey
Mouth very
HIRUNDO. Bill ſhort, flender, a little curv-
ed, depreſſed at the baſe.
wide. Legs ſmall. Tail forked.
2. Ruſtica. Swallow. Above purpliſh black. Be-
neath rediſh white. A red ſpot on the Fore-
E 3
head

54 BIRDS. PASSERES.
head and under the Chin. Length 7 inches.
Mouth black.
2. Urbica. Martin. Head and Back purple-black.
Breaſt, Belly, Rump white. Feet covered
with white down. Mouth yellow. Length
6 inches.
3. Riparia. Sand Martin. Above mouſe colour.
Beneath white. Feet black. A mouſe
coloured ring round the neck. Length 5
inches.
4. Apus. Black Martin, or Swift. Black, except a
with ſpot on the Chin. All the Toes
ſtand forward. Weight not quite i oz.
Length near 8 inches.
CAPRIMULGUS. Bill ſhort, a little hooked,
with briſtles round the baſe.
Mouth very
wide. Legs feathered below the knees.
Tail roundiſh.
1. Europæus. Goat ſucker. Plumage black, white,
brown, and aſh colour intermixed. Mouth
purple.
Irides hazel, Weight 2 oz,
Length 10 inches.
CLASS

AMPHIBIA.
55
REPTILES.
CLASS III.
A M P H I BI A.
Lungs arbitrary. Heart with one ventricle.
1. REPTILES.
Breathe through the Mouth. Feet 4.
TESTUDO. Body covered with a ſhell, or
ſtrong hide, divided by futures. Short tail.
Feet like fins.
I. Coriacea. Coriaceous Tortoiſe. Covered with a
ſtrong hide reſembling black leather, divided
into 5 longitudinal grooves.
Two were
taken on the coaſt of Cornwall in 1756,
and one in Dorſetſhire. Br. Zool. III.
No. 3
RANA. No Tail. Forefeet, 4 toes diſunited,
Hindfeet, 6 toes webbed.
1. Bufo. Toad. Back broad, black befet with tu-
bercles. Belly ſwollen, yellow with blace
ſpots. Crawls.
2. Temporaria. Frog. Leſs than the Toad. Back
ſmooth. Margin of the upper jaw whitk.
Leaps.
E 4
Efcu

56
AMPHIBIA. SERPENTS.
5
3. Eſculenta. Edible Frog. A ſharp protuberance
on the Back. Yellow-green, with lines
of black ſpots. Br. Zool. III. No. 3:
4. Rubeta. Nether Jack. Above yellow-brown;
beneath, paler, with black ſpots. Fore
Feet 4 Toes; hind 5. Yellow line on
the Back. Length 2 inches. Br. Zool. III,
No. 6.
LACERTA. Tail.
1. Agilis. Common Lizzard, or Swift. Tail round,
ſcaly. Five Toes and Nails on each Foot,
Belly black, ſpotted. Br. Zool. No.7.
Green Lizard, a variety.
2. Vulgaris. Common Eft. Pale lived colour. A
brown line on each ſide the Head, con-
tinued along the back. Forefeet 4 Toes;
Hindfeet 5, without Nails. Pet. cent. 2,
5
116. Br. Zool. 9.
3. Paluſtris. Water Eft, or Newt. Length 3 to
4 inches. Above black-brown. Beneath
deep yellow, ſpotted. Tail compreft. Feet
like the former. Pet. cent. 2. III. Br.
Zool. 8.
4. Parvar. Little Brown Lizard. Raii fyn. quad. 264.
5: Anguiformis. Snake Lizard. Raii. fyn. quad. 264.
II. SERPENTS.
Breathe through the Mouth only. No Legs,
No Fins. No Ears.
COLUBER. Scuta on the Belly. Scales un-
der the Tail.
1. Berus.

AMPHIBIA. NANTES. 57
1. Berus. Viper. Afh coloured. A dark indented
line along the middle of the Back. Belly
tinged with purple, fpotted with black.
Throat pale. Irides orange; Pupil black.
Scuta 146. Scales 39. Length about 18
inches. Pet. cent. 2. 103.
2. Preſter. Black Viper. Entirely black. Tail very
ſhort. Scuta 153: Scales 32. Exceed-
ingly poiſonous. Pet. cent. 2. 104.
3. Natrix. Snake. Dark brown. Belly ſpotted with
. .
white, Throat yellowiſh white. Sides of
the Head white with tranſverſe black lines.
Double row of Teeth,
Tail ſharp.
Scuta 170. Scales 60. Pet. cent. 2. IOI.
ANGUIS. Scales under the Belly and Tail.
1. Fragilis. Blind Worm. Scales ſmall, ſoft, com-
pact. Back yellowiſh aſh colour. Belly
black. Sides ſtreaked with black and white.
Tail long, obtufe. Colour varies.
2. Eryx. Aberdeen Snake. Above brown; beneath
lead-colour with white ſpots. 3 longitu-
dinal lines the whole length. Length 15
inches. Br. Zool. III. No. 14.
III. NANTES.
Breathe both through Gills or Spiracles, and
through the Mouth. No Scales, Rays of
their Fins cartilaginous.
PETROMYZON. Spiracles 7, on the fide of
the Neck. No Gills. Aperture on the
Top of the Head. No pectoral or dorſal
Fins.
1. Marinus.

58
NANTES.
AMPHIBIA.
I. Marinus. Lamprey. Rows of Teeth 20. Mouth:
round. Two dorſal Fins. Back blackiſh
blue, fpotted. Belly white. A white ſpot
on the top of the Head Length about 2
. 2
feet. In the ſea and large rivers.
2. Fluviatilis.
A ſingle row of ſmall teeth
on the verge of the Mouth, beſides thoſe
within. The poſterior dorſal Fin angu-
lated. Back bluiſh black. Belly filver white.
Length about 1 foot. In rivers only.
3. Branchialis. Lamprey Eel.
Lamprey Eel. Back black-brown.
Belly ſilver white. Poſterior dorſal Fin
ftrait Length 5 or 6 inches. Frequent
in the Iſis and Merſea.
I
RAJA. Spiracles 5 on each ſide of the under
part of the Neck. Body flat. Mouth in
the under part of the Head.
1. Batis. Skate, or Flaire. Back aſh colour with
black ſpots, ſmooth. Belly white. А.
ſingle row of fpines in the Tail. Length 2
or 3 feet.
feet. Weight ſometimes 100 lb.
2. Oxyrinchus. Sharp-noſed Skate. Back brown
with 10 ſharp tubercles along the middle.
Belly white.
Nofe longer and ſharper
than in any other of this genus. Weight 8
or Iolb.
3. Fullonica. White Horſe. Back yellowiſh, ſpot-
ted with black and covered with Spines.
One row of Spines on the Eyes, and two
on the Tail.
Dale Harw. 421.
4. Paſtinaca

AMPHIRIA. NANTES 59
4. Paſtinaca. Fire flaire. Back gibbous. Body ſmooth.
Noſe ſharp. Irides yellow. Tail long,
without Fin, terminated by a ſharp point.
5. Clavata. Thornback, or Maid. Back covered
with Spines. A tranſverſe cartilage acroſs
the Belly. Teeth tubercular. Tail, longer
than the whole Body, with a ſingle row of
Spines.
6. Torpedo. Ele&tric Skate. Above aſh-brown; be-
neath white. Mouth ſmall. Eyes ſmall,
near together. Head and Body not defined ;
figure almoſt circular. 2 dorſal Fins on
the Trunk of the Tail. Frequent in Tor-
bay, ſometimes very large. Br. Zool. III.
No. 36.
SQALUS. Spiracles 5 on each ſide the Neck.
Body oblong and roundıſh. Mouth in the
anterior part of the Head.
1. Acanthias. Hound Fiſh, or Picked Dog. Head
depreſſed Mouth beneath, ſemilunar.
Teeth 3 rows. Foramina 2 between the
Eyes Lateral line ſtrait. Skin rough.
Back bluiſh grey.
Belly white. Eight
or 9 white ſpots on the Back. No anal
Fin. Dorſal Fins ſpinous. Uſual length
3 or 4 feet. Skin uſed by Cabinet-Makers,
&c.
2. Squatina. Monk or Angel Fiſh
Skin rough.
Teeth 3 rows. Mouth at the extremity of
the Head. Pectoral Fins large. Dorſal
Fins near the Tail. No anal Fin.
3. Galeus. Tope. Snout pellucid. Mouth beneath
ſemicircular. Three rows of ſharp Teeth.
Two dorſal, pectoral, ventral and anal
5
Fins.

60
AMPHIBIA. NANTES.
Fins. Noftrils near the Mouth. Foramina
near the Eyes. Length 4 or 5 feet.
4. Canicula. Cat Fiſh, or Bounce. Mouth beneath
Teeth ſeveral rows, ſmall, ſharp, curving
inwards. Snout obtuſe. Back broad. Belly
flattifh. Two dorſal Fins. Ventral Fins
.
large. Noſtrils wide. Length about 3 feet.
5. Catulus. Morgay, or Rough Hound. Back irre-
gularly ſpotted. Belly white. Head
punc-
tured. Dorſal Fins near the Tail. 'Two
anal Fins, alternate. Ventral Fins united,
Body ſlender
6. Carcharias. White Shark. Teeth 6 rows, fer-
,
rated. Back flat. Firſt dorſal Fin near the
middle of the Back. Pectoral Fins large.
No anal Fin. Tail divided; the upper
part largeſt. Skin very rough. Weight
ſometimes Ioo0 lb.
7. Muſtelus. Smooth Houndfiſh. Teeth numerous,
obtuſe. Back brown. Body roundiſh, ob-
long. Dorſal Fins 2; anal 1. Pectoral
Fins ſhort. Noſtrils wide.
8. Glaucus. Blue Shark. Noſe long, ſharp, de-
preſſed, and punctured. A triangular fof-
fule on the Back. No Foramina near the
Eyes, Mouth beneath. Teeth large, fer-
rated. Back dark blue. Belly ſilver white.
Dorſal Fins. 2. Pectoral Fins long and
pointed. Skin not very rough. Length 7
or 8 feet. Dale Harw. 420. Borl. Cornw.
264:
9. Vulpes. Longtailed Shark. Tail longer than the
Body. Above afh-colour; beneath white.
Skin ſmooth. Whole length 12 or 13 feet.
Br. Zool. III. No. 44.
10. Maximus

AMPHIBIA.
6т.
NANTES.
10. Maximus. Baſking Shark. Above lead colour;
beneath white. Fins 7. Upper lobe of the
Tail long. Skin rough. Vivaparous
Herbivorous. Liver large, yields much oil.
Length 30 feet. Br. Zool. No. 41.
II....
Porbeagle. Noſe long, ſharp. Mouth far
beneath. Body thick, deep. Borl, Cornw.
Tab. 26. Br. Zool. III. No.49.
.
12.... ... Beaumaris Shark. Lead colour; cylin-
drical. Snout blunt. Dorfal fin large, cen-
tral. Part next the Tail angular. Length
7 feet. Br. Zool. No. 50.
7
CHMERA. Spiracle. 1. quadripartite, under
the Neck. Lip above 5. partite. 2 cutting
teeth above and below.
I. Monſtrofa. Sea Monſter. Tail longer than the
body.
LOPHIUS. Spiracle. 1. behind the pectoral
Fins. Gills 3. Teeth numerous, ſlender,
ſharp
2. Pifcatorius. Frog-fifh, or Sea Devil. Head as
large as the whole body. Mouth large.
Eyes diſtant; Pupil divided by a tranſverſe
line. No Noſtrils. Several long Spines
on the Head. Body ſurrounded with little
appendages.
2. ... Mount's Bay Devil. No appendages round
the Head. Borl. Cornw. Tab. 27. f. 6.
Br. Zool. No. 52.
ACIPENSER. A ſingle narrow Spiracle on
each ſide. Mouth beneath, retractile, with-
out Teeth.
1. Sturio,

62
N ÁNÍ E s.
AMPHIBIA,
1. Sturio. Sturgeon. Skin rough. Noſe long, flat,
ſharp. Noſtrils with a double aperture.
a
Four appendages from the under Jaw.
Five rows of ſpinous tubercles on the Back.
One dorſal Fin. Tail bifid, the upper ſeg.
ment longeſt.
TETRODON. Maxillæ bony, Apex bipartite.
Aperture narrow. No ventral Fins.
1. Mola. Sunfiſh. No Scales. Skin hard and rough.
Tail truncated, with a ſhort oval Fin, join-
ed to the dorſal and anal. Body com-
preſſed, appearing like the Head of a fiſh
only. Dale Harw. 427: Borl. Cornw.
Tab. 26. fig. 6.
2. ... Oblong Sunfiſh. Seems like the Head and
Shoulders of a Fiſh. Back duſky and
dappled ; belly white. 5 perpendicular lines
under the joul. Dorſal and anal Fin joined
by a ſemicircular fin. From 100 to 500 lb.
Weight. Br. Zool. 54.
3. Lævigatus. Globe Fiſh. Can inflate its belly, beſet
with ſpine, into a globular form. Back
deep blue. No ventral Fin; dorſal and
anal oppoſite. Length about i foot 7:
Once caught near the Lands-end. Britiſh
Zool. No. 56.
CYCLOPTERUS. Head obtuſe. Teeth in
the Jaws. The ventral Fins infundibuli-
form
1. Lumpus. Lump Fiſh, Sea Owl, or Cockpaddle.
Noſtrils fingle. Back ridged, and beſet
with ſharp tubercles. Colour, black mixt
with pale red and white. Dorſal Fin long.
Tail-Fin diſtinct.
2. Liparis.

AMPHIBIA.
63
NANTES.
2. Liparis. Sea Snail. Body naked. Dorſal, anal
and tail Fins united. A round ſpot like
the impreſſion of a ſeal under the Throat.
Length about 3 inches.
3. . . . . - Jura Sucker. Length 4 inches ; duſky;
taper.
Doral fin of II rays, near the
Tail; anal of 9 rays, oppoſite; ventral of
4 rays. Brit. Zool. III. 59.
4..
Bimaculated. Brit. Zool. III. p. 397.
Tab. xxii. Pink colour 2 round black
ſpots on the belly. Length 1 inch.
a
SYGNANTHUS. Noſe roundiſh, com-
preſſed. Mouth a ſmall round aperture at
the extremity of the Head, and covered by
a kind of valve: Gills covered in the ſame
manner. Body long. No ventral Fins.
1. Typhele. Needle Fiſh. Body hexangular to the
Anus. One dorſal Fin. Length 5 inches.
5
Diameter of an inch.
2. Acus. Body, to the Anus, heptangular, and
covered with 20 laminæ, the Tail with 36.
Length 4 1 inches.
3. Ophidon. Sea Adder. Body cylindrical. Dorſal
Fin only.
Colour greenish duſky grey
Length about 9 inches.
CLASS

64
A PODES
FISHES.
CLASS V.
F IS HE S.
Breathe by Gills, not arbitrarily. Rays of their Fins
bony. Heart with one ventricle. No ex-
ternal parts of Generation.
1. A PODES .
No ventral Fins.
MURÆNA. Body long, ſlender, cylindrical.
Noſtrils tubular. Apertures of the Gills
near the pectoral Fins. Eyes covered by a
membrane.
1. Ophis. Spotted Sea Serpent. Body very ſmall in
proportion to its length.
Mouth large
Teeth point inwards. Back ſpotted with
white. Belly and Fins whitiſh. Tail
naked, pointed. Length from 3 to 4 feet.
3 4
2. Anguilla. Eel. The lower Maxilla longer than
the upper. Dorſal, anal and tail Fins
united. Iris red. Laternal line aſcends
towards the Head. Vertebræ 116.
Will. 109. Raj. 37-
3. Myrus. Flat-tail'd Sea Serpent. Back dark olive
ſpotted with white. Body compreſſed
Back Fin, ſurrounding the Tail as in the
former, edged with black. Raj. 36.
4. Conger
4

FISHES APODES
65
4. Conger. Conger Eel. Fins like the laſt ſpecies.
Lateral line ſtrait, broad, white. Back
dark olive Belly white. Length from 5
to 10 feet, and thick as a man's thigh.
Will. 3. Raj 37.
.
ANARHICHAS. Foreteeth conic; diverging.
Tail Fin diftinct.
1. Lupus. Sea Wolf. Head and Mouth large.
Teeth long and numerous. Eyes promi-
nent. Body thick, lubricousand varie-
gated. Pectoral Fins large and roundiſh.
Dorſal Fin long but not high. Length 4
or 5 feet. Raj. 40. Will. 130.
MORRIS. Head Tmall. Body thin, com-
preffed. Pectoral Fins o.
Angleſea. Eyes large. Teeth in
both jaws, minute. Dorſal Fin very low,
the whole length of the Back. Body to
of
an inch thick. Whole Length 4 inches.
Sides marked with oblique lines meeting in
the lateral line. Br. Zool. III. No. 67.
AMODYTES. Head compreſſed, and nar-
rower than the Body. Lower Mandible
ſharp. Small Teeth in the fauces only.
Gill-membrane has 7 rays. Body long and
roundiſh. Scales hardly viſible. Tail dif-
tinct.
1. Tobianus. Sand Eel or Launce. Lateral line
double. Anus nearer the Head than Tail.
Dorſal Fin almoſt from Head to Tail.
Belly white, with 3 longitudinal lines.
Dale Harw. 426. Will. 113.
F
XIPHIAS.

66
JUGULARES.
FISHES .
XIPHIAS. Upper jaw very long hard, point-
ed. Teeth o. Rays of the gill membrane 8.
1. Gladius. Sword Fifh. Snoút 3 feet long. Tail
a creſcent. Br. Zool. 68.
1
OPHIDTUM. Head a little naked. Teeth
both in the jaws and palate. Gill-mem-
brane with 7 rays. Body enfiform.
1. Barbatum. Bearded Eel. 4 cerri on the under
jaw.
Colour filver grey.
Lateral line
duſky. Dorſal, anal and caudal Fin unit-
ed, edged with black.
II. JUGULARES.
Ventral Fins before the pectoral.
CALLIONYMUS. Upper Lip duplicate.
Eyes near together. Apertures of the Gills
in the Neck. No Scales.
1. Lyra. Lyre. The rays of the firſt dorſal Fin
equal to the length of the Body.
per Mandible longer than the under. Dale
The up-
Harw. 431.
2. Dracunculus. ... ... Upper Mandible longeſt,
and hooked. Head large, compreſſed.
Firſt ray of the anterior dorſal Fin reaching
to the Tail. Colour yellow, pearl colour
and blue. Borl. Corn. 270.
TRACHINUS. Head beſet with Tubercles.
Eyes near together. Two dorſal Fins, the
firſt ſhort. Anus near the Breaſt.
1. Draco.

FISH E S. JUGUL À R E S.
67
1. Draco. Weaver. Under Maxilla longeſt. Body
compreſſed. Dorſal and tail Fins ferrated.
Lateral line ſtrait, yellow. A ſtrong Spine
near the valve of the Gills. A deep fulcus
on the back. The anterior dorſal Spines
ſuppoſed venomous.
2. Araneus. Greater Weaver. Length 11 inches.
Tail large, triangular. Scales run in ob-
lique lines. Br. Zool. No.
72.
GADUS. Head ſmooth. Rays of the Gill
membrane 7. Body oblong. Pectoral Fins
ending in a point.
With 3 dorſal Fins. A Circus or Beard from the
lower Jaw.
Ægteſinus. Haddock. Upper Maxilla longeſt.
Lateral line black. A brown ſpot on the
left ſide. Back ridged. Belly white. Tail
a little forked.
2. Callarias. Upper maxilla longeſt. Tail equal.
Colour various, called in Germany Torſh.
Much ſuperior to cod in flavour.
3. Morhua. Cod. Upper Maxilla longeſt. Lateral
line white. Colour variegated. Tail not
forked, and its firſt ray ſpinous.
4. Luſcus. Bib, or Blinds. The firſt ray of the
ventral Fins long. The lateral line dotted
and curved. Body compreſſed. Back olive.
Belly white. Raj. 54. Will. 169.
5. Barbatus. Whiting Pout. Body broad. Back con-
vex. Lateral line much curved.
blackiſh ſpots at the roots of the pectoral
Fins. Tail even. Anus near the Head.
Punctures on each ſide the lower Maxilla 7.
Raj: 55. Will. app. 22.
6. Minus
Two
F 2

68
JUGULARES.
FISHES.
6. Minutus. Poor. Back convex. Anus near the
center. Punctures in the Maxilla 9 on
each ſide. Length 1 inch. Raj. 50
163. Will. 171. Borl. 268.
With 3 dorſal Fins, and no Cirrus.
7. Merlangus. Whiting. Back convex, duſky; the
reſt of the Body white. Upper Jaw longeſt.
Lateral line curved. Tail even. A black
ſpot on each ſide near the root of the pec-
toral Fin. Raj. 55. Will. 170.
8. Carbonarius. Cole Fiſh, or Raw Pollach. Colour
black mixt with duſky yellow. Under Jaw
longeſt. Lateral line broad, white, ftrait.
Size of the laſt ſpecies. Raj. 54.
9. Pollachius. Whiting Pollach. Back convex.
Lower jaw longeſt.
Lateral line broad,
curved. Tail lunated. Body thick. Length
about 12 inches. Raj. 53. Will. 167.
Dale Harw. 428.
With 2 dorſal Fins.
10. Merluccius. Hake. Body long and roundiſh.
Under jaw longeſt. Lateral line curved.
Head broad. Back browniſh grey. Belly
.
white. Tail even. Length about 2 feet.
Raj. 56. Will 174. Dale Harw. 429.
II. Phycis. Forked Hake. Afh-brown. Triangular
congeries of Teeth in the roof of the Mouth.
A ſmall beard at the end of the lower Jaw.
Firſt dorſal fin triangular; 2d from the
;
baſe of the iſt almoſt to the Tail. Ventral
Fins 3 inches, of 2 rays united at the root,
3
and half way down. Tail round. From
Io to 18 inches long. Br. Zool. No. 82.
II. Mr.

FISHES. JUGULARE S. 69
cous.
12. Minor. Leaſt Hake. Black. Ventral Fins bi-
furcated. Tail round. Length 5 inches.
Br. Zool. No. 83:
13. .... Trifurcated Hake. Ventral Fins
3
furc.
Deep brown, but folding of the lips ſnow-
white. Eyes large. Head large, much de-
preſſed. Mouth large without tongue.
Length 12 inches. Br. Zool. No. 84.
14. Molva. Ling. Upper Jaw longeſt; a cirrus
from the lower. Head depreſſed. Mouth
large. Back convex, black-brown. Body
long, and roundiſh. Tail a little rounded.
Raj. 50. Will. 175.
15. Lota. Eel Pout. Body long, ſlender, and lubri-
Head broad, depreſſed. Jaws equal.
A cirrus from the lower Jaw. Tail nearly
oval. Raj. 67, 68, 3.
16. Muſtela. Whiſtle Fifh, Rockling, or Sea Loach.
Red-yellow, with black ſpots. Beards 3.
3
A deep furrow in the anterior part of the
Back. Tail rounded. Body ſlender. Length
8 to 18 inches. Raj. 67, 164, Wili. 121.
17... ... Five-bearded Cod, or Rockling. Four
-
beards in the upper jaw, 1 in the under.
Olive brown, not ſpotted. Thicker than
the laſt. No bending lateral line. Br.
Zool. No. 88.
With 1 dorſal fin.
18. .... Torſk; when dried, Klip-fiſh. Back and
fides yellow; Head duſky; Belly white and
prominent. Dorſal Fin from thoulder to
Tail, which is ſmall and round; anal Fin
alſo to the Tail; pectoral, ſmall, round.
Length
Will. 125.
F 3

70
FISHES. JU GULA RES.
Length 20 inches. Orkney and Shetland.
Br. Zool. No. 89
BLENNIUS. Head decliving from the eyes
forward, and covered. Rays of the Gill-
membrane 6. Rays of the ventral Fins 2.
Anal Fin diſtinct.
I. Galerita. Creſted Sea Lark. A triangular creſt,
red at the edges, between the Eyes. Body
variegated Dorſal Fin nearly from Head
to Tail. Length 6 inches. Will 134.
2. Pholis. Sea Lark, Mulgranoc, or Bulcard. Upper
Jaw longeſt, and ſharp. Colour variegated.
Tail rounded. Length 6 or 7 inches.
Dorſal Fin almoſt from Head to Tail.
Raj. 73. Will. 133
3. Gunnellus. Butter Fiſh. Colour, brown, olive,
green, white. Ten black ſpots, with white
edges, on each ſide the dorſal Fin. Mouth
large, curving upwards. Eyes ſmall and
covered with a cuticle. Scales extremely
minute. Length 6 inches.
Raj. 144
Will. 113. Pet. gaz. t. 51. 5.
4. Gattorugine.. Above each eye a looſe
membrane, trifurcated. Pectoral Fins
broad, round, ſcalloped, of 14 ſpines;
dorſal alſo 14 fpines. Belly aſh-colour.
Length 8 inches. Br. Zool. No. 91.
5. Viviparus... Dorſal, caudal, and ventral
Fins united. Above yellow-brown, tip of
the Tongue, Chin, Throat, and anal Fin,
fine yellow. Backbone green. Whitby:
Br. Zool. No. 94.
III. THO.

FISHES
71
THORACICI
III. THORACICI.
Ventral Fins under the pectoral.
GOBIUS. Eyes very near each other, with 2 ſmall
punctures between. Rays of the Gill-
membrane 4. Ventral Fins united, form-
ing a kind of funnel.
1. Niger. Sea Gudgeon, or Rock Fiſh. Back brown,
whitiſh, yellowiſh, blue, green, olive, black.
Tail, dorſal and anal Fins pale blue. Belly
yellow. Rays of the poſterior dorſal Fin
14. Eyes covered by one common mem-
brane. Will. 206. Raj. 76. Dale Harw.
429.
2. Aphya. Spotted Goby. Whitiſh, with brown
ſpots, alſo on the dorſal Fin and Tail.
Eyes large, prominent. Ventral Fins unit-
ed; firſt dorſal of 6 rays, 2d 11. Length
not 3 inches. Br. Zool. No. 96.
COTTUS. Head broader than the Body and
fpinous. Rays of the Gill-membrane 6.
1. Cataphractus. Pogge. Body octangular, beſet
with hard tubercles; Tail hexangular.
Two cirri on the upper Jaw; ſeveral on
the lower. Anus near the center. Tail
rounded. Will. 211. Raj. 77. Dale Harw.
430.
2. Scorpius. Father laſher Upper Jaw longeſt.
Anterior part of the Body depreſſed Back
brown. Sides ſtreaked tranſverſely with
black. Rays of the firſt dorſal Fin 11.
Of the ſecond 16. Tail rounded. Raj. 145.
Will. 138.
FA
3. Go-

72 FISHES. THORACICI.
3. Gobio. Bull-head, or Miller's Thumb. Two
Spines on the Head. No Scales on the
Body. Back brown with black ſpots. Belly
whitiſh. Fins yellowiſh. Rays of the firſt
dorſal Fin 7
Of the 2d, 16 or 17.
Length 4 or 5 inches. In rivers and rivu-
lets. Will. 137, Raj. 76.
ZEUS. Head and Body remarkably compreſſed.
Upper lip ſheathed in a tranſverſe mem-
brane.
1. Faber. Doree. Head and Mouth large. Colour
olive tinged with gold colour.
black ſpot on each ſide. Lateral line much
curved. Ten prickly rays on the anterior
dorſal Fin. Spines on the Back and Belly.
Tail rounded. Raj. 99. Will. 294.
A large
2. Opah. King-fiſh. Fins and Tail ſcarlet colour,
burniſhed green-gold, with ſilver ſpots.
Mouth ſmall; tongue like the human; no
teeth. Eyes large. Tail forked. Five only
of this ſpecies are recorded to have been
caught on our coaſts, the laſt weighed
140 lb. Br. Zool. No. IOI.
PLEURONECTES. Both Eyes on one ſide
of the Head. Body extreamly compreſſed.
One ſide white,
Eyes on the right ſide.
1. Hippogloffus. Holibut in the South : Turbot in
the North. Body ſmooth, oblong. Rays of
the dorſal Fin 105. Raj. 33. Will. 99.
2. Plateffaa

FISHES. THORACICI. 73
2. Plateſſa. Plaiſe. Body ſmooth, with round red
ſpots on the
upper
fide. Six tubercles on
the head.
Rays of the dorſal Fin 76.
Raj. 31. Will. 96.
3. Fleſfus. Flounder. Lateral line rough. Short fpines
on the right ſide of the Fins. Rays of the
dorſal Fin 60, 61, or 62.
4. Limanda. Dab. Scales fringed with ſhort ſpines.
Body broad. The upper fide ſpotted with
pale yellow. Short ſpines at the roots of
the dorſal and anal Fins. Lateral line
curved. Rays of the dorſal Fin 78 or 79.
Raj. 32. Will. 97.
5. Lævis. Smear Dab, or Kit. Pack light brown
with obſcure yellow ſpots; fcales ſmooth.
Belly white with 5 large duſky ſpots. Rays
of the dorſal Fin 79. Length 18 inches.
Br. Zool. No. 106. Excellent eating
Penant.
6. Solea. Soal. Body oblong. Scales rough. Upper
Jaw longeſt. Lateral line ſtrait. Anus be-
tween the ventral Fins. Rays of the dorſal
Fin. 91. Raj. 33. Will. 100.
7. Arnogloſſus. Smooth Sole. Thin, pellucid, white
ſmooth. Scarce. Cornw.
Britiſh Zool.
No. 108. Raj. Syn. 34.
Eyes on the left ſide.
6. Rhombus. Pearl. Body ſmooth, ſcaly. Raj. 31.
Will. 95.
7
Maximus. Turbot, in the South: Bret, in the
North. Body rough, and not ſcaly. Several
rows of Teeth. Rays of the dorſal Fin 64;
anal 48 ; pectoral 11. Raj. 31. Will. 95.
8.....
Whiff

94 FISHES. THORACICI.
8.... Whiff Mouth and Eyes large. Side-
line much curved. Scales large and rough.
Above aſh-brown. Beneath rediſh white.
Dimenſion 18 inches by 7. Br. Zool.
No. III.
SPARUS. Teeth like thoſe of Quadrupeds. Lips
duplicate. Valve of the Gills ſcaly. Body
compreſſed.
2. Pagrus. Sea Bream. Colour rediſh. At the roots
of the dorſal and anal Fins the ſkin forms a
finus. Body broad. Back and Belly ridged.
One dorſal Fin. Will. 312. Raj. 131,
Charlt. 139. Br. Zool. III. No. 113.
2. Auratus. Gilt Bream. Head and fides gilt. Be-
tween the Eyes a ſemilunar gold ſpot. On
the gills a black and a purple fpot. Weight
8 to io lb. Br. Zool. 112.
3. Dentatus. Toothed Sea Bream. Above black;
beneath filvery. Eyes and Gills very large.
In the lower jaw 9 rows of teeth, in the
upper, one.
LABRUS. Teeth ſharp. Lips fimple. Rays
of the Gill-membrane generally 6; Valve
fcaly. Rays of the dorſal Fin alternately
ſoft and ridged.
1. Tinca. Wraffe, or Old Wife. Snout curving up-
wards. Tail circular. Body thick, com-
preſſed. Scales large. Colour variegated
with red, brown, yellow. Rays of the
dorſal Fin 26. Raj. 136. Will. 319.
2. ... Ballan Wraſſe. Yellow with orange ſpots.
Above the Noſe a deep ſulcus. Rays of the
gill-membrane 4. Dorſal Fin 31 rays;
pectora!

FISHES. THORACICI. 75
pectoral 14, ventral 6. The largeſt weigh
5 lb. Yorkſhire coalt. Br. Zool. No.116,
3. Bimaculata. Bimaculated Wraſſe. Light colour, ,
with a round brown ſpot in the middle on
each fide, and one on the baſe of the Tail.
15 ſpiny and '11 ſoft rays in the dorſal Fin.
Lands-end. Br. Zool. No. 117.
4. Trimaculata. Trimaculate Wraſſe. 3
dark ſpots
on the Back towards the Tail. Noſe long.
Branchioſtegous rays 5. Length 5 inches,
5
Br. Zool. No. 118. Angleſea.
5. ... Striped Wraſſe. The fides ſtriped longitu-
tinally with olive and blue. Back and
Belly red.
Ends of the anal and ventral
Fins blue. Lips large, double and much
turned
up.
Br. Zool. No. 119. Skerry
.
Ifles.
6. ..... Gibbous Wraſſe. 8 inches by 3 ſpotted
and ſtriped with blue and orange. Ventral
Fins and Tail pea green ; pectoral, yellow
ſtriped with red. Dorſal Fin of 16 ſpiny
and 9 ſoft rays. Br. Zool. No. 120.
o
7
Goldfinny. Length 3 inches. A remark-
.
able black ſpot near the Tail. Dorſal Fin
as the laſt ſpecies, but tinged with black.
Tail almoſt even, 3 ſpines in the anal Fin.
Br. Zool. No. 121. Cornwall.
8. . . . . Comber. Back, Fins, and Tail, red; Belly
....
yellow. A filver longitudinal ſtripe on
each fide. Dorſal Fin 20 fpines, and i
ſoft rays : pectoral 14, ventral 5, and anal
Io rays. Br. Zool. No. 122. Cornw.
9. ... Cook. Scaly. Back purple and dark blue;
.
Belly yellow. Tail rounded. Cornw. Br.
Zool. No. 123
4
PERCA

76
THORACICI.
FISHES.
PERCA. Valve of the Gills ſcaly, ſerrated; rays
of the membrane 7. Fins ſpinous. Scales
hard and rough.
1. Fluviatilis. Pearch. Two dorſal Fins, the firſt
of 14, the ſecond of 16 rays. Ventral Fins
red. On each ſide 6 tranſverſe black lines.
A black ſpot at the end of the anterior
dorſal Fin. In lakes and rivers. Will. 291.
Raj. 97.
2. Marina. Sea Pearch. Red with a black ſpot on
the gill-covers. Dorſal fins united." Tail
even. Head and eyes large. Line parallel
with the Back. Br. Zool. No. 126.
3. Labrax. Baſſe. Two dorſal Fins, the ſecond 14
rays. Back blackiſh. Belly ſilver white.
Shaped like the Salmon. Tail a little
forked. Length 3 feet. Will. 271. Raj. 83.
4. Cernua. Ruff. One dorſal Fin, òf 27 rays, 15
. of
of which are fpinous. Head full of cavities.
Colour brown-yellow, with black ſpots.
Length 5 inches. In many of our rivers.
5
.
Will. 334. Raj. 144.
5. .,.. Black-fiſh. Shaped like the Ruff. Head
like a Trout. A large double noftril.
Smooth with thin ſcales. One long dorſal
Fin. Tail forked. Two were taken in the
river Sean in Cornw. ann. 1721. Br. Zool.
No. 128.
GASTEROSTEUS. Gill-membrane hath
3 rays.
Ventral Fins behind the pectoral,
but above the ſternum. Dorſal Spines
diftinct.
I. Aculeata.

FISHES. THORACICI.
1. Aculeata. Stickle-back. One dorſal Fin the
whole length of the Back, with
3
anterior
Spines. Head and Back blackiſh; the reſt
of the Body filvery. Body compreſſed.
Eyes on the ſides of the Head Tail even
Frequent in our rivers. Raj. 145. Will. 341.
2. Pungitius. Leſs Stickle-back. Ten dorſal Spines.
Much like the former, but leſs. Raj. 145.
Will. 342.
3. Spinachia. Great Sea Stickle-back. Dorſal Spines
15. Length 6 or 7 inches. A fea fich
Will. 340. Raj. 145.
SCOMBER. Head and Body compreſſed,
ſmooth. Tail forked. Rays of the Gill-
membrane 7. Spurious Fins near the Tail.
1. Scomber. Mackrel. Spurious Fins 5. A ſhort
Spine at the Anus.
2. Thynnus. Tunny-fiſh. Spurious Fins 9 above,
8 beneath, A furrow near the ventral
Fins.
3. Trachurus. Horſe Mackrel, or Scad. Lateral
line curved, prickly, ferrated. A furrow
in the middle of the Back. Rays of the
firſt dorſal Fin 8; 2d
30.
34; anal
MULLUS. Head ſcaly, compreſſed, decliving
from the Crown to the Noſe. Gill-mem-
brane with 3 Rays. Body with large ſcales,
eaſily deciduous. Very finall towards the
Tail.
I. Surmuletus. Surmullet. Cirri 2. Head ſmooth.
Colour brown olive, with 4 longitudinal
yellow lines on each ſide. Fins and Tail
yellow

78
FISHES. THORACICI.
yellow ſtained with ſcarlet. Rays of the 2d
dorſal Fin 8. Cornwall. Raj. 91. Will.
285.
2. .... Striped Surmullet. Br. Zool. No. 136.
Probably only a variety of the laſt.
TRIGLA. Head armed with rough lines.
Gill-membrane with 7 Rays.
Three
Digets to the pectoral Fins.
1. Lyra. Piper. Noſe long, bifid; Noſtrils tubu-
lar. A large Spine above each pectoral
Fin. Spots 70 on each ſide. Raj. 89.
Will. 282. Dale Harw.
Dale Harw. 431.
2. Gurnardus. Grey Gurnard. Noſe bifid; 2 Spines
at each Eye. Back ſpotted with black and
red. Pectoral Fins pale. Raj. 88. Will.
.
279.
3. Cuculus. Red Gurnard. Noſe ſomewhat bifid.
Valve of the Gills ftraited. Lateral line
imperfect. Colour entirely red. Raj. 89.
Will. 281.
4. Lineatus. Streaked Gurnard. Above red; be-
neath, white and ſtreaked. Pectoral Fins
large and ſpotted, with 3 appendages. Head
and Eyes large.
Teeth o.
Br. Zool.
Cornw.
5. Hirundo. Tub Fiſh. Head ſquare, ſpinous. Three
cirri between the pectoral and ventral Fins.
Lateral line prickly. Sides variegated with
purple, green and white. Pectoral Fins
black. Raj. 88. Will. 280.
No. 141.
IV. AB-

FISHES.
ABDOMINALES. 79
IV. ABDOMINAL E S.
Ventral Fins on the Abdomen behind the pectoral.
COBITIS. Eyes in the upper part of the
Head. Gill-membrane with 4 to 6 rays.
Valve, cloſed beneath. Body compreſſed,
and nearly of an equal thickneſs.
1. Barbatula. Groundling, or Loache. Cirri 6.
Head without Spines. Body ſmooth, ſpot-
ted. Dorſal Fin 8 rays. Irides yellow.
Length 3 inches. Raj. 124. Will. 265.
2. Tænia. Bearded Loach. Cirri 6. Upper jaw
longeſt. A forked Spine under each Eye.
No Teeth, nor lateral line. Dorſal Fin
of 9 rays. Length 3 inches. In lakes
and ponds. Raj. 124. Will. 265, 266,
Alſo in the Trent.
SALMO. Head ſmooth. Teeth in the Jaws
and on the Tongue. Gill-membrane 4-10
rays. Dorſal Fin near the Head.
1. Salar. Salmon. Upper Jaw longeſt. Rays of
the anterior dorſal Fin 15. Second with-
out Rays. Lateral line ſtrait, with a few
black ſpots above and below. Tail lu-
nated. Raj. 63. Will. 189.
2. Eriox. Grey. Spotted all over with grey ſpots.
Tail equal. Not quite ſo large as the
Salmon. Raj. 63. Will. 193.
3. Lacuſtris. Lake Trout. Sometimes 50 or 60lb.
weight. Probably a diſtinct ſpecies. In
the North.
White Trouf. Beneath ſilver white; fleſh
red. Firſt dorſal Fin, of 11 rays, ſpotted
with

80
ABDOMINALES:
FISHES.
with black. Tail black, and much forked,
Never exceed 12 inches. In the upper
jaw 2 rows of teeth, in the under, 1. Six
teeth in the tongue.
Br. Zool. No. 147.
5. Trutta.
Salmon Trout. Jaws equal. Dorſal
.
Fin 12 rays, with black ſpots. Pectoral
Fins 13 rays, with 6 ſpots. Tail even.
Head and Sides ſprinkled with black ſpots
furrounded with brown. Raj. 63. Will. 193.
6. Fario. Trout. Lower Jaw longeft. Sides ſpot.
ted with red. Tail lunated. Rays of the
anal Fin 1o. Raj. 65. Will. 199.
7. .... Samlet. Reſembles the trout; but never
exceeds 8 inches; head narrower, mouth
leſs; fpurious back-fin not tipt with red,
nor, the anal edged with white; fewer ſpots,
and tail more forked. Br. Zool. No. 148.
8. Carpio. Gilt Charre. Five rows of Teeth in
the Palatc. Irides white. Sides and Belly
ſilvery. Black ſpots on the Back. Eight
punctures on each ſide the lower Jaw.
Body broader than the Trout. Raj. 66.-
Will. 197
Fin 12.
9. Alpinus.
Red Charre. Lower Jaw longeſt.
Irides grey; Pupil black. Rays of the
Gill-membrane io. Rays of the dorſal
Back blackiſh. Sides pale blue.
Belly orange. Ventral Fins red; external
margin white. Tail lunated. Length 12
or 13 inches. Winandermere, Weſtmorl.
Raj. 65 Will. 196.
.
10. Eperlanus. Smelt. Dorſal oppoſite to the anal
Fin. Head diaphanous. Rays of the anal
Fin 17. Back convex. Lateral line ſtrait.
Raje 66. Will. 202.
II. La.

FISH ES.
A BDOMINAL ES 81
11. Lavaretus. Schelley. Teeth ſcarce viſible. Up-
per Jaw longeſt. Rays of the dorfal Fin 14.
Lateral line ſtrait. Scales larger than thoſe
of the Trout. Sides and Belly filver white.
Shaped like a Herring. Hulſwater, Cum-
berl. Raj. 61. Will. 183.
12. Thymalus, Grayling, or Umber. Upper Jaw
longeht. Dorſal rays 23; thoſe of the
Gills 9. Body narrow.
Teeth extreamly
minute. Length 13 or 14 inches. Scales
large, ſemicircular, and not imbricated.
Raj. 62. Will. 187.
ESOX. Under Jaw longeſt, punctured. Teeth
in the Jaws and Tongue. Body long.
Dorſal Fin near the Tail. Rays of the
Gill-membrane 14.
1. Oſſeus. Great Gar Fiſh. Upper Jaw longeſt.
Mouth very large. Eyes ſmall, Iris yel-
low. Scales imbricated and hard. Tail
quadrangular. Body long and ſmall.
Length 2 feet. Suſſex coaft.
2. Lucius. Pike. Head compreſſed behind; de-
preſſed before. Body ſomewhat quadran-
gular. Teeth numerous, regular. Lateral
line ſtrait. Tail forked; with 19 rays.
Raj. 112. Will. 236.
3. Belone. Horn Fiſh, or Gar Fiſh. Snout long,
flender, pointed. Body long, ſmall. Back
olive-black. Sides yellowiſh. On the Sea
coaſt. Raj. 1og. Will. 231. Dale Harw.
433
4. Saurus. Saury or Skipper. Eel-ſhaped, jaws
flender, ſharp, I inch long. Dorſal and
anal fins far back, with 6 ſpurious fins
G
above

82
ABDOMINALES.
FISHES.
above and beneath. Length 11 inches
Br. Z. No. 155.
ARGENTINA. Teeth in the jaws and
tongue. Gill-rays 8. Vent near the tail.
Ventral fin of many rays.
1. Sphyræna. Sheppy, Back green; fides filver-
Body compreſſed. Tail forked. Length
24 inches. In the ſea, Flints. Br. Zool.
No.156.
ATHERINE. Upper jaw flat. Gill-rays 6.
Silvery ſtripe along the ſide.
3. Hepfetus. .... At Southampton called a Smelt.
Semidiaphanous; ſcales ſilvery, tarniſhed.
Length 4 inches. Br. Zool. No. 157.
MUGIL. No Teeth. Rays of the Gill-
membrane 7. Lips membranous. Scales
imbricated, cover both the Body and the
Head
1. Cephalus. Mullet. Dorſal rays 5. Mouth ſmall.
Eyes large, diſtant, and placed near the
extremity of the Head; Iris white; pupil
black. Back brown-grey. Sides and Belly
filver white. No lateral line. Ventral
and anal Fins white. Dark longitudinal
lines on the ſides. Raj. 84. Will. 274.
3
CLUPEA. Rays of the Gill-membrane 8.
Belly very acute, ſerrated.
1. Harengus. Herring. Under Jaw longeſt. Back
duſky blue. Dorſal rays 19. Tail forked,
tays 18. Raj. 103. Will. 219.
.
2...
Pile

HIS HES.
83
ABDOMINALES.
2. .. .. Pilchard. Lefs and thicker than the Her-
ring. Noſe turns up. Dorſal fin exactly
in the centre of gravity. Scales firm. Br.
.
Zool. No. 161.
3. Sprattus. Sprat. Under Jaw longeſt. Dorſal
rays 17. A dark ſpot on each ſide near the
Gills. Length 4 or 5 inches. Vertebræ
48. Raj. 105: Will. 221.
4. Alofa. Shat. Apex of the upper Jaw. bifid.
Black ſpots from 4 to 7 on each ſide. Dor-
ſal rays 19; Tail 19. Length above four
times its breadth: Vertebræ 55. Raj. 1045
105. Will. 223, 227
5. Encraficolus. Anchovy. Scales large and looſe.
Back green; ſides and belly filvery. Tail
forked. Under Jaw much ſhorter. A row
of ſmall teeth in each Jaw, and another on
the middle of the tongue. Some were taken
not many years fince on the North coaſt of
Wales. Br. Zool. No. 163.
CYPRINUS: No Teeth. Rays of the Gill-
membrane 3. Body ſmooth.
1. Barbus. Barble. Upper Jaw longeſt. Beards 4
Rays of the anal Fin 7. Back ridged.
Tail forked. Length 10 of 11 inches. In
moſt of our rivers. Raj. 121. Will: 259.
2. Carpio. Carp. Beards 4. Rays of the anal Fin
9. Hooks on the 3d ray of the dorſal Fin.
Scales large, imbricated. Lateral line ſtrait.
Dorſal Fin blackiſh; the others pale red.
Raj. 115. Will. 246.
3. Gobio. Gudgeon. Beards 2. Upper Jaw longeſt
.
Rays of the anal Fin 9. Black ſpots on the
G2
Back

84
FISHES. ABDOMINALES.
even.
II.
Back and Sides. Lateral line black, and
almoſt ftrait. Dorſal rays io. Tail a little
forked. Length 5 inches. Raj. 123. Will.
264.
4. Tinca. Tench. Colour purpliſh black. Scales
ſmall and lubricous. Extremity of the Tail
Dorſal rays 12; anal 25:
I rides
red. Length 10 or 11 inches. Raj. 113.
117. Will. 251.
5. Cephalus. Chub, or Cheven. Head and Scales
large. Body long and roundiſh. Anal rays
Tail even. Length 12 inches. In
moſt of our rivers. Raj. 119. Will. 255.
6. Phoxinus. Pink, Minime, or Minow Pink. Body
,
roundiſh, pellucid. Lateral line yellow.
Brown ſpots near the Tail. Rays of the
anal Fin 8. Colour various.
Colour various. Length 2
inches. In ſhallow rivers. Raj. 125.
.
Will. 258.
7. Leuciſcus. Dace. Body roundiſh and ſlender.
Scales large, imbricated. Irides white. Rays
of the anal Fin 1o. Length 6 or 7 inches.
6
Raj. 121. Will. 260.
8... Graining. Like the Dace, but more
flender. Back ſilvery, bluiſh. Eyes, ven-
tral and anal Fins paler red; pectoral
redder. Length 7 inches.
Length 77 inches. In the Mer-
ſey. Br. Zool. No. 174.
9. Rutilus. Roach. Iris, ventral and anal Fins red.
Scales large, imbricated. Lateral line curv-
ed downwards. Rays of the anal Fin 12.
Tail forked. Length 6 or 7 inches. Raj.
122. Will. 262.
Rud, or Fincale. Colour yellowiſh
brown. Ventral, anal Fins and Tail red.
Red
IO. Orfus.

FISHES. ABDOMINALES. 85
anal 13
Fin 15
Red ſpots on the valve of the Gills. Irides
yellow with black ſpots. Dorſal rays 1o;
Tail forked. In the lakes in
Holderneſs, Lincolnſh. Raj. 118. Will.
252. Plot. Ox.
11. Erythrophthalmus. Red Eye. Iris and Fins red.
Body tinged with red. Rays of the anal
Dots on the lateral line 60.
Raj. 116.
12. Alburnus. Bleak. Under Jaw longeſt. Back
convex. Belly ſharp. Fins whitiſh. Scales
large, imbricated. Anal rays 20. Length
5
inches. In rivers. Raj. 123. Will. 263.
Bream. Fins blackiſh. Back and
Belly ridged. Scales large, imbricated,
ſilvery. Rays of the anal Fin 27. Tail
forked. Length 12 inches. Frequent in
large rivers. Raj, 116. Will. 248.
.
13. Brama.
G3
CLASS

86
COLEOPTERA,
INSECTS.
CLASS I.
VN S E C T S.
Antennæ 2. Legs 6 or more.
lateral Spiracula.
Breathe through
I. COLEOPTERA.
Wings 2, covered by 2 Shells, divided by a
longitudinal future.
SCARABÆUS. Antenna clavated, their ex-
tremities fiflile. Five joints in each Foot.
Thorax cornuted.
1. Typhoeus. Bull-comber. Thorax fmooth with
three horns or ſpines, thoſe on each ſide
extending forward equal with the extremity
of the Head. Shells ftriated. Legs hairy.
Length finch. Colour black. On Ham-
ſtead Heath in the Spring. Pet.gaz. T.
Τ
23. f. 3.
1. Lunaris. Lunated Beetle. On the Head a lunated
a
helmet and an erect horn. Thorax with
two horns and a longitudinal line. Eight
longitudinal ſcratches on each Shell. Co-
lour dark brown. Length inch.
3. Nuchicornis.
An erect horn on the
back of the Head. Thorax reunded. Head
and Thorax black. Shells grey clouded
with

INSECTS.
87
COLEOPTERA.
To
with black. Length 3 inch. Under Swines
dung, frequent in the Spring.
4. Foſfor. Little oval Beetle. Black and ſhining.
Three tranſverſe points on the Head. Nine
longitudinal ſtriæ on the Shells. Length
$ inch.
3
а
5. Fimetarius. Dung Beetle. Thorax rounded, with
a margin. Head and Thorax black. An-
tennæ and Shells red, in ſome grey. Fre-
quent in the Spring on Cow-dung. Length
of an inch.
6. Hæmorrhoidalis. ... Extremity of the Shells
and Legs red. Size of a grain of Millet.
In muſhrooms and putrid vegetables.
7. Stercorarius. . Common Dor, or Clock. Helmet
raiſed in the middle. Corſelet rounded,
margined. Above black. Beneath ſhining
blue. Thighs hairy with a brown ſpot on
the anterior ones. Shells ſtriated. Length
I inch.
8. Vernalis.
Colour intirely dark ſhining
blue. Shells not ftriated. Length inch.
Otherwiſe like the former.
9. Horticola. Black Legs, or Garden Beetle. Be-
neath black and hairy. Head and Thorax
blue. Shells light brown. Length ; inch.
On Apple trees.
10. Melolontha. Tree Beetle, Brown, or Blind Beetle.
Thorax hairy. Incifures of the abdomen
white. Triangular white ſpot on each ſide
the Belly. Four ſtriæ on each Shell. Tail
Aharp, long, curved. Leaves of the An-
tennæ 6 or 7. Length 1 inch. Geof. I. 70.
G4
II, Sol.

