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Thomas Pennant
SYNOPSIS
of
QUADRUPEDS
car
ADUW
DDUW
WHEBDIDIT
DIGOS
CHESTER
Printed by J. MONK
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Zoology - Museum in ]
Wheldon
1124
P R E F A C E.
СЕ
T.
HE following Synopſis was originally in-
tended for private amuſement, and as an
Index, for the more ready turning to any
particular animal in the voluminous hiſtory of
quadrupeds by M. DE BUFFON : But as it ſwelled
by degrees to a ſize beyond my firſt expectation, in
the end I was determined to fing it into its preſent
form, and to uſher it into the world.
The Synopſis of our illuſtrious countryman Mr.
RAY has been long out of print; and though from
his enlarged knowlege and great induſtry one might
well ſuppoſe his Work would for ſome time diſcourage
all further attempts of the ſame fort, yet a republica-
tion of that Synopſis would not have anſwered our
preſent deſign: For, living at a period when the
ftudy of Natural Hiſtory was but beginning to dawn
in theſe Kingdoms, and when our contracted Com-
merce deprived him of many lights we now enjoy, he
was obliged to content himſelf with giving deſcrip-
tions of the few Animals brought over here, and col-
lecting the reſt of his materials from other Writers.
Yet ſo correct was his genius, that we view a
ſyſtematic arrangement ariſe even from the Chaos
of Aldrovendus and Geſner. Under his hand the
indigeſted matter of theſe able and copious Writers
affumes a new form, and the whole is made clear
and perſpicuous.
A 2
FROM

iv
PREFACE.
From this period every Writer on theſe ſubjects
propoſed his own method as an example; ſome
openly, but others more covertly, aiming at the
honor of originality, and attempting to ſeek for
fame in the path chalked out by Mr. Ray; but too
often without acknowleging the merit of the Guide.
Mr. Klein, in 1751, made his appearance as
a Syſtematic Writer on Quadrupeds, and in his firſt
order follows the general arrangement of Mr. Ray;
but the change he has made of ſeparating certain
animals, which the laſt had conſolidated, are exe-
cuted with great judgement. He ſeems leſs fortu-
nate in his ſecond order; for, by a ſervile regard to
a method taken from the number of toes, he has
jumbled together moft oppoſite animals; the Camel
and the Sloth, the Mole and the Bat, the Glutton
and Apes; happy only in throwing back the Walrus,
the Seal, and the Manati, to the extremity of his
fyftem : I ſuppoſe, as animals nearly bordering on
another claſs.
M. Brisson, in 1756, favored the world with
another fyftem, arranging his animals by the num-
ber or defect of their teeth; beginning with thoſe
that were toothleſs, ſuch as the Ant-eater, and end-
ing with thoſe that had the greateſt number, ſuch
as the Opoſſum. By this method, laudable as it is
in many reſpects, it muſt happen unavoidably that
ſome Quadrupeds, very diſtant from each other in
their manners, are too cloſely connected in his
Syſtem ; a defect, which, however common, ſhould
be carefully avoided by every Naturaliſt.
و
IN

PREFACE.
In point of time, LINNÆUS ought to have the
precedence; for he publiſhed his firſt Syſtem in
1735. This was followed by ſeveral others, vary-
ing conſtantly in the arrangement of the animal
kingdom, even to the laſt edition of 1766. It is
therefore difficult to defend, and ſtill more ungrate-
full to drop any reflections on a Naturaliſt, to whom
we are ſo greatly indebted. The variations in his
different Syſtems may ha
have ariſen from the new and
continual diſcoveries that are made in the animal
kingdom; from his ſincere intention of giving his
Syſtems additional improvements, and perhaps from
a failing, (unknown indeed to many of his accuſers)
a diffidence in the abilities he had exerted in his
prior performances. But it muſt be allowed, that
the Naturaliſt runs too great a hazard in imitating
his preſent guiſe; for in another year he may put on
a new form, and leave the complying Philoſopher
amazed at the metamorphoſis.
But this is not my only reaſon for rejecting the
ſyſtem of this otherwiſe able Naturaliſt: There are
faults in his arrangement of Mammalia *, that oblige
me to ſeparate myſelf, in this one inſtance, from his
crowd of votaries; but that my ſeceſſion may not
appear the effect of whim or envy, it is to be hoped
that the following objections will have their weight.
I reject his firſt diviſion, which he calls Primates,
or Chiefs of the Creation; becauſe my vanity will
not ſuffer me to rank mankind with Apes, Monkies,
* Or animals which have paps and fuckle their young; in which
claſs are comprehended not only all the genuine quadrupeds, but
even the cetaceous tribe.
Maucaucos
A 3

vi
P R E F A CE.
1619
Maucaucos and Bats, the companions Linnæus has
allotted us even in this his laſt Syſtem.
The ſecond order of Bruta I avoid for much the
ſame reaſon: The moſt intelligent of Quadrupeds,
the half-reaſoning Elephant is made to aſſociate with
the moſt diſcordant and ſtupid of the creation, with
Sloths, Ant-eaters and Armadillos, or with Manaties
and Walruſes, inhabitants of another element.
1996
The third order of Feræ is not more admiſſible
in all its articles; for it will be impoſſible to allow
the Mole, the Shrew, and the harmleſs Hedge-bog, to
be the companions of Lions, Wolves and Bears: Welt
may err in our arrangement, Stai to
Sed non ut placidis Coeant immitia, non ut bo
Serpentes avibus geminentur, tigribus agni.igoto!
In his arrangement of his fourth and fifth orders
we quite agree, except in the ſingle article Noctilio,
bob
a ſpecies of Bat, which happening to have only two
cutting teeth in each jaw, is ſeparated from its com-
panions and placed with ſquirrels, and others of that.
claſs.
aid as 1672
.dos
THE ſixth order is made up of animals of the
hoofed tribe; but of genera ſo different in their na-
Maloog
ture, that notwithſtanding we admit them into the
fame diviſion, we place them at ſuch diſtances from
each other, with ſo many intervening links and
ſoftening gradations, as will, it may be hoped, leſſen
the ſhock of ſeeing the Horſe and the Hippopotame
in the ſame piece. To avoid this as much as poffit
ble, we have flung the laſt into the back ground,
where it will appear more tolerable to the Criticki
than if they were left in a manner conjoined. od 999
THE

PREFACE.
vii
The laſt order is that of Whales; which, it muſt
be confeſſed, have, in many reſpects, the ſtructure
of land animals; but their want of hair and feet,
their fiſh-like form, and their conſtant reſidence in
the water, are arguments for ſeparating them from
this claſs, and forming them into another indepen-
dent of the reſt.
But while I thus freely offer my objections
againſt embracing this Syſtem of Quadrupeds, let
me not be ſuppoſed inſenſible of the other merits of
this great and extraordinary perſon : His arrange-
ment of fiſh, of inſects, and of ſhells, are original
and excellent; he hath, in all his claſſes, given phi-
loſophy a new language; hath invented apt names,
and taught the world a brevity, yet a fullneſs of
deſcription, unknown to paft ages; he hath with
great induſtry brought numbers of ſynonyms of
every animal into one point of view; and hath
given a conciſe account of the uſes and manners of
each, as far as his obſervation extended, or the in-
formation of a numerous train of travelling diſciples
could contribute : His Country may triumph in
producing ſo vaſt a Genius, whoſe ſpirit invigorates
ſcience in all that chilly region, and diffuſes it from
thence to climates more favorable, which gratefully
acknowlege the a
advantage of its influences.
Let us now turn our eyes to a Genius of another
kind, to whom the Hiſtory of Quadrupeds owes
very conſiderable lights: I mean M. de Buffon, who,
in the moſt beautifull language, and in the moſt
agreeable manner, hath given the ampleſt deſcrip-
tions of the economy of the whole four-footed
A 4
creation :
a
a

viii
PRE FACE.'
creation * : Such is his eloquence, that we forget
the exuberant manner he treats each ſubject, and
the reflections he often cafts on other Writers;
the creation of his own gay fancy +. Having
in his own mind a comprehenſive view of every ani-
mal, he unfortunately ſeems to think it beneath him
to ſhackle his lively ſpirit with ſyſtematic arrange-
ment; ſo that the Reader is forced to wander thro'
numbers of volumes in ſearch of any wiſhed-for ſub-
ject. The miſunderſtanding between theſe two able
Naturaliſts is moſt injurious to ſcience. The French
Philoſopher ſcarce mentions the Suede, but to treat
him with contempt ; Linnæus, in return, never
deigns even to quote M. de Buffon, notwithſtanding
he muſt know what ample lights he might have
drawn from him.
I ſhall in a few words mention the plan that is
followed in the preſent diſtribution of quadrupeds,
and at the ſame time ſhall clame but a ſmall ſhare
of originality.
I I copy Mr. Ray, iu his greater diviſions of ani-
mals into hoofed, and digitated; but, after the man-
ner of Mr. Klein, form ſeparate genera of the Rhi-
noceros, Hippopotame, Tapiir and Muſk. The Camel
being a ruminating animal, wanting the upper fore-
teeth, and having the rudiments of hoofs, is placed
a
a
* For the anatomical part in the province of M. D'Aubenton.
+ This is not advanced without reaſon: But, from our regard
to a Gentleman whoſe abilities we reſpect, we forbear producing
our proofs; not doubting, but when he has had time to recollect
himlelf, he will, by a recantation of a certain groſs miſrepreſenta-
tion, convince the Publick that his candor is not inferior to his
learning and genius.
in

PREF A C E.
ix
in the firſt order, after the Muſk, a hornleſs cloven-
hoofed quadruped.
The Apes are continued in the fame rank Mr.
Ray has placed them, and are followed by the
Maucaucos.
The carnivorous animals deviate but little from
his ſyſtem, and are arranged according to that of
LINNÆUS, after omitting the Seal, Mole, Shrew and
Hedge-bog
The herbivorous or frugivorous quadrupeds keep
here the fame ſtation that our countryman aſſigned
them ; but this claſs comprehends, beſides the
Shrew, the Mole and the Hedge-bog. The Mole is
an exception to the character of this order, in re-
ſpect to the number of its cutting teeth; but its
way of life, and its food, place it here more natu-
rally than with the Feræ, as LINNÆUS has done.
Theſe exceptions are to be met with even in the
method * of that able Naturalift; nor can it be
otherwiſe in all human ſyſtems; we are ſo ignorant
of many of the links of the chains of beings, that
to expect perfection in the arrangement of them
would be the moſt weak preſumption. We ought,
therefore, to drop all thoughts of forming a ſyſtem
of quadrupeds from the character of a ſingle part:
but if we take combined characters of parts, man-
ners and food, we bid much fairer for producing an
intelligible ſyſtem, which ought to be the ſum of
our aim,
* Such as the Trichechus Roſmarus, which has four diſtinct
grinders in every jaw, the Phoca Urſina and Leonina, the Muſtela
Lutris, and the Sus Hydrocharis; and particularly in the genus of
Veſpertilio, which conſiſts of numbers of ſpecies, many of which
vary greatly in the number of their fore teeth.
A 5
The

x
PREFACE.
The fourth ſection of digitated quadrupeds cori-
ſiſts of thoſe which are abſolutely deſtitute of cutting
teeth, ſuch as the Sloth and Armadillo.
THE fifth ſection is formed of thoſe which are
deſtitute of teeth of every kind, ſuch as the Manis
and Ant-eater.
The third and fourth orders, or diviſions, are the
Pinnated and the Winged Quadrupeds; the firſt
takes in the Walrus and the Seals, and in confor-
mity to preceding Writers) the Manati. But thoſe
that compoſe this order are very imperfect: Their
limbs ſerve rather the uſe of fins than legs; and
their element being for the greateſt part the water,
they ſeem as the links between the quadrupeds and
the cetaceous animals.
The Bats again are winged quadrupeds, and form
the next gradation from this to the claſs of Birds;
and theſe two orders are the only additions I can
boaſt of adding in this work.
So far of Syſtem; the reſt of my plan compre-
hends numerous Synonyms of each Animal, a brief
deſcription, and as full an account of their place,
manners, or uſes, as could be collected from my
own obſervations, or the information of others; from
preceding Writers on the ſubject; from printed
Voyages of the beſt authorities, or from living
Voyagers *. If it has the fortune to be any-ways
* And it may be added, from the different Muſeums at home and
abroad, particularly from that matchleſs collection in the Britiſh
Muſeum; and, placed as it is under the direction of Gentlemen
as much diſtinguiſhed for their politeneſs as their love of ſcience,
my acceſs to its contents, has been rendered, at all fit times, ſo eaſy,
as to put this Work under ſingular obligations to them.
uſefull

PREFACE.
xi
uſefull to my Countrymen, in promoting the
knowlege of Natural Hiſtory, my principal object
will be anſwered : Let it be treated with candor till
fomething better appears; and when that time
comes the Writer will chearfully reſign it to ob-
livion, the common fate of antiquated Syſtems.
DOWNING,
MARCH 20, 1771.
Thomas Pennant. 1726-179
farge
THE VIO
asleasi zotolar
se fossi Toi gold
brazbacowbsdp sodinu
131
miot bra boquis
buito atei
tor
στος
VW-
Div. I.
09

(xii
METHOD.
Div. I. HOOFED QUADRUPEDS,
II. DIGITATED.
III, PINNATED.
IV. WINGED.
Div. I. Sect. I.
Whole hoofed.
Genus
1. Horſe.
Sect. II. Cloven hoofed.
II. Ox
III. Sheep
IV. Goat
v. Giraffe
VI. Antelope
VII. Deer
VIII. Muſk
IX. Camel
x. Hog
XI. Rhinoceros
XI. Hippopotame
XIII. Tapiir
XIV. Elephant.
Sect. II. With large canine
teeth ſeparated from
the cutting teeth.
Six or more cutting
teeth in each jaw.
Rapacious, carnivo-
rous,
XVII. Dog
XVIII. Hyæna
XIX. Cat
xx. Bear
XXI. Badger
XXII. Opoffum
XXIII. Weeſel
XXIV. Otter.
Div. II. DIGITATED.
Sect. III. Without canine
Sect. I. Anthropomorphous,
teeth, and with
two cutting teeth
in each jaw.
Generally herbi-
vorcus, or frugi-
vorous.
xxv. Cavy
XXVI. Hare
XXVII. Beaver
XXVIII. Porcupine
XXIX. Marmot
xxx. Squirrel
XXXI. Jerboa
XXXII. Rat
XXXIII. Shrew
frugivorous.
xv. Ape
XVI. Maucauco.
more than two incesors
Having
carines more than two
rach jou. Insectivorous

in
[ xiii ]
XXXIII. Shrew
Div. III. PINNATED.
XXXIV. Mole
Piſcivorous, or
xxxv. Hedge-hog
herbivorous *.
XL. Walrus
Sect. IV. Without cutting XLII. Manati.
XLI. Seal
teeth.
Frugivorous,her-
bivorous.
Xxxvi. Sloth
XXXVII. Armadillo,
Div. IV. WINGED.
Inſectivorous.
XLIII. Bats.
Set, V. Without teeth,
Inſectivorous.
xxxvIII. Manis
XXXIX. Ant-eater,
* Their Element chiefly the Water,
SYSTEMATIC

[ xiv ]
ор
Page
2
GELEROUS Wild
2
14
16
MA
sest
SYSTEMATIC INDEX
0
SETS
2030
OF THE
ХОНХ 28 bron
GENERA, SPECIES, and VARIETIES.
big
TUTTE
blond
bids boloor-stody
slantis
sigo Page
noin Pace
I. HORSEM IV. GOAT.
1920
13
d. Domeſtic
is gone
3 Alѕ яароИТНЯ 3 R. Angora
froide 24
Mule
15
borror- ibid
y. Syrian
ibid
bemorl-ow'T
d. African
II. O X.
£. Whidaw
1
1 Bull ATOIOTIH 43. Capricorn
a. Grunting 100099 5 2 Chamois
5
B. Indian
6 3 Siberian
2 Buffalo I DATI
asigut
7
A. Naked balon-goog V. GIRAFFE. 3
3 American boton libid
4 Dwarf
ТМАНЧНІЯ 9к.
VI. ANTELOPE.MO
III. SHEEP.159:
1 Blue
1 Ram
2 Ægyptian
d. Common
25
3 Bezoar 2 UM 1126
B. Cretan
ibid
4
Indian
y. Hornleſs
ibid 5 Harneſſed and 278
8. Many-horned ibid 6 Guinea
ibid.
e. African
Ż Royal
3628
3. Broad-tailed ibid 8 Indoftan
26
9. White-
ibid
bid
vollibid
17
18
A
1 Camelo-pard 120 3
g
SoЯ
2
A
1924
10
II
ibid
12

SYSTEMATIC INDE X.
XV
Page
63
64
I
А яи 68
i5 Flat-horned V 34 ? Common
72
Page
9 White-footed
29 IX .CAMEL.
10 Swift
30 1 Arabian
60
II Red
ibid
2 Bactrian 5
12 Striped
31 3 Llama
13 Common
32 4 Pacos
66
a. Brown
ibid
B. Smooth-horned 33 X. HO G.
14 Barbary
ibid
a Guinea
69
ibid ß Chineſe
70
17 Chineſe
35 y Whole-hoofed ibid
y
18. Scythian
ibid 2 Æthiopian ibid
19 Spotted 0
37 3 Mexican OH
я
20 Cervine
ibid 4 Indian
4 Indian
73
21 Senegal
22 Gambian
XI. RHINOCEROS. 2
2 1 One-horned
VII. DE ER.
75
@ Two-horned ibid
I EIk
webu 40
2 Rein
song
og 46 XII. HIPPOPOTAME
3 Fallow
1 Hippopotame 178
4 Stag
5 Virginian
XIII. TAPIIR.
6 Axis
i Long-noſed 82
52 2 Thick-noſed
8 Porcine Bols;
ibid
53 XIV. ELEPHANT.
10 Mexican ITVA
54 I Great
II Grey
55 2 American
ibid
SiqV
VIII. MUS K. osa
nom mo
I Tibet
116310
2 Braſilian 59
ontol
3 Indian
boton vast
59
4 Guinea
ibid
Div. II.
fomo 38
stogne 39
RIO 48
EAN 49
& ibid
83
7 Great Axis
IO
9 Roe
185
56
58

xvi
SYSTEMATIC INDE X.
I20
25 Goat
I2I
122
d. Leſſer
a.
IOO
IOI
102
7 Little
Page
Div. II. DIGITATED 21 Varied
118
QUADRUPE D S. 22 Cochin-china
119
Sect. I.
23 Tawny
24 Winking ibid
XV. A PE.
ibid
1 Great Ape page 96 26 Annulated
2 Pygmy
98 27 Philippine ibid
3 Long-armed
99 28 Preacher
a. Royal
123
ß. Silvery
ibid 29 Four-fingered I 24
4 Barbary
30 Capucin
126
5 Tufted
31 Weeper
127
32 Orange
128
33 Horned
129
6 Ribbed-noſed Baboon 34 Antigua
ibid
103 35 Fox-tailed
130
105 36 Great-eared
131
8 Pig-tailed libid 37 Strịated 132
38 Silky
39 Red-tailed
ibid
9 Dog-faced Monky 107 40 Fair
134
10 Lion-tailed
a. Quanderou ibid XVI. MAUCAUCO.
B. Purple-faced ibid
ibid I Tail-leſs
1 35
2 Woolly
136
d. Little
ibid
3 Ring-tail
137
€. Speckled ibid
4
Ruffed
138
IT Hare-lipped
5 Yellow
GM ibid
12 Spotted
6 Flying
139
vaa
14 White Eye-lid
Sect. II.
15 Muſtache
ibid XVII. D O G.
16 Talapoin 115 I Faithfull
141
17 Negro
ibid 2 Wolf
18 Egret
116 Mexican Wolf 151
19 Red
ibid 3 Fox
152
20 Chineſe
117 4 Arctic
155
5 Grey
133
* * *
109
y. White
110
III
II2
13 Green
113
I14
149

SYSTEMATIC INDE X.
xvii
Page
209
213
7 Once
Page
5 Grey
157
XXI. BADGER.
6 Silvery
ibid I Common
201
7 Jackal
158 2 American
202
8 Surinam
260
XXII. OPOSSUM.
XVIII. HYÆN A. 1 Virginian
204
I Striped
161 2 Murine
207
2 Spotted
162 3 Mexican
208
4 Short-tailed
ibid
XIX. CA T. 5 Surinam
I Lion
164 6 Merian
210
2 Tiger
167
3 Panther
170
XXII. WEESEL.
4 Leopard
172 1 Common
2II
5 Leffer Leopard 173
2 Stoat
212
6 Hunting 174
3 Polecat
175
214
8 Braſilian
176
215
9 Mexican
177
6 Pine
216
10 Brown
179
217
II Black
180 8 Fiſher
223
12 Cape
181 9 Madagaſcar 224
13 Cayenne
182
10 Pekan
ibid
14 Common
183 II Guinea
225
2. Angora 184
12 Guiana
ibid
B. Tortoiſe-ſhell ibid 13 Ichneumon
226
ibid 14 Four-toed 228
15 Mountain
185 15 Braſilian
229
186 16 Stifling
230
17 Bay Lynx 188 17 Striated
232
18 Perſian Lynx
189 18 Skunk
233
4 Ferret
5 Martin
7 Sable
y. Blue
16 Lynx
ibid
XX. BE A R.
20 Fizzler
234
I Black
190 21 Civet
ibid
2 Polar
192 B. Zibet
235
3 Wolverene
195
22 Genet
236
4 Raccoon
199 23 Foffane
237
XXIV. OTTER.
19 Zorilla

xyiii
SYSTEMATIC INDE X.
Page
3 Sea
1271
Xibid
101277
278
5 Olive
No 279
Page
XXIV. OTTER. XXIX. MARMOT.
I Greater
238 1 Alpine
268
2. Leſſer
239 2 Maryland 270
241 3 Quebec
ibid
4 German
Sect. III.
B. Vormela 273
-XXV. CAVY.
5 Cafan
I Reſtleſs
243 6 Lapland
274
2 Rock
244 7 Earleſs
276
3 Spotted
ibid 8 Podolian
4 Long-noſed M245 9 Circaffian
246
014
6 Javan
dibid XXX. SQUIRREL.
7 Cape
247 I Common
8 Muſk
ibid a. Hudſon's Bay 280
B. White-legged ibid
XXVI. HARE. 2 Ceylon Dor 281
2009
I Common
248 3 Bombay
ibid
2 Alpine M MV 249
282
3 Rabbet - 251
284
B. Angora 252
ibid
g.
Ruffian
ibid 6 Varied
4 Braſilian
ibid
253
8 Braſilian
286
6 Cape
ibid 9 Mexican xibid
1o Palm
XXVI. BEAVER.
B. Barbary VIX ibid
I Caſtor
255 IT Ground
288
2 Muſk
259
289
3 Long-noſed
260
290
14 Dormouſe
291
XXVIII. PORCUPINE. 15 Sailing
292
I Creſted
262 16 Flying
293
2 Long-tailed
263
B. Hooded
294
3 Braſilian
264
4 Canada
266
XXXI. JER-
4 Grey
5 Black
d. Cat
.
3285
Xibid
7 Fair
5 Baikal
28
287
12 Fat
13 Garden

SYSTEMATIC-INDEX.
xix
3 Torrid
318
4 Mouſe
5 Field
x 303
Page
Page
XXXI. JERBOA. XXXV. HEDGE-HOG.
I Ægyptian 295
I Common
316
2 Siberian bash 296 2
296 2 Aſiatic
317
30297 3 Guiana
4 Woolly
298
Nam
XXXVI. SLOT H.
XXXII. RAT. 1 Three-toed
319
I Black
bns 299 2 Two-toed
321
2 Brown
atsi 300
3 Water
asilo 301
XXXVII.
4
susils 302
ARMADILLO.
ibid I Three-banded 323
a. American
2 Six-banded
324
6 Harveſt nomari ibid 3 Eight-banded
.
325
7. Orientalobu 304 4 Nine-banded ibid
8 Short-tailed W 305 5 Twelve-banded
326
9. Gregarious moly ibid 6 Eighteen-banded 327
sdmod
XXXIII. SHREW. XXXVIII, MANIS.
I Fatid
i Long-tailed
328
2 Water
308 2 Short-tailed
329
3 Minute
bibid
4 Murine
t309 XXXIX. ANT-EATER.
5 Braſilian
ibid I Great
331
6 Mexican
ibid 2 Middle
332
333
XXXIV. MOL E.
1 European bra 311 XL. WALRUS.
ß. Yellow
312 I Arctic
335
2 Siberian
313 2 Indian
338
3 Radiated
ibid
4 Long-tailed
314
XLI, SEAL.
5 Brown
SO
ibid I Common
339
6 Red
315
2 Great
341
3 Rough
ibid
4. Hooded
342
5 Harp
ibid
6 Little
do 307
ibid
3 Left
2

XX
SYSTEMATIC INDE X.
7 Urſine
348
366
bis Beluga
Page
Page
6 Little
343 5 Cordated ibid
344
6 Peruvian
365
8 Leonine
7 Bull-dog
8 Senegal
ibid
XLII. MANATI.
9 Bearded
367
1 Manati
5
352
10 New-York beibid
Sea Ape
356 11 Striped
368
357 12 Molucca od ibid
13 Horſe-ſhoepode 369
bol. XLIII. BA T. ob 14 Noctule 18 as ibid
I Ternate
359 15 Serotine quis 370
B. Leffer
362 16 Pipiſtrelle bris ibid
2 Spectre
ibid 17 Barbaſtelle ibid
3 Javelin
363 18 Common
371
364 19 Long-eared ibid
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P L A T E S.

[xxi
P L A T E S.
IN . .
RE
N the Title-Page, Head of the Barbary Antelope,
No. 26. *
I. Indian Oxen, p. 6. Horns of the Dwarf, No. 7.
II. American Buffalo, No. 6. Naked, A. p. 8.
III. Four-horned Ram, p. II, Horns of the Iceland
Sheep, p. 11, and the Cretan, B. p. 11.
IV. Cape Sheep with pendulous ears. Great-tailed
Sheep, the trunk of the tail enveloped with fat,
and only a ſmall part of the end appearing out.
V. Two varieties of the Syrian Goats, y. p. 15. From
drawings in the Britiſh Muſeum. citovel
VI. White-footed Antelope, male and female, No. 21,
p. 39. Vignet of the Heads of the Blue Antelope,
No. 13, and the Senegal, No. 33.
VII. Female Mooſe Deer, or American Elk, No. 35.
Horns of the European.
VIII. Rein Deer, No. 36. From one in the Aſhmolean
Muſeum, Oxford *. Porcine Deer, No. 42.
IX. Foſſil Horns, p. 44. Horns of the Virginian
Deer, No. 39. of the Mexican? No. 44.
X. Tibet Muſk, No. 46. Indian, No. 48.
XI. Indian Hog, No. 57. Variety of the common
Hog, place unknown.
XII. Pygmy Ape, No. 95. Tufted, No. 68.
XIII. Simia Porcaria ? From a drawing in the Britiſh
Muſeum, p. 102. A new Baboon, communicated
by Mr. Paillou, painter.
,
* The Welch Motto ſignifies, Without God nothing, with God
enough.
+ The animals, or parts of animals, preſerved in the Britiſh Muſeum
in London, or the Aſhmolean in Oxford, are marked Br. Muf. Aſhm. Muf.
a 2
XIII. A. Lion-

xxii
P L A T E S.
a
91
ΧΙχαρη
No. 174.99
SUSI
XIII. A. Lion-tailed Monky, No. 73. a. Variety of the
Tawny M. No. 86.
XIV. Long-tailed Monky, B. p. 109. Dog-faced.
From a drawing by Mr. Edwards. No. 72.
XV. Silky Monky, No. 101. bli
XVI. Tail-lefs Maucauco, No. 104. Yellow, No. 108.
XVII. Spotted Hyæna, No. 119. Arctic Fox, No. 113.
XVIII. Hunting Leopard, after a Painting by Mr.
Dit Stubbs, No. 125. Black Tiger, No. 130.
, No. 136. Perſian, No. 137-
XX. Polar Bear, No. 139. Wolverene, No. 140.
XXI. Braſilian Weeſel, No. 164. Foſfane, No. 171.
XXII. Virginian Opoffum, No. 144. Leffer Otter,
707
XXIII. Alpine Hare, a Siberian variety, No. 184.
Rufian Rabbet, y. p. 252.
XXIV. Braſilian Porcupine, No. 195. Quebec Mar-
mot, 199. 1
XXV. Caſan Marmot, No. 201. Lapland, No. 202.
by Ægyptian Jerboa, No. 222. stats mos van
XXVI. Black Squirrel, No. 210. Grey Sq. No. 209.
gnol Hudſon's Bay, a. p. 280. to awodt stron
XXVII. Sailing Squirrel, No. 220. Ing
bodnih
XXVIII. Radiated Mole, No. 243. Long-tailed M.
do
No. 314. Hedge-hog, No. 247.
XXIX. Three-toed Sloth, No. 250.6316inum og
Hliny
A9
XXX. Leſt Ant-Eater, No. 262. usd it wigao
XXXI. Variety of the Ternate Bat, . p. 362. New-
York Bat, No. 283.
n bolle a bigos I MADH
The Bookbinder is deſired to obſerve that each plate is num-
bered with the page it is to be placed oppoſite to.
01 DUA
no
70
datid
ADDITIONS.
bb
.

( xxiii)
goo I VIX
3
baina
ADDITION S.
Myrwetu
To the Article Ass, p. 3..mor!
The Onager, or Wild Aſs; the Tebigetai of Gmelin,
Sibir. II. 107, and the Kulan of Ritchkoff Topogr.
Orenb. I. 291, are found in herds of thouſands in
the deſerts beyond the river Yaick, about the rivers
Yemba and Saraſu , have long erect ears, and thick
long mouſe-colored hair ; run very ſwift, and are
eaten by the Tartars.
90919vlov est. 1898-tso XX
Add, the deſcription of e. another bearded man, &c.
p. 10, to that of the Spotted Monky, No. 75. XX
P. 88. Authorities for the three relations of the faga-
city of Elephants. Hamilton's Voy. Eaſt-Indies, II.
109. Terry's Voy. 148. De Buffon, xi. 77.
RM 22. quomo
tuotos&
P. 98. Add to Ælian lib.---xvi. C. 21.01 Jom
Add to p. 104. A new Baboon, from a drawing
lately communicated by Mr. Paillou ; who informed
me, that it was a large ſpecies, very deformed, as the
figure ſhews; of a reddiſh brown color ; very long
limbed; went often on all fours; had a ſhort pig-
like tail, which it carried erect *. Place unknown.
ao gobs
P. 120. A variety of the Tawny Monky, No. 86.
communicated by Mr. Paillou : face black, with
long white hairs on the cheeks: body of a dull pale
green ; limbs grey; tail duſky**
XXX
18 Arts
P. 174. No. 125. The Hunting Leopard is called in
India, Chittah, and is the ſame with Le Guepard of
a
a
a
735115
M. de Buffon.
od
** Plate XIII. A.
* Vide Plate XIII.
VOLTICECA
Add

( xxiv 3
a
Add after Oriental Mouſe, p. 304.
Mus barbarus. M. cauda mediocri corpore fufco,
ftriis decem pallidis, palmis tridactylis, plantis pen-
tadactylis. Lin. Syft. tom. I. pars. II. addenda.
Leſs than the common mouſe : of a brown color:
marked on the back with ten ſlender ſtreaks: three
toes with claws on the fore feet, with the rudiments
of a thumb: tail of the length of the body.
Inhabits Barbary.
No. 163. This animal ſeems to be the ſame with the
Rattle Mouſe of Kolben biſt. Cape, II. 124. who
ſays it lives on acorns, nuts, &c. and jumps from
tree to tree like a ſquirrel ; and that it makes a
rattling noiſe with its tail, which is neither very
long nor hairy.
P. 232. Virginian ſpecies, add or ſkunk.
ERRAT A.

( xxv )
Page
da Hyænæ.
Winstits aere.
ERRA T A.
வி
il viso
In the running title, Page
19. Giraffe,
read Goat. 138. make, read makes.
21. S Antelope, Giraffe.
Giraffe. 162: Lyneis,
Lyncis.
1. quod. rium quad
Hyæna,
38. Cert,
Cerf 176. oruli,
oculi.
26. are,'
bod od to mis. 188, aera,
99. ** Geſner,
** Strabo.
197. Rofomack, Roſomack.
+ Strabo, + Gefner. 230. 265 to 272,
165 to 172.
have. 236. Fernanaez,
Fernandez.
103. Full ſtop after de Buffon, 269. et,
at,
On comma after Briſſon. 273. difficu ty, M difficulty.
moito
293. Poulatouche, Polatouche.
$ 21m ser bricouple oil ord
Vigytorsisnai didelis daw 5
das
on gol
97. has,
1
bo
-એકાગણી ઈશ 25.90l mig.SESSI
ATA


S Y N O P S IS
OF
QUADRUPEDS.
Div. I. HOOFE D.
SECT. I. Whole Hoofed.
II. Cloven Hoofed.
Sect. I.
Hoof conſiſting of one piece.
Six cutting teeth in each jaw.
I. HORSE.
Equus Geſner quod. 404. Raii fyu. juba longa. Briſon, quad, 69,
4. .
Equus ſetofa. tab. I. Br. Zool.
caballus. Lin. ÞA. 100. Hæft. Wild horſe. Leo, Afr. 339. Hak-
Faun. ſuec. No. 47.
luyt's coll. voy, I. 329. Bell's
Equus auriculis brevibus erectis,
trav. I. 225
quad. Cada Pferde Kleinquad. A. Le Chever den Buffon. iv. 174. 1. GENEROUS.
, .
H. with a long flowing mane ; tail covered on all
parts with long hairs.
Cultivated in moſt parts of the world. In a wild
ftate, at preſent only in the Tartarian deſerts, and in
S. America; the laſt from the European breed, ef-
caped from the owners and turned ſavage. Horſes
unknown in America before its diſcovery by the Spa-
niards. The moſt generous and uſeful of quadrupeds,
B
docil,

HORSE.
docil, ſpirited yet obedient; adapted to all purpoſes,
the draught, the chace, the race : its voice, neigh-
ing; its arms, hoofs and teeth; its tail of the ut-
moſt uſe in driving off inſects in hot weather. Sub-
ject to various diſeaſes, many from our abuſe, more
from our too great care of it. Its exuvia uſeful ;
the ſkin for collars and traces; the hair of the mane
for wigs; of the tail, for the bottoms of chairs, and
floor-cloths : Tartars feed on its fleſh, and drink
the milk of mares.
3
2. ZEBRA.
Pulcher onager. Martial Epig.
xiii. 101. Oppian Cyneg. 111.183.
Zebra. Nieremberg. 168.
Zecora. Ludolph. Æthiop. 56.
Zebra. Raii ſyn. quad. 64. Klein
quad. 5.
Le Zebre on L'ane rayè. Briſon
quad. 70. De Buffon, xii. I.
tab. I. II.
Equus Zebra. Eq. faſciis fuſcis
verſicolor. Lin. LyA. IOI.
Edw. 222.
Wild Aſs. Kolben Cape good
Hope, ii. 112.
.
H. with a ſhort erect mane: tail furniſhed with long
hairs at the end : whole body beautifully ſtriped
from the back to the belly, with lines of brown,
on a very pale buff ground. The moſt elegant of
quadrupeds.
Inhabits Africa, from Congo to the Cape of Good
Hope, thence to Æthiopia. Gregarious, uſeleſs, un-
tameable, vitious : vaſtly ſwift : moſt probably
known to the Romans, being of the ſame country
with the Giraffa, which had been early introduced
into their ſpectacula. Martiat ſeems to hint at it by
his pulcher onager; Oppian particularly deſcribes the
ſtripes diverging from the black liſt on the back.
Afinus.

HORSE.
3
Afinus. Gefner quad. 5. Raii fyn. Equus afinus. Eq. caudæ exter- 3. Ass.
quod. 63
mitate fetofa, cruce nigra ſu-
Eſel. Klein quod. 6.
pra. Lin. lyft. 100. Aſna.
Faun fuec. No. 35. ed. 1746.
Equus auriculis longis flaccidis
juba brevi. Briſſon quad. 70.
L'ane. De Buffon, iv.: 377accidis Afs. Br. Zool. I. ii.
H. with long ſlouching ears, ſhort mane, tail cover-
,
ed with long hairs at the end : the body generally
of an aſh color, with a black bar croſs the ſhoul-
ders.
Wild in * the African and Tartarian deſerts ; go
in ſmall herds ; extremely ſwift in a ſtate of nature:
miſtakenly called mules. In a tame ſtate, ſtupid,
patient, laborious, obſtinate, now, love mild or
hot climates, ſcarce known in the cold ones. Beſt in
Arabia and the Eaſt.
Mule. Mulus. Gefner quad. 702.
fyn. quad. 64.
Maul eſel. Klein quad. 6.
Le Mulet. De Buffon, iv. 401.
xiv. 336. Briffon quod. 71.
Equus mulus. Lin. b. Faun.
fuec. No. 35. Br. Zool. I. 13-
A ſpurious offspring of the horſe and aſs, or aſs and
mare: does not propagate again ; Ariſtotle in that
miſtaken. Is very hardy; has more the form as
well as diſpoſition of the aſs than horſe. The fineſt
in Spain, very large ones in Savoy.
3
* Leo, Afr. 340. Bell's Trav. I. 224.
B 2
Div. I.

O X.
Div. I. Sect. II. Cloven Hoofed.
* with Horns.
** without Horns.
II. OX.
Horns bending out laterally.
Eight cutting teeth in the lower jaw, none in the
upper.
Skin along the lower ſide of the neck pendulous.
4. BULL.
Bos Gefner quad. 25. Raii ſyn. Bos Taurus. B. cornibus tereti-
quad. 70.
bus flexis. Lin. b. 98. Faun.
Ochs. Klein quod. 9.
Suec. No. 48.
Bos cornibus levibus teretibus. Le Taureau. De Buffon, iv. 437.
furſum reflexis. Briffon quad
tab. xiv.
Br. Zool. I. 15.
52.
O. with rounded horns, with a large ſpace between
their baſes.
Still found wild in ſmall numbers, in the marſhy
foreſts of Poland and Lithuania, and the eaſtern
parts of Siberia. The 'Urus, Bonafees, and Biſon,
of the antients; the fineſt and largeſt tame cattle in
Holſtein and Poland; the ſmalleſt in Scotland : moft
uſeful animals, every part ſerviceable, the horns,
hide, milk, blood, fat. More ſubject than other
animals to the peſtilence. Goes nine months with
young.
In a wild ſtate, the Bonaſus of Ariſtotle. hift. an.
ix. C. 45, and Pliny lib. viii. c. 15. The Urus of
Cæfar, lib. vi. c. 28. Geſner quad. 143. Et Bonaſus,
p. 131, and Biſon, 140. Biſon and Urus Rzaczinſki
Polon, 214. 228. Bell's travels, I. 224. the Aurochs
of the Germans, The antient Gauls uſed the horns
to

O X.
5
to drink out of; in ampliffimis epulis pro poculis utun.
tur ſays Cæfar: if, according to Pliny, each horn
held an urna, or four gallons, it was a goodly
draught. Geſner in his Icon. Anim. 34, fays, he ſaw
a horn, he ſuppoſes of an Urus, hung againſt a pil-
lar in the cathedral of Straſbourg, which was fix
feet long
GRUNTING, vacca grunniens jubata. Lin. G. 99.
villoſa cauda equina, Sarluk. La vache de Tartarie. De Buf.
Nov. com. Petrop. v. 339. Ru- fon, xv. 136.
bruquis voy. Harris coll. I. $71.. Le beuf velu. Le Brun. voy.
Bos grunniens. B. cornibus tere- Morcov. I. 120.
tibusextrorſum curvatis,vellere Bubul. Bell's Travels, I. 224. Sr.
propendente, cauda undique Muf.
A mane on the neck : whole body covered with long
hair, reaching almoſt to the ground: back hunched:
tail like that of a horſe, covered with full white and
long hairs : ſtrikes with its head like a goat: is very
unruly : found in the country of the Calmucs, called
by them Sarluk. Grunts like a hog.
In the Br. Muſeu. 7, the tail of a cow from Tibet,
covered with fine white filky hairs, fix feet long,
poſſibly belonging to one of this kind. Bernier
*
mentions this ſpecies; Rubruquis ſpeaks of the ſame
kind, which he ſays are very ſtrong, and draw the
houſes of the Tartars; and that they have a great
averſion to red.
A wild ſpecies called Bucha, found near the king-
dom of Tibet, fo fierce that if wounded, will
turn on its enemy, and never fail of deſtroying
him.
* P. 124. vol. II.
B 3
B. INDIAN,

6
O X.
a
.
a
a
a
B. INDIAN. O. with a vaſt lump on the ſhoulders *.
Differ much in fize, and in the form of their horns.
Some very large, of a reddiſh color : horns ſhort
and bending cloſe to the neck : others
very
ſmall,
with horns almoſt upright, bending a little for-
ward. In Surat a minute kind, not bigger than a
great dog, which have a fierce look, and are uſed
to draw children in ſmall carts.
In Celebes a ſmall ſpecies, not larger than a mid-
dle ſized ſheep, called Anoa, very fierce and wild,
of a dark aſh color, inhabiting the rocks. Mr.
Loten, when in India, put ſome of them into a
paddock, and in one night's time they killed 14 or
15 of his deer, by ripping open their bellies.
White cattle with black ears in the iſle of Tinian.
What ſpecies?
Cattle of Abiſinia, with horns ſo ſoft and flexible
that they hang quite pendulous, mentioned by
Lobo, p. 70.
A ſpecies of ox in Ceylon, called Gauvera: his
back ftands up with a ſharp ridge, his four feet
white half way up the legs. Knox's Ceylon, 21.
1?
* The ſame kind in Senegal. Adanſon's voy. 64.
A
oros
Boss

I
P.6.
GREATER AND LESSER INDIAN OX P. 6.