88
COLEOPTERA.
INSECTS.
II. Solſtitialis. Hoary Beetle. Thorax hairy. Shells
pale brown with 3 white lines.
Tail not
long. Length 1 inch. Frequent in Au-
tumn, in the eaſtern part of this kingdom.
12. Hemipterus. Flat Beetle. Scaly with white
dots. Head long and ſmall. Thorax
woolly, margined, with two longitudinal
ridges. Shells abbreviated. Length į inch,
13. Faſciatus, Yellow Beetle. Head, Body, Corſe-
let black with yellow hair. Shells pale
yellow with 3 black croſs-lines. Tail not
quite covered. Length } inch.
14. Auratus. Roſe Chaffer, Braſs Beetle, or Green
Beetle. Colour green with a bronze tinge.
White tranſverſe ſpots on the ſhells. Ster-
num projects towards the Head. Length
inch. On flowers, particularly roſes, and
pioniæ.
Differs from the laſt in be-
ing rather leſs, no bronze tinge, thorax not
projecting
14. Nobilis.
LUCANUS. Antennæ clavated, compreſſed,
pectinato-fiſſile. Maxillæ extended ſo as to
reſemble horns. Five joints in each foot.
1. Cervus. Stag-Beetle. Head and Thorax black.
Shells dark brown..
- Horns reſembling
thoſe of a Stag, forked at the end, a ſmall
branch near the middle on the inſide, move.
able. Shells plain. Length 1 } inch. In
ſeveral places near London.
2. Parallelipipedus.
Like the laſt, but
much leſs, and more compreſſed. Colour
black. Pet. p. 12. cap. 1. n. 3.
3. Cara

INSECTS89
.
.
COLEOPTERA.
3. Caraboides, Blue Stag. A violet tinge. Horns
lunated. Thorax margined. Length
inch.
1
DERMESTES. Antennæ of 3 joints, cla-
vated, perfoliated. Thorax convex. Head
concealed under the Thorax.
I. Lardarius.
Black. Anterior part of
the Shells grey. On each Shell 3
black
ſpots in the form of a triangle. Produced
from the bacon magot. Length inch.
7/
2. Pellio.
Colour dark ſhining brown.
A white ſpot on each Shell. In houfes
and on flowers. Length inch.
3. Domeſticus.
Colour black brown.
Thorax raiſed and ſomewhat hairy. Shells
ftriated. Antennæ rediſh. On being touch-
ed it rolls itſelf up, and continues motion-
leſs. It is this inſect, ſays Geoffroy, which
makes the round holes in furniture, and
which we call the death-watch. Length
To inch.
10
4. Fumatus.
Colour light brown. Eyes
black. Thorax margined. Size of a louſe.
In horſe dung.
5. Policaris. Flea Beetle. Oblong, black. Shells
abbreviated. Belly and Wings whitiſh,
Runs and flies eaſily. Size of a flea. On
flowers.
a
PTINUS. Antennæ fub-filiform, the joints
towards the end longeſt. Thorax roundiſh,
concealing the head.
1. Pec-

INSECTS.
COLEOPTERA.
7. Pectinicornis.
Black-brown. Antenuæ
pale yellow, with teeth on the inner fide.
Legs colour of the Antenna. Length
inch. In old trunks of willows.
. Pertinax.
Dark brown, with yellowiſh
ſpots ; cylindrical, oblong. Antennæ plain
like briſtles. Thorax gibbous. On being
touched he rolls himſelf up, and continues
motionleſs in ſpite of torture. This inſect,
ſays Linnæus, deſtroys my chairs.
Red brown, ſhining. Eyes
black. Shells foftiſh. Length 16 inch.
Fur.
Colour brown. Head large.
Antennæ longer than the body. Eyes pro-
minent. Corſelet ſmall, globous, tuber-
cular, but not dentated. Shells with two
.
tranſverſe white belts. Wings minute.
Very deſtructive in cabinets of animal and
vegetable productions. Length; inch.
3. Mollis.
4.
HISTER. Antennæ broken in the middle
with a ſolid bulb at the end. Head re-
tractile.
2. Unicolor.
Square, black, poliſhed. Shells
abbreviated, truncated, and faintly ſtriated.
Head minute. Tail rounded. Length
from 1 to 4 tenths of an inch.
2. Bimaculatus.
Black, poliſhed. Shells
abbreviated, with i red ſpot on each. Size
of a grain of rice. Geof. 95. 2. Raj
108. 14.
GYRINUS. Antennæ clavated, ſtiff, ſhorter
than the Head. Eyes 4.
1. Natator.

INSECTS. COLEOPTERA. 91
1. Natator. Water Flea. Bright black. Feet yel-
low, flat, and large. Length inch. Runs
with great celerity, in circles, on the ſurface
of the water. Raj. 87. 10.
BYRRHUS. Antenna clavated, folid, com-
preſſed.
1. Scrophularia.
Body oval, black. Belly
covered with white ſcales. Head fmall,
retractile. Corſelet broad and covered with
red and white ſcales. Shells black, ſcaly,
,
with a white belt and white ſpot on each;
future red. Length 16 inch. Raj. 85. 37.
On flowers.
2. Verbaſci.
Much like the laſt, except
that it is leſs, and has 3 pale undulated
belts athwart the ſhells.
TO
SILPHA. Antennæ clavated, foliated. Head
prominent. Thorax margined.
1. Veſpillio.
Margin of the thorax broad.
Shells abbreviated, black, with 2 yellow
belts. Thighs of the hind legs large with
a ſpine near their origin. Length near I
inch. On dead bodies. Lift. tab. mul. 17.
15. Tog. P 381.
2. Biphuſtulata.
Antennæ long and ſmall.
Black, with 2 red ſpots on the middle of
each Shell. Length inch.
3. Puſtulata.
Black, oblong
On the
brown ſpots. Length 3 inch. On
trees.
4. Quadripunctata.
Head, Antenna and
Legs black. Margin of the Thorax and
4
Shells
Shells 4
5

92 INSECTS. COLEOPTERA
Shells pale yellow, with 4 black fpots.
Length inch.
In Cain-wood, near
Hampſtead.
5. Sabuloſa.
Black. Antennæ fhort, glo-
bular. Five ftriæ on each ſhell. Shells
and Wings ſhort. Five joints on the 2 firſt
feet, 4 on the reſt. In fand,
6. Aquatica ...
Brown, with a green bronze
tinge. Four ribs on the thorax. On each
Shell 10 ftriæ. Length} inch.
-
7. Pulicaria.
Black, oblong. Shells ab-
breviated. Abdomen rounded at the ex-
tremity. Thorax and Shells ſcarce mar-
gined. Length 1 line. Found frequently
running on fowers.
CASSIDA. Antennä knotted, enlarging to-
wards the ends. Shells and Thorax bor-
dered. Head concealed under the corfelet.
1. Viridis Green Tortoiſe Beetle. Shells dotted and
ſtreaked, overhang the body. Beneath black.
Above green. Length i line. On verti-
cillated plants, and thiſtles.
2. Nebuloſa.
Light brown, clouded, with
black fpots. Shells larger than the body.
Length 1, 2, 3 lines. On thiſtles.
Yellowiſh grey, with a green-
gold line on each fhell, which dies with the
infect. Length 1 line. .
4. Maculata. Green, or red. Shells with longitu-
dinal ftriæ, and 5 or 6 black ſpots on each
ſide the future; alſo 2 large black ſpots near
the upper external angle of the Shells.
Length 3 1 lines.
3. Nobilis.
COCCI-

INSECTS.
93
COLEOPTERA,
.
COCCINELLA. Antenne knotted, trun-
cated. Palpi longer than the antennæ,
Body hemiſpheric. Shells and Thorax
bordered. In each foot 3 joints.
1. 2-punctata.
Head, Thorax, and Belly
black. A large white ſpot on each ſide of
the Corſelet. Shells red, with 2 black ſpots.
Length 2 į lines. On the alder and feme
other trees.
2. 5-punctata.
Differs from the laſt in
having 5 black ſpots on the Shells.
In
gardens.
3. 7-punctata. Lady Cow, or Larly Bird. Head
and Thorax black. Shells red, with 7
black ſpots. Length 3 or 4 lines. Geoff
321. 3.
4. 9-punctata.
Black. Shells red, with
9 black ſpots. Length 2 lines. On trees.
Geoff. 323, 4.
5. 14-punctata.
Above yellow. Pofterior
part of the Corſelet black. On the Shells
14 ſquare ſpots. Length 2 lines. Geoff
328.
6. 16-punctata.
Head, Corſelet, and Shells
yellow, with 16 black ſpots. Suture black.
Length i line. Geoff. 339. 16.
7. 22-punctata.
Head black. Corſelet
and Shells yellow; the firſt with 7 black
7.
ſpots, the latter with 20 only. Length 1
line.
8. Conglobata.
Head, Corſelet, and Legs
yellow. On the Corſelet 7 black ſpots.
Shells red with 8 black ſpots on each
Length 2 lines.
9. 11-guttata
• 6

94
INSECTS.
COLEOPTERA.
.
•
9. 14-guttata.
Head white. Eyes black.
Corſelet red, with white edges. Shells red,
with 14 white ſpots. Length 2 lines. In
woods.
10. 2-puſtulata.
Head, Corſelet, and
Shells black, with a red tranſverſe line,
compoſed of 3 ſmall dots, on each ſhell.
Abdomen red. Length I line. On trees
and flowers.
II. 6-puſtalata.
Head black, with 2 yel.
low ſpots. Corſelet black, with yellow
edges. Shells black, with 6 red ſpots.
Length 1 { line.
CRYSOMELA. Antennæ knotted, enlarging
towards the ends. Corſelet margined.
Body oval.
3. Alni.
Shells punc-
1. Tanaceti.
Black-brown. Antenna
of 11 globules, black. Head and Corſelet
ſquare. Corſelet and Shells punctured; 8
longitudinal lines on the latter. Length 4
lines. On common Tanfy.
2. Graminis.
Convex, green-blue, bright,
punctured. Eyes yellowiſh.
Oval, dark blue.
tured. Antennæ and Legs black. On the
common Alder.
4. Betula.
Dark blue. Shells punctured
in ftriæ. Length 1 } line. On Birch trees.
5. Hæmoptera.
Round, ſmooth. Wings
red. Length 3 ] lines.
6. Cerealis.
Streaked longitudinally with
alternate blue and bronze lines, and bor.
dered

INSECTS.
9
$
COLEOPTERA.
dered with green-yellow. Wings red.
Length 3 lines.
7. Polygoni.
Thorax cylindrical. Glo-
bules of the antennæ of equal fize. Head,
Shells, and underſide of the Body blue.
Corſelet, Thighs, and Anus red. Legs
and Antennæ black. Shells ftriated. On
graſs.
8. Polita.
Beneath green-bronze. Head
and Thorax gilt. Shells red, punctured.
.
Wings red. Antennæ black. Length 31
lines. On Willows.
9. Populi. .. Head, Thorax, and beneath
green-blue. Shells red, tipt with black.
Antennæ black. Length 1 inch. . On
poplar trees.
10. Sanguinolenta.
Head, Corſelet, and
under ſide blue. Shells punctured, black,
with a red border. Wings red. Length 5
lines. In Woods.
** Skippers. Poſterior thighs thick.
11. Oleracea.
Green-blue. Corſelet large
and ſquare. Antennæ half the length of
the body. Length 2 lines,
12. Hyofcyami.
Above fine blue. Shells
Itriated. Legs brown. Length 1 line. On
common Henbane.
13. Exfoleta.
Yellow.
Eyes brown.
Length 1 line. In gardens.
14. Nitidula.
Corſelet ruby-colour.
Shells blue, ftriated. Legs yellow-brown.
Length 1 line
15. Nemorum

96
INSECTS. .
•
COLEOPTERA.
15. Nemorum.
• Black, with a yellow
longitudinal line on each Shell. Length 1,
I line.
On aromatic plants. Lift. tab.
mut. l. 2. f. 29.
*** Body cylindrical.
16. 4-punctata
Black, except the Shells,
which are red with 2 black ſpots on each.
Antennæ ſerrated, and placed before the
eyes. Length 2 lines.
17. 2-punctata.
Antennæ filiform, as long
as the body, long-jointed. Corſelet gib-
bous, hemiſpheric. Colour black, except
the Shells, which are red, with 4 black
ſpots. Head partly concealed. Length 25
lines.
18. Sericea.
Rich gloſſy green. Shells
punctured. Antenna and Legs blackiſh.
Corſelet gibbous. Antennæ long-jointed,
Head partly concealed. Length 3 or 4
lines. Geoff. 233. 3.
**** Body oblong. Thorax narrow.
19. Cyanella.
Blue-green.
Antenna
filiform. Thorax long. Shells ftriated.
Length 2 lines. Geoff. 243. 5.
20. 12-punctata.
Red. Shells with 6
black ſpots on each. Antennæ black
Length 2 lines. On Aſparagus.
21. Phellandrii.
Black. Corſelet bor-
dered with yellow. On each Shell 2 yel-
low ſtripes. Length 2 lines. Geoff: 266.
On the roots of Water Hemlock.
22. Aſparagi.
Head, Antennæ, and under
ſide of the Bodyblack. Thorax red,
with 2 black ſpots. Shells yellow, with
a black

INSECTS. COLEOPTERA. 97
a black-blue croſs, and 4 ſpots. Length
I line.
On Aſparagus.
CURCULIO. Attennä сlavated, elbowed in
the middle, and fixed in the ſnout, which
is prominent and horny. Joints in each
foot 4
3. Ceraſi.
a
* Long Snouted.
1. Alliariæ.
Black-blue. Shells darker
than the reſt, and ſtriated with minute
punctures. Size of a Flea. On Eryſimum
a
alliaria, &c.
2. Cyaneus
Black. Shells bluiſh, and
ftriated with minute punctures.
Feet
brown. Target white. Size of a flea.
On Willows.
Black. Shells oblong,
ftriated. Double the ſize of a Flea. On
Black Cherry-trees.
... Black. Antenna brown. Two
Tubercles on the poſterior part of the Tho-
On Chery-trees.
5. Acridulus.
Bluiſh black. Pyriform.
Shells ſtriated. Length 1 line. Geoff. 291.
32. On plants of the claſs Tetradynania,
6. Purpureus.
Gloffy purple. Snout very
long. Petiver found this at Epſom.
7. Granarius. Weevil, or Bond. Black-brown. Snout
long and ſmall. Thorax punctured, and
nearly as long as the abdomen. Length
4. Pruni.
rax.
I line.
H
8. Dor

93
COLEOPTERA,
INSECTS.
a
9. Pini.
8. Dorſalis.
Antenna black-brown.
Shells red, ſtriated; future black. Thighs
black; Legs yellow. Size of a Flea. On
the lefſer Celendine.
Dark grey. Extremities of the
Antennæ yellowiſh. Entirely covered with
minute punctures. Two obſcure browniſh
broad lines on the Thorax. Abdomen
remarkably gibbous towards the anus. On
the Scotch Fir.
10. Lapathi. ...... Black and white, beſet with
prickles. Shells narrow behind. Abdomen
blackiſh. Legs partly reddiſh. On Docks,
particularly the Water Dock.
II. Scaber
Aſh-coloured. Shells brown,
obſcurely mottled with white, and covered
with ſhort briſtles. Legs red. Double the
fize of a Louſe. On Nettles.
12. Quercus.
Pale yellow. Eyes black.
Shells with a whitiſh line near the future,
and another at the baſe, forming a right
angle. Somewhat larger than a fea. On
the leaves of Oak-trees.
13. Viſcariæ.
Head and Legs black.
Thorax and Shells greeniſh alh-colour.
Oval. Villous. Size of a Louſe. On the
Lychnis viſcaria.
14. 5-maculatus.
Grey. Snout very long.
On each Shell 2 white ſpots, and a black
one between each. Length 2 lines.
15. Pericarpius.
Black-brown, fomewhat
globous, and clouded. Shells ftriated, with
a heart-ſhaped white ſpot on the anterior
part. Length i line. On Fig-wort.
.
16. Betulæ.

INSECTS. COLEOPTERA. 99
16. Betulæ.
Green-gold. Antenna and
Eyes black. The anterior verge of the
Thorax is ſpinous in one ſex, in the other
not. On birch and alder Trees. Length 2
lines.
I
19. Fagi.
** Skippers ; poſterior thighs thick,
17. Beccabungæ.
Black. Corſelet greyiſh
brown. Shells rediſh, with a brown margin.
Size of a Louſe. On Vernonica beccabunga.
18. Alni.
Pale brown. Head and Belly
black. Shells ftriated; 2 black ſpots on
each. Length 1 line. On the leaves of
the Alder.
Black. Head and Thorax
punctured. Shells ſtriated. Thighs pale.
On Beech-trees.
*** Long Snouts. Thighs dentated.
20. Pomorum.
Clouded aſh-colour. On
the Shells two tranſverſe brown belts. А.
white ſpot on the poſterior part of the
Thorax. Antennæ and Feet brown. A
ſtrong ſpine on each of the fore thighs.
Bigger than a Loufe.
21. Nucum.
Dark brown. Snout as
long as the body. Abdomen ends in a point.
Shells marbled; Scutellum white. Length
2 or 3 lines
In hazel nuts.
22. Scrophulariæ.
Somewhat ſpherical.
Thorax narrow, beſet with yellow-white
hairs. Shells black-brown, ftriated ; a large
black ſpot on the future, on each ſide of
which are two ſmall ſpots. Length 3 lines,
On Fig-wort.
H 2
23. Tortrix.

100
COLEOPTERA.
INSECTS.
23. Tortrix.
Body oblong, yellowiſh.
Breaſt brown. Shells faintly ſtriated. Thighs
dentated. Twiſted in the leaves of the
Poplar.
**** Short Snouts. Thighs dentated.
24. Pyri. ...... Black. Snout depreſſed. Head
and Thorax minutely punctured. Shells
oblong, with 7 excavated ſtriæ. Antenna
and Legs rediſh. On Pear-trees.
25. Argentatus.
Covered with green-
bronze ſcales. Antenna and Legs brown.
On each Shell io ftriæ. Length 4 lines.
In gardens.
**** Short Snouts. Thighs not dentated.
26. Incanus.
Black, beſet with whitiſh
hair. Shells oblong, ftriated, rounded.
Antennæ red towards the baſe; firſt joint
very long. No wings. Length 2-4 lines.
27. Nebulofus.
Snout thick, carinated,
black, with grey longitudinal ſtripes. 1 hu-
rax chagrined, and covered with white hair.
Shells black, with white hair, obliquely
ftriated. Length 6 lines. On trees.
ATTELABUS. Antenna thicker towards the
apex. Head narrow behind. Four joints
.
in each foot.
1. Coryli.
Beneath, Antennæ, Head,
Legs black. Thorax and Shells red; the
latter ftriated. Length 3 lines.
2. Formicarius.
Somewhat like an Ant.
Head concealed. Antennæ black, clavated.
Thorax red, rough ; anterior margin black.
Shells with a double white belt, and red
baſe. Length near half an inch. Runs quick.
3. Api-

INSECTS.
COLEOPTERA. IOI
3. Apiarius. ... ... Black-blue. Antennæ black,
clavated. Corſelet hairy. Shells with 3
pale-red belts. Length 6 lines.
rotten
CERAMBIX. Artennæ articulated, and taper
ing to the end. Shells long and narrow.
Four joints in each foot. Thorax with la-
teral ſpines or tubercles.
1. Coriarius.
Black-brown, ſhining. An-
tennæ of 11 triangular joints, and proceed-
ing from the center of the eye.
Jaws
ſtrong. Palpi 4. Thorax margined, tri-
dentate. Shells margined. In
wood. Raj.95.
2. Moſchatus. Goat-chafer. Blue-green. Antennæ
length of the body. Shells with 2 longitu-
dinal rugæ. Wings black. Length 1 inch.
Smells like muſk,
.
Yellow-brown. Long, flen-
der. Antennæ fomewhat ſhorter than the
body. On each Shell two narrow ridges.
Belly brown. Lift. loqu. 383. 10.
4. Sanguineus.
Black. Corſelet and Shells
red, hairy. Length half an inch.
3. Rufticus,
.
LEPTURA. Antennæ tapering to the end.
Shells narrower at the apex. Thorax fome-
what cylindrical
1. Aquatica.
Gilt. Antennæ black. A
tubercle on each ſide of the Corſelet. Shells
ftriated and truncated.
Poſterior - thighs
larger, with a ſpine on the interior fide.
On Water-plants.
H 3
2. Mela-

102
COLEOPTERA.
INSECTS.
3. Virens.
2. Melanura.
Black. Shells brown-yel-
low, tipt with black. Antennæ length of
the body. Thorax conic. Length 3-5
Jines.
Black, covered with yellow-
green hair, except part of the ſhells, which
is punctured. Antennæ above black, be-
neath yellow. Lift. T. mut. 18. 23.
4. Arcuata. Great Waſp Beetle. Black-brown. An-
tennæ length of the body. Target yellow.
Three tranſverſe yellow lines on the Head ;
3 on the Thorax; and 3 yellow arched
lines, with as many ſpots of the ſame colour,
on the Shells. Length 5—8 lines. In
rotten wood. Pet. t. 63. 7.
5. Arietis. Common Waſp Beetle. Dark brown. An-
terior and poſterior margin of the Corſelet
yellow. Target yellow. Four yellow lines
on each Shell.
6. Præuſta,
Black. Shells ſoftiſh, punc-
tured, yellow tipt with black. Fore Legs
yellow. Antennæ not quite the length of
the Body. Length 2 lines.
LAMPYRIS. Antennæ filiform. Shells flexile.
Thorax plain, ſomewhat orbicular, con-
cealing the Head. Sides of the Abdomen
papillous and folded.
1. Noctiluca. Glow-worm. Male: Antenna and
Head black. Shells brown, chagrined, with
2 longitudinal raiſed lines. Near the ex-
tremity of the Abdomen 4 luminous ſpots.
Length 4 lines. Female: No Shells nor
Wings. Brown. Abdomen of 10 rings, the
3 laſt of which are luminous. Length lines.
CANTHARIS

INSECTS.
103
COLEOPTERA.
CANTHARIS. Antennä taper. Thorax mar-
gined. Shells flexile. Sides of the Ab-
domen papillous and folded. In each Foot
five joints.
I. Fuſca,
Antennæ flat, black, yel-
lowiſh at their baſe. Head, Shells, Legs,
and Belly black-brown. Thighs, Jaws,
and Sides yellowiſh. Length half an inch.
On flowers.
2. Livida.
Head orange. Eyes black.
Corſelet tawny red.
red. Shells black, or pale
yellow. Legs black and yellow. Beneath
black. Sides partly yellow. On flowers.
Green-gold. Shells red on
the external fides. Jaws and 3 or 4 firſt
beads of the Antennæ yellow: the 28 and
3d of theſe globules have each a ſharp ap-
pendix. Length 3 lines. On flowers. .
4. Fafciata.
Antennæ and Legs black.
Thorax greeniſh. Shells black, with 2 red
belts. Length 1 lines. .
5. Biguttata
Greeniſh-brown. Legs yel-
low. Shells black-brown, abbreviated, and
tipt with orange. Length 1 į line.
6. Minima.
Head and Atennæ black.
Corſelet red, with a black ſpot on the center.
Shells deep brown, tipt with yellow. Length
I line.
3. Ænea.
.
a
ELATER. Antennæ taper, lodged in a groove
under the Head and Thorax. Under ſide
of the Thorax terminates in a point lodged
in a cavity of the Abdomen. Laid on the
back, they ſpring a conſiderable height.
H4
1. Bi.

104 INSECTS
COLEOPTERA.
1. Bipuſtulatus. • Black, gloffy. A red
ſpot near the baſe of each Shell. Length 3
lines.
2. Ruficollis.
Black. Thorax red. On
each Shell 8 ftriæ. Shells bluiſh. Length
3 lines.
3. Caftaneus.
Thorax brown, ſomewhat
hairy. Shells ftriated, yellow-brown, tipt
with black. Length 5 lines. In woods,
on the bark of trees.
4. Sanguineus.
Black. Shells red, with
10 longitudinal ſtriæ on each. Antennæ
ſerrated, eſpecially in the male. Length 5
lines. On the bark of trees,
5.
Balteatus. Black. Shells ftriated, with the an-
terior part yellow-red. Length 4 lines.
6. Pectinicornis.
Browniſh green, with
a copper tinge. Antennæ ferrated, particu-
larly in the male, which is alſo greener than
the female. On each Shell 9 ftriæ. Length
6 lines.
7. Niger.
Black-brown, clouded, and
covered with ſhort
grey
hair. Antenna
ſhort, and fomewhat ſerrated. On preſſing
appear 2 verficles near the Anus. Length
half an inch.
5
CICINDELA. Antennæ taper. Jaws promi-
nent, denticulated. Eyes prominent. Tho-
rax margined. In each foot 5 joints,
1. Campeftris.
Above green-gold. Be-
neath copper-tinged. Eyes large. Thorax
angular and narrower than the head. Six
white ſpots on each Shell. An oval fub-
ſtance

INSECTS. COLEOPTERA. 105
ſtance at the baſe of each thigh. Legs
long and ſlender. Length 6 lines. Runs
quick. In paſtures.
2. Riparia.
Green-gold. Eyes black.
Thorax narrow. Shells covered with broad
excavated ſpots with a reddith ſtud in the
center of each. Length 2 or 3 lines. On
wet ſandy ground.
Black-bronze. Antennæ
flender. Head deeply furrowed. Corſelet
punctured. Shells ftriated. Length 3 lines.
In wet ſandy ground.
3. Aquatica.
BUPRESTIS. Antennæ taper, the length of
the thorax. Head half concealed.
1. Chryfoftigma. Brown-gold. Eyes large.
Thorax broad and ſhort. Shells long, nar-
row, ending in a point, with 3 ſtriæ and 2
gold ſpots on each. Length half an inch.
2. Ruſtica.
..... Bright green-gold. Eyes red.
A round hollow ſpot on the poſterior part
of the Corſelet. Shells long and narrow,
with 10 ftriæ on each. Length 7 lines.
3. Granularis. ..
Antennæ clavated. Above
brown-braſs. Beneath black. Shells ftri-
ated. Thorax with 5 furrows. Size of a
5
Flea.
.
DYTISCUS. Antenna taper, or clavato-per-
foliated. Feet villous and broad.
* Antenne perfoliated.
1. Piceus.
Black. Antennæ of 9 joints,
brown, except the laſt which is black,
ſmooth, and larger. Palpi 4, 2 of which
are

INSECTS.
COLEOPTERA,
are longer than the Antennæ. Thorax and
Shells plain and gloffy. Extremity of the
Abdomen ſomewhat pointed. Length an
inch and a half. A ſpine at the poſterior
part of the Sternum.
2. Caraboides.
Black, glofly Shells
punctured in ftriæ. Abdomen rounded.
Antennæ and Palpi black. Spine of the
Sternum ſhorter than in the laſt. Length
7 lines.
3. Fuſcipes. • Black. Palpi and Feet
brown. Thorax punctured. Shells ftriated.
Length 3 lines.
4. Latiſſimus.
** Antenna taper.
Black. Exterior margin
of the Shells broad, yellow. Length 1 ž
inch. On water.
5. Marginalis. .. Black. Exterior margin
of the Thorax and Shells yellow. Eyes
large, round, black. A tranſverſe tawny
line on the upper lip. Palpi 4. Antennæ
and Palpi tawny. Length 1 inch. On
water.
Yes.
6. Semiftriatus.
Black-brown. Head,
Antennæ, margin of the Thorax, exterior
edges of the Shells, and beneath, yellow.
On each Shell 1o ftriæ, which extend only
ds. of its length. Length near an inch
and half. "Is not this the female of the
laſt? Water.
7. Cinereus.
Small ſmooth Water-Beetle. Head
black, the anterior part yellow; alfo 5
yellow ſpots, and a tranſverſe yellow ſtripe.
Shells afh-colour, with yellow margin.
Beneath

INSECTS, COLEOPTERA. 107
.
*
Beneath black, with yellow ſpots on the
Sides. Legs black and yellow. Antenna
yellow. Length 7 lines. Water.
8. Sulcatus.
Shells black, with four broad
furrows, in which are grey-brown hairs. temua
* Otherwiſe like the laſt, of which it is
bly the female. Length 6 lines. Water.
lust
CARABUS. Antennæ taper. Thorax and
Shells margined. A large appendix at the
baſe of the poſterior thighs. Five joints in
each foot.
I. Granulatus.
... Thorax deep purple
ſprinkled with copper. Shells dark green,
ftriated with gold ; three rows of oblong
beads, with intermediate ſtrait convex lines,
on each Shell. No Wings. Length 8
lines. In the fields near London.
2. Leucopthalmus. .. Black. On each Shell
8 ftriæ. Thorax ſmall. Lift. loqu. 390.
3. Violaceus.
Black Margin of the
Thorax and Shells gloſſy violet. Length
of an inch. Runs very quick. In fields.
4. Crepitans.
Head, Antennæ, Thorax,
Legs, red-brown. Eyes black. Shells and
Belly black-blue. Shells ftriated. Length
3
lines. Under ſtones.
5. Cyanocephalus.
Head and Shells blue.
Thorax and baſe of the Antennæ red-
brown. Legs black and red. Length 3 lines.
6. Melanocephalus....... Head, Shells, and
beneath, black. Antennæ, Corſelet, Lege
red-brown. On each Shell 8 ftriæ. Length
3 lines.
2
7. Vul

108
COLEOPTERA.
INSECTS.
7. Vulgaris. ..... Antennæ and Legs black
Thorax as broad as long. Above black-
bronze. Beneath black. Length 3 lines, .
8. 6-punctatus.
Head and Thorax gloffy-
green. Shells bright copper, faintly ſtriated,
and with 6 punctures on each, ranged lon-
gitudinally; exterior margin green. Length
lines. On the fand near brooks.
9. Ululatus.
Head and Thorax black;
the latter rounded. Shells black-brown,
with 2 yellow ſpots on each. Baſe of the
Antennæ and Legs brown. Length 1, 2,
4
or 3 lines.
IO. 4-maculatus.
Head black. Corſelet
yellow, with a conſpicuous margin. Shells
obtuſe, ſmooth, brown, with 2 pale yel-
low ſpots on each. Antenna and Legs
pale yellow. On the fandy banks of rivers.
TENEBRIO. Antennæ globular, and larger
at the end. Thorax margined. In the 2
hind feet 4 joints; in the other 5.
I. Molitor. ... Winged. Above black. Be-
neath black-brown. Antennæ length of the
Thorax. Head and Corfelet fmooth. Shells
long and ſtrait, with 9 ftriæ on each. Up-
per part of the thighs large and round.
Length 7 lines.
2. Mortiſagus. Slow-legged Beetle.
No Wings.
Black, not glofly. Antennæ of 11 globules,
and placed before the Eyes, which are ſmall.
Shells ſmooth, united, ending in a point.
Articulation of the thighs with the body, a
ball and ſocket. Fætid. Length 1 inch. Liſt,
109.388.21. Charlt. Ex.48. Geof. 346. I.
3. Coc

INSECTS. COLEOPTERA. 109
3. Coeruleus. Bloody-egg Beetle. No Wings. An-
tennæ blue tipt with black. Black-blue.
Shells obtuſe. Thorax orbicular. Length
I inch. On being hurt, diſcharges a red
liquor from the mouth. Raj. 388.
MELOE. Antennæ globular, the laſt globule
oval. Thorax roundiſh. Shells foft. Head
gibbous, and bent downwards.
1. Proſcarabeus.
No Wings. Antennæ
thickeſt in the middle. Black blue. Head
broad. Thorax narrower than the head,
and without margin. Shells pointed and
ſhort. On being touched, a brown liquor
iſſues from the joints. Length 1 inch.
Geof. 377. I.
MORDELLA. Antennæ filiform, ferrated,
joints triangular. Head bent downwards.
Palpi compreſſed, clavated, and obliquely
truncated. Shells curved towards the apex.
I. Aculeata.
Black. Antennæ of 11 joints,
firſt 4 globular, the reſt triangular. Shells
4
ſmooth, ſhort. Abdomen ends in a ſoft
point. Four joints in the 2 hind feet, 5 in
the reſt. Length 3 lines. On flowers.
STAPHYLINUS. Antennæ globular. In each
foot 5 joints. Shells curtailed. Wings
covered. Tail defenceleſs, with 2 veſicles.
1. Murinus.
Antenna of 9 globules.
Head depreſſed. Downy, grey clouded with
black. Length 6 lines. On horſe-dung
2. Maxillofus.
Black, downy. Antennæ
of 11 globules. Jaws as long as the head.
Shells greyiſh, cover one third of the Ab-
domen. Length 1 inch. In woods.
I
3. Rufus.

ΔΙΟ
HEMIPTERA.
INSECTS.
3. Rufus. ....
Orange colour. Antennæ fomne-
what larger at the ends. Head black with
long Jaws. Poſterior part of the Shells, and
Anus black. On the middle of the Shells
2 longitudinal punctured lines. Length 3
lines.
4. Riparius. ... Red-brown. Head, Antennæ,
and 2 laſt rings of the Abdomen black.
Shells blue. Length 3 lines. On wet fand.
5. Chryſomelinus.
Short, oval. Head
and Abdomen black. Corſelet and Shells
ſtraw colour. Antennæ brown, enlarging
towards the end. Abdomen ſhort, thick,
villous. Length i line. On fand, and
near walls.
FORFICULA. Anternæ tapering. Shells
curtailed. Wings covered. Tail forked.
In each foot 3 joints.
I. Auricularia. Earwig. Antennæ of 14 joints.
Brown. Shells tipt with white. Length
7 lines.
2. Minor. Leſs Earwig. Pale cheſnut. Antennæ
of 11 joints. Length 3 lines.
II. HEMIPTERA.
Shells, or upper wings, femi-cruſtaceous, not
divided by a ſtraight future, but incumbent on each
other. Beak curved downward.
BLATTA. Antennæ taper. Thorax orbicu-
lar, margined.
1. Orientalis.
Brown. Head ſmall and
almoſt entirely concealed. Corſelet large
and oval Shells tranſparent, membrane-
Ous,

INSECTS.
III
HEMIPTERA.
ous, and ſhort. Three ſtriæ, the middle
one ſerpentine, on each Shell. Two vefi- .
cular points, one on each ſide the laſt ring
of the Abdomen. The Female has neither
Shells nor Wings, but the rudiments of
each. Length near an inch. In bake-
houſes, and near chimnies.
GRYLLUS. Head maxillous, and with Palpi.
Antennæ filiform, or taper. Wings fold
ed. Hind legs ſtrong for leaping.
1. Bipunctatus.
Dark brown. No Shells.
Corſelet, gradually diminiſhing, extends to
the extremity of the Abdomen. Antenna
filiformn, fhort.
In each foot 3 joints.
Length 4 lines.
2. Subulatus.
Dark brown. Antennæ fili-
form, ſhort, of 13 joints. No Shells.
Corſelet longer than the body. Length
half an inch.
3. Gryllotalpa. Mole Cricket. Dark brown. An-
tennæ filiform, long, ſmall. Head long
and ſmall. Four ſhort thick Palpi. Corſe-
łet cylindrical. Shells ſhort. Whole body
villous. Two ſmall Tails. In each foot
3 joints. Fore feet large, palmated. Length
18 lines. Lives chiefly under ground.
4. Domeſticus. Houſe Cricket. Antennæ long, fili-
form. Head large, round. Thorax ſhort,
broad. Shells, in the Male, longer than
the Abdomen; in the Female much ſhorter.
In the Female, a long hard point, thick at
the end, at the extremity of the Abdomen ,
g
in both 2 appendices. Hind feet much
larger than the reſt. Length 1 inch.
5. Cata-

112
HEMIPTERA,
INSECTS.
5. Campeftris. Field Cricket. Antennæ black, al-
moſt as long as the body, the laſt joint very
large. Thorax very ſhort. Shells oval, aſh-
colour. Two Tails. Feet black. Jaws
ſtrong. Lodges under ground.
6. Verrucivorous. Great green Graſshopper.
An-
tennæ longer than the body, and taper.
Shells clouded, and Wings reticulated;
both exceed the length of the abdomen con-
fiderably. Beyond the Abdomen of the fe-
male extends a kind of ſword with a double
blade. Length 1 inch.
7. Groſſus. Common Graſshopper. The larger fort
greeniſh, the leiſer red. Antennæ cylindri-
cal, of 24 joints. A ridge in the form of an
X on the Corſelet. Length 5-10 lines.
a
CICADA. Antennä taper. Shells membra-
neous, In each foot 3 joints. Hind legs
ſtrong for leaping.
3. Cornuta.
Black-brown. Antenna
ſhort. Thorax bicornuted, the poſterior
horn extends almoſt to the extremity of the
Abdomen. Wings diaphanous, croſſed.
Brown veins on the Shells. Length 4
lines. On trees, ferns, &c.
2. Spumaria. Black-headed Froghopper, or Cuckowe
Spit Infeet, or Froth-worm. Brown. Be-
neath lighter. Shells with 2 imperfect
white belts, or long tranſverſe ſpots. In
the midſt of white froth on diverſe plants.
2. Leucocephala. .. Head and forepart of the
Corſelet yellow white. Shells brown, with
a yellow border. Beneath yellowiſh.
Length 2 lines.
4. Late-

INSECTS. HEMIPTERA, 113
5. Striata.
4. Lateralis. .... Black. Shells with a white
border. Beneath white; middle of the Belly
black. Length 3 lines.
Head pale-green, with 6 black
ſpots. On the Target 2 black ſpots, with
a pale circle round each. On the Shells
black and white oblique ftriæ. Beneath
brown. Length 1 } line.
6. Interrupta. Striped Froghopper. Head black, with
a few yellow ſpots. Corſelet black, with a
yellow ſpot on the poſterior part. Target
yellow in the centre. Shells yellow, with
black lines. Beneath yellow. Length 2
lines.
7. Viridis.
Head yellow, with 2 black
ſpots. On the Target 2 black dots. Wings
and upper part of the Abdomen lead colour.
Legs yellowiſh. Length 3 lines. On wa-
ter plants.
8. Ulmi.
Yellow-green. Ends of the
Shells brown-gold. Length 1 line. On
Elms.
Green-yellow. Wings white.
Length 1 line. On roſe-trees.
9. Rofæ.
NOTONECTA. Antennæ beneath the Eyes.
Wings croſſed and complicated. Feet
formed for ſwimming. Hind feet hairy.
1. Glauca. Common Boat-fly. Head yellow ; Eyes
brown, large. Thorax, anterior part yel-
low, poſterior black. Shells clouded black
and brown. Beneath brown. Feet of 2
joints. Length 6 lines. Swims on its
back. On ſmooth water.
I
2. Striata.

114 INSECTSHEMIPTERA.
.
.
2. Striata. Brown Boat-fly. Depreſſed. Head and
Legs yellow. Eyes dark brown. Thorax
.
and Shells brown with many tranſverſe un-
dulated parallel yellowiſh lines. Feet of I
joint. Length half an inch. Fore feet
like crab's claws. Smells diſagreeably.
On water.
3. Minutiſſima. Little Boat-fly. Grey, with lon-
,
gitudinal brown ſpots. Length 1 line.
Swims on its back.
NEPA. Antennæ, or Fore legs cheliform.
Wings croſſed and complicated; fore part
coriaceous.
I. Cinerea. Water Scorpion. Black-brown. Head
ſmall. Antennæ cheliform. Thorax al-
moſt fquare. Target large, brown. Shells
.
large. One joint in each foot. Length
near an inch. In the Female the Abdomen
terminates in two long appendices. "Four
legs only. On water.
2. Cimicoides.
.. Olive.
Olive. Antennæ very
ſhort. Head broad, flat. Two fore legs
cheliform. Sides of the Abdomen ferrated
In each foot 2 joints. Length 4 or 5 lines.
On water.
3. Linearis.
Green-brown. Antennæ
cheliform. Legs 4. In each foot one
joint. Head ſmall. Thorax long, cylin-
drical. Abdomen red beneath. Two long
Tails. Length, excluſive of the Tails, 13
lines. On ſtagnant water.
CIMEX. Antennæ longer than the Thorax.
Thorax margined. In each foot 3 joints.
I. Lectu-

INSECTS, HEMIPTERA, 115
1. Lectularius. Houſe Bug. No Shells or Wings.
Reddiſh brown. Head and Shoulders red.
2. Scaraboides.
Antennæ fomewhat cla-
vated. Target covers the whole Abdomen.
Above black-bronze. Wings white. Legs
ſpinous. Beneath black. Size of the laſt .
On flowers in meadows.
a
3. Clavicornis.
.... Antennæ of 4 joints, cla-
vated. Head and Belly black. Legs brown.
Corſelet black, with a white margin. Shells
diaphanous, white, with black punctures
on the edges. Length 1 { line.
4. Corticalis.
Blackiſh. Extremely flat
and thin. Head triangular. Antennæ of
3 joints. Shells and Wings grey. Ab-
domen long, ſlender, and imbricated at the
fides. Size of the houſe bug. On trees.
5. Betulæ
.
Brown-grey. Much depreſſ-
ed. Thorax furrowed, rough, black in
the center, fides grey, denticulate. Shells
grey, clouded. Wings brown. Legs black;
Feet red. On birch-trees.
6. Fillicis.
Oval, depreſſed. Head and
Legs livid. Eyes, Abdomen, and Thorax
black. Shells brown, with yellowiſh mar-
gin. On Fern.
7. Marginatus.
Red-brown. Antenna
of 4 joints, red in the middle, with fpines
4
near their bafe. Thorax obtuſely angu-
lated. Abdomen broader than the Shells.
Length 6 lines.
8. Baccarum.
Oval. Olive-brown. Be-
neath brown-yellow. Antennæ and fides
of the Abdomen alternate black and yellow,
Thorax
3
1 2

116
HEMIPTERA.
INSECTS.
.
Thorax ſhort and very broad. A large
orange ſpot at the poſterior angle of the
Target. Length half an inch. Extremely
foetid. Antennæ of 5 joints. On Gooſe
5
berry buſhes. I caught one of theſe on the
bag of a gentleman's wig in Fleet-ſtreet.
9. Juniperinus.
Roundiſh. Green, with
yellow margins. Antennæ of 5 joints.
Snout bends quite under the Belly. Corſe-
let large, with obtufe angles at the ſides.
Target large. All the upper part punétur-
ed, with black dots. Length half an inch.
10. Caruleus.
Oval. Blue-green-bronze.
Antennæ of 5 joints, and Legs black.
Corſelet and Shells punctured. Wings
brown. Length 3 lines.
II. Oleraceus.
Above black-blue-bronze,
with red or white lines and ſpots : viz. on
the Corſelet a longitudinal line; on the
point of the Target a ſpot; a ſpot on the
anterior part of each Shell; and a line on
the exterior verge of both Corſelet and
Shells. Joints of the Antennæ 5. Length
3 lines.
12. Bicolor.
Above black-blue. Beneath
black. Exterior verge of the Corſelet
white. Two white ſpots on each Shell.
Membraneous part of the Shells brown.
Joints of the Antenna 5. Length 3 lines.
13. Acuminatus.
Oval. Yellow-white.
Antennæ of 5 joints, red-brown. Snout
ſharp. Thorax narrow before; reſt of the
body oval. Two brown longitudinal lines
from the crown to the center of the Target.
Length 3 lines.
a
.
14. Per-

INSECTS. HEMIPTERA, 117
fore part.
14. Perſonatus.
Black. Head ſmall;
Snout long, ſharp. Eyes very large An-
tennæ of 4 joints, ſharp pointed. Corſelet
triangular, with 2 large tubercles on the
Shells entirely membraneous.
Legs long. Flies well. Length 7 or 8
lines. In houſes.
15. Hyoſcyami.
Scarlet Bug. Antennæ
of 4 joints. Head, Corſelet, pofterior
point of the Target, Shells, and under fide
of the Body red. Antennæ, Eyes, and
Legs black.
Two black ſpots on the
Head; 2 on the Corſelet, and a black croſs
on the Shells. Length 4 lines.
16, Equeſtris.
...... Head, Corſelet
, Shells, and
,
Belly red. Eyes, Antennæ, Legs, fore part
of the Corſelet, and a tranſverſe belt on
the Shells, black. A white ſpot on the
membraneous part of the Shells.
of the Shells. Antennä
of 4 joints. Length half an inch,
17. Apterus.
Antennæ of 4 joints. Head,
4
Antennæ, Legs, and Target black. Corſe-
let black, with a broad red margin. Shells
red, with a round black ſpot in the middle.
Beneath black, with a red margin. Length
a
a
4 lines.
Above grey-
18. Pratenfis.
Oblong
green-yellow. On the Target a yellow
heart-Ihaped ſpot, and three ſpots on the
Shells. Beneath, Antennæ, and Legs yel-
lowiſh. Antennæ of 4 joints. Length 3 1
lines.
19. Umbratilis.
Green yellow. A greeniſh
heart-ſhaped ſpot on the Target. A brown
ſpot on the Shells. Antennæ brown of 4
joints. Length 1 line. On flowers.
20. Stri-
I 3

118
HEMIPTERA.
INSECTS.
a
20. Striatus. Fine ſtreaked Bugkin. Antennæ black,
of 4 joints. Eyes and Legs brown. Corſe-
let black, with 5 longitudinal yellow lines.
5
Target black. Black and yellow longi-
tudinal lines on the Shells, with a yellow
triangle at the ends. Beneath black.
Length 3 lines. In the woods near Ham-
ſtead.
21. Populi.
Brown and white clouded.
Antennæ as long as the body, taper. Shells
depreffed. Legs long, black, and white.
In woods, particularly on the trunk of the
Poplar,
22. Ulmi.
Antennæ not quite ſo long as
the body, taper. Head and Thorax red-
brown. Shells pale, with longitudinal
crimſon veins. Wings brown, with white
ſpots,
23. Abietis.
Antennæ filiform, black,
of 4 joints. Head ſharp, black. Thorax
black, behind red-brown. Target black.
Shells pale, fides yellow, black ſpot in the
middle Legs red. Fore thighs very thick
.
and dentated. Abdomen brown, On the
Scotch Fir
24. Lacuſtris.
Above black. Beneath
black and white changeable. Antennæ
black, of 4 joints, half as long as the body.
Eyes large, prominent. Fore legs much
ſhorter than the reſt. Length 4 lines. Runs
4
quick on the ſurface of ſtill water,
25. Stagnorum.
Black-brown. Long,
flender. Head one-third of its whole length.
Antennæ as long as the head, and very
{mall. Eyes minute, prominent. Fore
legs

INSECTS. HEMIPTERA. 119
legs ſhort. Length 1 inch. Breadth line.
;
On ſtagnant water.
26. Vagabundus.
Brown and white.
Head large; Snout curved. Thorax long,
cylindrical. Shells very long.
ſhort, thick. Four hind legs very long and
flender, Length 2 lines. Breadth line.
Fore legs
a
APHIS. Beak inflexed. Antennæ longer than
the Thorax. Wings 4, erect, or none.
Feet of one joint. Extremity of the Abdo-
men generally forked.
1. Ribis. Currant Louſe. Green-brown. Antennæ
black, longer than the body. Wings erect,
with black veins. Podex prominent, with
2 briſtles. Size of a common louſe. On
red currant buſhes.
2. Ulmi. Elm Louſe. Oblong, brown, covered with
thin white down. Antenna thick. Wings
tranſparent, with a brown ſpot on the ex-
terior margin. Size of a grain of millet.
3. Sambuci. Elder Louſe. Bluiſh black. Minute.
4. Rumicis. Dock Loaſe. Black-bronze. Antenna
white, tipt with black. Legs grey, with
bluiſh joints. Baſe of the Wings green.
On the ſharp-pointed Dock.
5. Acetofæ. Sorrel Louſe. Black, with a green
belt.
6. Lychnidis. Campion Louſe. Black. Antennæ and
Legs pale. Abdomen obtufe.
7. Rofæ. Roſe Louſe. Green or red.
Antennæ
black, the length of the abdomen.
8. Tiliæ. Lime Louſe. Oblong. Greeniſh. Antennæ
and Legs black and white. Wings bordered
and ſpotted with black.
Į 4
9. Braſſicæ,

120
HEMIPTERA.
INSECTS.
.
.
9. Braſſicæ. Cabbage Louſe. Green, mealy.
10. Craccæ.
Oval, margined, bluiſhs
black, mealy,
11. Sonchi.
Black, or ſometimes bronze,
Between the tails a third appendix, curved
upwards. On the Sow-Thiſtle.
12. Cardui.
Brazen-black, poliſhed,
-
Legs and Antennæ black, with the baſe
whitiſh, Abdominal appendix black. On
Thiſtles.
13. Tanaceti.
... Red-brown. Rudiments
of the Wings, Antennæ, and Legs paler,
On Tanſy.
14. Abfinthii.
Black. Back greyiſh, with
a large brown ſpot. Middle appendix
erect.
Black. Wings white. Ex-
tremity of the Abdomen brown. On com-
mon Knapweed.
16. Betula.
Greeniſh. No Wings. Sides
ſpotted with black. On Birch-trees.
Green, covered with white
down. On Beach-trees,
18. Quercus.
Brown. Trunk three
times as long as the Body. Under the bark
,
of trees.
Black, with white ſpots.
Tails brown. On Willows,
20. Populi.
Oval, livid. On each ſide
5 white ſpots. No Tails. Rudiments of
the Wings acute. On Poplars.
15. Jaceæ.
17. Fagi.
. .
19. Salicis.
21. Aceris

INSECTS.
121
HEMIPTERA.
21. Aceris.
Green, Middle of the Head
and of the Corfelet black.
A brown ſpot
near the Tail. On the leaves of the Maple.
22. Atriplicis.
Green. Eyes black.
Rolled up in the leaves of graſs-leaved
Orache.
CHERMES. Trunk or Snout proceeding from
the Breaſt, between the firſt and ſecond pair
of Legs. Antennæ longer than the Thorax,
Wings 4, deflexed. Thorax gibbous. Skip.
1. Graminis.
Antenna whitiſh, tipped
with black. Legs white. Head and Thorax
grey, with white lines. Does not ſkip.
2. Pyri.
Grey. Abdomen ſhort, with
tranſverſe white lines. On Pear-trees.
3. Sorbi.
4. Urticæ,
5. Alni.
Above ſtreaked with black. Be.
neath greeniſh. Corſelet yellowiſh, with
two dots on the anterior part, and on the
poſterior 4 black lines. On the mountain
aſh.
Brown. Sides and Legs white,
Antennæ black, baſe white. Eyes yellowiſh.
On Nettles.
White. Eyes lateral, promie
nent. Tail forked.
Antennæ variegated.
Mouth black, between the iſt and ad pair
of Legs. On the common alder.
6. Quercus.
White-yellow. Shells with
4 brown ſpots on the exterior, and one on
the interior Margin. On the leaves of the
Oak.
White-yellow. Antennæ
taper. Eyes brown, with a black ſpeck be-
7. Abietis.
a
tween

122
HEMIPTERA.
INSECTS.
.
tween them. Wings bluiſh. Length 2
.
lines. In large tubercles on the ends of the
branches of the common Fir.
8. Fraxini.
Brown. Antennæ ſmall and
taper. On the Corſelet a tranverſe belt, and
a longitudinal yellow line. Wings longer
by half than the Abdomen, which is blackiſh.
Length 1 line. On Aſh-trees. .
a
none.
a
COCCUS. Trunk proceeding from the breaſt,
Wings, in the Male, 2, erect; Female
Four or 6 white briſtles at the ex-
tremity of the Abdomen.
1. Heſperidum. Green-houſe Bug Oval, brown, ob-
long, covered with a kind of varniſh. Legs 6.
A notch and 4 briſtles at the Tail. When
young it runs upon the trees, but afterwards
fixes on ſome leaf where it hatches an infinity
of eggs, and dies.
The male is a very
{mall fly. On Orange-trees, &c.
2. Betulæ.
Green-brown. On Birch-
trees; on the divarications of the branches,
3. Philaridis
..... Red-white, mealy. On
Canary-graſs
.
THRIPS. Beak obſcure. Antennä as long as
the Thorax. Body narrow. Wings 4,
ſtraight, narow.
1. Phyſapus.
Black. Shells bluiſh, An-
tennæ of 6 joints. Wings very narrow.
Runs quick, and ſkips. Leſs than a Flea.
Frequent on Dandelion, &c.
2. Juneperina.
Antennæ of 7 joints, yel -
lowiſh. Corſelet and Abdomen black.
Shells

INSECTS. LEPIDOPTERA.
123
Shells and Wings grey. Legs black. Feet,
of two joints, yellowiſh. Runs ſwift. On
the bark of old trees. Length 1 line.
Black. Shells with 3 white
3
belts, Leſs than a Flea. On flowers,
a
3. Faſciata.
III. LEPIDOPTERA.
Wings 4, imbricated with very minute ſcales.
Tongue, or Trunk, ſpiral. "Body hairy.
PAPILEO. Antennæ clavated. Wings, when
at reſt, erect. Diurnal.
1. Machaon. Royal William, or Swallow-tail But-
terfly. Black and yellow. Body black
above, yellow on the sides and Belly. Eyes,
Antennæ, and Trunk black. Firtt Wings
rounded, in the middle yellow, with black
lines; near the poſterior verge 8 yellow
ſemilunar ſpots. Second Wings black and
yellow, with 2 long Tails, and 2 orange
ſpots, ſurrounded with blue, at the poſterior
angle. Caterpillar large, ſmooth pale-
green, with black tranſverſe ſtripes ſpotted
with orange.
On umbelliferous plants.
Breeds in May and July.
2. Pedaliripus.
In ſhape and colour much
like the laſt, but the yellow is paler, and
the Tails longer and narrower. On the
iſt Wing, 6 black ribs, and a black mar-
gin. On the 2d, an oblique black rib, and
a black border with 4 or 5 blue ſemilunar
ſpots, and near it 6 yellow ſpots. Rare,
in woods.
3. Cratægi.