UN
OF
ちゃう
​
OX.
7
5. BUFFALO.
βοες αγριοι εν Αραχωτοις.
Arif, biff. lib. ii. c. I.
Bos Indicus. Plin. lib. viii. c. 45.
Bubalus. Geſner quad. 122. Raii
fyn. quad. 72. Klein quad. 10.
Bull elephants. Ludolph. Æthiop.
52.
Buffalo. Dellon voy. 72. Faunul.
Sirens.
Bos cornibus compreffis, ſurſum
reflexis, refupinatis fronte criſ-
pa. Briſſon quad. 54.
Bos cornibus refupinatis intortis
antice planis. Lin. lyft. 99.
Le Baffle. De Buffon xi. 284. tab.
xxv. Br. Muf. Afhm. Muſ.
O. with large horns, ftrait for a great length from
their baſe, then bending inwards; not round but
compreſſed, and one ſide ſharp.
Found wild in many parts of Africa and India :
but in both are domeſticated : ſerve for milking
and producing cheeſe: are very common in Italy,
originally brought from India, into Lombardy, in
the reign of King Agilulf, who reigned from 591
to 616*. They are ſaid to be found wild in Apu-
glia ; and to be very common in hot weather on
the ſea ſhore, between Manfredonia and Barletta ;
ſerve for the draught and for the ſaddle inſtead of
horſes; grow to an enormous ſize, twice the bulk of
our largeſt oxen, from which fome call them Tau-
relephantes. A pair of horns in the Br. Muſeum,
probably of this kind: one is 6 feet 6 inches long,
weighed 21 lb. and the hollow contained five quarts
of water. Lobo mentions fome that would hold
more than ten. Dellon has ſeen ſome in India 10
feet long : they are ſometimes wrinkled, but oftner
ſmooth and black : ſkin almoſt deſtitute of hair,
* Tunc primum caballi ſylvatici et Bubali in Italiam delati, Italice
populis miraculo fuerunt. Warnefridi de geſtis Longobardor. Lib. iv.
7. ii. Milſon's voy. iv. 392.
B4
and

O X.
and black: eyes whitiſh : very common in Italy,
eſpecially the hotter parts, introduced there origi-
nally from India : are very fierce when in a ſtate
of nature : fond of wallowing in the mud : love
the ſides of rivers, and fwim very well.
Well deſcribed by Ariſtotle, under the title of
wild oxen among the Arachotæ, notwithſtanding Be-
lon and M. de Buffon fay it was unknown to him.
3
A. NAKED : a ſmall fort exhibited in London fome
years ago, under the name of Bonaſus; of the ſize
of a Welch runt: hair on the body briſtly, and very
thin, ſo that the ſkin appeared: the rump and thighs
quite bare : the firſt marked on each ſide with two
dušky ſtripes pointing downward, the laſt with two
tranverſe ſtripes : horns compreſſed fideways, taper,
ſharp at the point. Eaſt Indies.
6. AMERICAX. Taurus mexicanus. Hernandez. Bos biſon. B. cornibus divarica-
mex, 587. de Laet: 220. Purchas's catis, juba longiffima, dorſo
Pilgrims, iv, 1561.
gibboſo. Lin. Syt. 99.
Biſon ex Florida allatus. Raii Le Biſon d'Amerique. Brilon
fyn. quad. 71, Klein quad. 13. quad. 56. de Buffon, xi.
305.
Buffalo. Lawſon Carol
. 115. Čates- Le Bouf de Canada. Charlevoix
by App. xxxvii. du Pratz. II. 49.
v. 193. Br. Muf.
O. with horns very cloſely united at the baſe, bend-
ing inwards and downwards, and turning outwards
at their points; two feet round at the baſe, and
vaſtly prominent, riſing juft on the top of the fore-
head; length only two feet; very ſharp at the points:
head and ſhoulders of the bull covered with very
long hairs, of a dark color: body naked behind :
ſhoulders very high: Aeſh ſcents ſtrong of muſk.
Common

II
P.8.
I
II
TI
I NAKED BUFFALO P.8. A AMERICAN B.NO6 ODWARF?N?7.

NE
OF

O X.
9
Common in the interior parts of N. America, in
the Savanna’s ; fond of marſhy places : lodges
amidſt the high reeds: very fierce, but capable of
being tamed : will breed with the common kind:
the only animal analogous to the domeſtic creatures
found in America by the Europeans : weighs from
1600 to 2400 lb. M. de Buffon gives the figure of
ſome horns of this ſpecies, which he thinks came
from the Cape of Good Hope.
Le Bauf Mufqué Charlevoix v. 194. muſk ox
Dobb's Hudſon's Bay 19. 25. and Clerk's Voy. II. 260.
ſeem to be the ſame with the above.
Un moult beau petit beuf d'A- brevioribus, dorſo gibbo juba 7 DWART.
frique. Belon voy. 119, 120.
nulla. Lin. Syft. 99,
Bos Indicus. B. cornibus aure Bekkerel waſh? Shaw's trav.242.
O. with horns almoſt cloſe at their baſe, broad and
flat at the beginning: receding in the middle, al-
moſt meeting at the points, and ſtanding erect:
larger than a roebuck, leſs than a ftag: compact,
and well made in all its limbs : hair ſhining, of a
a tawny brown: legs ſhort, neck thick, ſhoulders
a little elevated : tail terminated with long hairs,
twice as coarſe as thoſe of a horſe.
The horns of this animal are in the Muſeum of
the royal ſociety, deſcribed by Grew. p. 26. who mif-
takes the animal they belong to. M. de Buffon ima
gines his Zebu xi. 439. tab. xlii. to be Belon's ;
but that as well as Mr. Edwards's little Buffalo,
plate 200, are only varieties of the Indian ox ß.
Perhaps the Lant or Dant deſcribed by Leo Afri-
canus, p. 340, may be of this kind, of whoſe hide
are

10
SHEEP.
are made ſhields and targets, impenetrable by a
bullet. He celebrates their ſwiftneſs, ſays their hair
is white, hoofs black as jet.
III. SHEEP. Horns twiſted ſpirally and pointing outwards.
Eight cutting teeth in the lower jaw, none in the
upper.
8. RAM.
Ovis. Plinii. lib. viii. c. 47. Gef Aries Laniger cauda rotunda
ner quad. 771. Raii fyn. quad. brevi. Brijon quad. 4.8.
Ovis aries, o. cornibus com-
73.
Widder Schaaf. Klein quad. 13. preffis lunatis. Lin. Syft. 97.
La brebis. de Buffon, v. 1. tab. Far. Faun. fuec. No. 45. Br.
I. II.
Zool. I. 22.
:
Subject to vaſt variety : its origin not certainly
known. The Moufflon of M. de Buffon, to be de-
ſcribed hereafter, approaches neareſt; but ſtill has
fome diſtinctions that inakes it nearer allied to the
3
goat and deer.
The ſheep the moſt uſeful of the leſſer animals;
the ſource of wealth in civilized nations. England
once the envy of Europe for its vaſt commerce in
the products of this creature, now begins to be ri-
valied by others, thro' the neglect, the luxury, the
too great avidity of our manufacturers. The Eng-
liſh wool excellent for almoſt every purpoſe. The
Spaniſh extremely fine; the economy of the ſhep-
herds admirable, as is their valt attention to the
buſineſs; and their annual migrations with their
flocks. The fineſt fleeces in the world are thoſe
of Caramania *, reſerved entirely for the Moulhaes
* Chardin'. Travels in Harris's Coll. ii. 878.
and

P.10.
IT.
22
I
acacas
HII
II
P Mazill
ICRE TAN SHEEP P 11. IMANY HORND. II ICELAND P.12


SHEEP.
11
and Prieſts; thoſe of Cachemire * excellent; and
the Lamb-ſkins of Bucharia exquiſite.
The ſheep in its nature harmleſs and timid; re-
fifts by butting with its horns: threatens by ſtamp-
ing with its foot : drinks little: generally brings
one at a time, ſometimes two, rarely three : goes
about five months with young: is ſubject to the
rot; worms in its liver; the vertigo.
COMMON Sh.
With large horns twiſting ſpirally and outwardly.
Ovis ruftica. Lin. Syft. 97.
48.
Icon. 15
ß Cretan Sh. Ovis Strepfice-
ros. Raii fyn. quad. 75: Corni- Strepſicheros ou Mouton de Crete,
bus rectis carinatis flexuoſo- Belon voy. 16. Gefner quad. 308.
ſpiralibus. Lin. Sy. 98.
La Chevre de Crete. Briffon quad.
Has large horns quite erect, and twiſted like a
ſcrew; common in Hungary (Kram Auftr. 322.)
and in Crete.
HORNLESS. Ovis Anglica. Lin. SA. 97.
Common in many parts of England; the largeſt
in Lincolnſhire, the left + horned ſheep in Wales.
IMANT HORNED. Ovis polycerata. Lin. f/1. 97.
Common in Iceland, and other parts of the North;
they have uſually four horns: a kind from Spain,
* Bernier's Voy. ii. 24.
.
** Bell's Travels, 1. 46. Theſe ſkins bear a great price, have a
fine gloſs and rich look.
† loft, a contraction of leſſer. vide Wallis Grammat. Lingue Anglic.
95. and Mr. Edwards's Canons of Criticiſm. edit. 6th. p. 278.
with

12
SHE E P.
with two upright and two lateral horns: body
covered with wool: forepart of the neck with
yellowiſh hairs, 14 inches in length: was alive in
London about three years ago : very miſchievous
and pugnacious: the horns the fame with thofe
in Grew, tab. 2.: very different from the com-
mon fort of polyceratous ſheep. Compare
the laſt with Le Belier d'Iſlande de Buffon, xi.
tab. xxxi.
& AFRICAN. Aries guincenſis. Lin. byA. 98.
Margrave Brafil, 134. Raii fyn. La Brebis de Guinee. Briſſon
quad. 75;
quad. $1.
Le Belier des Indes, de Buffon, xi. Sheep of Sahara. Shaw's travels,
362. tab. xxxiv. &c,
241.
Ovis guineenſis. O. auribus pen- Carnero or Bell wether, Della
dulis, palearibus laxis piloſis.
Valle trav. 91.
Meagre; very long legged and tall: ſhort horns :
pendent ears, covered with hair inſtead of wool:
ſhort hair: wattles on the neck. Perhaps the Adi-
main of Leo Africanus, 341. which he ſays furniſhes
the Lybians with milk and cheeſe; is of the ſize
of an aſs, ſhape of a ram, with pendent ears. Della
Valle tells us, that at Goa he has ſeen a wether
bridled and ſaddled, which carried a boy twelve
;
years old.
3 BROAD TAILED. Ludolph. Lin. Syft. 97. Briffon quad. 50.
Æthiop. 53. Ovis arabica. Caii Nov. Com. Petrop, v. 347. tab.8.
opuſc. 72. Gefner quad. Icon. 15. Le Mouton de Barbarie, de Buffon
Faunul. Sinens.
xi. 355. tab. xxxiii. Shaw's tra-
Ovis laticauda. Raii ſyn. quad. 74. vels, 241. Ruſſel's Aleppo, 51.
Common in Syria, Barbary and Æthiopia. Some of
their tails end in a point, but oftner ſquare or round.
They

UNE
OF
SICH

IV
P.13
I
TI
I BROAD TAILED SHEEP.
I CAPE SHEEP.

GO A T.
13
They are ſo long as to trail on the ground, and the
Shepherds are obliged to put boards with ſmall
wheels under the tails to keep them from galling.
Theſe tails are eſteemed a great delicacy, are of a
ſubſtance between fat and marrow, and are eaten
with the lean of the mutton. Some of theſe tails
weigh 50 lb. each.
Horns bending backward, and almoſt cloſe at their IV. GOAT,
baſe.
Eight cutting teeth in the lower jaw, none in the
upper.
The male generally bearded.
Ibex. Plinii lib. viii. c. 53. nodoſis, in dorſum reclinatis, gula 9. WILD.
Bouc eftain. Belon. obs. 14. Bouc barbata. Lin.[yt.95. Klein quad. 16.
ſauvage. Gafton de Foix. 99. Ca- Le Bouquetin. de Buffon xii. 136.
pricorne. Munfter Coſmogr. 381. tab. xiii. xiv.
Ibex. Gefner quad. 303. Raii fyn. Steinbock. Kram. Auſtr. 321. Ri-
quad. 77. Brillon quad. 39. dinger kleine Thiere, No. 71. Br.
Capra Ibex. C. Cornibus ſupra Muf. Afbm. M.
G. with large knotted horns, reclining backwards :
head
very
ſmall: on the chin of the male a duſky
beard : the reſt of the hair tawny, mixed with anh
color: females are leſs, and have ſmaller horns, more
like thoſe of a common fhe-goat, and have few
knobs on the upper ſurface; bring one young, feldom
two at a time *. Inhabit the higheſt Alps of the
Griſons country, and the Vallais ; are alſo found in
Crete: are very wild and difficult to be ſhot, as
they always keep on the higheſt points. Their chace
very dangerous: being very ſtrong, they often tum-
* Ridinger.
le

14
GO. A T.
ble the incautious huntſinan down the precipices,
except he has time to lie down, and let the animals
paſs over him. Its blood much eſteemed in pleu-
riſies; are faid, not to be long lived.
a Domestic. Capra, Geſner Siegen bock. Siege. Kleinquad. 15.
quad. 266. Raii ſyn. quad. 77. Le bouc, La Chevre. Brilon quad.
C. Hircus. C. cornibus cari- 38. de Buffon v. 59. tab. viii.
natis arcuatis. Lin. Syft. 94.
Goat Br. Zool. I. 29.
Get. Faun. fuec. No.44.
The former is the ſtock from whence the tame ſpe-
cies ſprung; the horns of theſe are ſmoother and
freer from knots, and have a curvature outwards
towards their ends. The colors of the tame goats
vary; the hair in ſome is long, and quite trails on
the ground: others are ſmooth.
In Alpine countries is the ſubſtitute of the ſheep;
its fleſh, milk and cheeſe the food of the inhabi-
tants : cannot bear exceffive cold : loves temperate
and warm climates : is very lively, wanton, active:
very libidinous : ſhort lived : its ſkin uſeful in many
manufactures : the hair for making wigs: the milk
reſtorative in conſumptive caſes: brouzes more than
it grazes : deſtructive to trees: goes with young
four months and a half: generally brings two at a
time, ſometimes three, rarely four.
a
B. ANCORA

UNE
BioW
OF

V
F. 15
SYRIAN
GOATS

GO A T
15
BANCORA. Angora Goat. Tour- 191. Lin. LA. 94. Briſſon quad: 39.
nefort's voy. II. 351. Haſſelquiſt, de Buffon, v. 71. tab. x. xi.
3
Found only near Angora, Beibazar and Cougna in
Afiatic Turkey *. Thoſe of the laſt place brown or
black; and the two firſt of a ſilky fineneſs and fil-
very whiteneſs, in curled locks of eight or nine
inches in length; the baſis of our fine camblets;
the hair imported here in form of thread, for the
Turks will not fuffer it to be exported raw, as
the ſpinning gives employ to multitudes of poor.
This variety is confined to a diſtrict of two or
three days journey in extent; if they change climate,
the hair grows coarſer. The Goat-herds are very
attentive to them, perpetually, combing and waſhing
them; are ſhorter than our goats and their horns
leſs. Whether Strabo meant this kind ? as M.Tourne-
fort conjectures, when he mentions thoſe on the
banks of the Halys ; very ſcarce, ſays he, in other
places. The word Strabo uſes is Sópxes, which fig-
nifies roebucks, not goats
Y SYRIAN. Capra mambrina Briſſon quad. 47.
ſeu fyriaca. Gefner quad. 153. Profper Alp. hiſt. Ægypt. I. 229.
Raii ſyn. quad. 81. c. cornibus Rauwolf's travels, 11. 71. Ruffet's
reclinatis, auribus pendulis, Aleppo, 6ż.
gula barbata. Lin. lyft. 95.
Plentifull in the Eaſt : fupply Aleppo with milk:
their ears of a vaſt length, hanging down like thoſe
а
a
* And according to Nieuhoff, 232, at Gomron. Perhaps that ex-
quiſite hair taken from the breaſt of a wild goat of the great Tibet,
called Touz, may be of this kind. Vide Bernier's voy.
II.
94.
of
** Lib. xii.

16
GO A T.
of hounds: are from one to two feet long: fome.
times they are ſo troubleſome, that the owners cut
off one to enable the animal to feed with more eaſe,
The horns are black and ſhort,
AFRICAN. Capra depreſſa. Le bouc d'Afrique. de Buffon,
C. cornibus erectis apice re- xiii. 154. tab. xviii. xix.
curvis. Lin. Wft. 95.
A dwarf variety, found in Africa. The male co-
vered with rough hair, and beneath the chin hang
two long hairy wattles: the horns ſhort, very thick,
and triangular, and lie ſo cloſe to the ſcull as almoſt
to penetrate it: the horns of the female are much
leſs, neither has it wattles : its hair is ſmooth,
• Whidaw. Capra reverſa. bus, gula barbata. Lin. Syff.95
C. cornibus depreſſis incurvis Le bouc de Juda. de Buffon, xii.
minimis cranio incumbenti- 154. tab. xx. xxi.
а
From Juda or Whidaw, in Africa. A ſmall kind :
the horns ſhort, ſmooth, and turn a little forwards.
Linnæus ſays, that this and the preceding came from
America; but certainly before its diſcovery by the
Spaniards, the goat and every other domeſtic ani-
mal was unknown there,
3 CAPRICORN, Le Capricorne. de Buffon, xii. 146. tab. xv.
A variety with ſhort horns, the ends turning for-
ward : their fides annulated : the rings more pro-
minent before than behind.
10. RUPICAPRA,

GO A T.
17
Rupicapra, Plinii, lib. viii. c. 15. 99* Briffon quad. 41. de Buffon, 10. CHAMOIS.
Gefner quad. 290. Raii ſyn. quad. xii. 136. tab. xvi.
78. Scheuchzer. It. Alp. I. 155, &c. Gemle, Klein quad. 18. Ridinger
capra rupicapra. C. cornibus Kleine Thiere, No.72. will. Thiere,
erectis uncinatis. Lin. lyf. 95. 25
Chamois ou Yſard. Belon.obf. 54. Antilope rupicapra. Pallas miſcel
..
Yſarus ou Sarris. Gafion de Foix, 4. Spicil. 7. Br Muf.
3
G. with ſlender black upright horns, hooked at the
end: behind each a large orifice in the ſkin: fore-
head white: along the cheeks a duſky bar: reſt of
the body deep brown: tail ſhort: hoofs long, and
much divided
Inhabits the Alps of Dauphiné, Suitzerland, and
Italy; the Pyrænean mountains, Greece, and Crete :
does not dwell ſo high in the hills as the Ibex, and is
found in greater numbers. They feed before fun-
riſe and after ſun-fet: during winter lodge in hol-
lows of the rocks to avoid the falls of the Avelenches:
during that ſeaſon eat the flender twigs of trees, or
the roots of plants, or herbs which they find be-
neath the ſnow: are very timid and wathfull: each
herd has its leader, who keeps centry on ſome high
place while the reſt are at food; and if it fees an
enemy, gives a ſharp ſort of a hiſs by way of ſig-
nal, when they inſtantly take to flight. They have
a moſt piercing eye, and quick ear and ſcent: are
exceffively ſwift and active: are hunted during
winter for their ſkins, which are very uſeful in ma-
nufactures, and for the fleſh, which is very well
* Gafton de Foix, Seigneur du Rù, commonly called Roy Phebus, a
celebrated writer on hunting, whoſe works are added to thoſe of
Jaques de Fouilloux, entitled, La Venerie & Fauconnerie. Paris 1585.
с
taſted

18
GO A T.
a
tafted. The chaſe is a laborious employ: they muſt
be got at by ſurprize, and are ſhot with rifi'd-
barreld guns: in their ſtomach is often a hairy ball
covered with a hard cruſt of an oblong form: are
ſaid to be long lived: bring two, feldom three young
at a time.
à
11 Siberian. Muſimon, Plinii, lib. viii. c.49. quad. 42. & la chevre du Levant,
SIBERIAN
Ophion, Lib. xxviii. c. 9. XXX. 46.
c. 15.
Le Mouflon, de Buſon, xi. 352.
Tragelaphus, Belon obf. 54. Raii tab. xxix.
Jyn. gaad 82. Klein quad, 20. Rupicapra cornubus arietinis.
Mulinon ſeu Muſimon, Gefner Argali, Nov.com. Petrop. iv. 49.
quad. 823.
388. tab. 8.
Capra Ammon, Lin. ff. 97 Fintáll, Lerwee, Shav's trav.
Le Chamois de Siberie, Brijon 243. Br. Muf.
G. with large horns bending back, cloſe at their
baſe, diſtant at their points, with circular rugæ.
Theſe animals vary in ſize and color: the ſkin of
one the Britiſh Muſeum did me the favor of ac-
cepting was covered with pale ferruginous hair : on
the fides ſhort. on the top of the neck longer, and
a little erect : along the lower ſide of the neck, and
on the ſhoulders, the hair was 14 inches long: be-
neath the hair was a ſhort wool : on the knees a
bare ſpot, as if by kneeling to lie down: tail very
ſhort: horns 25 inches long, I in girth in the
thickeſt place, one foot ſeven inches diſtant from
point to point. I think this ſkin came from one of
the iſles of the Eaſt Indies.
Thoſe of Corſica are leſs: their color deep brown
mixed with ruft color, and a certain hoarineſs: the
hind legs, belly and rump, white: the horns of the
females are much leſs than thoſe of the males.
Inhabit

Goat
19
8
02
GIRAFFE. AT balls
15
Inhabit the north-eaſt parts of Aſia; Barbary, Sar- d
dinia, Corſica, and Greece : live amidſt the mound
tains, and run with vaſt ſwiftneſs among the rocks.
Thoſe of Kamtchatka are ſo ſtrong that ten men can
ſcarce hold one, and the horns are ſo large as
ſometimes to weigh 30 lb. and fo. capacious that
young foxes often ſhelter themſelves in the hollow of
ſuch as by accident fall off in the deſerts : grow to
the ſize of a young ftag: propagate in autumn:
bring one young at a time, ſometimes two.
Belon very judiciouſly ſtyles this ſpecies the Tra-
gelaphus, from the mixture it ſeems to have of the
goat and deer. Suppoſed by M. de Buffon to be
the ſheep in a wild ſtate : doubted by myſelf, ſince
opportunity has been had of ſeeing ſome of theſe
animals from Sardinia and Corſica.
a ono
onu
Han
bold har no
od
Toid
tonton
tool
olas
ninio o inlog
bat Aborsi di
all 916 pobot
in volo fue boxins
out bridal batid
es
Horns
C2

GIRAF F E.
a
V. GIRAFFE. Horns ſhort, upright, truncated at the top.
Neck and ſhoulders of a vaſt length.
Eight cutting teeth in the lower jaw, the two out-
moſt bilobated. No teeth in the upper jaw.
12. CAMELO- Camelopardalis Plinii lib. viii. 160. Raii ſyn. quad. 90. Briſon
PARD. c. 18. Dion Caſſius, lib. 43. Præ- quad. 37. De Buffon, xiii. 1.
neſt. pavem, apud Shaw ſuppl. 88. Cervus camelopardalis. C. cor-
Oppian cyneg. iii. 466.
nibus fimplicibus, pedibus anti-
La Giraffe que les Arabes nom- cis longiſſimis. Lin. br. 92.
ment Zurnapa. Belon -obſ. 118. Tragus Giraffa. Klein quad. 22.
119. Leo Afr. 337. Geſner quad.
.
:
G. with ſhort ſtrait horns covered with hair, and
truncated at the end and tufted with hair : in the
forehead a tubercle about two inches high reſem-
bling a third horn: height from the crown of the
head to the foles of the fore feet 17 feet: that from
the top of the rump to the bottom of the hind feet
only nine : length of the neck ſeven : from the wi-
thers to the loins only fix: the fore legs not longer
than the hind legs; but the ſhoulders of a vaſt
length, which gives the diſproportionate height be-
tween the fore and hind parts: horns fix inches :
head like that of a ftag: neck ſlender and elegant,
and on the upper ſide is a ſhort mane : ears large :
tail long, with ſtrong hairs at the end : color of the
whole animal a dirty white marked with large broad
ruſty ſpots.
Inhabits the foreſts of Æthiopia and other interior
parts of Africa, is very timid, but not ſwift: from
the ſtrange length of its fore legs, cannot graze
without dividing them to a vaſt diſtance; it there-
fore
Gurable

23
a
AN TE LO P E.
fore lives by brouzing the leaves of trees: kneels
like a camel when it would lie down ;-is a gentle
animal, and is very ſcarce. I ſaw the ſkin of a
young one at Leyden well ſtuffed, and preſerved ;
otherwiſe might poſſibly have entertained doubts in
reſpect to the exiſtence of ſo extraordinary a quad-
ruped. Belon's figure very good.
Known to the Romans in early times; appears
among the figures in the aſſemblage of eaſtern ani-
mals on the celebrated Præneftine Pavement, made
by the direction of Sylla, repreſented both grazing
and brouzing in its natural attitudes : exhibited at
Rome by the popular Cæſar among other animals in
the Circæan games. Finely and juftly deſcribed by
Oppian.
C3
Annulated

22
ANTELOPE.
VI. ANTE- Annulated or twiſted horns.
LOPE.
Eight broad cutting teeth in the lower jaw; none
in the upper.
Body and limbs of a light and elegant form.
3
The ſeveral ſpecies that compofe this genus, two
or three excepted, inhabit the hotteſt part of the
globe; or at leſt thoſe parts of the temperate zone
that lie ſo near the tropics as to form a doubtfull
climate.
None therefore, except the Saiga *, are to be
met with in Europe ; and, notwithſtanding the
warmth of South America, is ſuited to their nature,
yet not a ſingle ſpecies has ever been diſcovered in
any part of the new world. Their proper climates
ſeems therefore to be thoſe of Aſia and Africa, where
the ſpecies are very numerous.
As there appears a general agreement in the na-
ture of the ſpecies that form this great genus, it
will prevent a needleſs repetition to obſerve here,
that the ANTELOPES are animals of a moſt elegant
and active make; of a reſtleſs and timid difpofi-
tion ; extremely watchfull; of great vivacity; re-
markably ſwift; remarkably agile; and moſt of
their boundings ſo light, fo elaſtic, as to ſtrike the
ſpectator with aſtoniſhment. What is very ſingular,
they will ſtop in the midſt of their courſe, for a
moment gaze at their purſuers, and then reſume
their flight **
* Found between the Don and Dnieper ; and, as I have heard,
even in Tranſylvania.
a
** Shaw's trav. 244.
As

AN TELOPE.
23
a
As the chace of theſe animals is a favorite diver-
fion with tħe eaſtern nations, from that may be col-
lected proofs of the rapid ſpeed of the Antelope
tribe. The Grehound, the fleeteſt of dogs, is un-
equal in the courſe ; and the ſportſman is obliged
to call in the aid of the Falcon, trained to the
work, to ſeize on the animal and impede its mo-
tions, to give the dogs opportunity of overtaking
it. In India, and in Perfia, a ſort of Leopard is
made uſe of in the chace : this is an animal that
takes its prey not by ſwiftneſs of foot, but by the
greatneſs of its ſprings, by motions ſimilar to that
of the ANTELOPE ; but ſhould the Leopard fail in
its firſt effay, the game eſcapes *.
The fleetneſs of this animal was proverbial in the
country it inhabited even in the earlieſt times: the
ſpeed of Aſahel ** is beautifully compared to that of
the + Tzebi; and the Gadites were ſaid to be as ſwift
as the Roes upon the mountains. The inſpired writers
took their fimilies from ſuch objects that were before
the eyes of the people they addreſſed themſelves to.
There is another inſtance drawn from the ſame ſub-
ject : the diſciple raiſed to life at Foppa was ſup-
poſed to have been called Tabitha, i.e. Dorcas, or
the ANTELOPE, from the beauty of her eyes ; and
this is ſtill a common compariſon in the Eaſt :
Aine el Czazel, or “ You have eyes of an Antelope,"
is the greateſt compliment that can be to paid a
fine woman ++.
* Bernier's trav. iv. 45. Voy. de Boullaye le Gouz. 24.8.
** Sam. I. ii. v. 18.
+ Shaw's trav. ſuppl. 74. who informs us, that this word ſhould
have been tranſlated, the Antelope; not the Roe, as the text has it.
tt Pr. Alp. bift. Ægypt. I. 232.
Some
C 4

24
ANTELOP E.
3
Some ſpecies of the Antelopes form herds of two
or three thouſands, while others keep in ſmall troops
of five or fix. They generally reſide in hilly coun-
tries; tho' ſome inhabit plains : they often brouze
like the goat, and feed on the tender ſhoots of
trees, which gives their fleſh an excellent flavor.
This is to be underſtood of thoſe that are taken in
the chace; for thoſe that are fattened in houſes are
far leſs delicious. The fleſh of ſome ſpecies are ſaid
to taſte of muſk, which perhaps depends on the
qualities of the plants they feed on.
This preface was thought neceſſary to point out
the difference in nature between this and the Goat
kind, with which moſt of the ſyſtematic writers
have claffed this animal : but the ANTELOPE forms
an intermediate genus, a link between the Goat
and the Deer. They agree with the firſt, in the
texture of the horns, which have a core in them ;
and they never caſt them : with the laſt, in the
elegance of their form, and great ſwiftneſs.
* With arcuated horns.
13. BLUE.
Blue Goat. Kolben's Cape. II. Antelope Leucophea. Pallas Mil-
114.
cel. 4. Spicil. Zool. 6. Br. Mus.
A. with ſharp-pointed, taper, arcuated horns bend-
ing backwards, marked with twenty prominent rings,
but ſmooth towards their points, twenty inches long:
ears ſharp-pointed, above nine inches in length:
larger than a buck: color, when alive, a fine blue;
when dead, changes to a bluiſh grey, with a mix-
ture
.
a

ANTELOPE.
25
ture of white: hairs long : beneath each eye a large
white mark: belly white : tail ſeven inches long;
the hairs at the end ſix inches. From a ſkin bought
at Amſterdam, brought from the Cape of Good Hope;
where they are found, but far up the country. This
is the ſpecies which, from the length of its hair and
form of the horns, connects this genus with that of
the Goat.
** Strait horns.
Gazella indica cornibus rectis La Gazelle des Indes. Briffon 14. ÆGYP,
longiſlimnis nigris prope caput quad. 43.
TIANJI
tantum annulatis. Raie fyn. quad. Le Paſan. De Buffon, xii. 213.
79.
tab. xxxiii. fig. 3. XV. 190.
Capra Gazella. C. cornibus te. Elk. Kolben, II. 110. Br. Mul
retibus re&tiffimis longiffimis an- Afbm. Mus.
nulatis. Lin. Syft. 96.
A. with ſtrait ſlender horns, near three feet long,
annulated; at their baſe a triangular black ſpot,
bounded on each ſide with white: a black line ex-
tends from the neck to the loins : neck, back and
fides, dark grey: breaſt and belly white : tail about
two feet long, terminated with black hairs : length
of the whole ſkin fix feet.
Inhabits Ægypt, the Cape, Arabia, the Levant,
India. Dwells in the plains.
Pasen,

26
ANTELOPE.
15. BEZOAR. Pasèn, capricerva. Kamfer. Amen. La Gazelle du Bezoar. Briſſon
exot. 398.
quad. 44.
Cornu ignotum. Gefner quad. Algazel. De Buffon, xii. 211. tab.
309.
xxxiii. fig. 1, 2.
La Gazelle. Belon obf. 120. Al-Capra bezoartica. C. cornibus
pin. hift. Ægypt. I. 232. tab. xiv. arcuatis totis annulatis, gula bar-
.
Animal bezoarticum. Raii ſyn. bata. Lin. Syft. 96. Br. Muſ.
Afhm. Muf.
quad. 8o.
A. with very long, ſlender, upright horns, bend-
ing at the upper part inward towards each other ;
ſome are much annulated, others ſmoother : ſize of
a goat: red, mixed with aſh color.
Inhabits the inhoſpitable and rough mountains
of Laar in Perſia: very ſwift and timid: never
deſcends into the plains : is one of the animals
which produce the Bezoar *, celebrated by the
Orientaliſts as an alexipharmic. Found alſo in
Ægypt.
16. INDIAN. Le Coudous. De Buffon, xii. 357. Nilgaux or gray oxen? Bernier,
iv. 47:
Antilope oryx. Pallas Miſcel. 9. Pacaffe. Voy. Congo. Churchill's
Spicil. 15.
Coll. I. 623. Br. Muf. Afbm. Mufa
tab. 47-
A. with thick ſtrait horns, marked with two pro-
minent ſpiral ribs near two-thirds of their length,
ſmooth towards their end; ſome are above two feet
long: thoſe at the Britiſh Muſeum, with part of the
ſkin adhering, are black : the color of the hair on
* According to Tavernier, ii. 154. it is alſo found in Cows,
Goats and Apes.
the

ANTELOPE.
27
the fragnient of the head is of a reddiſh brown,
bounded on the cheeks by a duſky line; beneath,
of a pale brown. If this animal is the ſame with
the Pacaſſe of Congo, and the Nilgaux of India, they
vary in color; the firſt being white, ſpotted with
black and red; the laſt, grey. They grow to a large
fize.
Inhabit India and different parts of the ſouth of
Africa: the fleſh is reckoned very good; are very
tame, monogamous; roar very loud.
Le Guib. De Buffon, xii. 327. Antelope fcripta. Pallas Miſcel. 17. HAR :
tab. xl.
8. Spicil. 15.
NESSED
A. with ſtrait horns nine inches long pointing back-
wards, with two ſpiral ribs : ears broad : color a
deep tawny: beneath each eye a white ſpot : fides
moſt ſingularly marked with two tranſverſe bands of
white, croſſed by two others from the back to the
belly : the rump with three white lines pointing
downwards on each ſide: the thighs ſpotted with
white: tail ten inches long, covered with long
rough hairs.
Inhabits the plains and woods of Senegal, living
in large herds.
18. GUINEA
Capra fylveſtris Africana Grim- tab. xli.
mii. Raii fin. quad. 80. Klein Le Chevrotain d'Afrique. Briſon
quad. 67. Seb. Muf. I. tab. 43.
Moſchus Grimmia. M. capite C. D.
faſciculo tophoſo. Lin. fyft. 92. Antilope Grimmia. Pallas Mil-
La Grimme, De Buffon, xii. 307. cel. 10. tab. I. Spicil. 38. tab. III.
quad. 19.
A. with ſtrait black horns, ſlender and ſharp-
pointed, not three inches long, ſlightly annulated
at

28
ANTELOP É.
at the baſe : height about 18 inches: moſt elegant
form: ears large : eyes duſky; below them a large
cavity, into which exuded a ſtrong-ſcented oily
liquid : between the horns a tuft of black hairs :
the color of the neck and body brown, mixed with
cinerous, and a tinge of yellow : belly white : tail
ſhort; white beneath, black above.
1 examined this animal a few years ago, in com-
pany with Doctor Pallas, at the Prince of Orange's
menagery, near the Hague. Several had been
.
brought over from Guinea; but, except this, all
died. Dr. Pallas ſaid that the females were horn-
leſs: it ſeems, therefore, that Dr. Grimm, who firſt
deſcribed this ſpecies, never ſaw any but the fe-
male.
.
19. ROYAL: King of the harts. Boſman's voy. Muf. I. 70. tab. xliii.
236.
Adanſon's voy. 207.
Petite biche. Des Marchais, I. Le Chevrotain de Guinea. De
312.
Buffon, xii. 315. tab. xliii. fig. 2.
Cervula parvula Africana. Seb. its horn.
:
A. with very ſhort ſtrait horns, black and ſhining
as jet : ſcarce two inches long: ears broad: height
not above nine inches : legs not thicker than a
gooſe quil : color a reddiſh brown: the females
want horns.
Inhabits Senegal and the hotteſt parts of Africa,
called in Guinea, Guevei : are very agile, will bound
over a wall twelve feet high: are very tame, but ſo
tender as not to endure tranſportation into our cli-
mate.
** Horns

UNE
OR
を
​10

VI.
P.29
M.& F. WHITE-FOOTED ANTELOPE NO21.

Α Ν Τ Ε L Ο Ρ Ε.
29
*** Horns bending forwards.
20 INDOSTAN.
Quadruped from Bengal. Ph. Tr. coll
. I. 775.
No.476. Abridg. xi. 398. tab. vi. Antilope Tragocamelus. Pallas
.
Biggel. Mandelſtoe's voy. Harrii's Miſcel. 5. Spicil. 9.
A. with horns ſeven inches long bending forward :
eyes black and lively: neck ſtrong, bending for-
ward like that of a camel; along the top a ſhort
mane : on the ſhoulders a large lump, reſembling
that of the Indian ox, tufted with hair: hind parts
like thoſe of an aſs: tail 22 inches long, terminated
with long hairs : legs ſlender : on the lower part of
the breaſt the ſkin hangs like that of a cow: hair
ſhort and ſmooth, of a light aſh-color, in ſome
parts dušky: beneath the breaſt, and under the
tail, white: on the forehead is a black rhomboidal
ſpot. The height of this animal, to the top of the
lump on its ſhoulders, was 12 hands.
Inhabits the moſt diftant parts of the Mogul's do-
minions; chews the cud; lies down and riſes like a
camel : its voice a ſort of croaking, or like the
rattle of deer in rutting time. Doctor Parſons, to
whom we are of late years obliged for the beſt
zoologic papers in the Ph. Tr. is the only writer
who has deſcribed this animal.
а
A. with ſhort horns bending a little forward : ears 21. White-
large, marked with two black ſtripes : ą ſmall
black mane on the neck and half way down the
back: a tuft of long black hairs on the fore part
of the neck; above that a large ſpot of white; an-
FOOTED
other

30
AN TE LO P E.
.
other between the fore-legs on the cheſt: one white
ſpot on each fore foot; two on each hind foot: tail
long, tufted with black hairs : height to the top of
the ſhoulders about four feet : color a dark grey.
Female of a pale brown color: no horns : with
a mane, tuft, and ſtriped ears like the male: on
each foot three tranſverſe bands of black and two
of white.
Inhabits India. A pair was living laſt year at
Claremont.
22. Swift. Dama. Plinii, lib. xi. c. 37. tab. xxxiv.
Cemas. Ælian. An. lib. xiv. 6.14. Antilope dama. Pallas Miſcel. 5.
Le Nanguer. De Buffon, xii. 213. Spicil. 8.
A. with round horns eight inches long reverting at
their ends : length of the animal three feet ten
inches; height, two feet eight inches : general co-
lor tawny: belly, lower part of the ſides, rump,
and thighs, white: on the fore part of the neck a
white ſpot: but this ſpecies varies in color.
Inhabits Senegal; is eaſily tamed; very ſwift.
Ælian compares its flight to the rapidity of a whirl-
wind.
23. RED.
Le Nagor. De Buffon, xii. 326. Antilope redunca. Pallas Spicil.
tab. xlvi.
8.
A. with horns five inches and an half long; one or
two ſlight rings at the baſe : length, four feet;
height, two feet three inches : ears five inches long:
hairs ſtiff and bright : in all parts of a reddiſh co-
lor.
Inhabits Senegal
**** With

Α Ν Τ Ε L Ο Ρ Ε.
31
**** With twiſted horns.
24. STRIPED.
Strepficeros. Caii opuſc. 56. Gef- cel. 9. Spicil. 17.
ner quad. 309. Icon. 31.
Cerf du Cap de Bonne eſperance.
Le Condoma. De Buffon, xii. 301. Hift. et Com. Acad. Palatin. tom. I.
tab. xxxix, vol. xv. 142.
487. Br. Muf. Afhm. Muf.
Antilope Strepficeros, Pallas Mil-
3
A. with finooth horns twiſted ſpirally, compreſſed
fideways, with a ridge on one ſide following the
wreaths, conſiſt of three bends, are three feet nine
inches long, of a pale brown color, cloſe at the
baſe; two feet ſeven inches and an half diftant at
the points, which are round and ſharp: in the upper
jaw a hard horny ſubſtance diſpoſed in ridges :
length of the animal nine feet; height, four: body
long and Nender: legs ſlender : face brown, marked
with two white lines proceeding from the corner of
each eye and uniting above the noſe : the color in
general of a reddiſh caft mixed with grey: from
the tail, along the top of the back, to the ſhoulders,
is a white ſtripe : from this are ſeven others, four
pointing towards the thighs, and three towards the
belly : on the upper part of the neck is a ſhort
mane: beneath the neck, from the throat to the
breaſt, are ſome long hairs hanging down : the
breaſt and belly are grey: tail two feet long, brown
above, white beneath, black at the end.
Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope.
Strepficeros

32
ANTELOPE.
25. Common. Strepſiceros et Addax ? Plinii flexuofis contortis. Lin. ff. 96.
lib. viii. c. 54. xi. c. 37-
L'Antelope. De Buffon, xii. 215.
Gazella Africana, the Antilope. tab. xxxv. xxxvi.
Raii, fyn. quad. 79.
La Gazelle. Briſſon. quad. 44:
Tragus Strepficeros. Klein. quad. Antilope cervicapra. Pallas Mif-
18.
cel. 9. Spicil. 18. tab. I. II. Br.
Capra Cervicapra. C. cornibus Muſ. Ajhm. Muf.
teretibus, dimidiato - annulatis,
A. with upright horns, twiſted ſpirally, ſurrounded
almoſt to the top with prominent rings; about fix-
teen inches long, twelve inches diſtance between
point and point: in fize, rather leſs than the fallow
deer or buck: color, brown mixed with red, and
duſky: the belly and inſide of the thighs white :
tail ſhort, black above, white beneath. The fes
males want horns.
Inhabits Barbary. The form of theſe horns,
when on the ſcull, not unlike that of the antient
Lyre, to which Pliny compares thoſe of his Strepſi-
The Brachia, or ſides of that inſtrument,
were frequently made of the horns of animals, as
appears from antient gems. Monfaucon has engraven
ſeveral. Suppl. Antiq. III. tab. 75.
.
ceros.
BROWN. Lidmeé ? Shaw's travels.
a
Leſs than a Roebuck: horns like thoſe of the
laft: face, back and fides of a very deep brown,
the laſt bordered with tawny: belly and inſide
of the legs white: above each hoof a black ſpot:
tail black above, white beneath. Inhabits Ben-
gal : poſſibly alſo Barbary, being nearer the ſize
of the Lidmee than any other.
В Sмоотн

Α Ν Τ Ε L Ο Ρ Ε.
33
B
SMOOTH HORNED. De Buffon, xii. 217. tab. xxxvi. fg. 3.
In
my cabinet is a pair of horns twiſted like thoſe
of the preceding, but quite ſmooth and black :
they are joined together in a parallel direction,
the points turned different ways: when thus
mounted they are carried by the Faquirs in India,
by way of weapon.
with horņs bending in the middle, ,
and reverting forwards towards their
end.
26.BARBARYS
Gazella Africana cornibus bre. tab. xxiii,
vioribus, ab imo ad fummum La Gazelle d'Afrique. Briſſon.
feré annulatis, et circum me- quad. 45.
dium inflexis. Raii ſyn. quad. Capra Dorcas. Lin. Syft, 96.
8o.
Antilope Dorcas. Pallas, Spicil.
La Gazelle, De Buffon, xii. 201. I. 11.
A. with horns twelve inches long, round, inclining
firſt backwards, bending in the middle, and then
reverting forwards at their ends, and annulated
with about thirteen rings on their lower part : up-
per
ſide of the body reddiſh brown; lower part and
buttocks white : along the ſides the two colors are
ſeparated from each other by a ſtrong duſky line :
on each knee a tuft of hair: the Dorcas of Ælian,
lib. xiv. 6. 14.
Inhabits Barbary, Ægypt, and the Levant,
a
D
Le

34
ANTELOPE.
27. FLAT
Le Kevel. De Buffon, xii. 204. Antilope Kevella. Pallas Miſcel.
HORNED. tab. xxiv.
7. Spicil. 12.
a
A. with horns ſhaped like thoſe of the laſt, but
flatted on their fides; the rings more numerous,
from fourteen to eighteen: the ſize equal to a ſmall
roebuck: in colors and marks reſembles the pre-
ceding
Inhabits Senegal.
28. WHITE. Antilope pygargus. Pallas. Spicil. 10.
a
a
A. with horns like thoſe of the Kevel, fourteen
inches and an half long : ſize ſuperior to a common
Buck: ears feven inches long : face of a pure
white: cheeks and neck of a fine bright bay:
back, of a cinereous brown daſhed with red : along
the middle a dark lift : fides, flanks and ſhoulders,
a deep brown; ſeparated from the belly by a darker
ſhade: belly and rump white : trunk of the tail
ſeven inches long: hairs black, which reached four
inches beyond the end : hoofs ſhort.
From a ſkin bought at Amſterdam. From the Cape?
not the Tzciran of M. de Buffon, as Dr. Pallas
imagines; for the horn which the former has figured
as belonging to that animal, is the horn of the
Blue Antelope, No. 13.
a
3
Ahu,

ANTELOPE.
35
Ahu, Tzeiran Olearius's Trav. Yellow Goat ? Du Halde china. 29. CHINESE.
226. Kampfer aman, exot. 403:
II. 253, 278, 290.
Caprea campeſtris gutturoſa. Antilope Bell's travels. I. 311.
Nov. Com. Petrop. v. 347. tab. ix. 319.
Le Tzeiran de Buffon, xii. 207.
A. with Nender horns, bending a little in the mid-
dle, reverting towards the end ; annulated on their
lower part, ſmooth and very black at their ends :
ſize of a roebuck, of the ſame color, and has the
ſame actions.
Inhabits the vaſt plains beyond the lake Baikal :
the natives eat the fleſh, and uſe the ſkins for
cloathing: the horns are much eſteemed by the
Chineſe, who give a large price for them. Theſe
animals love the banks of rivers, and will readily
take the water to paſs from ſide to ſide.
Colus Gefner quad. 361, teretibus rectiuſculis perfecté 30. SCYTHIAN.
Suhak. Rzaczinſki hift. Polon. 224. annulatis apice diaphanis gula
Ibex imberbis Nov. Com. Petrop. imberbi. Lin. Syf. 97:
v. tab. xix, vii. 39.
Le Saiga. de Buffon, xii. 198. tab.
Sayga Phil. Tr. 1767. p. 344. xxii. fig. 2.
Bell's travels I. 43.
Antilope fcythica. Pallas fpicil...
Capra Tatarica. C. cornibus Faunul. ſinens.
/
A. with horns a foot long, bending a little in the
middle, the points inclining inward, the ends
ſmooth; the other part ſurrounded with very promi-
nent annuli; of a pale yellow color, and the greateſt
part ſemipellucid. Length, four feet nine inches and
a quarter : height before, two feet fix inches and a
half; behind, two feet feven inches and a half : tail
three inches : head like that of a ſheep: noſe very
large, and arched ; marked the whole length with
D2
a ſmall

36
AN TELOPE.
a
a ſmall line, cauſed by the elevation of the ſeptum
narium : the noſtrils tubular and large : the upper
lip hangs over the under: the noſe is formed of a
muſcular ſubſtance mixed with fat: the cutting teeth
are placed ſo looſe in their fockets as to move with
the left touch. The male is covered with rough
hair like the he goat, and has a very ſtrong ſmell.
The female is ſmoother : the hair on the bottom of
the ſides and the throat is long, and reſembles wool:
that on the ſides of the head and neck is hoary: the
back and ſides of a dirty white : the breaſt, belly
and inſide of the thighs, of a ſhining white. The
females hornleſs and timid: if attacked by wolves or
dogs, the males place them in a circle, and ſtand
round them, with their heads towards the enemy,
and will defend them ftoutly: bleat like ſheep:
their common pace a trot: when they go faſter it
is by leaps : are ſwifter than roebucks : feed by
lifting up
the upper mandible and going backward.
The ſkin is ſoft, and excellent for gloves, belts, &c.
Their beſt ſeaſon is September : at other times, the
ikins are penetrated by worms. The fat reſembles
that of mutton; in taſte, like that of a buck:
the head is reckoned the moſt delicate
part.
Found between the Tanais and Boriſthenes, and as
far as Aſtrachan, in flocks of 6 or 10,000 and
ſeem to be the ſame with thoſe called by Le Brun*,
wild Sheep or Ablavos, which are met with amông
the Burattes, near lake Baikal, in herds of thou-
ſands. The young are eaſily tamed, and will
readily return to their maſter, tho' turned out on
the Step, or defert **.
# Le Erun's Trav. I. 115.
** Ritsbkoff orenb. Topogr. I. 288
Le

AN TELOPE.
32
Le Corine de Buffon, xii. 205. tab. xxvii.
31.Spotted.
:
A. with very ſlender horns fix inches long, ſur-
rounded with circular rugæ : leſs than a roebuck :
each ſide the face a white line: neck, body and
flanks, tawny: belly and inſide of the thighs
white : ſeparated from the ſides by a dark line: on
the knees is a tuft of hair. Some are irregularly
ſpotted with white. Perhaps theſe are the ſpotted
goats of Kolben, II. 115
Inhabits Senegal.
a
32. CERVINE
Lin. 300.
Bubulus Plinii lib. viii. c. 15. Vache de Barbarie, Memoire de
L'acad. I. 205.
BEXAG? Oppian Cyneg. II.
Le Bubale de Buffon xii. 294.
tab. xxxvii. xxxviii.
Bucula cervina Caii opufc. 63.
Antilope Bubalis Pallas ſpicil, 12.
Buſelaphus Gefner quad. 121.
a
"A. with horns bending outward and backward, al-
moſt cloſe at their baſe, and diſtant at their points;
twiſted and annulated; very ſtrong and black; fome
are above twenty inches long, and above eleven in
girth at the baſe: head large, and like that of an
ox: eyes placed very high and near the horns: the
form of the body a mixture of the ſtag and heifer :
the ſize of the firſt : the tail rather more than a foot
long, terminated with a tuft of hair : color, a red-
diſh brown.
Inhabits Barbary. This the Bubalus of the an-
tients, not the Buffalo, as later writers have fup-
poſed. Pliny remarks an error of the ſame kind in
his days, ſpeaking of the Urus, ſays, Uros, quibus
D 3
imperitum

38
ANTELOPE.
imperitum vulgus bubulorum nomen imponit, cum id
ATUD gignat Africa, vituli potius cervive quadam fimilitu-
dine.
3
bne 2915r svigno
33.SENEGAL Le Koba de Bufon xii. 210. 267. çama Seb. Mus. 1. 69. tab. xlii.
tab. xxxii. fig. 2.
fig. 4. Ah. Muf.
Cert qu'on nomment Temama-
tigrb is dioot: 2901
A. with horns almoft cloſe at the baſe, a little above
bending out greatly; then approach again towards
the ends, and recede from each other towards the
points, which bend backwards; the diſtance in the
middle fix inches and a half ; above that four
inches ; at the points fix; length, ſeventeen inches;
circumference at the bottom eight; ſurrounded with
fifteen prominent rings; the ends ſmooth and ſharp:
head large and clumſy, eighteen inches long : ears
ſeven: head and body of a light reddiſh brown:
down the hind part of the neck a narrow black liſt:
rump, a dirty white : on each knee, and above the
fetlock, a duſky mark: hoofs ſmall: tail a foot
long, covered with coarſe black hairs, which hang
far beyond the end. Length of the whole ſkin
which I bought at Amſterdam, feven feet.
Inhabits Senegal, where the French call it La
grande vache brune. Certainly, neither the Temama-
fama of Hernandez, nor even a native of America,
as Seba aſſerts.
Le
BATOFI

Α Ν Τ Ε Ι Ο Ρ Ε.
39
Le Kob, ou petite vache brune, de Buffon, xii. 210. 267. tab. xxxii, 34 GAMBIAN.
fig. 1.
A. with horns thirteen inches long, five inches and
a half round at the bottom, very diftant in the
middle, and pretty cloſe at the baſe and points ;
ſurrounded with eight or nine rings ; ſmooth at their
upper part.
Inhabits Senegal.
ammo
74
N. 33
N. 73
R. Murray Seite
,
Sort
D4
Horns

40
DE ER.
VII. DEER. Horns upright, ſolid, branched, annually deciduous.
Eight cutting teeth in the lower jaw; none in the
upper.
* With palmated horns.
35. ELK.
Aice, machlis, Plinii, lib. viii. c. libus palmatis, caruncula guttu-
15. Geſner quad. I. 3. Munfter rali, Lin. St. 92. Ælg. Faun.
Coſmog. 883
Suec. No. 39. Los, Rzaczin ki
Cervus palmatus, Alce, Elant. Polon. 212.
Klein quad. 24. Ridinger wild, C. cornibus ab imo ad ſummum
Thiere. 36.
palmatis, Briſon quad. 6. Faunul.
Elk, Raii fyn. qual. 86. Scheffer Sinens.
Lapl. 133. Bell's trav. I. 5, 215, L’Elan, de Buffon, xii. 79. tab. vii,
322.
viii. Br. Muf. Ab. Muf.
Cervus Alces. C. cornibus acaul-
D. with horns with ſhort beams ſpreading into
large and broad palms, one fide of which is plain,
the outmoſt furniſhed with ſeveral ſharp ſnags. No
brow antlers *The largeſt I have ſeen is in the
houſe belonging to the Hudſon Bay company, weigh'd
561b. length 32 inches; between tip and tip, 34;
breadth of the palm 131. There is in the fame
place an excellent picture of an Elk, which was
killed in the preſence of Charles XI. of Sueden, and
which weighed 12291b. It is a very deformed and
ſeemingly diſproportioned beaft. A young female of
* In the Britiſh Muſeum is a pair of Elk horns, which in all re-
ſpects reſembles the others, except that on the beam of each horn:
about four inches from the baſe is a branch, round and trifurcated :
very different from a brow-antler. It is the only one of the kind I
ever ſaw; ſo, probably, is a meer accident; for neither the many
European -Elks horns, or the two pair of American Elk or Mooſe, I
have examined, are furniſhed with brow-antlers. Thoſe in quel
tion ſeem to be the very pair which Mr. Dale deſcribes and figures,
Pbil. Tranf. abridg. ix. 85. tab. 6. fig. 50.
about

VI
P.40
and bilo ralyitqu 2H
nodni dio gris
II
sodw
2
One
I
Conchis ligi
I FEM. MOOSE OR ELK. I ELK'S HORNS NO. 35.

FICH
OF

DE ER.
41
about a year old, was to the top of the withers 5
feet high, or 15 hands; the head alone 2 feet long,
length of the whole animal from noſe to tail, about
7 feet: the neck much ſhorter than tlie head,
with a ſhort thick upright mane, of a light brown
color. The eyes fmall: the ears 1 foot long, very
broad and ſouching : noftrils very large : the up-
per lip ſquare, hangs greatly over the lower, and
has a deep ſulcus in the middle, ſo as to appear al-
moſt bifid : noſe very broad : under the throat a
ſmall excreſcence, from whence hung a long tuft of
coarfe black hair: the withers very high: fore legs
3 feet 3 inches long: from the bottom of the hoof
to the end of the tibia 2 feet 4 inches: the hind
legs much ſhorter than the fore legs : hoofs very
much cloven : tail very ſhort; duſky above, white
beneath : color of the body in general a hoary black;
but more grey about the face than any where
elſe. This was living laft ſpring at the marquis of
Rockingham's houſe, at Parſon's-green. It ſeemed
a mild animal; was uneaſy and reſtleſs at our pre-
fence, and made a plaintive noiſe. This was brought
from North America, and was called * the Mooſe
Deer. A male of this ſpecies, and the horns of
others having been brought over of late years,
prove this, on compariſon with the horns of the
European Elk, to be the ſame animal. But the
accounts that Joſſelyn and Dudly ** give of the ſize
* From Mufu, which in the Algonkin language ſignifies an Elk.
Vide Kalm iter. vol. III. 510. Germ. ed. de Laet. 73. Purchas's Pilgr.
iv. 1831.
Fofjelyn's voy. New England, 88. Nerv Engl. rarities, 19. Phil,
Tranf. abridg. vii. 447.
of

42
DE ER.
a
of the American Mooſe has all the appearance of being
greatly exaggerated; the firſt afferting, that ſome are
found 12 feet or 33 hands high, and the laſt makes
it only one foot lower; but Charlevoix, Dierville
and Leſcarbot *, with greater appearance of pro-
bability, make it the ſize of a horſe, or an Au-
vergne mule, which is a very large ſpecies; and the
inforinations alſo that I have received from eye-
witneſſes, make its height from 15 to 17 hands.
The writers who ſpeak of the European kind, con-
fine its bulk to that of a horſe. Thoſe who ſpeak
of the gigantic Mooſe, ſay, their horns are fix feet
high; Fofſelyn makes the extent from tip to tip to
be two fathom, and La Hontan ** from hearſay pre-
tends, that they weigh from 300 to 400 lb. ; not-
withſtanding he ſays that the animal which is to
carry them is no larger than a horſe. Thus theſe
writers vary from each other, and often are not
conſiſtent with themſelves. It ſeems then that Jof-
ſelyn and Dudly have been too credulous, and taken
their evidence from huntfmen or Indians, who were
fond of the marvellous; for it does not appear that
they had ſeen it. The only thing certain is, that
the Elk is common to both continents; and that
the American having larger foreſts to range in and
more luxuriant food, grows to a larger ſize than
the European. In America they are found, tho'
rarely, in the back parts of New England; in the
peninſula of Nova Scotia, and in Canada; in Europe
3
* Charlevoix hif. nouvelle France, v. 185. Dierville voy. de
L'Acadie 122. Leſcarbot hift. nouv. France 810. The French call this
animal, Orignal.
** Voy. N. America, I. 57.
they

DE ER
43
they inhabit Lapland, Norway, Sueden and Rufia ;
in Aſia, the N. E. parts of Tartary and Siberia;
but in each of thoſe continents inhabit only parts,
where cold reigns with the utmoſt rigor during part
of the year.
i
They live amidſt the foreſts for the conveniency
of browzing the boughs of trees, for the great
length of their legs and the ſhortneſs of their neck
prevents them from grazing with any ſort of eaſe;
they often feed on water plants, which they can
readily get at by wading; and M. Sarrafin * ſays,
they are ſo fond of the Anag yris fætida, or ſtinking
bean trefoil, as to dig for it with their feet, when
covered with ſnow.
They have a ſingular gait ; their
pace
is a high
ſhambling trot, but they go with vaſt ſwiftneſs; in
old times theſe animals were made uſe of in Sueden
to draw fledges; but as they were frequently accef-
ſary to the eſcape of murderers and other crimi-
nals, the uſe was prohibited under great penalties.
In paſſing thro' thick woods, they carry their heads
horizontally, to prevent their horns being entan-
gled in the branches. In their common walk they
raiſe their fore feet very high; that which I ſaw
ſtepped over a rail near a yard high with great
eaſe.
They are very inoffenſive animals except when
wounded, or in the rutting ſeaſon, when they be-
come very furious, and at that time ſwim from ifle
to iſle, in purſuit of the females. They ſtrike with both
horns and hoofs; are hunted in Canada during win-
* Martyn's abridg, mem, and hif. Acad. iv. 253.
ter,

44
DE ER
• ter, when they fink ſo deep in the ſnow as to be:
come an eaſy prey: the fleſh is much commended
for being light and nouriſhing, but the noſe is rect
koned the greateſt delicacy in all Canada : the
tongues are excellent, and are frequently brought
here from Ruffia: the ſkin makes excellent buff
leather *: Linnæus ſays it will turn a muſket ball: the
hair which is on the neck, withers and hams, of the
full grown Elk, is of great length and very elaſtic, is
uſed to make matreſſes: the hoofs were ſuppoſed to
have great virtues in curing epilepfics. It was pre-
tended, that the Elk being ſubject to that diſeaſe,
cured itſelf by ſcratching its ear with its hoof.
The Elk was known to the Romans by the name
of Alce and Macblis: they believed that it had no
joints in its legs; and, from the great ſize of the
upper lip, imagined it could not feed without going
backward as it grazed.
Before I quit this ſubject it will be proper to take
ſome notice of the enormous horns that are ſo often
found foffil in Ireland, and which have always been
attributed to the Moofe Deer: I mean the Mooſe
Deer of Joſfelyn ; for no other animal could poſſibly
be ſuppoſed to carry ſo gigantic a head. Theſe
horns differ very much from thoſe of the European
or American Elk; the beam, or part between the
baſe and the palm, is vaſtly longer : each is fur-
niſhed with a large and palmated brow antler, and
the ſnags on the upper palms are longer. The
meaſurements of a pair of theſe horns are as follow:
* Numbers of the American Elk ſkins are ſent from hence to
Bayonne, where they are dreſſed, and ſold to the Gallegos, who
make buff waiſtcoats of them.
from

DE ER.
45
9
from the inſertion to the tips, 5 feet 5 inches; the
brow antlers 11 inches; the broadeſt part of the
palm, 18; diſtance between tip and tip, 7 feet g: but
7
theſe are ſmall in compariſon of others that have
been found in the ſame kingdom. Mr. Wright, in
his Louthiana, tab. xxii. Book III. gives the figure
of one that was eight feet long, and fourteen be-
tween point and point. Theſe horns are frequent
in our Muſeums, and at gentlemen's houſes in Ire-
land: but the Zoologiſt is ſtill at a loſs for the re-
cent animal. I have been informed by a gentleman
long reſident in Hudſon's Bay, that the Indians ſpeak
of a beaſt of the Mooſe kind *, but far ſuperior in
lze to the common one, which they ſay is found
7 or 800 miles S. W. of York Fort. If ſuch an
animal exiſts, with horns of the dimenſions juſt
mentioned, and of proportionable dimenſions in
other parts, there is a chance of ſeeing yoſelyn's
account verified: for if our largeſt elks of ſeventeen
hands high carry horns of ſcarce three feet in length,
we may very well allow the animal to be thirty-
three hands high which is to ſupport horns of 3 or
400 lb. weight:
*
* Called by the Indians, Wakefou.
Tarandus

46
DEER.
36. REIN.
Tarandus? Plinii lib. viii. c. 34. Acad. iv. 144.
Le Rangier ou Ranglier. Gaf- Le Renne de Buffon, xii. 79. tab.
ton de Foix apud du Fouilloux 98. x. xi. xii. Brillon quad. 63.
Tarandus, Rangifer Geſner quad. Reindeer Scheffer Supl. 82. 129.
839, 840. Icon. quad. 57, 58. Le Brun's travels, 1. 10. 11. Cu-
Cervus mirabilis, Fonſion quad. vres de Maupertuis, III. 198. Voy-
Munſter Coſmog: 1054.
age d'Outhier 141. Hif. Kamtchat-
Macarib, Caribo, Pohano. 70- ka, 228. Bell's travels, I. 213.
ſelin's New England rarities, 20. Martin's Spitzberg, 99.
Crantz
Cervus rangifer Raüſyn.quad. 88. Greenl. I. 70. Egede Greenl. 60.
Rennthier Klein quad. 23. Ridin- Dobb’s Hudſon's bay. 20. 22. Voy.
ger wild. Thiere. 35.
Hudſ. bay. II, 17. 18.
C. Tarandus. Č. cornibus ra- Le Caribou. Charlevoix hift nouv.
mofis recurvatis teretibus, fum- France, v. 190. Br. Muf. Albina
mitatibus palmatis. Lin. Syft. 93. Muf.
Rhen. Faun. Suec. No.41. Aman.
a
color;
D. with large but flender horns bending forwards,
the top palmated, with brow antlers broad and pal-
mated : horns on both fex; thoſe of the female
leſs, and with fewer branches. A pair from Green-
land was 3 feet 9 inches long, 2-6 from tip to tip;
9
weighed glb. 12 oz. height of a full grown Rein, 4
feet 6; ſpace round the eyes always black; when it
firſt ſheds its coat, the hairs are of a browniſh afh
after that changes to white; the hairs are
very cloſely ſet together ; along the fore part of the
neck are very long and pendent: hoofs large : tail
fhort. Inhabits the fartheſt north of any hoofed quad-
ruped; in America, Spitzbergen, and Greenland, but not
further fouth than Canada. In Europe, Samoidea, Lap-
land, Norway ; in Aſia, the north coaſt, as far as
Kamtzchatka, and the inland parts as low as Si-
beria ; found in all theſe places in a ſtate of
nature; is domeſticated only by the Laplanders,
Samoides and Kamtzchatkans; is to the firſt the
ſubſtitute of the horſe, the cow, the goat and the
Sheep
a

DE ER.
47
3
theep ; and is their only wealth; the milk of the
Rein affords them cheeſe ; the fleſh, food; the
ſkin, cloathing; the tendons, bowſtrings, and when
ſplit, thread; the horns, glue ; the bones, ſpoons.
During the winter it fupplies the want of a horſe,
and draws their fledges with amazing ſwiftneſs over
the frozen lakes and rivers ; cr over the ſnow, which
at that ſeaſon covers the whole country. A rich
Laplander is poſſeſſed of a herd of a thouſand
Reins. In autumn they feek the higheſt hills to
avoid the Lapland Godfly*, which at that time de
poſits its eggs in their ſkin; it is the peſt of theſe
animals, and numbers die that are thus viſited.
The moment a ſingle fly appears, the whole herd
inſtantly perceives it, they fing up their heads, toſs
about their horns, and at once atteinpt to fly for
Thelter amidſt the ſnows on the loftieft Alps. In
ſummer they feed on ſeveral plants, but during
winter, on the rein-liverwort **, which lies far be-
neath the ſnow; which they remove with their feet
and palmated brow antlers, in order to get at their
beloved food. They live only fixteen years.
Horns vary in fize, and a little in form : one af
Mr. John Hunter's, with two broad four-furcated
branches over the brow antlers, bending a little in-
wards : the whole was ſtronger and broader, in pro-
portion to the length, than common, and of a dull
deep yellow color,
* ftrus Tarandi Faun. Suec. No. 1931. Flor. Lap. 36o.
** Lichen rangiferinus . pl. II. 1620. Fl. Lap. 331

DEER.
c. 14.
37. Fallow, lot. Ariftot. bift. An. lib. II. hirſch Klein quad. 25.
Cervus dama. C. cornibus ra.
Platyceros Plinii lib. xi. c. 38. mofis recurvatis compreſſis: ſum-
Oppian Cyneg. lib. II. lin. 293. mitate palmata Lin. lyf. 93. Hal-
Platogna. Belon obf. 55.
ſelquif. itin. 290.
Dama vulgaris five recentiorum Dof, Dofhiort Faun. fuec. No.42.
Geſner quad. 307
Le Dain de Bufion vi. 161. tab.
Daniel. Rzaczinſki Polon. 217. xxvii. Brillon quad. 62.
Cervus Platyceros, Fallow Deer. Buck. Br. Zool. I. 34. Pontop.
Raii lyn. quad. 85.
Norway. II. 9. Du Halde China
Cervus palmatus, Dam-tan- I. 315. Taunul. finens.
а
D. with horns palmated at their ends and pointing
a little forward, and branched on the hinder fide ;
two ſharp and flender brow antlers, and above them
two ſmall flender branches. Color of this deer va-
rious, reddiſh, deep brown, white, ſpotted. Not
fo univerſal as the ſtag; rare in France and Germany.
Found in Greece, the Holy Land, and the North of
China. In great abundance in England; but, except
on a few chaſes, at preſent confined in parks. M. de
Buffon ſays, that the fallow deer of Spain are almoſt
as large as ſtags. None originally in America. What
are improperly called by that name will be deſcribed
hereafter. Are eaſily tamed: during rutting time, will
conteft with each other for their miſtreſs; but are
leſs fierce than the ſtag: during that ſeaſon, will
form a hole in the ground, make the female lie
down in it, and then often walk round and ſmell
at her. Moore ſpeaks of a ſpecies found on the banks
of the Gambia, in the interior parts of Africa, near
Barracunda, called Toncong, which he ſays differed
not in form from the Engliſh fallow deer; only that
its ſize was equal to that of a ſmall horſe, and
weighed
a

DEER.
49
weighed 300lb. it had alſo on its neck an erect
black mane four or five inches long *.
** With rounded horns.
Cervus Plinii lib. viii. c. 32. Gef- 93. Hiort, Kron-hiort. Faun. 38. STAG.
ner quad. 326.
fuec. No.4.
Jelen. Rzaczinſki Polon. 216. Le Cerf de Buffon, vi. 63. tab.ix.
Red Deer, Stag, or Hatt. Raii X. Briſſon quad. 58.
fyn. quad. 84.
Stag, or Red Deer. Br. Zool. I.
Cervus nobilis. Hirſch. Klein 34. Shaw's travels, 243:
Cateſby Carolin. App. xxxviii. Lav.
C. Elaphus. C. cornibus ramo - fon Carolin. 123. Faunul. ſinens,
.
ris teretibus recurvatis. Lin. Lyst.
quad, 23:
a
D. with long upright horns, much branched :
Nender and ſharp brow antlers. Color of the ſtag
generally a reddiſh brown, with ſome black about
the face, and a black lift down the hind part of the
neck and between the ſhoulders. Grows to a large
fize: one killed in the county of Aberdeen weighed
18 ftone Scots, or 3141b. horns of the American
ftags fometimes weigh 30 lb. and are above four
feet high.
Common to Europe, Barbary, North of Aſia and
North America. Lives in herds: one male gene-
rally ſupreme in each herd. Furious and dangerous
in rutting time. Seeks the female with a violent
braying. Rutting ſeaſon in Auguſt. Begins to ſhed
its horns the latter end of February, or beginning of
March : recovers them entirely by July. Fond of
the found of the pipe; will ſtand and liſten atten-
Travels up the Gambia, 205.
E
tively,

50
DEER.
or
tively. The account of the Cervina Sene&tus *,
vaſt longevity of the Stag, fabulous. Hinds go
with young above eight months, bring one at a
time, feldom two: ſecure the young from the ſtag,
who would deſtroy it. Fleſh of theſe animals
coarſe and rank: ſkin uſeful for many purpoſes :
from the horns is extracted the celebrated ſpirit of
hertſhorn; but the horns of all other deer yield the
ſame falt. The Hippelaphus ** of the antients,
only a large race of ſtags, with longer hair on the
neck, giving it the appearance of a mane. This is
diſtinguiſhed by the French with the title of Cerf
d'Ardenne : by the Germans, with that of Brand-
birtz. Under the ſame variety may be alſo brought
the Tragelaphus ; ſo called from being more hairy
than common t.
Le Cerf de Corſe of M. de Buffon, vi. is the left
ſpecies, of a deep brown color. Vide p.95. tab. xi.
This may be the ſame as the ſmall kind of ftag,
rather larger than the fallow deer, which Dr. Shaw
ſays is found in Barbary, whoſe female the Moors
call in deriſion Fortaſs, or Scald head, from having
no horns 1. In Ceylon, (as I have been informed
by Mr. Loten) are two varieties of ſtags; one of the
common ſize, the other 14 hands high, and are
called there Elks.
Du Halde, I. 122. ſpeaks of a ſmall fort of ſtag,
a
a
* Fuvenal Sat. xiv. 251. Pliny lib. viii. c. 33. Speaks of ſome
that were taken about 100 years before his time, with golden col-
lars on their necks, which had been put on them by Alexander the
Great.
** Ariſtot. Hift. An. lib. II. C. 1.
+ Gefner quad. 296,
Travels, 243
found

DEER.
51
found in Sunnan, a province of China, not bigger
than a common dog.
Fallow deer Lawſon Carol. 123. Dama virginiana Rai ſyn. quad. 39. Virgi-
Cateſby App. xxxviii. du Pratz, 86. Ph. Tr. Abridg. ix. 86. Br.
.
Muf. Ajhm. Muf.
NIAN.
II. 50.
D. with ſlender horns, bending very much forward :
have numerous branches on the interior fides; no
brow antlers : about the ſize of the Engliſh fallow
deer : of a light color, a cinereous brown: tail longer
than that of the Engliſh Buck: a quite diſtinct ſpecies,
and peculiar to America. Are found in vaft herds.
Thoſe near the ſhores are lean and bad, and ſubject
to worms in their heads and throats. Are
very
reft-
leſs ; always in motion : not fierce: their fleſh dry;
but of the utmoſt importance to the Indians, who
dry it for their winter proviſion. The ſkins a great
article of commerce, vaſt numbers annually im-
ported from our colonies. Feed during hard win-
ters on the moſs which hàngs in long ſtrings from
the American trees, in the northern parts.
Axis Plinii lib. viii. c. 21. Belon 262.
obf. 119. (fæm.) Raii fyn, quad. L'Axis de Buffon, xi. 397. tab. 40. Axis
89. fpeckled deer Nieubof voy. xxxviii. xxxix.
3
D. with Nender trifurcated horns; the firſt branch
near the baſe ; the ſecond near the top; each point-
ing upwards : ſize of the fallow deer: of a light
red color: the body beautifully marked with white
ſpots : along the lower part of the ſides next the
belly is a line of white : the tail long as that of a
fallow deer; red above, white beneath.
E 2
Common

52
DE ER.
:
Common on the banks of the Ganges, and in the
iſles of Ceylon and Java : will bear our climate :
breed in the Prince of Orange's menagery near the
Hague : are very tame: have the ſenſe of fielling:
very exquiſite : readily eat bread, but will refuſe a
piece that has been breathed on,
41. Great In the Britiſh Muſeum is a pair of large horns, of the
ſame ſhape with the former, and, like them, tri-
furcated; are very thick ſtrong, and rugged; of
a whitiſh color ; two feet nine inches long; two
feet four inches between tip and tip. There is not
in
any of the catalogues the left hint of the place
they come from ; or any hiſtory relating to them,
From their general appearance, ſeem to be of a
ſpecies different from the former.
a
42. PORCINE. D. with ſlender trifurcated horns thirteen inches
long; fix inches diſtant at the baſe : head ten inches
and a half long: body, from the tip of the noſe to
the tail, three feet fix inches : height, from the
ſhoulders to the hoof, two feet two inches; and
about two inches higher behind : length of the tail
eight inches: body thick and clumſy: legs fine and
flender : color on the upper part of the neck, body
and fides, brown; belly and rump, of a lighter
color.
In poffeffion of Lord Clive, brought from ſome
part of India ; called, from the thickneſs of their
body, Hog Deer.
Caprea

VIII
P. 52.
년
​II
I
I REIN NO 36.
I PORCINE DEER NO 42.

UND
OF
ICH

DE ER:
53
Caprea Plinii lib. xi. c. 37. tate bifida Lin. ff. 94. Radjur. 43. Ros.
Caprea, capreolus, Dorcas Gef- Faun. fuec. No.43.
mer quad. 296.
Le Chevreuil de Buffon, vi. 289.
Sarn Rzaczinſki Polon. 27.
tab. xxxii. xxxiii. Briffon quad.
Cervus minimus Klein quad. 24. 61. Charlevoix N. France, v. 195.
Faunul. ſinens.
Roebuck Br. Zool. I. 139. Bell's
Cervus capreolus. C. cornibus Trav. I. 200. Br. Muf. Ajh.
ramofis teretibus erectis, fummi- Muf.
a
.
D. with ſtrong upright rugged trifurcated horns from
fix to eight inches long: length, from noſe to tail,
three feet nine inches : height before, two feet three
inches : behind, two feet ſeven inches : tail, one
inch : weight of a full grown buck near 60 lb. hair
in ſummer very ſhort and ſmooth; ends of the hairs
deep red, bottoms dark grey : in winter, very long
and hoary at the tips, except on the back, where
it is often very dark: the legs ſlender ; and below
the firſt joint of the hind legs is a tuft of long hair :
rump, and underſide of the tail, white.
Inhabits moſt parts of Europe, as far north as
Norway: found in Tartary and China ; not in Africa.
Uncertain whether this kind is found in N. America,
notwithſtanding it is mentioned by Charlevoix : un-
noticed by Lawſon and Cateſby. Frequent in the
highlands of Scotland, but in no other part of Great
Britain.
Fond of mountainous wooded countries, brouzes
very much, and during winter eats the young ſhoots
of fir and beech: is very active; lives in ſmall fa-
milies : brings two young at a time; conceals them
from the buck: the fleſh delicate, but never fat.
:
E 3
"Teutlamaçame

54
DEER.
Mexic 324.
44. MEXICAN. Teutlalmaçame Hernandez An. fimis. Biche des bois. Barrere
France Æquin. 151.
Cuguaca-apara ? Marcgrave Bra- Chevreuil d'Amerique. de Bufon,
fil, 235. Piſo Braſil, 97.
vi. 210, 243. tab. xxxvii.
Baieu Bancroft Guiano, 122.
Le Cariacou ? de Briffon, xii. 324.
Cervus major, corniculis brevil. 347. tab. xliv.
D. with ſtrong thick rugged horns, bending for-
ward; ten inches long; nine between point and
point; trifurcated in the upper part; one erect ſnag
about two inches above the baſe : by accident ſub-
ject to vary in the number of branches : head large :
neck thick: eyes large, and bright: about the ſize
of the European Roe: color of the hair reddiſh;
when young, fpotted with white.
Inhabits Mexico, Guiana, and Braſil; not only
the internal parts of the country, but even the bor-
ders of the plantations: the fleſh inferior to that of
European veniſon. A ſpecies very diſtinct from the
Roe of the old continent. An accurate account of
the hoofed quadrupeds, of the new continent,
among the deſiderata of the Zoologiſt.
In the Muſeum of the Royal Society is a pair of
horns of ſome animal of the Roebuck kind, ſtyled
by Grew * horns of the Indian Roebuck: they are
fixteen inches long, and the fame between tip and
tip; are very thick, ſtrong and rugged; near the
baſe of each is an upright forked branch; the
ends bend forward, divide into two branches, each
furniſhed with numerous ſnags.
* Rarites, 24.
Cervus

IX
P. 54
I
>
I
HI
I FOSSIL HORNS P:44. I VIRGINIAN DEER NO 39.
III MEXICAN NO44

UNIE
OF
M
ICH

DE ER
55
Cervus Guineenſis. C. griſeus fubtus nigricans. Muf. Fr. Ad. 12. 45 Grer.
Lin. Syft. 94
An obſcure ſpecies, doubtful whether a Deer, a
Muſk, or female Antelope ; for the horns were
wanting in the animal deſcribed by Linnæus.
Size of a cat; of a grey color: between the ears
a line of black : a large black ſpot above the eyes :
on each ſide the throat a line of the ſame color
pointing downwards: the middle of the breaſt black:
the fore legs and ſides of the belly, as far as the
hams, marked with black : ears rather long: under
fide of the tail black.
E 4 ore
** Without

56
MUSK.
** Without horns.
VIII.MUSK. Two long tuſks in the upper jaw.
Eight ſmall cutting teeth in the lower jaw; none in
the upper,
695
46. Tibet. Capreolus Moſchi. Gefiler quad. lenberg, 339.
Du Halde China, I. 63.324. Grew's
Animal Moſchiferum Raii fyn. Muſeum, 21.
quad. 127. Schrockius hift. Moſchi, Moſchus Moſchiferus. M. folli.
1. tab. I.
culo umbilicali Lin. Syft. 91.
Animal Moſchiferum, Kabarga. Tragulus, ſp. 5. Le Muſc Briffon
Nov. com. Petrop. iv. 393., quad. 67. Klein quad. 18.
Mulk animal. Tavernier's trav. Le Muſc de Buffon xii. 361. Faunul.
II. 153. Le Brun's Trav. I. 116. finens.
Bell's Trav. I. 249. II. 88. Strah-
а.
M. of the form of a roebuck: length three feet
three inches, from the top of the ſhoulders to the
foles of the feet, two feet three inches. From the
top of the haunches to thoſe of the hind feet, two
feet nine inches.
Upper jaw much longer than the lower, on each
ſide a ſlender tuſk, near two inches long, very ſhort
on the inner edge, and hanging out quite expoſed to
view: in the lower jaw eight ſmall cutting teeth;
and in each jaw fix grinders : ears long and narrow,
inſide of a pale yellow, outſide deep brown: chin
yellow : hair on the whole body, erect, very long,
and each marked with ſhort waves from top to bot-
tom: color near the lower part cinereous, black
near the end; the tips ferruginous : hoofs flender
and black; fpurious hoofs of the fore feet very long :
tail an inch long, hid in the hair: the ſcrotum of a
bright

х
P. 56
IT
I
I TIBET NO 46.
I INDIAN MU SK NO 48.

ad
mod
be
10 som
ONE
OF
FCH
279100 Shu
Blod?