124 INSECTS: LEPIDOPTER AT
3. Cratægi. White Butterfly, with black veins.
Wings rounded. Breadth near 2 inches.
In meadows in June. Caterpillar black,
covered with white and yellow hair : feeds
:
on the white thorn.
4. Brafficæ. Great White Cabbage Butterfly. Firſt
Wings white, with 2 black ſpots in the
middle, and black at the extremities. Second
Wings white, with a black ſpot on the
fuperior margin. The female has no black
fpots on the upper ſurface. Caterpillar
yellow, black, and blue.
Breeds in May
and July
5. Rapæ. Small White Cabbage Butterfly. Like the
laſt, but leſs. Caterpillar green, with a
pale yellow line on each ſide.
6. Napi. White Butterfly, with green veins. White
.
above. Firſt Wings tipt ſlightly with black,
and the under ſurface of the 2d Wings
fpread with broad green veins.
Female
has 2 or 3
black ſpots on the upper
ſurface
of the Wings. Caterpillar feeds on cab-
bage, &c.
7. Cardamines. Orange Tip. Wings rounded, a
little ſcolloped. Firſt Wings, the fupe-
rior part, orange, tipt with brown; a ſemi-
lunar black ſpot near the center, the reſt
white. Second Wings, beneath, marbled
with
green. Middle fize.
Middle fize. Female wants
the orange-colour. Caterpillar green, feeds
on graſs.
8. Hyale. Saffron Butterfly. Wings entire, rounded,
yellow. On the iſt Wings a black, and
on the ſecond an orange fpot, bordered with
black,
2

INSECTS. LEPIDOPTERA. 125
eyes, on the 2d 5.
on each.
black. Antennæ and Legs yellow. Breadth
2 inches. In autumn, but rare,
9. Rhamni. Brimſtone Butterfly. Wings angulated,
entire, pale greeniſh yellow, with a ſmall
brown ſpot near the center of each. An-
tennæ brown. Caterpillar green, feeds on
the Buckthorn. Breeds in July or Auguft.
10. Hyperantus. Brown-Eyed Butterfly. Wings en-
tire, brown. Beneath, on the ift Wings 3
Common near woods.
July and Auguft.
11 Jo. Peacock Butterfly. Wings angulated, in-
dented, yellowiſh red, with a large blue eye
Caterpillar black, dotted with
white; on nettles. Common all ſummer.
12. Mæra. Great Argus. Brown and orange varie-
gated. Second Wings flightly ſcallopped.
Above, iſt Wings, a black Eye, white in
the center; 2d wings 3 eyes. Beneath, 2d
Wings, 7 eyes on each. Reſts frequently
on walls and ſtones. Caterpillar ſmooth,
feeds on graſs.
13. Ægeria. Wood Argus-Butterfly. Wings rounded,
and a little indented. Above brown, with
orange irregular ſpots. On the iſt Wings,
near the upper angle, a black eye with a
white pupil, and 3 on the 2d. Caterpillar
ſmooth, green. July and Auguft. On
grafs.
14. Galatea. Marble Butterfly. Wings rounded,
indented. White, with black lines and ir-
regular ſpots. Beneath, on the iſt Wings,
one ſmall Eye, on the 2d 5. Caterpillar
5
fmooth, yellow.
a
15. Semele.

326 INSECTS.
LEPIDOPTERA.
15. Semele. Black-eyed Marble Butterfly. Wings
indented, black-brown, with a light yellow
broad tranſverſe ſtripe, on which are 2 eyes
on the iſt wings, and I on the 2d, which
are waved with white. In woods.
16. Jurtina. Meadow Brown Butterfly. Wings above
brown, yellow in the middle, with one Eye
in the ift. Beneath, 2d Wings grey in the
middle, indented. Common in meadows:
17. Cardvi. Painted Lady. Wings indented. Above,
iſt Wings, towards the extreme Angle,
black, with white ſpots; the reſt orange,
ſpotted with black : 2d Wings orange,
with a range of black ſpots near the Mar-
gin. Beneath, iſt Wings variegated with
black, white, orange, yellow: 2d marbled
with grey, yellow, brown, and 5 Eyes near
the Margin. Caterpillar grey, ſpinous :
feeds on nettles.
18. Iris. Emperor of the Woods, or Purple High-
flyer. Wings indented.
Above purple,
darker round the edges, with a diſtinct
7
white ſpots on the ift Wings; on the 2d
an irregular broad white ſtripe, and a yellow
eye. Beneath black, brown, and white.
Large.
19. Antiopa. Willow Butterffy. Wing's angulated,
black, with a yellow-white external border.
In the anterior margin of the ift Wings,
2 long yellowiſh fpots. Between the black
and yellow a range of bluiſh eyes. Body
and Antennæ black. Caterpillar black,
ſpinous, with large brown ſpots. Very rare
in this kingdom.
20. Polychloros,

INSECTS. LEPIDOPTERA. 127
a
20. Polychloros. Great Tortoiſe-Shell Butterfly. Deep
orange, with black ſpots. Wings cons
ſiderably indented. Above, on the iſt
Wings 7 fpots, on the 2d 1, and a broad
exterior black border edged with black and
yellow. The 2 black ſpots which touch
the anterior edge of the ift wings, are long
and much larger than the reſt. Beneath
black-brown and dull yellow. Caterpillar
brown and yellow, fpinous; feeds on Elms,
Pear-trees, &c.
21. Urticæ. Small Tortoiſe-ſhell Butterfly. Much
like the laſt, but leſs. On the iſt Wings 6
black ſpots, 2 of which are very ſmall, and
one whitiſh ſpot. Caterpillar feeds on
nettles. Flies early in the ſpring.
22. C. album. Comma Butterfly. Orange, ſpotted
with black. Wings much indented. Be-
neath, or the 2d Wings, a white ſpot in
the ſhape of a Comma, C, or G. Legs
white in the middle. Caterpillar ſpinous,
brown on the Sides, and white on the poſ-
terior half of the Back. On hops and
nettles.
23. Atalanta. Admiral Butterfly. Wings black, in-
dented; a broad tranſverſe fire-red ſtripe,
and 7 or 8 white ſpots on the iſt pair; a red
poſterior margin, and 4 black dots on the
2d. Caterpillar grey, ſpinous; on nettles.
Small Fritillary. Wings indented.
Above red-brown, with minute yellow,
black and white ſpots. Beneath, on the ad
wings, a double band of white ſpots, and
fome black ones near the poſterior margin.
Frequent near Cambridge. Sometimes in
Hornſey-Wood
24. Lucina.
25. Maturna

1 28
LEPIDOPTERA
INSECTS.
Above oranges
25. Maturna. Heath Fritillary.
longitudinally ſtreaked, and tranſverſely
waved with black ; bordered with ſmall
ſemilunar white ſpots. Wings entire. Yel-
low ſpots on the under ſurface of the 2d
Wings. Caterpillar black, ſpinous.
26. Cinxia. Plantain Fritillary. Above like the
laſt, but the tranverſe waves are more dif-
tinct, and on the 2d Wings are 8 black
dots. Beneath, the iſt Wings have a yel-
low exterior border, and the 2d 3 broad
ad
yellow ſtripes. Caterpillar black-blue,
fpinous. In meadows.
27. Paphia. Great Fritillary. Large. Above, pale
orange, with fine black veins, and ſeveral
Iows of large, round, black ſpots. Beneath,
the 2d Wings are greeniſh, with 4 ſilvery
tranſverſe waves, in the exterior of which
are 4 circular ſpots. Caterpillar, above
brown, beneath yellow, fpinous, with 2
long horns. On nettles.
28. Aglaja. Great Fritillary Butterfly with ſilver ſpots.
Large. Wings a little indented. Above
pale orange, with many round black ſpots.
Beneath, on the 2d Wings, 21 or 22 ſilver
ſpots, 7 of which are ſemilunar, and regu-
larly ranged near the margin. Caterpillar
fpinous, black with a line of yellow ſpots
on each ſide. In woods.
29. Lathonia. Leſs Silver-ſpotted Fritillary. Silver
ſpots 30. Caterpillar brown, with a yel-
low line on each ſide.
30. Euphrofyne. April Fritillary. Above yellow,
with black veins and tranfverfe waves. Be-
neath
9 ſilver ſpots on the 2d Wings.
Geof. 44. 11.
a
31. Betulæ.

INSECTS. LEPIDOPTERA. 129
31. Betulæ. Brown Hair-ſtreak Butterfly. Leſs than
the middle fize. Dark brown, with a
large oblong orange ſpot on the ift Wings.
Beneath yellow and orange. Two ſhort
appendices to the 2d Wings. Caterpillar
flat, and broadeſt in the middle. On the
black thorn.
32. Quercus. Purple Hair-ſtreak Butterfly. Above
deep purple, with a white exterior margin.
Beneath grey, ſtreaked longitudinally, and
waved tranſverſely, with 2 yellow eyes, and
a ſhort appendix to each of the 2d Wings.
Caterpillar broad in the middle, and ſharp
at each end. On oaks.
33. Argus. Blue Argus. Above fine blue, with a
white fringe on the exterior margin. Be-
neath
grey, ſprinkled with ſmall black
eyes.
Small ſize. Caterpillar broad in the middle.
Some of this ſpecies of Butterflies have yel-
low-black eyes on the upper
ſurface of the
wings.
34. Argiolus.
Above blue, with a black
exterior margin. Beneath bluiſh
grey,
ſprinkled with black ſpots. Small.
35. Rubi. Green Butterfly. Wings indented. Above
brown. Beneath green. Small. Cater-
pillar green, with a red head; broad in the
middle. On brambles.
36. Pamphilus. Small Heath Butterfly. Above
orange, with a brown exterior margin. Be-
neath, one Eye in the angle of the iſt
Wings, and on the 2d a tranſverſe white
wave. Caterpillar ſmall, with a red head,
Geoff. 53. 21.
K
37. Phlæas.

130 INSECTS.
LEPIDOPTERA.
a
37. Phlæas. Small Golden Black-Spotted Butterfly.
Wings orange-bronze, ſpotted with black.
Short appendices to the 2d Wings. Small
fize. Geoff. 65. 35
38. Comma. Chequered Hog. Deep yellow, with
black veins and margin, and a black tranſ-
verſe long ſpot on the iſt Wings. Small
fize. When at reſt, the iſt wings ſtand
perpendicular, and the 2d horizontal. In
meadows in autumn.
39. Malvæ. Grizzle, or Brown March Fritillary.
Brown, ſpeckled with white, and fringed
with brown and white. In meadows in
the ſpring Caterpillar grey, head black,
and a few yellow ſpots round its neck. On
mallows and thiſties,
a
I
SPHINX. Antennä thickeſt in the middle.
Wings, when at reſt, deflexed Fly flow,
morning and evening only.
1. Ocellata. Eyed Willow-Hawk Moth. No trunk
Wings indented. Above, ift Wings dark.
and light brown, marbled ; 2d red, with a
;
large yellow-black eye. Beneath, a large
red triangle from the baſe of the ift wings,
Breadth 1 inch. Caterpillar ſmooth,
green, with oblique white lines on the ſides,
and a poſterior horn. Eggs green. On wil-
lows.
1. Populi. Poplar-Hawk Moth. Wings ſcallopped,
bluiſh grey, waved with dark lines. On
the iſt Wings a long white ſpot, and the
baſe of the ad red-brown. Wings reverſed.
Length 1 inch. A long ſpiral trunk Cater-
pillar green, ſmooth, with oblique white
ſpots,

IN SE OTS. LEPIDOPTERA. 131
ſpots, and a poſterior horn.
On poplars
and willows.
3. Tiliæ. Lime-Hawk Moth. No trunk. Wings
ſcallopped. Antennæ white on the upper
ſide, yellow on the under. Above, iſt
Wings grey-brown, with 2 irregular large
green ſpoots; 2d Wings brange. Beneath
greenith grey. Caterpillar green, cha-
grined, with a poſterior horn.
4. Convolvuli. Unicorn, or Bindweed-Hawk Moth.
Antennæ long, thick, Trunk very long
ſpiral. Above, body marked with black
and red belts; Wings entire, brown-grey,
with black zig zag tranſverſe lines. Breadth
3 inches. Caterpillar ſmooth, green, with
a poſterior horn.
5. Liguſtri. Privet-Hawk Moth. Antennæ long,
.
thick, brown. Trunk long, ſpiral. Firſt
Wings 2 inches long, narrow, entire,
brown; 2d ſhort, red, with black bars.
Abdomen red with black rings. Cater-
pillar ſmooth, yellow-green, with a poſte-
rior horn.
6. Atropos. Jelamine-Hawk Moth. Wings entire.
Trunk long, ſpiral. Above, iſt Wings
brown, clouded with grey and yellow, and a
yellowiſh fpot in the center; 2d yellow, with
2 waved tranſverſe ſtripes. Abdomen yel.
low, with 7 black-brown belts. Thorax
marked like a Death's-head. Length 2
-
inches. Caterpillar very large, yellow, with
6 green and orange oblique belts, and a
pofterior horn.
K2
7. Elpenor

132 I'N SECTS. LEPIDOPTER A.
7. Elpenor. Elephant Moth. Wings angular, en-
tire. Above, iſt Wings ſtriped tranſverſely
with red and green ; 2d black at the baſe,
and red outwards. Body red and green.
Caterpillar ſmooth, brown and yellow,
with a poſterior horn, and a fnout like a
Hog. On vines, convolvulus, &c.
8. Stellatarum. Large Bee Moth.
Large Bee Moth. Antenna thick
towards the ends, brown.
Trunk ſpiral
Wings ſhort, entire. Body thick, brown,
hairy. Firſt Wings brown, waved; 2d
red-brown. Reſembles a large Bee. Ca-
terpillar ſmooth, with a poſterior blue horn,
tipt with red. On gallium.
9. Tipuliformis. Small Bee Moth. Thorax yellow
beneath. Wings ſhort, with black veins. .
Abdomen black, bearded, yellow at the ex-
tremity. Caterpillar on the Lonicera.
10. Filipendulæ. Burnet Moth. Antennæ, Legs,
and Body black. Second Wings red, with
a greeniſh border. Firſt Wings bluiſh
green, with 6 red ſpots, in pairs. Length
8 lines. Caterpillar yellow, with black
fpots. On graſs.
PHALÆNA. Antennæ taper from the baſe.
Wings, in general, contracted when at reſt.
Fly by night.
1. Pavonia. Emperor Moth. Antennæ feathered.
No trunk. Wings expanded, horizontal,
rounded, entire, with a large eye in the
center of each; the iſt red-brown waved ;
the ed orange. The Antennæ of the male
are broader, and the wings of the female
larger, wayed with black and white,
and

INSECTS. LEPIDOPTERA. 133
and bordered with yellow. Caterpillar
green or yellow, fpinous. On thorns and
brambles. Length of the Moth 1 inch.
3. Rubi.
* No Trunk. Wings reverſed, i.e. A Wings hori-
zontal, and 2d erect.
2. Quercifolia. Lappit Moth. Red-brown, with
.
tranſverſe waved lines. Wings rounded
and regularly ſcalloped. No Trunk, but
a ſharp Noſe. Length 1 inch. Cater-
pillar mouſe colour, ſpinous, with a trunked
poſterior horn. Eggs blue, with brown
hoops. On brambles and black thorn.
Fox-coloured Moth. Antennæ fringed.
Wings entire, with a whitiſh margin; 2
whitiſh tranfverſe waves on the iſt pair.
Caterpillar brown, with black rings. On
brambles, &c.
4. Potatoria. Drinker Moth. Yellow-brown. Wings
ſlightly ſcallopped: on the iſt pair, a dark
oblique line from the extreme angle, and 2
white ſpots near the anterior edge. Noſe
ſharp. Length 1 inch. Caterpillar hairy,
black and brown, with white ſpots on the
fides. On grafs.
5. Pini. Pine Lappit Moth. Wings ſlightly ſcal-
loped: ift pair waved with alternate broad
tranſverſe grey and brown ſtripes; a white
triangular ſpot near the anterior edge.
Length 1 1 inch. Caterpillar large, brown,
grey, white. On pines.
6. Quercus. Great Egger Moth. Antennæ feathered.
Yellow-brown. Half the Wings, next
the Body, darker ; near the center of the
Iſt a white ſpot. Firſt Wings alſo darker
at
а
K3

134 INSECTS. LEPIDOPTERA,
at the extremities, and the 2d have a whitiſh
margin. Length 1 inch. The female
larger, and lighter coloured. Caterpillar
whitiſh, with black rings. On aaks, &c.
7. Laneſtris. Small Egger Moth. Dark brown.
Wings rounded : on the iſt a white tranf-
verſe wave, and two white ſpots; on the
2d a wave only. Tail broad and woolly.
Length inch. Caterpillar hairy, black,
273
with white rings and dots, and large orange
ſpots. On the black and white thorn.
8. Vinula. Puſs Moth. Antennæ feathered. Wings
grey, ſtreaked, dotted, and waved with black.
Thorax dotted with black. Wings fome
what diaphanous. Length 1 inch. Cater-
pillar green, high ſhouldered. Face and
Back red. Two Tails. On oaks, wil
lows, and poplars.
9. Bucephala. Buff-tip Moth. Antennæ feathered.
Firſt Wings grey, with 2 double tranſ-
verſe brown waves, and a large yellowiſh
round ſpot at the extreme angle. Second
Wings plain, light yellow. Length ſcarce
I inch. Caterpillar hairy, yellow, with
black ſpots. On oaks, aſh, &c.
10. Verſicolora. Glory of Kent. Antennæ feathered,
blackiſh. Firtt Wings red-brown, with 2
tranſverſe waved black and white lines, and
3 white ſpots at the extream angle. Second
Wings orange, with 2 white ſpots at the
exterior angle. Very rare. Length (inch.
11. Populi. December Moth. Firſt Wings dark
brown, with 2 tranſverſe waved white lines,
a white ſpot at the baſe, and ſpeckled
margin. Second Wings light brown,
withi

INSECTS. LEPIDOPTERA, 135
with a tranſverſe white wave. Length
more than half an inch.
Caterpillar yel-
low, hairy. On oaks, hazel, &c.
12. Neuſtria. Lackey Moth. Antennæ feathered.
Light yellow, with a broad tranſverſe darker
wave athwart the middle of both wings,
bounded by a brown line above and below.
The exterior margin of both Wings
ſpeckled. Length inch. . Caterpillar
long, ſlender, ſtriped with blue, red, and
white. On thorns,
** N. Trunk. Wings depreſſed, deflexed. Back ſmooth.
13. Caja. Great Tyger Moth. Antenna feathered.
Firſt Wings white, with large irregular
dark brown ſpots. Abdomen and 2d Wings
orange,
with black ſpots. Caterpillar
foxy, hairy, with white ſpotes on the lides.
On lettuce, &c.
14. Villica. Cream-ſpot Tyger Moth. Antenna,
Head, and Thorax black, with a white
ſpot on each ſide the latter.
It Wings
black, with 8 large irregular cream-co-
loured ſpots. Abdomen orange, with black
ſpots. Length near 1 inch. Caterpillar
hairy, foxy. On elms, nettles, &c.
15. Plantaginis. Wood Tyger Moth. Antennæ of
the male feathered; of the female, like
briſtles. Firſt Wings black, with irregular
broad white lines. Second Wings yellow,
with black ſpots. In the female, the
broad lines are yellow. Abdomen red,
at the ſides. Length inch. Caterpillar
hairy, black, with a red Head.
On plan-
tain, &c.
KA
16. Mona.

136 INSECTS. LEPIDO TERA.
4 tranſ-
a
16. Monacha. Black Arches. Firſt Wings white,
tranſverſely waved with black. Second
Wings bluiſh white, with black dots in
the margin. Abdomen red, pointed. Ca.
terpillar yellow-white, with black ſpots,
hairy. On willows, oaks, &c. Length of
the Moth inch,
17. Diſpar. Gipſey Moth. Antennæ black, and re-
markably feathered, eſpecially thoſe of the
female. Firſt Wings grey,
with
verſe zig-zag lines, and a black ſpot. Ex-
ternal margin of both Wings ſpotted with
black. Abdomen of the female round,
thick, and covered with thick down at the
extremity. Caterpillar hairy. On oaks,
.
aſh, apple-trees, &c. Frequent about
Ealing in Middleſex,
18. Chryforrhoea. Yellow-tail Moth. Antennæ fea-
thered. Entirely white, except the ex-
tremity of the Abdomen, which is yellow
and hairy. Caterpillar black and red, hairy,
On apple-trees, oaks, &c.
19 Salicis. White Sattin Moth. Antennæ feathered,
black. Body grey. Wings white. Legs
black and white. Length near an inch.
Caterpillar hairy, black, ſpotted with white,
On willows, poplars, &c.
20. Coryli. Nut-tree Tufock Moth. Antennæ taper.
Firſt Wings grey and brown, tranſverſely
waved. Second Wings white, with a
brown and white margin. Caterpillar red,
brown, with 2 dorſal and I tail tuft.
*** No

INSECTS
LEPIDOPTERA.- 137
*** N. Trunk. Wings depreſſed. Back hairy.
21. Pudebunda. Yellow Tuffock Moth. Antenna
feathered, brown. Wings light grey, with
faint tranverſe waves on the iſt pair. Fore-
feet ſtretched out beyond the Antennæ.
Length 1 inch. Caterpillar greeniſh yel-
low, with 4 bruſhes on the back, and a
red tail. On fruit trees.
,
22. Faſcelina. Black Tulock Moth. Antennæ fea-
thered. Brown-grey, with 2 tranſverſe red-
brown waves on the iſt Wings. Second
Wings plain, with a longitudinal line and a
flight margin. Abdomen grey, broad, and
thick ſet with down, at the extremity.
Caterpillar, with 5 white bruſhes, tipt with
black, On hedges.
23. Antiqua. White-Spot Tuffock Moth. Antenna
feathered, black. Firſt Wings cloudy
orange, waved and ſpotted with brown,
and a white ſpot on the poſterior angle.
Female without Wings. Caterpillar with
4 white bruſhes on its back. On trees.
Length of the Moth a little more than
inch.
24. Gonoſtigma. Orange Tuſfock Moth. Differs very
little from the laſt, except that the ſpot on
the Wings is not white. Female without
Wings.
25. Cæruleocephala. Black-thorn Moth. Antennæ
feathered. Body brown.
Firſt Wings
brown, marbled with bluiſh green in the
form of a double contiguous circle. Se-
cond Wings lighter coloured, plain, with a
browniſh margin, ſcollopped, Length
.
inch.

138 INSECTS. LEPIDOPTERA,
inch. Caterpillar green and yellow, with
ſmall black dots. On fruit trees.
26 Zigzag. Pebble Moth. Brown and white,
clouded like an Agate. Antennæ feathered.
On the interior margin of the ift Wings,
a remarkable appendix; 2d Wings fcal-
lopped. Length 7 lines. Caterpillar
fmooth, with 2 protuberances on its back.
27. Coſſus. Goat Moth. Grey, with ſhort black ir-
regular curved lines. Antennæ foliated.
Abdomen yellowiſh, with dark curved belts.
Length 1 inch. Caterpillar red, with
few hairs and a black head. In rotten
wood.
**** Spiral Trunks; Back ſmooth; Wings deflexed.
28. Lubricipeda. Spotted Buff Moth. Irregularly
ſpotted with black Abdomen orange, with
5 black ſpots on the back and fides. Cater-
pillar light brown, hairy. On fruit trees.
29. Ruſſula.
Antennæ feathered. Body
and Wings yellow, with a red border. On
the ift Wings, a brown and red ſpot; on
the ad two tranfverſe ſtripes, and a brown
arch.
***** Back creſted.
30.
Libatrix. Furbelow Moth. Antennæ a little
feathered. Head and Thorax yellow. Wings
truncated, orange, variegated with brown
and aſh-colour, with a white ſpot near the
baſe. Caterpillar ſmooth, green, with a
white line along the Back. On willows,
roſe-trees, &c.
a
31. Oo. Scallops

INSECTS. LEPIDOPTERA. 139
31. Oo. Scallop-winged Oak Moth. Firſt Wings brown-
grey,
with circles in the middle. Second
Wings grey, with a brown margin. Cater-
pillar ſmooth, orange, with white ſpots.
On oaks.
32. Humuli. Otter Moth. Antennæ ſhort. Wings
long, yellow, with oblique red ftriæ. Wings
of the male white. Body yellow in both.
No Trunk.
** Spiral Trunk; Back ſmooth, without creft.
33. Dommula. Scarlet Tyger Moth. Firſt Wings
black with orange ſpots. Second Wings
ſcarlet, with black ſpots. Thorax black,
with 2 yellow ſpots. Abdomen black and
ſcarlet. Caterpillar brown and yellow,
On nettles, graſs, &c.
34. Fuliginofa. Spotted red and white under-wing
Moth. Firſt Wings brown-red, with 2
ſmall dots. Second Wings bluiſh, with 2
black dots, and a brown margin. Length
half an inch. Caterpillar hairy, brown.
On turnips, muſtard, &c.
35. Jacobææ. Cinnabar Moth. Antennæ and Body
black. Firſt Wings black, with a longi-
tudinal red line near the anterior margin,
and 2 red ſpots near the exterior. Second
Wings red, with a black margin. Length
8 lines. Caterpillar, with alternate black
and orange belts.
belts. On ragwort.
36. Quadra. Yellow July Oak Moth. Yellow with
2 black-blue ſpots on the iſt Wings. Ca-
terpillar hairy, yellowiſh, with one large
black-brown ſpot on the middle of his
back.
37. Nupta.

140 INSECTS. LEPIDOPTERA.
37. Nupta. Crimſon under-wing Moth. Firſt Wings
grey and brown undulated; 2d crimſon
with 2 broad tranſverſe black waves.
Length 1 inch. Caterpillar ſmooth, grey.
On Oaks.
38. Pacta. Willow red under-wing Moth. Abdomen
above redifh. Firſt Wings irregularly
waved, grey and brown; 2d crimſon, with
2 broad black waves, and grey exterior
margin. Length above an inch. Cater-
pillar brown, with few hairs. On willows.
39. Pronuba. Great yellow underwing Moth. An-
tennæ taper. Body and ift Wings brown-
grey, clouded or waved, with a black ſpot
in the middle, and another near the exte-
rior angle. Second Wings yellow, with a
broad black wave near the exterior mar-
gin. Length one inch. Caterpillar ſmooth,
yellow. In gardens. Feeds in the night.
40. Fraxini. Cliefden Nonparel. Antennæ taper.
Thorax brown. Abdomen bluiſh. Firſt
Wings grey, tranſverſely undulated, with a
large white fpot in the centre. Second
Wings black, with a broad tranſverſe blue
curve in the middle. Margin of both
Wings ſcallopped. Length 1 inch.
Rare.
41. Chryfitis. Green Silken Moth. Head, Antenna
and Thorax pale yellow. Firſt Wings
brown, marbled, with 2 tranſverſe gold-
green waves, and a whitiſh ſpot. Second
Wings brown-grey. Margin of the Wings
fcallopped Caterpillar ſmooth, orange,
with white ſpots.
42. Gainma.

INSECTS,
LEPIDOPTERA.
Antennä taper.
green. On
42. Gamma. Lambda Moth. Wings brown, mar-
bled, with a white or yellowiſh mark, re-
fembling the Greek lambda, on the iſt
pair. Length 8 lines. Caterpillar ſmooth,
green. On ſage, &c.
43. Feſtuca. Gold-ſpot Moth. Firſt Wings brown,
with 2 or 3 ſilver-gold ſpots. Second Wings
plain yellow. Head, Antennæ, Thorax
orange.
Abdomen yellow. Length 8
lines. Caterpillar ſmooth, green. On
water-creſs, &c.
44. Meticulofa. Angle Shades.
Wings grey, marbled. . Firſt pair rediſh
at the baſe, brown in the middle, with a
threefold triangle near the anterior margin.
Second Wings light grey, with a black
ſpeck in the center. Margin of both Wings
irregularly indented. Caterpillar ſmooth,
pot
herbs.
45. Pfi. Dagger Moth. Antennæ taper. Body grey.
Eyes black.
Firſt Wings whitiſh, with
3 or 4 black marks in the form of daggers,
or like the Greek pſi.
Second Wings
plain, with ſcallopped margin. Length 9
lines. Caterpillar hairy, black, yellow,
with a black horn. Sides black and red.
46. Aceris. Sycamore Tuſock Moth. Antenne taper.
Firſt Wings bluiſh grey, with undulated
black lines, and an oval ring. Second
Wings plain with a double dotted margin.
Caterpillar yellow, wirh a long orange tuft.
On maples, walnut-trees, &c.
47. Exſoleta. Sword-graſs Moth. Corſelet black-
brown. Abdomen rediſh white. Firſt
Wings long, narrow, anterior half whitiſh,
with brown lines, poſterior red-brown.
Second Wings duſky, with a whitiſh ſcal-
lopped
2

142 INSECTS. LEPIDOPTERA.
lopped margin. Caterpillar green, with a
yellow lateral line.
On Chenopodium.
Campanula, &c.
48. Verbaſci. Water-Betony Moth. Antennæ taper.
Firſt Wings long, narrow, brown-grey,
longitudinally ſtreaked, lighteſt in the
middle, margin indented. Second Wings
brown, ſmall. Caterpillar yellow, ſmooth,
with 4 black fpots on each ring. Length
of the moth nearly one inch.
49. Rumicis. Bramble Moth. Firſt Wings brown,
clouded with black, with annular white
ſpots, and a tranſverſe white line near the
margin. Second Wings dark brown,
with a whitiſh ſcallopped margin.
Cater-
pillar black-brown, hairy. On brambles
and thiſtles.
50. Oxyacanthæ. Ealing's Glory. Antennæ taper.
Firſt Wings dark brown, with 2 irregular
orange ſpots, a tranſverſe line and external
margin of the ſame colour; alſo a blue
tranſverſe line, and blue poſterior margin.
Second Wings duſky. Length not quite
1 inch. Caterpillar brown and yellow.
On thorns.
51. Oleracea.
Antennæ taper. Body
thick, fhort, hairy. Firſt Wings narrow,
red-black, with a whitiſh circle near the
middle, and a white tranſverſe line, with
2 points in the middle.
Second Wings
rediſh
grey,
with a black ſpot in the center,
Caterpillar ſtriped purple and yellow. On
peas, beans, &c.
4.
52 PG.

INSECTS. LEPIDOPTERA. 143
52. Piſi. Broom Moth.
Body darkiſh grey
Firſt
Wings red-brown, clouded with black, and
light yellow; 2 yellowiſh ſpots in the
middle, and a yellowiſh narrow undulated
line near the exterior margin. Second
Wings grey, with a whitiſh margin.
Length not quite 1 inch. Caterpillar
ſmooth, browniſh yellow. On broom,
peas, &c.
53. Atriplicis. Wild Arrach Moth. Firſt Wings
brown, blue, and yellow, clouded; a
double yellow wave near the exterior mar-
gin, and a longifh bifid tranſverſe yellow
mark near the center. Second Wings
brown. Caterpillar ſmooth, brown.
54. Delphinii. Peaſe Bloſſom. Firſt Wings pur-
,
pliſh, with 2 yellowiſh tranſverſe waves.
Second Wings duſky. Small fize. Cater-
pillar ſmooth, yellowiſh, with black ſpots.
On Larkſpur.
55. Oitrago. Sallow Moth. Body thick, yellow-
brown. Firſt Wings angulated, yellow,
with 3 or 4 oblique tranſverſe purpliſh
lines, with intermediate red-brown ſpots.
Second Wings whitiſh. Length 7 lines.
Caterpillar brown, ſides yellow.
* Geometre. Antenna feathered.
56. Amataria. Buff Argos Moth. Firſt Wings an-
gulated, buff, ſprinkled with brown, and a
red-brown tranſverſe line in the middle.
Second Wings paler, with a red-brown
margin. Caterpillar green, with yellow
rings. On oaks. Length of the Moth
half an inch,
57. Sam,

144 INSECTS.
Í EPIDOPTERA,
2
57. Sambucaria. Swallow-tail Moth. Wings angul-
lated, pale yellow, with 2 tranſverſe ſtraight
lines on each. Second Wings, with 2
Tails and 2 black ſpots. Large fize. Ca-
terpillar brown. On brambles.
58. Lacertinaria. Wild Roſe Moth. Wings angu-
lated, brown-yellow, with 2 tranſverſe
curved lines on each Wing, and a brown
ſpot between thoſe of the iſt pair. Cater-
pillar ſmooth, brown, back, angulated.
,
On oaks, &c.
59. Syringaria. Richmond Beauty. Wings angu-
lated, indented, orange clouded. Beneath
darker, with a black ſpot in the middle of
each Wing. Length 9 lines. Caterpillar
ſmooth, with 10 feet, and a horn on the
8th ring.
60. Prunaria. Orange Moth. Wings orange, ſprinkled
with brown, and a ſemilunar ſpot on the
Iſt pair. Female
paler than the Male.
Caterpillar brown yellow, with 2 ſpines
before and behind. On thorns.
61. Betularia. Spotted Elm Moth, Wings white,
ſpotted and waved with black-brown. Ca.
terpillar pale green, fmooth, with 2 black-
brown ſpots near the Tail. Middle fize.
On elms, willows, &c.
62. Wauaria. Gooſeberry Moth. Wings orange-
grey; on the anterior margin of the iſt pai
4 tranſverſe irregular dark-brown ſpots.
Caterpillar green and white, hairy. On
gooſeberry-buſhes. Wilks. 42.
63. Papilionaria. Green Broom Moth. Wings green,
with a tranſverſe white wave, and white
margin. Length 7 lines. .
** Antenna

INSECTSLEPIDOPTERA. 145
.
.
a
** Antenne taper, like briſtles:
64. Viridata.
Wings angular, green, with
a pale tranſverſe line, and yellowiſh mar-
gin. Small. On oaks.
65. Chærophillata. Great Chimney Sweeper. Black.
Firſt Wings tipt with white, and erect.
Caterpillar green. In meadows.
66. Groſſularia. Magpye, or Currant-Moth. An.
tennæ and Legs black. Body yellow, with
black ſpots. Wings white, with many
black patches, and a tranverſe yellow wave
on the iſt pair. Caterpillar white, with
black ſpots on the back; helly yellow. On
currant and gooſeberry-buſhes.
67. Cratægata. Brimſtone Moth. Antennæ, Trunk; ,
and Legs deep yellow. Eyes black.
Wings brimſtone, with 3 irregular brown
ſpots on the anterior margin of the iſt pair:
Caterpillar ſmooth, with a dorſal ſpine.
On the white-thorn.
68. Urticata.
Corſelet and Tail yellow.
Abdomen grey. Wings grey, with black-
blue ſpots, two rows of which form tranf-
verſe lines near the exterior margin. The
baſe of the Wings ſometimes yellowiſh.
Small. Caterpillar ſmooth, green.
On
nettles.
69. Brumata.
... Wings brown-grey, with
faint black tranſverſe lines. Wings of the
Female
very ſhort, grey, with black ſpots.
Caterpillar green, with a white line on the
fides." Very deſtructive to apple-trees.
L
70. Priſi

146 INSECTS. LEPIDOPTER A.
70. Praſinana. Green Moth, with ſilver lines. Body
green and white. Firſt Wings green, with
.
3 oblique white lines. Second Wings pale
green. Margin orange. Caterpillar yellow
and green. Anus orange. On alh, oaks,
&c.
71. Viridana. Small Green Oak Moth. Firſt Wings
green, immaculate; 2d duſky. Caterpillar
ſmooth, green.
73. Roftralis.
a
waves.
72. Oporana. Plumb-tree Moth. Wings angular,
red-brown, clouded and reticulated with
black. Caterpillar ſmooth, green.
Wings brown-grey: on
the iſt pair 2 ſpots, and a dark line near the
extream angle. Caterpillar, on nettles.
74. Verticalis. Mother of Pearl Moth. Wings yel-
lowiſh white, with faint browniſh broken
Beneath yellowiſh. Length 8
lines. Caterpillar green and white. On
nettles.
75. Evonymella. Small Ermine Moth. Firſt Wings
filver-white, with 3 or 4 rows of ſmall
black ſpots. Second Wings lead colour.
Abdomen black above, white beneath.
Length half an inch. Caterpillar yellowiſh
white, with 10 black ſpots on each ſide.
On fruit trees.
76. Culmella. Small Paſture Moth. Firſt Wings
grey, with longitudinal white ſtriæ, a ſilver
marginal fringe, and 7 black ſpots ranged
tranſverſely. Wings circumvoluted. In
meadows on graſs, its head downwards.
77. Salicella,
.

INSECTS. LEPIDOPTERA. 147
79. Sarcitella.
77. Salicella Province-roſe Moth.
Firſt Wings
dark bluiſh grey, yellowiſh white, in the
middle, with black ſpots in the poſterior
margin. Thorax creſted, Small ſize.
Caterpillar, on roſe-leaves.
78. Tapetzella. ....
Head white. Wings
long, circumvoluted; iſt pair black half
way from the Body, the other half white,
with brown faint ſpots; 2d pair grey. Body
black. Length near half an inch. Among
woollen clothes.
Wings bluiſh bright aſh-
colour, with a black ſpot in the center of
each. Length 2 lines. Frequent in houſes.
Caterpillar, very deſtructive to woollen
clothes.
80. Granella.
Brown. On the iſt Wings
ſeveral ſmall dark ſpots, and 2 yellow ones.
Head yellowiſh white. Eyes black .
Length 4 lines. In houſes and granaries.
81. Pomonella. Codling Moth. Firſt Wings brown-
On the 2d a large red-
gold ſpot near the poſterior angle. Length
near half an inch.
Caterpillar orange,
ſpotted with black.
On apple-trees.
82. Didactyla. Brown Feathered Moth. Wings
extended, bifid, pointed, red-brown, with
white long ſpots. Second Wings white,
tripartite, ſpotted. Legs white, annulated.
83. Pentadactyla. White Feathered Moth. Eyes
black. Body pale yellow. Wings very
white, extended: ift pair bifid; ad tripar-
tite. Caterpillar green.
grey, clouded.
L 2
84. Hexa-

148 - INSECTS.
NEUROPTER AS.
84. Hexadactyla. Many-feathered Moth. Wings ex-
tended, grey, with brown tranſverſe waves: :
iſt Wings of 8 feathers; 2d of 4, which
the infect expands and contracts like a fan.
Length 6 lines. On the Lonicera, &c.
a
IV. NEUROPTER A.
Wings 4, naked, tranſparent, reticulated with:
veins or nerves. Tail without ſting.
very ſhort.
.
LIBELLULA. Adder-bolts, or Dragon-flies.-
Mouth with 2 long lateral jaws. Antennæ
Tail of the Male forked..
Wings extended.
is. 4-maculata.
Brown. Thorax co-
vered with grey hair. Wings yellowiſh at
the baſe, with 2 brown ſpots on the exte-
rior margin. Length 1 1 inch. I caught
this infect on board the Harwich packet,
many leagues from land.
2. Flaviola.
Eyes large, and near toge-
ther. Thorax black-brown, hairy with a
yellow ſpot on each ſide. Abdomen broad;.
flat, ſhort, yellow above, black beneath
Wings with a black ſpot near the end, and
a large yellow-brown ſpot at the baſe.
Length 1 inch. Flies quick.
3. Depreſſa. ... Eyes brown. Head and Thorax.
greeniſh, with 2 yellow tranſverſe lines. A
brown ſpot on the exterior margin of the
Wings. Abdomen cylindrical, black above,
yellow beneath, and covered with a bluiſh
grey duſt. Length i į inch.
4. Vulgatiſſima

INSECTS.
149
NEUROPTERA.
5. Ænea.
o
a
• Vulgatiſſima. . brown. Front and fides
yellow. An oblong brown ſpot on the ex-
terior margin of the Wings, the ſides of
which ſpot are black. Length more than
half an inch
Green-gold. Wings yellowiſh,
with marginal brown ſpots. The male has
4 briſtles at the Tail. Length 1 inch.
6. Grandis.
Head yellow. Eyes brown,
contiguous and large. Thorax brown
with 2 oblique yellow lines on each fide.
Abdomen red-brown, with white ſpots.
Wings yellowiſh, with a brown marginal
ſpot, and a brown protuberance at the baſe
of each Wing. Length 2 inches.
7. Forcipita.
Head yellow Eyes large,
brown. Thorax greeniſh brown, with 3
black oblique lines on each ſide. Abdomen
brown, of 9 ringlets, with a yellow tranſ-
verſe line in the middle, and 2 yellow ſpots
on the ſide of each ringlet. Length 2 2
inches.
8. Virgo.
Body Saxon-greeniſh blue.
Eyes diſtant, remote. Wings of equal
length, bluiſh, brown in the middle, yel-
lowiſh at the baſe and apex, and without
marginal ſpot. Length 2 inches.
... Body blue, with 3 longitudinal
3
brown lines on the Thorax, and a black ring-
let near the extremity of the Abdomen.
Wings whitiſh, finely reticulated with
black veins, and a black marginal ſpot.
Eyes diſtant, remote. Length 1 inch.
京
​9. Puella.
L3
EPHE-

igo
INSECTS. NEUROPTERA.
Two
EPHEMERA. Antennæ very ſhort.
protuberances before the Eyes. Wings erect, ,
2d pair ſmall. Two or three Tails like
briſtles, Short lived.
1. Vulgata.
Brown. Wings, with brown
veins, and 5 or 6 brown ſpots. Three
Tails as long as the Body, Length 2 lines.
2. Veſpertina.
Black Exterior margin
of the iſt Wings black, the reſt tranſparent.
Second Wings white. Antenna and Tails
3 times the length of the Body. Length i
line.
3. Culiciformis. ... Brown.
Brown. Wings tranſ-
parent.
Two whitiſh Tails. Length 2
lines.
4. Horaria,
... Brown. Wings diaphanous,
exterior margin thicker and brown. Tails
2, white, with brown ſpots. Fore Legs
long. Length 3 lines.
Thorax brown. - Abdomen
white. Wings browniſh, ftriated. Tails 2,
length of the Body. Length 2 lines.
• •
5. Striata.
PHRYGANEA. Palpi 4. Protuberances be
fore the Eyes 3. Antennæ longer than the
Thorax. Wings croſſing each other; 2d
pair folded.
1. Bicaudata.
Dark brown, with a yel-
low longitudinal line on the Head and
Thorax. Antennæ long, filiform. Wings
longer than the Body. Length 8 lines.
2. Nebuloſa
Brown. Wings grey
Tails 2, ſhort. Length half an inch.
2
3. Striata

INSECT6.
151
NEUROPTERA.
3. Striata. Red-brown. Eyes black. Wings clouded,
lateral, and raiſed obliquely at the ends.
Antennæ long. Length 1 inch.
4. Rhomboidica.
Browniſh yellow. On
the Iſt Wings a large oblique white ſpot.
Length 7 lines.
5. Flavilatera.
Black. Wings brown ;
iſt pair dilated at the baſe. Antennæ fhort.
Length 7 lincs.
6. Nigra.
Antennæ twice as long as the
Body. Wings greeniſh black.
7. Longicornis.
Browniſh grey. An-
tennæ 3 times as long as the Body. Firſt
Wings ſpotted with black. Legs whitiſh.
Length 3 lines,
green veins.
HEMEROBIUS. Mouth prominent. Palpi 4,
Wings deflexed. Antennæ longer than the
Thorax, taper, extended.
I. Pectinicornis. Golden Eye. Antennæ length of
the Body. Yellowiſh green. Wings much
longer than the Body, diaphanous, with
veins, Minute black dots on the
Abdomen. On plants.
2. Chryſops.
Like the laſt, except that
the Antennæ are ſhorter, and the veins of
the Wings punctured with brown. Length
3 lines. Geoff. 254. 2.
3. Sexpunctatus.
Body greeniſh brown.
Antennæ longer than the Body. Wings
much longer than the Body, obliquely erect,
diaphanous, with 6 black ſpots near the
ends. Length 1 I line.
1 4
4. Formis

152 INSECTS
H Y MENOPTERA.
4. Formicarium.
Brown Head large,
with yellow ſpots, and large lateral Eyes,
Neck long. Thorax divided, and ſpotted
with yellow. Abdomen of 8 rings. Wings
larger than the body, diaphanous, with
black veins, and brown ſpots. Length 1
inch.
PANORPA. Beak horny, cylindrical. Palpi 2.
1. Communis.
.. Body dark brown, ſides
yellow. Wings the length of the Body,
diaphanous, reticulated, and ſpotted with
brown. Tail of the male like that of the
Scorpion. Length 7 lines. Skips. In
meadows.
V. HYMENOPTERA.
Wings 4, generally membraneous. Tail of the
Females armed with a ſting.
CYNIPS. Antennæ elbowed in the middle.
Second Wings ſhorter. Sting conic, in-
cloſed between 2 valves, on the under fide
of the Abdomen. Abdomen compreſſed,
acute beneath, and joined to the Thorax by
a ſhort pedicle.
I. Glechomæ.
Brown, Thorax hairy.
In the tubercles on the leaves of ground
ivy.
2. Quercus baccarum.
Black. Baſe of
the Antennæ and Legs yellow. In the
ſmall tubercles of the under ſide of oak
leaves.
3. Quercus.

INSECTS. HYMENOPTERA. 153
3. Quercus folii.
Black. Thorax ftriated.
Legs grey. In the large tubercles on oak
.
leaves.
4. Quercus petioli.
Head black. Body
brown, poliſhed. Extremity of the Ab-
domen hairy. In the tubercles on the
petiolus of oak leaves.
5. Quercus gemma.
Greeeniſh black, a
little bronzed. Antennæ and Legs orange.
In the large imbricated galls on the extream
buds of oak-trees.
@
brown.
TENTHREDO. Abdomen of equal thickneſs,
and cloſely united to the Thorax. Sting
ferrated, between two valves. Second
Wings ſhorteſt.
1. Femorata,
Antennæ yellow, of 9 joints.
Black, hairy. A yellow ſemilunar membrane
on the iſt ring of the Abdomen. Wings
diaphanous, the exterior border, thick,
Length 1 inch.
2. Lutæa.
Antennæ clavated, yellow, the
laſt joint black. Third, fourth, and fifth
ring of the Abdomen brown, the reſt black.
Legs black, feet yellow.
Wings, with
brown veins, and brown poſterior margin.
On Willows, Alder, Birch.
3. Ruſtica.
Black, except the upper lip,
baſe of the Antennæ, 2 ſhort lines on the
Thorax, the point of the Thorax and the
margin of the 2d, 5th and 6th ſegment of
the Abdomen, which are yellow. Wings
brown. .
Legs yellowiſh. Length half an
inch. On Willows.
4. Scrophulariæ.

154 INSECTS.
HYMENOPTERA.
4. Scrophulariæ.
Black. Margins of
the ſegments of the Abdomen yellow, ex-
cept the 2d and 3d. Upper lip yellow.
Antennæ red-brown. On the Thorax 2
yellow lines and 3 ſpots. Wings and Legs
3
tawny, Very like a Waſp. Length half
an inch. On Figwort.
5.
Rofæ.
Head, Antennæ, and Thorax
black, with a yellow ſpot on each ſide of the
latter. Abdomen orange. Wings tawny,
with the exterior border black. Length 4
Lines. On roſe trees.
6. Cynoſbati.
Black, with 3 yellow ſpots
on the Thorax. Legs red-brown; hind
legs white in the middle, black above and
below. Length 2 lines.
7. Caprææ.
Yellow. Crown and Corſe
let black. Antennæ of 9 joints. Exte-
rior border of the Wings black, thick,
Length 4 lines. On Willows.
•
SIREX. Two ſtrong Jaws. Palpi 2. Antenna
filiform, of more than 20 joints. Sting
rigid, ſerrated. Abdomen united to the
Thorax. Wings narrow, 2d pair ſhorteſt.
1. Gigas.
Antennæ half the length of
the Body, of 23 joints. Head black, with
a yellow ſpot behind each eye. Thorax
.
black, hairy. Abdomen of 9 ſegments,
black and yellow. Sting lodged in a
groove under the Belly. Length 13 lines.
•
ICHNEUMON. Jaws, without tongue. An-
tennæ of more than 30 joints, long, filiform,
vibrating. Sting within a bivalve theath.
1. Luctatorius,

INSECTS. HYMENOPTERA. 155
1. Luctatorius.
Black. Upper lip, baſe
of the Antennæ, point of the Corſelet, 2d
and 3d ſegment of the Abdomen yellow.
Length near half an inch.
2. Perſvaſorius.
Black. Upper lip white,
Thorax with 3 white lines on each ſide.
Target with 2 white ſpots. Abdomen
cylindrical, iſt ſegment white, 2d partly
white, and 4 white ſpots on the reſt. Legs
brown,
3. Comitator.
Black. Middle of the
Antennæ white. Length half an inch. In
Waſps neſts.
4, Peregrinator.
Black. Antennæ white
in the middle. Four firſt ſegments of the
Abdomen brown-yellow, the laſt white.
Legs tawny. Wings browniſh. Length 31
lines,
5. Incubitor.
Head and Thorax black.
Antennæ brown, white in the middle.
Legs and Abdomen tawny, black at the ex-
tremity. Length 3 lines.
3
6. Manifeſtator.
Black. Antennæ taper.
Legs tawny. Sting twice as long as the
Body. Length 1 inch. In woods.
7. Inculcator.
Black. Abdomen and Legs
tawny, Pedicle between the Thorax and
Abdomen long and ſmall. A marginal ſpot
on the Wings. Abdomen compreſſed and
large towards the end. Length 2 lines.
8. Pugillator,
Black. Antennæ length
of the Body. Second, third, and fourth ſeg-
ments of the Abdomen yellow. Legs yellow.
Length 6 lines.
2
9. Ruſpator.

156 INSECTS. HYMENOPTERA
9. Ruſpator.
Black. Legs tawny, hind
thighs thick with a ſpine on the interior
fide. Length 3 lines.
LO. Jaculator.
Black, ſlender, long. А.
white ringlet near the origin of the Legs.
Hind legs longer and thicker than the reſt.
Abdomen curved. Sting longer than the
Body.
II. Luteus.
Tawny. Antennæ long,
taper.
Abdomen curved, compreſſed ;
Pedicle long, ſlender. Sting ſhort. A
marginal brown ſpot on the Wings.
Length 1 inch. Geoff. 330.
12. Ramidulus.
Very like the laſt. Tho.
rax beneath, and the extremity of the Ab-
domen black. Length 8 lines.
13. Bedeguaris.
Green-gold. Antenna
of 11 joints, elbowed, filiform. Legs pale.
Sting longer than the Body. Length 1
line.
14. Puparum.
Blue, poliſhed. Abdomen
gold. Legs pale. Otherwiſe like the laſt.
Length 2 lines. In the chryſalis of Butter-
flies.
15. Aphidum.
... Black. Legs yellow. An-
tennæ as long as the Body. Length 1 line.
Breeds in the Body of Aphides, or Lice of
trees and plants.
16. Globatus. ... Black. Legs black and
orange. Antennæ length of the Body. A
ſmall marginal ſpeck on the Wings. Length
2 lines. Breeds in the white ſilky balls,
about 1 inch long, which are found fre-
quently on different plants in meadows.
17. Glomeratus.
I

INSECTS. HYMENOPTERA. 157
27. Glomeratus.
Like the laſt, except
that the Antennæ are not ſo long, and the
Legs are yellow. Breeds in the Caterpil-
lars of the Cabbage Butterfly.
18. Pectinicornis.
Green-brown-orange.
Antennæ branched, yellowiſh. Legs white.
Length 2 lines. In the chryſalis of But-
terflies.
..
SPHEX. Jaws, without Tongue. Antennæ
of 16 joints. Wings incumbent, not
folded. Sting riged.
T. Viatica
Black. Antenna ſhort, thick.
Three firſt ſegments of the Abdomen red-
brown. Pedicle ſhort. Length half an
inch. Geoff. 354. n. 74.
2. Cribraria.
Black, with yellow ring-
lets on the Abdomen. Antennæ ſhort, and
turned backwards. Fore legs
Fore legs broad, with
an appendix like a ſhield.
CHRYSIS. Thorax joined to the Abdomen
by a ſhort pedicle. Sting ſimple. Wings
not folded. Antennæ filiform, of i long
and it ſhort joints.
B. Ignita.
Blue-green-gold. Poſterior
part of the Abdomen poliſhed copper, with
4 ſpines on the laſt ſegment. Length 4.
lines. In walls.
.
VESPA. Jaws, without Trunk. Firſt Wings
folded. Sting concealed. Body ſmooth.
'I. Crabro. Hornet.
Antennæ tawny.
Corſelet
black in the center, edges brown. Segments
of the Abdomen black on the anterior
part,

158 INSECTS.
HY MENOPTERA
a
on each.
part, yellow on the poſterior, with 2
black ſpots on each. Length 1 inch. Builds
in hollow trees.
2. Vulgaris, Common Waſp. Corſelet black, with
6 yellow ſpots. Male : fegments of the
Abdomen 7, yellow, with a black triangle
Head yellow. Antennæ long
Female: upper lip yellow. Antenna ſhort.
Segments 6, with 2 lateral black ſpots on
each; larger than the Male.
3. Coarctata. Small Waſp. Antenna black, yel-
lowiſh at the bafe. Head black, with a
yellow ſpot between the Antennæ, and an=
other at the baſe of the upper lip. Corſelet
black with 2 yellow ſpots. Each ſegment
of the Abdomen bordered with yellow; the
iſt infundibuliform, ad campanulate, and
Jarger than the reſt. Length half an inch.
a
APIS. Jaws, with a Trunk bent downwards.
Antennä elbowed in the middle, iſt joint
longeſt. Wings plain. Body hairy. "Ab-
domen connected by a pedicle.
1. Centuncularis.
Black. Body long,
narrow. Head, Thorax, and Legs covered
with greyiſh hair. Abdomen above ſmooth,
beneath covered with tawny hair. Builds in
old trees. Length 2 lines.
2. Rufa. Small Field Bee. Front white. Abdomen
ſhort, covered above with tawny hair ;
1 horax with grey.
3. Mellifica. Common Hive Bee. Needs no deſcrip-
tion.
4. Manicata

INSECTS. HYMENOPTERA. 159
4. Manicata.
Black. Fore legs very
hairy. Yellow ſpots on each ſide of the
Abdomen, and 5 crotchets at the extremi-
ty. Length 7 lines. Very like a Waſp,
but hairy. On flowers.
5. Conica. ..
Thorax black, yellowiſh at
the roots of the Wings. Abdomen very
acute; margins of the ſegments light yel-
low. Builds in the ground.
6. Terreſtris. Humble Bee. Black, very hairy, with
a yellow belt on the Thorax. 'Anus white.
Builds deep in the ground.
7. Subterranea. Great Humble Bee. Black, very
hairy. Trunk long and branched. Anus
red-brown.
FORMICA. An erect ſquamula or ſcale, be-
tween the Thorax and Abdomen. Females
and Neutrals have a Sting concealed.
Males and Females have Wings; Neutrals
none.
1. Herculeana. Horſe Ant. Abdomen oval. Thighs
red-brown. Much larger than the common
Ant.
2. Rufa. ... . Front and Thorax yellowiſh; the
reſt red-brown. Length 3 lines. In gardens.
Geoff. 428. n. 4.
3.
Fuſca. Common Ant. Brown, poliſhed. Wings
white. larger than the Body. Length 21
lines. Geoff. 428. n. 5.
4. Nigra.
Black. Wings browniſh on
the upper part, and larger than the Body.
Length 1 line. Geoff. 429. n. 6.
.
.
5. Rubra.

160
DIPTERA.
INSECTS.
.
5.
Rubra. Little Red Ant. Clouded, with a black
ſpot under the Abdomen. Eyes black.
Very ſmall.
VI. DIPTERA.
Wings 2.
a
OESTRUS. No Mouth, but
but 3 punctures,
without Trunk or Beak. Antennæ taper,
proceeding from a lenticular joint.
1. Bovis. Breeze, or Gad Fly. Thorax yellow, with
black tranſverſe line between the Wings.
Abdomen tawny, with fine black tranſ-
verſe lines; lait ſegment black. Wings
white, with a brown tranſverſe line, and
3
brown ſpots. Size of a large blue Fly.
Depoſits its
eggs
under the ſkin
on the backs
of Oxen.
2. Hæmoridalis.
Body long, black, co-
vered with tawny hair.
Middle of the
Thorax leſs hairy. Wings immaculate.
Antennæ very ſhort. Length half an inch.
Depofits its eggs in the rectum of horſes.
3. Ovis. Grey Fly. Spotted with black. Front pale
yellow. Legs browniſh. Wings with
ſhort black veins. Length half an inch.
Breeds in the frontal finus of Sheep.
TIPULA. Head long. Palpi 4, curved. Trunk
very ſhort.
I. Rivola;
Brown-grey. Eyes black.
Antennæ feathered. Wings larger than the
Body, white in the middle with 3 brown
4
ſpots

INSECTS. DIPTERA. 161
ſpot.
ſpots near each margin. Tail of the Female
bifid. Length 1 inch.
2. Crocata..
Black ſpotted with yellow.
Legs tawny, with black feet, and a black
ring round the poſterior thighs. Wings
tawny, with a marginal brown
Length 7 lines. In meadows.
3. Oleracea. Long-Legs. Brown-aſh colour. An-
tennæ fimple. Wings brown at the exte-
rior margin, and in the Male longer than the
Body. Length near an inch.
4. Hortorum.
Like the laſt, but much
leſs. Wings faintly ſpotted with white,
and ſpread with thick black veins.
5. Contaminata.
Black. Legs livid yel-
low, with black joints. Two yellow ſpots
on the 2d, 3d, 4th, and sth ſegments of the
Abdomen. Five or fix dark ſpots on the
exterior margin of each Wing. Length
half an inch.
6. Lunata.
Aſh-colour, with a whitiſh
line on each ſide of the Abdomen, and a
white ſemilunar ſpot on the exterior margin
of each Wing. Length 8 lines.
Length 8 lines. In mea-
dows.
7. Cornicina..
Yellow. Antennæ, Eyes
and Palpi black Three oblique black
lines on the Corſelet, Legs very long.
Length 6 lines. In meadows. Raj. 33. 7.
8. Plumoſa. Sea Tipula. Brown. Thorax greeniſh.
Eyes black. Fore legs longeſt. Wings
ſhorter than the Abdomen. Length 3 lines.
Reſembles a Gnat.
M
9. Litto

162
DIPTERA.
INSECTS.
D
Littoralis.
Brown. Abdomen greeni,
3
laſt fegments brown. Wings diaphanous.
Fore Legs long. Length 2 lines. On
trees.
I
10. Motitatrix.
Pale green, or fleſh-co-
lour, with black ſpots. Three longitudinal
black lines on the Corſelet. Legs black,
white in the middle.
Fore legs long
Length 1 line.
21. Monilis.
Black. Legs white, with 9
black rings. Wings white, with grey ſpots,
and a marginal black one. Length 2 lines.
In meadows, and on windows.
12. Febrilis.
Black. Wings white, ex-
terior border black. Antennæ knotted,
ſhort. Wings croſs each other. Length 4
lines.
13. Hortulana.
Antennæ knotted, ſhort,
black. Corſelet red, ſmooth. Abdomen
yellowiſh. Wings diaphanous, browniſh,
exterior border black. Head very ſmall.
Male black, leſs.
14. Phalanoides.
... Dark grey. Wings
twice as long as the Body, fringed. An-
tennæ of 11 beads, perfoliated. Length I
line. Scarce.
MUSCA. A ſoft flexible Trunk, with lateral
Lips at the end. No Palpi.
1. Chamæleon. .. Brown. Antennæ taper,
broken. Eyes large. Abdomen nearly cir-
cular, with 3 yellow triangular ſpots on
each ſide, and one at the extremity. Legs
yellow. Thighs brown. Length 6 lines.
2. Hydroleon.

INSECTS.
163
DIPTERA.
a
.
2. Hydroleon.
Antennæ ſhort, black.
Eyes green, with a tranſverſe violet line.
Thorax brown Abdomen green, with a
black longitudinal line in the middle.
Wings very tranſparent. Legs yellowiſh.
Length 3 į lines.
3. Morio.
Black, hairy, with white ſpots
on each ſide of the Abdomen. Wings much
larger than the Body, interior margin white,
Length 3-6 lines. In gardens.
4. Nemorum.
Head grey. Eyes brown.
Thorax covered with
grey
hair. Abdomen,
of 4 ſegments, above black, with 2 large
yellow ſpots on each ſide, and
3
white
tranſverſe lines. Legs brown. Wings
tranſparent with a black marginal ſpot.
Length 4 I lines.
5. Tenax...
Very like a Bee. Eyes brown.
Front white. Thorax brown, hairy. Ab-
domen of 4 fegments, with a large yellow
ſpot on each ſide. Middle of the Wings
tawny. Legs brown, Feet white. Length
half an inch.
6. Pyraſtri.
Head yellow. Eyes large,
brown. Corſelet dark green, with a few
brown hairs. Abdomen above black, with
6 white ſpots. Legs blackiſh, with yellow
joints. In gardens.
7. Menthaſtri.
Front yellow. Eyes
brown. Corſelet greeniſh black, with a
yellow line on each ſide. Abdomen of 5 ſeg-
ments with 5 tranſverſe yellow lines.
Length 4 lines. On flowers.
.
a
M 2
Pipiens

164 ) INSECTS. DIPTIRÀ.
a
8. Pipiens.
Black, ſmooth. Long, nare
tow. Front and ſides of the Thorax yel-
low. Abdomen of 4 fegments, with 2
yellow ſpots on each ſide. Two hind Legs
longer and ſtronger, black with 2 yellow
ſpots, and a yellow ring on each thigh. On
mint, &c. Length 3 { lines.
9. Inanis.
Antennæ, proceeding from the
Trunk,
of 5 globules, and a filiform terminal
joint. Thorax black, poliſhed. Abdomen
above white, with 2 black belts. Beneath
black. Length 2 lines. On flowers.
.
10. Pellucens.
Antennæ feathered. Trunk
lodged within the Beak. Eyes red-brown.
.
Front yellow. Corſelet black. Abdomen,
anterior half white, poſterior black. Wings
tranſparent, with a tranſverſe black line.
Length half an inch. On roſe-trees.
II. Cæſar.
Green-gold. Legs black.
Eyes rediſh. Length 3 lines. In woods
and gardens.
12. Cadaverina.
Eyes rediſh. Head and
Thorax blue. Abdomen green-gold.
Length 2 lines.
13. Vomitoria: Blue Fleſh Fly. Eyes brown. Plumes
of the Antennæ branched. Thorax black.
Abdomen dark blue, large. Legs black.
.
Length near half an inch. Raj. 271.
14. Carnaria. Common Fleſh Fly. Black, with 4
longitudinal grey lines on the Corſelet. Ab
.
domen of 5 ſegments, chequered, with
black and grey. Anus rediſh. Legs black.
Length 4 lines.
2
15. Domeſtica,

INSECTS. DIPTERĀ.
165
15. Domeſtica. Common Houſe Fly. Black, with 5
longitudinal grey lines on the Corſelet. Ab-
domen of 4 ſegments, chequered. Length
3 lines.
17. Putris.
* Antenne with a lateral hair.
16. Cellaris.
Yellow-brown. Abdomen
of 6 ſegments. Wings large, with 3 longi-
3
tudinal veins. Length 1 inch. Fre-
1 1
quently found dead in wine and vinegar.
Black, ſmooth. Wings
whitiſh. Eyes brown. Size of a Gnat.
Breeds in cheeſe and dung.
18. Stercoraria.
Front yellowiſh. Eyes
rediſh. Baſe and exterior border of the
Wings yellowiſh, with a brown ſpot and
tranfverfe line near the middle. Male
grey,
covered with tawny down. Length 3 lines.
On dung
19. Víbrans..
Black, cylindrical. Head
red. Abdomen obtuſe. Wings white,
with a black ſpot near the extremity. Legs
of the Female yellow. Length 2 { lines.
Wings conſtantly vibrating. On trees.
20. Flava.
Yellow. Eyes black. Wings
white, with obſcure yellow veins. Length i
line. On flowers.
21. Solſtitialis.
Head yellow. Eyes
brown. Thorax grey. Abdomen black.
Legs tawny. Wings whitiſh, with 3
brown lines, and a ſmall notch in the
exterior margin. Length 2 lines. On
thiſtles.
M 3
TABANUS

166
DIPTERA.
INSECTS.
TABANUS. Antennæ conic, of 4 ſegments.
Trunk fleſhy, terminated by 2 lips. Palpi,
one on each ſide of the Trunk.
1. Bovinus. Great Horſe Fly. Head and Thorax
grey. Eyes dark brown. Abdomen yel-
lowiſh, with a triangular white ſpot in the
middle of each ſegment. Legs yellow,
Wings duſky with brown veins. Length i
inch.
2. Pluvialis.
Brown-grey. Eyes green,
with brown rays. Corſelet brown, with 7
longitudinal grey lines. Wings dotted
with white, and a marginal black ſpot.
Legs alternately brown and white. Length
4 lines. In meadows.
3. Cæcutiens.
Head brown. Eyes green
and brown, with black ſpots. Corſelet
brown, with grey lines. Abdomen above
yellow, with triangular brown ſpots. Legs
yellow. Wings white, with black and
brown ſpots. Length 4 ; lines.
CULEX. Antennæ feathered. Trunk, a long
flender fyphon.
1. Pipiens. Common Gnat. Grey. Abdomen of 8
,
ſegments.
2. Bifurcatus.
Brown-grey. Beak forked.
Twice as big as the laſt. In watery places.
3. Pulicaris.
Brown. Wings white, with
3 brown ſpots. Length line. In gardens
in the Spring
CONOPS.

INSECTS.
167
DIPTERA.
CONOPS. Trunk long, jointed.
I. Calcitrans.
Differs from the Common
Fly, in having a hard ſharp Trunk, with
which it pricks our legs in Autumn.
2. Macrocephala.
Black and tawny
variegated, ſomewhat like a Waſp. An-
tennæ clavated, but pointed. Wings brown,
clouded. Length half an inch. In mea-
dows.
ASILUS. Trunk horny, long, ſtraight, bie
valved,
1. Crabroniformis. Hornet Fly. Trunk and Eyes
black. Corſelet convex. Three firſt ſeg-
ments of the Abdomen black, the other 4
yellow, hairy, (ſharp, and brown at the ex-
tremity. Length 1 inch. In wet meadows.
2. Forcipatus.
Grey, hairy. Abdomen
long, pointed, Şides yellowiſh. Length 6
lines. In gardens, &c.
3. Tipuloides.
Trunk pale, long, curved
downwards. Corſelet aſh-colour, with 3
longitudinal black lines. Wings of the
Male tawny; of the Female, white, tranſ-
parent. Legs long. Length 4 lines.
4
4. Morio.
Black, ſmooth. Legs tawny.
Length 6 { lines. In wet woods,
BUMBYLIUS. Trunk taper, very long, ſharp,
between two horizontal valves.
1. Major. Humble Bee Fly. Body ſhort, thick, co-
vered with thick grey down. Wings large,
black at the bafe. Antenna black, bent
in
M4

168
APTERA.
INSECTS.
in the middle. Legs long, ſlender, black,
Length 4 or 5 lines. Sucks flowers, without
5
reſting on them.
2. Medius.
Body yellowiſh, white at the
extremity. Wings, with brown ſpots.
Hovers in the air like a Hawk, and darts
with great celerity.
3. Minor.
Wings clouded, without ſpots.
In Cain-wood.
HIPPOBOSCA. Trunk bivalved, cylindrical,
obtuſe. Antennæ like a ſingle hair. Feet
with claws.
1. Equina.
Broad, flat, fcaly. Head yel-
low. Eyes brown. Thorax and - bdomen
yellowiſh, with brown waves. Wings croſs
each other, and are much larger than the
Body. Length 2 lines. Faſtens on Dogs
and Cattle,
2. Hirundinis.
Head yellow. Thorax
darker. Abdomen duſky, broad, flat,
Wings narow, ſhort. Legs long, with 6
claws. In Swallows neſts,
• .
VII. A PTER A.
A
No Wings
LEPISMA. Legs 6, broad and ſcaly at their
origin. Palpi 2, moveable. Antennæ fili
form. Tails 3. Body ſcaly.
I. Saccharina.
Body long, of 9 or 10
ſegments, diminſhing from the Head to the
Tail. Silvery lead colour. Somewhat like
a fith.

INSECTS. APTER Å. 169
a fiſh. Length 4 lines. In the joints of
ſaſh windows that are wet and ſeldom
opened.
PODURA. Legs 6. Eyes 2, compoſed of 8
ſmall ones. Tail forked, elaſtic, inflexed.
Antennæ long, taper.
1. Viridis.
Round, light green. Head
yellowiſh. Eyes black. Antennæ elbowed
in the middle. Thorax very ſmall. An
angle on each ſide of the Abdomen, Length
line, On plants in April.
2. Plumbea,
Poliſhed lead-colour. Tail
almoſt as long as the Body, Length 1 line.
On trees, folitary
Yellow-brown, ſtreaked and
ſpotted with black. Antennæ of 4 joints.
Head and Thorax hairy. Length 2 lines.
On ftones.
4. Aquatica.
Black. Antennæ almoſt as
long as the Body. Length half a line.
Numerous on the leaves of Aquatic plants.
3. Villofa.
TERMES. Legs 6. Eyes 2. Antennæ taper.
Mouth with 2 Jaws
1. Pulſatorium.
Antennä length of the
Body, ſlender. Eyes yellowiſh. On each
fegment of the Abdomen, a rediſh ſpot on
each ſide. Leſs than the common Louſe.
Generally thought to be the Death-
watch, but Geoffrey is poſitive of the
contrary
PEDICULUS

170 INSECTS. .
3. Bovis.
APTER A.
PEDICULUS. Legs 6. Eyes 2. Mouth pro-
ducing a ſting. Antennæ length of the
Thorax. Abdomen depreſſed, rounded,
ſimple.
1. Humanus Common Louſe.
2. Pubis. Crab Louſe. Brown. Broad and ſhort.
White, with 8 tranſverſe tawny-
red lines above, and 5 beneath..
5
4. Vituli.
Larger than the laſt. Legs
ſhort, thick, grey. Abdomen lead colour,
broad, pointed.
Grey. Head finall, black.
Antennæ turned backwards. Eight black
lines on each ſide the Abdomen. Length I
line.
6. Gallinæ. ...... Head white, rounded before,
Thorax large, angular. Abdomen white,
with a black border.
7. Columbæ.
flender, whitiſh ; fides red
brown. Length 1 line.
5. Corvi.
PULEX. Legs 6. Eyes 2. Antennæ filiform.
Trunk taper, inflexed, concealing a ſting,
Abdomen compreſſed.
1. Irritans. Common Flea.
ACARUS. Legs 8. Eyes 2, lateral, Tenta-
culæ 2, jointed.
1. Reduvius.
Sheep Louſe, or Tick. Flat, oval
with a round ſpot on the back. Frequently
found alive in wool, a long time after it is
fhorn,
2. Ricinusa

INSECTS. APTERA. 171
.
2. Ricinus. Dog Tick. Oval. Trunk long. Livid.
Head and Thorax ſmall. On the anterior
part of the Abdomen an oval, brown,
gloffy, raiſed ſpot. Length 1 { line.
3. Paſſerinus.
Oval. Brown. Legs pale.
Length I line. Very like the laſt. On
many ſpecies of ſmall birds.
4. Telarius.
Tawny. A brown ſpot on
each ſide of the Abdomen. According to
Geoffrey, this inſect ſpins a web on the
bark of trees, generally on the north ſide,
from top to bottom of the trunk; which
web being diſperſed by the wind, covers
the fields with thoſe innumerable threads
which fome Naturaliſts have miſtaken for
condenſed vapour.
5. Aquaticus.
Scarlet. Oval Length it
line. On ſtagnant water. Swims quick.
6. Holofericeus. Scarlet Spider. Like the laſt, On
the ground, and on plants.
7. Coleoptratorum. Beetle Tick. Tawny. Anus
whitiſh. Length line. I have found 2
or 300 on the Belly of one Beetle.
8. Longicornis.
Head ſharp. Abdomen
rounded. Antennæ like Crab's-claws. Ab-
domen deep red. Legs paler. Length}
line. Under ſtones, &c.
PHALANGIUM. Legs 8. Eyes 2. Abdo-
men rounded.
1. Opilio. Long-legged Spider. Antennæ angular.
Palpi 2, long, like Antennæ. Legs very
long. Eyes on the top of the Head or
4
Thorax,

172
INSECTS. APTERA.
Thorax. Head and Thorax both in one
Abdomen, above brown, beneath white.
2. Cancroides. Scorpion Tick. Antenna cheliform.
Thorax brown. Abdomen tranſverſely
îtriated. On garden pots, and ſometimes
in houſes.
@
ARANEA. Spiders. Legs 8. Eyes 8.
I. Diadema.
Abdomen gibbous, red-
brown, with white ſpots in the form of a
croſs.
2. Cucurbitina.
Abdomen gibbous, green-
yellow, with black ſpots. On fruit trees,
Raj. 20. 5.
3. Domeſtica.
Abdomen pale brown, with
5 black ſpots. Somewhat hairy,
4. Labyrinthica.
Thorax grey, with 3
longitudinal lines. Abdomen brown, with
a longitudinal pinnated line. Tail forked.
Large. In fields.
5. Redimita.
Abdomen oval, pale yel-
low, with a crimſon oval crown or ring on
the Back. Legs long, white, tranſparent.
In gardens.
6. Montana.
Abdomen with grey ſpots ;
ſides white. Thorax and Legs pale. Fore
feet long, extended
Abdomen long, green-ſilver.
Legs livid, long, extended.
8. Holofericea.
Brown-livid, hairy. Ab.
domen ovato-oblong, with 2 truncated ap-
pendices, and 2 yellow tubercles beneath,
a
7. Extenſa.
9. Senoculata.

INSECTS. AP TERA,
173
7
9. Senoculata.
Eyes only 6. Yellowiſh,
downy. Abdomen ſub-cylindrical, with
quadrangular black ſpots on the anterior
part, and yellow lines on the ſides. Large,
On walls, &c.
10. Scenica.
Black, covered with ſhort
ſilvery hair. Abomen ſub-cylindrical, with
3 oblique white lines on each ſide. Legs
ſhort, hairy, black and white. Skips, On
old walls and windows. Weaves no web.
II. Aquatica.
Pale brown. Abdomen
oval. Jaws black, large, ſtrong. Length
5 lines. In lakes. Lives and hunts at the
bottom of the water, devouring its food
within a globule of air formed by itſelf.
Vide Geoffroy, 645. 7.
12. Viatica.
Thorax black-brown. Ab-
domen large, yellow, with 2 brown ſpots.
Four fore legs long, black and yellow ; 4
hind legs ſhort. Reſembles a Crab. Moves
flow. Length 2 lines.
CANCER. Legs 10; firſt pair claws, or pin-
cers. Tail foliated.
1. Pagurus. Black-clawed. Tail ſhort. Ends of the
claws black. Thorax notch'd.
2. Piſum. Pea Crab. Thorax round, ſmooth, en-
tire, blunt. Tail large as the body. Size
of a pea. In muffels.
3. Minutus. Minute Crab. Thorax ſmooth, ſquare.
Leſs than the laſt. Among ſea-weed. Br.
Zool. Cl. y. f. 2.
4. Longicornis.

174
INSECTS: APTERA.
4. Longicornis. Long-horned Crab. Thorax round;
ſmooth. Size of the laſt. Br. Zool.
f. 3
5. Latipes. Broad-foot Cr. Sub-cordate. Antennæ
ſhort. Teeth 5 on each ſide. Br. Zool.
f. 4.
6. Mænas. Common Cr. Three notches in front.
Teeth 10. Claws ovate. Dirty green.
Under fea-weed or in the fand. Br. Zool.
f. 5.
7. Depurator. Cleanſer. Feeds on dead fiſh. Sub-
cordate. Teeth in the Thorax, 5 on each
fide. Claws angulated; 2d joint ſpined.
Laſt joints of the hind legs ovate and fringed.
Br. Zool. f. 6.
8. Velutinus Velvet Cr. Body covered with a
brown pile. Thorax 5 teeth. Hind legs
broadly ovate. Br. Zool. f. 8.
9. Corrugatus. Wrinkled Cr. Thorax 5 teeth, fer-
rated. Wrinkled tranſeverſely. A ſpine on
the ift and 2d joint of each claw. Br. Zool.
f.9. Skie In.
10. Angulatus. Angular Cr. Rectangular. Thorax
with 2 ſpines. Claws very long. Wey-
mouth. Br. Zool. f. 10.
11. Hirtellus. Briftly Cr. Thorax hairy, ſlightly
5-toothed. Rediſh; fmall. Br. Zool
f. II.
12. Plati-cheles. Great-clawed. Thorax entire.
Claws large, flat, fringed. Legs 6. An-
tennæ long. Size of a horſe bean. Br.
Zool. f. 12.
13 Caſſivelaunus.

INSECTS. APTERA. 175
13. Callivelaunus. Long-clawed Cr.Oval, ſmooth.
Claws twice the length of the body. In
the male the claws are half that length.
Angleſea. Br. Zool. f. 13.
.
14. Horridus. Horned Cr. Heart-ſhaped. Covered
with long ſharp ſpines. Scotland. Br. Zool,
f. 14.
15. Tetra-odon. Four-forked. Snout 4-forked.
Heart-ſhaped. Thorax ſpiny Iſle of
Wight. Br. Zool. f.
15.
16. Araneus. Spider Cr. Tail ſhort. . Thorax
hairy, tuberculated, oval. Beak bifid.
Claws flender. Mer. Pin. 192.
17. Phalangium. Slender-legged Cr. Small. Heart-
ſhaped. Claws long. Legs very long,
hairy. Angleſea, Br. Zool. f. 17.
18. Dorfettenſis. Weymouth Cr. Body heart-ſhaped,
rugged, bent, fpiny. Claws thick, long.
Legs long, ſlender; firſt pair longeft. Br.
Zool. f. 18.
19. Tuberoſus. Uneven Cr. Back ſmooth. Claws
ſmall. Legs ſhort. Snout bifid. Br. Zool.
f. 19.
20. Aſper. Rough Cr. Heart-ſhaped. Snout bifid.
Legs and claws ſhort. Rough and ſpiny.
Br. Zool. f. 20.
21. Bernardus. Bernard the hermit. Tail long, ſoft.
Right claw largeſt. Length 2 inches.
]
Lodges in the deſerted habitations of welks,
&c. Dale Harw. 436. Mer. Pin. 192.
22. Gammarus. Lobſter. Tail long, of 6 joints.
23. Homarus.

376
INSECTS. APTERA
33. Homarus...... Claws very ſmall and ſmooth.
Antennæ very long. Spines in front and on
the body. Frequently longer than the laſt,
and the fleſh whiter and more firm. S. W.
coaſt of Ireland.
24. Ar&tus. Broad Lobſter. Plates before the eyes.
Antennæ ſhort, forked. Br. Zool. f.
23.
35. Bamffius. Long-clawed. 3 flender fpines in front.
3
Thorax fmooth. Claws 6 inches. An-
tennæ 2 inches. Tail and body 5 inches,
Br. Zool. 25.
26. Strigofus. Plated Lobſter. Thorax plaited.
Claws much longer than the body. Legs 6.
Whole length 6 inches. Angleſea. Br.
Zool. f. 26.
27. Aſtacus. Crayfiſh. Claws large. Two firſt pair
of legs clawed. Tail of 5 joints. Caudal
fins round. Br. Zool. f.
27.
28. Serratus. Prawn. Snout long, ferrated. Feelers 6.
Claws fmall with 2 fangs. Tail of 5
joints. Fine red when boiled, Br. Zool.
f. 28.
29. Squilla. White Shrimp. Feelers in proportion
longer. Half the ſize of the prawn. White
when boiled. Br. Zool. No. 29.
30. Crangon. Shrimp. Claws with a ſingle fang.
Legs 6. Joints in the tail 7. Feelers 2
Br. Zool. f. 30.
31. Linearis. Linear Shrimp. Long ſlender claws.
Legs 12. Length 1 an inch. Flintſh. Br.
Zool. f. 31.
32. Atomos.

INSECTS.
APTERA.
177
32.
Atomos. Atom Shrimp. Very minute and ſlender.
Legs 6 pair; 3 near the head and 3 near
the tail
; ſeparated by 2 veſicles on each
fide. Br. Zool. 32.
33. Locufta. Locuft. Antennæ 4. imperfect claws
2 pair. Body of 14 joints. Frequent in
ſummer on the ſea fhore. Skips. Br. Zool.
No. 34.
34. Stagnalis. Pond Lobſter. Jointed. Hands
without claws. Tail bifid. Br. Zool.
No. 36.
35. Mantis.
::.
Feelers and thorax ſhort.
Claws 6. Body of 8 ſegments. 2 fins
on each ſide the Tail. No. 37. Wey-
mouth.
36. Pulex. Water Flea. Yellow. Eyes black. An-
tennæ 4. Body of 12 ſegments. Legs 14.
Length 7 lines. In rivulets.
7
Body oblong, larger than á
Louſe. Eyes diſtant, lateral, pedunculated.
Antennæ taper, ſhorter than the Body.
Tail filiform, the length of the Body.
Legs to pair. In the Limington falt
37. Salinus.
water.
MONOCULUS. Body covered with a cruſt,
or ſhell. Feet made for ſwimming.
t. Apus.
... Greeniſh. Eyes 2, on the crown,
contiguous. Body covered with 2 ſhells, or
ſcales. Tail ſcaly, with
with 2 long hard
briſtles. Length 18 lines. In fiſh ponds
and ditches.
N
2. Pulex.

178
APTERA.
INSECTS.
2. Pulex.
Greeniſh red. One Eye in
the middle of the Forehead. Snout
pointed, and bent downwards. Antennæ
forked, ſubdivided. Body compreſſed and
covered with a firm fhell. Tail bifid,
fubdivided. Very minute. Frequent and
.
numerous in ftagnant water.
3 Quadricornis.
Grey-brown. One
Eye. Antennæ 4. Body diminiſhes to-
wards the Tail, which is long and bifid,
with 3 or 4 ſtrong hairs on each ſide. A
bag of eggs on each fide of the Tail.
Length half a line.
4. Conchaceus.
Incloſed in a bivalve
aſh-coloured Shell, from the aperture of
which it puts forth a number of capillary
Antennæ, which it retracts when taken out
of the water. Length 1 { line. In ponds
and ditches,
ONISCUS. Legs 14. Antennæ taper. Body
oval.
1. Aſilus. Sea Loufe. Whitiſh. Abdomen covered
with 2 Shells. Tail ſemioval.
2. Entomon.
Sea Wood-Loufe. White. Eyes
black. Convex above,
above, beneath flat,
margin acute.
Antenna 4.
Four hind
pair of legs largeſt, hairy. Body of 7
ſegments. Length 1.line. On the
coaſt.
3. Aquaticus.

INSECTS. APTERA. 179
3. Aquaticus.
Aſh-colour. Antenna
taper, of 3 joints. Body of 7 ſegments, ,
Tail roundiſh, with 2 bifid appendices.
Hind legs longeſt. Length 2 lines. In
clear ſprings.
4. Aſellus. Millepes, or Wood-Loufe. Oval. Tail
obtuſe, with 2 undivided briſtles.
Various
as to colour.
Length 5 lines.
5. Armadillo
Black, oval, broad, po-
liſhed. Body of 10 ſegments, the edges
of which are white. Tail obtuſe, with-
out appendices. On being touched forms
itſelf into a pearl. Under ſtones.
SCOLOPENDRA. Feet not leſs than 24.
Antennæ taper. Palpi 2, jointed. Body
depreſſed.
1. Lagura.
Body oval,
brown. Head black. On each ſide 9
tufts of hair.
Tail a white pencil.
Length 1.line. Under the bark of old
trees.
Feet 24.
Feet 30.
2. Forficata.
Segments 9.
Tawny, ſmooth. Antennæ of 42 joints.
Length 1 inch. Runs ſwift. Under
ſtones
Feet 140.
3. Electrica.
Very flat.
Tawny, with a black longitudinal line on
the Back. Segments 70. Joints of the
Antennæ 17. Shines in the dark.
N 2
JULUS.

180
APTERA.
INSECTS.
JULUS. Feet, on each ſide double the
number of the ſegments of the Body.
Antennæ beaded. Palpi 2, jointed. Body
femicylindrical.
1. Terreſtris.
Feet 200.
liſhed. Length 5 lines. Under ſtones.
Geoff: 679.
Black, po-
2. Sabuloſus.
Feet 240. Afh-colour.
700-
CLASS

VERMES.
181
INTESTINA,
CLASS VI.
V E R M E S.
No diſtinct Head, no Ears, no Noſe; in general,
no Eyes, no Legs.
I. INTESTIN A.
a
Naked, ſimple, without Limbs.
GORDIUS. Filiform, equal, ſmooth.
$. Aquaticus.
Like a horſe-hair, Extre-
mities black. In water and in clay.
2. Lacuſtris.
Plano-ſpiral, convoluted,
finall at each end. In the liver of the
Pike.
ASCARIS. Cylindrical, filiform, ſmall at the
ends.
2. Vermicularis.
Pale red. Mouth tranſ-
verſe, Tail much ſmaller than the Head.
Length half an inch. At the bottom of
lakes, and in the inteſtines of children and
horfes.
2. Lumbricoides. ...
Tail fomewhat angu-
lar. Length of the Earth-Worm. In
human inteſtines.
N3
LUM-

182
IN TESTINA.
VERMES.
LUMBRICUS. Cylindrical, annulated, rough,
A broad fleſhy belt. Lateral pores.
1. Terreſtris. Earth or Dew Worm. Segments
100; 26 to 30 form the belt. Two ſpines
on each ſide of each fegment, except the
belt, all turned backward. Three pores
on each ſide of the belt, 2 on the 12th,
and 2 on the 14th ſegment. In the ground,
and in the human inteſtines.
2. Marinus. Sea Worm. From the middle forward
are 14 or 15 ſegments, each compoſed of
4 or 5 finall ones. On each ſide of theſe
larger ſegments are 2 tubercles, with a
ſmall briſtle in the center of each. Pofte-
rior half ſmooth, with irregular ringlets,
and minute punctures,
FASCIOLA. Flat, with a terminal and vens
tral pore.
1. Hepatica. Gourd Worm. Oval, ſharp before.
A whitiſh longitudinal line on the Back,
with an oblong ſpot in the middle. Re-
ſembles the feed of the common Gourd.
In ditches, rivulets, and in the liver of
ſheep.
2. Inteſtinalis. ... Long, narrow, furrowed
longitudinally, not jointed. In the intef-
tines of fiſhes,
3. Barbata.
White, oblong, ſize of a
Cucumber-feed. Mouth with tranſverſe
papillæ. In the inteſtines of the Sepia
loligo.
SIPUNCULUS. Mouth at the extremity.
Aperture in the ſide.
1. Nudus

VERMES.
183
MOLLUSCA.
1. Nudus..... Round, taper. Length 8 inches.
In the Sea. Br. Zool. Pl. xx. 10.
HIRUDO. Subcylindrical, truncated at each
end.
1. Medicinalis. Common Leech. Smooth. Depreſſ-
ed, blackiſh, with 6 yellow lines on the
back. In ſhallow waters.
2. Sanguiſuga, Horſe Leech. Brown, depreſſed;
lateral margin yellow. In freſh water.
.
3. Geometra.
Cylindrical. Black-brown.
Extremities dilated. Length half an inch,
In freſh water.
4. Muricata. Sea Leech. Covered with ſmall tu-
bercles. In the ſea. Dale Harw. 393.
MYXINE. Cylindrical, with a ridge beneath.
Mouth terminal. Jaws pinnated, with Į
tooth in the upper, and ſeveral in the under
Jaw. No Eyes.
1. Glutinoſa.
Back black-green. Sides
yellowiſh. Belly white. Size of the Dew
Worm, and annulated. In the Sea,
II. MOLLUSCA.
Simple, naked, without Shell, but not entirely
without Limbs.
LIMAX. Oblong. A common aperture on
the right ſide. Tentacula 4, above the
Mouth.
N4
1. Ater

184 VERMES. MOLLUSCA.
1. Ater. Black Snail.
Black Snail. Back furrowed. Belly
grey. Length 3 inches. In moiſt fhady
places.
2. Rufus. Red Snail. Back red-brown. Belly yel-
low. At the foot of mountains.
3. Maximus. Large Grey Snail
. Deeply furrowed,
ftriated, and ſpotted with brown. Largeſt
In thick woods, &c.
4. Agreſtis. Small Grey Snail. Immaculate. Length
half an inch. On Cabbages, &c.
5. Flavus. Amber Snail. With white ſpots. Length
1 inch. On plants.
of this genus.
LAPLYSIA. Covered with membranes re-
flected. Shield on the back. Pore on the
right ſide. Vent on the extremity of the
back. Feelers 4.
1. Depilans. .. Called by Pliny offa informis.
Stinks abominably. Length 1 inch.
Angleſea. Br. Zool. Pl. 21. f. 21.
DORIS. Oblong, flat beneath ; creeps. Mouth
beneath. Vent fringed.
Vent fringed. Feelers 2,
2re-
tractile.
1. Argo. Sea Lemon. Oval, convex; yellow ſpots.
Br. Zool. Pl. 22.
2. Verrucoſa.
Tuberculated. Aberdeen. Br.
Zool. Pl. 21. f. 23.
3. Electrina.
Front abrupt. Reſembles a
ſnail; colour of amber. Length an
inch. Angleſea. Br. Zool. Pl. 24. f. 24.
-4
APHRO

VERMES.
185
MOLLUSCA.
APHRODITA. Body oval, with many Legs,
Mouth terminal, cylindrical, retractile, with
2 taper tentacula.
1. Aculeata. Sea Mouſe. Covered with hair, mixt
with ſharp prickle; that on the ſides, blue-
green-gold. Legs 72, with a fin to each
foot. Length 4 inches. Breadth 1. Dale
Harw. 394. Phil. Tranſ. No. 225.
:
p. 405. Often found in the ſtomach of a
Cod. Devons.
2. Sqummata.
Length I inch; covered
with 2 rows of large ſcales. Angleſea. Br.
Zool. Pl. 23. f. 26.
3. Pedunculata. .... Differs from the laſt in hay-
ing a cylindrical mouth, like a ſtalk or
handle at one end. Br. Zool. Pl. 24. f. 27.
4. Annulata. Much reſembles a ſmooth pale-
yellow caterpiller; a ſmall ſpine on each
ring. Length 24 inches. Br. Zool. Pl. 24.
f. 28.
5. Minuta. .... Slender ; fcales ſmall. Length
not an inch. Angleſea. Br. Zool. Pl. 24.
•
f 29.
NEREIS. Body long, with lateral pencilled
Tentacula. Mouth terminal, unguicu-
lated.
1, Noctiluca.
Segments 23. Scarce viſi-
ble to the naked eye. Shines by night in
the ſea, ſo as to make the water ſeem on
fire.
2. Lacuſtris.
Size of a ſmall Briſtle, pel-
lucid, as if jointed, with a Foot on each ſide
of each joint. In clayey water.
3. Cærulea.

186
MOLLUSCAR
VER MES.
3. Cærulea. .. .. Segments 184. Length 4 inches,
In the deeps. Br. Zool. Pl. 25.
4. Rufa. .... Red longitudinal line. Length 4
inches. ib.
5. Conchilega. Feet 13 on each ſide. In-
habits the Sabella tubiformis. Br. Zool.
Pl. 92
ASCIDIA. Middle fixed to a ſhell or rock.
2 apertures, one on the ſummit; the other
a fheath. Squirts water.
1 Ruſtica. . . . Brown; one end erect; extremi-
ties rough. Scarborough. Br. Zool. Pl.
23. 35
ACTINIA. Oblong, affixed. Mouth the
only aperture, with crooked teeth. Ten-
tacula numerous.
I. Sulcata. .... Pale chefnut; tentacula from
1 20 to 200, ſea green, with a purple tinge.
Rocks of Cornw. and Angleſea. Br. Zool.
Cl. VI. 36.
2. Pedunculata. .... Stalk long, cylindrical, red.
Tentacula variegated, retraštile. Br. Zool.
37:
3. Verrucofa. .... Body pale red.
Stalk long,
cylindrical, ſtudded in ſtrait lines. Mouth
ſurrounded with ſhort petals reſembling a
fun-flower. Tentacula white barred with
brown. When drawn in, bell-ſhaped. Br.
Zool.-38.
4. Hemiſperica. Button Actinia. Stalk ſhort, thick,
ſmooth; a row of tubercles round the diſk.
Tentacula

VERMES.
187
MOLLUSCA.
Tentacula numerous ſlender, retractile.
Dull crimſon. Br. Zool. VI. 39.
5. Pentapetala. ... Reſembles, when contracted,
a long white fig. Stalk ſhort, thick.
Mouth circular, contracted. Br. Zool.
-40.
HOLOTHURIA. Not affixed ; naked, gib-
bous. Tentacula many, ſurrounding the
mouth.
I. Pentactes. Curved, cylindrical, with longi-
tudinal rows of papillæ, from which dart
flender feelers. Tentacula at the apex
branched, yellow-ſilver. In the deep. Br
Zool.-41.
LERNEA. Body oblong, cylindrical ; Ten-
tacula like arms or branches, with which
it fixes to other animals.
a
1. Cyprinacea.... Body iſſues from a ſheath.
Tentacula 4, 2 of which are lunated.
Length half an inch. In fiſh ponds, ad.
heres to the ſides of the Carp.
2. Salmonea
Body obovate. Thorax ob-
cordate. Tentacula 2, filiform, as long as
the Body. Ovaria at the end of the Abdo-
men granulous and as large as the whole
Body. Adheres to the gills of Salmon,
3. Afellina.
Body lunated,
Thorax
cordatė. Tail double, cylindrical. In the
gills of Cod, &c.
SEPIA.

188
VERMES. MOLLUSCA.
SEPIA. Body fleſhy, like a vagina or ſheath,
receives the Neck. or Breaſt. Arms 8.
Generally Tentacula 2, very long. Mouth
terminal, horny. Eyes beneath the
Arms!
1. Officinalis. Ink or Cuttle Fiſh. Arms pointed and
covered on the inner ſide with tubercles.
Tentacula broad at the end, and longer
than the Body. Length 6 inches. In the
fea.
2. Loligo. Sea Sleeve. Body angular, and pointed
at the baſe. Arms narrower than in the
former. Length 8 inches. Dale Harw.
392.
3. Octopodia. Round. Arms 8. Tenta-
cula o. In the ſea. In India fome have
been ſeen 2 fathoms in breadth, with arms
9 fathoms long. Br. Zool. Pl. 28.
Chameleon Sepia. Cylindrical. Tail
finned, pointed, carinated. Green, change-
.
able, by fear, to brown. Eyes large, green,
Br. Zool. Pl. 29 .
5. Sepiola.
Short; bottom round; a round
fin on each ſide. Tentacula 2. Off Flintſha
Br. Zool. Pl 29.
4. Media
MEDUSA. Body gelatenous, orbicular, de-
preſſed. Mouth beneath, central. In-
habit the ſea.
1. Cruciata.
Margin entire. In the center
a white croſs. Diameter 1 inch.
2. Aurita.