MUSK.
57
bright red color ; but the penis fo hid as ſcarce to
be diſcovered.
Female leſs than the male : noſe ſharper : wants
the two tuſks, and has two ſmall teats.
Inhabits the kingdom of Tibet, the province
of Mohang Meng in China, Tonquin, and Bontan;
about the lake Baikal, and near the rivers Feneſea,
and Argun. Found from Lat. 60 to 44 or 45;
but never wanders ſo far ſouth, except when forced
thro' hunger by great falls of ſnow, when they
migrate fouth to feed on corn and new-grown rice.
Inhabit naturally the mountains that are covered
with pines : love ſolitude : avoid mankind. If
purſued ſeek the higheſt ſummits, inacceſſible to
men or dogs.
That noted drug the muſk is produced from the
male. It is found in a bag or tumor of the ſize
of a hen's egg on the belly of that fex only. It is
furniſhed with two ſmall orifices; the largeſt is ob-
long, the other round; the one is naked, the other
covered with long hairs. The muſk is contained
in this, for Mr. Gmelin tells us, that on ſqueezing
the tumor, the muſk was forced thro' the apertures
in form of a fat brown matter. The hunters cut
off the bag and tie it up for ſale ; but are very apt
to adulterate the contents, by mixing other matter
with it to encreaſe the weight. Theſe animals muſt
be found in great plenty, for Tavernier ſays, that
he bought in one journey 7673 muſk bags. The
muſk of Tibet is far ſuperior to that of other places,
and of courſe much dearer. The fleſh of the males
is much infected with this drug, but is eaten by the
Ruffians
a

58
MUSK
Ruffians and Tartars. It is ſtrongeſt in rutting
time.
49. BRASILIAN. Cuguacu-ete. Margrave Brafil. 123.
235. Piſo Braſil. 972
Cervula ſurinamenſis, fubrubra
Biche de Guiane. des Marchais. albis maculis notata. Seb. Muf. I.
71. tab. xliv. Klein quad. 22.
Wirrebocerra. Bancroft Guiana. Briſſon quad. 67.
HII. 295
M. about the ſize of a roebuck: ears four inches
long: the veins very aparent : eye large and black;
noftrils wide: ſpace about the mouth black : the
hind legs longer than the fore legs : tail ſhort : hair
on the whole body ſhort and ſmooth : on the head
and neck brown: the throat and lower part of the
neck white : body and legs tawny: hoofs black.
Inhabits Guiana and Braſil; are exceſſively timid,
and moſt remarkably active, and ſwift ; like goats
they can ſtand with all their four legs placed coge-
ther on the point of a rock. They are frequently
ſeen ſwimming the rivers, and at that time are eaſily
taken. The Indians hunt them, and their fleſh is
eſteemed very delicate. The French of Guiana call
them Biches or Does, becauſe notwithſtanding their
likeneſs to deer, both ſexes are without horns.
M. de Buffon accuſes Seba of an error, in placing
this animal in Surinam , but the laſt is vindicated
by ſeveral authorities, who have had ocular proof
of its exiſtence in Guiana, &c,
Memiania

MUSK.
59
Meminna Knox bif. Ceylon, 21. de Buffon, xii. 315. Piffay Hamilton's 48. INDIAN,
voy. E. Indies. I. 261.
a
M. length 1 foot 5; weight 5 lb. 1 ; of a cinereous
olive color: throat, breaſt and belly white : fides
and haunches ſpotted, and barred tranſverſely with
white : ears large and open : tail very ſhort.
Inhabits Ceylon; a fine drawing of this animal
was communicated to me by Mr. Loten, late go.
vernor in Ceylos..
Le Chevrotain des Indes. de Buf- quad. 66. Tr. indicus. 65. Klein 49. GUINEA,
fon, xii. 315-341. tab. xlii. xliii. quad. 21.
Tragulus "Guineenfis. Briffon Moſchus pygmæus Lin. JyR. 92.
M. nine inches long: head, legs, and whole upper
part of the body tawny: belly white: no ſpuriouš
hoofs: two very broad cutting teeth in the lower
jaw: on each ſide of them, three others very ſen-
der: in the upper jaw two ſmall tuſks : ears large :
tail an inch long. In poffeffion of Mr. Guy of
York Buildings, who ſaid it came from Guinea.
M. de Buffon ſays it is found in the Eaſt-Indies.
The horns which Linnæus ſays are fold as belong-
ing to this animal are thoſe of the Royal Antelope,
p. 28.
To this genus muſt be referred a large ſpecies
mentioned by Nieuhoff, p. 209, found in the iſle
of Formoſa, which he calls ftags, leſs than ours,
but without horns.
No

бо
CAMEL
IX. CAMEL. No cutting teeth in the upper jaw. Upper lip di-
vided like that of a hare. Six cutting teeth in the
lower jaw.
Small hoofs. No ſpurious hoofs.
c. 18.
go.ARABIAN. Kaunaos Apa 6105 Arif. bifi. Dromedary. Raii fyn. quad. 143.
An. lib. II. c. I.
Klein quad. 42.
Camelus Arabicus Plinii lib. viii. Camelus Dromedarius. C. topho
dorfi unico. Lin. Syft. 90.
Camel called Hugiun Leo Afr. Le Dromedaire de Buffon, xii. 211.
338.
tab. ix. Briſſon quad. 33.
Camelus Dromas Gefner quad. Camel with one bunch. Pocock's
159. Pr. Alp. hift. Ægypt. I. 223. trav. I. 207. Shaw's trav. 239.
Camelus unico in dorſo gibbo, Ruſſel's hift. Aleppo. 56. 57. Plai-
feu Dromedarius. Camel, or fed's journal, 82.
a
:
C. with a bunch on the back : head ſmall : ears ſhort:
neck long, Nender and bending: height to the top
of the bunch ſix feet fix inches : hair ſoft : longeſt
about the neck, under the throat, and about the
bunch: color of that on the protuberance duſky:
on the other parts a reddiſh aſh color: tail long:
the hair on the middle ſoft : on the ſides coarſe,
black and long: hoofs fmall: feet flat, divided
above, but not thro': the bottom exceſſively tough
yet pliant: has ſix calloſities on the legs, one on
each knee, one on the inſide of each foreleg, on
the upper joint; one on the inſide of the hind leg,
at the bottom of the thigh, another on the lower
part of the breaſt, the places that the animal reſts
on when it lies down.
The riches of Arabia, from the time of Job to
the preſent, the patriarch reckoned 6000 camels
among

CAMEL
61
among his paſtoral treaſures; the moderns eſtimate
their wealth by the numbers of theſe uſeful ani-
mals; without them great part of Aſia and Africa
would be wretched; by them the ſole commerce is
carried thro' arid and burning tracts, impaſſible but
by beaſts which providence formed expreſsly for the
ſcorched deſerts. Their foles are adapted to the
ſands they are to paſs over, their toughneſs and
ſpungy ſoftneſs preventing them from cracking.
Their great powers of ſuſtaining abſtinence from
drinking, enables them to paſs over unwatered
tracts for ſeven or eight days without requiring the
left liquid ; Leo Africanus ſays for fifteen. They
can diſcover water by their ſcent at half a league's
diſtance, and after a long abſtinence will haſten
towards it, long before their drivers perceive where
it lies,
Uns conan
Their patience under hunger is ſuch, that they
will travel many days fed only with a few dates, or
ſome ſmall balls of bean or barley-meal; or on the
miſerable thorny plants they meet with in the de-
ſerts.
The largeſt kind will carry a load of 1000 or
1200lb. weight. They kneel down to be loaded
but riſe the moment they find the burthen equal to
their ſtrength : they will not permit an ounce more
to be put on: are moſt mild and gentle, at all
times, but when they are in heat: during that pe-
riod, are ſeized with a ſort of madneſs, that it is
unſafe to approach them: are not prevailed on to
quicken their pace by blows; but go freely if gent-
ly treated, and ſeem enlivened by the pipe, or any
muſick
a

62
CAMEL
fleſh *
muſick. In winter they are covered with long hair,
which falls off in the ſpring, and is carefully ga-
thered, being wove into ftuffs, and alſo cloths to
cover tents. In ſummer their hair is ſhort. Before
the great heats the owners ſmear their bodies, to
keep off the flies. The Arabs are very fond of the
of
young
camels. The milk of theſe ani-
mals is their principal ſubſiſtence; and the dung of
camels is the fuel uſed by the Caravans in the tra-
vels over the deſerts.
There are varieties among the camels. The Turk-
man is the largeſt and ſtrongeſt. The Arabian is
hardy. What is called the Dromedary, Mai-
hary, and Raguabl, is very ſwift. The common
ſort travel about 30 miles a day. The laſt, which
has a leſs bunch, and more delicate ſhape, and alſo
much inferior in ſize, never carries burdens; but
is uſed to ride on." In Arabia, they are trained for
running matches: and in many places, for carrying
couriers, who can go above 100 miles a day, on
them; and that for nine days together, ** over burn-
ing deſerts unhabitable by any living creature. The
Chineſe call theſe ſwift camels, expreſſively, Fong
Kyo to, or camels with feet of the wind. The Afri-
can camels are the moſt hardy, having inore diſtant
and more dreadfull deſerts to paſs over than any
of the others, from Numidia to the kingdom of
Æthiopia. She Chin, a Chineſe phyſician, ſays, that
camels are found wild N. W. of his country t.
* Athenæus relates, that the Perſian monarchs had whole camels
ſerved up to their table. Lib: iv. p. 130. as the Romans had whole
** Leo Afr. 338.
+ Du Halde China II. 225.
Καμηλος
boars.

CAMEL,
63
c. 18.
Kaunaos Barreos Arift. bijt, bus, feu Bactrianus. Rait ſyn. 57.BACTRIAN,
An. II. c. I.
quad. 145
Camelus Bactrianus Plinii lib. viii. Camelus Bactrianus. C. dorſi
tophis duobus Lin. Syft. 90. Klein
Camel called Becheți Leo Afr. quad. 41.
Le Chameau de Buffon xi. 211.
Camelus Geſner quad. 150. Pr. tab. xxii. Briſſon quad. 32,
Alp. bift. Ægypt. I. 223. tab. 13. Perſian camel Ruffel's hift. Aleppo,
Camelus duobus in dorſo tuberi. 57,
338.
C. with two bunches on the back; in all other re-
fpects like the preceding; of which it ſeems to be a
meer variety, and is equally adapted for riding or
carrying loads,
It is found only in Aſia, and even there is rare,
the breed being almoſt confined to ſome parts of
Perſia and the ſouthern parts of Tartary. They do
not differ in their nature or manners from the other
kind.
Camels have been introduced into Jamaica and
Barbadoes ; but, for want of knowlege of their
diet and treatment, have in general been of very
little ſervice to
Brown's hift, Jamaica, 488, ligon's hift. Barbadoes, 58.
Ovas

64
CAMEL
52. LLAMA. Ovis Peruana Hernandez An. Mex. Wood's voyage in Dampier's
, iv.95
660. Marcgrave Braſil, 243.
Canelus Glama. C. corpore læ-
Huanucu-Llama. de Laet. 328. vi, topho pectorali. Lin. Lyf. 91.
Allo-camelus Scaligeri. Ovis In- Camelus Peruvianus Glama dictus
dica Geſner quad. 149.
Raii (yn. quad. 145.
Llama. Ovalle chile. Churchill's Le Lama de Buffon xiii. 16.
Coll. 44, 45.
Guanaco ibid. Camelus pilis breviſſimis. Le
Cieza's Travels, 232.
233. Chameau de Perou, Briſon quad.
Frezier's voy. 154. Feuillèe obl. 34.
Peru, 23. Ulloa's voy. I. 478. Camelus ſpurius Klein quad. 42.
a
C. with an alınoſt even back, ſmall head, fine black
eyes, and very long neck, bending much, and very
protuberant * near the junction with the body : in
a tame ſtate, with ſmooth ſhort hair; in a wild ſtate,
with long coarſe hair **; white, grey and ruffet,
diſpoſed in ſpots. According to Hernandez, yel-
lowiſh, with a black line from the head along the
top of the back to the tail, and belly white. The
ſpotted may poſſibly be the tame; the laſt, the wild
Llamas. The tail ſhort: the height from four to
four feet and a half: length, from the neck to the
tail, fix feet. The carcaſs, diveſted of ſkin and
offals, according to the editor of Mr. Biron's voy-
age, weighed 200lb. in general the ſhape exactly
reſembles a camel, only it wanted the dorſal bunch.
It is the camel of Peru and Chili; and before the
arrival of the Spaniards, was the only beaſt of bur-
then known to the Indians. It is as mild, as gentle,
and as tractable. We find, that before the intro-
* Matthiolus obſerved, at the point of this protuberance, a fort
of impoſtume, with matter diftilling from it. This I ſuſpeết to be
accidental; for the animal he ſaw was one ſhewn in Germany. Vide
Marcgrave, 243. No writer, who deſcribed the Llama in its native
country, mentions this circumſtance,
** Ulled. I. 479
duction

CAMEL
65
duction of mules *, they were uſed by the In-
dians to plow the land; that at preſent they ſerve to
carry burthens of about 100lb. that they go with
great gravity, and, like their Spaniſh maſters, no-
thing can prevale on them to change their pace.
They lie down to be loaden; and when wearied,
no blows can provoke them to go on. Feuillée ſays,
they are ſo capricious, that if ſtruck, they inſtantly
ſquat down, and nothing but careſſes can induce
them to riſe. When angry, have no other method
of revenging injuries than by ſpitting, and they can
ejaculate their ſaliva to the diſtance of ten paces;
if it falls on the ſkin, it raiſes an itching and a
reddiſh ſpot. Their fleſh is eaten, and ſaid to be
as good as mutton. The wool has a ſtrong diſ-
agreeable ſcent. They are very ſure-footed; there-
fore uſed to carry the Peruvian ores over the rug-
gedeſt hills and narroweſt paths of the Andes. They
inhabit that vaſt chain of mountains, their whole
length, to the ſtraits of Magellan ; but, except
where thoſe hills approach the ſea, as in Patagonia,
never appear on the coaſts. Like the camel, they
have powers of abſtaining long from drink, fome-
times for four or five days: like that animal's, their
food is coarſe and trifling.
As every domeſtic animal has, or had its ſtock
or origin in a wild ſtate, we believe the Llama and
the Guanaco to be the ſame. The Llama is de-
fcribed as the largeſt of the two domeſtic animals
the Peruvians have ; for, except that, they knew no
a
* Ovalle 44.
F
other

66
CA ME L.
other than the congenerous Pacos. We find two
animals ſimilar to theſe, wild; the larger, or Gua-
nico, may be ſuppoſed to be a ſavage Llama; the
leſſer, or Vicunna, to be the Pacos in a ſtate of na-
ture: the brief deſcriptions we have left us of each,
give us little room to doubt but that the difference
of color and hair ariſes only from culture.
In a wild ſtate they keep in great herds in the
higheſt and ſteepeſt parts of the hills; and while
they are feeding, one keeps centry on the pinnacle
of fome rock: if it perceives the approach of any
one, it neighs; the herd takes the alarm, and goes
off with incredible ſpeed. They out-run all dogs;
ſo there is no other way of killing them but with a
gun. They are killed for the fake of their fleſh
and their hair ; for the Indians weave the laſt into
cloth *. From the form of the parts of generation,
in both ſexes, no animal copulates with ſuch diffi-
culty: it is often the labor of a day, Antequam
atum ipſum venereum incipiant, et abfolvant. **.
53. Pacos.
Pacos Hernandez, 663. Paco, Peruvianum lanigerum, Pacos
vicunna de Laet. 328. 329. Cieza. dictum. Raii ſyn. quad. 147.
233
Camelus laniger. Klein. quad. 42.
Ovis chilenſis. Marcgrave 244. Le Paco. de Buffon xiii. 16,
Wood's voy. Dampier, iv. 95. Camelus pilis prolixis toto corpore
Narborough's voy. 32.
veſtitus. Le vigogne. Briſon quad.
Vicunna, Alpaques. Frezier's 35.
voy. 153, 154. Ulloa's voy. I. 479. Camelus Pacos. C. tophis nullis,
Camelus feu Camelo congener corpore lanato. Lin. Syt. 91.
C. with the body covered with long and very fine
wool, of the color of dried roſes, or a dull purple :
the belly white : in a tame ſtate : varies in color :
* De Laet, 329
Hernandez, 662.
ſhaded

CAME L.
67
a
:
ſhaped like the former, but much leſs: the leg of
one I ſaw was about the fize of that of a buck.
Are of the ſame nature with the preceding : in-
inhabit the ſame places, but are more capable of
ſupporting the rigor of froſt and ſnow: they live
in vaſt herds; are very timid, and exceſſively ſwift :
ſometimes the Guanacoes aſſociate with them. The
Indians take the Pacos in a ſtrange manner : they
tie cords with bits of wool or cloth hanging to them,
above 3 or 4 feet from the ground, croſs the nar-
row paſſes of the mountains, then drive thoſe ani-
mals towards them, which are ſo terrified by the
flutter of the rags as not to dare to paſs, but hud-
dling together, give the hunters opportunity to kill
with their ſlings as many as they pleaſe. The tame
ones will carry * from 50 to 75 lb.
Theſe animals yield a Bezoar: Wafer ** ſays he
has taken thirteen out of the ſtomach of a ſingle
beaſt: they were ragged and of ſeveral forms, ſome
round, ſome oval, others long: they were green at
firſt, but changed to aſh color.
* Brewer's voy.cbile in Churchill, 1. 511.
** Wafer's voy. in Dampier, III, 384.
.
F 2
Cutting

68
H OG
X. HOG,
Cutting teeth in both jaws,
Polon, 213
54. COMMON. (Wild). Sus fera, aper Plinii lib. (Tame). Sus. Gefner quad. 872.
viii.c51. Geſner quad. 918. Raii fyn. quad. 92.
Sus agreftis five aper, wild boar Schwein. Klein quad. 25.
or fwine. Raii fyn. quad. 96.
Le Cochon, de Buffon v. 99. Le
Wieprz leſny, Dzik. Rzaczynſki verrat. tab. xvi.
Sus caudatus, auriculis oblongis,
Wild Schwein. Klein quad. 25. acutis, cauda piloſa. Briſon quad.
Le Sangher. de Buffox v. 99. tab. 74.
xiv.
Sus ſcrofa, S. dorſo anticè fetoſo,
Sus caudatus, auriculis Brevibus, cauda piloſa. Lin. ſyſt. 102. Swiin.
fubrotundis, cauda pilofa. Briffon Faun. ſuec. No. 21. Br. Zool. I.
quad. 75.
41.
Sus aper. Lin.b. 102.
a
a
a
H. with the body covered with briſtles: two large
tulks above and below : in a wild ſtate, of a dark
brinded color, and beneath the briſtles is a ſoft curled
ſhort hair: the ears ſhort, and a little rounded.
TAME: the ears long, ſharp pointed, and flouching:
the color generally white, ſometimes mixed with
other colors.
In a tame ſtate, univerſal, except in the frigid
zones, and Kamtſchatka*, and ſuch places where
the cold is very ſevere. Since its introduction into
America, by the Europeans, abounds to exceſs in
the hot and temperate parts. Found wild in moſt
part of Europe, except the Britiſh ifles, and the
countries N. of the Baltic : in Aha, from Syria to
the borders of the lake Baikal** : in Africa, on the
coaſt of Barbary. In the foreſts of S. America + are
vaſt droves, which derive their origin from the Euro-
Hift. Kamtſ. 108.
** Bell's trav. I. 279.
+ Des Marchais voy. III. 312. Gumilla orenoque II. 4.
.
pean

HO G.
69
tee.
:
pean kind relapſed into a ſtate of nature, and are
what Mr. Bancroft, in his hiſtory of Guiana, 126, def-
cribes as a particular ſpecies, by the name of War-
Cannot bear exceſſive cold: inhabit wooded
countries: very fwift: a ſtupid, inactive, drowſy
animal, fond of wallowing in the mud to cool its
furfeited body: greedy, voracious, but not indiſ-
criminate in the choice of its food, has been found
to eat 72 fpecies of plants, reject 171; very fond
of various roots : ſo brutal as to eat its own off-
ſpring. Uſefull in America, by clearing the coun-
try of rattle-ſnakes, which it devours with ſafety:
reſtleſs in high winds: has a natural diſpoſition to
grow fat: is very prolific, brings ſometime 20 young
at a time: its Aeſh of vaſt uſe, takes falt the beſt
of any; furniſhes our table with various delicacies;
brawn, peculiar to the Engliſh. The Romans made
a diſh
Of the ſwelling unctuous Paps
Of a fat prægnant Sow, newly cut off.
quad. 96.
.
a GUINEA. Porcus guineenſis. toſo, cauda longitudine pedum
Marcgrave Braſil. 230. Raii fyn. Le Cochon de Guinea de Buffon
Lin. WA. 103.
Sus porcus. S. dorlo pofticè fe- xv. 146. Briſon quad. 76.
H. with a leffer head than the common kind : very
long, ſlender, and ſharp pointed ears : tail hang-
ing down to the heels, without hairs: the body co-
vered with ſhort red ſhining hairs, but about the
neck and lower part of the back a little longer: no
briſtles: a domeſtic variety of the common kind.
* Alchymiſt At. ii, Sc. ii.
F 3
B CHINESE.
a
a

70
HO G.
R Chinese. Sus chinenſis. Lin. 99. tab. xv.
Lyft. 102. Brilon quad. 75.
Javan Hog. Kolben Cape I. 117.
Le cochon de Siam. de Buffon v.
H. with the belly hanging almoſt to the ground:
legs ſhort: tail reaching to the heels: the body ge-
nerally bare, as is the caſe in general with the ſwine
of India.
y. H. with undivided hoofs, only a variety of the
common kind.
.
55. ATH10- Engalla. Sorrento's voy. in Church- ſpecil faſc. II. 1. tab. I. Flacourt
PIAN.
bill. I. 667. Barbot. 487. Dampier's hift. Madagaſcar. 511.
voy? I. 320.
Sus Æthiopicus. §. facculo molli
African wild boar. Adanſon's voy. ſub oculis. Lin.fyt. App. Tom. III.
139. Deflandes Martyns mem. Acad. 223.
v. 386.
Sanglier du cap vert. de Buffon
Sus Æthiopicus, Hardlooper. xiv. 409. xv. 148. Afhm. Muf.
Pallas miſcel. zool. 16. tab. 11.
H. with ſmall tuſks in the lower jaws; very large
ones in the upper ; in old boars bending up to-
wards the forehead, in form of a ſemicircle; no
foreteeth : noſe broad, depreſſed, and almoſt of a
horny hardneſs: head very large and broad: be-
neath each eye a hollow, formed of looſe ſkin, very
ſoft, and wrinkled; under theſe a great lobe or
wattle, lying almoſt horizontal, broad, fat, and
rounded at the end, placed ſo as to intercept the
view of any thing below from the animal.
Between theſe and the mouth on each ſide a hard
callous protuberance: mouth ſmall: ſkin duſky:
briſtles

HO G.
71
a
briſtles diſpoſed in faſciculi, of about five each;
longeſt between the ears, and on the beginning of
the back, and but thinly diſperſed on the reſt of the
back.
Ears large and ſharp pointed, inſide lined with
long whitiſh hairs : tail flender and flat; does not
reach lower than the thighs, and covered with hairs
diſpoſed in faſciculi.
Body longer, and legs ſhorter than in the com-
mon ſwine : its whole length 4 feet 9 inches; height
before 2-2; but in a wild ftate grows to an enor-
mous ſize.
I ſaw this animal, 1765, at the Prince of Orange's
menagery near the Hague; it was young, and pro-
bably had not its full number of teeth ; I imagine
I
fo, as the head of a boar from Cape Verd, deſcribed
by M. de Buffon; and jaws of another preſerved in
the Aſhmolean Muſeum, at Oxford, evidently of the
fame ſpecies with this, had in the upper jaw two cut-
ting teeth ; and in the lower fix; and in each were
fix grinders, the fartheſt of them very large.
Theſe animals inhabit the hotteſt parts of Africa,
from Senegal to Congo, alſo the iſland of Madagaſ-
car*. We know little of their nature, but they
are repreſented as very fierce and ſwift ; and that
they will not breed either with the domeſtic or Chi-
neſe fow, for that at the Hague killed one of the
laſt, and treated the other very roughly, which for
experiment were turned to it **
a
* Ces ſangliers, principalement les malles, ont deux cornes a
coſtez de nez qui ſont comme deux callofitez. Flacourt hij. Madag.
1526
** Voſmaer Monogr.
Quauhtla
F4

72
HO G.
56. MEXICAN Quauhtla coymatl. Quapizotl. II. 876.
aper mexicanus Hernandez an. Pecary. Wafer's voy. Dampier III.
mex. 637
328. iv. 48. Roger's voy. 345.
Hogs with navels on their backs. Des Marchais voy. HI. 312. Gumil-
Purchas's Pilgr. III. 868. 966. la orenoque II. 6. Bancroft Guiana.
Tajacu. Pifo Braſil 98. Barrere 124. de Bufon x. 21. tab. iii. iv.
France equin. 161.
Seb. muf. I. 177
Tajacu, Caaigora. Marcgrave Javaris Rochfort Antilles I. 285.
Braſil. 229. Ovalle chile Church - Sus ecaudatus, folliculum ícho-
hill. III. 2.
rofum in dorſo gerens. Briſſon
Tajàcu ſeu aper mexicanus mof- quad. 77:
chiferus. Raii ſyn. quad. 77:
Sus dorſo cyſtifero, cauda nulla.
Mexican mulk hog. Ph. Tr. abr. S. Tajacu. Lin. Syft. 103:
1
a
H. with four cutting teeth above, fix below; two
tùſks in each jaw; thoſe in the upper jaw pointing
down, and little apparent when the mouth is ſhort;
the others hid : length from noſe to the end of the
rump about three feet : head not ſo taper as in com-
mon ſwine : ears ſhort and erect : body covered
with briſtles, ſtronger than thoſe of the European
kind, and more like thoſe of a hedge-hog; they are
duſky, ſurrounded with rings of white; thoſe on
the top of the neck and back are near five inches
long, grow ſhorter on the ſides; the belly almoſt
naked : from the ſhoulders to the breaſt is a band of
white : no tail: on the lower part of the back is a
gland, open at the top, diſcharging a fætid icho-
rous liquor ; this has been miſtakenly called a na-
vel.
Inhabits the hotteſt parts of S. America, and
ſome of the Antilles : lives in the foreſts on the
mountains : not fond of mire or marſhy places :
leſs fat than the common hog: goes in great droves :
are very fierce : will fight ftoutly with the beaſts of
prey :
a
a

H O G.
73
prey: the Jaguar, or American leopard is its more
tal enemy; often the body of that animal is found
with ſeveral of theſe hogs ſlain in combat. Dogs
will ſcarce attack it: if wounded will turn on the
hunter. Feeds on fruits and roots, on toads, and
all manner of ſerpents, and holding them with the
fore-feet, ſkins them with great dexterity. Is reck-
oned very good food; but all writers agree that the
dorſal gland muſt be cut out as ſoon as the animal is
killed, or the fleſh will become ſo infected as not to
be eatable. The Indian name of this ſpecies is Pa-
quiras*, from whence ſeems to be derived that of
Pecary.
57
INDIAN
Aper in India &c. Plinü lib. viii, Susdentibus duobus caninis fron-
0.52.
ti innatis. S. Babyruffa. Lin lyft.
υς τετράκερως. Εlian an. lib. 104.
.
xviii. c. 1o.
Sus caudatus, dentibus caninis
Baby-rouffa. Bontius India. 61. fuperioribus, ab origine ſurſum
Grew's Muſeum. 27. Raii ſyn. quad. verfis
, arcuatis, cauda floccoſa.
96. Klein quad. 25. Seb. Mus. I. Briffon quad. 76.
80. tab. 50. Valentyn Amboin. III. Le Babirouffa. de Buffon xii. 379.
268.
tab. XLVIII. Br. muſ. Afhm.
Strange hog. Purchas's Pilgr. II. muſ.
1693. v. 566. Nieuhof's voy. 195.
v
H. with four cutting teeth in the upper, fix in the
lower jaw; ten grinders to each jaw; in the lower
jaw two tuſks pointing towards the eyes, and ſtand-
ing near eight inches out of their ſockets; from
two fockets on the outſide of the upper jaw, two
other teeth, twelve inches long, bending like horns,
their ends almoſt touching the forehead: ears ſmall,
erect, ſharp pointed : along the back are ſome weak
* Gumilla.
briſtles:

74
HO G.
briſtles: on the reſt of the body only a ſort of wool,
ſuch as is on lambs: the tail long, ends in a tuft,
and is often twiſted: the body plump and ſquare ;
not of the elegant form that Bontius and Nieuhoff
give it; as appears by an original drawing Mr.
Loten favored me with.
Inhabits Buero, a ſmall iſle near Amboina: it is
alſo found in Celebes, but neither on the continent
of Aſia, or Africa; what M. de Buffon takes for it,
is the Æthiopian boar. Is ſometimes kept tame in
the Indian iſles : live in herds : have a very quick
fcent: live on herbs and leaves of trees; never ra-
vage gardens like other ſwine: their fleſh well-taſted:
when purſued and driven to extremities, ruſh into
the ſea, ſwim very well, and even dive, and paſs
thus from ifle to iſle: in the foreſts often reft their
head, by hooking their upper tuſks on ſome bough*
The tulks, from their form, uſeleſs in fight.
(?) ,
* The natural hiſtory of this animal is taken from Valentin's bift.
of the Eaſt Indies, from a tranſlation Mr. Loten was ſo obliging to
communicate to me.
O
ON
ol
With

XI
P.74
I
I
I INDIAN HOG NO 57.
I VARIETY OF COMMOM HOG.

UNIL
FICH
OF

RHINOCERO S.
75
With one, ſometimes two, large horns on the noſe. XI. RHINO-
Each hoof cloven into three parts.
CEROS.
Rhinoceros. Plinii lib. viii. c. 20. tan Itin. 56. Purchas's Pilgr. II. 58. One -
ONE-
Gefner quad. 842. Raii ſyn. quad. 1001. 1773. Bontius India. 50. HORNED.
122. Klein quad. 26. Grezu's mu- Borri hift. Cochin-China. 797. Voy.
feum, 29. Worm muf: 336. de Buf- Congo Churchill I. 668. Du Halde
fon, xi. 174. tab. vii. Briffon quad. China. I. 120. Faunul Sinens.
78. Ph. Tr. Abr. ix. 93. Kolben II. Rhinoceros unicornis. Lin. Lyft.
104. Edw. 221. Br. muf. Afbm.
Rhinoceros or Abbados. Linſect- muf.
IOI.
6. Two horned. Urſus cornu
gemino. Martial ſpectac. ep. 22.
Ph. Tr. Abr. ix. 100. xi.
910.
Ph. Ir. vol. LVI. 32. tab. 2.
Flacourt biſt, Madag. 395. de Buffon
xi. 186. Lobo Abiſs. 230.
Rhinoceros bicornis. Lin. lift.
104. Br. mus.
a
Rh. with a ſingle horn, placed near the end of the
noſe, ſometimes three feet and a half long, black,
and ſmooth: the upper lip long, hangs over the
lower, ends in a point, is very pliable, and ſerves to
collect its food, and deliver it into the mouth : the
noftrils placed tranſverſely: the ears large, erect,
pointed : eyes ſmall and dull : the ſkin naked,
rough, or tuberculated, lying about the neck in
vaft folds; there is another fold from the ſhoulders
to the forelegs; another from the hind part of the
back to the thighs: the ſkin ſo thick and ſo ſtrong
as to turn the edge of a ſcymeter, and reſiſt a muf-
ket ball: Nender, Alatted at the end, covered on
the ſides with very ſtiff thick black hairs: the belly
hangs low : the legs ſhort, ſtrong and thick: the
hoofs divided into three parts, each pointing for-
ward.
Thoſe
a

76
RHINOCERO S.
a
:
Thoſe which have been brought to Europe have
been
young and ſmall: Bontius ſays, that in reſpect
to bulk of body, they equal the elephant, but are
lower on account of the ſhortneſs of the legs.
Inhabits Bengal, Siam, Cochin-China, Quang ſi in
China, the iſles of Java, and Sumatra, Congo, An-
gola, Æthiopia, and the country as low as the Cape :
loves ſhady foreſts, the neighbourhood of rivers,
and marſhy places : fond of wallowing in mire like
the hog; is ſaid by that means to give ſhelter in the
folds of its ſkin to fcorpions, centipes, and other
inſects. Is a ſolitary animal: brings one young at
a time, very follicitous about it: quiet and inoffen-
five; but provoked, furious : very ſwift, and very
dangerous : I knew a gentleman who had his belly
ripped up by one, but furvived the wound. Is dull
of fight; but has a moſt exquiſite fcent: feeds on
vegetables, particularly ſhrubs, broom, and thiſtles:
grunts like a hog: is faid to confort with the tiger ;
a fable, founded on their common attachment to
the ſides of rivers, and on that account are fome-
times found near each other. Are ſaid when it has
flung down a man, to lick the fleſh quite from the
bone with its rough tongue ; this very doubtfull ;
that which wounded the gentleman retired inftantly
after the ſtroke.
Its felh is eaten ; Kolben fays it is very good : the
fkin, the Aeſh, hoofs, teeth, and very dung, uſed
in India medicinally ; the horn is in great repute as
an antidote againſt poiſon*, eſpecially that of a
و
3
* It was not every horn that had this virtue: ſome were held very
cheap, while others take a vaſt price,
virgin
a

RHINOCEROS
77
virgin Abbada ; cups are made of them. Found
ſometimes with * double horns : Martial alludes to
a variety of this kind by his Urſus cornu gemino.
Is the unicorn of HOLY WRIT, and of the antients;
the Oryx and Indian aſs of Ariſtotle **, who ſays
it has but one horn; his informers might well
compare the clumſy ſhape of the Rhinoceros to that
of an aſs, ſo that the philoſopher might eaſily be
induced to pronounce it a whole footed animal.
This was alſo the bos unicornis and fera monoceros of
Pliny t ; both were of India, the ſame country with
this animal; and in his account of the monoceros,
he exactly deſcribes the great black horn and the
hog-like tail. The unicorn of HOLY WRIT has all
the properties of the Rhinoceros, rage, untameable-
neſs, great ſwiftneſs, and great ſtrength.
It was known to the Romans in very early times :
its figure is among the animals of the Preneſtine
pavement. Auguſtus introduced one into the ſhews I,
on his triumph over Cleopatra ; and there is extant
a coin of Domitian, with a double-horned Rhinoceros
on it .
The combats between the Elephant and Rhino-
ceros, a fable, derived from Pliny.
* Hamilton, in his voyage to the Eaſt Indies, I. 8. ſays, that he
faw brought from Natal, in Africa, three horns growing from one
root; the longeſt 18, the next 12, and the third 8 inches long.
** Hift. An. lib. II. C.I.
+ Lib. viii. c. 21.
| Dion. Caſſius, lib. 51.
Pb. Tr. xi. 913
Four
UNIL
OF
Pick

78
HIPPOPO T A M E.
XII. HIPPO- Four cutting teeth in each jaw : two tuſks in each.
Each hoof divided into four parts.
POTAME.
lib. II. c.7.
59.HIPPOPO- ITT OS TIOTOP.LOS Ariftot. hift. An. Shaw's Trav. Suppl. 87.
TAME.
Sea horſe Dampier's Voy. II. 104.
Hippopotamus Plinii, lib. viii. Adanſon's Voy. 133. Moore's Voy.
C. 26.
Gambia, 105, 188, 216. River-
Belon obf. 104. des Poiſſons 19, 20. Paard. Houttuyn Nat. hift. III.
Gefner quad. 493. Radzivil iter 405. tab, 28.
Hierofol. 142. Raii ſyn.quad. 123. Water Elephants. Barbot Voy.
River horſe, or Hippopotamus, Guinea, 113, 73.
Grew's Muſeum, 14. tab. I. Lu- Hippopotamus pedibus quadri-
dolph. Æthiop. 60.
lobis. H. amphibius. Lin. br.
Cheropotamus et Hippopotamus 101. Haſſelquiſt iter, 201. Klein
Profp. Alp. hift. Ægypt, I. 245.
quad. 34
Sea horſe Leo Afr. 344. Sea oxe L'Hippopotame de Buffon, XII.
ibid. Lobo Abil. 105. Kolben. Cape. 22. tab. 111. Briſon quad. 83,
Br. Muf. Afhm. Muf.
Hippopotamus, or Behemoth.
II. 129.
H. with four cutting teeth in each jaw; thoſe in the
lower jaw ſtrait and pointing forward, the two mid-
dlemoft the longeſt: four tuſks; thoſe in the upper
jaw ſhort; in the lower, very long and truncated
obliquely : head of an enormous ſize : its mouth
vaſtly wide : the ears ſmall and pointed, lined
within very thickly with ſhort fine hairs : the eyes
and noftrils ſmall, in proportion to the bulk of the
animal : on the lips are ſome ſtrong hairs ſcattered
in patches here and there : the hair on the body is
very thin, of a whitiſh color, and ſcarce diſcernible
at firſt ſight : there is no mane on the neck, as
ſome writers feign; only the hairs on that part are
rather thicker : the ſkin is very thick and ſtrong,
and of a duſky color: the tail is about a foot long,
taper, compreſſed and naked: the hoofs are di-
vided
a
a

HIPPOPOT A M E.
79
a
.
vided into four parts: but notwithſtanding it is an
amphibious animal, are unconnected by mem-
branes: the legs ſhort and thick.
In bulk, it is ſecond only to the Elephant: the
length of a male has been found to be ſeventeen
feet; the circumference of its body fifteen ; its
height near ſeven ; the legs near three; the head
above three and a half; its girth near nine. Haſſel-
quiſt ſays, its hide is a load for a Camel.
Inhabits the rivers of Africa, from the Niger to
the Cape of Good Hope. Found in none of the
African rivers which run into the Mediterranean,
except the Nile, and even there only in the upper
Ægypt *, and in the fens and lakes of Æthiopia,
which that river paſſes through : is a mild and gentle
animal, unleſs it be provoked: inhabits equally the
land and the water : during night, leaves the rivers
to graze, and does great damage to the ſugar canes
and plantations of rice and millet : it alſo feeds on
the roots of trees, which it looſens with its great
teeth ; and will prey on ſmall fiſh: it is a clumſy
animal on the land, walks ſlowly; but when pur-
ſued, takes to the water, plunges in and finks to
the bottom, and is ſeen walking there at full eaſe :
it often riſes to the ſurface, and remains with its
head out of water, frequently making a bellowing
noiſe that may be heard at a vaſt diſtance: if
wounded, will riſe and attack boats or canoes with
* Dr. Shaw ſays, that the prelent race of Ægyptians are not even
acquainted with this animal; none ever appearing below the ca-
taracts of the Nile. It was not ſo formerly; for Radzivil relates,
that he ſaw and ſhot at four near Damietto. Haſſelquiſt confirms the
account of our countryman.
great

so
HIPPOPOTAM E.
great fury, and often fink them by biting large
pieces out of the ſides, and frequently people are
drowned by them; for they are as bold in the wa-
ter, as they are timid on land: are moſt numerous
high up the rivers ; very rarely found near their
mouths: ſleep on ſhoals of ſand in the midſt of the
ſtream.
They are capable of being tamed. Belon ſays,
he has ſeen one fo gentle, as to be let looſe out of
a ſtable, and fed by its keeper, without attempting
to injure any one. They are generally taken in pit
falls, and the poor people eat the fleſh. In ſome
parts, the natives place boards, full of ſharp irons,
in the corn grounds; which theſe beaſts ſtrike into
their feet, ſo become an eaſy prey. Sometimes they
are ſtruck in the water with harpoons faſtened to
cords; and ten or twelve canoes are employed in
the chaſe * The teeth are moſt remarkably hard,
even harder than ivory, and much leſs liable to
grow yellow. Des Marchais ** ſays, that the den-
tiſts prefer them for the making of falſe teeth.
The ſkin, when dried, is uſed to make bucklers,
and is of an impenetrable hardneſs.
A herd of females has but a ſingle male: they
bring one young at a time, and that on the land,
but ſuckle it in the water. Among other errors re-
lated of them, that of their enmity with the Croco-
3
Purchas's Pilgr. II. 1544. Haſſelquif gives a ſtrange account of
another method of taking them. The natives lay a great heap of
peas in the places the Hippopotame frequents : it eats greedily :
then growing thirſty, drinks immoderately; the peas in its belly
ſwell, the animal burſts, and is found dead. p. 188. Engl. Ed.
dile,
** II. 149

HIPPOPOTAM E.
81
dile, an eye-witneſs declaring he had ſeen them
ſwimming together without any diſagreement*.
Is the Behemoth of Job : known to the Romans :
Scaurus treated the people with the fight of five
Crocodiles and one Hippopotame **, during his adile-
ſhip; and exhibited them in a temporary lake. Au-
guftus produced one at his triumph over Cleopatra t.
An antient writer afferts, that I theſe animals were
found in the Indus; which is not confirmed by any
modern traveller.
* Purchas's Pilgr. II. 1544, 1568.
** Plinii lib. viii. c. 26.
+ Dion. Caſſius, lib. 51.
# Vide Gefner Pifc. 419.
G
Fore

82
TAPIIR.
XIII. TA- Fore hoofs divided into four parts.
PIIR.
Hind hoofs into three.
60. LONG- Tapiirete Braſilienſibus, Lufitanis Anta ou grand Bete. Gumilla Ore-
NOSE D. Anta Marcgrave Braſil
, 229. Piſo noque, II. 15: Condamine voy. 82.
.
Brafil, 101. Nieuhoff's voy. 23. Species of Hippopotamus, or ri-
Raii fyn. quad. 126. Klein quad, ver horſe, Bancroft Guiana, 127.
36.
Le Tapir ou Manipouris Briſſon
Elephant hog, Wafer's woy. in quad, 81. de Buffon, xi. 444. tab.
Dampier, III. 400.
xliii.
Mountain cow, Dampier, II. 102. Hippopotamus terreſtris. H. pe-
Sus aquaticus multisulcus. Bar- dibus pofticis triſulcis, Lin, LA.
rere France Æquin. 160.
Ed, x. 74.
T. with the roſe extended far beyond the lower
jaw; ſlender, and forming a ſort of proboſcis; ca-
pable of being contracted or extended at pleaſure ;
the ſides ſulcated; the extremities of both jaws
ending in a point; ten cutting teeth in each ; be-
tween them and the grinders, a vacant ſpace : in
each jaw ten grinders : ears erect: eyes ſmall : body
formed like that of a hog: the back arched : legs
ſhort: hoofs ſmall, black and hollow : tail very
ſmall: grows to the ſize of a heifer half a year
old: the hair is ſhort : when young, ſpotted with
white; when old, of a duſky color.
Inhabits the woods and rivers of the eaſtern ſide
of South America, from the Iſthmus of Darien to
the river of Amazons : ſleeps, during day, in the
darkeſt and thickeſt foreſts adjacent to the banks :
goes out in the night-time in ſearch of food : lives
on graſs, ſugar-canes, and on fruits : if diſturbed,
takes to the water ; ſwims very well; or ſinks be-
low,