VERMES. MOLLUSCA.
189
2. Aurita. Sea Nettle. Convex above, concave
beneath. Margin fringed. On the under
Side 4 arched cavities ſurrounded by an
opake line, compoſed of more than 20 dots.
On the upper furface pale veins.
3. Capillata. Sea Lungs. Orbicular, convex. Mar-
gin regularly divided into 16 fegments.
4. Tuberculata. .. Rays 15 from the centre.
Oval tubera round the edges. Borl. Corn.
Pl. 25. f. II. I 2.
5. Lunulata.
Tentacula 8 ; under each a
ſemilunar aperture. Borl. Cornw. Pl. 25.
f. 13. 14.
6. Simplex. Circumference plain. Apertures
beneath, 4. Tentacula o.
ASTERIAS. Form a ſtar. Depreſſed. Mouth
in the center.
1. Rubens. Five Fingered Star Fiſh. Rediſh white.
Above covered with ſoft fpines. Beneath a
quadruple row of papilla. Diameter 5
inches. Dale Harw. 436. Mer. Pin. 191.
Foſſile, called Shugborough Star Stone.
2. Ophiura.
Body, in proportion,
broader, and rays, which are alſo 5 in num-
ber, much ſhorter than in the laſt fpecies.
Dale Harw. 436.
3. Glacialis. Common Star-fiſh. Rays 5. broad at
the baſe; hairy, yellow. On the back a
round ſtriated cover. Br. Zool. Cl. vi. 54.
4. Oculata. Dotted far-fiſh. Purple. Rays 5.
5. Gibbofa.

190 VERMES. MOLLUSCA
a
5. Gibboſa. .... Rays 5, broad, ſhort, thick,
rough, brown. Br. Zool.-59.
6 Placenta.
Rays 5; very flat and thin.
Br. Zool.-59.
7. Minuta. .. .. Rays
Rays 5, long, ſlender, hairy.
Tenbigh. Br. Zool.-61.
8. Lacertoſa. .... Rays 5, ſlender, ſcaly, ſmooth,
white. Rays reſemble a lizard's tail. Br.
Zool.-62.
9. Sphærulata. Beaded Star-fiſh. Body 5 agonal
Rays 5, long, flender, taper ; a bead be-
tween each. Br. Zool.-f. 63.
10. Pentaphilla. ... Body 5-leaved. Rays 5,
flender, hairy on the fides, teſſulated with
green or blue. Br. Zool.–64.
II. Varia. .... Round, with 10 radiated ſtreaks.
12. Haftata. ... Pentagonal indented, red-brown.
Striæ 10, 5 of them pointed like a javelin.
Rays 5, hairy, jointed. Cornw. Br. Zool.
68.
13. Nigra. Black Star-fiſh. Rays 5, greeniſh. Cornw.
Br. Zool.-69.
14. Decacnemos. .... Rays 10.
15.
12-rayed.
16. Arboreſcens. Rays 5, divided into innumerable
branches. Br. Zool.—73.
-
ECHINUS. Body roundiſh, covered with a
bony cruſt, with moveable ſpines. Mouth
beneath, of 5 valves.
5
2
1. Eſculentus.

YERMES. TESTACEA. 191
1. Efculentus. Sea Hedge-hog. Shell hemiſpherical,
bluiſh red. Ten ſeries of ambulacra or
ſpines, with white points. Apertures
roundiſh. Anus vertical. Diameter 1
inch. On the coaſt near Scarborough.
2. Spatagus. Sea Egg. Oval, compreſſed. From
the center 4 radii, compoſed of 4 ſeries of
perforated punctures. Aperture of the
Anus beneath. On the Yorkſhire coaft.
Heart-ſhaped, quadrifoil; above
purple ; ſtudded. Length 4 inches. Br.
Zool. Pl. 34.
3. Foliatus.
III. TESTA CE A.
Incloſed in a hard ſhell, of one or more parts or
valves, and moveable by the animal.
CHITON. Shell of many valves lying tranſ-
verſely on each other.
1. Crinitus. Hairy C. Valves 7. Length of
an inch. Br. Zool. Shells. No. I. Aber-
deen.
2. Marginatus. Valves 8. Margin ſerrated, reflected
ſmooth. Length of an inch. In the ſea
at Scarborough. Br. Zool. No. 2.
3. Levis..... Valves 8, ſmooth. A raiſed mark
along the back. Length of an inch.
Loch. Broom. in Weſ Roſs. Scotl. Br.
Zool. No. 3
3
LEPAS. Shell of many unequal valves fixed at
the baſe. Animal Triton.
1. Balanus,

192 VERMES. TESTACEA.
1. Balanus.
Shell conic, furrowed, fixed.
Valves 4, pointed. Adhering to rocks and
Shells.
2. Balanoides. Small Balanus, or Acorn fiſh. Grey.
Valves 6, ftriated, obtuſe. Size of a nut.
Frequently adheres to Oiſters.
3. Tintinabulum.
... Shell conic, rough,
obtuſe, fixed. Like the laſt, but thicker,
Bottoms of Ships.
4. Antafera. Barnacle. Shell compreſſed, ſmooth,
of 5 valves, 2 of which are larger than the
reſt. Fixed generally to old wood in the
ſea, by a pedicle, like a gut, about 1 inch
in length. Ignorantly ſuppoſed to produce
the barnacle gooſe.
Valves folding over each other.
Sea at Weymouth. Br. Zool. Shells.
5. Striata.
No. 7.
PHOLAS. Shell bivalve, divaricated, with
ſmaller irregular acceffary valves at the
hinge, which is recurved and connected by
a cartilage. Animal Aſcidia.
1. Dactylus. Piddock. Shell rough, ſtriated longi-
tudinally and tranſverſely; ſhape irregular,
the hinge nearer the end, which extends into
a kind of beak. Length 2 ] inches. Breadth
11. In ſtones, particularly in the Ludus
Helmontii. Shines by night.
2. Candidus. .... Shell oblong, rough, ſtriated
both ways, white, diaphanous, thin, fra-
gile. Hinge near one end. Length 1
inch.
3. Criſpatus

VERMES. TESTA CE A. 193
.
3. Criſpatus.
..... Shell divided tranſverſely
by a deep furrow; one half gibbous, ftriated,
rough, with a thin edge. Hinge with a
curved tooth. Open at either end. Length
31 inch. Breadth 14. Frequent on the
Yorkſhire coaſt.
4. Parvus. ... Like the laſt, but never larger than
a hazel-nut; ſhell thinner. In hard clay
below high-water mark, and in the
hardeſt wood in the ſea. Br. Zool. Shells
No. 13
MYA. Shell bivalve, open at one end. Hinge
with a broad thick tooth, not let into the
oppoſite valve.
1. Truncata
Shape irregular, ſomewhat
oval. Hinge obtufe. Length 1 1 inch.
Breadth 1 inch. Often found in a foffile
ftate. In the ſea.
2. Pictorum.
Oval. Pale green. Some..
.
what pointed. Hinge very near the ob-
tuſe end. Length 1 inch. Breadth ž inch.
In rivers.
3. Margaritifera.
Oval, black, thick,
heavy. Tooth of the hinge ſmooth, conic.
Within whitiſh, with a double cicatrice.
Length 5 ] inches. Breadth 21. In
rivers.
4. Declivis
.... Shell brittle, ſemidiaphanous,
ſloping downwards near the
the open end.
Hinge highly prominent. Eaten by the
gentry of the Hebrides. Br. Zool. Shells.
No. 15.
O
5. Arinaria.

194
TESTACIA:
VERMES.
5. Arinaria.
Oval; mouth large and rough
at the baſe. Hinge prominent. At the
gaping end narrower than the laſt. Length
3 1 inches; breadth, 2 inches.-No. 16.
-
a
SOLEN. Shell bivalve, oblong, open at each
end. Hinge with a ſingle, or double, conic
bent tooth, not let into the oppoſite valve.
Animal Aſcida.
1. Siliqua. ... Brown, linear, ſtrait, trun-
cated at each end. Striated both
Striated both ways, and
a diagonal line. Hinge at one angle, con-
nected by a membrane. Length 5 inches.
.
Breadth not quite an inch. Frequent on
the Thore near Scarborough.
Differs from the laſt in being
much leſs, and a little curved.
Ž. Vagina. ... Yellow, marked like the Siliqua,
nearly cylindrical. Hinge a ſingle tooth in
each Shell. Length 6 inches. Angleſea.
Br. Zool. Shells. No. 21.
4. Pellucidus.
Oblong, round at the ends.
Hinge a double tooth on one ſide. Fragile,
pellucid. Length 1 inch. Angleſea.
2. Enſis.
а
No. 23.
5. Legumen. ... Hinge near the middle. Oba
long, ends round; one end broader than
the other. Sub-pellucid. Radiated from
the hinge. Angleſea.--No. 24.
6. Cullellus, Kidney Solen. Covered with a rough
íkin. A ſingle tooth in both ſides the
hinge. Length 2 inches. Sea at Wey-
mouth.-No. 25€
TELLINA,

VERMES.
195
TEST ACEA.
3
3. Cornea
TELLINA. Bivalve. In the fore part of one
ſhell a convex, in the other a concave fold.
Hinge of three teeth. Animal, Tethys:
ii Trifaſciata.
..... Oval, compreſſed, rediſh-
white, with 3 crimſon rays from the hinge
to the circumference. Pubes wrinkled,
Length 1 inch. Breadth į inch.
2. Carnaria.
Suborbicular, ſmooth, rediſh
white, obliquely ftriated. Within red.
Length 1 inch. Breadth ; inch. Dale
Harw. 387
Globous, ſmooth, horn co-
lour, with a tranſverſe furrow. Size of a
large pea. In pools of freſh water.
4. Fragilis. White, brittle, truncated at the
narrow end. Length 1 inch. Br. Zool.
No. 26.
s. Depreſſa.. white, thick, oblong, with con-
centrated ftriæ.—27.
6. Craſla. Differs from the laſt in being
more circular. Length 1 inch; breadth,
1 28.
7. Planata.
... Flat,
Flat, delicate, with red con-
centric lines. Length of an inch;
-29
8. Radiata... Very convex. Aſh colour radiated
with red, tinged with purple. Length 14
•
-
inch:-30:
9. Incarnata..... Oblong depreſſed; whitiſh with
red rays, croſſed by ſmall concentric ftriæ.
Length 1 inch.-31.
0 %
10. Rugofa.

196 VER MES.
TESTACEA.
10. Rugofa. .. .. Oval, ftriæ rugged, concentric.
34.
11. Cornubienſis. ... Oblong-oval, deeply ftriated.
CARDIUM. Bivalve. Valves equal. Hinge
with middle teeth alternate, lateral teeth
remote, and let into a groove in the
Opp0-
fite valve. Shape of a heart. Animal
Tethys.
1. Echinatum.
White, with about 20
ridges, and a row of curved ſpines on each
ridge. Breadth 1 inch. Length ſome-
what leſs. On the Yorkſhire coaſt.
2. Edule. Common Cockle. Ridges 26, or 28.
3. Aculeatum.
*.. Brown. High ribs, fulcated,
radiating from the hinge, longer on one
ſide, beſet with ſtrong proceſſes. Marginal
circumference 10 inches. Br. Zool. No.37.
4. Ciliare..... Brittle, pure white; ribs 18. Size
of a hazel-nut. No. 39.
5. Levigatum. Sub-oval, brown, ftriæ faint,
covered by a membrane. Circumference
64 inches. No. 40.
MACTRA. Bivalve, inequilateral, equivalved,
Middle tooth of the hinge complicated with
an adjacent groove. Animal, Tethys.
1. Solida.
Opaque, fubrotund. One
valve convex, the other a little compreſſed.
Yellowiſh white. Concentric curved tranf-
verſe lines on the ſurface. Margin en-
tire. Breadth 1 inch. On the Yorkſhire
coaſt.
2, Stul-

VERMES. TESTACEA. 197
2. Stultorum.
Semidiaphanous, ſmooth,
gloſſy, white; within purple. Size of a
hazel-nut. Br. Zool. Sh. No 42.
3. Lutraria...
Oblong, thin; hinge much nearer
one end. Length 5 inches. Sea at the
mouth of rivers. No. 44.
DONAX. Bivalve. Anterior margin very
obtuſe. Hinge with 2 teeth. Animal,
Tethys
I. Trunculus.
Within purple. Margin
ſerrated.
Hinge neareſt the ſmall end,
Striæ from the hinge, croſſed by deep con-
centric tranſverſe lines. From the hinge
to the oppoſite margin half an inch.
Breadth not quite 1 inch. On the coaſt
near Scarborough.
2. Denticulata. .... Cuneform. Purple within and
tinged with it on the outſide. A little
longer than the laſt. Br. Zool. No. 46.
VENUS. Bivalve. Anterior margin incum-
bent. Hinge with 3 teeth.
I. Mercenaria.
Heart-ſhaped, thick, pon-
derous, ſmooth, with a few tranſverſe ftriæ.
Margin ſerrated. Internal margin purple.
Lift. Angl. 3. 8. f. 33.
2. Borealis.
Şubrotund, thin, fragile and
ſhallow. Seven or eight concentric
tranſverſe curve lines, diſtant from each
other. Diameter 1 inch,
3. Erycina.. Very thick ſhell, with high ribs
circularly; undulated acroſs. Circumf. 5
inches. Br. Zool. No. 48.
very .
03
4. Exoleta,

198 VERMIS. TESTACEA.
4. Exoleta. ..., Orbicular, white, gloffy, with
numerous circular ftriæ. No. 49.
5. Rugoſa. ... Thick ſhell, with rough circular
ſtriæ. Length 1 { inch.
6. Undulata. ..... Thin, convex, orbicular, yel-
lowiſh white; thin circular ſtriæ. Size of
a nut.
7. Sinuoſa. ..... Shell thin convex ; a deep ſinus
in front; edge waved. Length of an
inch. No. 51.
8. Literata. whitiſh, with lines reſembling
characters. Length 2 ] inches. No. 53.
9. Deflorata. Oval, ſemi-pellucid; ftriated
from the hinge ; rayed with purple and
white without and within, Length it
inch. No. 54.
TO. Rhomboidea.
: ... Pale brown, variegated. Striæ
concentric and very neat. Length 1 inch,
No. 55
II. Ovata.
... Elegantly ftriated both ways. Size
of a hoţſe bean. No. 56.
ARCA. Bivalve, equivalve. Teeth of the hinge
numerouſe, alternate. Animal, Tethys.
1. Tortuoſa. ..... Rhomboid, deeply ſtriated from
the apex. Cornw. Br. Zool. Sh. No. 57-
2. Glycymeris. Orbicular A. Thick brown; edges
notched. Diameter 2 inches. No. 58.
3. Nucleus. .. .. Unequally triangular ; white with
out, ſilver within ; margin finely notched,
Size of a pea. No. 59.
.
4. Barbata

VERMES. TESTACE A. 199
4. Barbata.
Oblong, faintly ſtreaked; beſer
with byſus. Size of a horſe bean. No. 60.
a
a
OSTREA. Bivalve, inequivalve. Hinge with-
out teeth, with an oval cavity. Tranſverſe
ftriæ.
1. Maxima. Large Scallop. Longitudinal ridges 14.
One valve a little convex, the other plane.
Auricles equal, rectangular, ſtriated. Rediſh,
clouded. Diameter about 4 inches. On
the Iriſh coaſt, and near Portland.
2. Jacobæus... .. Rays 15, broad; Ears nearly equal;
concave and ſmooth on the upper ſide.
Scarce. Br. Zool. No. 62.
3. Subrufus. ... Rays 20, finely ſtriated; Ears
nearly equal, ftriated. Length about 2
inches. Thin; pale red. No. 63.
4. Varius. ... Red and white. Rays 30, rough.
Both ſhells convex. One Ear much larger
than the other. Diameter 2 ] inches. No,
64.
... Brilliant red. 40 ſmall rays ir-
regularly waved. Ears unequal. Length 2
inches. No. 65.
6. Obſoletus. . . Purple ; rays 8 ; Ear ſingle, ftriated.
Length of an inch. Br. Zool. No. 66.
27 /
7. Lævis. ... Smooth; ears unequal, ribbed. No. 67.
8. Glaber. .... Very thin ; Rays 15; Ears equal,
Inſide rayed, divided by a ſulcus. Small;
ſcarce. No. 68.
9, Obliterata, Small Scallop. Outſide ſmooth, pur-
pliſh red; inſide yellowiſh purple, with 24
longitudinal double radii. Length 1 inch.
Dale.
5. Pufio.
04

200
TESTACEA.
VERMES.
Dale. Harw. 383. On the beech near
Landguard fort.
10. Edulis. Common Oiſter.
I
3
ANOMIA. Bivalve; one gibbous at the baſe,
the other plain, and leſs. Hinge without
teeth. Foſſile in this kingdom. Firſt 7
fpecies foſſile.
1. Gryphus. Oblong, ſmooth. The under
ſhell is conſiderably curved upwards near
the hinge. Length 2 inches.
2. Pecten. ..... Semiorbicular. On one valve
many longitudinal ftriæ. Theſe ſhells, or
impreſſions of them, are found in black
ſtones in coal mines. Breadth 1 inch.
3. Truncata. .. .. .. Auriculæ large. Longitudinal
ſtriæ extreamly fine and numerous. Hinge
ftriated. Length half an inch; breadth }
In lime ſtones,
4. Criſpa, .. Subtriangular, rough, pli-
cated, the middle fold larger and deeper
than the reſt. On one fide a kind of beak
or point. Diameter 1 inch. In bluiſh
lime-ſtone, in Craven and other parts.
5. Lacunoſa.
Size of a large hazel-nut,
of 3 lobes. Valves plicated at the apex,
One valve with deep cavities, tridentate at
,
6. Terebratula. ...... Rounded at one end and
ſharp at the other. One valve with
the other with 2. Length near 1 inch.
7. Spinoſa.
With fpines as long as the
ſhell.
a
the apex.
3 folds,
8. Ephippium

VERMES. TESTACE A.
201
8. Ephippium. .... Appearance of an Oiſter.
Perforated ; adhering to oiſter ſhells, &c. by
a ſtrong ligament. Br. Zool. No. 70.
9. Squamula.
Flat, perforated, reſembling
ſcales of fiſh, minute. On oifters, crabs,
and lobſters.-No.71.
-
MYTILUS. Bivalve, round, generally fixed
to the Biſus. Hinge, without teeth, diſtinct,
with a hollow longitudinal line. Animal
Aſcidia,
1. Lithophagus... White, gloſſy, foſfil,
filled with a yellow earthy ſtone. Length
2 inches. Thick half an inch.
2. Rugoſus.
Rounded at one end, and
truncated at the other. A line parallel with
the margin. Length 1 inch.
Length 1 inch. "Breadth half
an inch. In Limeſtone.
Common Muſcle.
4. Cygneus.
Oval. Outſide greeniſh,
within filver-white. Both valves very thin,
-
and in ſome degree tranſparent. Length
Breadth 21
In
many
lakes
in the North. Lift. Angl. app. 9. t. I.
3. Edulis.
5 inches.
f.3.
5. Incurvatus. Brooked Muſcle. Much bent inward
on one ſide near the Beak. Covered by a
thick rough ſkin. A violet tinge within.
Length 17 inch. Angleſea. Br. Zool. 74.
6. Pellucidus. ... Straited longitudinally with
blue and purple. Shape between the laſt
and the common Muſcle. Not quite 2
inches. Angleſea.---75.
7. Umbilic

202
TEST ACEA.
VERME 3.
a
7. Umbilicatus.
.... Strong;
Strong ; fub oval; oppoſite
-
the hinge deeply bent inward. Length
4 or 5 inches. A rare and new ſpecies.
Anglejea.-No.76.
8. Curtus.
Dirty yellow, like a bird's egg.
Length not quite an inch.-76.
9. Modiolus. ... One edge nearly ſtraight, the
oppoſite much curved outward. Length 6
or 7 inches. Sea, very deep.-77.
.
10. Anatinus.
Reſembles No. 4. but leſs,
flatter, and not fo broad in proportion; the
outward edge leſs curved. In Lakes.-79.
PINNA. Bivalve, fragil, bearded; hinge with-
out a tooth. Animal a ſlug.
1. Fragilis.
Sub-triangular, the ſhort ſide
rounded ; one of the long fides a ſtrait line,
the other an S. Ribbed and ſtriated.
No. 8o.
CYPRÆA, A ſingle ſhell, involuted, oval,
obtuſe, ſmooth. Aperture dentated, longi.
tudinal. Animal Limax.
1. Stolida. Northumberland Gawry. Grey, with
quadrangular brown ſpots on each ſide. Size
of a Sparrow's egg
BULLA. Sub-oval ; aperture oblong, ſmooth,
one end a little convoluted. Br. Zool. Shells.
Gen. 18.
1. Lignaria.
Dirty wood-colour. Striated
tranſverſely. Oval ; the narrower end a
little umbilicated. Inſide viſible to the
end,
2. Ampulla.

VERMES. TESTACEA. 203
2. Ampulla.
Brittle. End more ob.
tuſe. Inſide folds over the columella.
Weymouth.
3. Cylindracea.
White, a little umbili.
cated Twice the ſize of a grain of wheat.
Very open; a long beak.
4. Patula.
VOLUTA. Aperture narrow without a beak,
a
Columella pleated. Animal Limax Br.
Zool. Gen. 19.
1. Turnatilis.
Pale red, with white belts.
Oval, with ſharp ends. Spires 5, ftriated.
Angleſea.
2. Ionenfis, ... Thin, brittle; 2 ſmall
ſpires. Iſle of Iona.
BUCCINUM. A ſingle ſhell, ſpiral, gibbous.
Aperture oval, ending in a dexter cavity.
Lip expanded on the inner fide. Animal
Limax.
1. Lapillus. Larger Engliſh Purple Fiſh. Whi-
tiſh, thick, ponderous. Volutions 5. Aper-
ture not large. Lips thick, ſerrated.
Beak ſhort, notched. Length ii inch.
On the thore.
2. Undatum..
Thick, ponderous ; out-
ſide reddiſh brown; within reddiſh white.
Volutions 7. longitudinally waved, tranſ.
verſely ftriated. Aperture large. Length
3 inches.
Brown; 5 ſpires waved and
tuberculated. Aperture wrinkled, upper
part replicated. Length of an inch. .
Br. Zool, No. 88,
4. Striatum,
3. Pullus.

204
VERMES. TESTACE A.
4. Striatum.
Spires 8; ſtriæ elevated, un-
dulated near the Apex. Length near 4 inches,
No.91.
5. Reticulatum.
Spires but little raiſed,
ſtrongly reticulated. Deep brown, long
oval.
Aperture white, gloffy, denticu-
6. Minimum.
Spires 5. ftriated ſpi-
rally, ribbed tranſverſely. Leſs than a
pea. No. 93.
lated.-92.
STROMBUS. Single ſhell, opening much,
dilated and expanded.
1. Pes Pelecani. .... Spires 10, tuberculated.
Lip fingered. Point very ſharp. Length
2 inches. Br. Zool. No. 94.
.
MUREX. A ſingle ſhell, ſpiral, rough. Aper-
ture ending in a ſtraight canula. Animal
Limax.
1. Corneus. Long Welk. Thick, ſtrong. Vo.
lutions 8, ftriated parallel with the vo-
lutions. Beak long. Length 2 inches.
On the coaſt.
2. Erinaceus. .. Spires 6, very rugged ;
Aperture oval. Length 2 inches. Br. Zool.
No.95.
3. Carinatus
Spires 5 or 6, angulated.
Ventricoſe. Aperture femicircular. Length
4 inches. Br. Zool. No. 96.
4. Antiquus. Spires 8, finely ſtriated. Dirty
yellow. Length 31 inches. No. 97,
5. Deſpectus. .. Spires 8, the firſt very large ;
ftriated, rugged. Outſide white, inſide yel-
low,

VERMES. TEST ACEA. 205
low, gloſſy. Length 5 inches. Uſed as a
bait for Cod and Ray. Dredged up with
Oiſters.--No. 98.
6. Coftatus.
Small. Spires 6. No. 100.
7. Acuminatus. Very ſmall, ribbed, narrow.
No. 101.
TROCHUS. A ſingle ſhell, ſpiral, fub-
conic. Aperture ſomewhat angular or
roundiſh, narrow at the top. Columella
oblique.
1. Pharaonius. Top Shell, or Venus Bugle. Um-
bilicated, oval, ſtriated; with alternate
black and white ſpots in tranſverſe rows.
Aperture and umbilicus dentated. Dale
Harw. 381.4.
2. Exafpiratus ... Small, with rough red belts,
Lift. Conch. tab. 616. f. 2.
3. Magnus.
White and red, tuberculated.
Br. Zool. 107.
4. Terreſtris.
Minute, conic, livid. Cum-
berl. Diſcovered by Mr. Hudfon.
5. Conulus. Small Umbilicated Top Shell
. Size of
a waiſtcoat button Tranſverſely waved
and ftriated with brown. Volutions 5,
with a raiſed line or cord between. On the
Eaſt coaſt. Dale Harw. 381.
6. Zizyphinus. Pyramidal Sea Snail. White, with
reddiſh ſpots in the middle of each volu-
tion fomewhat like the laſt, but without
cord. Dale Harw. 380.
a
TURBO

206
VERMES. TESTA ĆE A.
7
TURBO. Shell ſingle, ſpiral. Aperture orbis
cular, contracted, entire. Animal Limax.
1. Littoreus. Periwincle. Volutions 5, ſtriated.
2. Duplicatus ...... White, pyramidal, like a
ſcrew. A double ridge along the middle of
the volutions, which are about 12 in num=
ber. Length 3 inches.
3. Perverfus.
Yellowiſh white, thin.
Volutions 7, contrary, i. e. from right to
left. Length inch. Near the trunks of
old trees.
4. Muſcorum.
Oval, yellowiſh, pel.
lucid. Volutions 6. Aperture compreſſed,
narrow. Length 1 inch. On old moſs
grown walls.
S. Tumidus.
Pale red, ſtriated; ſpires
5, the firſt big. Rare. In woods. Cam-
bridgeſhire. Br. Zool. No. 110.
6. Clathrus.
Taper; Volutions 8, bar-
red. Br. Zool. No. 111.
7. Tuberculata.
Volutions about 12;
duſky, finely ſtudded. --No. III.
8. Terebra.
Taper ; Volutions 12, fpi-
rally ſtriated.
Taper; white; Volutions 8,
ftriated tranſverſely.--No. 114.
10. Levis.
Smooth, Volutions 8, nearly
obſolete. inch. Angleſea.-No. 115.
11. Bidens.
Duſky; Volutions 12, re-
verſed.
12. Faſciatus.
9. Albus.

VERMES. TEST ACE A. 207
12. Faſciatus.
Volutions 6, marbled or
belted with black. Length 1 inch.119.
Volutions 4, firſt big; deep
brown. Aperture oval. Length of an
1 / 2
inch. On the Ulva Lactuca, on the ſhore
of Flints. No. 120.
13. Ulvæ....
HELIX. Snails. Shell ſingle, ſpiral, ſub-
diaphanous, fragile. Aperture contracted,
ſubrotund, lunated on the inner fide.
Animal Limax.
.
vex.
3. Vortex.
1. Lapicida.
Brown or horn colour, con-
vex on both ſides. Volutions 5, with tranf-
verſe reddiſh ſtriæ. Apex a little promi-
nent, perforated. Margin of the Volutions
ſharp. Aperture large, oval, tranſverſe, and
white within. Diameter 1 inch. In woods
in Lincolnſhire.
2. Planorbis.
Brown. Both ſides con-
Volutions 4, with a prominent ſharp
margin. Aperture oval, oblique circum-
ſcribed. Diameter inch. In rivulets.
Black-brown. Volutions 5.
Diameter 1 inch. Aperture not circum-
.
fcribed otherwife like the former.
4. Cornea.
Brown, with very minute,
raiſed ftriæ. Volutions 4. Concave on both
fides. Diameter 1 inch. Snail has red horns,
and emits a crimſon liquor. In ſtill rivers
a
and pools.
Ath colour. Volutions 5
Aperture ſomewhat lunar, reflected with a
deep external finus on the left ſide. Size
of a Pigeon's egg. In the South. Eaten
in France.
6. Arbuſtorum
5. Pomatia.

208
TESTACEA.
VERMES.
a
6. Arbuſtorum.
Yellow, ſpotted or
marbled with white. Volutions 5, with a
ſingle grey belt along the middle. Aper-
ture lunar, with a double margin. Middle
fize. in ſhady thickets.
7. Vivipara.
Black-brown, with 2 or
3
brown belts. Volutions 5. Apex pointed.
Aperture round, near which is a deep finus.
In ſtill rivers and pools.
8. Nemoralis. Common Garden Snail. Colour
various.
9. Stagnalis. .. Yellowiſh, opaque. Volu-
tions 6. Aperture very large, oval. Apex
ſlender, pointed. Length 1 inch. In
pools.
Yellowiſh, very thin. Vo-
lutions 3. 'Apex obtuſe. Aperture large,
oval. Length inch. In rivers and pools.
II. Tentaculata.
Olive colour, Volu-
tions 5. Aperture oval, cloſed by a valve,
and the whole ſhell covered by an argila-
ceous cruft. In rivers and in pools.
12. Auricularia.
Yellowiſh, pellucid.
Volutions 4, the 3 lower very ſmall. Aper-
ture very large. Length 1 inch. In rivulets
10. Putris.
and pools.
13. Albella. ..... Grey; Volutions 5, full;
ſpirally faciated brown and white. In dry
ſandy banks. Br. Zool. No. 122.
14. Rufefcens.
Red-brown mottled with
white. Volutions 4. In woods.--No. 127.
2
15. Zonaria.

VERMES. TEST ACEA. 209
15. Zonaria.
.. Volutions
52
the firſt very
big; ſpirally ſtriped with white duſky and
yellow.--No. 133
16. Pellucida....... Thin, brittle, yellow, green;
rare.
17. Oetona.
Volutions 8, brown.-N0.135.
18. Lævigatum. ... Volutions 2, the firſt ex-
tremely large, the other very ſmall, and la-
teral. Pale red. In ponds.-No. 139.
NERITA. Shell ſingle, ſpiral, gibbous. Aper-
ture ſemiorbicular; Lip tranſverſe, truncated.
Animal Limax.
1. Glaucina. Sea Snail. Reddiſh white, ſmooth,
thick. Volutions 5; the firſt very large,
.
the reſt ſmall, with 5 belts ſpotted with
brown, Length not quite 1 inch. On the
ſhore.
2. Fluviatilis.
Greeniſh blue, thick,
ſtrong, reticulated, ſpotted. Volutions 2.
Size of a ſmall pea. In Rivers.
3. Littoralis.
Greeniſh brown, reticulated,
Volutions
3: Apex a little prominent.
Length inch.
inch. On the ſea ſhore. Lift
Angl. 164. t. 3. f. 13.
a
HALIOTIS. Shell ſingle, auriform, flat ;
diſk longitudinally perforated.
Animal
Limax.
1. Tuberculata, Sea Ear. Oval. Convex fide
reddiſh brown, with ſpiral ridges, and 6 or
7 round holes. Concave fide mother of
pearl. Length 4 inches breadth 22. On
.
the ſhore.
P
PATELLA

210
TESTACEA
VERMES.
2
PATELLA. Limpet. Shell ſingle, ſubconic,
not voluted. Animal Limax.
3. Vulgata. Common Limpet, or Pap Shell. Li-
vid grey. Conic with 14 obſolete an-
gles. Apex obtuſe, and not in the center.
From the apex to the edge 14 inch. Diame-
ter of the aperture 2 inches. On the coaſt.
2. Lacuſtris
Oval, fragile, pellucid. Ver-
tex pointed, reflexed. Diameter inch. In
the rivers Air and Wharf in Yorkſhire.
3. Depreffa. ...
Sub-oblong; vertex near the
edge. Br. Zool. No. 146.
4. Hugarica... White, ftriated ; vertex bend-
ing downwards.-No. 137.
Slightly ſtriated, and bent, but
not hooked.--No. 148.
6. Pellucida. .... With blue ſpots in longitudinal
rows. Vertex not centrial.--No. 150.
7. Lævis...
Smooth, gloffy, depreſſed; apex
inclined.-No. 151.
8. Fiffura. Elevated, white, ſtriated, reticu-
lated, flit, inclining.–No. 152.
9. Græca...
Oblong, perforated, ſtriated roughly
to the edge.--No. 153.
5. Intorta.
DENTALIUM. Slender tubiform.
1. Entalis.
Slender, a little bent. Length
1 inch. Common.
SERPULA. Shell fingle, tubular, adhering
to other bodies. Animal Terebella.
I. Spirorbis.

VER MES.
211
LITHOPHYTA.
I. Spirorbis.
Orbicular, ſpiral, regular.
Volutions above inwardly ſubcaniculated,
gradually leſs. Adheres to ſea weeds on the
coaſt.
SABELLA. Tubular, compoſed of particles
of fand united by a membrane. Animal
Nereis.
1. Alviolata. Engliſh tubular Sand Coral. Compoſed
of numerous cells. Animal half an inch
long. On the Yarmouth coaſt, and on
Peington Strand, Devonſhire.
IV. LITHOPHYTA.
Coral calcareous, fixed, built by animals.
Animal Molluſca, compoſite,
MADREPORA. Coral, with cavities lamel- .
lofo-ſtellated. Animal Meduſa.
1. Muſicalis.
Faſciculated, with corals
cylindrical, ftriated, diſtant, connected by
numerous tranſverſe membranes. On the
Iriſh coaſt.
MILLEPORA. Coral, with turbinated cylin
drical
pores.
Animal Hydra.
1. Faſcialis. Stoney foliaceous Coralline. Membra- .
naceous, of many branches, with a great num-
ber of oval pores on each ſurface. Found
'
adhering to an Oiſter-ſhell, on the coaſt of
the iſle of Wight,
2. Polymorpha.
Short irregular rami-
fications of equal thickneſs in all parts, of
P2
a ftony

212
ZOOPHYTA.
VERMES.
a ftony, chalky appearance ; ſometimes
livid red. Near Falmouth, Iſle of Man
Ireland.
CELLEPORA. Coral, fubmembranaceous,
compoſed of round cells. Animal Hydra.
I. Pụmicoſa.
Appears, in the microf-
cope, like a pumice ſtone.
a pumice ſtone. Found on the
Sickle Coraline, in irregular lumps like
white ſand tenaceouſly united.
V. ZOOP Η Υ Τ Α,
Stem vegetating,
and changing into an animated
flower, or efforeſcent compoſite animal.
GORGONIA. Stem radicated, horny, con-
tinued, branching; baſe ſpreading and co-
vered with a bark.
Florets hydre, pro-
ceeding from lateral pores.
.
1. Placomus. Warted Sea Fan. Like the branch of
a crab tree, incruſted. Florets ſtellated, with
,
8 ſetaceous rays. On the Corniſh coaſt.
2. Anceps. Sea Willow. Stem and branches com-
preſſed, with porous calcareous edges.
3. Flabellum. Venus Fan. Branches compreſſed on
the inner fide, and connected by inter-
mediate network. Cortex yellow.
a
ALCYONIUM. Florets Hydra, between the
cortex. Epidermis veſicular, porous.
1. Digitatum. Dead-man's Hand. Without ſtem,
coriaceous, wrinkled, foft. When recent,
covered with minute papillæ, with a ſtar
of 8 points on the top of each, and each
point

VER MË S.
213
ZOOPHYTA.
point contains a polypus with 8 fingers.
Frequently taken up by fiſhermen trawling
for flat fiſh, on the Kentiſh coaſt.
2. Schloſſeri.
Subrotund, fleſhy, livid,
covered by a thin ſkin. Florets large, diſ-
tinct, but little elevated, ſtellated with 6-
10 points, and with a pote at the baſe.
On the corniſh coaſt.
3.
3: Burſa. Sea Purſe. Subglobous, foft, green.
Ficus. Sea Fig. Lobed like the lungs of animals.
Dark olive, fleſhy, ſmells diſagreeably.
Infide full of yellow particles. Surface
covered with ſmall ſtars of fix rays. Near
Sheerneſs.
SPONGIA. Stem radicated, flexile, bibulous.
Pores on the ſurface reſpire water.
İ. Oculata. Branched Sponge. Branched, irregular,
erect, fine, tender, tranſparent, yellow, in-
terwoven, inofculating, compreſſed. On
the coaſt.
2. Dicotoma. Forked Sponge. Green, erect, cylin-
drical, dicotomous, wooly, of a compact
ſubſtance, tough. On the Corniſh and
Yorkſhire coaſt.
3. Lacuſtris. Creeping Sponge, with erect, cylin-
drical, obtuſe branches. At the bottom of
lakes in Weſtmoreland.
4: Fluviatilis. River Sponge. Green, erect, fragile,
irregular, of many branches. In the
Thames, Cam, &c.
P 3
3
FLUSTRA

214
VERMES. ZOOPHYTA.
FLUSTRA. Stem radicated, covered with
cellular pores. Florets Hydræ, iſſuing from
poriform cells.
1. Foliacea. Broad-leaved Hornwrack. Branched,
foliaceous, membranaceous, flexile, ſpongy,
with alternate arched cells on each ſurface.
Horny when dry. On the coaſt.
2. Truncata. Narrow-leaved Hornwrack. Leaves
truncated, and cells diſpoſed in longitudinal
lines.
3. Pilofa. Irregular Spongy foliaceous Coralline. Cells
in the form of inverted cones ; apertures
pinous.
TUBULARIA. Stem radicated, filiform, tu-
bular. Florets terminal, ſolitary.
I. Indiviſa. Tubular Coralline. Like a bundle of
oaten ſtraws. Tubes diſtinct 5 or 6 inches
long, filled with a redith liquor, on the ex-
tremities of which are polypi with plumed
creſts.
2. Ramoſa. Small ramified tubular Coralline. Ax-
illæ twiſted. On the extremity of the tubes
are polypi, like thoſe found in ditches by
Monf. Trembley.
3. Fiſtuloſa. Bugle Coralline. Tubular, jointed,
progreſſively divaricated.
4. Muſcoides. Tubular wrinckled Coralline. Com-
poſed of a number of horny, elaſtic, ſingle
tubes, I or 2 inches long, and about the
thickneſs of a fine ſtraw. A crimſon poly-
pus on the extremity of each.
a
5. Compa

VERMES. ZOOPHY TA, 215
3. Campanulata,
Creeping, with cam-
panulated tubes, and a creſted polypus.
Extreamly minute.
.
CORALLINA. Stem radicated, jointed,
thready, calcareous.
t. Officinalis. Coralline of the Shops. Fixed to rocks
and ſhells by ftony joints. Stem pinnated
by branches oppoſite to each other. Joints
like part of an inverted cone a little com-
preffed. Surface covered with minute cir-
cular cells. . Colour various when recent,
but conſtantly white when dry.
2. Rubens. Creſted.or Cock's-comb Céralline. Like
mofs growing in round tufts, reſembling a
bird's creſt, fpread flat on each other.
White, red, or green.
The microſcope
ſhews the filaments to be dichotomous.
3. Corniculata. White pender jointed Coralline.
Dichotomous, pinnated below, with a kind
of horn on each ſide of the tops of the
lower joints. Adheres to ſmall Fuci.
a
SERTULARIA. Stem radicated, fibrous,
naked, jointed. Florets Hydre, one at
each joint.
1. Roſácea. Lilly flowering Coralline. Branches al-
ternate, with truncated oppoſite denticles,
and veſicular florets like the flowers of the
lilly. On Oiſters.
2. Pumila. Sea-Oak Coralline. Branches irregular.
Denticles in pairs, oppoſite, with curved
points. Veficles irregular. Polypi on the
extremity of both veſicles and denticles.
1 his little creeping Coralline is found pro-
ceeding
P4

216
ZOOPHYTA.
VERMES.
ceeding from ſmall tubuli, on the broad
leaved indented Sea-Oak Fucus, about
Sheernefs.
3. Operculata. Sea Hair. Grows in thick tufts, the
filaments of which lie upon the ground.
Branches alternate. Veſicles reſemble jars
with covers.
4. Tamariſca. Sea Tamariſk. Branches alternate.
Denticles oppoſite. Veficles ſhaped like a
top, with a ſhort tube in the center. In
deep water at the enterance of the harbour
of Dublin.
5. Abietina. Sea Fir. Root wrinkled, tubular.
Stems ſtiff, horny. Branches alternate.
Denticles alternate, with narrow mouths.
Veficles oval, with narrow necks. On
Oiſters, Muſcles, &c.
6. Cupreſlina. Sea Cypreſs. Denticles ſubacute, and
cloſely united to the ſtem. Branches long,
thin. Veſicles bidentate.
- Argentea. Squirrel's Tail. Erect, with thick
tufts of alternately denticulated branches.
Denticles pointed and curved inwards.
Veſicles like jars. On Oiſters, in the iſle of
Sheppy.
7. Rugofa. Snail-trefoil Coralline. Roots irregular,
creeping, tubular, adhering to the narrow-
leaved Hornwrack. Branches irregular.
Denticles alternate, tranverſely furrowed,
and ſhaped like the cones of the Fir.
Veſicles of the ſame ſhape, but with 3
ſharp Teeth on the top. Near Brighthelm-
ſtone.
8. Hale.

VERMES. ZOOPHYTA. 217
8. Halecina. Herring-bone Coraline. Erect, tubular,
pinnated. Denticles alternate, obſolete.
Veſicles oval. Reſembles the ſpine of a
Herring.
9. Thuja. Bottle-brush Coralline. Ariſes from horny
tubuli, firmly adhering to Oiſters. Stem
zigzag, branched at the top. Branches
forked. Denticles cloſe to the branch.
Veficles at the bottom of the branches,
oval, covered. On the northern coaſt.
10. Myriophillum. Pheaſant's tail Coralline. Root
ſpongy. Stem gibbous on one ſide, and
feathered on the other. Denticles like cups,
all on one ſide of the pinnæ. Height 10
or 12 inches. In deep water on the Iriſh
coaſt.
11. Falcata. Sickle Coralline. Adheres to rocks by
wrinkled tubes. Stem waved. Branches
pinnated and curved.
Denticles on one
fide of the pinnä. Veſicles like jars. On
the Kentiſh coaſt.
12. Pluma. Podded Coralline. Like the laft, except
that the denticles are ſhaped like the flowers
of the Lily of the Valley. From the
branches ariſe little pods, incompaſſed with
ſtudded ribs. On Muſcles, &c. near
Dublin.
13. Antennina. Lobſter's-horn Corallina, or Sea
Beard. Branches alternate, ſtraight. Den-
ticles verticillated, quatern, bearded. Veſi-
cles verticillated, with the aperture ob-
lique.
14. Verticillata

218
VERMES ZOOPHYTA
.
14. Verticillata. Horſe Tail. Branches alternate. .
Denticles obſolete. Veficles on twiſted
foot-ſtalks, ſhaped like cups, verticillated
cups denticulated round the briin. Near
Whitehaven.
15. Volubilis. Small climbing Coralline. Veſicles
like bells on the ſummit of long ſlender
ſtems, twiſted round other Corallines.
16. Syringa. ...
Twiſted ſtems, much
ſhorter than the laſt. Cups cylindrical.
Adheres to the Sea-fir Coralline.
17. Cuſcuta. Climbing Dodder like Coralline. Stems
no thicker than hair. Branches oppoſite,
ſimple. Veficles oval, axillary. On the
Podded Fucus.
18. Uva. Grape Coralline. Extreamly minute. The
microſcope ſhews cluſters of oval veſicles
like
grapes
attached to the ſtem; theſe are
polypi.
19. Lendigera. Nit Coralline. Stem jointed. Ve-
ficles cylindrical, arranged like organ pipes
on one ſide of the ftem. Minute. Climbs
on Fuci, &c.
20. Geniculata. Knotted-thread Coralline. . Stem
waved, jointed. Denticles alternate, con-
torted. Veſicles alternate, like jars with a
Adheres to Podded Fucus. Dover,
Harwich.
21 Dichotoma. Sea-thread Coralline.
Stem no
thicker than a fine thread, zigzag, jointed,
tough, pliant, with ringlets at each joint,
and a twiſted foot-ſtalk, each ſupporting an
oval veſicle, fome cloſed, and others open
at the top. On the ſouth weſt coaſt.
22. Spinoſa.
cover.
a

VERMES. ZOOPHYTA.
219
22. Spinoſa. Silk Coralline. Stem compoſed of filky
threads, zigzag, with ſhort forked branches.
Irregular rows of pores on one fide of the
branches. Adheres to ſtones.
23. Pinnata. Sea Brifle. Stem jointed. Branches
alternate, capillary, denticulated. Veficles
ſhaped like Olives. Grows on Muſcles,
like ftiff briſtles, which, when dried, bend
all one way
24. Polyzonias.
Great Tooth Coralline. Denticles
large, oval.
Veficles tranſverſely ftriated.
Stem ſlender, twiſted. On muſcles.
25. Lichenaſtrum. Sea Spleenwort. Stem upright,
jointed, compreſſed, denticulated. Branches
ſtraight, alternate, denticulated. Denticles
alternate, obtuſe, numerous,
and cloſe
preſſed to the branches. Near the harbour
of Dublin.
26. Burſaria. Shepherd's-purſe Coralline. Pearl co-
lour. Branches irregular, with numerous
denticles, like brackets, oppoſite. A figure
like the head of a tobacco-pipe on the top
of each denticle. Branches extremely fine.
On Fuci.
27. Loriculata. Coat of Mail Coralline. Grows in
large thick tufts. Stem and branches are
compoſed of denticles or cells, oppoſite, and
obliquely truncated at the top, which is
broader than the bottom. Iſle of Sheppy.
28. Faſtigiata. Soft-feathered Coralline. Appears in
its perfect ſtate like the branch of a ſhrub,
with many leaves or feathers. Branches
forked. Denticles alternate, femicylindrical,
pointed, with a black ſpot in the middle.
a
4
29. Avicularia.

220
ZOOPHYT.
VERMES.
29. Avicularia. Birds-head Coralline'. Like å feas
ther about 1 inch long. Branches com-
poſed of cells with a ſharp denticle on one
fide, and a globular veficle like a bird's
head, with the bill wide open. Very brittle.
Near the harbour of Dublin.
30. Scrupofa. Creeping Stony Coralline. Branches
dichotomous. Denticles alternate, angu-
lated, ſpinous.
31. Repens. Creeping Coralline. Branches dichoto-
mous. Denticles alternate, bidentated. Ad-
heres to ſhells.
32. Ciliata. Ciliated Coralline. Branches dichoto-
mous, erect, with infundibiliform cells
joined at their baſes, and with wide mouths
bearded on the upper lip,
33. Eburnea. Tufted Ivory Coralline. Branched.
Cells arched, conjunct, gibbous, with a
neck not in the center.
34. Cornuta. Goat's-horn Coralline. Branches al-
Cells fingle, ſhaped like goats
horns inverted, with a circular aperture,
and a ſingle upright hair near the top of
each. Very minute.
35. Loricata. Bull's-horn Coralline. Branches al-
ternate. Cells fingle, like inverted horns
inſerted into each other, with a ſhort hair
top of each. Very minute.
36. Anguina. Snake Coralline. Not branched. Stem
an irregular tube, from which proceed, here
and there, ſmall oblong teſtaceous figures
like ſnakes without the under jaw.
ternate.
on the
VORTI-

ER MES.
221
ZOOP Η Υ Τ Α.
VORTICELLA. Stem fixed, vibrating the
floret in a vortex. Floret with a vaſcular
calyx: mouth contractile, ciliated, terminal,
1. Polypina Cluftring Polypus Coralline. When at
reſt
appears like a bunch of
grapes; but has
a power of expanding into the form of a
little tree bearing large pears, without
leaves.
2. Anaſtatica.
Compofite; florets nu-
merous, campanulate. Stem rigeſcent. In
freſh water, on ſhells and plants.
3: Cratægaria.
Compoſite. Stem
branched. Florets globous. Tentacula 2,
In freſh water.
4. Opercularia
Compoſite. Stem
branched. Florets oval. In freſh water.
5. Umbellaria.
Compoſite. Stem um-
belled. Florets globous ciliated. In freſh
water.
6. Convallaria.
Simple, gregarious. Flo-
rets companulate. In freſh water
7. Urceolaris.
Simple, pedunculated,
,
mouth dentated. In lakes.
HYDRA. Stem not fixt to any particular ſub-
ſtance. Gelatinous, with a ſingle Floret.
Mouth terminal, environed by ſeveral tenta-
cula.
.
1. Viridis.
Tentacula 10. Short.
Green. In rivers.
2. Fufca.
Brown. Tentacula 8. In
freſh water.
3. Griſea
.

222
ZOOPHYTA.
VERMES.
3.
Grifea.
Grey. Tentacula 7, long,
In clear freſh water.
4. Hydatula.
Tentacula 4, obſolete,
Like a pellucid bladder, with a cylindrical
neck. In the abdomen of ſheep, ſwine,
mice, &c. between the peritoneum and the
inteſtines.
5 Stentorea.
Tentacula ciliated. Body
infundibuliform. In freſh water.
TÆNIA. Body long, jointed, like a chain,
Mouth and viſcera to each joint.
1. Solium. Mouths marginal, one in each joint. In
the inteſtines of various animals.
2. Vulgaris. Common Tape Worm. Mouth lateral,
2 in each joint. In the inteſtines of men
and brutes.



Τ Η Ε
FOSSIL KINGDOM.
Q


[ 227 ]
The FOSSIL KINGDOM is divided into
Six Claffes ; viz.
I. EARTH S.
Inſipid, not ſoluble in pure water or oil; not
inflammable, not ductile; preſerving their conſti-
tution in a ſtrong heat but when fuſed become
glaſs.
II. SALTS.
Sapid, ſoluble in water, and recoverable, by evapo-
ration, in their priſtine angular form; not inflam-
mable, nor ductile.
III. INFLAMMABLES.
Soluble in oil, but not in water; readily take fire,
and are in a great meaſure conſumed.
IV, MET AL S.
Of all mineral bodies moſt ponderous ; fuſible,
but reſuming their original properties and a convex
ſurface when cold, even after calcination, by the addi-
tion of phlogiſton.
Order I. Metals (properly ſo called) malleable.
II. Semi metals, not maleable.
Q2
V. PETRE

[ 228 ]
V. PETREFACTIONS.
Animals, or parts of animals, or vegetables changed
into a foffile ſubſtance.
VI. W A T E R.
Not inflammable; very little if at all, compreſ-
fible; foluble in air; by heat rendered volatile,
and extremely elaftic; fluid when Fahrenheit's ther-
mometer ſtands above 32 degrees, and ſolid when it is
below that point.

[229]
AUTHORS QUOTED.
Lin. i. e. Linnæi Syſtema Naturæ, tom. III. Hol.
miæ. 1768.
Syft. Nat. Linnæi Syſtema Naturæ, tom. I. Hol-
miæ. 1766.
Wall. Wallerius. Mineralogie, traduit de l'Alle-
mand. Paris. 1759.
Cronft. Cronſtedt's Mineralogy, publiſhed by Da
.
Coſta. 1770.
Woodw. Dr. Woodward's Catalogue of Engliſh
Foſſils. 1728.
Method of Foſſils. 1728.
Brand. Foffilia Hantonienſia, a Guſtavo Brander.
4to. 1766.
Smith, Smith's Natural Hiſtory of the Countries of
Cork, Kerry, Waterford, 1750, &c.
Luid. Edw. Luidii Lithophylacii Britannici Ich-
nographia. Oxon. 1760.
Rutty. Synopſis of Mineral Waters. 4to.
Short. Hiſtory of Mineral Waters, 2 vol. 4to.
1734. 1740.
Monro. Treatiſe on Mineral Waters, by Donald
Monro, M. D. 2 vol. 8vo. 1770.
Allen. Natural Hiſtory of the Mineral Waters of
Great Britain, by Benj. Allen, M. B.
8vo. 1711.
Q3
Shaw.

[ 230 ]
Shaw.
Enquiry into the Contents, &c. of Scar-
borough Spaw, by Peter Shaw, M. D.
8vo. 1742
Hillary. Enquiry into the Contents, &c. of Lin-
comb Spaw water, by W. Hillary,
M. D. 8vo. 1734.
.
Pharm. Med. Pharmacopoeia Medici. edit. altera.
1768.
Vol. 1. Volume the firſt of this work.
Kirw. Min. Elements of Mineralogy by Richard Kir-
wan, Eſq. F.R.S. 1784.
Phil. Chem. Firſt lines of the theory and practice of
philoſophical Chemiſtry, by John
Berkenhout, M. D. 1788.
Watſon's El. Chemical Eſſays by R. Watfon, D.D.
F.R.S. 1782.
THE

Τ Η Ε
FOSSIL KINGDOM.
Fossils are natural bodies, unorganized and
without ſenſation, formed beneath the fure
face of the earth.
CLASS I.
E A R T H S.
Infipid, ſoluble, but in very ſmall proportion, in pure
water or oil; not inflammable, not ductile ; not
fuſible per fe.
ARGILLA. Clay. Particles impalpable.
Viſcid and plaſtic when moiſt. Does not
efferveſce with acids. Hardens in the fire,
When pure not vitrifiable. Kirw. P. I.
C. I. Phil. Chem. c. 7. f. 3.
1. Apyra. Porcelain Clay. White, pure, dry, not
fufible; burns white, and becomes ſo hard
as to ſtrike fire with ſteel. Iſle of Wight,
&c. Cloyne county of Cork. Smith, vol. I
p. 363. Lin. 52, 1, 3. Cronſt. 87.
Coft. 33
Q4
2. Figulina

232
EARTH S.
Coft. 30,
2. Figulina. Potters Clay, or Pipe Clay. Mixt
with phlogiſton and other ſubſtances in
ſmall proportion. Unctious, white, or
bluiſh, or afh-colour, or black. Burns
white, or pearl-colour.
In various parts of
theſe kingdoms. Lin. 52, 2. Coft. 30, &c.
Cronſt. 87. Woodw. tom. I. p. 4.
3. Communis. Common Clay. Afh-colour, or red
or yellow, or brown, or bluiſh. Burns red ;
melts in the fire to a greeniſh glaſs. Uſed
for making bricks, tiles, &c. in various parts
of theſe kingdoms. Lin. 52,9. Cronft. 97.
wc
&c.
4. Bolus. Bole. Melts in the mouth ; contains
a large proportion of iron; grows blackiſh
in the fire, and is then attracted by the
magnet.
Red. Norfolk, &c. Coft. 11, 86.
Green. Yorkſhire, Devonſhire, Cornwall.
Coſt. 28. Gronft. 94. Lin. 52, 13.
In moſt of our collieries between
the beds of coal. Lin. 6,3. Cronft. 98.
5. Fullonica.
Fuller's Earth. Greeniſh-brown,
compact, unctious, gloſſy when ſcraped or
cut, froths and falls to pieces in water,
burns brown and hard. Bedfordſhire, Surry,
Kent. Lin. 5, 2, 7. Coſt. 69. Cronſt.
92.
6. Tripolitana. Tripoli, or Rotten Stone. Brown or
yellowiſh ; light, dry, harſh; colours the
fingers, breaks eaſily in the mouth, acquires
but little additional hardneſs in the fire.
Uſed for poliſhing, &c. Derbyſhire ; alſo
Grey.
near

EARTH S.
233
near Cork in the river Lee, and in Glan-
mire river near the Blue-bell. Smith, 382.
Coft. 87. Lin. 52. Cronft. 96.
7. Indurata. Soap-ſtone. Hard, compact, unctious,
white, often veined with purple or red, or
ſometimes with
green.
Not diffuſible in
water, marks a white line on boards, &c.
Contains mild Magneſia, Flint, and a little
Clay. Near the Lizard point in Cornwall.
Coft. 36. Lin. 6,4. Cronſt. 89. Kirw. p. I.
c. 6.
CALX, Lime Earth, combined with aerial
acid. Soluble in acids, with the nitrous
moſt perfectly, with efferveſcence. Being
burnt grows hot with water, and falls to a
white powder. Not vitreſcent per ſe. Does
not ſtrike fire with ſteel. With borax melts
in the fire to a tranſparent colourleſs glaſs.
Breaks in any direction.
1. Creta. Chalk. Compact, dry, harſh, friable, ,
white, infipid, diffuſible in water, adheres
to the tongue and fingers. In large ſtrata,
in the ſouthern counties of England. Lin.
53, 1. Cronft. 12. Coft. 77.
Powder-Chalk, or Mineral Agaric. A fine
light, white powder, differing from common
chalk in want of coheſion. Found in the
fiffures of ſtone quarries in Oxfordſhire,
Northamptonſhire, &c.
Lin. 53, 4
Cronft. 12. Coft. 83. Woodw. tom. I. p.
233
2. Marmor. Marble. Hard, folid, opaque, na-
turally rough, but capable of a fine poliſh,
unleſs decayed in the air, particles inviſible,
impalpable. Lin. 2, 2. Cronft. 13.
Yellow.
,
a

234
EARTH S.
Yellow. Monmouthſhire, &c. and near Mitchelsa
town, in the county of Cork. Smith, vol.
II. p. 376. Coſt. 197.
Black. With white veins and ſpots. Broad Helm
fton and Torbay in Devonſhire. Coft. 201.
With white ſea-ſhells, chiefly turbinated.
Near Kilkenny in Ireland : in inany parts
of which kingdom it is uſed for chimney
pieces; alſo near Church-town, Cork.
Smith, vol. II. p. 375.
Black. Or bluiſh, intermixt with ſpar. Derbyſhire.
Short. Min. Wal. vol. 1. p. 24. Coft.
149.
Without any admixture of white. Caldy
Iſland, Wales. Woodw. tom. II. p. 6.
Alſo near Church-town, Cork. Smith.
vol. II. p. 372.
White. Veined and clouded with deep red.
Near Plymouth, Devonſhire. Coſt. 206.
Streaked with pale-red. Near Kilarney,
in Kerry, Ireland. Coſt. 206.
Glittering with ſpar, ſometimes containing
ſhells. Derbyſhire, Wales, &c,
Variegated with purple, brown, yellow, or
green. In ſeveral parts of the county of
Cork. Smith, vol. II. p. 375. Coſt 223.
Grey. Gloceſterſhire, Monmouthſhire, &c. and
at Carigaline, near Cork. Smith, vol. II.
P: 376. Coft. 194.
With ſparks of ſpar and flakes of entrochi.
Near the lead-mines in Derbyſhire. Coft
153.
... With
P.

EARTH S.
235
With ſmall white ſpecks. Four miles weſt
of Mallow, in the county of Cork. Smith,
vol. II. p. 377
With white ſpots and veins. At Caſtle-mary
in the county of Cork. Smith, vol. II.
p. 377. Coff. 210.
Grey. With large veins of white ſpar. Near Cork
in the road to Black-rock.
Greeniſh, with innumerable turbinated ſhells,
Woodw. Cat. A. x. b. 60. Coft. 235.
Yellowiſh with innumerable ſmall bivalve
ſhells. Whichwood foreſt, Oxfordſhire.
Coft. 237
Blue, frequently veined with white. Near Cork,
in the road to Paſſage. Seems to be exactly
the ſame marble with that generally uſed in
Holland for ſteps on the outſide of their
houſes, which they import from Namur,
&c. Caff. I98.
Lead colour, clouded with dark ſpots, and white or
brown, or both. Kilcrea, eight miles from
Cork; alſo at Black-rock. Smith, vol. II.
p. 378. Coft. 224.
.. With a purple tinge, variegated with yellow,
white, afh-colour, and purple. Whetton,
-,
in Derbyſhire. Cof. 224.
Red. Pale-red, glittering, ſparry, interſperſed with
black mica. Coft. 157-
Brown. Dull reddiſh brown. Near Aſhburn in Dera
byſhire, Coff. 157
.. With

236
E ART HS
With white and red or purple veins. Devon-
ſhire and Cornwall. Coſt. 224.
Brown. With innumerable entrochi, &c. Derbyſhire
in great abundance,
Woodw. Cat, A. X.
b.b1. Coft. 235.
.... Dark, with numerous ſemicircular white
ſtreaks, the edges of ſhells. Near Leith in
Scatland. Coft. 237-
3. Lapis. Limeſtone. Texture leſs compact, not
admitting a fine poliſh ; particles viſible,
granulated, or ſcaly. Colour various. In
many parts of the three kingdoms. Lin,
2, 6. Cronſt. 15. Coſt. 152, &c.
Ketton-Stone. Pale brown, compoſed of incruſted
granules, reſembling the roe of fiſh. Con.
tains ſome clay and a very ſmall quantity of
iron. Several colleges in Cambridge are
built with it. Cof. 129.
Purbeck Stone. Brown afh-colour; texture porous,
of angular grit. Spec. gravity 2,680. Wat-
Fon's Ed: II. 190.
Portland Stone. Dull white, porous, of a rounder
grit, glittering. Spec. grav. 2, 533. Con-
tains a ſmall proportion of flint. ib.
Swine Stone. White, grey, yellowiſh, brown or
black, with glittering particles. Form
various. Smell offenſive when rubbed. Con-
tains a little petrolium.
4. Spatum. Spar. Breaks eaſily into rhomboidal ,
cubical, or laminated fragments, with poliſhed
ſurfaces. Cronſt. 17, &c.
Opakes

E A R T H S.
237
Opake Spar. Rhomboidal, hexangular, tri-
angular, or globular; of various colours.
In mines, &c. in Wales, Derbyſhire, &c.
Ovens, near Cork. Smith, vol. II. p. 381.
Woodw. tom. I. p. 151, &c.
Refracting Spar. Rhomboidal, ſhews objects
ſeen through it double. In the lead mines
in Derbyſhire, Yorkſhire, &c. Ibid.
Diaphanous Spar. Rhomboidal, triangular,
hexangular, pyramidal, or columnar. In
mines, quarries, caverns, &c. in various
parts of theſe kingdoms. Woodw. tom. I.
p. 156.
Stalacritical Spar, Ificle, or Drop-ſtone.
Formed by the running or dropping of
water containing a large proportion of
calcareous earth. Opaque, generally lami-
nated, and in various forms from accidental
circumſtances. Knareſborough in York-
ſhire, Ovens near Cork, &c. Smith, vol. II.
p. 381. Woodw. tom. I. p. 155.
MARGA. Marle. Calcareous earth mixt
with clay.
Effervefces with acids whilft
crude, but not after being burnt. Hardens
in the fire in proportion to the clay it con-
tains. Vitreſcent per ſe into grey glaſs.
I. Friabilis. Common Marle. Diffuſible in water.
Brown, or browniſh. Uſed for manure in
many parts of England. Cronft. 31. Cof.
67. Smith, vol. II. p. 367.
2. Indurata. Stone-marle. In looſe pieces, grey, or
white. In the Beds of rivers. Cronft. 32.
Coff. 136. Lin. 49, I.
4
GYPSUM

238
EARTHS.
GYPSUM. Gyps. Calcareous earth faturated
with vitriolic acid; therefore does not
efferveſce with acids. Being heated falls to
powder, which with water forms plaiſter
but without exciting heat during the mix-
ture. Melts in the fire per ſe, though ſome-
times with difficulty, into a white glaſs.
Melted with borax, puffs and bubbles much.
Burnt with phlogiſton, ſmells of ſulphur ;
and thus decompoſed, or by alkaline ſalts,
its earth is found to contain ſome iron.
1. Pulverulentum. Plaifter Earth. A dry, harſh,
gritty, yellowiſh white powder; adheres
to the tongue, but not to the fingers. Mixt
with water forms plaiſter without previous
heating. Glipfton quarry in Northampton-
ſhire. Woodw. tom. I. p. 7. 40. Cronſt,
23. Lin. 53, 6. Coft. 80.
,
2. Alabaſtrum. Alabaſter. Solid; particles viſible,
glittering. Lefs hard than marble, but
,
capable of being poliſhed. Not always
ſaturated, with acid, and therefore in fome
meaſure ſoluble in aqua fortis. White, or
reddiſh, or yellowiſh. Derbyſhire, Cornwall,
Somerſetſhire, &c. Cronft. 23. Lin. 3, 3.
3.3.
3. Commune. Plaiſter Stone. Texture ſcaly or
.
granulated; generally red or white; much
fofter than alabaſter, and incapable of a
poliſh. Derbyſhire, Yorkſhire. Cronft. 24.
Lin. 3, 2.
4. Fibrofum,. Fibrous Plaiſter Stone. White. In
plaiſter pits in Derbyſhire, Nottingham-
ſhire, &c. Cronft. 24. Lin. 4, 1. Coft.
5. Spatofum

EARTH S.
239
5. Spatoſum. Selenites. Diaphanous, rhomboidal,
.
laminated. Frequent in clay-pits, Oxford-
ſhire, Iſle of Sheppy, Nantwich in Cheſhire,
&c. Cronſt. 24. Lin. 16. Woodw. tom. I.
p. 67. tom. II. p. 10.
FLUOR. Calcareous Earth combined with
Flour-acid. Of very different colours ;
texture ſparry; form not always regular.
Gives no fire with ſteel. Inſoluble in water;
does not efferveſce with acids.-- Fuſible
per ſe, and a powerful flux, particularly to
clay. Phoſphoreſcent when flowly heated.
2, Tranſparent. Diaphanous, reſembling emeralds,
ſapphires, topazes, amethiſts, &c.
Opake. Texture ſometimes gra-
nular,
2.
TALCUM. Will not ſtrike fire with ſteel,
nor efferveſce with acids. Not diffuſible in
water. In the fire very refractory per ſe,
but fuſible with borax. Particles palpable,
viſible, diviſible, flexible, elaſtic. Compoſed
chiefly of Magneſia, Clay and Flint.
7. Mica.
Glimmer. Particles laminated, ſcaly,
fhining, feparable, friable, ſeemingly unc-
tious. Contains a ſmall proportion of iron.
Brown. With other foſſils in the compoſition
of granites, &c.
Black. In maſſes of 4 or 5 inches diameter,
in rivers in Yorkſhire. In giavel-pits in
Northamptonſhire. Woodw. tom. I. p.
63, 64. tom. II.p.8.
Gold-

240
E A R T Η S.
Gold-colour. In ſmall maſſes or in ſtones on
the fea-ſhore. Woodw. tom. I. p. 63.
Silver Mica. In maſſes and among the ſand
on the ſea-ſhore. Woodw. tom. I.
P.
61.
Greeniſh. In ſmall maſſes on Mendip hills,
and on the ſhores in Yorkſhire. Woodw.
tom. I.
P.
62.
Grey. On the ſea-ſhore. Woodw. tom. I.
p. 62. 64.
Rediſh. On the ſhores of Lincolnſhire, &c.
2. Aſbeſtus. Aſbeſt. Contains ſome calcareous earth
and iron. Surface dull, uneven; texture
fibrous. Cronft. 112.
Mountain Flax. Grey ; filaments long,
filky, roundiſh, ſtraight, intire. In the
Highlands of Scotland on the ſurface of
the earth. Lin. 7, 1.
Mountain Leather. White, fibres broad,
membraneous. Highlands of Scotland.
Greeniſh Aſbeft. Filaments interrupted or
interwoven. In ſtrata of marble in the
Iſle of Angleſea, &c.
&
Lin. 7, 10
Woodw. tom. I. p.77.
ܪ
SAXUM. Opaque, rough, coarſe; particles
viſible, heterogeneous ;
not laminated,
breaking freely in any direction; will not
ſtrike fire with ſteel, nor burn to lime; not
foluble in acids.
1. Cos. Sand Stone, or Free Stone. Particles fmall,
conſiſting chiefly of quartz and mica, ce-
mented by clay.
Scythe

EARTH S.
241
Scythe ſtone. Pale-brown, heavy, glittering,
and in ſome degree friable ; cement ar-
gillaceous. Uſed for whet-ſtones. Der-
byſhire, &c. Coft. 133. Woodw. tom. I.
p. 17
Scotiſh Stone. Bluiſh, granulated, hard,
heavy. Compoſed chiefly of quartz and
fhoerl. Uſed for new-paving the ſtreets
of London. In the king's park near
Edinburgh, &c.
Red Sand Stone. Coarſe, deep brown-red,
friable. Compoſed of cryſtalline grit,
cemented by a ferruginous earth, often
veined with black. Shropſhire, Hamp-
ſhire, alſo near Briſtol. Coft. 139.
Purple Stone. Pale-purple, veined ; com-
poſed of an angular grit, cemented by a
cryſtalline matter, and ſpangled with
mica. Near the ſea in Flintſhire. Coſto
140.
Bath Stone. Yellowiſh white; particles
minute ;
texture uniform, compact,
without glitter; foft, ſo as to be eaſily
wrought with the chiffel, by the hand,
into vaſes, &c. Contains ſome calcareous
earth not combined with any acid. Near
Bath, Somerſetſhire.
2. Granita. Granite. Compoſed chiefly of quartz,
,
mica, and feltſpar; fometimes of garnet,
baſaltes, and indurated ſteatites. Particles
viſible, diſtinct. So hard as generally to
ſtrike fire with ſteel, and receive a good
poliſh.
R
Black

242
EARTHS .
Black Granite, with a dark-green tinge.
Frequent in the old pavement of the
ſtreets of London, and on the ſea fhore.
Coſt. 273.
White Granite, or Moor Stone. White in-
terſperſed with a few large black ſpots
and cryſtalline quartz. Cornwall, De-
.
vonſhire, Ireland. Coft. 273. Woodw.
.
.
Cat. G. e. 3.
White and greeri. Down, Ireland. Coft. 275.
Red Granite. Sometimes yellowiſh, ge-
nerally interſperſed with black mica.
Devonſhire. Coft. 276.
Yellow Granite. Interſperſed with ſmall
black ſpots. Found in ſmall maſſes on
the ſhore near Morlin-well, in the county
of Downe, Ireland. Coft. 280.
Green Granite. Spotted with black. On
the ſea-ſhore. Coft. 280,
Conglutinated Stones. Compoſed of
pebbles of various kinds, irregularly dif-
poſed, and cemented by various matter.
Pudding Stone. Yellowiſh, variegated with
fiints and pebbles of various colours,
cemented by a jaſpery ſubſtance. Cronft.
253. Lin. 12, 39.
Mill Stone. Compoſed of great variety of
flints, pebbles, &c. cemented by a grey
matter. Derbyſhire. Woodw. tom. 1.
p. 29
4. Arena. Sand. Conſiſting of minute incoherent
flints or ſtones of various colour, ſhape,
fize, and matter.
4
White
3. Breccia.

EARTHS.
293
White. Glittering. Found tolerably pure
in ſeveral parts of England.
Yellow. Found, near the ſurface, about
Hampſtead and Highgate, and many
other parts.
Brown. Woolwich, Black-heath, &c.
SHISTUS. Slate. Breaks invariably into
laminæ or plates. Opaque, not flexible.
Effects with ſteel, with acids, and with
fire, various
i. Niger. Black Slate. Surface hard and ſmooth,
but not poliſhable. Will not ſtrike fire
with ſteel. When written
upon,
the
characters are black. Conſiſts of clay,
pyrites and bitumen. In ſome parts of
England and Wales, but not frequent.
Lin. 1, 10. Coft. 166.
Shale, or Bafs, or Shiver. Black, light,
friable; rough unpoliſhed ſurface. Cha-
racters, when wrote on, white. Derby-
ſhire, in large ſtrata up to the day, and,
in other counties, generally above the
coal. Lin. 1, 3. Coft. 167. Wall. Spec.
70.
Plate. Black, heavy, friable, ſmooth, gloſſy.
Between the laminæ are generally dif-
covered impreſſions of fern and other
plants. Forms a ſtratum immediately
above the pit-coal in feveral parts of
England. Coſt. 168. Wall. Spec. 67.
2. Viridis. Green Slate. Smooth, ſoft, heavy, thin,
not penetrable by water. Will not ſtrike
fire with ſteel. Becomes purple when
burnt. Characters white. In different părts
R2
of

244
EARTH $.
of England and Wales.
Lin. 1, 4, Coff
182. Alſo in great abundance near Cork
in Ireland.
3. Purpureus. Purple Slate. Smooth, but without
gloſs; hard, heavy, compact, compoſed of
thin plates. Characters whitiſh, not pene-
trated by water. Sometimes flightly
fpangled. Will not ſtrike fire with ſteel.
Does not change colour in the fire. In
the northern counties of England frequent.
Coft. 175. Alſo in great abundance near
Cork, forming huge rocks on the north fide
of the river ; but in this variety the laminæ
are neither even nor thin.
4. Ruber. Red Slate. Hard, heavy, ſtrikes fire with
fteel. Laminæ thick and uneven. Unal-
terable in the fire. Near Cork.
5. Fufcus. Brown Slate. Pale-greeniſh brown, rough,
coarſe, hard, heavy, of a fandy texture,
without brightneſs.
Will not ſtrike fire
with ſteel. Becomes friable by burning, but
retains its colour. Burford in Oxfordſhire,
Coft. 144.
Pale brown, or greyiſh, or whitiſh. Hard,
heavy, glittering with mica; burns
whitiſh. Coft. 144. 147. Woodw. Cat.
A. b. 85. Common in the north of
England.
Pale brown. Hard, heavy; texture com-
pact but gritty, containing variety of ſhells,
&c. Will not ſtrike fire with ſteel. At
Stunsfield in Oxfordſhire, and at Charl-
wood near Bath. Coft. 145, 146. Plot.
Oxf. 77. Woodw. Cat. 6. b.4.-10.
6. Coeruleus.

EARTH S.
245
6. Coeruleus. Blue Slate. Hard, heavy, fonorous,
ſmooth, compoſed of very thin plates eaſily
ſeparable; not penetrable by water. Cha-
racters whitiſh. Will not ſtrike fire with
ſteel. Burns brown.
In many parts of
England, Ireland, and Wales, particularly
near Kendal in Weſtmoreland. Uſed for
covering houſes. Coft. 181. Lin. 1, 5.
Wall. Spec. 66. Alſo at Carbery and near
Kinſale in Ireland. Smith, vol. II. p. 373
Likewiſe at Denyball in Cornwall.
7. Cinereus. Aſh coloured or grey Slate. Smooth,
compact, light, hard ; laminæ very thin.
Not penetrable by water. Will not ſtrike
fire with ſteel. Burns to a purpliſh brown.
Carnarvonſhire, Cumberland, Ireland, &c.
Cofi. 173.
Pale-bluiſh grey. Compact, coarſe, hard,
heavy, ſmooth but not gloſſy. Becomes
friable in the air. Generally ſhews im-
preſſions of plants. Forms a ſtratum
above the coal in many parts of Eng.
Jand, &c. Coft. 175. Smith's Cork, ,
vol. II. p. 373
.
Dead aſh colour. Light, rough, coarſe,
friable, without the leaſt glofs, of a fandy
texture, compoſed of very thin lamine;
burns whitiſh. In ſeveral
In ſeveral parts of Eng-
land. Coft. 144.
8. Lapis Hibernicus. Iriſh Slate. Lead colour;
writes on paper like black-lead.
R3
FLUOR

246
Е А в тн 5.
2
FLUOR. Appearance ſparry or cryſtalline.
Will not ſtrike fire with ſteel. Does not
ferment with acids.
Vitreſcent per fe,
though ſometimes refractory, but eaſily
fuſible with borax, or calcareous or other
earths. When gradually heated ſhines like
phoſphorous; but its light vaniſhes before
it becomes red-hot. Promotes the fuſion
of ores. Cronft. 108.
1. Cryſtallizatus. Cryſtallized Fluor. White, or
blue, or purple, or green, or red. In iron
and copper miñes.
Sparry, but leſs regular than ſpar.
Irregular
Cubic.
QUARTZUM. Does not efferveſce with
acids. Strikes fire with ſteel. Does not
after burning fall to powder either in the
air or in water. When pure cannot be
melted per ſe, but with alkaline falts moſt
readily into glaſs. Texture folid, uni-
form; particles homogeneous, inviſible,
impalpable. Breaks in various directions.
1. Cryſtallus. Cryſtal. Diaphanous, naturally hexa-
gonal, columnar, pyramidal at one or both
ends, but frequently rounded. Luid. 1.
Colourleſs. Found near Weſt Carbery
Smith's Cork, vol. II. p. 382. Woodw.
tom. I. p.31. 158.
Milky. Woodw. tom. I. p. 158.
Red. Woodw. tom. I. p. 160.
Brown

EARTH S.
247
p. 16o.
not
Brown. Woodw. tom. I. p. 160!
Yellow. Woodw. tom. I. p. 160.
.
Purple. Woodw. tom. I.
Black. Woodw. tom. I.
P.
160.
2. Silex. Flint. Semipellucid, detached, often ſome-
what ſpherical; breaks in convex and con-
cave poliſhed fragments. Decays when
expoſed to the air, and commonly fur-
rounded by a rough cruſt.
Common Flint. Colour uniform,
ſtreaked or veined. Dark or light horn-
colour or yellowiſh. Frequent in chalk
pits, gravil pits, and on the ſea-ſhore.
Cronft. 67. Lin. II, I.
Pebbles. Opake. White, grey, or yel-
lowiſh, or tinged by metallic particles.
In round malles, in the beds of rivers.
Kerw. min. p. 105,
.
Chert. Generally dark blue or grey. Runs
in veins through rocks. Will frequently
melt per ſe. Borax diffolves it without
efferveſcence. ib. p. 109.
Onyx. The hardeſt of this ſpecies, conſiſting
of zones of different colours. Woodw,
tom. I. p. 36. c. 192.
.
Agate. Clouded, or veined, or ſpotted, with
different colours, Woodw. tom. I. p. 32.
3. Jaſpis. Jaſper. Opaque. Texture, when broken,
like dry clay. Fragments not convex and
concave. Leſs hard than flint, and melts
more readily into glaſs. Does not decay in
the air. Takes a fine poliſh. Cronft. 69,
Lin. II, 14.
Sparry
R4

248
EARTH S.
5. Baſaltes.
Sparry or cryſtallized, often rhomboidal.
Generally mixt with other foſſiles in the
compoſition of granites, porphyry, &c.
Gronft. 72 Lin. 5, 12. Wall. 125.
.
4. Granatus. Garnet. Diaphanous, dark-bluiſh red,
ſpherical, with an indeterminate number of
facets, or fides, containing a ſmall portion
of iron or tin: Frequent, though ſmall,
in micaceous ſtones, particularly in Scot-
land. Coſt. on Cronſt. 84. Wall. vol. I.
223
Opaque, ponderous, generally
black or green, gloffy, cryſtallized, priſma-
tical, of an indeterminate number of angles.
Forming an immenſe rock called the Giants
Cauſeway in Ireland, and in ſmall pieces
in the tin-mines in Cornwall. Cronft. 80.
Wall. vol. I. p. 261. Coft. 252.
Toad Stone. Dark brown-grey. Contains
more flint and leſs iron. Phil. Tranſ.
1782. p. 333.
6. Amethyſt. .... Rediſh-blue. Generally cry-
ſtallized in hexangular priſms. Found near
Cork.
7 ... Jade. In ſcattered maſſes like pebbles;
ſemi-tranſparent, of a greaſy appearance
white, grey, green or yellow. Infuſible.
Kirw. Min. p. 123.
8. Felt-fpar. Of all colours; generally opake, and
cryſtallized in rhombic or cubic forms.
Melts per ſe more eaſily than fluor. Spec.
gravity 2, 5. Contains ſome clay, barytes.
and magneſia. Kirw. Min. p. 124.
9. Shoerl.

EARTH S.
249
9. Shoerl.
... Sparry
Sparry or flaggiſh appearance;
filamentous or ſcaly. Fuſible in a mo-
derate heat.
Nearly as hard as cryſtal.
Colour various. Contains ſome clay, cal-
careous earth, magneſia, and calx of iron.
Kirw. p. 128.
.
.
BARYTES. Ponderous Earth. Specific
gravity 4,000; requires goo times its
weight of water to diſſolve it. It is al-
ways found combined with vitriolic or
aerial acid. It will ſeparate vitriolic acid
from every other earth.
I.
Combined with aerial acid. Reſembles
alum, but its texture ftriated. Spec. gravity
4,331. From Alſton Moor, Cumberl.
Kirw. Min. p. 52.
2. Baroſelenite. Ponderous Spar, or Cawk. White,
grey, or yellowiſh or rediſh; generally very
hard, but not ſo as to ſtrike fire; ſometime
tranſparent. Spec. grav. 4, 4. Texture
lamellar or fibrous. Infuſible per ſe. Often
mixed with calcareous earth,
with the
ores of metals, and with gypſum. Fre-
quently forms the ſtony matter of petre-
factions, Kirw. Min. p. 54.
CL ASS

250
A
S A L TS.
CL A S S II.
S
A L T S.
Sapid, foluble in water, and recoverable by evapora-
tion in their priſtine angular form ; not in.
flammable, nor ductile.
pure, fluid,
SAL ACIDUM. When moſt
and mixt with a conſiderable proportion
of water ; taſtes four; changes blue
vegetable juices red; diſſolves calcareous
earth with efferveſcence; unites violently
with alkalis, with which it has the
greateſt affinity, except with phlogiſton.
A ſtronger attraction to zinc than to any
other metal.
1.
I. Vitriolicum. Vitriolic Acid.
Vitriolic Acid. When mixt with
the leaſt poflible quantity of water, its ſpe-
cific gravity is to water as 18 to 10.
Diffolves ſilver, tin, antimony, mercury,
zinc, iron, copper, lead. United with cal-
careous earth, forms gypſum; with argilla-
ceous earth, alum; with phlogiſton, ful-
phur; with metals, vitriol; with alkaline
falts, neutrals. Precipitates all folutions in
the nitrous and vegetable acids. With
ſpirit of wine produces æther; with water
generates heat; with water and ſteel filings
Si takes fire. Exiſts in native Glauber's falt;
in metallic falts whoſe baſis is iron, copper
or

8 A
L
251
TS.
or zinc; in alum, ſulphur, in various wa-
ters, and in the atmoſphere, but moſt fre-
quently obtained from fulphur or vitriol.
Pharm. Med. p. 5. Cronft. 129.
.
2. Muriaticum. Acid of Sea Salt. When moſt con-
centrated is of a yellow colour. Specific
gravity to water as 12 to 1o, Dillolves
tin, lead, iron, copper, zinc, antimony.
Mixt with the nitrous acid, forms aqua
regia, which diſſolves gold. With alkaline
ſålts forms various neutrals; with calcareous
earth, ſal ammoniacum fixum. Generally ob-
tained from common ſalt. May be dif-
united from alkaline ſalts by the vitriolic
acid. Pharm. Med. p. 9.
3. Spathoſum. Fluor acid. Poffeffes the fingular
property of diffolving flint, which it will
extract from glaſs. Obtained from fluor by
diſtillation with oil of vitriol. Phil. Chem.
c. vi. f. 2.
4. Arſenici. Acid of Arſenic, combined with phlo-
giſton conſtitutes the mineral called arſenic.
Prefers lime to alkalies. Phil. Chem. vi.
f. 3.
5. Succini. Acid of Amber. Found only in amber.
6. .... Tungſten Acid. Obtained from a very
heavy calcareous ſtone, called by the Swedes
Tungſten. When ſeparated by chemical
means from its calcareous baſis, it is in
form of a white acid powder, foluble in 20
times its weight of boiling water.
SAL ALKALI. Taſte, acrid, urinous.
Unites with acids with violent effervef-
cence. Changes blue vegetable juices
green. With oil, forms foap.
1. Fixum.

252
S À LT S.
1. Fixum. Fixed mineral Alkali; Natron of the an-
tients. Shoots readily into priſmatical
cryſtals. Diſſolves every ſpecies of quartz,
,
forming glaſs. Falls to powder in the air.
Promotes the fuſion of metals, and pre-
cipitates them when diſſolved in acids
With acids forms various neutrals, which
fee. Obtained from ſea ſalt, mineral waters,
marine plants, and in conſiderable quantity
from a white effloreſcence on walls not ex-
poſed to the weather.
Phil. Chem. p. 58.
Lin. 14.
2. Volatile. Volatile mineral Alkali. Differs in no
reſpect from that obtained by diſtillation
from animal and vegetable ſubſtances. Con-
tained in moſt clays. Cronft. 148.
SAL NEUTRUM. Compoſed of an
acid and an alkaline falt; therefore will
not efferveſce with either. Form, regular,
cryſtalline.
I. Sal Glauberi. Glauber's Salt. Vitriolic acid and
foſſile alkali. Cryſtals hexagonal. Soluble
in an equal weight of water. Found in
ſome mineral waters, but generally the pro-
duce of art. Fuſible in a moderate degree
of heat. Pharm. Med. p. 15.
2. Sal Commune. Common Salt, or Sea Salt.
Muriatic acid and fixt foffile alkali. Cry-
ſtals cubic. Obtained from ſea water and
from falt-ſprings in Cheſhire, Worceſter-
fhire, Hampſhire, Staffordſhire, Northum-
berland. Pharm. Med. p. 21. Cronſt.
p. 139. Lin. 16. 1. 3. Woodw. tom. I.
P. 170.
2
3. Sal

6 AL TS.
253
3. Sal Ammoniacum commune Common Sal-Am-
moniac. Muriatic acid and volatile alkali.
Cryſtals indeterminate. Mixt with com-
mon ſalt, generates extream cold. Liquifies
in the air. Soluble in vinous ſpirits. So-
luble in three times its own weight of
In ſmall quantity in various clays.
Pharm. Med. p. 22.
water.
SAL METALLICUM. Metallic Salt.
Metal diſſolved in the vitriolic acid; cry-
ftallized. Soluble in ſixteen times its
weight of water.
1. Vitriolum Coeruleum. Blue Vitriol. Vitriolic
acid and copper. Cryſtals depreſſed, rhom-
boidal, with twelve fides. Taſte aſtrin-
gent, acrid, diſagreeable. Fuſible, and in
a ſtrong fire calcinable. Generally the
produce
of art, but ſometimes native, dif-
folved in Ziment waters, near copper
mines, particularly in the county of Wick-
low in Ireland. Pharm. Med. p. 26.
Lin. 18, 3. Cronft. 131.
2. Vitriolum Viride. Green Vitriol. Vitriolic acid
and iron. Cryſtals rhomboidal, ſhort,
thick, pale-green, pellucid. Taſte aſtrin-
gent, ſweetiſh. Eaſily foluble in water,
and calcinable in the fire. Generally arti-
ficial, but often diſſolved in mineral wa-
ters.
Pharm. Med. p. 27. Cronſt.
P. 130.
Lin. 18, 1. Woodw.
.
tom. I.
p. 171.
3. Vitriolum Album. White Vitriol. Vitriolic
acid and zinc. Cryſtals, according to
Linnæus, priſmatical, dodecaedral. Taſte
aſtringent,

25+
S
AL S.
A ET TS
aſtringent, ſweetiſh. In mines often mixt
with copper and iron. Cronft. 131. Pharii.
Med. p. 28.
4. Arfenicum. Arſenic. White, volatile in the fire.
Cryſtals priſmatical, octoedral. Soluble, by
boiling, in water. Eaſily cryſtallized by
ſublimation with phlogiſton, and ſometimes
found native in a cryſtalline form, See
Arfenicum as a metal.
SAL TERREUM. Earth combined
with an acid; feparable by the inter-
poſition of an alkali.
1. Alumen. Rock Alum. Vitriolic acid and argil-
laceous earth. Cryſtals octoedral, pyrami-
dal. Liquifies in the fire. Taſte excef-
ſively aſtringent. Soluble in fourteen
times its weight of water. Obtained by
art from ſtones of different kinds near
Whitby in Yorkſhire. Cronft. 133. Pharm.
Med. p. 30. Lin. 17. Woodw. tom. I.
p. 170.
Feather Alum. Reſembles white feathers,
In ſmall quantities on decayed alum-
ſtones. Cronft. 133. Lin. 17. 1.
.
2. Sal Ammoniacum Fixum. Fixt Sal Ammoniac;
more properly, Muriatic Selenites. Mu-
riatic acid and calcareous earth. In fea-
water, and at the bottom of the pans at the
falt-works. Cronſt. 27.
3. Sal Catharticum Amarum. Bitter purging Salt,
or Magneſia Glauber's Salt, or Epſom Salt.
Vitriolic acid and Magnefia alba. Cryſtals
hexagonal, priſmatical. May be decom-
poſed

SALT S.
255
poſed by an alkali. In the Epſom water, and
in many other ſprings Pharm. Med.
p. 30. Wall. 339.
4. Sal Amarum Muriaticum. Muriatic Epſom Salt.
Marine acid and Magneſia.
5. Selenites. Vitriolic acid and calcareous earth.
Cryſtallizes in thin laminæ. Decompoſed
by an alkali.
Very frequent, in ſmall
proportion, in mineral and in common
ſpring water. See Gypſum, Numb. 5.
CLASS

256
INFLAMMABLES.
CLASS III.
INFLA M M A B L E S.
Soluble in oil, but not in water; readily take fire, and
are in a great meaſure conſumed.
a
BITUMEN. Phlogiſton united with
mineral acid and other foffile ſubſtances.
1. Petroleum. Foſfile or Rock Oil. Highly inflam-
mable, fluid, pellucid, fragrant, light, pale-
brown, but, expoſed to the air, becomes
thick and black. Mifcible with effential
oils, but not with vinous ſpirits. Found
floating on the water of certain ſprings in
Perſia, Italy, and in England, &c. particu-
Jarly at Wenlock and Pitchford in Shrop-
fhire, Wigan in Lancaſhire, Libeſton in
Midlothian, Scotland. Sibald. Prodr. part
II. I. 4. C. 4. Cronf. 152. Pharm. Med.
p. 35. Lin. 21, 1, 2.
2. Electrum. Amber. Petrolium combined with
a peculiar acid. Solid, hard, brittle, light;
texture compact, uniform; particles ho-
mogeneous, inviſible. Takes a fine poliſh;
fragrant when rubbed, and highly electrical.
Found in the earth, and on the ſea-ſhore,
in nodules from half an inch to two inches
in diameter.
Pale-yellow, perfectly pellucid. On the ſea-
ſhore of Yorkſhire, Norfolk, &c. alſo in
clay-pits near London.
Brown.

I.NFLAMMABLES.
257
Brown, tranſparent. In clay-pits in Leiceſtera
ſhire, Woodw. tom. I. p. 168.
3. Gagas. Jet. A black bitumen; ſolid, dry, opaque,
light, capable of a fine poliſh, electrical.
Burns ſlowly with a white flamé. Found
in detached pieces in ſtrata of earth and
ſtone in the northern countries and in clay-
pits near London. Cronf. 263. Lin. 21, 8.
Brand: fof. hant. fig. 121. Woodw. tom. I.
P. 167.
4. Lithanthrax. Coal. Petroleum combined with
earth, chiefly argillaceous. Black, folid,
,
opaque, dry, brittle, gloffy. Found in large
ſtrata, ſplitting nearly in a horizontal direc-
tion.
Pit Coal. Friable. Newcaſtle, &c.
Stone Coal. Hard, heavy, brittle; ſplits in
the fire, burns briſkly, and flames much,
In the north of England, &c.
Cannel Coal. Bright, light, ſplits in any di-
rection, does not colour the hands, and
takes a good poliſh. Woodw. tom. I. p.
165.
Kilkenny Coal. Lights ſlowly, and burns al-
moſt entirely without ſmoke. Seems not
to differ in the leaſt from the culm of Pem-
brokeſhire, in Wales, when that is ſeparated
from the coal-duſt with which it is mixt.
Near Kilkenny in Ireland,
5. Turfa. Turf. Mould impregnated with bitumen
interwoven with roots of vegetables. Cut
in the ſhape of bricks, and uſed for fuel in
many parts of this kingdom. Cronft. 264.
Lin, 54, 6. Wall. 358.
S
6. Rifiliens.

258 INFLAMMABLE 3.
6. Reſiliens.
Elaſtic bitumen. Soluble
only in boiling oil, and in every other
reſpect analogous to the American cohout-
chou, improperly called Elaſtic Gum
Found in Derbyſhire, in ſmall pieces mixed
with Galena and calcareous ſpar. Journo
.
Phys. XXXI.311.
SULPHUR. Phlogiſton united with a large
proportion of vitriolic acid. Yellow ; fuſi-
ble in a moderate degree of heat; burns
with a blue flame; totally volatile in the
fire. Not found native, or pure in theſe
kingdoms.
Hepatic air. Sulphur diſſolved in vitri-
olic or marine air.. Inflammable when
mixed with of common air. Kirw. Phile
Tranf. 1785.
2. Pyrites. Mundic. Sulphur combined with iron.
Pale-yellow, of a metallic appearance, not
cryſtallized. Strikes fire with ſteel. In
various mines. Cronft. 155. Lin. 22, 52
a
Wall. 379
3. Marcaſita. Marcaſite. Sulphur combined with
iren, and arſenic, cryitallized. Strikes fire
with ſteel. Yellow, or white, or grey,
Cronft. 155. Lin. 22, 3. Wall. 384,
4. Molybdäna. Sulphur combined with a
peculiar acid. Phil. Chem. index. Molyb-
dana,
.
Sulphur is likewiſe found combined with other metals
and ſemimetals; which fee.
AER

INFLAMMABEL S.
259
AER INFLAMMABILIS. Inflammable air.
Takes fire when mixed with twice or thrice
its bulk of atmoſpheric air. Frequent in
Coal mines. Phil. Chem. V. Sec. 4.
S2
CLASS.

260
MET ALS
CLASS IV.
Μ Ε Τ T A L S
Are peculiar earths combined with phlogiſton: their
ſpecific gravity always exceeds 5,000; they are fo-
luble in nitrous acid or in aqua-regia; and in
fuſion aſſume a convex ſurface.
1. METALS, properly ſo called.
AURUM. Gold. Yellow. Moſt ductile.
Unalterable by fire. Soluble only in aqua-
regia and hepar ſulphuris. Amalgamates
readily with quickſilver.
Spec. grav.
19,500.
1. Nativum. Gold-duſt or ſand. Said to be found
in ſmall quantity, in ſome rivers in Scot-
land. Cronft. 167. Lin. 35, I.
ARGENTUM. Silver. White. Specific gra-
vity 10,595. Moſt ductile except gold,
Sonorous. Soluble in the nitrous acid without
heat; not in aquu-regia. Unalterable in
the fire. Eaſily amalgamates with quick-
filver.
1. Mineralizatum. Mineralized with fulphur and
other metals. Frequent in molt of our
lead and copper ores, but in no great pro-
portion,
STANNUM.

M E T A L S.
261
The ex-
STANNUM. Tin. White, moſt eaſily fuſi-
ble, but leaſt ductile, and ligheſt of all
metals. Soluble in aqua regia, vitriolic
and muriatic acids. Unites with all metals
and ſemi-metals rendering them fonorous
and brittle. Amalgamates eaſily with
quickſilver.
Specific gravity 7,150. Corn-
wall.
1. Nativum. Native Tin. Very rare.
iſtence of native tin is generally denied ;
but the Royal Society is in poſſeſſion of
an undoubted Specimen, fent from Corn-
wall.
2. Cryſtallizatum. Tin Cryſtals or Tin Grains.
Opaque, ſpherical, or polygonal, glofly,
heavy, yellowiſh or brown, or black. Cronf.
181. Lin. 30, 1. Wall. 548. Woodw.
tom. I.p. 201. tom. II. p. 30.
3. Amorphum. Tin-ſtone. Blackiſh-brown or yel-
lowiſh, reſembling a common ſtone, opaque
and very heavy. On the coaſt near Penroſe
in Cornwall. Cronft. 181.
Wall. 550. Woodw. tom. I. p. 202.
5. Granatus.
Garnet ore.
Small cryſtals contain-
ing more iron than tin.
Lin. 30, 3
PLUMBUM. Lead. Bluiſh white when firſt
cut or broken. Specific gravity 11,450.
Leſs hard, leſs elattic, leſs tenacious, leſs
ſonorous, than any other metal. Soluble in
all acids and alkaline ſolutions. Fuſible
before ignition, and eaſily calcined.
S 3
1. Galenas

262
METAL S.
a
1. Galena. Lead Glance. Mineralized by fulphur
with a little ſilver. Opaque, bluiſh, gloffy,
compoſed of large or ſmall cubes. Con-
tains a very large proportion of lead. In
various parts of England. Cronft. 186. Lin.
31, 3. Wall
. 529. Smith's Cork, vol. II.
3
P. 393. Woodw. tom. I. p. 211. tom. II.
P: 27.
2. Stibiatum. Antimonial Lead-ore, or Lead-trail.
Mineralized by fulphur, with antimony,
and filver. Opaque, radiated, ſhining.
Lin. 31,5. Woodw. tom. I. p. 211.
3. Cryſtallinum. Lead Cryſtals. Diaphanous, priſ-
matical or pyramidal, of no determinate
number of fides, but moſt frequently hex-
agonal; or white, or yellowiſh, or greeniſh.
Mendip, Somerſetſhire.
Cronſt. 186.
Lin.31, 2. Woodw. tom. I. p. 214. No. 58,
59, 132.
4. Spatoſum. Lead Spar. White or grey, often
yellowiſh, without the leaſt metallic ap-
pearance. Near Keſwick, in Cumber-
land; alſo near Briſtol. Wall. 535. Woodw.
tom. I. p. 214,
5. Calciforme. Lead Ochre, or Native Cerufl. A
white powder fometimes found on the ſur-
face of lead-glance. Cronft. 184.
6. Nativum. Native Lead. Found in Monmouth-
ſhire. Phil Tranf. 1772. p. 20.
CUPRUM. Copper. Yellowiſh-red. Spe-
cific gravity to water as 9 to 1. Moſt duc-
1
tile, except gold and ſilver. Moſt elaſtic,
except

M E T A L S.
263
except iron,
Moſt fonorous. Soluble in
all acids and alkaline ſolutions, oils and
water. Requires almoſt as great a degree
of heat as iron before it melts.
1. Nativum. Native or Virgin Copper. Solid,
malleable; branched or fibrous, or foliated;
generally adhering to other foſſile ſubſtances.
Cornwall, Iſle of Man, &c. Cronſt. 190.
Lin. 33, 2. Wall. 499. Woodw. tem. I.
p. 195, 197. tom. II. p. 24.
Ziment Copper.. Granulated, friable. Pre-
cipitated from the vitriolic acid by the
immerſion of iron or otherwiſe. In the
county of Wicklow in Ireland. Cronft.
190. Lin. 33, 1. Wall. 501.
2. Coeruleum montanum. Mountain-blue. Copper
mineralized by the aerial acid. Generally
in a looſe form. In the mines in Derby-
fhire, &c. Coft. 104. Cronft. 36, 190.
Lin. 30, 4. Woodw. tom. I. p. 195.
.
3. Viride montanum.
Mountain-green.
Copper
united with earth, mineralized by the aerial
acid. In the copper mines of England and
Ireland, and the Iſle of Man. Coſt. 106.
Cronft. 190. Lin. 50, 3. Woodw. tom. I.
p. 197
4. Rubrum, Glaſs Copper Ore. Hard, brittle, red
or purple, or brown. Generally found
with native copper. Cronft. 191. Lin.33, 9.
Woodw. tom. I. p. 196,
5. Cinerum. Grey Copper Ore. Mineralized by
ſulphur and arſenic, Solid or diced. Soft ſo
as to cut with a knife. Cronſt. 192. Lin.
33, 6. Wall.510.
6. Pyrites.
a
P.
a
S4

264
METAL S.
6. Pyrites. Copper Pyrites, or Mundic. "Yellow or
yellowiſh, or ſometlmes greeniſh. Copper
mineralized by fulphur, with a large pro-
portion of iron, and frequently a ſmall
pro-
portion of arſenic; marcaſitical. Cornwall,
&c. Cronft. 193. Lin. 33, 4, 5, 7. Wall.
514. Smith's Cork, vol. II. p. 386. Woodw.
tom. I. p. 179, 193, 198.
7. Albidum. White Copper Pyrites. Mineralized by
fulphur, with iron, and a conſiderable
pro-
portion of arſenic. Texture compact. Yel-
lowiſh-white. Heavy, rich, but ſcarce,
Cronft. 194. Lin. 32, 8,
FERRUM. Iron. Attracted by the magnet ;
moſt elaſtic; moſt fonorous, except copper.
Soluble in all acid and alkaline folutions.
Moſt difficult of fufion; leaſt malleable.
Specific gravity to water as 8 to 1,
1. Ochra. Iron Ochre. Yellow or brown calx of
Iron. A looſe powder or friable maſs, In
the fiſſures of Iron mines in Dean Foreſt,
&c. Woodw. tom. II. p. 1. Cronſt, 196.
Lin. 50, 1,-49, 5.
Wall
. 478. Smith's
Cork, vol. II. p. 368. Woodw. tom. I. P:
8.230. No. 62.
2. Hæmatites. Bloodſtone. Hard, heavy, red, or
brown, or grey; yielding a red powder,
when rubbed. Contains a large propor-
tion of iron, though not attracted by the
load-ſtone. Generally found in maſſes,
convex on one fide, and of a fibrous tex®
Near Whitehaven, in Cumber-
land, &c. Woodw. tom. I. p. 228.
Cronft. 197
Wall. 469, Lin. 32, 2,
22, 23:
3. Cryſtal
ture.