TAPI I R.
83
low, and, like the Hippopotame, walks on the bot-
tom as on dry ground. The Indians ſhoot it with
poiſoned arrows: they cut the ſkin into bucklers,
and eat the fleſh, which is ſaid to be very good:
is a ſalacious, flow-footed, and ſluggiſh animal :
makes a ſort of hiffing noiſe, Gumilla ſays, it will
make a vigorous reſiſtance if attacked, and ſcarce
fails flaying the dogs which it can lay hold of.
Dampier and Bancroft give very faulty deſcrip-
tions of this beaft, imagining it to be the ſame with
the Hippopotame.
a
61. THICK-
NOSED
III. 4.00.
Caby-bara Marcgrave Brafil, 230. Capivard Froger's voy. 99.
Piſo Braſil, 99. Raii ſyn. quad. Sus lıydrochæris. S. plantis tri-
126.
dactylis cauda nulla. Lin. Lys.
River hog. Wafer in Dampier, 193;
.
Cochon d'Eau des Marchais, III. fon quad. 8o. de Buffon, xii. 384.
314.
tab, xlix,
Sus maximus paluſtris. Cabiai, Irabubos Gumilla orenoque, III.
cabionora. Barrere France Æquin. 238.
160.
Hižarochorus, Le Cabini. Brif a Roden
(
T. with a very large and thick head and noſe;
ſmall rounded ears ; large black eyes ; upper jaw
longer than the lower ; two ſtrong and great cut-
ting teeth in each jaw; eight grinders in each jaw;
and each of thoſe grinders form on their ſurface
ſeemingly three teeth, each flat at their ends * ; legs
ſhort; toes long, connected near their bottoms by
a ſmall web; their ends guarded by a ſmall hoof;
* M. de Buffon denies this: his deſcription was taken from a
young ſubject; but Marcgrave and des Marchais, who had oppor-
tunities of examining theſe animals in their native country, agree
in chis ſingular conſtruction of the teeth.
G 2
1.0

84
TAPI I R.
no tail; hair on the body ſhort, rough and brown;
on the noſe, long and hard whiſkers : grows to the
ſize of a hog of two years old.
Inhabits the ſame countries with the preceding :
lives in the fenny parts not remote from the banks
of great rivers : runs ſlowly: ſwims and dives re-
markably well, and keeps for a long time under
water: feeds on fruits and vegetables: is very dex-
terous in catching fiſh, which it brings on ſhore and
eats at its eaſe: it ſits up, and holds its
and holds its prey with
its fore feet, feeding like an ape: feeds in the
night, and commits great ravages in gardens : keeps
in large herds, and makes a horrible noiſe like the
braying of an aſs: grows very fat: the fleſh is
eaten, is tender, but has an oily and fiſhy taſte : is
,
eaſily made tame *, and ſoon grows very familiar.
a
Muratori bif. Paraguay, 258,
No

ELEPHAN T.
85
No cutting teeth; two vaft tuſks; a long proboſcis. XIV. ELE.
Feet round, terminated by five finall hoofs.
PHANT.
62. GREAT.
EXEQU5 Arif. Hift. An. lib. 1. ſon's voy. 138. Moore's trav. 31.
c. 11. IX. c. 1.
Borri's account Cochin China, 795.
Elephas Plinii, lib. viii. c. 1. Gef- Barbot's Guinea, 141, 206, 207,
ner quad. 376. Raii ſyn. quad. 131. 208. Seb. Muf. I. 175. tab. iii.
Klein quad. 36. Ludolph. Æthiop. Edw. 221.
54; Boullaye Le Gouz. 250. Del- L'Elephant Briſſon quad. 28. de
lon's voy. 71. Leo Afr. 336. Kol- Buffon, xi. 1. tab. I.
ben's Cape, II. 98. Boſman's bift. Elephas maximus Lin. Syft. 48.
Guinea, 230. Linſchotian iter, 55. Faunul. Sinens. Br. Muf. Afbm.
Du Halde's China, II. 224. Adan- Mus.
*
E. with a long cartilaginous trunk, formed of mul-
tudes of rings, pliant in all directions, terminated
with a finall moveable hook : the noſtrils at the end
of the trunk; its uſe that of a hand, to convey
any thing into the mouth: no cutting teeth: four
large flat grinders in each jaw; in the upper two
vaſt tuſks, pointing forwards, and bending a little
upwards; the largeſt are ſeven feet long, and
weigh 152 lb. each: the eyes ſmall : ears long,
broad and pendulous : back much arched : legs
thick and very clumſy and ſhapeleſs : feet undivid-
ed; but the margins terminated by five round hoofs:
tail like that of a hog: color of the ſkin duſky,
with a few ſcattered hairs on it.
The largeſt of land animals: there are certain
* To be underſtood of thoſe imported into England.
G3
accounts

86
EL Ε Ρ Η Α Ν Τ.
accounts of their attaining the height of twelve
feet; others are ſaid to have been three feet higher.
Inhabits India and ſome of its greater iſlands,
Cochin-China, and ſome of the provinces of
China; abounds in the ſouthern parts of Africa,
from the river Senegal to the Cape, and from thence
as high as Æthiopia on the other ſide: found in
greateſt numbers in the interior parts, where there
are vaſt foreſts, near the ſides of rivers : are fond
of marſhy places, and love to wallow in the mire
like a hog: ſwim very well: feed on the leaves and
branches of trees : do great damage to the fields of
corn, and to plantations of Coco Palms, tearing up
the trees by the roots to get at their tops.
Often Neep ſtanding; are not incapable of lying down
as is vulgarly believed: are very mild and harmleſs,
except wounded, or during the rutting time, when
they are ſeized with a temporary madneſs: are ſaid
to go one year
with young, bring one at a time:
live 120 or 130 years *; are 30 years before they ar-
rive at their full growth. Drink by means of their
trunk, fucking water up it, and then conveying it
into the mouth ; are very careful of the trunk, conf-
cious that their exiſtence depends on it; is to them
as a hand; is their organ of feeling and of ſmell,
both which ſenſes it has in the moſt exquiſite degree:
notwithſtanding its bulk is exceedingly ſwift : its
ſtrength matchleſs; the tame elephants carry ſmall
pieces of artillery, ſmall towers, with numbers of
people in them, and alſo vaſt loads: is not at pre-
* Tavernier's voy. part II. 96.
fent

ELEPHAN T.
$7
fent domeſticated in Africa, only in the more civi-
lized continent of Aha; they are much more nu-
merous in Africa, in ſome parts ſwarm, ſo that the
negroes are obliged to make their habitations under
ground for fear of them. Are killed and eaten by
the natives; the trunk ſaid to be a delicious morſel:
caught in pit-falls, covered with branches of trees;
ſometimes chaced and killed with launces, are in-
ſtantly killed by a ſlight wound in the head, behind
the ears.
All the teeth are brought from Africa;
frequently picked up in the woods ; uncertain whe-
ther ſhed teeth, or from dead animals : the African
teeth * which come from Moſambique are 10 feet
long; thoſe of Malabar only 3 or 4; the largeſt in
Afia are thoſe of Cochin-China, which even exceed
the elephants of Moſambique **. The ſkin is thick,
and when dreſſed, proof againſt a muſket ball: the
fleſh, the gall, the ſkin. The bones, according to
Shi Chin, are uſed in medicine t.
Is, notwithſtanding the great dullneſs of its eye
and ſtupidity of its appearance, the moſt docil and
moſt intelligent of animals: tractable and moſt
obedient to its maſter's will: ſenſible of benefits,
reſentful of injuries : directed by a ſlight rod of
iron hooked at one end: are in many parts of In-
dia the executioners of juſtice; will with their
trunks break every limb of the criminal, or tram-
ple him to death, or transfix him with their tuſks,
according as they are directed : are ſo modeſt as
never to permit any one to ſee them copulate : have
•
* Dellon's voy. 74.
** Borri, 795:
+ Du Halde. China, II. 224.
G4
a quick

88
ELEPHAN T.
a quick ſenſe of glory. In India, they were once
employed in the launching of ſhips : one was di-
rected to force a very large veſſel into the water ;
the work proved ſuperior to his ſtrength: his maf-
ter, with a farcaſtic tone, bid the keeper take away
this lazy beaſt and bring another : the poor animal
inſtantly repeated his efforts, fractured his ſcull,
and died on the ſpot *. In Delli, an Elephant paf-
ſing along the ſtreets, put his trunk into a taylor's
ſhop, where ſeveral people were at work; one of
them pricked the end with his needle: the beaſt
paſſed on, but in the next dirty puddle filled his
trunk with water, returned to the ſhop, and ſpurt-
ing every drop among the people who had offended
him, ſpoilt their work.
An Elephant in Adſmeer, which often paſſed
through the Bazar or Market, as he went by a
certain herb-woman, always received from her a
mouthfull of greens : at length he was ſeized with
one of his periodical fits of rage, broke his fetters,
and running through the market, put the crowd to
flight; ; among others, this woman, who in haſte,
forgot a little child ſhe had brought with her. The
animal recollecting the ſpot where his benefactreſs
was wont to fit, took up the infant gently in his
trunk and placed it in ſafety on a ſtall before a
neighboring houte
Another, in his madneſs, killed his Cornac or Go-
vernor : the wife ſeeing the misfortune, took her
two children and Aung them before the Elephant,
ſaying, Now you have deſtroyed their father, you may
as well put an end to their lives and mine. It in,
Ludolph. Com, in hift. Æthiop. 147,
ftantly

ELEPHAN T.
89
ſtantly ſtopped, relented, took the greateſt of the
children, placed him on its neck, adopted him for
its Cornac, and never afterwards would permit any
body elſe to mount it.
At the Cape of Good-Hope, it is cuſtomary to
kill thoſe animals, for the ſake of their teeth, by
the chace. Three horſemen, well-mounted and arm-
ed with launces, attack the Elephant alternately, each
relieving the other as they ſee their companion preſſed,
till the beaſt is ſubdued. Three Dutchmen (brothers)
who had made large fortunes by this buſineſs, de-
termined to retire to Europe, and enjoy the fruits of
their labors; but reſolved, before they went, to
have a laſt chace by way of amuſement: they met
with their game, and began the attack in the uſual
manner; but unfortunately one of their horſes fell
down and Aung its rider: the enraged animal in-
ſtantly ſeized the unhappy man with its trunk, flung
him up to a vaſt height in the air, and received
him on one of its tuſks; then turning towards the
two other brethren, as if it were with an aſpect of
revenge and inſult, held out to them the impaled
wretch wreathing on the bloody tooth *.
The Indians have from very early times employ-
ed the elephant in their wars: Porus oppoſed the
paffage of Alexander, over the Hydafpes
eighty-five of theſe animals; M. de Buffon very
juſtly imagines that it was ſome of the elephants
taken by that monarch, and afterwards tranſported
into Greece, which were employed by Pyrrhus againſt
** with
**
* Voyage de la Caille, 160.
Quint. Curtius, lib. viii. c. 42.
the

90
ELEPHANT.
/
a
a
و
the Romans. From the time of Solomon, ivory has
been uſed in ornamental works; it was one of the
imports of his navy of Tharſhiſh, whoſe lading was
gold and ſilver, ivory, apes, and peacocks *.
The teeth of this animal is often found in a foffil
ftate; ſome years ago two great grinding teeth, and
part of the tuſk of an elephant were given me by
ſome miners, who diſcovered them at the depth of
42 yards in a lead-mine in Flintſhire ; one of the
ſtrata above them was lime-ſtone, about 8 yards
thick; the teeth were found in a bed of gravel in
the fame mine ; the grinders were almoſt as perfect
as if juſt taken from the animal; the tulk much
decayed, foft, and exfoliating.
The grinders and tuſks of the Mammouth, fo
often found foffil in Siberia, muſt be referred to
this animal, as is evident from the account and
figures of thoſe in the Ph. Tr. abridg. ix. 87. by
Mr. Breyniust. The Molares differ not in the left
from thoſe recent; but the tuſk has a curvature far
greater than thoſe of any elephant I have ſeen; whe-
ther this was accidental or preternatural, cannot be
determined from a fingle ſpecimen ; Strahlenberg
ſays they are ſomewhat more crooked † than ele-
phants teeth commonly are; and others relate that
a pair weighed 400lb. which exceeds the weight of
the largeſt recent tuſks: there are alſo found with
them foffil grinders of 241b. weight; but ſince, in
* Kings I. 10.
+ Who has given very accurate figures of the entire head, the
molares, the tuſk and the thigh bone.
| Hift. Rufia, 402. Alfo Bell's Travels, II. 165. Le Brun's Tra-
velt, I. 63.
all

ELEPHAN T.
91
all other reſpects, thoſe grinders reſemble thoſe of
the living elephants; and one being found lodged in
the ſkeleton of the ſame head with the tulks, we
cannot deny our affent to the opinion of thoſe who
think them to have been once the parts of the ani-
mal we have juſt deſcribed.
Theſe are found lodged in the ſandy banks of the
Siberian rivers; ſometimes entire ſkeletons are found:
the tuſks are made uſe of as ivory, formed into
combs, and uſed to inlay cabinets. The Tartars
have many wild notions about the Mammouth, ſuch
as its being a ſubterraneous animal, &c. &c. Lin-
ſays it is the ſkeleton of the Walrus Aung on
ſhore.
naeus
CAN
j
An animal only known in a foffil ſtate, and that 63. AMERI-
but partially ; from the teeth, ſome of the jaw-
bones, the thigh bones and vertebre, found with
inany others five or ſix feet beneath the ſurface, on
the banks of the Ohio, not remote from the river
Miame, feven hundred miles from the ſea coaſt.
Some of the tuſks near ſeven feet long,, one foot
nine inches in circumference at the baſe, and one
foot near the point; the cavity at the root or baſe
nineteen inches deep : the tuſks of the true ele-
phant have ſometimes a very night lateral bend,
theſe have a larger twiſt or ſpiral curve towards the
ſmaller end; but the great and ſpecific difference
conſiſts in the ſhape of the molares or grinders,
which are made like thoſe of a carnivorous animal,
* Syft. Nat, 49.
not

92
ELEPHAN T.
a
not flat and ribbed tranſverſely on their ſurface like
thoſe of the recent elephant, but furniſhed with a
double row of high and conic proceſſes, as if in-
tended to maſticate, not to grind their food.
A third difference is in the thigh bone : which is
of a great diſproportionable thickneſs to that of the
elephant, and has alſo ſome anatomical variations.
The tuſks have been cut and poliſhed by the
workers in ivory, who affirmed, that in texture and
appearance they differed not from the true ivory:
the molares were indurated to a great degree. Spe-
cimens of theſe teeth and bones are depoſited in the
Britiſh Muſeum, that of the Royal Society, and in
the cabinet of Doctor Hunter*. I ſhould have
been leſs accurate in this deſcription, had not that
gentleman favored me with his obſervations on ſome
particulars, which otherwiſe might have eſcaped my
notice.
Theſe foſſil bones are alſo found in Peru, and in
the Brazils: as yet the living animal has evaded
our ſearch ; it is more than probable that it yet
exiſts in ſome of thoſe remote parts of the vaſt new
continent, unpenetrated yet by Europeans. Provi-
dence maintains and continues every created fpe-
cies, and we have as much aſſurance, that no race
of animals will any more ceaſe while the Earth re-
maineth, than jeed time, and harveſt, cold and beat,
ſummer and winter, day or night.
* Who has obliged the world with an ingenious cffay on the
fubject, vide Fh. Tr. Vol. LVIII. 34. The late worthy Peter
Collinſon, in the preceding volumc, gave us other notices of theſo
bones.
Το

ELEPHAN T.
93
To this may properly be added a very
obſcure
animal, mentioned by Nieuhof *, and called by the
Chineſe of Java, Sukotyro. It is of the fize of a
large ox: has a ſnout like a hog: two long rough
ears; and a thick buſhy tail: the eyes placed up-
right in the head, quite different from other beaſts :
on the ſide of the head, next to the eyes, ſtand
two long horns, or rather teeth, not quite ſo thick
as thoſe of an elephant. It feeds on herbage, and
is but feldom taken,
Nieuhoff's voy, in Churchill's coll. II. 360.
DI V. II.

94
Α Ρ Ε.
DIV. II. Digitated Quadrupeds.
Sect. I. Anthropomorphous *.
XV. APE.
Four cutting teeth in each jaw, and two canine,
Each of the feet formed like hands, generally with
flat nails, and, except in one inſtance, have four
fingers and a thumb.
Eye-brows above and below.
A moſt numerous race; almoſt confined to the
torrid zone : fills the woods of Africa, from Senegal
to the Cape, and from thence to Æthiopia : a ſin-
gle ſpecies is found beyond that line, in the pro-
vince of Barbory: found in all parts of India,
and its iſlands; in Cochin-China, in the S. of China,
and in Japan; and one kind is met with in Arabia :
they ſwarm in the foreſts of S. America, from the
iſthmus of Darien, as far as Paraguay.
Are lively, agile, full of frolick, chatter and
grimace : from the ſtructure of their members,
have many actions in common with the human
kind : moſt of them are fierce and untameable ;
ſome are of a milder nature, and will ſhew a de-
;
* Animals approaching the human form : A term to be taken in a
limited fenfe ; to be applied to all of this ſection, as far as relates
to their feet, which ſerve the uſes of hands in eating, climbing,
or carrying any thing: to the flatneſs of the nails, in many ſpecies;
and to ſome, reſemblance of their actions, reſulting from the ſtruc-
ture of their parts only, not from any ſuperior fagacity to that of
moit others of the brute creation,
gree

Α Ρ Ε.
95
:
gree of attachment; but in general are endowed
with miſchievous intellects : are filthy, obſcene,
laſcivious, thieving : feed on fruits, leaves and in-
ſects: inhabit woods, and live in trees : in general
are gregarious, going in vaft companies: the dif-
ferent ſpecies never mix with each other, always
keep apart and in different quarters : leap with vaſt
activity from tree to tree, even when loaded with
their young, which cling to them. Are the prey
of leopards, and others of the feline race; of ſer-
pents, which purſue them to the ſummit of the
trees, and ſwallow them entire. Are not carnivo-
rous, but for miſchiefs fake will rob the neſts of
birds of the eggs and young: in the countries where
apes moſt abound, the fagacity of the feathered
tribe is more marvellouſly ſhewn in their contri-
vances to fix their neſt beyond the reach of theſe
invaders *
Apes and parrots (the apes of birds) are more
numerous in their ſpecies than any other animals;
their numbers and their different appearances made
it neceſſary to methodize and ſubdivide the
genus;
accordingly Mr. Ray firſt diſtributed them into
three claffes :
Simiæ, Apes, ſuch as wanted tails.
Cercopitheci, Monkies, ſuch as had tails.
And from the laſt he formed another diviſion, viz,
Papiones, BABOONS, thoſe with ſhort tails :
to diſtinguiſh them from the common monkies,
which have very long ones.
From this Linnæus formed his method ; M. de
Buffon followed the ſame ; but makes a very judi-
* Indian Zoology p. 7. tab. viii.
cious

96
A P E.
cious ſubdiviſion of the long-tailed apes, or the
true monkies, into ſuch which had prehenſile tails
and ſuch which had not. I ſhall endeavour in this
gerius no other reform in the ſyſtem of our country-
man, than what that gentleman has made; in re-
ſpect to the trivial names of the ſpecies, I have in
general invented ſuch as I ſuppoſed congruous, or
in a few inſtances retained thoſe of M. de Buffon.
a
Without tails; the true Apes.
64. GREAT. Satyrus Geſner quad. 863. Le Pongo ibid.
Pongo Purchas's Pilgr. IŤ. 982. v. L'Homme de bois. Simia ungui-
623
bus omnibus planis et rotundatis
Homo fylveftris, orang outang. cæſarie faciem cingente, Briffon
Bontius Fava. 84. Beckman's Bor. quad. 134.
neo 37
Homo Troglodytes. Homo noc-
Baris Nieremberg. 179.
turnus Lin. Syf. 33. Amen. Acad.
Barrys Barbot's Guinea. 101. vi. 68. 69. 72.
Quojas morrou. idem 115. Simia ſatyrus. S. ecaudata ferru-
Chimpanzee Scotin's print. 1738. ginea, lacertorum pilis reverſis,
Man of the wood Edw. 213. natibus tectis. Lin. Lyft. 34. Br.
Le Jocko de Buffon xiv. 44. tab. I. Muf.
A. with a flat face, and a deformed reſemblance of
a
the human : ears exactly like thoſe of a man: hair
on the head longer than on the body: body and
limbs covered with reddiſh and ſhaggy hair ; longeſt
on the back, thinneſt on the fore-parts : face and
paws ſwarthy: buttocks covered with hair.
Inhabits the interior parts of Africa, the iſles of
Sumatra, Borneo, and Java. Are folitary, and
* Animals with this kind of tail can lay hold of any thing with
it, for it ſerves all the uſes of a hand; they can twiſt it round the
branch of a tree, and ſuſpend themſelves by it, or keep them ſecure
in their feat, while their feet are otherwiſe employed. This faculty
is common to fome Monkies, to Macaucos and one ſpecies of Porcupine.
Vide plates of yellow Macauco, and Braſilian Porcupine.
live

Α Ρ Ε.
97
live in the moſt deſert places : grow to the height
of fix feet : has prodigious ſtrength, will over-
power the ſtrongeſt man. The old ones are ſhot
with arrows; only the young can be taken alive :
live entirely on fruits and nuts : will attack and kill
the negroes who wander in the woods : will drive
away the elephants, and beat them with their fifts,
or pieces of wood : will throw ſtones at people that
offend them: Neep in trees; make a ſort of ſhelter
from the inclemency of the weather: are of a ſa-
litary nature, grave appearance, and melancholy
diſpoſition, and even when young not inclined to
frolick: are vaftly ſwift and agile : go erect: fome-
times carry away the young negroes *.
When taken young are capable of being tamed;
very docil, are taught to carry water, pound rice,
turn a ſpit. The Chimpanzee ſhewn in London, 1738,
was extremely mild, affectionate, good-natured ;
like the ſatyr of Pliny, mitiſima natura ; very fond
of the people it was uſed to : eat like a human
creature : lay down in bed like one, with its hand
under its head: fetch a chair to ſit down on: drink
tea, pour it into a ſaucer if too hot : would cry like
a child; be uneaſy at the abſence of its keeper.
This was only two feet four inches high, and was
a young one : that deſcribed by Doctor Tyfon **
two inches ſhorter. There is great poſſibility that
a
a
* Theſe accounts are chiefly taken from Andrew Baitel, an Eng-
liſh failor, who was taken priſoner 1589, and lived many years in
the inner parts of Congo ; his narrative is plain, and ſeems very au-
thentic. it is preſerved in Purchas's collection.
** Orang outang, five homo ſylveſtris; or the anatomy of a Pygmie.
Folio. London 1699.
H
theſe

98
Α Ρ Ε.
theſe animals may vary in ſize and in color, ſome
being covered with black, others with reddiſh hairs.
Not the Satyrs of the antients, which had tails *,
and were a ſpecies of monkey. Linnæus's Home
no&turnus, an animal of this kind, unneceſſarily ſepa-
rated from his Simia Satyrus. Some of the authori-
ties in the Amen Acad. very doubtfull. SirJohn Man-
deville, p. 361, certainly meant this large ſpecies,
when he ſays he came to another yle where the Folk
ben alle ſkynned roughe beer, as a rough beft, ſaf only
the face, and the pawme of the hond.
65. Pygmy. 11.99xos. Ariflot, bit. an. lib.c.8. Brillon quad. 133;
Simia Geſner quad. 847. Raii ſyn. Simia fylvanus. S. ecaudatus, na-
Le Pitheque de Buffon xix. 84.
quad. 149:
Ape 2d. ſp. Boſman's Guinea. 242.
tibus calvis capite rotundato. Lis.
Syft. 34•
Le Singe. Simia unguibus om-
nibus planis planis, et rotundatis
.
A. with a fiattiſh face: ears like thoſe of a man :
body of the ſize of a cat: color above of an olive
brown, beneath yellowiſh : nails flat: buttocks nak-
ed: fits upright.
Inhabits Africa. Not uncommon in our exhibi-
tions of animals: very tractable, and good-natur'd:
moſt probably the pygmy of the antients. Abounds
in Æthiopia**, one ſeat of that imaginary nation:
* Ælian gives them tails, lib.
Pliny ſays they have
teeth like dogs, lib. vii. c. 2. circumſtances common to many mon-
kies. Ptolomy lib. vii. c. 2. ſpeaks of certain iſlands in the Indian
ocean, inhabited by people with tails like thoſe with which Satyrs
are painted, whence called the iſles of Satyrs. Kæping, a Suede,
pretended to have diſcovered theſe Homines Caudati, that they would
have trafficked with him, offering him live parrots; that afterwards
they killed fome of the crew that went on fhore, and eat them, &c,
&c. Amen Acad. vi.
71.
** Ludolph. Æthiop. 57.
were

Α Ρ Ε.
99
** ob-
were believed to dwell near the fountains of the
Nile*; defcended annually to make war on the
cranes, i. e. to ſteal their eggs, which the birds
may be ſuppoſed naturally to defend; whence the
fiction of their combats. Strabo judiciouſly
ſerves, that no perſon worthy of credit ever ven-
tured to aſſert he had ſeen this nation : Ariſtotle
fpeaks of them only by hear-fay, ωσπερ λεγεται, they
were ſaid to be mounted on little horſes, on goats,
on rams, and even on partridges. The Indians
taking advantage of the credulity of people, em-
balmed this ſpecies of ape with ſpices, and ſold
them to merchants as true pygmies t : fuch, doubt-
lefs, were the diminutive inhabitants mentioned by
Mr. Groſe I to be found in the foreſt of the Carnatic.
Feed on fruits; are very fond of inſects, parti-
cularly of ants; aſſemble in troops ll, and turn over
every ſtone in ſearch of them. If attacked by wild
beaſts, take to flight; but if overtaken, will face
their purſuers, and by finging the ſubtile fand of
the deſert in their eyes, often eſcape g.
Le grand Gibbon de Buffon, xiv. 92. tab. ii.
66. LONG
ARMED
A. with a flat ſwarthy face ſurrounded with grey
hairs : hair on the body black and rough: but-
tocks bare: nails on the hands flat; on the feet,
* Ariſtot, hift. an. lib. viii. c. 13.
** Geſner quad. 852. From Marco Polo. They take off all the
hair, except a little they leave by way of beard,
+ Lib. xvii.
| Voy. E. Indies. 365.
Ludolph. Æthiop. 57.
Idem, 58.
H 2
long:
ANTF
OF

100
Α Ρ Ε.
a
a
long: arms of a moſt diſproportioned length, reach-
ing quite to the ground when the animal is erect,
its natural pofture: of a hideous deformity.
Inhabits India, Malacca, and the Mollucca Ines:
a mild and gentle animal : grows to the height of
four feet. The great black ape of Mangſ, a pro-
vince in China, ſeems to be of this kind *.
je LESSER. Reſembling the former, but much leſs :
its colors brown and grey. From Ma-
lacca. Le petit gibbon de Buffon xiv.
tab. iii.
B A ſpecies in poffeffion of Lord Clive about two
years ago, much reſembling the laſt, but more ele.
gant in its form, and the arms ſhorter ; but fo
nearly allied in ſhape, as not to be ſeparated : face,
ears, crown of the head, feet and hands, black :
the reſt of the body and arms covered with ſilvery
hairs: about three feet high : good-natured, and
full of frolick.
67 BARBARY. KuvoxEQOROS Ariftot. hift. an. Le Singe Cynocephale. Brilon
lib.ii. c. 8.
quad.
Cynocephalus Plinii, lib. viii. Simia Inuus. S. ecaudata na-
c. 54. Gefner quad. 859. tibus calvis, capite oblongo. Lin,
Simius cynocephalus Pr. Alp. Syft, 35.
Ægypt, I. 241. tab. xy, xvi.
Yellow ape? Du Halde China, I.
Le Magot de Buffon, xiv, 109. 120. La Roque voy. Arabia, 210,
tab. vii. viii,
A. with a long face, not unlike that of a dog : ca-
nine teeth, long and ſtrong ears like the human :
nails flat: buttocks bare : color of the upper part
* Du Haldey I. 118.
of

2.
Оe
tice

XII
P.102
I
பாப்பா
I
IPYMY APE N° 65.
Í TUFTED APE N° 68.

Α Ρ Ε.
101
a
of the body a dirty greeniſh brown: belly of a dull
pale yellow : grows to above the length of four
feet.
Inhabits many parts of India, Arabia, and all
parts of Africa, except Ægypt, where none of this
genus are found. A few are found on the hill of
Gibraltar, which breed there : probably from a
pair that had eſcaped from the town; for I never
heard that they were found in any other part of
Spain.
Are very ill-natured, miſchievous and fierce ;
agreeing with the character of the antient Cynoce-
phali : are a very common kind in exhibitions : by
force of diſcipline, are made to play ſome tricks ;
otherwiſe, are more dull and ſullen than the reſt of
this genus : aſſemble in great troops in the
open
fields in India * : will attack women going to mar-
ket, and take their proviſions from them. The fe-
males
young
in their arms, and will leap
from tree to tree with them. Apes were worſhipped
in India, and had magnificent temples erected to
them. When the Portugueſe plundered one in Cey-
lon, they found in a little golden caſket ** the tooth
of an ape ; a relique held by the natives in ſuch ve-
neration, that they offered 700,000 ducats to re-
deem it, but in vain; for it was burnt by the Vice-
roy, to ſtop the progreſs of idolatry.
carry the
a
* Dellon's voy. 83.
** Linſchottan's voy. 53. In Amadabat are hoſpitals for apes, and
other maimed animals. Tavernier's voy. part II. 48. The ſame wri-
ter ſays, that they breed in great numbers in India, in the copſes of
Bambaos, which grow on each fide the road. p. 94.
H 3
Mantegar

A P E.
Mantegar Ph. Tr. No. 290. Abridg. V. 182.
68. TUFTED. Bradley'. Nat. 117. tab. xv. fg 1.
A. with a noſe and head fourteen inches in length:
the noſe of a deep red, face blue, both naked: black
eye-brows: ears like the human : on the top of the
head a long upright tuft of hair ; on the chin ano-
ther : two long tuſks in the upper jaw: fore feet
exactly reſembling hands, and the nails on the fin-
gers flat: the hind feet have the thumbs leſs
per-
fect, and the nails imbricated: the fore part of the
body, and the inſide of the legs and arms, naked :
the outſide covered with mottled brown and olive
hair ; that on the back dulky: the buttocks red,
and bare: length, from the noſe to the rump, three
feet two inches.
A ſpecies of diſguſting deformity; very fierce and
ſalacious ; went on all fours; but would fit up on its
rump, and ſupport itſelf with a ſtick: in this atti-
tude would hold a cup in its hand, and drink out
of it: its food was fruits.
Ariſtotle barely mentions another ſpecies of ape
under the title of Xosport Sýnos, fomia Porcaria. M.
de Buffon imagines it to be the baboon; but ſince the
Philoſopher exprefly fays, that his II Inuci, or apes,
had no tails, we cannot afſent to its being the baboon.
I rather think it a ſpecies we have not at preſent
knowlege of. Among my drawings is the copy of
one in the Britiſh Muſeum, with a noſe exactly re-
ſembling that of a hog, which poffibly may be Ari-
Stotle's animal; but there is no account attending
the painting to enable us to trace its hiſtory.
a
** With

BABOON S.
103
With ſhort tails, or BABOONS.
Le Mandrill de Buffon, xiv. 154. bata genis cæruleis ftriatis. Lin. 69. RIBBB
tab. xvi. xvii.
Noss.
S. maimon. S. caudata ſubbar-
Syft. 35.
B. with a long naked noſe compreſſed fideways, of
a purple color, and ribbed obliquely on each ſide :
on the chin a ſhort picked orange beard : tail very
hairy, about two inches long, which it carries erect:
buttocks naked : hair ſoft, duſky mottled with yel-
low: length, from noſe to tail, about two feet.
Inhabits Guinea. Thoſe I have ſeen fat erect on
their rump, but walked on all fours: were good-
natured, but not ſportive.
By the rude figure in Geſner *, this ſeems to be
the animal he intended, by his Papio : (the Simia
Sphinx of Linnæus, 35.) but it muſt be obſerved,
that able Naturaliſt here makes a great miſtake, in
thinking it the Hyæna of the Antients; but his de-
ſciption is taken from a drawing, not from nature.
Linnæus places this among the fimiæ cauda elon-
gata, and applies to it ſome of the ſynonyms of the
72d ſpecies: but his deſcription agrees with this ſo
exactly, that there can be no doubt but that it is his
Simia maimon.
This animal is weli deſcribed by M. de Buffon, Mr.
Ray, Linnæus, and M. Briſſon; and indeed every
* P. 560. Papio, a barbarous name: from whence, the Engliſh,
Baboon; Italian, Babbuino, and French, Babouin.
Naturaliſt,
H4

104
BABOON S.
2
Naturaliſt, except M. de Bufon, has copied Gef-
ner: but we think the firſt ought to have applied
the name of Baboon to this ſpecies, inſtead of that
deſcribed by him, p. 133. the one having the cha-
racter of this ſection, the other having a length of
tail, that conſtitutes that of the monkey.
The animal called, by Barbot and Boſman*,
SMITTEN, is a large ſpecies to be referred to this
genus: it is deſcribed with a great head, ihort tail,
and of a mouſe color; that it grows to the ſize of
five feet, is very fierce, and will even attack a man.
The mandrill mentioned by Smith, in his voyage
to Guinea, is another kind ; probably only a variety
of the Smitten. He ſays it grows to a vaſt fize : the
body as thick as that of a man: the teeth large
and yellow: head vaſtly large: face broad and fiat,
wrinkled, and covered with a white ſkin: noſe al-
ways running : body covered with long black hair
like a bear. M. de Buffoon makes this laſt fynony-
mous with his mandrill; but both the ſize and length
of hair, and greatneſs of the head, ſhew them to be
of a very different ſpecies.
The Tretretretre of Madagaſcar is another animal
of this kind ; deſcribed to be of the ſize of a calf of
two years old, to have a round head, viſage and
ears of a man, feet of an ape, hair curled: a foli-
tary ſpecies: the natives are greatly afraid of it,
and Ay its haunts as it does theirs **
a
a
• Barbot's Guinea, 212. Boſman's Guinea, 242.
** Flacourt hift. Madug. 154.
Simia
YO

XT
70. 104
H
P.
IL
RMurraysc.
I. SIMIA PORCARTA. J2102 IL NEW BABOON add. XXIII.

IND
OF
CH

BABOON S.
105
Simia apedia. S. ſemicaudata, Simia cauda abrupta, unguibus 70. Little,
palmarum pollice approximato, compreſſis obtufiufculis, pollice
unguibus oblongis, pollicum ro- palmarum digitis adhærente. A-
tundatis, natibus tectis. Lin.LA. men. Acad. I. 558.
35.
.
B. with a roundiſh head, mouth projecting, ears
roundiſh, and naked; thumb not remote from the
fingers : nails narrow, and compreſſed; thoſe of
the thumbs rounded : color of the hair yellowiſh
tipt with black: face brown, with a few ſcattered
hairs : tail not an inch long : buttocks covered with
hairs : ſize of a ſquirrel, according to Linnæus. But
Mr. Balk, in the Amen. Acad. ſays it is as large as
a cat.
Inhabits India : is a lively ſpecies.
Pig-tailed Monkey. Edw. 214.
caudata ſub-barbata grifea iridi- 71.PIG-TAIL,
Le Maimon de Buffon, xiv. 176. bus brunneis, natibus calvis. Lin.
tab. xix.
Syft. 35. Br. Muf.
Simia Nemeſtrina. S. Semi-
B. with a pointed face, not ſo long as that of the
laft: eyes hazel : above and beneath the mouth
ſome few black hairs : face naked, of a ſwarthy
redneſs: two ſharp canine teeth : ears like the hu-
man: crown of the head duſky: hair on the limbs
and body brown inclining to ach color, paleſt on
the belly : fingers black : nails long and flat :
thumbs on the hind feet very long, connected to
the neareſt toe by a broad membrane: tail four
inches long, ſlender, exactly like a pig's, and al-
moſt

106
BABOON S.
moft naked : the bare ſpaces on the rump red, and
but ſmall: length, from head to tail, twenty-two
inches.
Inhabits the iſle of Sumatra and Japan * : is very
docil: in Japan is taught ſeveral tricks, and carried
about the country by mountebanks. Kæmpfer was
informed by one of theſe people, that the Baboon
he had was 102 years old.
* Kempfer's bift. Japan, I. 126.
With

MONKIE S.
107
With long tails, or MONKIES.
A. thoſe of the old world, or the continents
of Aſia and Africa, having within each
lower jaw pouches for the reception of
their food.
Buttocks (generally) naked.
Tails ftrait, not prehenfile.
KuvoxeQa105 Ariftot. bift. An. II. cinerea, auribus comoſis, ungui- 72. Do G.
6.8.
bus acutiuſculis, natibus calvis.
FACED
Cynocephalus Plinii, lib. viii. 6. Lin. Lyf. 36.
c
54. Gejner quad. 862. Clus, exot. Cercopithecus cynocephalus,
370.
parte anteriore corporis longis
Le Tartarin Belon portraits 102. pilis obfita, naſo violaceo nudo.
Simia Ægyptiaca cauda elongata, Le Magot ou le Tartarin. Briſon
clunibus tuberoſis nudis. Haſſel- quad. 152.
quift. itir. 189.
Le Babouin de Buffon, xiv. 133.
Simia Hamadryas. S. caudata tab. xiii. xiv. Edw. fig. ined.
M. with a long, thick and ſtrong noſe, covered with
a ſmooth red ſkin: eyes ſmall : ears pointed, and
hid in the hair : head great, and fat: hair on the
head, and fore part of the body, as far as the waſte,
very long and ſhaggy , grey and olive brinded; that
on the ſides of the head very full: the hair on the
limbs and hind part of the body very ſhort: limbs
ſtrong and thick: hands and feet duſky: the nails
on the fore feet flat; thoſe on the hind like a dog's :
buttocks very bare, and covered with a ſkin of a
bloody color: tail ſcarce the length of the body,
and carried generally erect. The Baboon deſcribed
by

10&
MONKIES.
by M. de Buffon, had loft part of its tail; therefore
is imperfectly deſcribed and figured. Well repre-
ſented in Belon.
Inhabits the hotteſt parts of Africa and Afia: keep
in vaſt troops : are very fierce and dangerous : rob
gardens: run up trees when paſſengers go by; ſhake
the boughs at them with great fury, and chatter
very loud : are exceſſively impudent, indecent, laf-
civious: moft deteftable animals in their manners,
as well as appearance. Mr. Edwards communicated
to me an account and a fine prine* of one, which
was ſhewn in London ſome years ago : it came from
Moco, in the Perſian gulph; was above five feet
high ; very fierce, and untameable; fo ftrong, as
eaſily to maſter its keeper, a ſtrong young man: its
inclinations to women appeared in the moſt violent
A Footman, who brought a girl to ſee it,
in order to teize the animal, kiſſed and hugged
her: the beaft, enraged at being so tantalized,
caught hold of a quart pewter pot, which he threw
with ſuch force, and ſo ſure an aim, that had not
the man's hat and wig foftened the blow, his fcull
muſt have been fractured ; but he fortunately ef-
caped with a common broken head.
manner.
Engraven by himſelf, but never publiſhed. I ſhould fuſpect
this to be the Smitten of Barbot, did he not expreſsly ſay it had a very
Thort tail.
Cercopithecus

XIV.
P. 108.
II
To
rann
I
IDOG FACED MONKEY NO72.
ILION TAILED M.BN:73.

UNE
OF
さかい
​
MONKIE S.
109
Cercopithecus barbatus primus. Cercopithecus niger Ægyptiacus, 73. LION
Clufii exot. 371. Raii fyn. quad. ibid.
TAILED.
159. Klein quad. 89.
Simia Faunus. S. caudata bar-
Wanderow Knox's Ceylon. 26. bata, cauda apice floccoſa. Lin.
Simia veter. S. caudata barbata lyf. 36.
alba barba nigra. Lin. LA. 36. Cercopithecus barbatus infra al-
Briſon quad. 147:
bus, barba incana mucronata,
Simia filenus. S. caudata bar- cauda in floccum definente. Bril-
bata nigra, barba nigra prolixa. for quad. 144.
Lin. lf. 36. Briffon quad, 149.
M. with a long dog-like face, naked, and of a duſky
color: a very large and full white or hoary beard :
large canine teeth: body covered with black hair :
belly of a lighter color: nails flat: tail terminated
with a tuft of hair like that of a Lion : bulk of a
middling fized dog.
Inhabits the Eaſt-Indies and the hotter parts of
Africa : I think, ſubject to variety.
*. One ſhewn in London three years ago : exceſſively
fierce, and ill-natured: the tail not longer than the
back, ending with a large tuft: beard reaching quite
up the cheeks, as far as the eyes. This is certainly
the Ouanderou of M. de Buffon, xiv. 169. tab. xviii.
which he makes a ſort of Baboon, or Monkey with
a ſhort tail; for he ſeems to have met with a ſpeci-
men mutilated in that part; and deſcribes it accord-
ingly.
5
p. with a triangular white beard, pointed at the
bottom and on each ſide the ears, ſtanding out far
beyond them: face and hands purple: body black :
tail