MET AL S.
265
3. Cryſtallinum. Cryſtalline Ore. Compoſed of
ſmall ſhining cubical or octoedral parti-
cles, brown, reſembling marcaſite. Not
malleable nor attracted by the loadſtone.
Wall. Spec. 252. Cronft. 197. Lin. 32,
2, 3. Foreſt of Dean, Langron in Cum-
berland. Woodw. tom. I. p. 229. No. 60,
61. tom. I. p. 225, n. 16.
.
4. Selectum. Common Iron Ore. Solid, brown, or
blackiſh. Yields a black powder when
rubbed; is attracted by the magnet. Cronſt.
203. Wall. Spec. 254. Lin. 32, 4, 8.
Smith's Cork, vol. II. p. 390. Woodw..
tom. I. p. 227
5. Coeruleſcens. Bluiſh Ore. Generally brown on
the outſide. Hard and heavy; ſolid or
ſcaly; attracted by the magnet; rich in
iron, and eaſily melted.
Wall. Spec. 256.
6. Magnes. Magnet, or Loadſtone Mineralized
by a ſinall proportion of ſulphur. Blackiſh,
or grey, or brown. Solid or granulated.
Attracts iron, and points north and ſouth.
Crinft. 202. Lin. 32, 27. Wall. Spec.
259. Mendip Hills, Somerſetſhire; De-
vonſhire. Woodw. tom. I. p. 234. tom
Lin. 32, 19.
a
II. p. 21.
7. Micaceum. Glimmer, or Eiſenman. Brown calx
of iron combined with Plumbago. Re-
fractory. Scaly, ſhining, brittle, dark grey.
Lin. 32, 19. Cronft. 203.
,
Iron is alſo found in the ores of other metals, and in
mineral waters.
II. SEMI-

266
SEMI-METALS.
II. SEMI-METALS.
Not malleable, Volatile in the fire.
VISMUTUM. Biſmuth, or Tin-glaſs,
Yellowiſh-white; foft, yet brittle; tex-
ture laminated. Specific gravity 9,650,
Eaſily fuſible.
Soluble completely in the
nitrous acid only. Amalgamates eaſily with
.
quickſilver, and unites it ſo intimately with
other metals, eſpecially lead, as to carry them
through leather without ſeparation,
1. Nativum. Native Biſmuth. Solid in ſmall cubes,
or fuperficial like a cruſt on other bodies.
Melts in the flame of a candle. Found
with tin, cobalt and copper ores. Cronſt,
211. Lin. 28, 1. Wall. Spec. 243.
2. Ochra Flowers of Biſmuth. Generally yellowiſh,
in form of an effloreſcence on various ores,
&c. Cronft. 211. Lin. 50, 7. Wall. Speca
245
3. Mineralizatum. Biſmuth Ore. Mineralized by
fulphur. Grey of a radiated appearance,
compoſed of thin ſquare laminæ, reſembling
lead-glance. Cronft. 212.
Lin. 28, 2, 42
Wall. Spec. 244.
ZINCUM. Zinc, or Spelter.
Bluiſh-
white.
Texture fibrous, or of parts re-
fembling flat pyramids. Specific gravity
to water as 7 to 1. Melts eaſily, and
burns with a yellowiſh-green flame, ſub-
Jiming in white ſmoke. Unites with all
metals,

SEMI-METAL S. 267
.
metals, except biſmuth, rendering them
volatile, Soluble in all acids. Its filings
are attracted by the magnet. Separable
from copper by mercury.
1. Calciformis.
Mineralized by aerial acid.
Kirw. min.
Zinc Spar. Grey, bluiſh, or yellowiſh, .
Strikes fire.
Calamine. Texture equable or cellular.
Form and colour various. Mixed with
iron and clay.
2. Vitriolicum. Vitriol of Zine. Mineralized by
Vitriolic acid. In mines on the roof of the
galleries in a ſtalactical form; or in white
powder on the ſurface of other minerals.
Kirw. min.
3. Rapax. Blend. Mixt with fulphur and iron.
Yellow or black, or brown, or red; fcaly
often ſemi-diaphanous, reſembling glaſs.
Cronft. 217. Lin. 27, 6, 8. Wall. Spec.
249.
ANTIMONIUM. Antimony. White, like
ſilver. Texture fibrous. Brittle. Specific
gravity 6,860. Volatile in the fire. Vola-
tilizing other metals, except gold; ſoluble in
aqua regia, from which it may be precipitated
by water. If previouſly melted with lime,
it will amalgamate with mercury. Pre-
vents iron from being attracted by the mag-
net.
1. Striatum. Striated Antimonial Ore. Mine-
ralized by ſulphur. Bluiſh-grey, ſhining,
ftriated, and ſcaly or cryſtallized. Melts
in the flame of a candle. Cronft. 222.
Lin,

268
SEMI-METALS.
Lin. 26, 3. Wall. Spec. 238. Cornwall
Flintſhire. Woodw. tom. I. p. 184. tom.
II. p. 20.
2. Rubrum. Led Antimonial Ore. Mineralized by
ſulphur and arſenic. Alſo ſtriated; but its
fibres finer than either of the preeeding
fpecies. Cronft. 223. Lin. 26, 4.
ARSENICUM. Arſenic. Originally the
colour of lead; but being expoſed to the
air turns yellow, and then black. Tex-
ture laminated. Extremely volatile in the
fire, riſing in white ſmoke, and ſmelling
like garlick. Yields a regulus on being
melted with potaſhes and ſoap; or by ſub-
limation, mixt with phlogiſton, Soluble
in acids, and even in water by boiling.
Unites with all metals. Specific gravity of
this regulus to water as 8, 308 to 1000,
1. Nativum. Native Arſenic. Soft as black lead,
compoſed of hemiſpherical laminæ. Cronſt.
226. Lin. 23, 1.
2. Calciforme. White Arſenic. In form of a
white powder,
fometimes cryſtalline.
Ironſt. 226,
3. Auripigmentum. Orpiment. Mixt with ful-
phur. Yellowilh or greeniſh, or red; fo-
liated, ſhining. Cronſt. 227. Lin. 22,
2, 4.
4. Mineralizatum. White Mundic, or White Py-
rites, or Marcaſite. Mineralized with
fulphur and iron. Form irregular, or
cubical, or priſmatical. Cronft. 228. Lin.
23, 5, 6,
Arſenic

SEMI-METALS.
269
Arſenic is alſo diſcovered in tin grains, lead ſpar,
cobalt ore, copper ore, antimony, &c.
COBALTUM. Cobalt. Whitiſh-grey. Hard
and brittle, not ſhining. Fixt in the fire.
Its calx tinges glaſs deep blue. Soluble in
the vitriolic and nitrous acids, and in aqua
regia, tinging them red. Will not unite
with biſmuth alone; nor amalgamate with
quickſilver. Specific gravity 7, 500.
1. Calciforme. Black Cobalt. Mixt with iron
without arſenic, Either friable in form
of an ochre, or a flag hard and gloffy.
Cronft. 231. Lin. 29, 4.
2. Ochra. Cobalt Ochre, or Cobalt Flowers. Mines
ralized by the vitriolic or arſenical acid.
Pale red, or yellowiſh. An effloreſcence on
cobalt ores. Cronft. 232. Lin. 50,
8. Wall
Spec. 235.
Arſenicale. Cobalt Ore. Mineralized by arſenic
and iron. Solid, reſembling ſteel, or cryf-
tallized. Cronft. 232. Lin. 29, 2. Wall.
Spec. 231.
4. Cryſtallinum. Cryſtalline Cobalt Ore. Mine.
ralized by ſulphur, iron, and arſenic.
Reſembles the laſt fpecies, but of a lighter
colour. Cronf. 234. Lin. 29, 1. Wall.
Spec. 234
MANGANESE. Harder and leſs fuſible than
iron, and very brittle. Dull white. Unites
in fufion with all metals except mercury.
Soluble in all acids. Spec. grav. 6,850.
I. Calx.

270
SEMI-METAL S.
1. Calx. ..... Mineralized by the aerial acid.
White ore of Manganeſe. Contains very little
iron. Found in the cavities of quartz, and
in white ſparry iron ores.
Red Ore. In various forms. Contains more
iron, mixt with calcareous or ponderous
earth and flint.
Black and brown Oré. Either cryſtalized, or
in maſſes of a metallic appearance, or looſe.
Black wad is of this variety : 100 parts
of it contain 43 of manganeſe, 43 of iron,
4, 5 of lead, and 5 of mica.
5
Kirw. min.
P. 352.
MOLYBDENA. Reſembles black lead; but
its laminæ are larger, brighter, and, when
thin, a little flexible. Spec. grav. 4, 569.
Soluble in the nitrous and arſenical acids.
100 parts contain 45 of a peculiar acid, and
55 of ſulphur.
PLUMBAGO. Black lead. Conſiſts of 33 parts
aerial acid and 67 of Phlogiſton ; therefore
it is not a ſemi-metal; nor can it properly
be claſſed with any other mineral. Inſoluble
in
any acid. May be decompoſed by deto-
nation with nitre. Spec. grav. 2,150.
CLASS

? ITREFACTIONS.
271
CLASS V.
PETREF ACTION S.
Animals, or parts of animals or vegetables, changed
into a foſſile ſubſtance.
a
HELMINTHOLITHUS. Vermes. Claſs
VI. vol. I. Lin. Gen. 41.
1. Ammonita, or Cornu Ammonis, or Nautilus.
Serpent Stone.
Flat, ſpiral, repreſenting
a worm or fmall ferpent, coiled up; of
various dimenſions, and variouſly ſtriated ;
ridged and ſtudded. Found frequently in
ftrata of earth and ſtones; alſo on the ſea-
fhore. Whitby, in Yorkſhire; Pyrton
Paſſage, in Glouceſterſhire ; Stoke, in
Somerſetſhire.
Wall. Spec. 374, 387.
Woodw. tom. I. part ii. p. 24.
.
2. Anomites, Bivalve; one valve gibbous,
and often perforated at the baſe; the other
plane, and leſs. Hinge without teeth.
Found in greāt abundance in various parts
of England ; particularly at Sherbone, in
Glouceſterfhire. Vol. I. p. 200.
.
Wall.
Spec. 397. Luid. cap. 14. Woodw tom. I.
part ii. p. 45 to 51.
3. Gyphites.
Bivalve, oblong, ſomewhat
reſembling a boat, but narrow, and re-
markably curved upwards at one end; the
other
.

272
PETREFACTIONS.
other valve plane. Wall. Spec. 396.
Luid. cap. 9. Lift. Angl lib. iv. fol. 45.
In chalk-hills, &c.
4. Judaicus. Suppoſed to be ſpines of the
Echinus ; reſembling an olive or ſmall cu-
cumber, with a ſhort ſtem; ſmooth, or
ftriated, or ſtudded. Found in
Found in many parts
of England; particularly in the chalk-pits
in Kent. Wall. Spec. 400. Luid. .
сар.
16.
Plet. Oxf. tab. 6.
5. Echinites..... Roundiſh, reſembling a but-
ton; frequently flinty, ſparry, or creta-
ceous; with tubercles and lines regularly
diverging from the center, with marks of
an aperture above and beneath. Surry, ,
Effex, Kent, Middlefex. Wall. Spec. 399,
Luid. cap. 15. Woodw. tom. I. part ii.
p. 64. In chalk and gravel piis.
6. Aſtrion. Sea Star. Minute,
Sea Star. Minute, rediſh-white, in
form of a ftar or wheel, with four or five
radii; fomewhat convex in the center.
Detached joints of the next ſpecies. In
chalk-pits, &c. Plot. Oxf. 85. n. 16.
Wall. Spec. 356.
7. Afteria columnaris. ... Cylindrical, but
peni
tangular; generally about an inch long, and
the thickneſs of a quill; often crooked, with
a ſtar of five radii at each extremity. In
various parts of England and Wales. Near
Marſton-truffel, in Northamptonſhire; near
Whitton, in Lincolnſhire; Sherborne, in
Glouceſterſhire ; Shughborough, in War-
wickſhire; Pyrton Pallage, &c. Lin. Syfi.
Nat. p. 1288. n. 5. Wall. Spec. 359.
Luid,

PETREFACTIONS.
273
Luid. cap. 17. Plot. Oxf. tom. II. fol. 2,
3. Morton. Northamp. p. 239. Woodw.
tom. I. part II.
.
P.
80.
8. Entrochus. Cylindrical, generally about
an inch long, ſometimes much leſs, and
ſometimes three inches; compoſed of ſee
veral flat, round joints, with radii on each
diſk, and perforated through the middle.
Stainton, in Cumberland : in the river near
Moreland, in Weſtmoreland; Mendip,
Somerſetſhire; Stone Quarry, near Maſk,
in Yorkſhire; King's Weſton, Gloceſter-
;
ſhire. Luid. Nº. 1133. Wall. Spec. 357.
Syft. Nat.
P
Woodw. tom. I.
part
II.
9. Belemnites.
Cylindrical, but conical at
one, ſometimes at both ends; ſmooth
generally about the length and thickneſs of
a finger, with a conical cavity at the baſe,
which cavity is often filled with a nucleus,
called alveolus. When broken, appears to
be compoſed of longitudinal fibres, with
others from the centre to the circumference.
In various ſtrata, particularly lime-ſtone, in
many parts of England and Wales. Syft.
Nat. p. 1295. and vol. III. p. 170. Wall
.
p
p.
Spec. 355. Luid. cap. 23. Woodw. tom. I.
p. 1288.
P. 78.
р. Іоб.
10. Tubiporus. A congeries of coralline
tubes, parallel or variouſly curved ; found
frequently looſe in different ſtrata, and often
immerſed in ſtone. On the ſhore near
Sunderland, in the biſhopric of Durham;
Yorkſhire, &c. Syft. Nat. Gen. 336.
Luid. cap. 17. Wall. Spec. 330.
Spec. 330. Woodw.
tom. I. p. 130, 132. tom. II. p. 10.
T
11. Madre

274
PETREF ACTION S.
Luid. cap. 26
11. Madreporus. Coral, branched, with ſtars at the
extremity of each branch. Broadwell
Grove, Gloceſterſhire, &c. Syft. Nat. p.
1272. Wall. Spec. 328.
Woodw. tom. I. p. 131.
12, Millepora. Coral, branched, with the ſurface
and extremities punctured, as if pierced
with the point of a needle. Near Dudley,
Staffordſhire, &c. Syft. Nat. p. 1282.
Wall. Spec. 329. Luid. cap. II. Vol. I.
.
p. 208. Woodw. tom. I. p. 130.
13. Aſtroites. Star Stone. Coral, folid, texture tu-
bular, of various ſhape, often reſembling a
muſhroom ; ſurface covered with ſtars
which are the extremities of the tubes of
which it is compoſed, Glouceſterſhire,
Northamptonſhire, &c.
In gravel-pits.
Near Glanmire river, Cork. Smith, vol. II.
p. 381. Luid. n. 160. Woodw. tom. I.
P. 142.
14. Trochus. Top-Shell
. Single, ſpiral, ſub-conic;
apertures ſomewhat angular, or oval; colu-
mella oblique. Syf: Nat. Gen. 326.
Brand. fof. hant. fig. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.
Luid. cap. 7. Wall. Spec. 377. Woodw.
tom. I. part ii. p. 3L..
15. Turbo. Screw.ſhell. Single, ſpiral, ſolid; aper-
ture ſmall, orbicular, contracted, entire
Syft. Nat. Gen.
357.
Brand. fof.
hant. fig. 7, 8, 27, 47, 48, 49, 50.
Luid. p. 20.
16, Dentalium. Tooth-ſhell
. Single, tubular, ta-
pering to a point, ſtraight or nearly fo,
pieiced at each end. Syft. Nat. p. 1263.
Wall.

PETREF ACTION S.
275
IO, II.
Wall Spec. 373. Brund. fof. hant. fig. 9,
Woodw. tom. I. part ii. p. 23.
.
p
17. Serpula. ... Single, tubular, cylindrical, al-
moſt ſtraight; ſmooth. Syft. Nat. p. 1264,
Brand. fof. hant. 12. Woodw. tom. I.
part ii. p. 37
.
18. Murex. Single, ſpiral ; aperture oblong,
ending in a long ſtraight beak or canula.
Syft. Nat. p. 1213. Brand. fof. hant. fig.
13, 17, &c. p. 2.
19. Buccinum. • Single. ſpiral; the firſt vo.
lution much larger than the reft; aperture
oblong, ending in a ſhort dexter canula,
Syft. Nat. p. 1196. Brand. fof. hant, fig.
14, 15, 16, 18, 19, 20, 43, 56,63, 71.
Woodw. tom. I. part ii. p. 36, 78.
20. Conus. : Single, convoluted, turbinated
aperture long, narrow, plain ; baſe entire
columella ſmooth. Syft. Nat. p. 1165
Brand. fof. hant. fig. 21, 22, 24.
21. Voluta. .. .. Single, ſpiral, ſub-cylindrical ;
aperture long
22. Bulla.
Single, convoluted,' oblong or
oval, ſmooth ; aperture long, narrow; baſe
entire; columella oblique. Syft. Nat. p.
1181. Brand. fof. hant. fig. 29, 61, 75.
23. Strombus. .. Single, ſpiral ; aperture with
the lip generally dilated, ending in a ſiniſter
canula. Syft. Nat. p. 1207. Brand. for.
hant. fig. 42, 64 to 69, 76. Columella
.
often plicated and ſpinous.
24. Helix. Snail. Single, ſpiral, thin, brittle; aper-
ture contracted, lunated on the inſide, ſub-
T2
rotund

276
PETREFACTIONS.
rotund. Syft. Nat. p. 1241. Brand. fof.
hant. fig. 57, 58, 59, 60. Woodw. tom. I.
part ii. p. 108.
25. Oftrea. Oiſter, and Scallop. Bivalve, inequivalve.
Hinge without teeth, with an oval cavity,
Tranſverſe ſtriæ. Vol. I. p. 200. Syft.
Nat. p. 1144. Brand. ff. hant. fig. 83%
88, 107. Luid. cap. 8, &c. Woodw.
tom. I. part. ii. p. 38, 42.
.
tom. II.
p. 40. Glouceſterſhire; Berkſhire near
Reading; Woolwich, Kent; Oxford-
ſhire; Northamptonſhire.
26. Chama. Bivalve, thick ; hinge 2 gibbous
a
callus, inferted in an oblique groove. Lin.
Syft. Nat. p. 1137. Brandfig. 84, 85,
86, 87, 100.
27. Tellina. Bivalve. In the fore part of one ſhell
a convex, in the other a concave fold
Hinge of three teeth, Glouceſterſhire.
Syft. Nat. p. 1116. Brand. fof. hant.
fig. 89, 102. Woodw. tom. I. part; ii.
61.
28. Venus.
Bivalve, anterior margin incum-
bent. Hinge with three teeth. Syft. Natur
p. 1.128. Brand. fof. hant. fig. 90, 91, 93,
94, 104, 10)
29. Cardium. Cockle. Bivalve, equivalve, with
two middle teeth alternate; lateral teeth
remote, inſerted.
Syft. Nat. p. 1121.
Brandt. fof. hant. fig. 92, 96, 98,
99. Heart-ſhaped. Clay-pit at Rich-
mond in Surry; Shereborn, Glouceſterſhire;
Harwich Cliff, Shooter's-Hill; and in
huge
р. б.

PETREF ACTIONS. 277
huge maſſes of grey lime-ſtone near Caſtle
Saffron in the county of Cork. Smith,
vol. II. p. 374. Woodw, tom. I. part ii.
p. 53
.. Bivalve, open at one end; hinge
with a broad thick tooth, not let into the
oppoſite ſhell. Syft. Nat. 1112. Brand.
fof. hant. fig. 95. Lift. Angl. tom. II.
30. Mya.
f. 30.
31. Arca.
Bivalve, equivalve; teeth of the
hinge numerous, acute, alternate, inſerted.
Harwich Cliff; Shotover hill, Oxfordſhire;
various parts of Gloceſterſhire. Lin. Syft.
Nat. p. 1140. Brand. fof. hant. fig. 97.
101. 106. Woodw. tom. I. part ii. p. 52.
32. Solen. .... Bivalve, oblong,
Bivalve, oblong, open at each
fide; hinge with a ſingle or double conic
bent tooth, not inſerted in the oppoſite
valve. Syft. Nat. p. 1113. Brand. fof.
hant. fig. 103. Woodw. tom. I. ii
p. 63. In many parts of Glouceſter-
Thire.
33. Mytilus. Muſcle. Bivalve, equivalve, oblong,
rough; hinge without teeth, diſtinct, with
a ſubulated hollow longitudinal line. In
various parts of Glouceſterſhire. Brand.
ff. hant. fig. 124. Syft
. Nat. p. 1155.
.
8. Smith's Cork, vol. II.
p. 380.
Woodw. tom.
part 11.
Luid. cap.
I.
part 11.
p. 58. 62.
34. Patella. Limpet. Shell ſingle, ſubconic, not
voluted. In ſtone quarries in Glouceſter-
Thire, Harwich Cliff, &c. but very rare.
Woodw,
I 3

278
PETREF ACTIONS.
P. 23. Wall.
Woodw. tom. I. part ii. p. 23:
Spec. 370
35. Cypræa. A ſingle ſhell, involuted, oval, obtufe,
ſmooth; aperture dentated, longitudinal.
Syft. Nat. 1172. Woodw. tom. I. part ii.
p. 35. 8. 3. In a clay-pit at Richmond,
Surry.
36. Pholas. Bivalve, with one or more irregular
ſmall valves at the hinge, which is re-
curved. Harwich Cliff. Woodw. tom. I.
part ii. p. 63.
part ii.
PHYTOLITHUS. Vegetables. Vol. II.
1. Plantæ. Graſs, Reeds, Horſetail, &c. Found free
quently in the black flate called plate, im-
mediately above the pit-coal, in various
parts of England. Alſo in detached
nodules. Lin. 42, 1. Brand. fof. hant.
fig. 122. Woodw. tom. I.
P. 10, II,
2. Filices. Ferns. Found frequently in the black
flate above the pit-coal, at Newcaſtle
and in other parts of England. Lin. 42, 2.
Luid. cap. 3. Woodw. tom. I. part ii.
p. 9, 12.
3. Lithoxylon. Petrefied wood. Found buried in
the earth, and ſometimes in lakes, as in
Lough Neagh in Ireland,
Woodw. tom. I. part 11.
p. 20. Harwich Cliff, Woodw. tom. II.
P. 57.
Lin. 42. 4.
ii
Luid. cap. 4.
4. Rhizolithus.

PETKEFACTIONS.
279
4. Rhizolithus. Roots of trees and plants. Found
buried in the earth. Lin. 42, 3.
Lin. 42, 3. Woodw.
tom. I. part ii. p. 18.
5. Lithophyllum. Leaves of trees, particularly Oak
found petrefied or incruſted in water im-
pregnated with calcareous matter ; as at
Knareſborough in Yorkſhire, &c. Alſo
impreſſed in itone. Lin. 42, 5.
6. Carpolithus. Fruits, particularly impreſſions of
the cones of pines, hazel, oak. Lin. 42, 7.
Woodw. tom. I. part ii. p. 16, 21.
tom. II. p. 92.
ZOOLITHUS. Mammalia.
1. Cervi. Stags horns, particularly of the mouſe-
deer, often found buried in the ground
in fome mountains in England and Ire-
land. Woodw. Meth. 124. Cat. tom. I.
part ii. p. 86.
2. Elephantis. Elephants tuſks, grinders, bones,
&c. Woodw, Meth 124, Cat. part il.
.
p. 86.
3. Turcoſa. Bone tinged green by copper, found in
copper mines in Cumberland. Wodw.
tom. I. part ii. p. 87,
.
4. Os. Animal bones. Brand, fof. fig. 118, 119,
I 20, 121.
Woodw. tom. I. part ii.
P. 87
AMPHYBIOLITHUS. Amphibia. Lin.
Syft. Nat. Vol. III. gen. 38.
I 4
1. Gloffo,

280
PETREF ACTIONS.
1, Gloſſopetræ. Sharks teeth. Somewhat reſem-
bling a tongue with the root, or like the
head of an arrow; black, or bluiſh, or
brown, from half an inch to four inches
in length, poliſhed. Found on the Ken-
tiſh coaſt, alſo in ſtrata of clay at Rich-
mond in Surry, at Harrow on the Hill,
at Highgate, Illington, &c. Luid. cap.
19. Brand. fof. hant, fig. 111, 112, 113)
114, 115. Woodw. tom. I.
p.
83. Found alſo at Whitney in Oxford-
fhire.
part ii.
2. Plectronites. Cock Spurs. The teeth of an un-
known fiſh. Conical, ſharp-pointed, with-
out root, often bent; from a quarter of an
inch to two inches long; or brown, or
grey, or black, poliſhed. Frequently found
in ſtone quarries in many parts of England.
Luid. cap 19. Woodw. tom, I. part
ii.
P. 84.
ICHTHYOLITHUS. Fiſhes.
I, Totalis. Impreſſion of an intire flat fiſh found
in blackiſh flate in Wales. Luid. Ep. I.
tab. 22. fig. 2. Lin. Syft. Nat. vol. III.
gen. 39, I.
2. Bufonites. Molares of the Sea-wolf. Uſually
roundiſh and hollowed like
cup,
from the ſize of a ſmall pea to near
an inch in diameter; black, or grey,
or brown, fometimes variegated, ale
ways finely poliſhed. Wall. Spec. 350.
Luid,
a

PETREFACTIONS.
281
Luid. cap. 20.
In various parts of
England, particularly near Whitney in
Oxfordſhire. Woodw. tom. I. part ii.
P. 84.
3. Siliquaſtra. Fofile Pods. Suppoſed to be the
bony palates of different fiſhes, often
reſembling half the pod of the lupine,
or other leguminous plant, filled with
ftony matter, ſometimes extremely mi-
nute, and ſometimes near two inches long;
or brown, or black, or bluiſh. Frequently
found in ſtone quarries near Shereborn
in Glouceſterſhire, Whitney in Oxford-
ſhire, Grafton in Northamptonſhire, Far-
rington in Berkſhire, &c. Brand. fof. hant.
fig. 116, 117, Luid. n. 1440. Woodw.
tom. I. part ii. p. 85.
.
4. Vertebra. Vertebræ of fiſhes of various genera,
often found in pits and quarries in dif-
ferent parts of the kingdom, particu-
larly at Richmond in Surry; alſo on the
cliffs of Sheppy Iſland, Pyrton Paſſage,
&c. Luid. cap. 22. Brand. fof. hant.
fig. 108, 109, 110. Woodw. tom. I.
part ii. p. 82.
ENTOMOLITHUS. Inſects. Vol. I.
Clafs V. p. 85.
1. Cancri. Crabs. Claws or parts of claws, found in
pits, &c. in ſeveral parts of England.
Luid. cap. 18.
.
18. Two ſmall crabs found in
the cliffs at Folkſtone near Dover. Woodw.
tom. I. part ii. p. 81.
RAPTOLIG-

$82
PETREFACTIONS.
GRAPTOLITHUS. Stones on which va-
rious figures are depicted by ſome foſſile
fluid or vapour.
or
I. Dendrites. Repreſenting ſhrubs, plants,
or mofs.
On various ſtones, flates, and
flints, ſound in different parts of England,
particularly on a whitiſh ſtone in Sella
Park in Cumberland. Woodw. Sm, 11
p. 239
CLASS

WATER.
283
CLASS. VI.
W A T E R.
Not inflammable; very little, if at all, com-
preſſible ; foluble in air; by heat rendered
volatile and extremely elaſtic ; fluid when
Fahrenheit's thermometer ſtands above 32 de-
grees, and ſolid when it is below that point.
PURE or COMMON WATER. Pel-
lucid, colourleſs, inodorous, inſipid. Dif-
folves falts, gums, mucilages. Mifcible
with vinous ſpirits. Specific gravity to
gold as 1000 to 19,500.
1. Dew. Suppoſed to be the lighteſt and moſt pure.
2. Rain. Next to dew in purity; it is nevertheleſs
impregnated with variety of heterogeneous
matter, particularly calcareous earth and
fome neutral ſalts. Berlin. Mem. An. 1751.
p. 131.
3. Snow, Hail, Ice. Equally pure, if not more fo,
than rain-water; its contents nearly the
fame.
4. Spring-water. Differently impregnated, according
to the ſoil through which they paſs, with
ſelenites, earth, and other foſſile matter.
4
5. River-

284
W A T E R.
5. River-water. Beſides foſfile impregnations, con
tains great variety of animal and vegetable
ſubſtances.
6. Pond-water, Contains moſt animal and vegetable
matter; therefore moft liable to putre-
faction, and conſequently leaſt fit for
internal uſe,
ALKALINE WATER. Impregnated with
foſſile alkali per fe. Efferveſces with all
acids; changes fyrup of violets and other
vegetable blues to green; precipitates folu-
tions of calcareous earths in acids; and of
ſal ammoniac or alum in water; becomes
opaque and white with ſolutions of filver,
lead, or mercury, in the nitrous acid; pre-
cipitates iron from the vitriolic or nitrous
acid.
1. Clifton, Oxfordſhire. Limpid, with very little
taſte. A gallon yields about 70 grains of
refiduum. Contains, beſides foſſile alkali,
a ſmall proportion of calcareous earth, and
another falt, probably fal cath, amar.
.
Rutty. Syn. p. 429. Short, vol. II. p. 133
Monro, vol. I.
P.
82.
2. Glaſtonbury, Somerſetſhire. Contains a ſmall
proportion of alkali and ſome ſea-falt.
A gallon yields about 30 grains of refi-
duum by evaporation. Rutty. Monro, vol. I.
p. 84.
3. Tilbury, Elex. Not perfectly limpid at the well.
Curdles with ſoap, but not with milk,
Turns milky when boiled, but rendered
clear by acids. Contains much air, foſſile
alkali,

W A
285
т TE R.
alkali, and calcareous earth. A gallon
yields on evaporation about 200 grains of
reſiduum. Rutty. André. Monro, vol. I.
p. 78.
Ireland.
4. St. Bartholomew's Well, Cork. Mixes uni-
formly with ſoap. A gallon yields by eva-
poration about 23 grains of refiduum, con-
fiſting chiefly of foſſile alkali. Manro,
yol. I. p. 85
5. Cape Clear, Cork. Lathers with ſoap. A gal-
lon yields about 30 grains of reſiduum,
conſiſting chiefly of foſſile alkali, with
a ſmall quantity of fea-falt. Monro,
vol. I.
P.
86.
6. Carrick-moor, Cavan. Taſtes ſoft, like Briſtol
water; curdles foap, and depoſits a white
ſediment with lix. tartari. Contains an
alkaline falt, ſal cath. aamr. and calcareous
earth, probably deprived of its fixt air.
Rutty. Monro, vol. I. p. 85.
7. Tober Bony, Dublin, four miles north. Lathers
eaſily with ſoap. A gallon yields abont 20
grains of refiduum, conſiſting of an alka-
line falt and calcareous earth.
Rutty.
Monro, vol. I. p. 84.
SALT WATER. Impregnated with a
predominant fea-falt. Precipitates folu-
tions of ſilver, lead, or mercury, in a
white cloud. Its falts eaſily diſtinguiſhed,
on evaporation, by their cubical cryf-
tals. When ſimply impregnated, is in
reſpect
no

986
W W A TÉR
reſpect affected by acids, alkalis, vegetable
aftringents, or ſyrup of violets. Decom-
poſed by the vitriolic or nitrous acid.
1. Sea-Water.
Contains of fea-falt 433 parts; fa-
lited magneſia, 380; gypſum 45. Bergm:
Differt. V.
.
England.
2. Barrow-dale, Cumberland. Contains a large pro-
portion of ſea-falt, fome calcareous earth;
and a little Epſom ſalt. Short, vol. II.
p. 85. Rutty. Monro, vol. I. p. 118.
3. Dortſhill, Staffordſhire. Contains fea-falt, cal-
careous earth, and bittern. Short, 8vo
1765. Monro, vol. I.
P
I 22.
4. St. Erafmus's Well, Staffordſhire, on Lord Chef-
wynd' eſtate. Colour of fack, with little
taſte or fmell. Contains a ſmall quan-
tity of ſea-falt fome earth, and a little
Epfom falt. Short. Ruity. Monro, vol. I.
.
P. I21.
5. Leamington, Warwickſhire. Contains a ſmall
proportion of ſea-ſalt, a little calcareous
earth, and alſo ſome ſal cath. amar. Short;
vol. II. p. 87. 133. Rutty. Monro, vol. I.
P. 119.
6. Rougham, Lancaſhire. Contains a ſmall quan-
tity of fea-falt, fome calcareous earth,
fal cath. amar. and natron. Short, vol.
11.
p. 85. 132. Rutty. Monro, vol. I.
P. 120.
7. Salt

WA T E R.
287
7. Salt Springs, Cheſhire. Northwich, Droitwich,
Upwich, Middlewich, Namptwich ; Bar-
ton in Lancaſhire, Weſton in Staffordſhire,
&c. Short, vol. II. p. 85. Monro, vol. I.
Contain a very large proportion
of fea-falt.
P. II 2.
Wales.
8. Cargyrle, Flintſhire. Contains a ſmall propor-
tion of ſea-falt, a little calcareous earth,
and ſal. cath. amar. Short, vol. II. p. 86.
Rutty. Monro, vol. I. p. 121.
I .
Ireland.
9. Carrickfergus, Antrim. Contains ſome fea-falt.
inſoluble earth, and a little Epſom ſalt
Monro, vol. I. p. 122.
10. Kilroot, Anfrim. Contains ſea-falt, a large pro-
portion of inſoluble matter, and ſome little
Epſom ſalt. Monro, vol. I. p. 123.
TI. Mahereberg, Kerry. Contains ſea-ſalt and Epſom
falt. Rutty. Smith's Nat. Hift. of Kerry.
Monro, vol. I. p. 123.
CATHARTIC WATER. Impregnated
with a predominant bitter purging ſalt,
commonly called by writers on mineral
waters, Calcareous Glauber's ſalt, or, with
more propriety, Magneſia Glauber's ſalt,
or Epſom ſalt, compoſed of vitriolic acid
and magneſia alba. Precipitates ſolutions
of filver, lead, or quickſilver, in the
nitrous acid, in a yellow cloud. Is not
affected

288
WATER.
affected by acids, but precipitates with an
alkali. Cryſtals reſemble thoſe of Glau-
ber's falt.
England.
1. Alford, Somerſetſhire. A gallon contains about
four ſcruples of Epſom ſalt, about half that
quantity of ſea-ſalt, and one fcruple of
calcareous earth. Guidot. Rutty. Monro,
vol. I. p. 132.
2. Adon, Middleſex. Taſtes bitter and ſaltiſh ; a
powerful cathartic. Contains Epſom ſalt,
and probably ſelenites, beſides fome cal-
careous earth. Rutty. Monro, vol. I. p. 144.
3. Alkerton, Gloceſterſhire. Contains a large pro-
portion of Epſom ſalt, calcareous earth, and
a little ſea-falt. Short, 8vo, 1765. Monro,
vol. I. p. 148.
4. Bagnigge, Middleſex. A briſk purgative. Con-
tains Epſom falt, ſea-ſalt, and calcareous
earth. Bevis Experim. Enquiry, 1760.
Monro, vol. I. p. 142.
5. Barnet, Hertfordſhire. Contains a large propor-
tion of Epſom ſalt, a little ſea-ſalt, and
fome inſoluble earth. Rutty. Monro,
vol. I. p. 143.
6. Ball-well, Lincolnſhire, at Stenfield. Contains
Epſom ſalt in ſmall quantity, a conſiderable
proportion of earth, and fome ſea-falta
Short, vol. I. p. 107. Monro, vol. I.
P. 149.
7. Comner,

w À' TE
Å R.
289
7. Comner, Berkſhire. Colour whitiſh. Contains
Epſom ſalt, ſome calcareous earth, and
according to Rutty, a mixture of natron.
Short, vol. II. p. 107. Monro, vol. I.
p. 141.
8. Dog and Duck, Surry. A weak cathartic. Con-
tains Epſom ſalt and fea-ſalt, with one
twelfth of the reſiduum of inſoluble mat-
ter. Hales, Phil. Trans: NO.
' 493
Rutty, p. 168. Monro, vol. I. p. 136.
9. Dulwich, Kent. Clear, ſomewhat brackiſh, and
bitter. Contains Epſom ſalt and ſea-falt
in nearly equal proportion, and a little cal-
careous earth.
Rutty, p. 170. Monro,
vol. I, p. 133
10. Epſom, Surry. Limpid, with a flight ſaline
talte. Contains ſal. cath. amar. in large
proportion, calcareous earth, and probably
ſelenites. Rutty. Lucas. Allen. Monro,
vol. I. p. 146.
11. Hanlys, Shropſhire. A ſtrong cathartic. Taſtes
ſalt and bitteriſh; contains a large propor-
tion of Epſom ſalt, and ſome inſoluble
earth. Linden. Hift. 1768. Monro, vol. I.
p. 140.
12. Holt, Wiltſhire. Limpid, with very little taſte.
Contains Epſom ſalt and calcareous earth
in nearly equal proportion, and a little ſea-
ſalt. Rutty. Monro, vol. I. p. 134.
13. Kinalton, Nottinghamſhire. Clear, faltiſh. Con-
tains Epſom ſalt, and a very pure calcareous
earth. Rutty. Monro, vol. I. p. 138.
U
14. Morton.

290
TE WA
W Α Τ Ε
R.
14. Morton-fee, Shropſhire. A mild purgative.
Contains Epſom ſalt and ſome calcareous
earth. Short, vol. II. p. 81.
15. North-hall, Hertfordſhire, near Barnet. Con-
tains a large proportion of Epſom-falt, a
little fea-falt, and ſome calcareous earth.
Rutty. Monro, vol. I. p. 143.
16. Pancras, Middleſex. A mild purgative. Con-
tains Epſom ſalt, a little ſea-ſalt, and
fome infoluble earth. Monro, vol. 1
p. 142.
17. Stretham, Surry. Curdles with foap, and alſo
with milk when boiled with it. Contains
Epſom ſalt, ſea-ſalt, and ſelenites. Rutty.
Monro, vol. I. p. 135.
18. Sydenham, Kent. A mild cathartic. Contains
Epſom falt, fea-falt, and ſome calcareous
earth. Rutty. Monro, vol. I. p. 138.
19. Nevil Holt, Leiceſterſhire, near Market-Har-
borough. Contains a conſiderable pro-
portion of Epſom ſalt, ſome calcareous
earth, ſelenites, fixt air, vitriolic acid,
iron, and poſſibly a little alum. Short,
octavo, 1765. p. 156. Monro, vol. I.
p. 436. Rutty.
Wales.
20. Llandrindod, Radnor. Contains Epfom ſalt, ſea-
falt, and ſome earth. Linden. Monro,
vol. I. p. 149.
Ireland.

WATER
291
İreland.
21. Carrickfergus; Antrim. Colour bluiſh; con-
tains a ſmall quantity of Epſom ſalt, ſome
calcareous earth, and a little ſea-falt.
Rutty. Monro, vol. I. p.151.
SULPHUR WATER. Water containing
Sulphur per ſe diffuſed, or hepar ſulphuris
diffolved; or hepatic air, of which laſt
kind are moſt, if not all, the fulphur-
waters in theſe kingdoms. Strikes a black
colour with a ſolution of lead in the ni-
trous acid, or of facc. faturni in water;
tarniſhes ſilver ; ſmells like the waſhing of
a foul gun; becomes milky with acids.
a
England.
1. Aſkerton, Yorkſhire, near Doncaſter. Perfectly
clear , contains hepatic air, Epſom ſalt, a
little ſea-ſalt, and a large proportion of
earth. Short, vol. I. p. 303. Monro, vol. I.
2. Bilton, Yorkſhire, near Knareſborough. Con-
tains hepatic air, natron, a little ſea-ſalt, and
fome earth. Short, vol. I. p. 212. 296.
Rutty. Monro, vol. I.
P.
181.
3. Broughton, Lancaſhire. Contains a conſiderable
proportion of hepatic air, ſea-ſalt, Epſom
falt, and earth. Short, vol. I, p. 300.
Rutty. Monro, vol. I. p. 200.
4. Buglawton, Cheſhire, near Congleton. Extremely
cold : Contains hepatic air, a ſmall propor-
tion of Epſom ſalt, and a little calcareous
earth. Short, vol. II. p. 62. Monro,
.
vol. I. p. 215.
5. Chadling-
U 2

292
TE
W A T E R.
5. Chadlington, Oxfordſhire. Taſtes faltiſh ; con-
tains hepatic air, natron, a little ſea-falt,
and fome earth. Short, vol. II. p. 70.
Rutty. Monra, vol. I. p.
. 181.
6. Crickle, Lancaſhire, near Braughton. Contains
hepatic air, fea-ſalt, Epſom ſalt, and ſome
calcareous earth.
Short, vol. I. p. 300.
Rutty. Monro, vol. I. p. 199.
7. Cunley-houſe, Lancaſhire, near Whaley. Co-
lour bluiſh. Contains hepatic air, magneſia
Glauber's falt, and earth. Short, vol. II.
p. 60. Monro, vol. I. p. 214,
8. Codfall Wood, Staffordſhire, near Wolverhamp-
ton. Contains a conſiderable quantity of
hepatic air, with very little calcareous earth.
Short, vol. II. p. 63. Monro, vol. I.
.
p. 218.
9. Croft, Yorkſhire, near the biſhopric of Durham.
Clear, ſparkling. Contains hepatic air,
much calcareous earth, fome Epſom ſalt,
and a little ſea-ſalt. Short, vol. I.
p. 299
a
vol. II. p. 134.
10. Cawley, Derbyſhire, near Dranefield. Contains
hepatic air, Epſom ſalt, and a little calca-
reous earth. Short, vol. I. p. 305. Monro,
vol. I. p. 213
P. 202.
II. Durham, on the north fide of the river. Con-
.
tains hepatic air, fome fea-falt, and a little
earth. Short, vol. I. p. 305. Monro,
vol. I.
12. Deddington, Oxfordſhire, near Banbury. Con-
tains hepatic air, iron, and ſea-falt, accord-
ing to Short; but in Rutty's opinion it is a
foffile

W AT E
293
R.
foſſile alkali. If that were the caſe, how
happens this foſſile alkali not to expel the
iron from its acid, and form Glauber's falt?
13. Drig well, Cumberland, near Ravenglas. A
clear, briſk water, containing hepatic air and
iron. Short, vol. II. p. 63. Menro, vol. I.
p. 453
14. Gainſborough, Lincolnfhire. Contains hepatic air,
a little iron, and ſome magneſia Glauber's
ſalt. Short, vol. II. p. 69. Monro, vol. I.
p. 454.
15. Harrigate, Yorkſhire. Contains a conſiderable
proportion of hepatic air and ſea-ſalt, a little
magneſia Glauber's ſalt, and ſome earth.
Short, vol. I. p. 285. Monro, vol. I.
p. 193
16. Keddleſton, Derbyſhire. Contains a large pro-
.
portion of hepatic air, with fea-falt and cal-
careous earth. Short, vol. I.
P. 305
Monro, vol. I. p. 201.
17. Loanſbury, Yorkſhire, in Lord Burlington's park.
Contains a little hepatic air, Epſom ſalt,
and earth. Short, vol. II. p. 61. Monro,
vol. I. p. 215.
18. Maudſley, Lancaſhire, near Preſton.
Colour
bluiſh; faltiſh taſte; contains a large pro-
portion of hepatic air, ſea ſalt, and a little
Calcareous earth. Short, vol. II. p. 63.
Rutty. Monro, vol. I. p. 198.
19. Nottington, Dorſetſhire, near Weymouth.
,
Contains hepatic air, natron, and a little
earth. Rutly, P. 519. Monro, vol. I.
p. 183.
U 3
20. Normanby,

294
A
T E R.
20. Normanby, Yorkſhire, near Pickering. Clear,
but covered with a blue ſcum. Contains
much mephitic air, ſome fulphur, a little
bitter purging falt, and ſome ſea-falt
. Short,
vol. I. p. 299. Monro, vol. I. p. 216.
21. Quin Camel, Somerſetſhire. Contains hepatic
air, natron, a little fea-falt, and ſome
earth. Rutty. Monra, vol. I. p. 182.
.
.
22.Rip pon, Yorkſhire. Contains hepatic air, ſea-falt,
Epſom ſalt, and a large proportion of earth.
Short, 8vo, 1765, p. 72. Monro, vol. I.
p. 203.
23. Sutton-bog, Oxfordſhire. A mild cathartic;
ſmells extremely foted; taſtes faltiſh;
throws up a blue ſcum. Contains hepatic
air, foſfile alkali, fome ſea-falt, and a little
earth. Short, vol. II. p. 70. Rutty.
Monro, vol. I. p. 179.
24. Shattlewood, Derbyſhire. Contains a little hepa-
tic air, a good deal of ſea-falt, and a ſmall
quantity of earth. Short, vol. I. p. 304.
25. Skipton, Yorkſhire. Contains hepatic air, fea-
falt, Epſom ſalt, with ſome earth. Short,
8vo, 1765, p.71. Monro, vol. I. p. 203,
26. Shapmoor, Weſtmoreland, between Shap and
Orton. Contains much hepatic air and
E, ſom falt, with a little ſea-ſalt and earth.
Rutty. Monro, vol. I. p. 217.
27. Thorparch, Yorkſhire, above Tadcaſter, on the
river Wharf. Contains a little hepatic air,
iron, ſea-ſalt, and earth. Monro, vol. I.
P. 454.
a
28. Up-

WA
AT E R.
295
28. Upminſter, Eſſex, near Brentwood. Contains
much hepatic air, Epſom ſalt, and natron,
(according to Dr. Rutty) with ſome earth.
Rutty. Monro, vol. I.
P.
218.
29. Wiggleſworth, Yorkſhire, near Settle. Black,
covered with a white ſcum. Taites faltiſh;
lathers with foap. Contains hepatic air,
natron, a little ſea-ſalt. and ſome black
earth. Rutty. Short, vol. I. p. 302. Monro,
vol. I. p. 180.
30. Wardrew, Northumberland, on the river Arden.
Contains a very conſiderable proportion of
hepatic air, a ſmall quantity of ſea-ſalt, and
very little earth. Short, vol. II. p. 62.
Monro, vol. I. p. 202.
31. Wirkſworth, Derbyſhire. Colour black. Con-
tains a little hepatic air, bitter ſalt, and iron.
Short, vol. I. p. 307. Monro, vol. I.
P.
p. 219.
.
Ireland.
32. Anaduff, Leitrim. Contains hepatic air, natron,
calcareous Glauber's ſalt, (as we are told,)
with ſome calcareous earth Monro, vol. I.
p. 189.
33. Alphaloo, Tyrone. Contains hepatic air, na-
tron, and (according to Rutty) cal-
careous, or rather magneſia Glauber's falt,
with a ſuſpicion of a ſmall chalybeate iin-
pregnation. Monro, vol. I. p. 189.
34. Aſhwood, Fermanagh. Contains hepatic air, na-
tron, and Epſom ſalt, as we are told. Monro,
vol. I. p. 187,
U4
35. Ballyna-

296
W
Τ R.
A T a
E Ε
25. Ballynahinch, Diwn. A
very clear chalybeate
containing ſome hepatic air, and a neutral
ſalt of ſome ſort or other. Rutty. Monro,
vol. I. p. 455
36. Caſtlemaign, Kerry. Contains fome hepatic air,
iròn, and a ſalt of ſome fort. Rutty, Monro,
vol. I. p. 455
37. Drumgoon, Fermanagh. Contains hepatic air,
natron, a little ſea falt, and ſome inſoluble
matter. Rutty. Monro, vol. I. p. 183.
38. Derryleſter, Cavan.
Somewhat lighter than
common water.
Contains a large propor-
tion of hepatic air, ſome natron, very little
ſea-falt, and ſome earth. Rutty. Monro,
vol. I. p. 185.
39. Derryhence, Fermanagh. Contains hepatic air,
natron, and ſea-ſalt. Rutty. Monro, vol. I.
p. 187.
40. Drumaſnave, Leitrim. Contains a conſiderable
proportion of hepatic air, fome natron, Ep-
fom falt, and inſoluble earth. Rutty.
,
Monro, vol. I. p. 188.
41. Derrindaff, Cavan. Contains hepatic air, fome
Epſom ſalt, and a little earth. Rutty.
Monro, vol. I. p. 220.
42. Killafher, Fermanagh. Contains hepatic air in
conſiderable proportion, ſome natron, and
alſo ſea-ſalt, together with ſal, cath. ama-
rum, according to Dr. Rutty. Monro,
vol. I. p. 186.
43. Liſbeak

WATER.
Α Ε R.
297
43. Liſbeak, Fermanagh. Contains hepatic air, na-
tron, and a little earth. Rutty. Monro,
vol. I.
P.
186.
44. Mechan, Fermanagh. Contains hepatic air, na-
,
tron, and ſea-ſalt. Rutty. Monro, vol. I.
P. 187
45. Owen Breun, Caven. Contains hepatic air, Ep-
ſom falt, and a ſmall portion of natron,
(according to Dr. Rutty) with ſome cal-
careous earth, and ſomething elſe. Monro,
vol. I. p. 220.
46. Pettigoe, Donegal. Contains a large proportion
of hepatic air, Epſom ſalt, and a little earth,
Rutty. Monro, vol. I. p. 221.
47. Swadlingbar, Cavan. Generally covered with a
bluiſh ſcum. Contains hepatic air, natron,
Epſom ſalt, and calcareous earth. Rutty.
Monro, vol. I. p. 184.
Wales.
48. Llandrindod, Radnor. Contains hepatic air,
and fea-ſalt. Linden. Monro, vol. I.
p. 204.
Scotland.
49. Caftarphin, near Edinburgh. Contains a little
hepatic air, ſea ſalt, and Epſom ſalt, with
fome earth. Short. Monro, vol. I. p. 209.
50. Moffat, Annandale.
Bluiſh colour; contains
a conſiderable proportion of hepatic air,
fea-falt, and a little earth. Plummer.
Med. Elays, vol. I. art. 8. Monro, vol. I.
P. IOS
COPPER

298
WA TE - R.
COPPER WATER. Impregnated with
copper diſſolved in vitriolic acid. Turns
blue with volatile alkali. Precipitated by
iron.
Ireland.
I. Ballymurtogh, Wicklow. A gallon yields ſeven
drachms and a half-of ſediment on evapo-
ration, from which were obtained green
and bluish cryſtals, and alſo a little white
vitriol, according to Dr. Rutty. Monro,
vol. I. p. 235.
2. Cronebaun, Wicklow. Near the laſt, but on the
oppoſite of the river Arklow. Yielded, on
evaporation of a gallon, four drachms, and
fixteen grains of ſediment, which contained
blue and green vitriol. Rutty. Monro,
vol. I. p. 236.
CHALYBEATE WATER. Iron diſa
folved in the aerial acid. Strikes a black
or purple colour with vegetable aſtringents,
or with Pruffian alkali.
.
England.
1. Aſtrophe, Oxfordſhire, near Banbury. Clear,
briſk; contains iron with a little Epſom
falt, and fome earth. Short, vol. II. p. 45.
.
Monro, vol. I. p. 376.
2. Afwerby, Lincolnſhire. Colour bluiſh ; contains
iron, a large proportion of Epſom ſalt, and
fome calcareous earth. Short, yol. I. p.217,
Monro, vol. I. p. 388.
3. Birmingham,

WAT E R.
299
3. Birmingham, Warwickſhire. A briſh chalybeate,
with little ſolid contents. Short, vol. II.
p. 43. Monro, vol. I. p. 274.
4. Buxton, Derbyſhire. A cold chalybeate water,
containing alſo a little ſea-ſalt and ſal cath.
amarum. Short, vol. I. p. 229. Monry,
vol. I. p. 357
5. Burlington, Yorkſhire. Contains iron, a little Ep-
,
fom ſalt, and calcareous earth. Short,
vol. I. p. 230. Monro, vol. 1. p. 375.
6. Bournley, Lancaſhire. A light chalybeate, with a
little Epſom ſalt, and probably ſome fele-
nites. Short, vol. ll. p. 130. Monro,
II
vol. I.
p. 377.
7. Binley, Warwickſhire, near Coventry. A very
А
light chalybeate, containing ſome Epſom
ſalt. Short, vol. II. p. 45. Monro, vol, I.
P. 378.
8. Bagnigge, Middleſex, near London. Contains
iron, Epſom ſalt, earth, and ſome ſelenites.
Bevis. Monro, vol. I. p. 399.
9. Carlton, Nottinghamſhire. A very light chaly-
beate.
Short, vol. II. p. 40.
Monro,
vol. I.
P
p. 266.
10. Colurian, Cornwall.
A chalybeate water the
contents of which are not well known.
Borlaſe. Monro, vol. I. p. 271.
II. Cannock, Staffordſhire. A very light chalybeate.
Short, vol. II. p. 43.
Monro, vol. I.
p. 274.
12. Cobham,

300
A T E R.
W
12. Cobham, Surry. Contains iron with a fmall
quantity of fea-falt.
A gallon yields
but feven grains of refiduum. Monro, vol. I.
p. 355
13. Chippenham, Wiltſhire. Contains iron and ſea-
falt. Rutty. Monro, vol. I. p. 359.
14. Cawthorp, Lincolnſhire, near Bounre. Con-
tains iron, with a large proportion of fea.
falt, a little Epſom ſalt, and probably ſome
ſelenites. Short. vol. I. p. 225. Monro.
vol. I.
15. Coventry, Warwickſhire. A light chalybeate,
containing alſo a little Epſom ſalt. Short.
Monro, vol. I. p. 376.
16. Cheltenham, Gloceſterſhire. Contains iron, a
large proportion of Epſom ſalt and calcerous
earth, with ſome ſelenites. Lucas, Rutty.
Short. Monro, vol. I. p. 395.
17. Derby, Derbyſhire. A ſtrong chalybeate, con-
taining alſo a large proportion of fea-ſalt,
Short, vol, II. p. 48. Monro. vol. I.
P. 362.
p. 362.
18. Dorſthill, Staffordſhire. A briſk chalybeate, con-
taining alſo ſea-falt, Epſom ſalt, and bittern,
Monro, vol. I. p. 365.
19. Felſtead, Ellex. A light chalybeate. Allen,
Monro, vol. I. p. 269.
20. Filah, Yorkſhire, near Scarborough. Colour
whitiſh; contains, beſides iron, a conſide-
rable proportion of fea-falt, ſome Epſom
ſalt,

A T E R.
301
P. 264.
falt, calcareous earth, and probably much
fixt air. Short, vol. I. p. 289. Monro,
vol. I. p. 364.
21. Hampſtead, Middleſex. A pure chalybeate,
containing probably a little fea-falt. Soum,
1734. Boyle. Monro, vol. I.
22. Harrogate, Yorkſhire. Sweet Spaw: Lighter than
common water ; Teuwhet well : Lighter
than the former containing more iron,
together with a greater proportion of earth.
Short. Monro, vol. I. p. 271.
23. Hartlepool, Bpk. of Durham. Contains iron
with a good deal of Epſom ſalt and calca-
reous earth; alſo ſome fea-falt, and pof-
fibly a little fulphur. Short, vol. II. p. 59.
Monro, vol. I. p. 380.
24. Hanlys, Shropſhire, near Shrewſbury. Contains
iron, with a large proportion of Epſom ſalt,
and calcareous earth. Linden. Monro,
vol. I. p. 402.
25. Iſlington, Middleſex. A very light water im-
pregnated with iron. A gallon yields about
a ſcruple of reddiſh earth. Boyle. Linden.
Monro. vol. I. p. 267.
26. Ilmington, Warwickſhire. Clear, briſk. Con-
tains iron and a falt, concerning which
authors differ. Durham. 1685. Short,
vol. II. p. 129. Monro. vol. I. p. 302.
27. Jeſſop, Surry. A weak chalybeate, containing
a very large proportion of Epſom ſalt,
and poflibly a little ſea-falt. Hales. Phil.
Trans.