IIO
MONKIES.
tail long, black, and terminated with a dirty white
tuft. Ceylon. Mr. Loten. This is the Cercopithecus
barbatus, barba incana mucronata of M. Briſſon,
p. 148. Cercopithecus Barbatus ſecundus Cluſii, exot.
371.
y. with the whole body milk white, but bearded
like the others. Ceylon. Knox.
d. the little bearded men of Barbot voy. Guinea, 212.
and Boſman, 242. are about two feet high, and are
black as jet, with long white beards. The negroes
fet a great value on the ſkins of this ſpecies, and fell
them to one another at eighteen or twenty ſhillings
each. Of the ſkins of theſe they make the caps for
the Tie-Tie's, or public Criers.
e. another bearded man, found on the Gold Coaſt,
with white beard, and black muſtachoes; ſpeckled
ſkin, white belly, a broad tawny ſtroke on the back,
black paws, and black tail *.
* Deſc. of the golden kingdome of Guinea, tranſlated from the
Dutch, in Purchas's Pilgrims, II. 955.
Cercopithecus

MON KIES.
III
Cercopithecus angolenſis major, $. Cynomolgus. S. caudata im- 74. HARE
macaquo. Marcgrave Braſil, 227. berbis, naribus bifidis elatis, cau- LIPPED,
Raii ſyn. quad. 155. Klein quad. 89. da arcuata, natibus calvis. Lin,
Cercopithecus cynocephalus, na- fyt. 38. S. cynocephalus. ibid.
ribus bifidis elatis, natibus calvis Le Macaque de Buffon, xiv. 190.
Brifon quad. 152. C. Cynoceph. tab. xiv.
ex virid. &c, 151.
a
M. with the noſtrils divided, like thoſe of a hare:
noſe thick, flat, and wrinkled: head large : eyes
ſmall: teeth very white : body thick, and clumſy:
buttocks naked : tail long : color varies; fome-
times like that of a wolf; but others, are brown,
tinged with yellow, or olive: the tail is rather
ſhorter than the body, and is always carried arched.
Inhabits Guinea and Angola : is full of frolick,
and ridiculous grimaces.
Le Malbrouck of M. de Buffon, xiv. 224. tab.
xxix. ſo much reſembles this ſpecies, that I place it
it here as a variety. That able Zoologiſt ſuſpected
the ſame; but ſeparates them, on account of ſome
trifing diſtinctions, and the difference of country:
this being a native of India, the other of Africa :
but ſince thoſe very diſtinctions may ariſe from the
laft cauſe, it ſeems better to unite them, than to
multiply the ſpecies already fo numerous. A few
years ago, one that ſeemed of this ſpecies was ſhewn
in London, equal in ſize to a ſmall greyhound.
Cercopithecus

II2
MON KI E S.
75.SPOTTED. Cercopithecus barbatus guincen- No. 24.
fis, Exquima. Marcgrave Braſil
. Simia Diana. S. caudata barbata,
227. Rali ſyn. quad. 156. fronte barbaque faftigiata. Lin.
Cercopithecus barbatus fuſcus Stt. 38.
punctis albis imperſis barba alba. L'Exquima de Buffon, xv. 16.
Briffon quad. 147. No. 23. 148.
M. with a long white beard : color of the upper
parts of the body reddiſh, as if they had been
finged, marked with white ſpecks : the belly and
chin whitiſh : tail very long : is a ſpecies of a middle
fize.
Inhabits Guinea and Congo, according to Marc-
grave : the Congeſe call it Exquima. M. de Buffon
denies it to be of that country: but, from the cir-
cumſtance of the curl in its tail, in Marcgrave's fi-
gure, and the deſcription of ſome voyagers, he ſup-
poſes it to be a native of South America.
Linnæus deſcribes his S. Diana fomewhat differ-
ently: he ſays it is of the ſize of a large cat; black,
ſpotted with white : hind part of the back ferrugi-
neous: the hairs on the forehead erect, forming the
fhape of a creſcent: beard pointed ; black above,
white beneath ; placed on a fattiſh excreſcence:
breaſt and throat white : from the rump, croſs the
thighs, a white line: tail long, ſtrait, and black :
face, ears, and feet, of the fame color: canine
teeth, large.
.
Simius

MON KI E S.
113
Simius Callitrichus. Prop. Alp. cens, genis longis pilis albis ob- 76. Green.
Agypt. I.
Simia fabæa, S. caudata imber- barbatus rufus facie nigra, cæfa-
ſita, Briſon quad. 145: et Cerco-
bis flavicans, facie atra, cauda rie alba cincta. 149.
cinerea, natibus calvis. Lin. Syft. Le Callitriche de Buffon xiv. 272.
38.
tab. xxxvii.
Cercopithecus ex cinereo flavel-
a
a
M. with a black and Aattiſh face: the ſides of it
bounded by long white hairs, falling backwards,
and almoſt covering the ears, which are black, and
like the human: head, limbs, and whole upper
part of the body and tail, covered with ſoft hair, of
a yellowiſh green color at their ends, cinereous at
their roots: under ſide of the body and tail, and
inner ſide of the limbs, of a ſilvery color: tail very
long and ſlender : ſize of a ſmall cat.
Inhabits different parts of Africa : keep in great
flocks, and live in the woods : are ſcarce diſcerni-
ble when among the leaves, except by their breaking
the boughs with their gambols, in which they are
very agile and filent: even when ſhot at, do not
make the left noiſe; but will unite in company, knit
their brows, and gnaſh their teeth, as if they meant
to attack their enemy* : are very common in the
Cape Verd iſlands.
:
* Adanſon's voy. 316,
ng
I
Simia

I14
M ON KI E S.
77. WHITE
B
EYE-LID.
Simia Æthiops caudata imber- ſelquiſt itin 190.
bis, capillitio erecto lunalaque Le Mangabey de Bufon, xiv. 244.
frontis albis. Lin. Lyft. 39. Haf- tab. xxxii. xxxiii.
M. with a long, black, naked, and dog-like face :
the upper eye-lids of a pure white : ears black,
and like the human : no canine teeth : hairs on the
fides of the face beneath the cheeks, longer than the
reft: tail long : color of the whole body tawny and
black: Alat nails on the thumbs and fore-fingers ;
blunt claws on the others : hands and feet black.
Shewn in London a few years ago : place uncer-
tain: that deſcribed by M. de Buffon came from
Madagaſcar : was very good-natured, went on all
fours.
Le Mangabey a collier blanc *, is a variety, with
,
the long hairs on the cheeks and round the neck
white.
CHE.
78. MUSTA- Cercopithecus alius Guineenſis. Cercopithecus nigricans, genis
Marcgrave Brafil, 228. Raii ſyn. et auriculis longis pilis ex albo
quad. 156.
flavicantibus obfitis, ore cæru-
$. cephus. S. caudata buccis leſcente, Briſſon quad. 146.
barbatis, vertice flaveſcente, pe- Le Mouſtac de Buffon, xiv. 283.
dibus nigris, cauda apice ferru- tab. xxxix.
ginea. Lin. Syf. 39.
a
a
M. with a ſhort noſe, the end marked with a tranf-
verſe line of pure white : the face naked, and of a
duſky blue: on the cheeks, before the ears, two
large tufts of yellow hairs, like Muſtaches : the hair
on the top of the head long and upright: round the
* Of M. de Buffon, tab. xxxiii.
mouth

MON KI E S.
II
mouth are ſome black hairs: the color of the hair
on the head yellow; on the body and limbs, a mix-
ture of red and aſh-color: the part of the tail next
the body of the ſame color ; the reſt yellowiſh: the
under
part of the body paler than the upper : the
feet black: nails flat: its length, one foot; that of
the tail, eighteen inches.
Inhabits Guinea.
Le Talapoin de Buffon, xiv. 287. tab. XL.
29. TALA.
POIN
a
M. with a ſharp noſe, round head, large black
naked ears: eyes, and end of the noſe, feih-color-
ed: hair on the cheeks very long, and reflected to-
wards the ears : on the chin a ſmall beard : the co-
lor of the whole upper part of the body, and the
outſide of the limbs, a mixture of duſky yellow and
green: the lower part white tinged with yellow : the
tail very long and ſender; above, of an olive and
duſky color; beneath, cinereous: the paws black :
length, about one foot; of the tail, one foot five
inches.
Inhabits India.
Middle-fized black monkey Edw. 311.
on nola
de 80. NEGRO
ពួ
M. with a round head : noſe a little ſharp: face,
of a tawny fleſh color, with a few black hairs :
irides, a reddiſh hazel : hair above the eyes long,
uniting with the eye-brows; that on the temples
partly covering the ears : breaſt and belly of a
ſwarthy
I 2

116
MONKIE S.
ſwarthy fleſh color, almoſt naked: hair on the body,
limbs and tail, black, and pretty long : paws co-
vered with a black ſoft ſkin : ſize of a large cat.
Inhabits Guinea : active, lively, entertaining,
good-natured.
a
81. Egret. S. aygula. S. caudata ſubimber- A.39. Ofbeck's voy. I. 151.
bis griſea, eminentia piloſa ver- L'Aigrette. de Buffon, xiv. 190.
ticis reverſa longitudinali. Lin. tab. xxi.
а.
M. with a long face, and an upright ſharp-pointed
tuft of hair on the top of the head: hair on the fore-
head black : the tuft and upper part of the body
light grey: the belly white: eye-brows large : beard
very ſmall: ſize of a ſmall cat. .
Inhabits Java : fawn on men, on their own fpe-
cies, and embrace each other; play with dogs, if
they have none of their own ſpecies with them: if
they ſee a monkey of another kind, greet hiin with
a thouſand grimaces : when a number of them ſleep,
they put their heads together; make a continual
noiſe during night.
a
RED.
Le Patas a bandeau noir, de Buffon, xiv. 208. tab. xxv.
82
M. with a long noſe: eyes funk in the head : ears
furniſhed with pretty long hairs: body ſlender : over
each eye, from ear to ear, extends a black line: the
upper part of the body of a moſt beautifull and
bright bay, almoſt red, ſo vivid as to appear paint-
ed: the lower parts afh-color, tinged with yellow :
tail

M ON KI E S.
117
tail not ſo long as the body: whoſe length is about
one foot fix inches.
M. de Buffon gives a variety of this ſpecies, tab.
xxvi. with a white band croſs the face, which he
calls Le Patas a bandeau blanc.
Inhabits Senegal: is leſs active than the other
kinds : very inquiſitive : when boats are on their
paſſage on the river, will come in crowds to the ex-
tremities of the branches, and ſeem to admire them
with vaſt attention: at length, will become ſo fami-
liar, as to throw pieces of ſticks at the crew : if ſhot
at, will raiſe hideous cries; fome will throw ſtones,
others void their excrements in their hands, and Aling
them among the paſſengers *.
Barbot ** mentions another fort of red monkey,
called in Guinea Peaſants, becauſe of their ugly red
hair and figure, and their natural ſtink and naſti-
neſs.
Rillow Knox's Ceylon, 26.
Le Bonnet-Chinois. de Buffon, xiv. 190. tab. xxx. Br. Muf.
83. CHINESA.
M. with a long ſmooth noſe, of a whitiſh color:
hair on the crown of the head long, lying flat, and
parted like that of a man: color, a pale cinereous
brown.
Inhabits Ceylon : keep in great troops : rob the
gardens of fruit, and fields of the corn: the natives
are obliged to watch the whole day; yet theſe mon-
kies are ſo bold, that, when drove from one end of
* De Brue, as quoted by M. de Buffon.
** Deſcr. Guinea, 212.
I 3
the

118
MON KIES.
the field, will immediately enter at the other, and
carry off with them as much as their mouth and
arms can hold. Bofman*, ſpeaking of the thefts of
.
the monkies of Guinea, fays, that they will take in
each paw one or two ſtalks of millet, as many under
their arms, and two or three in their mouth; and
thus laden, hop away on their hind legs; but if
pur-
ſued, fing away all, except what is in their mouths,
that it may not impede their flight: they are very
nice in their choice of the millet, examine every
ſtalk, and if they do not like it, fling it away; fo
this delicacy does more harm to the fields than their
thievery
3
3
84. VARIED. K,66-? Arift. hiſt. An.
xxxvi.
Monne ? Leo Afr. 342.
Cercopithecus pilis ex nigro et
Monichus Prop. Alp. AEgypt. I. rufo variegatis veſtibus, pedibus
242.
nigris, cauda cinerea. Le finge
La Mone de Buffon, xiv. 258. tab. varie. Briſon quad. 141.
a
M. with a ſhort thick noſe, of a dirty fleſh color :
hair on the ſides of the face, and under the throat,
long; the color yellow and black; on the forehead,
grey: above the eyes, from ear to ear, a black line :
:
the upper part of the body duſky and red: the belly
whitiſh: outſide of the thighs, and the feet, black :
the tail of a cinereous brown: length, about a foot
and a half; the tail, above two.
Inhabits Barbary, Æthiopia, and other parts of
Africa : is the kind which gives the name of Mon-
key to the whole tribe, from the African word Mon-
a
* Voy. Guinea, 243.
MC ;

MON KI E S.
119
ne; or rather its corruption, Monichus. M. de Buf-
fon ſuppoſes it to be the Knbos of Ariſtotle : but the
Philoſopher ſays no more, than that the Cebi are
apes furniſhed with tails.
Of this kind is the Cercopithecus Guineenſis alius of
Marcgrave Braſil. 228. Briſſon quad. 139. which the
firſt deſcribes as being of the color of the back of a
hare.
XLI.
Le Douc de Buffon, xiv. 298. tab. obfitis, torque ex caftaneo pur- 85. Cochix.
purafcente. Le grand finge de la CHINA.
Cercopithecus cinereus, genis Cochin-chine. Briſſon quad. 146.
longis pilis ex albo flavicantibus,
M. with a ſhort flattifh face, bounded on each ſide
by long hairs of a yellowiſh white color: on the neck
a collar of purpliſh brown : the lower part of
the arms, the thighs, and tail, are white: the upper
part of the arms, and thighs, black : the back,
belly and fides, grey tinged with yellow : above the
root of the tail is a ſpot of white, which extends be-
neath as far as the lower part of the belly and part
of the thighs: the feet black : the buttocks
vered with hair: is a very large ſpecies, about
four feet long, from the noſe to the tail; but the
tail not ſo long
Inhabits Cochin-China and Madagaſcar ** : lives
on beans; often walks on its hind feet.
CO-
* All the ſpecies of apes of Aſia and Africa, except this and No.
64, 70, and 87, have their buttocks naked.
** Where it is called Sifac. Flacourt bift. Madag. 153.
M. with
I 4

120
MONKIE S.
a
a
86. Tawny. M. with a face a little produced; that and the ears
fleſh colored: noſe flatriſh: long canine teeth in the
lower jaw : hair on the upper part of the body pale
tawny, cinereous at the roots : hind part of the
back orange: legs cinereous: belly white : ſize of
a cat: tail ſhorter than the body.
Inhabits India. From one in Mr. Brooks's exhi-
bition, very ill-natured. .
87. WINKING, Simia nictitans. S. caudata im- Cercopithecus Angolenfis alius *
berbis nigra punctis pallidis al- Marcgrave Crafl. 227
perſa, nalo albo, pollice palma- White Nofes. Purchas's Pilg, IT,
rum breviſlimo, natibus tectis. 955.
Lin. lyft
a
M. with a ſhort face covered with hair: noſe white :
orbits naked: irides yellow : hair on the body
black, marked with ſome circles of a lighter color :
tail ſtrait, longer than the body : feet and tail
black: buttocks covered : thumbs very ſhort: not
quite the fize of the Pygmy ape.
Inhabits Guinea : very ſportive ; perpetually
winking
88. GOAT
a
M.with a blue naked face ribbed obliquely: a long
bcard, like that of a goat: whole body and limbs
of a deep brown color: tail long. Deſcribed from
a drawing in the Britiſh Muſeum, by Kikius, an ex-
cellent painter of animals.
a
* Totus niger at infperfo cano nigredini per totum corpus, najo allo.
Ibid.
M. with

XV
XH, A,
P.120
II.
I.
LLION TAILED MONKY. N.73. a. II. TAwNYM. N. 86. P. XXIII.
R. Murrmy set

UNIE
ECHS
3
OR
of I

MON KIES,
I2L
LATED
M. with a flat face: long hairs on the forehead and 89, ANNU-
cheeks : upper part of the body and limbs of a
tawny
brown: belly cinereous : tail ſhorter than the
body, annulated with a darker and lighter brown:
from a drawing in the Britiſh Muſeum,
Cercopithecus Luzonicus mini- Simia fyrichta. S, caudata im- 90. PHILIP-,
PIN.
mus, magu vel Root Indorum. berbis ore ciliiſque vibriſfatis.
Pet. Gaz. 21. tab, 13,
Lin. lyft. 44.
M. with its mouth and eye-brows beſet with long
hairs : an obſcure ſpecies, mentioned only by Peti-
ver; ſaid to come from the Philippine iſles.
B. Monkies

122
MONKIES.
B. monkies of the new world, or the
continent of America, having neither
pouches in their jaws, nor naked but-
tocks.
Tails of many prehenſile, and naked
on the under ſide, for a certain ſpace
next their end.
&. With prehenſile tails *
ER.
91. PREACH- Guariba Marcgrave Braſil
, 226. Simia Beelzebub. S. caudata
Raii fyn. quad. 153
barbata nigra, cauda prehenſili
Aquiqui De Laet. 486. Grer's extremo pedibuſque fuſcis. Lin.
Muſeum, in
WA. 37.
Howling Baboons, Guareba. Cercopithecus niger, pedibus
Bancroft's Guiano. 133.
fufcis. Brilon quadı 137.
Me with black ſhining eyes: ſhort round ears: a
round beard under the chin and throat: hairs on
the body of a ſhining black, long, yet lie ſo cloſe
on each other that the animal appears quite ſmooth:
the feet and end of the tail brown; tail very long,
and always twiſted at the end : ſize of a fox.
Inhabits the woods of Braſil and Guiana in vaſt
numbers, and makes a moſt dreadfull howling:
ſometimes one mounts on a higher branch, the reſt
ſeat themſelves beneath; the firſt begins as if it was
to harangue, and ſets up ſo loud and ſharp a howl
as may be heard a vaſt way, a perſon at a diſtance
would think that a hundred joined in the cry; after
a certain ſpace, he gives a ſignal with his hand,
3
a
* Theſe M. de Buffon calls Sapajous.
when

MON KI E S.
i23
when the whole aſſembly joins in chorus; but on
another ſignal, is filent, and the orator finiſhes
his addreſs*: their clamor is the moft diſagreeable
and tremendous that can be conceived, owing to a
hollow and hard bone placed in the throat, which
the Engliſh call the throttle bone **. Theſe mon-
kies are very fierce, untameable and bite dreadfully.
0. ROYAL. Cercopithecus bar- Simia feniculus. S. caudata bar-
batus maximus, ferruginoſus, bata rufa, cauda prehenſili,
Itertorofus. Alaoiita, finge
Lin. Syft. 37:
rouge. Barrere France Æquin. Arabata Gumilla Orenoque, II. 8.
150.
Bancroft Guiana, 135.
Cercopithecus barbatus ſaturaté L'Allouatte. de Buffon, xiv. 5,
rufas. Briſſon qua.i. 147
A variety of a ferruginous or reddiſh bay color,
which the Indians + call the king of the monkies :
is large, and as noiſy as the former: the natives eat
this ſpecies, and ſeveral other forts of monkies,
but are particularly fond of this; Europeans will
alſo eat it, eſpecially in thoſe parts of America where
food is ſcarce : when it is lcalded in order to get
off the hair, it looks very white, and has a reſeni-
blance ſhocking to humanity, that of a child of
two or three years old, when crying I.
* A fingular account, yet related by Marcgrave and ſeveral other
writers. Marcgrave is a writer of the firſt authority, and a moſt
able naturalift, long reſident in the Brafils, and ſpeaks from his own
knowlege.
** Grew's Rarities, 11.
+ De Laet. 486.
I Ulloa's voy. I. 113. Des Marchais III. 311. ſays, they are ex-
cellent eating, and that a ſoupe aux finges wiủl be found as good as
any other, as ſoon as you have conquered the averfion to the Bouilli
of their heads, which look very like thoſe of little children.
Cercopithecus

124
MON KI E S.
ge. FOUR
Cercopithecus maior niger, faci- Le Belzebut. Erifort quad. 150.
ŅINCERED. em humanam referens. Quouata. Simia Paniícus. S. caudata im-
Barrere France Aquin. 150.
berbis atra, cauda prehenfili, ad
Quato Bancroft Guiana, 131. apicem fubtus nuda. Lin.LYA.37.
Cercopithecus in pedibus ante- Lc Coaita de Buffon xv. 16.
riobus pollice carens cauda infe- Spider Monkey. Edzw. Gleanings.
rius apicem verſus pilis deftituta. III. 222. Br. Muf.
a
**
M. with a long flat face, of a fwarthy fleſh color:
eyes funk in the head : ears like the human : limbs
of a great length, and uncommonly ſender : hair
black, long and rough: only four fingers on the
hands, being quite deftitute of a thumb: five toes
on the feet: nails flat: tail long, and naked below,
near the end : body ſlender: about a foot and a
half long: 'tail near two feet, ſo prehenſile as to
ſerve every purpoſe of a hand.
Inhabits the neighbourhood of Carthagena, Gui-
ana, Braſil, and * Peru : aſſociate in vaft herds :
ſcarce ever are feen on the ground. Dampier
deſcribes their gambols in a lively manner : There
was, ſays he, a great company, dancing from
tree to tree over my head, chattering and making
a terrible noiſe, and a great many grim faces and
antick geftures; ſome broke down dry ſticks and
flung them at me, others ſcattered their urine and
dung about my ears ; at laſt one bigger than the
reft came to a ſmall limb juſt over my head, and
leaping directly at me, made me leap back, but
the monkey caught hold of the bough with the
tip cf his tail, and there continued ſwinging to
<
* De Bxfor, xv. 21.
** Voy. II. 60.
c
and

MONKIE S.
125
s
• and fro, making mouths at me. The females
with their young ones are much troubled to leap
· after the males, for they have commonly two,
one ſhe carries under her arm, the other ſits on her
back, and claps its two fore paws about her neck:
are very fullen when taken ; and very hard to be
;
got when ſhot, for they will cling with their tail
or feet to a bough, as long as any life remains ;
when I have ſhot at one, and broke a leg or arm,
. I have pitied the poor creature to ſee it look and
- handle the broken limb, and turn it from ſide to
6 fide.'
They are the moſt active of monkies, and quite
enliven the foreſts of America: in order to paſs from
top to top of lofty trees, whoſe branches are too dif..
tant for a leap, they will form a chain, by hanging
down, linked to each other by their tails, and ſwing-
ing in that manner till the loweſt catches hold of
a bough of the next tree, and draws
up the reſt *
and ſometimes they paſs ** rivers by the ſame ex-
pedient.
Are ſometimes brought to Europe: are very ten-
der, and feldom live long in our climate : Mr.
Brookes had one or two, which, as long as they con-
tinued in health, were ſo active, and played ſuch
tricks, as to confirm the account of voyagers,
* Wafer's voy.
in Dampier, III. 330.
** Ulloa. 1. 113
Simic

126
MON KI E S.
93.CAPUCIN. Simia trepida. S. caudata im- prehenſili, corpore fuſco, pedi-
berbis,capillitio arrecto, manibus bus nigris, natibus tectis. ibid.
pedibuſque cæruleis, cauda pre- liuſ. Al. Fred. I. tab. ii.
henſili villofa. Lin, fv. 39. Cercopithecus fuſcus, capitis ver-
Simia capucina. S. caudata im- tice fuſco. Brilon quad. 137.
berbis fuſca, cauda prehenſili Le Sajou brun---et gris, de Buffon
hirſuta, pileo artubuſque nigris, xv. 37. tab. iv. v.
natibus te£tis. Lin. ſyſt. 42. Muf. Buſh-tailed Monkey Edw. 312.
Ad. Fred. I. tab. i. S. Apella. Simiolus Ceylonicus Seb. Muf. I.
S. caudata imberbis cauda ſub- 77. tab. 48. Br. Mus.
M. with round head; and ſhort fleſh colored face,
with a little down on it: hair on the forehead more
or leſs high and erect in different ſubjects : top of
the head black or duiky, hair on it pretty long :
hind
part
of the neck, and middle of the back, co-
vered with long duſky hairs; reſt of the back and
the limbs of a reddiſh brown: hands and feet co-
vered with a black ſkin: tail longer than the head
and body, and often carried over the ſhoulders; the
hair on it very long, of a deep brown color, and
appears very buſhy from beginning to end: is a ſpe-
cies that varies a little in colors, and in the diffe-
rent length of the hair, which induced Linnæus to
form three ſpecies out of this one.
Inhabits Guiana, not Ceylon, as Seba aſſerts : is a
lively ſpecies; but capricious in its affections in a
ftate of captivity, having a great fondneſs for ſome
perſons, and as great a hatred to others.
a
Cercopithecus

MONKIE S.
127
94. Weepen
Cercapithecus Brafilienfis fecun- quad. :39.
dus Clufi exot. 372.
Le Sai---Le Sai a gorge blanc.
Cay? De Laet. 486. Raüi fyn. de Buffon, xv. 51. tab. viii. ix,
quad. 155
Br. Mus.
Cercopithecus totus niger. Brijor
а
3
M, with a round and flat face, of a reddiſh brown
color, very deformed: the hair on the head, and
upper part of the body, black, tinged with brown ;
beneath and on the limbs, tinged with red: tail
black, and much longer than the head and body :
the young exceſſively deformed; their hair very
long, and thinly diſperſed; in the Britiſh Muſeum
are ſpecimens of old and young. M. de Buffon
has a variety with a white throat.
Inhabits Surinam and Brafil: appear as if they
were always weeping *: of a melancholy diſpoſi-
tion : but very full of imitating what they ſee
done: theſe probably are the monkies Dampier ſaw
in the Bay of All Saints, which he ſays are very
ugly, and ſmell ſtrongly of muſk**: keep in large
companies, and make a great chattering, eſpecially
in ſtormy weather : reſide much on a ſpecies of
tree, which bears a podded fruit, which they feed
ont.
3
* Froger's voy. 116.
** Dampier's voy. III. 53.
+ De Laet, 486.
Caitaia

128
MON KI E S.
os. ORANGE: Caitaia Marcgrave Brofil 227. Raii fapajou jaune. Barrere France Æ
fyr. quad. 175
quin. 151.
Cercopithecus pilis ex fuſco, fla- Simia ſciurea. S. caudata imber-
veſcente, et candicante variega- bis, occipite prominulo, ungui-
tus veſtitus, pedibus ex flavo ru- bus quatuor plantarum fubulatis,
fefcentibus. Brillon quad. 140.
natibus tectis. Lin. fyt. 43.
Cercopithecus ex albo flaveſcens, Le Saimiri de Buffon, xv. 67. tab.
mofchum redolens. Briſſon 139. x. Br. Muf.
Cercopithecus minor luteus ; Le
3
3
M. with a round head, noſe a little pointed ; the
end dulky: orbits fleſh colored : ears hairy : hair
on the body ſhort and fine, of a yellow and brown
color ; but in its native country, when in perfec-
tion, of a brilliant gold * color: the feet orange :
nails of the hands flat: of the feet like claws : tail
very long; leſs uſeful for prehenſile purpoſes than
that of the reſt : body of the ſize of a ſquirrel.
Inhabits Braſil and Guiana : when provoked,
ſcreams: is a very tender animal: feldon brought
here alive: ſmells of muſk **. The Simia Morta of
Linnæus, 43; and Cercopithecus cauda murina of
Briſſon, 143 ; engraved in Seba, tab. 48. under the
name of Simiolus Ceylonicus, is only the fætus of
ſome monkey: probably, as Linnæus conjectures,
of this ſpecies.
Froger's voy. 116.
** Some of the African monkies have alſo a ſtrong ſmell of muſk.
A Bezoar is ſometimes found in certtain ſpecies.
Cercopithecus

MON KI E S.
129
Cercopithecus ex nigro et fuſco mulis. Le Sapajou cornu. Briſ- 96. Horned.
variegatus, faſciculis duobus pi. ſon quad. 138.
lorum capitis coiniculorum æ- Simia Fatuellus Lin. Syft. 42.
M. with two tufts of hair like horns on the top of
the head : eyes bright; of a duſky color: ears like
the human: face, fides, belly, fore legs brown:
top of the head, middle of the back, hind legs, and
all the feet black : tail prehenſile, covered with
ſhort bright hair : body fourteen inches long, tail
fifteen.
Inhabits America.
a
a
M. with a ſhort noſe; black face; hair on each ſide 97.ANTIGUA.
long; back and fides orange and black, intimately
mixed; belly white; outſide of the legs black; in-
ſide aſh-colored ; tail of a duſky afh: its length
twenty inches; that of the body eighteen.
Lately in poſſeſſion of Richard Morris, Eſq; of
the Navy-Office : brought from Antigua : but its
native place uncertain : very good-natured, lively,
and full of tricks : frequently hung by its tail.
K
b. with

132
MONKIES.
b. with ſtrait tails, not prehenſile *.
98. Fox- Cagui major Marcgrave Braſil, Simia Pithecia. S. caudata im-
TAILED. 227.
berbis, vellere nigro apice albo,
Cercopithecus pilis nigris, apice cauda nigra villoſiſſima. Lin.SA.
albido, veſtitus, cauda pilis lon- 40.
giffimis nigris obfita. Briſon quad. Le Saki de Buffon, xv. 88. tab.
138. C. pilis cinereſcentibus ni- xii.
gro mixtis, cauda rufa. Briſſon, Saccawinkee Bancroft Guiana,
141.
135. Br. Muf.
a
M. with a ſwarthy face, covered with ſhort white
down : forehead and ſides of the face with whitiſh,
and pretty long hair: body with long duſky brown
hairs; white or yellowiſh at their tips: hair on the
tail very long and buſhy; ſometimes black, ſome-
times reddiſh : belly and lower part of the limbs a
reddiſh white : length from noſe to tail near a foot
and a half: tail longer, and like that of a fox:
hands and feet black, with claws inſtead of nails.
Inhabits Guiana.
* Diſtinguiſhed from thoſe with prehenſile tails, by M. de Buffon,
by the name of Sagouins ; which, as well as Sapajous, are American
names for certain kinds of monkies.
Cercopithecus

MONKIES.
131
Cercopithecus minimus niger fubulatis, pedibus croceis. Lin. 99. Great
Leontocephalus, auribus ele- Lyft. 42.
EARED.
phantinis. Barrere France Æquin. Le 'Tamarin. de Buffon xv. 92.
151.
tab. xiii.
Simia midas. S. caudata imber- Little black monkey. Edw, 196.
bis, labio fuperiore fiffo, auri- Br. Mus.
bus quadratis nudis, unguibus
M. with a round head, ſwarthy, fleſh-colored, naked
face: upper lip a little divided : ears very large,
erect, naked, and almoſt ſquare : hair on the fore-
head upright and long; on the body ſoft, but ſhaggy:
the head, whole body, and upper part of the limbs,
black, except the lower part of the back, which was
tinged with yellow : hands and feet covered with
light orange-colored hairs, very fine and ſmooth :
nails long and crooked : tail black, and twice the
length of the body: teeth very white.
Inhabits the hotter parts of South America, and
the iſle of Gorgona, ſouth of Panama, in the South
Sea. There are, ſays Dampier, a great many little
black monkies: at low water, they come to the ſea
fide to take muſcles and perriwinkles, which they
dig out of the ſhells with their claws *.
* Voy. I. 173.
K2
Cagui

132
MONKI E S.
100. STRI- Cagui minor Marcgrave Braſil, şimia Iacchus. S. caudata auri-
ATED. Cercopithecus Braſilianus tertius bus villofis patulis, cauda hirſu-
Sagouin. Clufii Exot. 372. Gef- tiſſima curvata, unguibus ſubu-
ner quad. 869. Raii fyn. quad. latis; pollicum rotundatis. Lin.
154. Klein quad. 87. tab. iii. Lu- Lyft. 40.
dolph. Com. Æthiop. 58.
L'Ouiſtiti de Buffon, xv. 96. tab.
.
Cercopithecus tæniis tranſverſis xiv.
alternatim fufcis et e cinereo albis Sanglin or Cagui minor. Edw.
variegatus, auriculis pilis albis 218. Ph. Tr. abridg. 1751.p.146.
circumdatis. Briſſon quad. 143.
tab. vii. Br. Muf.
M. with a very round head: about the ears two
very long full tufts of white hairs ſtanding out
on each ſide : irides reddiſh: face a ſwarthy fleſh-
color: ears like the human: head black : body
aſh-colored, reddiſh, and duſky; the laſt forms
ſtriated bars croſs the body : tail full of hair, an-
nulated with aſh-color and black : body ſeven inches
long: tail near eleven: hands and feet covered with
ſhort hairs : fingers like thoſe of a ſquirrel : nails,
or rather claws, ſharp.
Inhabits Braſil : feeds on vegetables; will alſo
cat fiſh * : makes a weak noiſe : very reſtleſs : often
:
brought over to Europe.
*
* Edw. Gleanings, p. 17.
Cercopithecus

UNIE
OF
Pich

XV
P.133
3
SILKY MONKEY. NO 101.

MONKI E S.
133
101. SILKY.
Cercopithecus minor dilutè oli- quad. 142.
vaceus, parvo capite, Acarima Simia Roſalia. S. caudata imber
a Cayenne. Barrere France Æquin. bis, capite pilofo, facie circum-
151.
ferentia pedibuſque rubris, un-
Cercopithecus ex albo flavicans, guibus ſubulatis. Lin. Syft. 41.
fucie circumferentia, ſaturaté ru- Le Marikina de Buffon, xv. 108.
fa. Le petit finge Lion. Brilon tab. xvi.
.
M. with a flat face, of a dull purple color: ears
round and naked : on the ſides of the face the hairs
very long, turning backwards, of a bright bay co-
lor ; ſometime yellow, and the former only in
patches: the hair on the body long, very fine,
filky, gloffy, and of a pale but bright yellow : hands
and feet naked, and of a dull purple color: claws
inſtead of nails to each finger : length of head and
body ten inches : tail thirteen and a half; a little
buſhy at the end.
Inhabits Guiana.
a
Pinche Condamine's voy. 83. las ufque nigra et nuda, vertice 102. Red-
Simia Edipus. S. caudata im- longis pilis obfita. Briſſon quad. TAILED,
berbis, capillo dependente, cau- 150.
da rubra, unguibus fubulatis. Le Pinche de Buffon, xv. 114.
Lin. Syf.41.
tab, xvii.
Cercopithecus pilis ex fuſco et Little Lion Monkey. Edw. 195.
rufo veſtitus, facie ultra auricu-
M. with a round head and black pointed face : ears
round and duſky: hair on the head white, long,
and ſpreading over the ſhoulders : ſhoulders and
back covered with long and looſe brown hairs :
rump and half the tail deep orange-colored, almoſt
red; the remaining part black : throat black :
breaſt,
.
T
A 3

134
MONKIE S.
breaft, belly, and legs, white : infides of the hands
and feet black : claws crooked and ſharp: length
of the head and body eight inches; tail above twice
as long.
Inhabits Guiana, Braſil, and the banks of the river
of Amazons, whoſe woods fwarm with numberleſs
ſpecies: is agile and lively, and has a ſoft whiſtling
a
note.
103. FAIR.
A Sagoin, &c. Condamine's voy. bris fplendentibus, cauda caſta-
83.
nei coloris. Briſſon quad. 142.
Cercopithecus ex cinereo albus Le Mico. de Buffon, xv. 121.
argenteus, facie auriculiſque ru- tab. xviii.
a
a
M. with a ſmall round head : face and ears of the
moſt lively vermillion color : body covered with
moſt beautifull long hairs of a bright and ſilvery
whiteneſs, of matchleſs elegance : tail of a ſhining
dark cheſnut: head and body eight inches long;
tail twelve.
Inhabits the banks of the Amazons, diſcovered by
M. de Condamine.
Six

UNIL
есе,

XVI
P./35.
I
TI
ITAIL-LESS MAU CAUCO NO104 . IYELLOW M.N.108

M AU CAUCO.
135
CAUCO.
Six cutting teeth, and two canine teeth in each jaw. XVI. MAU-
Sharp pointed fox-like viſage.
Feet formed like hands.
Animal elegantiflimum Robinſoni. Lemur tardigradus. L. ecauda- 104. Tall-
Raii fyn. quad. 161.
tus. Lin. Syft. 44.
LESS.
Animalculum cynocephalum, Simia unguibus indicis pedum
Ceylonicum, Tardigradum
dictum, pofteriorum longis, incurvis, et
Simii ſpecies. Maf. Seb. Muf. I. acutis. Briſſon quad. !34S., cy-
tab. 35. Cercopithecus ceylonicus, nocephala unguibus indicis lon-
ſeu Tardigradus dictus, major gis incurvis et acutis, Idem. 135.
Idem. tab. 47. Klein quad. 86. Le Loris de Buffon, xiii. 210.
M. with a ſmall head; ſharp pointed noſe: orbits
ſurrounded with a black circle, ſpace between them
white : from the top of the head along the middle
of the back, to the rump, a dark ferruginous line,
which on the forehead is bifurcated : ears ſmall :
body covered with ſhort, ſoft, and ſilky aſh-colored,
and reddiſh fur: toes naked : nails flat: thoſe of
the inner toe on each hind foot long, crooked and
ſharp: length from the noſe to the rump fixteen
inches.
Inhabits Ceylon : lives in the woods, and feeds
on fruits : is a tender animal: has the ſenſe of ſmell
very acute: the action of an ape : is very agile,
notwithſtanding the epithet Seba gives it. One was
ſhewn in London a few years ago. .
M. de Buffon repreſents his animal with a much
longer viſage than this; his is the ſame with that re-
preſented by Seba, tab. 35, and each of them much
leſs than our animal ; moſt poſſibly the difference
of their appearance may be owing to age.
Macaffar
a
K 4

136
M AU CAUCO.
105. WOOLLY. Macaffar fox. Nieuhoff voy. 361. pedibufque albis. Pr. fuſca, rufo
chitote Barbot. 560.
admixto, facie nigra, pedibus
Vary (1). Flacourt. hift. Madag. fulvis. Briſon quad. 156.157, :
153
Lemur Mongooz. L. caudatus
Simia-ſciurus lanuginoſus fuſcus griſeus, cauda unicolore. Lin.
Petiv. Gaz. tab. 17.
A. 44.
The Mongooz. Edw. 216. Le Mongouz, de Buffon, xiii. 174.
Proſimia fuſca. Pr. fuſca naſo tab. xxvi.
M. with orange-colored irides: ſhort rounded ears:
end of the noſe black : eyes lodged in a circle of
black; the ſpace between them of the ſame color :
reſt of the noſe and lower fides of the cheeks white :
when in full health the whole upper part of the body
covered with long, ſoft and thick fur, a little curled
or 'waved, of a deep browniſh aſh color: tail very
long, covered with the ſame ſort of hair, and of the
ſame color: breaſt and belly white : hands and feet
naked, and duſky : nails flat, except that of the
inner toe of the hind feet : fize of a cat: varies,
ſometimes with white or yellow paws, and with a
face wholly brown.
Inhabits Madagaſcar, and the adjacent iſles :
ſleeps on trees : turns its tail over its head to protect
it from rain *: lives on fruits : is very ſportive and
good-natured : very tender : found as far as Celebes,
or Macaſſar. Linnæus confounds this with Mr. Ed-
wards's black maucauco, our 107 th ſpecies.
** Cauche's voy. Madagaſcar, 53.
Vari

MAU CAUCO.
137
Vari Flacourt. hif. Madag. 153. Lemur Catta. L. caudatus, cau- 106. RING-
Mocawk. Groſe's voy. 41.
da albo nigroque annulata. Lin, TAIL.
Maucauco. Edz. 197.
lyft. 45. Oſbeck's voy. II. 168,
.
Profimia cinerea, caudâ cincta Le Mococo de Buffon, xiii. 173.
annulis alternatim albis et nigris. tab. xxii.
Briſon quad. 157-
M. with the end of the noſe black : ears erect:
white face: black circles round the orbits: hair on
the top of the head and hind part, deep aſh color:
back and fides reddiſh aſh color: outſides of the
limbs paler : belly and inſide of the limbs white :
all its hair very ſoft, cloſe and fine, erect like the
pile of velvet : tail twice the length of the body;
is marked with numbers of regular rings of black
and white; and when fitting twiſted round the body,
and brought over its head: nails flat, particularly
thoſe of the thumbs of the hind feet : inſide of the
hands and feet black: ſize of a cat.
Inhabits Madagaſcar and the neighboring iſles :
is very good-natured, has all the life of a monkey,
without its miſchievous diſpoſition: is very cleanly :
its cry weak: in a wild ftate, goes in troops of
thirty or forty: is eaſily tamed when taken young:
according to Flacourt ſometimes found white;
Cauche in his voyage to Madagaſcar * alſo ſpeaks of
a white kind, which he ſays grunts like ſwine, and
is called there Amboimenes.
31
:
p. 53
So is more
lo
Vari

138
M AUCA U C O.
107.Rufred. Vari ou Varicoſi. Flacourt. bift. xxvii.
Madag: 153. Cauche's voy. 53. Lemur caudatus niger, collari
Black Maucauco. Edw. 217.
barbato. Lin. Syft. 44.
Le Vari. de Buffon, xiii. 174. tab.
a
M. with orange-colored irides : long hair round
the ſides of the head, ſtanding out like a ruff: tail
long: the color of the whole animal black, but
not always, being ſometimes white, ſpotted with
black ; but the feet black : rather larger than the
laft.
Inhabits Madagaſcar : very fierce in a wild ſtate ;
and make ſo violent a noiſe in the woods, that it is
eaſy to miſtake the noiſe of two for that of a hun-
dred : when tamed are very gentle and good-natured.
The hind thighs and legs of theſe three ſpecies are
very long, which makes their pace fideling, and
bounding
a
a
a
108.Yellow. M. with a ſhort duſky noſe: ſmall eyes : ears ſhort,
broad, and Alapping, and placed at a great diſtance
from each other: head flat and broad: cheeks fwell-
ing out: tongue very long : legs and thighs ſhort,
and very thick : five toes to each foot, ſeparated
and ſtanding all forward : claws large, a little
hooked, and of a fleſh color: the hairs ſhort, ſoft,
gloſſy, cloſely ſet together : on the head, back, and
fides a mixture of yellow and black : cheeks, inſide
of the legs, and the belly, yellow: half way down
the middle of the belly is a broad duſky lift, end-
ing at the tail; and another from the head along the
middle
a

M AUC AUCO.
13)
middle of the back to the tail : tail of a bright tawny,
mixed with black; is round, and has the ſame pre-
henſile faculty as ſome of the monkies have: length
from the noſe to the tail nineteen inches; of the
tail ſeventeen: very good-natured and ſportive;
would catch hold of any thing with its tail, and ſo
ſuſpend itſelf: lay with its head under its legs and
belly.
Shewn about three years ago in London : its keeper
ſaid it came from the mountains of Jamaica, and
called it a Potto, the name given by ſome writers to
a ſpecies of Sloth, found in Guinea.
Veſpertilio admirabilis. Bontius Lemur volans. . L. caudatus, 109. Flying.
Juva. 68.
membrana ambiente volitans:
Felis volans Ternatana. Seb. Muf. Lin. Syf. 45.
I. tab. 58.
a
M. with a long head: ſmall mouth and teeth: ſmall
ears, round and membranous : from the neck to
the hands, thence to the hind feet, extends a broad
ſkin, like that of a flying ſquirrel ; the ſame is alſo
continued from the hind feet to the tip of the tail,
which is included in it: the body and outſide of this
ſkin is covered with ſoft hairs, hoary, or black and
aſh color: the inner ſide of the extended ſkin ap-
pears membranous, with little veins and fibres dif-
perſed thro' it: the legs are cloathed with a ſoft yel-
low down : five toes on each foot: the claws ſlender,
very ſharp, and crooked, by which it ſtrongly ad-
heres to whatſoever it faſtens on: the whole length of
this ſpecies is near three feet : the breadth the ſame:
the tail ſender ; a ſpan long.
Inhabita
a

140
M AU CAUCO.
Inhabits the country about Guzarat, the Molucca
iſles, and the Philippines : feeds on the fruits of
trees : a ſpecies very diſtinct from the bat, and flying
ſquirrel; but' from ignorance of the form of its
teeth, its genus very doubtfull: placed here on the
authority of Linnæus.
Div. II.

D OG
141
Div. II. Sect. II. DIGITATED QUADRUPEDS: with
large canine teeth, ſeparated from
the cutting teeth.
Six, or more cutting teeth in each
jaw.
Rapacious : carnivorous.
XVII. DOG,
Six cutting teeth, and two canine in each jaw.
Five toes before ; four behind *.
Long viſage.
a
FULL.
D. with its tail bending towards the left: a cha- 110. Faith-
racter common to the whole ſpecies, firſt obſerved
by Linnæus.
Not originally in a wild ftate : the prædominant
paſſion of the whole race towards an attachment to
mankind, prevented theſe animals from ſeparating
themſelves from us; till deſerted, or by ſome acci-
dent left in places where there was no poſſibility of
re-union : it ſeems beyond the power of ill uſage to
fubdue the faithfull and conſtant qualities inherent
in them. Found in great numbers wild, or rather
without maſters, in Congo, Lower Æthiopia, and to-
wards the Cape of Good Hope**: are red haired :
have ſlender bodies, and turned up tails, like gre-
hounds; others reſemble hounds. Go in great
packs: attack lions, tigers, and elephants, but are
often killed by them : the fight of theſe dogs pleaf-
* Invariable in the wild ſpecies, ſuch as wolf, &c. in the com-
mon dogs, oftimes five toes on each foot.
** Churchill's coll. voy. v, 486. Kolben's hift, Cape, II, 106, 107,
ing

142
DO G.
a
to
ing to travellers, who ſuppoſe they have con-
quered the wild beaſts, and ſecured their journey,
by driving them away: chace all ſort of animals :
when they have run down a beaſt, ftill preſerve that
ſort of reſpect to mankind, as to permit part of it
to be taken from them without growling: attack
the ſheep of the Hottentots, and commit great ra-
vages among them.
Multitudes wild in S. America : derived from the
European race: breed in holes, like rabbet holes *.
when found young inſtantly attach themſelves **
mankind : nor will they ever join themſelves to the
wild dogs; or defert their maſters : theſe have not
forgot to barkt, as Linnæus ſays : look like a gre-
houndt: have erect ears : are very vigilant ; excel-
lent in the chaſe.
The dog unknown in America before it was in-
troduced there by the Europeans : the Alco of the
Peruvians, a little animal, which they were ſo fond
of, and kept as a lap dog, too Nightly mentioned
by A-Coſta for us to determine what it was : the
figure given by Hernandez || too rude to form any
judgement of : the other animal deſcribed by Fer-
nandez is a large ſpecies, he calls it Xoloizicuintli,
the ſame name that is given by the firſt to the Mexi-
bo
Narrative of the diſtreſſes of Iſaac Morris, &c. belonging to
the Wager Storeſhip belonging to Commodore Anſon's ſquadron, p. 27.
** The fame, p. 28.
Dr+ The fame, p. 37.
| As appears from a drawing communicated to me by Mr. Green-
wood, painter, who took it from one that followed an Indian to Su-
rinam from the inland part of the country.
|| 466.
can
I

DO G.
143
can wolf*; as it is certain that the dog of N. America,
or rather its ſubſtitute, on its firſt diſcovery by the
Engliſh, was derived from the + wolf, tamed and
domeſticated; ſo it is reaſonable to imagine that of
S. America had the ſame origin: theſe ſubſtitutes
cannot bark, but betray their favage deſcent by a
ſort of howl: want the fagacity of a true dog ; ſerve
only to drive the deer into corners : the wolfiſh
breed to this day deteſted I by European dogs, who
worry them on all occaſions, retaining that diſlike
which it is well known all dogs have to the wolf:
this reclaimed breed commonly white : have ſharp
noſes, and upright ears.
The dog ſubject to more variety than any other
aniinal; each will mix with the other, and produce
varieties ſtill more unlike the original ſtock: M. de
Buffon, who with great ingenuity has given a genea-
logical table of all the known dogs, makes the Chien
de Berger, the ſhepherds dog, or what is ſometimes
called Le chien-loup, or the wolf dog, the origin of
all, becauſe it is naturally the moſt ſenſible; be-
comes, without diſcipline, almoſt inſtantly the
guardian of the flocks; keeps them within bounds,
reduces the ſtragglers to their proper limits, and de-
fends them from the attacks of the wolves. We
have this variety in England; but it is ſmall and
weak. Thoſe of France and the Alps, are very
large and ſtreng; ſharp-noſed, erect, and ſharp-
eared ; very hairy, eſpecially about the neck, and
* Hernandez, 479.
+ Smith's hift. Virginia, 27.
I Cateſby Carolina, II, App. xxvi.
have

144
DO G.
have their tails turned up or curled; and by acci-
dent, their faces often ſhew the marks of their com-
bats with the wolf.
I ſhall follow M. de Buffon, in the catalogue of
dogs; but add ſome few remarks, with the fyno-
nyms of a few other writers, to each variety.
a
I. SHEPHERD's Dog, Le Chien de Berger, de
Buffon, v. 201. tab. xxviii. Canis domefticus.
Raii ſyn. quad.
Lin. Syft. 57
Its varieties, or neareſt allies, are,
a Pomeranian Dog, Le Chien Loup de Buffon.
tab. xxix. *
B. SIBERIAN Dog, Le Chien de Siberie. Teb. xxx.
II. Hound, or dog with long ſmooth and pendu-
lous ears. Le Chien courant. p. 205. tab. xxxii.
Canis venaticus fagax. Raii ſyn. quad. 177. Canis
fagax. Lin. Syft. 57. This is the fame with the
blood-hound. Br. Zool. I. 51. and is the head of
the other kinds with ſmooth and hanging ears.
06. HARRIER. Le Braque. Tab. xxxiii.
* Notwithſtanding M. de Buffon denies the junction of the wolf
and bitch, yet there has been lately an inſtance to the contrary.
Mr. Brook, animal-merchant, in Holborn, turned a wolf to a Pome-
ranian bitch in heat : the congreſs was immediate, and as uſual
between dog and bitch: fhe produced ten puppies. I have ſince
ſeen one of them that had very much the reſemblance of a wolf,
and much of its nature; being ſlipped at a weak deer, inſtantly
caught at the animals throat and killed it.
a
B. Dalmatian.

DO
D OG
145
B. DALMATIAN*. Le Braque de Bengal. tab. xxxiv.
a beautifull fpotted kind, vulgarly called the
Daniſh dog.
y. Turnspit. Le Baffet a jambes torſes---a jambes
droites tab. xxxv.
8. Water dog, great and ſmall. Le grand and le
petit Barbet. tab. xxxvii. xxxviii. Canis aviarius
aquaticus. Raii ſyn quad. 177. Lin. Syft. 57.
From No. II. branches out another race of dogs,
with pendent ears, covered with long hairs, and leſs
in ſize, which form
III. Spaniel. Canis aviarius, five Hiſpanicus
campeſtris. Raii ſyn quad. 177. Canis avicularius ?
Lin. Syſt. 57. Theſe vary in ſize, from the ſetting
dog to the ſpringing ſpaniels, and ſome of the lit-
tle lap dogs, ſuch as
a. KING CHARLES's **. Le Gredin tab. xxxix. fig. 1.
.
B. Pyrame. Le Pyrame tab. xxxix. fig. 2. There
is no Engliſh name for this kind : they are black,
marked on the legs with red: and above each eye
is a ſpot of the ſame color.
* I have been informed, that Dalmatia is the country of this ele-
gant dog. As for thoſe of India, they are generally ſmall and very
ugly; or, if the European dogs are brought there, immediately de-
generate.
** CHARLES II. never went out, except attended by numbers
of chis kind.
L
SHOCK,

146
DO G.
y. SHOCK. Le chien de malte ou Bichon tab. xl.
fig. 1. & Le chien Lion fig. 2. Catulus melitæus
canis getulus, ſeu Iſlandicus. Raii ſyn. quad. 177.
Lin. Syft. 57
IV. Dogs with ſhort pendent ears : long legs and
bodies : of which kind is the
a. IRISH GRE-HOUND. A variety once very frequent
in Ireland, and uſed in the chace of the wolf:
now very ſcarce: a dog of great fize and ſtrength.
Le Matint. de Buffon. tab. xxv. Canis graius Hi-
bernicus. Raii ſyn. quad. 176.
B. COMMON Gre-HOUND. Le Levrier de Buffon
xxvii. Canis venaticus graius. Raii ſyn. quad. 176.
Canis graius Lin. Syft. 57. its varieties are, 1. ITA-
LIAN GRE-HOUND, ſmall, and ſmooth: 2. Orien-
tal, tall, ſlender, with very pendulous ears, and
very long hairs on the tail, hanging down a great
length.
y. Danish Dog. Le grand Danois de Buffon xxvi.
of a ſtronger make than a gre-hound: the largeſt
of dogs : perhaps of this kind were the dogs of
Epirus, rrentioned by Ariſtotle, lib. iii. c. 21;
or thoſe of Albania, ſo beautifully deſcribed by
Pliny. Lib. viii. C. 40.
d. Mastiff. Very ſtrong and thick made : the head
large: the lips great, and hanging down on each
+ Not the maſtiff, as commonly tranſlated.
fide :

DO. G.
147
.
fide: a fine and noble countenance : grows to a
great fize : a Britiſh kind. For a further account
of this and other Britiſh dogs, vide Br. Zool. I.
49, Le Dogue de forte race. de Buffon tab.
xlv, maftivus Raii ſyn. quad. 176. Canis mo-
lofſus Lin. Syst. 57
V. Dogs with ſhort pendent ears : ſhort compact
bodies : ſhort noſes : 'and generally ſhort legs.
o. Bull-Dog: with a ſhort noſe, and under jaw
longer than the upper: a cruel and very fierce
kind, often biting before it barks : peculiar to
England: the breed ſcarcer than it has been ſince
the barbarous cuſtom of bull-baiting has declined.
Le Dogue de Buffon tab. xliii.
B. Pug Dog. A ſmall ſpecies : an innocent reſem-
blance of the laſt. Le Doguin de Buffon. tab.
xliv.
y. BASTARD Pug. Le Roquet de Buffon. xli. fig. 2.
. NAKED. Le chien Turc. de Buffon xlii. a dege-
nerate ſpecies, with naked bodies; having liſt
its hair by the heat of climate.
* The moſt faithfull of animals : is the companion
of mankind : fawns at the approach of its maſter :
will not ſuffer any one to ſtrike him : runs before
him in a journey; often running backward and for-
* This part is almoſt entirely tranſlated from Linnæus.
ward
L 2

148
DO G.
ward over the ſame ground: on coming to croſs
ways, ſtops and looks back: very docil: will find
out what is dropt: watchfull by night: anounces
the coming of ſtrargers : guards any goods com-
mitted to its charge : drives cattle home from the
field: keeps herds and Alocks within bounds : pro-
tects them from wild beaſts : points out to the
ſportſman the game, by virtue of its acute ſenſe of
ſmelling : brings the birds that are ſhot to its ma-
fter : will turn a ſpit: at Bruſels and in Holland
draws little carts to the herb market : in Siberia
draws a fledge with its maſter in it, or loaden with
proviſions : fits up and begs *: when it has com-
mitted a theft flinks away with its tail between its
legs : eats enviouſly with oblique eyes: is maſter
among its fellows: enemy to beggars : attacks ſtran-
gers without provocation : fond of licking wounds:
cures the gout and cancers : howls at certain notes
in mufick, and often urines on hearing them : bites
at a ſtone fung at it: is ſick at the approach of
bad weather : gives itſelf a vomit by eating graſs :
is afflicted with tape-worms: ſpreads its mad-
neſs: grows blind with age : ſæpe gonnorhea infe&tus :
driven as unclean from the houſes of the Maho-
metans ; yet the ſame people eſtabliſh hoſpitals for
them, and allow them a daily dole of food : eats
fleſh, carrion, farinaceous vegetables not greens :
fond of rolling in carrion : dungs on a ſtone; its
dung the greateſt of Septics : drinks by lapping :
makes water fide-ways, with its leg held up; very
(?)
(3)
* The French Academicians record a marvellous tale of a dog
that could ſpeak and call for tea, coffee and chocolate.
apt

DO G.
149
apt to repeat it where another dog has done the ſame:
odorat anum alterius : menſtruans catulit cum variis ;
mordet illa illos; cohæret copula jun&tus. Goes 63
days with young; brings from four to ten ; the males
like the dog, females like the bitch: its ſcent exqui-
ſite : goes obliquely : foams when hot, and hangs
out its tongue : ſcarce ſweats : about to lie down,
often goes round the ſpot: its ſleep attended with a
quick ſenſe of hearing: dreams.
(?
(? pants)
III. WOLF.
Lupus Geſner quad. 634. Raii Canis Lupus. C. cauda incurva-
fyn. quad. 173.
ta. Lin. lift. 58.
Wolf Klein quad. 69. Kram. Auft. Warg, Ulf Faun. fuec. No. 6.
313..
Le Loup de Buffon, vii. 39. tab. I.
Canis ex griſeo flaveſcens. Brif- Wolf. Br. Zool. I. 61. tab. I.
fon quad. 170.
D. with a long head: pointed noſe: ears erect and
ſharp: tail long, buſhy, bending down : long leg'd :
hair pretty long : teeth large : color generally pale
brown, tinged with yellow; ſometimes found white *;
in Canada ſometimes black : taller than a large gre-
hound.
Inhabits the continents of Europe, Aſia, Africa,
and America ; but not ſo high as the Aretic circle :
have been long extirpated in Great Britain** : the
vaſt foreſts on the European continent will always
preſerve them : the wolves of N. America the ſmal-
* Such are found near the Jeneſea, and ſold to the Rufians on the
ſpot for twenty fhillings a ſkin. Muller Ruf. Samlung. III. 527, 529.
** Many centuries have paſt ſince they have been deitroyed in
England, and it is at left one ſince they have been extirpated out of
Scotland. M. de Buffon muſt have been greatly miſinformed on this
point. Les Anglois preténdent en avoir purgè leur ifle, cependant 'on m'a
aſure qu'il y en avoit en Ecoſſe vii. 50.
left;
L 3

150
DO G.
left; when reclamed, are the dogs of the natives :
the wolves of Senegal the largeſt and fierceſt; they
prey in company with the lion
Are cruel, but cowardly animals : fly from man,
except preſſed by hunger, when they prowl by
night in vaft droves thro' villages, and deſtroy any
perſons they meet : fuch that once get the taſte of
human blood, give it the preference : ſuch were the
wolves of the Gevaudan, of which ſo many ſtrange
tales were told: the French peaſants call this Loup-
garou, and ſuppoſe it to be poſſeſſed with ſome evil
fpirit: ſuch was the Were Wulf of the old Saxonst.
The wolf preys on all kind of animals; but in caſe
of neceffity will feed on carrion: in hard weather af-
ſemble in vaſt troops, and join in dreadfull howl-
ings : horſes generally defend themſelves againſt
their attacks; but all weaker animals fall a prey to
them: throughout France the peaſants are obliged
nightly to houſe their flocks: wolves are moſt ſui-
picious animals ; ſally forth with great caution:
have a fine ſcent; hunt by noſe: are capable of
bearing long abſtinence : to allay their hunger will
fill their bellies with mud : a mutual enmity between
dogs and them: are in heat in winter, followed by
ſeveral males, which occaſions great combats : goes
with young ten weeks: near her time prepares a foft
bed of moſs, in ſome retired place : brings from
five to nine at a time: the young born blind: teeth
of the wolf large and ſharp: its bite terrible, as
its ſtrength is great: the hunters therefore cloath
* Adanſon's voy. 209.
+ Verſiegan's Antiq. 236.
their

DO G.
151
their dogs, and guard their necks with ſpiked col-
Jars : wolves are proſcribed animals, deſtroyed by
pit-falls, traps or poiſon: a peaſant in France, who
kills a wolf, carries its head thro' the villages, and
collects fome ſmall reward from the inhabitants : the
Kirghis-Khaiſſacks take the wolves by the help of
a large ſort of hawk called Berkut, which is trained
for the diverſion, and will faiten on them and tear
out their eyes*.
The Coyotl ** of New Spain is a ſmall ſpecies of
wolf; very fierce and ravenous : of a ſize between a
wolf and a fox.
a
MEXICAN WOLF. Xoloizcuintli deductis. Briffon quad. 172.
Hernandes Mex. 479.
Canis mexicanus. C. cauda des
Cuetlachtli, feu lupus indicus. flexa lævi, corpore cinereo, faf-
Fernandez An, Nov. Hip: 7. ciis fuſcis, maculiſque fulvis va-
Canis cinereus, maculis fulvis riegato. Lin. JyA. 60.
variegatus, tæniis fubnigris a Le Loup de Mexique, de Buffon,
dorſo ad latera deorfum hinc inde xv. 149.
:
;
reous ears ;
D. with a very large head: great jaws : vaſt teeth:
on the upper lips very ſtrong briſtles, reflected back-
wards, not unlike the ſofter ſpines of a porcupine;
and of a grey and white color: large, erect, cine-
the ſpace between marked with broad
tawny ſpots: the head aſh colored, ſtriped tranſ-
verſely with bending duſky lines : neck fat and
thick, covered with a looſe ſkin, marked with a
long tawny ſtroke: on the breaſt is another of the
ſame kind: body aſh colored, ſpotted with black;
* Ritchkoff Topog. Orenb. I. 282.
** Coyotl feu vulpes indica. Fernandez Nov. Hiſp. 4,
I 4
and

152
DO G.
and the fides ſtriped from the back downwards,
with the ſame color: belly cinereous: tail long, of
the color of the belly, tinged in the middle with
tawny: legs and feet ſtriped with black and afh
color: ſometimes this variety (for Fernandez, who
has deſcribed the animals of Mexico, thinks it no
other) is found white.
Inhabits the hot parts of Mexico, or New Spain:
agrees with the European wolf in its manners : at-
tacks cattle, and ſometimes men. No wolves found
farther South, on the new continent.
212. Fox.
Vulpes Gefner quad. 966. Raii Racf Faun. fuec. No. 7.
fyn. quad. 177
Canis fulvus, pilis cinereis inter-
Fuchs Klein. quad. 73. Meyer's mixtis. Briſon quad. 173.
An. I. tab. 36.
Le Renard. de Buffon, vii. 75.
Canis vulpes. C. cauda recta 2- tab. vi.
pice albo. Lin. Syf. 59. Hafelquiſt. Fox. Br. Zool. I. 58.
itin. 191.
D. with a ſharp noſe: lively hazel eyes : ſharp erect
ears: body tawny red, mixed with aſh color: fore
part of the legs black: tail long, ſtrait, buſhy, tipt
with white : ſubject to much variety in color.
a. Fox: with the tip of the tail black. Canis alo-
pex, vulpes campeſtris. Lin. Syst. 59.
B. Cross Fox: with a black mark, paſting tranf-
verſely from ſhoulder to ſhoulder; and another
along the back, to the tail. Vulpes crucigera.
Geſner quad. go. Jonſton. quad. I. 93. Scheffer Lapi.
135. Hift. Kamtſchatka. 95. Klein quad. 71.
І.e

DO G.
153
Le Renard croiſé. Briſſon quad. 173. de Buffon
xiii. 276.
Korſraef. Faun. ſuec. p. 4.
Inhabits the coldeſt parts of Europe, Aſia, and
North America: a valuable fur; thicker and ſofter
than the common fort : great numbers of the ſkins
imported from Canada. Not a variety of the Iſatis
or Arctic fox.
BLACK Fox. The moſt cunning of any: and its
ſkin the moſt valuable; a lining of it eſteemed
in Ruſia preferable to that of the fineſt fables :
a ſingle ſkin will ſell for 400 rubels: inhabits the
northern parts of Aſia, and N. America : the
laft of inferior goodneſs.
S. Brant Fox. That deſcribed by Geſner * and Lin-
** is of a fiery redneſs ; and called by the
firſt Brand-fuchſ, by the laſt Brandraef: one that
was the property of Mr. Brook, was ſcarce half
the ſize of the common fox: the noſe black, and
much ſharper: ſpace round the ears ferruginous :
forehead, back, ſhoulders, ſides and thighs,
black, mixed with red, aſh color, and black ;
the aſh color predominated, which gave it a hoary
look : the belly yellowiſh: tail black above, red
beneath : cinereous on its ſide. This Mr. Brook
received from Penſylvania, under the name of
Brant. fox.
neus
Geſner quad. 967. who likewiſe ſays it is leſs than the common
kind,
** Faun, fuec. No.7.
& CORSAK

154
sy
DO G.
ton Vater
07
migrid
Corsak Fox. Canis corſac. C. cauda fulva baſi apiceque nigra,
Lin.ff. III. 223.
egun di bidw stort
andere
D. with upright ears: ſoft downy hair: tail buſhy,
the length of the body: throat white: irides yel-
lowiſh green : color in ſummer pale tawny; in win-
ter grey: baſe, and tip of the tail, black: a ſmall
kind.
Inhabits the deſerts beyond the Yaik : lives in
holes : howls and barks : caught by the Kirghis-
Khaiſſacks, with falcons and gre-hounds : 40 or
50,000 are taken annually, and ſold to the Ruſſians,
at the rate of 40 Kopeiks, or 20 pence each: the
former uſe their ſkins inſtead of money: great num-
bers are ſent into Turky*.
SVO
SOAL
COMMON Fox inhabits all Europe, the cold and
temperate parts of Aſia**, Barbary, but not the
hotter parts of Africa ; abounds in N. America ;
and are alſo found in S. Americat: in all countries
have the ſame cunning diſpoſition ; the ſame eager-
neſs after prey; and commit the same ravages among
game, birds, poultry, and the lefſer quadrupeds :
are very fond of honey ; attack the wild bees, and
neſts of waſps, for ſake of the magots : will eat any
ſort of inſects : devour fruit ; and are very de-
317912
10
2
* Ritchkoff Topogr. Orenb. I. 296.
** In great numbers in the Holy Land, eſpecially in the ſeaſon of
grapes; their ravages among the vines mentioned in the Song of
SOLOMON, II. 15.
+ Garcilaſo de la Vega ſays, that the foxes of Peru are much leſs
than thoſe of Spain, and are called Atoc. p. 331.
VAS
ſtructive
apes;

DO G.
155
ſtructive in vineyards: bury what they cannot eat :
fond of balking in the ſun.
Lodge under ground; generally making uſe of a
badger's hole, which they enlarge, adding ſeveral
chambers, and never neglecting to form another
hole to the ſurface to eſcape at, in caſes of extre-
mity: prey by night: females in heat in winter ;
bring five or ſix at a time; if the young are diſturb-
ed, will remove them one by one to a more ſecure
place: their voice a yelp, not a bark: their bite
like that of the wolf, is very hard and dangerous :
their ſcent exceffively ſtrong; the chace on that ac-
count more keen, more animating: when chaſed
firſt attempt to recover their hole, but finding that
ſtopped generally fly the country.
i13. Arctic
Vulpes alba, Fonfton quad. 93. apice concolore. Lin. fyf. 59.
Fex, Marten's Spitzberg. 100. Fial racka, Faun. ſuec: No. 8.
Egede Greenl. 62. *Crantz Greenl. Canis hieme alba, æftate ex ci-
nereo cæruleſcens. Briſſon quad,
Afhen-colored Fox, Schaffer Lap- 174:
land, 135
Ifatis. Nov. Com. Petrop. V. 358.
Canis Lagopus, C. cauda recta, de Buffon, xiii. 272. Afh. Muf.
I. 72.
.
a
a
D. with a ſharp noſe: ſhort rounded ears: almoſt
hid in the fur : long and ſoft hair, fomewhat woolly :
Ahort legs : toes covered on all parts, like that of a
hare, with fur: tail ſhorter than that of the com-
mon fox, and more buſhy : of a bluiſh grey, or aſh-
color; ſometimes white: the young of the
of the grey are
black before they come to maturity: hair much
longer in winter than ſummer, as uſual with animals
of cold climates:
Inhabits

156
D O G.
DO
Inhabits the countries bordering on the frozen
fea; Kamtſchatka, the illes between it and America,
and the oppoſite parts of America diſcovered in
Captain Bering's expedition, 1741; is again found
in Greenland, Iceland, Spitzbergen, Nova Zembla,
and Lapland: burrows under ground; forms holes
many feet in length; ſtrews the bottom with moſs :
in Greenland and Spitzbergen, lives in the cliffs of
rocks, not being able to burrow, by reaſon of the
froſt : two or three pair inhabit the ſame hole: are
in heat about Lady-Day; during that time continue
in the open air ; afterwards take to their holes: go
with young nine weeks: like dogs continue united
in copulation : bark like that animal; for which
reaſons the Ruſſians call them Peſzti*: have all the
cunning of the common fox: prey on the young of
geefe, ducks, and other water fowl, before they
can fly; on grouſe of the country, and hares, on
the eggs of birds; and in Greenland (through ne-
ceſſity) on berries, ſhell fiſh, or any thing the ſea
flings up; but their principal food in the North of
Aha, and in Lapland, is the Leming t, or Lapland
Marmot : thoſe of the countries laſt mentioned
are very migratory, purſuing the Leming, a very
wandering animal : ſometimes theſe foxes will
deſert the country for three or four years, proba-
bly in purſuit of their prey; for it is well known
that the migrations of the Leming is very incon-
ftant, appearing in certain countries only once in
ſeveral years: the people of Jeneſea ſuſpect they
*
* Or dogs, Strahlenberg hift. Rufia, 363.
+ No. 202.
go

DO G.
157
26
ber
.
go to the banks of the Oby: are taken in traps :
odo
oft-time the glutton and great owl deſtroys them,
191970,10
before the hunter can take them out: the ſkins of
ſmall value : the great rendezvous of theſe animals
on the banks of the frozen fea, and the rivers that
CH2Word Mbas
flow into it, being found there in great troops.
con now mojou nawalan nol 351 yasri
01
boods ni gavil godsdiq? 'bas en met mi
Grey fox. Smith's voy. Virginia, Carolina, II. 78. son alb07 114. Grer.
27. Julelyn's very, 82.
rarities, 21, Canis ex cinereo argenteus Briſ-
Joſſelyn's .
Lawſon's Carolina, 125. Cateſhy ſon quad. 174.
o gamba-cha juodo sodni
D. with a ſharp noſe : ſharp, long upright ears :
legs long: color grey, except a little redneſs about
the ears.
Ismine
oli ad nosluqou ni
Inhabits Carolina, and the warmer parts of N.
America: differs from the arctic fox in form; and
in nature of its dwelling: agrees with the common
fox in the firſt, varies from it in the laſt: never bur-
rows, lives in hollow trees: gives no diverſion to
the ſportſman, for after a mile's chace takes to its
retreat: has no ftrong ſmell : feeds on poultry,
birds, &c. eaſily made tame : their ſkins, when in
ſeaſon, made uſe of for muffs.
a
bris
Le renard argentè. Charlevoix Nouv. France, V. 196. Du Pratz. 115.SILVERY.
Louiſian. II. 64.
TUO
In form reſembling the common fox: abound in
the wooded eminencies, in Louiſiana, which are
every where pierced with their holes: their coat
very beautifull: the ſhort hairs of a deep brown;
over them ſpring long ſilvery, hairs which give the
animal a very elegant appearance : as they live in fo-
reſts

158
DO G.
reſts abounding with game, never attempt the poul-
try, which run at large. siqos sense
eng 7190 03 541191 Bos Joost yor yah gitu
ucpal bas bost mimo vody zadevala
116. JACKAL. Adil, Squilachi Græc. modern. Canis aureus. Lin. lut. 59.
. 163
Brilon 171.
Lupus" Aurčus. Kamfer. Anæn. Le Chacal & L'Adile, de Entron,
exot. 413, Raii Syn, quad. 174. xiii. 255-5 noinigo ns to
Klein qual. 70.
SL SETs yrava i stadtbsqumbanplor
ad: 20 21 lugton potom ni 1 1101
કીરી
D. of the form of a wolf, but much leſs : the color
a bright yellow. Iso Oro o brstis Bini
Inhabits all the hot and temperate parts of Aſia ;
is found in Barbary, and other parts of Africa, as
low as the Cape of Good Hope. They go in packs of
40, 50, even of 200, and hunt like hounds in
full cry, from evening to morning *: they deſtroy
,
the flocks, and poultry, ravage the ſtreets of vil-
lages and gardens, near towns, and will even de-
ſtroy children ** that happen to be unprotected :
they will enter ftables and out-houſes, and devour
ſkins, and any thing elſe formed of that material :
there is ſcarce an animal they will leave unmoleſted:
in default of living prey, will feed on roots, fruits,
and the moſt infected carrion : will greedily diſinter
the deadt, and feed on the putrid corpſes; for
which reaſon, in many countries, the graves are
made of a great depth, and well ſecured againſt
their attacks: they attend caravans, and follow ar-
mies, in hopes that death will provide them a ban-
quet: their howls and clamors are dreadfull, and
.
* Belon obf. 163-
.com
** Ruffel"Aleppo, 60. Dellon's voy. 81. ...
et Boullaye-le-Gouz, 254.0019
di mortovi UUENSV stolov olin
fo
Sin

D G
159
fo loud that people can ſcarce hear one another ſpeak:
during day they are filent, and retire to their dens.
Dellon ſays that they are ſometimes tamed, and kept
among other domeſtic animals.
This animal is vulgarly called the Lion's provider,
from an opinion that it rouzes the prey for that bad
noſed quadruped. The fact is, every creature in
the foreſt is ſet in motion by the fearfull cries of the
Jackals; the Lion, and other beaſts of rapine, by
a ſort of inſtinct, attend to the chaſe, and ſeize ſuch
timid animals that betake themſelves to flight at the
noiſe of this nightly pack. Deſcribed by Oppian*
under the name of aux© 29.Jos, or yellow wolf ; who
mentions its horrible howl. It is ſtrange, that an
animal ſo common in the Levant, ſhould never have
been brought over to be deſcribed by any modern
Naturaliſt. The deſcriptions yet remain very ob-
ſcure; and there is ſtill great uncertainty, whether
the Jackal, and the Adive of M. de Buffon, are the
fame, or different animals. A ſtuft ſkin of one in
the Aſhmolean Muſeum (in very ill preſervation) had
none of that brilliant color aſcribed to it by Belon.
May, as M. de Buffon conjectures, be the ows of
Ariſtotle **, who mentions it with the wolf, and ſays
that it has the ſame internal ſtructure as the wolf,
which is common with congenerous animals. The
Thoes of Pliny may alſo be a variety of the fame
animal; for his account of it agrees with the mo-
dern hiſtory of the Jackal, except in the laſt article t.
* Cyneg. III. 296.
** Hii. An. lib. II. c. 17. lib. ix. c. 44.
+ Thoes, Luporum id genus eſt procerius longitudine, breviate
crurum diffimilo, velox faltu, venatu vivens, innocuum homini. Lib.
viii. c. 34.
Canis

760
DO G.
117. Sur I- Canis Thous. C. cauda deflexa lævi, corpore fubgriſeo fubtus albo,
Lin. Lyf. 6o.
NAM.
D. with upright ears : little warts on the cheeks,
above the eyes, and under the throat : the tongue
fringed on the ſides : ſize of a large cat: color of
the upper part of the body greyiſh; the lower
white: tail bending downwards, and ſmooth : five
toes before, four behind.
According to Linnæus, inhabits Surinam : men.
tioned by no other Naturaliſt.
Six

Η Υ Ε Ν Α.
161
XVIII. HY-
ÆNA.
Six cutting teeth and two canine in each jaw.
Four toes on each foot.
Short tail; a tranſverſe orifice between it and the
anus.
118. STRIPED.
vaivo Ariftot. bif. An. lib. vi. c. Dubha Shaw's travels, 246.
32. Oppian Cyneg. III. 263. Hyæna Ruſſels Aleppo, 59.
Hyæna Plinii, lib. viii. c. 30. Canis Hyæna. C.cauda recta an-
Lupus marinus Belon aquat. 33. nulata, pilis cervicis erectis, au-
Geſner quad.
riculis nudis, palmis tetradacty-
Taxus porcinus, five Hyæna ve- lis. Liu. ſyf. 58.
terum. Kaftoar. Kamfer Aman. L'Hyæne de Buffon, ix, 268. tab.
xxv. Briſſon quad. 169.
Exot. 411.
H. with long ſharp pointed naked ears: upright
mane: high ſhoulders : fore legs longer than the
hind legs : hair on the body courſe, rough, and
pretty long, of an aſh color, marked with long
black ſtripes, from the back downwards; others
croſs the legs : tail very full of hair, tometimes
plain, ſometimes barred with black : ſize of a large
dog, but very ſtrongly made.
Inhabits Afatic Turky, Syria, Perſia, and Barbary:
like the jackal violates the repoſitories of the dead,
and greedily devours the putrid contents of the
grave; like it, preys on the herds and flocks; yet,
for want of other food, will eat the roots of plants*,
and the tender ſhoots of the palms; but contrary
to the nature of the former, is an unſociable animal;
is folitary, and inhabits the chaſms of the rocks.
The ſuperſtitious Arabs, when they kill one, care-
* Shaw's Travels, 246.
M
fully

162
Η Υ Α Ν Α..
fully bury the head*, leaſt it ſhould be applied to
magical purpoſes; as the neck was of old by the
Theſalian forcereſs.
Viſcera non Lyneis, non dire nodus Hyæna
3
Defuit **
The antients were wild in their opinion of the
Hyæna : they believed that it changed its ſex, imi-
tated the human voice; that it had power of charm-
ing the ſhepherds, and as it were rivetting them to
the place they ſtood on: no wonder that an igno-
rant Arab ſhould attribute to its remains preterna-
tural powers.
They are cruel, fierce, and untameable animals,
with a moſt malevolent aſpect: have a ſort of obſti-
nate courage, which will make them face ſtronger
quadrupedsthan themſelves; Kampfer relates that he
faw one which had put two lions to flight, regard-
ing them with the utmoſt coolneſs. Their voice is
hoarſe, a diſagreeable mixture of growling and
roaring
a
a
119SPOTTED. Jackal, or wild Dog, Boſman's Hyæna or Crocuta? Ludolph. Æ.
Guinea, 293
thiopia, 57.
Quumbengo Churchill's coll. voy. Cani-apro-lupo-vulpes? Deflandes
v.
486.
Hift. de l'Acad. tom. xxviii. 50.
Tiger wolf Kolben's Cape, II. 108. octavo ed.
H. with a large and flat head : above each eye ſome
long hairs : on each ſide of the noſe very long whiſk-
ers: ſhort black mane : hair on the body ſhort and
* Shaw's Travels, 246.
** Lucan, lib. vi. 672. The antients believed that the neck of
the Hyena confifted of one bone without any joint.
ſinoath :

XVI
P.162.
I
TI
I ARCTIC Fox N°113. I SPOTTED HYÆNA N119.