302
A T E R.
W
Trans. Numb. 495. Rutty. Monroe
vol. I. p. 400.
28. Knowfley, Lancaſhire. Contains iron, with a
very little Epſom ſalt, and a ſmall pro-
portion of ſelenites. Short, vol. II. p. 129.
Monro, vol. I. p. 375.
29. King's Cliff
, Northamptonſhire. Contains iron,
with much Epſom ſalt, and ſome earth.
Short. Rutty. Monro, vol. I. p. 379.
p
30. Kerby, Weſtmorland, near Appleby. Contains
iron, Epſom ſalt, with a good deal of
earth. Short, vol. II. p. 132. Rutty.
Monro, vol. I. p. 384.
31. Leez, Elex. A pure chalybeate. Allen. Monro,
vol. I. p. 268.
32. Lincomb, Somerſetſhire, near Bath. Contains
iron, and, according to Dr. Hillary, both
natron and Epſom ſalt. Monro, vol. I.
P. 305.
33. Latham, Lancaſhire. Clear, containing iron,
ſea-falt, and earth. Short, Monro, vol. I,
p. 358.
34. Lancaſter, Lancaſhire. Contains iron, ſea-falt,
and probably ſelenites. Short, vol. II.
.
p. 130. Monro, vol. I. p. 360.
35. Marks-hall, Eſſex. Becomes red with galls,
which colour is ſaid to diſappear in two
days, but without any precipitation. Allen.
Monro, vol. I. p. 268.
36. Malvern, Glouceſterſhire, Evaporated two quarts
yielding one grain of earth, one of iron, and
one

WA A TER.
303
one of bittern. Wall. Monro, vol. I. p.
270.
37. Moſs Houſe, Lancaſhire, near Maudſly. A
briſk light chalybeate ; a gallon yielded
on evaporation 23 grains of reſiduum,
five of which were a ſalt of ſome ſort or
other. Short, vol. II. p. 38. Monro, vol. I.
P. 274.
38. Malton, Yorkſhire. A ſtrong chalybeate, con-
taining alſo a conſiderable quantity of Epſom
ſalt and earth, and ſome ſelenites. Lifter.
Short. Monro, vol. I. p. 386.
39. Newham Regis, Warwickſhire. Contains iron
and Epſom ſalt, with ſome calcareous earth.
Short. Monro, vol. I. p. 378.
40. Orſton, Nottinghamſhire. Clear, pleaſant, con-
taining iron, with a large proportion of
earth, together with Epfom ſalt and ſome
ſea-falt. Short, vol. I. p. 222. Monro.
vol. I. p.382.
41. Road, Wiltſhire. Contains iron, and, accord-
ing to the following Doctors, a large
quantity of natron, alſo ſome fea-falt.
Williams. Clark. Rutty. Monro, vol. I.
P. 306.
42. Shadwell, Middleſex, near London. A
very
ſtrong chalybeate; a gallon yields two
ounces and three drachms of Salt of Steel,
and three dracms of a yellowiſh brown earth.
Rutty. Monro, vol. I. p. 247
43. Sene, or Send, Wiltſhire, near the Devizes A
ftrong chalybeate : Its acids ſeems fixt.
Guidott,

304
WAT
W A T E R.
Guidott, an. 1691. p. 405 Monro, vol. I.
p. 275
44. Stanger, Cumberland, two miles from Cocker-
mouth. Contains a good deal of iron,
a large quantity of ſea- ſalt and probably
fome felenites. Short, vol. II. p. 132.
Monro, vol. I. p. 366.
45. Stenfield, Lincolnſhire. Clear, light, briſk. Con-
tains iron, with a large proportion of Epſom
ſalt and earth, together with a little ſea-ſalt,
and probably ſome felenites. Short, vol. I.
p. 214. Monro, vol. I. p. 383.
46. Scarborough, Yorkſhire. Contains iron, with a
conſiderable proportion of Epſom ſalt, and
calcareous earth, and fome felenites. Shaw,
Enq. an. 1734. Atkins. Short, vol. I.
174. Lucas. Monro, vol. I. 389.
47. Stockport, Lancaſhire. A gallon yielded, on
evaporation, twelve grains of ochre, and the
fame quantity of a mixture of fea-ſalt and
Epſom ſalt, Short, vol. II. p. 130. Monro,
P.
vol. I. p. 357
48. Tunbridge, Kent. Contains iron, ſome ſea-ſalt,
with a little felenites and calcareous earth
According to Dr. Lucas, a gallon yields 30
grains of refiduum. Lucas. Lifter. Rutty.
Monro, vol. I. p. 355.
49. Thetford, Norfolk. Contains iron, and, accord-
ing to the following Doctor, a pure alkaline
falt. Manning, de ag. min. Monro, vol. I.
.
p. 304.
50. Tibſhelf, Lancaſhire. Contains iron, with a
conſiderable proportion of fea-falt, a little
4
Epſom

WA
305
А
E RO
T
Epſom ſalt, and ſome calcareous earth.
Short, vol. I. p. 226. Monro, vol. I.
p. 358.
51. Townly, or Hanbridge, Lancaſhire. Contains
iron and Epſom ſalt. Short, vol. II. p.
133. Monro, vol. I. p. 377.
52. Thurſk, Yorkſhire. Contains iron, Epſom ſalt,
calcereous earth, a little ſea-ſalt and pro-
bably fixt air. Short, vol. I. p. 226. Monroe
vol. I. p.380.
53. Thornton, Nottinghamſhire, near Newark.
Contains iron with Epſom ſalt and a
great deal of earth. Short. Monro, vol. I.
a
.
p. 381.
54. Tarleton, Lancaſhire. Contains a little iron,
a large proportion of Epſom ſalt and
calcareous earth, a good deal of ſea-falt,
a little ſulphur and poſſibly ſome felenites.
Short, vol. II. p. 54.
Monro, vol. I.
p. 385.
55. Weſtwood, Derbyſhire, near Tanderſly. Yields
pure cryſtals of green vitriol. Short, vol. I.
p. 283. Monro, vol. I. p. 248.
56. Willenborough, Northamptonſhire. Lighter than
common water. Contains iron, &c. Allen.
Monro, vol. I. p. 269.
57. Wigan, Lancaſhire. Contains ſome iron and a
little Epſom ſalt. Short, vol. II. p. 30.
Monro, vol. I. p. 275.
58. Witham, Eſſex. Contains iron, ſea-ſalt, Epſom
ſalt, and calcareous earth, Taverner,
Mónro, vol. I. p. 359.
X
59. White-

306
WATER
59. White-acre, Lancaſhire, near Trales Contains
iron, ſea-falt, and probably felenites. Short.
Monro, vol. I. p. 360.
60. Weſt-Aſhton, Wiltſhire. A weak chalybeate,
containing a large proportion of ſea-ſált and
Epſom ſalt, with ſome earth. Rutty. Monro,
vol. I. p. 361.
61. Weatherſlack, Weſtmorland. A weak chalybeate,
containing a very large proportion of fea-
ſalt, probably a little Epſom ſalt, and a
very ſmall quantity of ſulphur, together with
ſome earth. Short, vol. II. p. 182. Rutty.
Monro, vol. I. p. 363.
Ireland.
62. Ardarick, Cork, two miles and a half ſouth-
eaſt of the city. Smith, vol. II. p.
276.
63. Athlone, Roſcommon. Contains a little iron
and Epſom ſalt. Rutty. Monro, vol. I.
P. 404.
64. Bandon, Cork. A chalybeate of confiderable
ſtrength. Smith, vol. II. p. 271.
65. Ballyvourney, Cork, on the north bank of the
river Sulla ne. A ſtrong chalybeate. Smith,
vol. II. p. 272.
66 Bearforeſt, Cork, a mile fouth of Mallow. A
pretty ſtrong chalybeate. Smith, vol. II.
P. 274.
7. Bally-

WAT
А TER.
307
a
67. Ballycaſtle, Antrim. contains iron in a fixt acid,
calcareous earth, and a little fulphur.
Monro, vol. I p. 279.
68 Ballyſpellan, Tipperary, eight miles from Kil-
kenny. Contains a little iron in a volatile
acid. Monro. vol. I. p. 282.
69. Caſtle Townſhend, Cork, on the road to
Skibbereen. A ſtrong chalybeate, con-
taining alſo a little fulphur. Smith, vol. II.
p. 268.
70. Cronacree, Cork, near Doneraile. A weak cha- .
lybeate. Smith, vol. II. p. 272.
p
71. Carrignacurra, Cork, near Inchiguelagh. A ſtrong
chalybeate. Smith, vol. II. p. 272,
72. Croſstown, Waterford.. A gallon yields on
evaporation, 40 grains of a greeniſh white
ſediment of an acrid ferruginous taſte,
Rutty. Monro, vol. I. p. 253
73. Caſhmore, Waterford. A gallon yields 48
grains of vitriol. Monro, vol. I. p. 254.
74. Coolauran, Fermanagh. Contains iron in a
fixt acid, and a little Epſom ſalt, Rutty.
Monro, vol. I. p. 278.
75. Caſtleconnel, Limeric. Contains iron, ſea-
ſalt, calcareous earth, and probably a little
ſelenites. Rutty. Martin. Monro, vol. I.
P. 367
76. Drumraſtle, Cork, near Dunmanway. Con-
tains a ſmall proportion of iron diſſolved
in a volatile acid. Smith, vol. II. p.
268.
77. Dunnard,
X2

303
TIRO
W A
77. Dunnard, eighteen miles from Dublin. Cons
tains iron and a very ſmall proportion of
ſaline matter. Rutty. Monro. vol. I. p.
281.
78. Five-mile Bridge, Cork, in the road to Kinſale.
A ſtrong chalybeate, containing alſo a little
fulphur, Smith, vol. II. p. 269.
79. Clanagarin, Cork, near Caſtlemartyr. Contains
a little iron in a volatile acid. Smith, vol.II.
a
P. 268.
80. Garret's-town, Cork. Contains iron in a
fixt acid, and ſome falt. Smith, vol. II.
p. 270.
81. Glanmile, near Naul Contains iron diſſolved
in a volatile acid, and a little Epſom ſalt.
Monro, vol. I. p. 279.
82. Granſhaw, Downe. Contains much iron, ſome
fea-falt, and earth. Rutty. Monro, vol. I,
P. 309.
83. Galway, near the town. Contains iron in a
volatile acid, a large proportion of ſea-falt,
ſome Epfom ſalt and ſelenites. Rutty.
Monro; vol. I. p. 370.
84. Kilindonnel, Cork, two miles N. by E. from
the city. Aftrong chalybeate. Smith,
vol. II. p. 272.
85. Kilpadder, Cork. A pretty ſtrong chalybeate.
Smith, vol. II. p. 274.
86. Killbrew, Meath. A gallon yielded on eväe
A
poration, 1500 grains of ſediment, chiefly
pitriot of iron fuppoſed alſo to contain ſome
copper

V A T F R.
309
copper and a lttle alum. Rutty, Monro, vol.
1. p. 255.
87. Kanturk, Cork. Contains iron, ſome ſulphur,
and probably a little Epſom ſalt. Rutty.
Monro, vol. I. p. 280. Smith, vol. II.
p. 269.
88. Kilinſhanvally, Fermanagh, Contains iron in
a fixt acid, with a little Epſom ſalt and
calcareous earth. Rutty, Monro, vol. I.
P. 405.
89. Lis-don-varna, Clare. Contains a conſiderable
proportion of iron, and, as ſome imagine,
a little ſulphur, natron, and copper. Rutty.
Monro, vol. I. p. 307.
9o. Macroomp, Cork. Contains iron, and natron,
according to Dr. Rutty. A gallon yielded
only eight grains of ſediment. Smith, vol.
II. p. 275. Monro, vol. I. p. 308.
91. Mount Pallas, Cavan.
Contains iron in a
volatile acid, with ſome Epſom ſalt and
calcareous earth. Rutty. Monro, vol. I.
P. 405.
92. Nobler, Meath. A gallon is ſaid to yield 170
grains of reſiduum, moſt of which, we
are told is vitriol of iron. Rutty. Monro,
vol. I. p. 254,
93. Newton Stewart, Tyrone, near Caſtle-hill
.
Contains iron in a fixt vitriolic acid, ſome
ſea-falt, Epſom ſalt, and earth. Rutty.
Monro, yol. I. p. 379 ,
94. Roſtillan

310
W A TER.
94. Koſtillan, Cork.
A pretty ſtrong chalybeate.
Smith, vol. II. p. 268.
95. Ship Pool, Cork, ſeven miles from the city.
A ſtrong chalybeate. Smith, vol. II. p.
273
96. Timoleague, Cork. A weak chalybeate. Smith,
vol. II. p. 271.
97. Tralee, Kerry. Contains iron, ſea-ſalt, and
.
abſorbent earth. Rutty, Monro, vol. I.
p. 368.
98. Wexford. Contains iron, a very little Epſom
ſalt, and fame calcareous earth. Rutty.
Monro, vol. I.
p. 281.
Wales.
99. Llandrindod, Radnor. Contains a conſiderable
proportion of iron in a volatile acid, and
probably a neutral ſalt. Linden. Monro,
vol. I. p. 276.
100. Swanſea, Glamorganſhire. A gallon yielded
30 grains of green vitriol, and 8 grains of
calcareous earth. Rutty. Monro, vol. I.
,
p. 249.
Scotland.
101. Aberbrothock. A weak chalybeate. Monro,
vol. I. p. 278.
102. Dunſe

W A TE R.
311
102. Dunſe. Contains a little iron, fea-falt, and
ittern. Home. Monro, vol. 1. p.
I.
366.
103. Glendy, Mairn. A chalybeate of moderate
impregnation. Monro, vol. I. p. 278.
104. Hartfell, Annandale.
A gallon evaporated
yields about 30 grains of falt of ſteel,
and 3 or 4 grains of earth. Med. Eſſays,
vol. I. art. 12. Monro, vol. I. p. 205.
105. Peterhead, Aberdeen.
A ſtrong chalybeater
Monro, vol. I. p. 278.
ALUMINOUS WATER. Changes ve-
getables blues red, even after itanding
ſome time in the open air; efferveſces with
alkalies, and is decompoſed; precipitating
in floculi.
1. Somerſham, Huntingdonſhire, Said to contain
alum, iron, calcareous earth, and ſele-
nites. Layard. Phil. Tranſ. vol. LVI.
Morris. Monro, vol. I. p. 432.
WARM WATERS.
е
1: Bath, Somerſetſhire. Lighter than rain-water,
Contains a very ſmall proportion of iron
in a volatile acid, very little ſea-falt, heper
ſulpuris e calce viva, and ſelenites diffuſed
in the water Raiſes Fahrenheit's there
mometer to rig degrees. Lucas. Falconer.
Linden. Sutherland. Rutty. Charlion. Hil-
lary. Monro, vol. II. p. 233
p
2. Matlock

312
W A T E R.
P. 261.
2. Matlock, Derbyſhire. Raiſes Fahrenheit's ther-
mometer to about 70. Lighter than rain-
water. Contains a very ſmall proportion
of Epſom ſalt, and calcareous earth. Short,
Monro, vol. II.
3. Briſtol, Somerſetſhire. Raiſes Fahrenheit's ther-
mometer to 80. Lighter than rain-water.
Contains in ſmall proportion, Glauber's
ſalt, Epſom ſalt, calcareous earth, and fixt
air. Lucas. Sutherland. Rutty. Monro,
vol. II. p. 369.
.
4. Buxton, Derbyſhire. Raiſes Fahrenheit's ther-
mometer to go. Lighter than rain-water.
.
.
Contains in ſmall proportion, ſea-falt,
Epſom ſalt, and calcareous earth. Short.
Monro. vol. II. p.378.
5. Mallow, Cork. Raiſes Fahrenheit's thermo-
meter to 68. Lathers well with foap.
Contains a ſmall proportion of ſea-faſt,
Epſom ſalt, and calcareous earth. Rutty.
Monro. vol. II. p. 386. Smith, vol. II.
p. 276.
PETRYFYING. WATER. Contains cal-
careous earth either combined with vitri-
olic acid in form of ſelenites, or diffuſed in
the water.
I. Ball or Band Well, Linconſhire, near Henfield.
Contains alſo Epſom ſalt, and fea-falt.
Short, vol. I. p. 107. Monro, vol. I. p.
464.
2. Cave, Fife, Scotland. Sibbald, Phil. Tranſ.
Abridg, vol. II, p. 325, Monro. vol. 1.
p. 468,
3. Chinkwell

W
313
A T E R.
3. Chinkwell, Dublin. Rutly.
Rutty. Monro, vol. I.
p.
470.
4. Glevely, Roſs, Scotland. Monro, vol. I.
p.
468.
5. Hermitage, Dublin. Contains alſo a little Epſom
falt. Monro, vol. I. p. 470.
6. Howth, Dublin. Contains alſo ſome fea-falt.
Rutty. Monro, vol. I. p. 469.
7. Langybi, Carnarvonſhire, Wales. Examined by
Dr. Linden only, from whoſe report it is
impoſſible to know what it contains. Monro,
vol. I. p 466.
8. Logſhiny, Dublin. Rutty. Monro, vol. I.
p. 469.
9. Knareſborough, Yorkſhire. Contains, beſides
a conſiderable proportion of earth, a good
deal of Epſom ſalt. Short, vol. I. p. 106. .
Monro, vol. I. p. 464.
Τ Η Ε Ε Ν D.


Ι Ν D Ε Χ Ι.
ANIMAL KINGDOM.
GENERA, &c.
7
A
79 BELLUÆ
170 BIRDS
10 Blatta
61 Blennius
186 Bos
43 Buccinum
24 Bulla
18 Bumbylius
212 Bupreſtis
65 Burrhus
IO
IIO
70
7
203
202
167
105
92
46
66
173
-
2
102
3
BDOMINALES
Acarus
ACCIPITRES
Acipenſer
Actinia
Alauda
Alca
Alcedo
Alcyonium
Ammodites
Ampelis
AMPHIBIA
Anarchichas
Anas
Anguis
Anomia
ANSERES
Aphis
Aphrodita
Apis
APODES
Aptera
Aranea
Arca
Ardea
Argentina
Afcaris
Aſcidia
Afilus
Alterias
Atherine
Attelabus
Balana
6
5
104
-
197
6
9
212
2
55 Callionymus
65 Cancer
19 Canis
57
Cantharis
200 Capra
19 Caprimulgus
119 Carabeus
185 Cardium
158 Caffida
04 Cellepora
168 CETÆ
172 Cerambix
198 Cerchia
31 Cervus
82 Charadrius
181 Chermes
186 Chiton
167 Chryfis
189 Chryiomela
107
IT
8
-
WT
6
3
1 27
121
151
97
82 Cicada
100 Cicindela
7 Cimex
114
102
n14
Clupe4

( 316 )
82 - Fluſtra
- 79 Forficula
93 Formica
122 Fringilla
86 Fulica
56 Gadus
Clupea
Cobitis
Coccinela
Coccus
COLEOPTERA
Coluber
Columba
Colymbus
Conops
Coracias
Corallina
Corvus
Cottus
Cuculus
Culex
Curculio
Cyclopterus
Cynips
Cypræa
Cyprinus
42
GALLINA
26
Gaſteroſteus
167
GLIRES
26
Gobius
215 Gordius
15 Gorgonia
71 GRALLÆ
16
Gryllus
66
Gyrinus
97
62 Hæmatopus
152
Halios
202
Helix
83 Hemerobius
HEMIPTERA
8 Holothuria
214
IIO
159
47
39
67
40
76
4
71
181
2IZ
31
III
99
39
209
207
151
IIO
187
Delphinus
Dentalium
Dermeſtes
DIPTERA
Donax
Doris
Dytiſcus
210 Homo
89 Hippoboſca
160 Hirudo
197
184
Hirundo
Hiſter
168
183
53
90
221
152
105 Hydra
354
Echinus
Elater
Emberiza
Ephemera
Equus
Erinaceus
Efox
183
66
180
HYMENOPTERA
190
103
Ichneumon
47 Insects
150
INTESTINA
7 JUGULARES
4 Julus
81
Labrus
10 Lacerta
182 Lampyris
2 Lanius
2 Laplyſia
64 Larus
74
56
102
Falico
Faſciola
Felis
FERÆ
FISHES
184
28
Lepas

( 317 )
148
113
Lepas
LEPIDOPTERA
Lepiſma
Leptura
Lepus
Lernæa
Libellula
Limax
LITHOPHYTA
Lophius
Loxia
Lucanus
Lumbricus
160
178
66
199
40
7
2
Mactra
Madrepora
MAMMALIA
Meduſa
Meloe
Mergus
Millepora
MOLLUSCA
Monoculus
Mordella
Morris
Motacilla.
Mugil
Mullus
Muræna
Murex
Mus
Muſca
Mufcicapa
Muſtela
Mya
Mytilus
Myxine
152
123
52
42
210
6
170
26
76
57
171
132
40
2
192
150
8
15
17
202
72
169
1
25
89
170
58
NANTES
Nepa
Nereis
Nerita
39
55
Du con Doo
38
191 NEUROPTIRA
123 Notonecta
168
IOI Oeſtrus
4 Oniſcus
187 Ophidium
148 Oſtrea
183 Otis
211 Ovis
61
46 Panorpa
88 Papilio
182 Parus
PASSERES
196 Patella
2II
PECORA
I Pediculus
188 Pelecanus
109 Perca
23 Petromyzon
211 Phalangium
183 Phalana
177 Phafianus
109 Phoca
65 Pholas
50 Phryganea
82 Phyſeter
77 PICÆ
64 Picus
204 Pinna
5
Pleuronectes
162 Podura
53 PRIMATES
3 Procellaria
193 Ptinus
201 Pulex
183
Raja
57 Rallus
114 Rana
185 Recurviroſtra
209 REPTILES
55
Sabella

( 318 )
Sabella
Salmo
SERPENTS
Sertularia
Scarabæus
Sciurus
Scolopax
Scolopendra
Scomber
Sepia
Serpula
Silpha
Sipunculus
Sirex
Sitta
Solen
Sorex
Sparus
Sphex
Sphinx
Spongia
Squalus
Staphilinus
Sterna
Strix
Strombus
Sturnus
Sus
Sygnanthus
Sylpha
211 Tenebrio
79 Tenthredo
56 Termes
215 TESTÁCEA
86 Teſtudo
6 Tetrodon
32 Tetrao
179
THORACICI
77 Thrips
188 Tipula
210 Trachinus
91 Trigla
182 Tringa
154 Trochus
18 Turbo
194 Turdus
4 Tubularia
74
Venus
130 VERMES
213 Veſpa
59 Veſpertilio
109 Voluta
30 Vorticella
13
204 Upupa
44 Urſus
108
153
169
191
55
62
41
71
I 22
160
66
78
34
205
zo6
45
214
157
197
181
157
I
203
203
18
CO
3
7.
63
Xiphias
66
91
Yunx
166
17
222
Tabanus
Tænia
Talpa
Tellina
4
195
Zeus
ZOOPHYTA
72
213
INDEX

Ι Ν D
I N D E X II.
ANIMAL KINGDOM.
SPECIE S.
А
118
86
46
BERDAVINE 48 Blind-worm
57
Acorn-fifh
192 Boat-fly
113
Admiral
127 Bounce
бо
Anchovy
83 Brambling
47, 48
Angle-ſhades
I4I Bream
74, 85
Angel-fith
59 Breeze
160
Ant
159 Buck
6
Argus
125, 129 Bug
I15
Afs
7 Bugkin
Avoſetta
38 Bull-comber
Awk
25 Bulfinch
Ball-head
72
Badger
3 Bunting
47
Barble
83 Buſtard
40
Barnacle
20, 192 Butcher-bird 14, 53
Baffe
76 Butterflies
123
Bat
I Butter-fiſh
Bee
158 Buzzard
11, 12
Beetle
86, &c.
Bernard the hermit
175 Cabbage Butterfly
Bib
124
Bittern
Carp
83
31
Cat
2
Black-bird
45
Cat-fifh
Black-fiſh
Black-cap
Cephalus
51
Chafinch
Black-game
47
41
Charre
80
Black-legs
Bleak
Chaterrer
Cheven
Blinds
67
Chimney-
70
67
76
60
82
Hu
87
85
!!!
46
48

( 320 l
19, 22
24
39
36
ΙΟ
IIO
64
69
56
126
3
10
-
II, 13
71
45
84
59
Chimney-ſweeper
145 Duck
Chub
84 Dun Diver
Cleanſer
174 Dung-hunter
Cock of the mountain 41 Dunlin
Cock of the wood
41
Cockpaddle
62 Eagle
Coldfinch
51 Earwig
Cole-fiſh
68 Eel
Colemouſe
53 Eel-Pont
Cember
75
Eft
Cook
75 Emperor
Coot
39 Ermine
Coral
211 Erne
Coralline
211
Corniſh Cough
16 Falcon
Corvorant
26 Father-laſher
Cod
67, 69 Fieldfare
Cockle
196 Fincale
Clock
87 Fire-flaire
Crab
73 FISHES
Crayfiſh
176 Flaire
Creeper
19 Flea
Cricket
III Flies
Croſsbill
46 Flounder
Crow
15 Fly-catcher
Cuckoo
17 Foumart
Cuckow-fpit, infect 112 Fox
Curlew
32 Fritillary
Cuttle-fiſh
Dab
Frog-fiſh
Dace
84 Froghopper
Dartford Warbler
Froth-worm
Dead man's hand
Fulmar
212
Deer
6
Diver
27 Gad-fly
Dog
2 Godwall
Dolphin
8 Gambet
Dor
87 Gannet
Doree
72
Gar-fiſh
Dormouſe
64
78
170
160
73
49
3
2
127
55
61
II2
I12
26
183 Frog
73
52
NN
160
21
35
26
81
22
5 Garganey
Dotrel
38 Globe-fifth
62
Glow
10

( 321 )
102 Hen-Harrier
166 Hepſetus
6 Heron
101 Herring
54 Hobby
71 Hog
33 Holibut
21, 151 Hoopce
48 Hornet
202
Horn-fifh
75 Hornwrack
Woow 00
82
31
82
IZ
7, 130
72
18
157
81
214
7
218
24 Horſe
20
59,60
Glow-worm
Gnat
Goat
Goat-chafer
Goatfucker
Goby
Godwit
Golden Eye
Goldfinch
Gowry
Goldfinny
Gooſander
Gooſe
Graining
Grampus
Graſshopper
Grayling
Grebe
Greenfinch
Greenſhank
Grey
Greenland Dove
Groſsbeak
Groundling
Grous
Gudgeon
Guillemot
Gull
Gurnard
Gyrfalcon
Grey
16
32
16
188
27
63
Horfe-tail
84 Hound-fith
8
112 Jackdaw
81 Jackſnipe
28 Jay
47 Ink-fiſh
33 Imber
79 Jura-fucker
27
46 Keſtril
79 Kingfiſher
41 King-fiſh
83 Kit
27
Kite
29 Knot
78
12 Lady-Bird
79 Lady-Cow
Lamprey
67 Land-Rail
-
68 Lanner
4 Lapwing
6 Lark
46 Launce
12,13 Leech
41 Limpet
4 Ling
50 Linnet
Y
NOON
12
18
72
73
IA
37
93
93
58
39
woul
Haddock
Hake
Hare
Hart
Hawfinch
Hawk
Heath Cock
Hedgehog
Hedge Sparrow
12
34
43
65
183
210
69
48,49
Lizzard

(322)
200
74
124
-
I 2
3
45, 46
13
7
111
Lizzard
56 Oifter
Loach
79 Old Wife
Lobſter
175 Orange Tip
Long-legs
161 Oſprey
Locuft
177 Otter
Lough Diver
24 Ouzel
Louſe
119,170 Owl
Lumpfith
62 Ox
Lyre
66
Painted Lady
Mackrel
77 Pap-fhell
Magpie
16 Partridge
Maid
59 Peaſe-bloſſom
Mallard
23 Pearch
Man
I Pearl
Martin
54 Periwincle
Merlin
13 Pettychaps
Mew
29 Pheaſant
Miller's Thumb
72 Picked Dog
Minime
84 Piddock
Minow-pink
84 Pigeon
Miſſel bird
Mole
4 Pilchard
Morgay
60 Pinguin
Moths
Mountain finch 48 Piper
Monk
59 Plaiſe
Moor Game
41 Pollac
Morillon
22 Poor
Mount's Bay Devil 61 Plover
Mouſe
3, 105 Pochard
Mullet
82 Pogge
Muſcle
201 Polecat
Porbeagle
Needle-fiſh
63 Porpefs
Nether Jack
56 Prawn
Newt
56 Ptarmigan
Nightingale
58 Puffin
Nonpareil
140 Purple-filh
Nutcracker
16 Purre
Nuthatch
12 Piper
126
2 IO
42
143
76
73
206
5@
40
59
192
42
81
45 Pike
83
NLA 00
130 Pink
25
84
78
73
68
68
40, 38
22
71
3
61
9
176
41
25
203
37
78
I'III
-
QUA-

( 323 )
1
Sea Bream
42 Sea Calf
74
2
216
61
209
191
212
213
216
71
216
191
2
37, 70
184
69
178
QUADRUPEDS
Quail
Rabbit
Rat
Raven
Raw Pollach
Redbreaſt
Red Eye
Red Game
Redſhank
Redſtart
Redwing
Reed Sparrow
Reeve
Ring Dove
Roach
Rock-fiſh
Rockling
Roller
Rook
Rough-hound
Roſe Chaffer
Royal William
Rud
Ruff
Salmon
Salmon-trout
Samlet
Saintlet
Sand Eel
Sanderling
Sandpiper
Scad
Scallop
Skatc
Scoter
Sea Adder
Sea Beard
Sea Briftle
Sea Cypreſs
5 Sea Devil
5 Sea Ear
15 Sea Egg
68
Sea Fan
52 Sea Fig
85 Sea Fir
41 Sea Gudgeon
33 Sea Hair
52 Sea Hedgehog
45 Seal
47 Sea Lark
34 Sea Lemon
42 Sea Loach
85 Sea Louſe
7! Sea Lungs
69 Sea Lyre
16
Sea Mall
15 Sea monſter
60
Sea mouſe
88
Sea Nettle
123 Sea Owl
84 Sea Pie
34, 76 Sea Purſe
79 Sea Saury
80 Sea Sleeve
80 Sea Snail
84 Sea Spleenwort
65 Sea Spider
38 Sea Swallow
35, 36 Sea Tamariſk
77 Sea Tipula
199 Sea Willow
58, 59 Sea Wolf
19 Sea Wood-louſe
63 Sea Serpents
217 SERPENTS
co
189
66
29
61
185
189
62
39
213
8
213 Shad
188
63, 205
219
175
30
216
161
212
65
187
64
56
83
Shag
Y 2

( 324 )
53
19
54
66
1
Shag
Shark
Shear-water
Sheep
Sheldrake
Shelley
Sheppy
Shoveller
Shrew mouſe
Shrimp
Sky Lark
Skipper
Skua
Smelt
Smew
Snail
Siſkin
Snake
Snipe
Soal
Soland Gooſe
Sparrow
Spiders
Sponge
Sprat
Squirrel
Squirrel's tail
Stag
Star fiſh
Stare
Starling
Stickleback
Stint
Stoat
Stock Dove
Stone Chatter
Storm finch
Sturgeon
Sunfiſh
Surmullet
26 Swallow
60, 61 Swan
26 Swift
7 Sword Fich
19, 22
81 Tape-worm
82 Tarrock
21 Teal
4 Tench
176 Tern
43 Tewit
81 Thorn-back
30 Throftle
80 Tick
24
Tit Lark
184, 207 Titmouſe
48 Toad
57 Tope
32 Top-ſhell
73 Tortoiſe
26 Torſk
49 Trout
171 Tub fiſh
213 Tunny-fiſh
83 Turbot
6 Turnſtone
216 Turtle Dove
6 Twite
189
44 Venus Bugle
44 Venus Fan
77 Viper
37 Umber
3
42 Wagell
51 Waſp
25 Water Scorpion
62 Water-flea
62 Water-hen
77 Water Ouzel
222
29
23
84
30
34
59
45
170
43
53
55
59
201
55
69
79
78
77
73
34
43
|||
56 2772344
48
205
212
57
81
oon
-
29
158
114
91
39, 40
44
Water

(325)
-
40 White Throat
50 Whiting
51 Whiting Pollack
67 Whiting-pout
3 Wigeon
97
Wood Chat
204
Woodcock
7
Woodcracker
32 Wood-louſe
74 Woodpecker
51
Worms
69 Wraffe
49
Wren
41 Wryneck
Water Rail
Water wagtail
Wheat-Ear
Weaver
Weefel
Weevil
Welk
Whale
Wimbrel
Whiff
Whinchat
Whiſtle-fiſh
White Cap
White Game
White Horſe
White Nun
50
68
68
67
22
IS
32
18
179
17
182
74
52
17
-
58
24 Yellowhammer
47
Y 3
INDEX


IN DE X III.
FOSSIL KINGDOM.
GEN ER A.
A
=
237
269
270
OO
IR inflammabilis Marga
Amphybiolithus 279 Manganeſe
Antimonium
267 Molybdena
Argentum
Argilla
231 Phytolithus
Arfenicum
268 Plumbum
Aurum
260 Plumbago
260
lll
278
261
270
Barites
Bitumen
246
=
Calx
Cobaltum
Cuprum
250
251
253
252
254
Entomolithus
249 Quartzum
256
Sal acidum
233
alkali
269
metallicum
262 - neutram
- terreum
281
Saxum
264 Shiftus
239, 246 Stannum
Sulphur
282
233 Talcum
1
Ferrum
Fluor
240
243
261
258
Graptolithus
Gypſum
239
Helmintholithus
271 Viſmutum
265
Zincum
280 Zoolithus
Ichytholithus
-
266
279
Y 4
INDEX

IN DE X IV.
FOSSIL KINGDOM.
SPECIE S.
A
250 Blend
!!!
.
CID of fea-falt 251 Black lead
270
vitriolic
267
Air hepatic
258 Bole
232
Agaric min.
233 Bloodſtone
264
Alabafter
238 Bluiſh ore
265
Alkali mineral
252 Bones
279
Alkali volatile
252 Buccinum
275
Alum, rock
254 Bufonites
280
Amber
256 Bulla
275
Acid
281
Ammonita
271
Calamine
267
Anomites
271 Cawk
249
Antimonial ore, red 267 Chalk
233
ftriated 267 Chama
276
Arca
277 Clay, common
232
Arſenic
254 pipe
232
Acid of
251 porcelain
231
native of 268
potters
232
white
268 Coal
257
Albeft
240 Cockle
277
Aſteria
272 Cock-fpurs
280
Aftroites
274 Cobalt, black
269
Atrion
272
ochre
264
ore
269
Baſs
243
cryſtalline 269
Belemnites
273 Conglutinated ſtones
242
Biſmuth, native 266 Conus
275
Bitumen elaſtic
258 Copper, mundic
flowers of
266
native
263
ore
266
ore, grey 263
C prer
-
264

(329)
264
273
Copper pyrites, white 264 Iron ore
Cornu ammonis
271 Judaicus
Crab
281
Cryſtal
246 Lead cryſtals
Cryſtalline ore 265 glance
Cypræa
278
ocre
ſpar
Dentalium
Dendrites
274
282
trail
Leaves of trees
Lime-earth
Lime ſtone
261
262
ib.
ib.
ib,
279
233
236
277
265
Echinites
Elephants tuſks, &c.
Entrochus
272
279 Limpet
273 Load-ftone
NNN
| 11
258
251 Marle
246 Mica
-
248
Feltſpar
248 Madreporus
274
Ferns
278 Magnet
265
Fiſhes
280 Marble
233
Flint
247
Marcafite
Fluor Acid
237
cryftallized
240
Foffile pods
281 Millopora
274
Free ftone
240
Mill-tone
242
Fruit
279 Molares of the ſea-wolf 280
Fullers-earth
232 Mountain blue
263
fax
240
Garnet
leather
240
Glaſs copper ore
263
green
35
Gloffopetræ
280 Mundic
258
Glimmer
265, 239
white
268
Gold duft
260 Morex
275
Granite
241 Muſcle
277
Graſs
278 Mya
277
Gryphites
271
Natron
252
Helix
275
Horſetail
278 Oil foſſile
rock
Jade
248 Oiſter
Jaſper
247 Orpiment
Jet
257
Iron ocre
264 Plate
243
5
Pholas
11
!!!
256
256
276
268
NNN
an

330)
238
238
IM
243
245
244
ib.
275
232
277
236
279
274
275
237
Hill
Pholas
278 Slate green
Plaifter earth
Iriſh
ftone
red
Plaifter ſtone fibrous ib. purple
Ponderous Spar 249
Snail
Pudding ſtone
242 Soap ſtone
Solen
Reeds
278 Spar
Roots
279 Stags horns
Rotten-ſtone
232 Star ftone
Strombus
Sal ammoniac fixt
254 Stone marle
bitter purging ib.
common
252 Tellina
Epſom
254 Tin cryſtals
Glauber's
252
native
Magn. Glaub,
254
ſtone
Metallic
253 Toothfhell
Sand
242 Topſhell
ſtone
240 Totalis
Screw ſhell
274 Tripoli
Scallop
276 Trochus
Sea ſtar
272 Tubiporus
Selenites
239 Tungſten acid of
Serpent ſtone
271 Turf
Serpula
275
Sharks teeth
280 Venus
Shale
243 Vertebra
Shiver
ib. Vitriol blue
Shoer!
249
green
Silver mineralized 260
white
Slate aſh-colour
245 Voluta
black
243
brown
244 Wood petrefied
245 Zinc
276
261
ib.
ib.
274
ib.
280
232
48
273
254
257
276
281
253
253
253
275
278
blue
266
INDEX

I N D E X V.
MINERAL WATERS.
A Berbrothock
310 Bilton
|
=
298
288 Binley
299
Alford
288 Birmingham
299
Alkaline water 284 Bournley
299
Alkerton
288 Briſtol
312
Aluminous water
311 Broughton
291
Anaduff
295 Buglawton
291
Aphaloo
295 Burlington
299
Ardarick
306 Buxton
209, 312
Aſkerton
291
Aſhwood
295 Cannock
299
Aſtorp
298 Cape-clear
285
Aſwerby
299 Cargyrle
287
Athlone
306 Carlton
299
Carrickfergus
Bagnigge 288, 299 Carrickmoor
285
Ball well 312, 288 Carrignacurra
307
Ballycaſtle
307 Carftarphin
297
Bally-murtogh 298 Caſhmore
307
Ballynahinch
296 Caſtleconnel
307
Ballyſpellan
307 Caſtlemaign
296
Ballyvourney 306 Caſtle Townſhend
Bandon
307
306 Cathartic water 287
Barnet
288 Cave
312
Barrowdale
286 Cawley
297
Bartholomew's well 285 Cawthorp
Bath
300
311 Chadlington
292
Bear-foreſt
306 Chalybeate water
298
291
3
Chel-

( 332 )
308
368
308
308
Cheltenham
Chinkwell
Chiprenham
Clifton
Cobham
Codfal Wood
Coolauran
Colurian
Comner
Copper water
Coventry
Crickle
Croft
Cronacree
Cronebaun
Croſstown
Cunley-houſe
292 Hail
-
=
-
300 Five-mile Bridge
313 Gainſborough
293
300 Galway
284 Garret's Town
300 Glanagarin
292 Glanmile
308
307 Glendy
311
299 Glevely
313
289 Granſhaw
308
298 Glaſtonbury
284
300
283
292 Hampſtead
301
307 Hanleys
289, 301
298 Hartfell
311
307 Hartlepool
301
292 Hermitage
313
Harrogate 293, 301
292 Holt
289
300 Howth
313
296
296 Jeſſop
301
296 Ice
293 Ilmington
301
289 Ilington
301
300, 286
293 Kanturk
309
296 Keddleſton
293
296 Kerby
302
307
Kindonnel
289 Kilinſhanvally
309
408 Killaſher
296
3 1
Killbrew
292 Kilpadder
Kilroot
287
289 Kinalton
289
King's cliff
302
300 Knaresborough
313
300 Knowiley
302
Deddington
Derby
Derrindaff
Derryhence
Derrylifter
Dew
Dog and Duck
Dortfhill
Drigwell
Drum afnave
Drumgoon
Drumraftle
Dulwich
Dunnard
Dupfe
Durham
283
308
11
308
308
Epfom
-
Felſtead
Filih
111
Lancaſter

( 333 )
1
294
283
94
284
303
310
286
312 Sene
Lancaſter
302 Quin Camel
Landrindod 290, 302, 302
Latham
286 Rain water
Leamington
286 Rippon
Leez
302 River water
Lincomb
302 Road
Liſbeak
297 Roſtillan
Lis-done-varna
309 Rougham
Llangybi
313
Loanſbury
293 St. Eraſmus
Loggſhiny
313 Salt ſprings
water
Macroomp
309 Scarborough
Mahereberg
287 Sea water
Mallow
Malton
303 Shadwell
Malvern
302 Shapmoor
Markſhall
302 Shattlewood
Matlock
312 Shippool
Maudfley
293 Skipton
Mechan
Moffat
297 Somerſham
Morton fee
290 Springwater
Moſs-houſe
303 Stanger
Mount Pallas
309 Stenfield
Stockport
Nevil Holt
290 Stretham
Newham regis
303 Sulphur water
Newton Stewart 309 Sutton bog
Nobler
309 Swadling bar
Normanby
294 Swanſea
Northall
290 Sydenham
Nottington
293
Tarleton
Orfton
303 Thetford
Owen Breun
297 Thorparch
Thornton
Pancras
290 Thurik
Pettigoe
297 Tibſhelf
Peterhead
311 Tilbury
Petrefying waters 312 Timoleague
286
287
285
304
286
303
303
294
296
310
294
297 Snow
283
311
283
304
304
304 -
290
291
294
297
310
290
305
304
294
305
305
304
284
310
Tober-

( 334 )
Tober-bony
Townley
Tralee
Tunbridge
285 Weatherflack
305 Wellenborough
310 Weſt Afhton
304 Weſtwood
Wexford
295 White-acre
306
305
li
306
305
Upminſter
310
306
Wigan
295 Wiggleſworth
Wardrew
Warm waters
Water pure
91 Wirkſworth
283 Witham
305
295
295
305




4USEUMS
137
.85
1789
val

21817
ARTES
SCIENTI
VERITAS
LIBRARY
OF THE
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Sky ve
TIEBOR
AEEN
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CIRCUMSPICE
Museums
DO
UNIVERSTY OF MICHIGAN LIBRARY
- CONSERVATION UNIT
Examination and treatment records
are on file.
2
Call # QH 137
351 1789
Job #_9232
by Leyla han haus
Date February 1992
Work