Soda dhe
Brad
sosid on Yo.
Hot Bos
lod
od
ONIE
SICH
OF

HY ÆN A.
163
a
3
ſmooth: ears ſhort, and a little pointed ; their out-
ſide black, inſide cinereous : face, and upper part
of the head black: body and limbs reddiſh brow
marked with diſtinct round black ſpots : the hind
legs with tranſverſe black bars : tail ſhort, black
and full of hair.
Inhabits Guinea, Æthiopia, and the Cape : lives i
holes in the earth, or cliffs of rocks : preys by nigh"
howls horribly: breaks into the folds, and kills ta
or three ſheep: devours as much as it can, and carrie.
,
.
away one for a future repaſt: will attack mankind;
ſcrape open graves, and devour the dead. M. de
Buffon, milled by Boſman's name of this animal,
makes it ſynonymous with the common jackal. Has,
till the preſent time, been undiſtinguiſhed by natura-
lifts. This deſcription taken from one ſhewn fome
years ago in London,
a
M 2
Six

164
C Α Τ.
XIX. CAT. Six cutting teeth, and two canine in each jaw.
Five toes before ; four behind.
Sharp hooked claws, lodged in a ſheath that may
be exerted or drawn in at pleaſure.
Round head, and ſhort viſage: rough tongue.
a
* With long tails.
120. Lion,
Leo Plinii, lib. viii. c. 16. Gefner Felis Leo. F. cauda elongata,
quad. 572. Raii fyn. quad. 162. corpore helvulo. Lin fyt. 60.
Lowe Klein quad. 81.
Le Lion de Buffon, ix. 1. tab. I.
Felis cauda in floccum defineute. II.
Briſſon quad. 194.
C. with a large head : ſhort rounded ears : face co-
vered with ſhort hairs : upper part of the head,
chin, whole neck and ſhoulders, with long ſhaggy
hairs, like a mane: hair on the body and limbs
ſhort and ſmooth; along the bottom of the belly
long : limbs of vaſt ſtrength : tail long, with a
tuft of long hairs at the end : color tawny, but on
the belly inclines to white : length of the largeſt
lion from noſe to tail above eight feet: the tail four
feet: the lioneſs or female is leſs, and wants the
mane.
An inhabitant of all parts of Africa ; and the hot
parts of Afia, ſuch as India and Perſia, and a few
are ſtill met with in the deſerts between Bagdat and
Baſſorah, on the banks of the Euphrates; but they
are found in greateſt numbers in the torrid zone,
where their fize is the largeſt, and their rage more
tremendous,
a
3

C Α Τ.
165
3
tremendous, being enflamed by the influence of a
burning fun, on a moſt arid foil. In the interior
parts of Africa*, amidſt the ſcorched and defolate
deſerts of Zaara, or Biledulgerid, they reign ſole
maſters; they lord it over every beaſt, and their
courage never meets with a check, where the cli-
mate keeps mankind at a diſtance: the nearer they
approach the habitations of the human race, the
leſs their rage, or rather the greater is their timi-
dity **; they have often experienced the unequal
combat, and finding that there exiſts a being ſupe-
rior to them, commit their ravages with more cau-
tion: a cooler climate again has the ſame effect; for
in the burning deſerts, where rivers and fountains
are denied, they live in a perpetual fever, a ſort of
madneſs fatal to every animal they meet with : the
author of the economy of nature gives a wonder-
full proof of the inſtinct of theſe animals in thoſe
unwatered tracts. There the Pelican makes her
neft; and in order to cool her young ones, and ac-
cuſtom them to an element they muſt afterwards be
converſant in, brings from afar, in their great gular
pouch, fufficient water to fill the neft; the lion,
and other wild beaſts, approach and quench their
thirſt, yet never injure the unfledged + birds, as if
conſcious that their deſtruction would immediately
put a ſtop to thoſe gratefull ſupplies.
The courage of the lion is tempered with mercy I
* Leo Afr. 342
** Purchas's Pilg, II, 809.
+ Amen. Acad. II. 37.
I Leoni tantum
feris clementia in ſupplices : profiratis parcit : et ubi favit,
in viros prius, quam in fæminus fremit, in infantes non nifi magna fame.
Plinii, lib. viii. c. 16. Miffon, vol. III. 292. confirms the last.
M
and
M 3

166
С А Т.
and has been known to ſpare the weaker animals, as
if beneath his attention: there are many inſtances
of its gratitude ; relations ſo ſtrange, that the
reader is referred to them in the notes * to the au-
thorities themſelves. Lions are capable of being
tamed: the monarch of Perſia, full of ſavage ftate,
has, on days of audience **, two great ones chain-
ed on each ſide of the paſſage to the room of ſtate,
led there by keepers, in chains of gold. As they
have been ſo far ſubdued, why may we not credit
the ſtory of their being harneſſed for the triumphal
car of the conqueror Bacchus?
The lion preys on all kinds of animals : as his
ſcent is bad, his peculiar and tremendous roar ſtrikes
terror into every beaſt of the deſert, and ſets them
in motion, in open view; he then ſelects his object,
and takes it not ſo much by purſuit, as by a vaft
bound, ſtriking it with his talons, and tearing it to
pieces : in inhabited countries he invades the folds,
leaps over the fences with his prey; and ſuch is his
ſtrength, that he can carry off à middling ox with
the utmoſt eafet: in many places it takes its prey
by ſurprize, lurking in the thickets, and ſpringing
on it: oft-times mankind falls a victim to his hun-
ger, but then it is rather thro' neceſſity than choice.
The Arabs have a notion of his ſparing the tender
ſex, but Doctor Shaw informs us that they make
no diftin&tion in theſe days: the ſame writer ac-
a
* A. Gellius. Ælian. Pliny.
** Eeil's travels, I. 102.
+ La Caille, 294.
I Travels, 244
quaints

с А Т.
16,
quaints us, that the fleſh of the lion is often eaten
in Barbary, and it reſembles veal in taſte.
Formerly found in Europe, between the rivers
Achelous and Neſlus *; none in America; the animal
called Pumat, which is miſtaken for the lion, is our
129th ſpecies.
121. TIGER
Tigris Plinii, lib. viii. c. 18. Bon- tis. Lin. LA. 61.
tius Java, 53. Gefner quad. 936. Felis flava, maculis longis nigris
Raii ſyn. quad. 165. Klein. quad. variegata. Briſſon quad. 194.
78.
Le Tigre de Buffon, ix. 129. tab.
Felis Tigris. F. cauda elongata, ix.
corpore maculis omnibus virga-
a
reddish)
C. with a ſmooth head and body; vaſt ſtrength in
its limbs ; of a pale yellow color, beautifully
marked with long ſtripes of black from the back,
pointing to the belly, with others croſs the thighs :
the tail ſhorter by a third than the body; annulated
with black: often ſuperior in ſize to a lion; that
called the Royal I Tiger of a tremendous bulk.
M. de Buffon mentions one that was (tail included)
fifteen feet long. Du Halde II. 254, ſays, that the
Chineſe tigers vary in color, ſome being white, ftriped
with black and grey.
The tiger is peculiar to Afia $; and is found as
far North as China, and Chineſe Tartary; it inhabits
mount Ararat, and Hyrcania of old, famous for its
Ariftot. hift. An. lib. vi. c. 31.
+ Garcilaſo de la vega, 332.
Dellon. voy. 78.
M. de Buffon ſays they are found in the South of Africa. I can
meet with no authority for it; the animals fo called by Ludolphus
and Kolben, being only Panthers, or Leopards, which are generally
confounded with the Tiger by moſt voyagers.
wild
M 4

168
C Α Τ.
a
wild beaſts ; but the greateſt numbers, the largeſt,
and the moſt cruel, are met with in India, and its
iſlands: they are the ſcourge of the country; they
lurk among the buſhes, on the ſides of rivers, and
almoſt depopulate many places: they are inſidious,
blood thirſty, and malevolent; and ſeem to prefer
preying on the human race preferable to any other
animals: they do not purſue their prey, but bound
on it from their ambuſh, with an elaſticity, and
from a diſtance that is ſcarce credible: if they miſs
the object, they make off; but if they ſucceed, be
it man, or be it beaſt, even one as large as a Buffalo*,
they carry it off with ſuch eaſe, that it ſeems not
the left impediment to their fight : if they are un-
diſturbed, they plunge their head into the body of
the animal up to their very eyes, as if it were to ſa-
fa-
tiate themſelves with blood, which they exhauſt the
corps of before they tear it to pieces**. there is a
fort of cruelty in their devaftations, unknown to the
generous lion; as well as a poltronery in their fud-
den retreat on any diſappointment. I was informed,
by very good authority, that in the beginning of
this century, fome gentlemen and ladies, being on
a party of pleaſure, under a ſhade of trees, on the
banks of a river in Bengal, obſerved a tiger prepara
ing for its fatal ſpring; one of the ladies, with
amazing preſence of mind, layed hold of an um-
brella, and furled it full in the animal's face, which
inſtantly retired, and gave the company opportunity
of removing from ſo terrible a neighbor.
a
* Bontius, 53. Strabo. lib. xv. relates much the ſame of the Tigers
of the country of the Prafii.
** Bontius, 53
Another

с А Т.
169
Another party had not the ſame good fortune:
a tiger darted among them while they were at dinner,
ſeized on one gentleman, and carried him off, and
he never was more heard of. They attack all forts
of animals, even the lion; and it has been known
that both have periſhed in their combats : there is
in ſome parts of India a popular notion *, that the
rhinoceros and the tiger are in friendſhip, becauſe
they are often found near each other : the fact is, the
rhinoceros, like the hog, loves to wallow in the
mire; and on that account frequents the banks of
rivers; the tiger, to quench its raging thirſt, is met
with in places contiguous to them.
Pliny has been frequently taken to taſk by the
moderns, for calling the tiger, animal tremende ve-
locitatis**; they allow it great agility in its bounds,
but deny it ſwiftneſs in purſuit : two travellers of
authority, both eye-witneſſes, confirm what Pliny
ſays; the one indeed only mentions, in general its
vaft fleetneſs; the other ſaw a tryal between one and
a ſwift horſe, whoſe rider eſcaped meerly by getting
in time amidſt a circle of armed men. The chaſe
of this animal was a favorite diverſion with the
great CAM-HI, the Chineſe monarch, in whoſe
company our countryman, Mr. Bell, that faithfull
traveller; and the Pere Gerbillon, ſaw theſe proofs
of the tiger's ſpeed 7.
a
# Bontius, 53
** Plinii, lib. viii. c. 18.
† Bell's Travels, II. 91. Du Halde, II. 343.
They

170
C Α Τ.
They are ſaid to roar like a lion; but thoſe I have
ſeen in captivity, emitted only a furly growl.
22. PAN-
THER,
W
Varia et Pardus? Plinii, lib. viii. Felis Pardus. F. cauda elongata,
c. 17.
corpore maculis ſuperioribus or
TIeepdades paraw? Oppian Cy- Lin. 1A. 61. Briſon quad. 198.
biculatis ; iuferioribus virgatis.
neg. lib. III. I. 63.
Panthera, Pardus, Pardalis, Leo- La Panthere de Bufon, ix. 151.
tab. xi. xii.
pardus Geſner quad. 824. Raii fyn.
quad. 166. Klein. quad. 77.
C. with ſhort ſmooth hair, of a bright tawny color:
the back, fides, and flanks elegantly marked with
black ſpots, diſpoſed in circles from four to five in
each, with a ſingle black ſpot in the centre of each:
on the face and legs ſingle ſpots only: on the top of
the back is a row of oblong ſpots; the longeſt next
the tail : the cheſt and belly white; the firſt marked
with tranſverſe duſky ſtripes: the belly and tail with
large irregular black ſpots : ears ſhort and pointed :
end of the noſe brown: limbs very ſtrong : the ſkin
of one I meaſured, was, from the end of the noſe
to the origin of the tail, fix feet ten inches; the tail
near three.
Inhabits Africa, from Barbary to the remoteſt parts
of Guineat. This ſpecies is next in ſize to the tiger ;
next to it in cruelty, and in its general enmity to the
animal creation: it is to Africa what the former is to
Afia, with this alleviation, that it prefers the fleſh of
brutes to that of mankind; but when preſſed with hun-
* A deſcription that does not ſuit any known animal of this
genus.
† Shaw's Travels, 244. des Marchais, I. 204. the laſt miſtakenly
calls them Tigers,
ger,

CA T.
171
ger, attacks every living creature without diſtinction:
its manner of taking its prey is the ſame with that
of the tiger, always by ſurprize, either lurking in
thickets, or creeping on its belly till it comes within
reach: it will alſo climb up trees in purſuit of mon-
kies, and leſſer animals ; ſo that nothing is ſecure
from its attacks: it is an untameable ſpecies, always
retains its fierce, its malevolent aſpect, and perpe-
tual growl or murmur.
The antients were well acquainted with theſe ani-
mals; theſe and the leopards were the Variæ, and
Pardi of the old writers : one ſhould think that the
Romans would have exhauſted the deſerts of Africa,
by the numbers they drew from thence for their
public ſhews : Scaurus exhibited at one time 150
Panthers; Pompey the great 410; Auguſtus 420*:
probably they thinned the coaſts of Mauritania of
theſe animals, but they ſtill ſwarm in the Southern
parts of Guinea.
Oppian deſcribes two ſpecies of Panthers; a large
fpecies and a ſmall one; the firſt of which has a
ſhorter tail than the leffer, and may poſſibly be thiş
kind.
An animal of this ſpecies is found in Buckharia,
called there Babr; is ſeven feet long; very deſtruc-
tive to horſes, and even camels: the ſkin is fine,
and valued in Ruſia at il. ſterlingt.
a
Uncia
* Plinii, lib. viii. c. 17.
+ Ritchkof Orenb. Topogr. I. 28. In China is a moſt beautifull
kind, called there Louchu, whoſe ſkins fell for fix pounds, flerling,
apiece. Muller Ruf. Samlung. III. 549, 608. I muſt here obſerve,
that there are, in the Furriers ſhops in London, ſkins in moſt reſpects
reſembling thoſe of the Panther; which, they have aſſured me,
came

172
с А Т.
123. LEO-
Uncia Caii opufc. 42. Gefner quad. 202.
PARD. 825:
Le Leopard de Buffon, ix, 158.
Le Leopard des Marchais voy. I. tab. xiv.
C. with hair of a lively yellow color; marked on
the back and fides with ſmall ſpots, diſpoſed in cir-
cles, and placed pretty cloſely together : the face
and legs marked with ſingle fpots : the breaſt and
belly covered with longer hairs than the reſt of the
body, of a whitiſh color: the ſpots on the tail large
and oblong: the length of this fpecies, from noſe
to tail, four feet; the tail two and a half.
a
came from the Spaniſh ſettlements in the Weſt Indies : Theſe ſkins
equaled thoſe of the old continent, in beauty and ſize. Notwith-
ſtanding M. de Buffon denies this animal to be a native of America,
yet I cannot help thinking, that the ſame, or a variety at left, inha-
bits the hot parts of that country. 1. The figure of the ſpecies,
deſcribed by Faber hift. An. Nov. Hifp.498, under the name of Tigris
Mexicana, agrees exactly with that of the Panther; as does the de-
ſcription in general, given p. 507. 2. Every other animal of
this
genus, which has been yet diſcovered in America, is far inferior
in ſize and ſtrength to this, whoſe.common height, Faber ſays, is
four or five feet, and whoſe prey is wild cattle, horfes, &c. M.
Condamine *, and Le Pere Cajetan Cattaneo **, ſpeak of the Tigers
(i.e. the Panthers) of America, as equal, and even fuperior, in ſize, to
thoſe of Africa; and the color as bright as gold; and Ulloa t deſcribes
them as big as little horſes. 3. Notwithſtanding the venders of furs
are not entirely to be relied on, as to the countries their goods come
from; yet the general opinion of the whole trade, that theſe ſkins
were the product of Spaniſh America, is a further proof of their being
common to both continents.
But the new word, eſpecially the part poffefſed by the jealous
Spaniards, is ſtill very imperfectly explored : ſufficient ſpace is ſtill
left for the conqueſt of the naturaliſt; fo at preſent he has no reaſon
to weep, like Alexander, for want of other globes.
* Vsy. 81.
** Vide three very entertaining Letters added to Muratori's Millions of Pae
raguay, 259.
+ Vol. I. 56.
Inhabits

CA T.
373
Inhabits Senegal and Guinea ; fpares neither man
nor beaſt: when beaſts of chaſe fail, deſcends from
the internal parts of Africa in crowds, and makes
great havoke among the numerous herds that cover
the rich' meadows of the lower Guinea : it tears its
prey to pieces with both claws and teeth; is always
thin, tho' perpetually devouring. The Panther is
its enemy, and deſtroys numbers of them. The
Negreffes make collars of their teeth, and attribute
to them certain virtues. The Negroes take theſe
animals in pit-falls, covered at the top with ſlight
hurdles, on which is placed ſome fleſh as a bait.
The Negroes make a banquet of theſe animals,
whoſe fleſh is ſaid to be as white as veal, and very
well tafted. The ſkins are often brought to Europe,
and reckoned very valuable.
C. with the face ſpotted with black: chin white : a 124, Lessen
LEOPARD.
great black ſpot each ſide of the upper lip: breaſt
marked with ſmall ſpots : belly white, ſpotted with
black : back, fides and rump, covered with hair of
a bright yellow color: marked with circles of ſpots,
like the former ; but the ſpots much leſs : not half
the bulk of the laſt; but the tail ſhorter in propor-
tion, and tapering to a point, and the hair on it
ſhort. The tails of the two laft fpecies are of
equal thickneſs from top to bottom.
Inhabits the Eaſt Indies? kept a few years ago in
the Tower : ſeemed a good-natured animal.
Le

174
CAT.
125. Hunt. Le Leopard voy. de la Boullaye-le-gouz. 248.
ING,
a
a
C. with a ſmall head: irides pale orange: end of
the noſe black : from each corner of the mouth to
that of each eye, a duſky line : ears ſhort, tawny,
marked with a brown bar: face, chin and throat,
of a pale yellowiſh brown: the face ſlightly ſpot-
ted: body of a light tawny brown, marked with
numbers of ſmall round black ſpots ; not in cir-
cles, but each diſtinct : the ſpots on the rim and
outſide of the legs were larger: the inſide of the
legs plain : hair on the top of the neck longer
than the reſt : that on the belly white, and very
long : tail longer than the body; of a reddiſh
brown color ; marked above with large black
ſpots; the hair on the under ſide very long.
Size of a large gre-hound: of a long make :
cheft narrow : legs very long.
Inhabits India : is tamed and trained for the
chace of antelopes : carried in a ſmall kind of
waggon, chained and hoodwinked, till it ap-
proaches the herd: when firſt unchained does not
immediately make its attempt, but winds along
the ground, ſtopping and concealing itſelf till it gets
a proper advantage, then darts on the animals with
ſurprizing ſwiftneſs; overtakes them by the rapi-
dity of its bounds: but if it does not ſucceed in
its firſt efforts, conſiſting of five or ſix amazing
leaps, miſſes its prey: loſing its breath, and find-
ing itſelf unequal in ſpeed, ſtands ftille gives up
the

с А Т.
175
the point for that time, and readily returns to its
maſter.
IIapdalis. Oppian Cyneg. III. L'Once de Buffon, ix. 151. tab. 126. ONCB.
xiii,
Panthera ? Plinii, lib. viii, c. 17.
1.95;
a
a
C. with a large head: ſhort ears : long hair on the
whole body: color a whitiſh aſh, tinged with yel-
low : on the breaſt and belly with a ſmaller caſt
of yellow : head marked with ſmall round ſpots :
behind each ear a large black ſpot: the upper
part of the neck varied, with large ſingle ſpots :
the ſides of the back with longitudinal marks,
conſiſting of ſeveral ſpots, almoſt touching each
other, leaving the ground color of the body in
the middle : the ſpots beneath theſe irregular,
large, and full: thoſe on the legs ſmall, and
thinly diſperſed: the tail full of hair ; irregularly
marked with large black ſpots. This ſpecies is of
a ſtrong make : long backed : ſhort legged: length
from the noſe to the tail, about three feet and a
half: tail upwards of three feet.
Inhabits Barbary **, Perſia, Hyrcania and Chi-
na I; is an animal of a more gentle and mild na-
ture than moſt of the preceding; is, like the laſt,
* Bernier's travels, iv. 45. Tavernier's travels, I. 147. Thevenof.
suby. V. 34.
** Where it is called Faadh. Shaw's trav. 245.
† Chardin.
I Where it is called Poupi. The fins are brought from China
into Ruſia, and fold for twenty ſhillings apieçe. Muller Samlunge
rur Ruſſiſchen Geſchicht. III. 549. 608,
uſed

176
C Α Τ.
uſed for the chace of antelopes, and even hares;
but, inſtead of being conveyed in a waggon, is car-
ried on the crupper on horſeback; is under as much
command as a ſetting dog, returns at the left call,
and jumps up behind its maſter *
.
Is ſuppoſed to be the leſſer Panther of Oppian,
and the Panthera of Pliny t.
127. BRASI- Jaguara Marcgrave Brafil, 235. quibuſdam rofam referentibus
LIAN.
Piſo Braſil, 203
variegata. Briſon quad, 196.
Pardus aut Lynx Braſilienſis Ja- Felis onça. Felis cauda mediocri,
guara dicta, Lufitanis onza. Raii corpore flaveſcente, ocellis nigris
fyn. quad. 168. Klein. quad. 8o. rotundato angulatis medio flavis
Le Tigre de La Guiane Des Mar- Lin. ſyſt. 91.
chais, voy.
Le Jaguar de Buffon, ix. 201. tab,
Tigris americana. Felis flavef- xviii.
cens, maculis nigris orbiculatis
.
III. 299.
C. with hair of a bright tawny color: the top of
the back marked with long ſtripes of black : the
fides with rows of irregular oblong ſpots: open in
the middle, which is of the ground-color of the
hair: the thighs and legs marked with full ſpots
of black: the breaſt and belly whitiſh: the tail not
ſo long as the body: the upper part deep tawny,
marked with large black ſpots, irregularly : the
lower part with ſmaller ſpots : grows to the ſize
of a wolf, and even larger.
Inhabits the hotteſt parts of S. America, from
the iſthmus of Darien to Buenos Ayres : fierce and
deſtructive to man and heaft. Like the tiger it
plunges its head into the body of its prey, and
* Olearius travels into Perſia, 218.
+ Pantheris in candido breves macularum eruli. lib. viii. c. 17.
ſucks

C Α Τ.
177
fucks out the blood before it devours it: makes a
great noiſe in the night, like the howling of a
hungry dog: is a very cowardly animal: eaſily put
to flight; either by the ſhepherds dogs, or by a light-
ed torch, being very fearfull of fire : it lies in
ambuſh near the ſides of rivers: there is ſometimes
ſeen a ſingular combat between this animal and the
crocodile ; when the Jaguar comes to drink, the cro-
codile, ready to ſurprize any animal that approaches,
raiſes its head out of the water, the former inſtantly
ſtrikes its claws into the eyes of this dreadfull rep-
tile, the only penetrable part, who immediately
dives under the water, pulling his enemy along with
it, where they commonly both periſh *
128. Mexi-
CAN.
Tlacoozelotl, Tlalocelotl. Catus- tab. xxxv. xxxvi.
pardus mexicanus. Hernandez. Felis ſylveſtris, americanus, Ti-
grinus. Seb. Muf. I. 47. tab. xxx.
L'Ocelot de Buffon, xiii. 239. fig. 2, & 77. tcb. xlviii. fig. 2.
Mex. 512.
C. with its head, back, upper part of the rump and
tail of a bright tawny: a black ſtripe extends along
the top of the back, from head to tail: from the
noſtrils to the corners of the eyes, a ſtripe of black :
forehead ſpotted with black : the ſides whitiſh,
marked lengthways with long ſtripes of black, hol-
low, and tawny, in the middle ; in which are ſprink-
led ſome ſmall black ſpots : from the neck towards
the ſhoulders point, others of the ſame colors: the
rump marked in the ſame manner: legs whitiſh, va-
* Condamine's voy. 81.
N
ried

178
CAT.
:
ried with ſmall black ſpots : tail ſpotted with ſmall
ſpots near its baſe; with larger near the end, which
is black.
An animal, ſuppoſed to be the female *, was
ſhewen two years ago in London : its ground color
was cinereous ; paleſt on the legs and belly: irides
hazel : tip of the noſe red : ears ſhort, and rounded,
black on the out-fide, grey within : from the noſe
to the eye, on each ſide, a black line; above and
beneath each eye a white one : ſides of the mouth
white, marked with four rows of ſmall black ſpots :
from the hind part of the head, to the back and
ſhoulders, ran ſome long, narrow, hollow ſtripes :
along the top of the back two rows of oval black
ſpots: the marks on the ſides long, hollow, and ir-
regular, extending from ſhoulders to thighs : ſhoul-
ders both barred and ſpotted : legs and belly only
ſpotted : tail not ſo long as the body; had large
ſpots above, ſmall beneath.
It was ſtrongly made: and above four times the
ſize of a large cat.
Inhabits Mexico, the neighborhood of Carthagena,
and Braſil: lives in the mountains : is very voraci-
ous; but fearfull of mankind: preys on young
calves **, and different forts of game : lurks amidſt
the leaves of trees, and ſometimes will extend itſelf
* The deſcription of that which M. de, Buffon aſſures us is the
male, is taken from a drawing. This I examined at one of Mr.
Brooks's exhibitions, and found it the ſame with the animal deſcribed
Hernandez. M. de Buffon ſuppoſes the male to be the animal de-
fcribed by that author under the title of Tigris Mexicana, p. 498.
but whoever examines that deſcription will be of opinion it is of a
ſpecies very nearly agreeing with the European Panther.
** Dampier, voy. II. 62.
along

С А Т.
179
along the boughs, as if dead, 'till the monkies,
tempted by their natural curioſity, approaching to
examine it, become its prey *.
129. Brown.
Cugacuarana. Marcgrave Braſil. quin. 166. Du Pratz. II. 63.
235. Raii fyn. quad. 169. Tigris fulva. Felis ex flavo ru-
Cugacuara Piſo Braſil, 103. feſcens, mento et infimo ventre
Panther Lawſon Carolina, 117. albicantibus. Briſſon quad. 197.
Cateſby Carolina App.
Le Couguar de Buffon, ix. 216.
Tigris fulvus Barrere France Æ- tab. xix.
C. with a very ſmall head : ears a little pointed :
eyes large : chin white: back, neck, rump, fides,
pale browniſh red, mixed with duſky hairs : breaſt,
belly, and inſide of the legs cinereous : hair on the
belly long : tail dulky, and ferruginous; the tip
black: the teeth of a vaſt ſize : claws white: the
outmoſt claw of the fore feet much larger than the
others: is long bodied, and high on its legs : the
length from noſe to tail, five feet three inches; of
the tail two feet eight.
Inhabits the continent of America, from Canada
to Brazil : in South America is called Pumat, and
miſtaken for the lion : is the ſcourge of the colonies
of the hotter parts of America; fierce and ravenous
to the higheſt degree : ſwims over the broad rivers,
and attacks the cattle, even in the encloſures; and
when preſſed with hunger, ſpares not even mankind.
In N. America their fury ſeems to be ſubdued by the
rigor of the climate ; the finalleſt cur, in company
with its maſter, makes them ſeek for ſecurity, by
* Hernandez Mex. 514.
+ Hernandez Mex. 518. Condamine's voy. 81.
N 2
running

180
C Α Τ.
running up trees : but then they are equally deſtruc-
tive to domeſtic animals, and are the greateſt nu-
fance the planter has : when they lay in wait for the
Mooſe, or other deer*, they lie cloſe on the branch
of fome tree, 'till the animal paſſes beneath, when
they drop on them, and ſoon deſtroy them : they alſo
make wolves their prey: that whoſe ſkin is in the
Muſeum of the Royal Society, was killed juſt as it had
pulled down a wolf: conceal ſuch part of the prey
which they cannot eat : purr like a cat: the fur ſoft,
and of ſome value among the Indians, who cover
themſelves with it during winter : the fleſh is alſo
eaten, and ſaid to be as good and as white as vealt:
130. BLACK. Jaguarete Marcgrave Braſil, 235. Raii ſyn. quad. 169.
Piſo Braſil, 103.
Once des Marchais, III. 300.
C. with the head, back, ſides, fore part of the legs,
and the tail, covered with ſhort and very gloſſy hairs,
of a duſky color; ſometimes ſpotted I with black,
* Charlevoix voy. Nouv. France, V. 189. who, by miſtake, calls
it Carcajou.
+ Mr. Dupont once ſhewed me, ſome years ago, the tail of an
animal from South America, three quarters of a yard long, covered
with ſhort white gloſſy hair: a piece of the ſkin of the back was left
to it, on which were black hairs near eight inches long. I mention
it here as belonging to ſome plain colored beaſt of this genus. Per-
haps the Tzonyztac ſeu quadrupes capillorum candentium, brevibus eruri-
bus, colore atro, manibus pedibuſque et corporis magnitudine Tigris; ac
prolixa cauda. Fernandez quad. nov. Hiſp. 3.
# For which reaſon M. de Buffon ſuſpects it to be only a variety
of No. 127; but ſince M. Des Marchais, who deſcribes it very ex-
actly, makes no mention of its being ſpotted, nor had the two
which were ſhewn in London ſome years ago any ſpots on them ; it
is very probable then, that the Jaguarete, deſcribed by Marcgrave,
was a variety of this ſpecies, and not of his Jaguara, as it agrees
with it in the ground color, and in its ſuperior fize.
but

XVIII
P.180.
I
TI
IHUNTING LEOPARD N° 125. IBLACK TIGER N°130.

UNIE
From
OF
MIO

C Α Τ.
181
:
but generally plain: upper lips white : at the corner
of the mouth a black ſpot*: long hairs above each
eye, and long whiſkers on the upper lip: lower lip,
throat, belly, and the inſide of the legs, whitiſh, or
very pale aih-color : paws white : ears pointed :
grows to the ſize of a heifer of a year old : has vaſt
ſtrength in its limbs.
Inhabits Braſil and Guiana : is a cruel and fierce
beaſt; much dreaded by the Indians; but happily is
a ſcarce fpecies.
C. with ſhort hair, of a bright ferruginous color : 131. CAPE.
the face marked with black ſtripes, tending down-
wards: from the hind part of the head to the tail,
the back is marked with oblong ſtripes of black :
the ſides with very numerous ſmall, and round ſpots
of black: belly white : tail long, of a bright tawny
color, ſpotted with black : length from the noſe to
the tail, near three feet.
Deſcribed from a ſkin in a furrier's ſhop in Lon-
don, who thought it came from the Cape of Good
Hope.
* On the chin of one of thoſe above-mentioned was a round
black ſpot.
N 3
Maraguao

182
C Α Τ.
NE.
132. CAYEN- Maraguao Marcgrave Brafil, 233. Louiſian II. 64.
Felis fera tigrina Barrere France Felis ſylveſtris tigrina., F. ex
A quin. 152,
griſeo flaveſcens, maculis nigris
Tepe Maxlaton Fernand. Nov. variegata Eriſon quad. 193-
Hif.9. c. 28.
Le Margay de Buffon, xiii. 248.
Le Pichou, Cat-a-mount du Pratz tab. xxxvii.
C. with the upper part of the head, the neck, back,
ſides, ſhoulders and thighs of a bright tawny color:
the face ſtriped downwards with black: the ſhoul-
ders and body marked with ſtripes, and oblong large
black ſpots: the legs with ſmall ſpots: the breaſt,
and inſide of the legs and thighs whitish, ſpotted with
black: the tail very long, marked with black,
tawny, and grey : fize of a common cat.
Inhabits S. America : lives on the feathered game,
and on poultry: is untameable: makes a noiſe
like the common cat.
Theſe ſmall ſpotted ſpecies are called by the ge-
neral name of tiger-cats : ſeveral kinds are found in
the Enjt-Indies *, and in the woods near the Cape of
Good Hope ; but fo negligently, or ſo unſcientifically
mentioned, as to render it impoffible for a zoologiſt
to form a deſcription from them: yet a good hiſtory
of theſe animals being among the many defiderata
of the naturaliſt; the following maim accounts may
ſerve to direct the enquiries of future voyagers.
Kolben ** mentions two kinds; one he calls
* Delon's voy. 77.
** Hift. Cape, II. 125. M. L'Abbé de la Coille abuſes poor Kolben
11.
for his impertcát hiftory of the Cape: in fact, it is not a good one,
yet ſtill is the best we have: tut great will be the diſappointment
of thoſe who fee: for fuller information in that cf the criticiſing
Abbe.
The

CAT.
183
The WILD RED CAT, which has a ſtreak of bright
red, running along the ridge of the back to the tail,
and loſing itſelf in the grey and white on the ſides :
the ſkins are ſaid to give eaſe in the gout, and are much
valued on that account at the Cape. The other he
calls
The BUSH CAT; of which he ſays no more, than
that it is the largeſt of wild cats in the Cape coun-
tries.
(Wild Cat.) Catus ſylveſtris. veſtita, cauda annulis alternatim 133.COMMON.
Boumriitter. Geſner quad, 325;
nigris et ex ſordidé albo flavican-
Catus ſylveſtris, ferus vel feralis, tibus cincta. Briſon quad. 192.
eques arborum. Klein quad. 75. Kot Driki, Zbik. Rzaczinſki Po-
Wilde Katze. Kram Auftr. 311.
Felis ſylveſtris. F. pilis ex fuſco, Le chat ſauvage de Buffon, vi. 1.
flavicante, et albido, variegatis tab. I. Br. Zool. I. 47.
lon, 217
C. with long ſoft hair, of a yellowiſh white color,
mixed with grey; the grey diſpoſed in ſtreaks, point-
ing downwards, riſing from a duſky liſt, that runs
from the head to tail, along the middle of the back:
tail marked with alternate bars of black and white,
its tip black : hind part of the legs black: three
times as large as the common cat; and very ſtrongly
made*
Inhabits the woods of moſt parts of Europe : a
variety of a blue color is met with at the Cape
of Good Hope : moſt deſtructive to lambs, kids, and
fawns; and to all ſorts of feathered game. The
* In the Rulian Afatic dominions is a very elegant race of wild
cats, with very ſoft fur, of the color of a Lynx; the young ones
beautifully ſpeckled with black: the Rufians call them Stepnia Koſkky.
Muller Saml. Ruff. III, 608.
N 4
ſtock,

184
C Α Τ.
(?)
ſtock, or origin of the DOMESTIC CAT*, which is
ſubject to many varieties.
3
a
a. ANGORA CAT. With long hair ; of a ſilvery
whiteneſs, and ſilky texture ; very long, eſpecially
about the neck, where it forms a fine ruff: the
hairs on the tail very long, and ſpreading : is a
large variety : found about Angora; the ſame
country which produces the fine haired goat, p.
15. Degenerates after the firſt generation in our
climate.
B. TORTOISE SHELL CAT: black, white, and orange.
Le chat d'Espagne de Buffon vi. tab. III.
y:
i colt
BLUE CAT. Le chat des chartreux de Bufon vi.
tab. iv. probably deſcended from the blue wild
cats of the Cape.
The cat a uſefull but deceitfull domeſtic : when
pleaſed purrs, and moves its tail: when angry,
ſpits, hiffes, ſtrikes with its foot : in walking, draws
in its claws : drinks little : is fond of fiſh: the fe-
male very ſalacious; a piteous, jarring, ſqualing
lover: its urine corroſive: buries its dung: the na-
* Felis Catus. F. cauda elongata fufco annulata, corpore faſciis ni-
gricantibus ; dorſalibus longitudinalbus tribus ; lateralibus ſpiralibus Lin.
lylt. 62. Faun. fucc. No. 9. Br. Zool. I. 45. de Buffon, vi.
tab. ii. Briſſon quad. 191.
tural

C Α Τ.
185
tural enemy of mice; watches then with great gra-
vity: does not always reject vegetables : waſhes its
face with its fore feet, Linnæus ſays, at the approach
of a ſtorm: fees by night: its eyes ſhine in the
dark: its hair emits fire, when rubbed in the dark:
always lights on its feet: proverbially tenacious of
life : very cleanly; hates wet: is fond of perfumes;
marum valerian, catmint. The unaccountable anti-
pathy of multitudes : beloved by the Mahometans:
Meillet, who ſays that the cats of Ægypt are very
beautifull, adds, that the inhabitants build hoſpitals
for them *
:
** With ſhort tails.
Le Chat-pard Memoires pour ſervir Felis Pardalis. F. cauda elonga- 134. Moun,
a l'hift. Nat. An. part. I. 110. ta, corpore maculis ſuperioribus
TAIN.
Catus Pardus five Catus Monta- virgatis, inferioribus orbiculatis,
nus Americanorum. the Cat a Lin. lyf. 62. Briffon quad, 199.
mountain. Raii fyn. quad. 169.
C. with upright pointed ears, marked with two
brown tranſverſe bars : color of the head, and whole
upper part of the body, a reddiſh brown, marked
with long narrow ſpots on the back; and with nu-
merous round ſmall ſpots on the ſides : the belly
whitiſh : the chin and throat of a pure white: the
tail barred with black : the length of this animal
two feet and a half; that of the tail eight inches.
Inhabits America : grows very fat: is a mild and
gentle animal.
a
* Voy. l’Egypt, 30.
a Le

186
CAT
a. Le Serval de Buffon xiii. 233. tab. xxxiv.
Differs from the preceding in theſe particulars :
the orbits are white : the ſpots on the body univer-
ſally round : in its nature very fierce, and untame-
able: inhabits the woods in the mountanous parts
of India : lives in trees, and ſcarce ever deſcends on
the ground, for it breeds in them : leaps with great
agility from tree to tree : called by the natives of
Malabar, the Maraputé; by the Portugueſe, the
Serval*
Mr. 7. R. Forſter informed me, he ſaw an animal
of this ſpecies in the Empreſs's menagery at Peters-
burg : it's fur was of a whitiſh yellow : the ſpots
duſky : had a wild and piercing look: was brought
from Tibet.
:
135
Chaus Plinii, lib. viii. c. 19. Lu- Lux Kramer Auftr. 311. Ridinger
pus cervarius. c. 22.
Wilden Thiere 22. Kleine Thiere 65,
&c.
avyz. Ælian. lib. xiv. c. 6. Op- Felis Lynx. F. cauda abbrevia-
pian Cyneg. III. 84.
Lupus cervarius, Lynx, Chaus. ta;, apice atra, auriculis apice
Gefner quad. 677, 678.
barbatis Lin. Syft. 62. Warglo,
Lynx five Leuncia Caii opufc. 50. Lynx. Felis auriculorum apici-
Kattlo. Faun. ſuec. No. 10, II.
.
Fabri Exp. An. Nov. Hifp.527.
Lynx, Catus cervarius anglicè, caudâ brevi. Briſſon quad. 200.
bus pilis . longiffimis præditis,
the ounce. Raii ſyn. quad. 166.
.
Catus cervarius, 199.
Tournefort's voy. 4to. I. 360.
Rys, Oſtrowidz. Rzacinſki Polon. Le Lynx, or Loup-Cervier, de
Buffon, ix. 231. tab. xxi.
222.
a
C. with a ſhort tail, black at its end : eyes of a pale
yellow: hair under the chin long and full: hair on
* De Buffon.
the

СА Т.
187
the body long and ſoft, of a cinereous color, tinged
with red, marked with duſky ſpots, more or leſs
diſtinct in different ſubjects; in ſome ſcarce viſible :
belly whitiſh : ears erect, tufted with long black
hairs, the character of the different ſpecies of
Lynxes : legs and feet very thick and ſtrong: the
length of the ſkin of a Ruſhan lynx, from noſe to
tail, was four feet fix inches; the tail only fix :
vary ſometimes in their color : the Irbys, from lake
Balckaſ*, or the Kattlo, of the Suedes, is whitiſh,
ſpotted with black, and larger than the common
kind; this large variety is called by the Germans,
Wolf-Lucks, and Kalb-Lucks, on account of its ſize.
Inhabits the vaſt foreſts of the N. of Europe,
Aha, and America**, not India, tho' poets have
harneſſed them to the chariot of Bacchus, in his
conqueſt of that country: bring two or three young
at a time: is long-lived : climbs trees: lies in wait
for the deer, which paſs under, falls on them, and
ſeizing on the jugular vein, foon makes them its
prey : will not attack mankind; but is very deſtruc-
tive to the reſt of the animal creation : the furs of
theſe animals are valuable for their ſoftneſs and
warmth : numbers are annually imported from North
America, and the north of Europe, and Aſia ; the
farther North and Eaſt they are taken, the whiter
they are, and the more diſtinct the ſpots; of theſe
the moſt elegant kind is called Irbys, taken near
米
​3
3
Situated weſt of the river Irty h.
** Wild cat, Lawſon Carolina, 118. Cateſby App. xxv. found as
far ſouth as Mexico, the Pinuum Doſypus of Nieremberg. 153.
lake

188
С А Т.
lake 'Balkaſh, whoſe ſkin ſells on the ſpot for one
pound ſterling *
The antients celebrated the great quickneſs of
its fight; and feigned that its urine was converted
into a precious ſtone t.
Vieta racemifero Lyncas dedit INDIA Baccho:
E quibus (ut memorant) quicquid vefica remifit,
Vertitur in Lapides, et congelat Aëra tacto.
Ovid. Met. xv. 413.
136. BAY.
C. with a ſhort tail : irides yellow: ears upright,
and ſharp pointed, tufted with long black hairs :
color of the head, back, fides, and exterior parts
of the legs, bright bay, obſcurely marked with
duſky ſpots : down the face marked with black
ftripes, pointing to the noſe: each ſide the upper
lip three rows of minute black ſpots, with long
ftiff hairs iſſuing out of them: orbits edged with
white : from beneath each eye certain long black
ſtripes, of an incurvated form, mark the cheeks;
which with the upper and under lip, whole under
fide of the body, and inſides of the legs, are
white : the upper part of the inſide of the fore
legs marked with two black bars: upper part of the
tail barred with dulky ſtrokes; and next the end,
one of a deep black; its tip and under fide white :
about twice the bigneſs of a large cat : the hair
ſhorter and ſmoother than that of the laſt.
Inhabits the inner parts of the province of New-
rork.
2
* Ritchkoff's Orenb. Topog. I. 296.
† Plinii, lib. viii. c. 38. xxviii. c. 8.
Siyah-

XOX
P. 188
I
I
IBAY LYNX NO 136.
I PERSIAN LYNX N9137.

UNIE
ECHO
OF

с А Т.
189
137.PERSIAN.
Siyah-Ghuſh, or black ear. Char- part. II. 648. tab. xiv.
leton Ex. 21. tab. page 23. Raii Le Caracal de Buffon, ix, 262,
Lyn, quad, 168. Ph. Tranf. vol. LI. tab. xxiv.
c. with a lengthened face, and ſmall head: very
long ſender black ears, terminated with a long tuft
of black hairs : inſide and bottom of the ears
white : noſe white: eyes ſmall: the upper part of
the body is of a very pale reddiſh brown: the tail
rather darker : belly and breaſt whitiſh: limbs
ſtrong, and pretty long : tail about half the length
of the body
Inhabit Perſia, India, and Barbary * : are often
brought up tame, and uſed in the chace of lefſer
quadrupeds; and the larger fort of birds, ſuch as
cranes, pelecans, peacocks, &c. which they ſur-
prize with great addreſs: when they ſeize their prey,
hold it faſt with their mouth, and Tie for a time mo-
tionleſs on it: are ſaid to attend the lion, and to
feed on the remains of the prey that animal leaves **
.
are fierce when provoked : Dr. Charleton ſays, he
ſaw one fall on a hound, which it killed and tore
to pieces in a moment, notwithſtanding the dog de-
fended itſelf to the utmoſt.
The Arabian writers call it Anak el Ard: ſay that
it hunts like the panther ; jumps up at cranes as
they fly; and covers its ſteps when hunting +.
* Shaw's Travels, 247. The mouth of the Barbary variety is
black, and the face fuller.
** Voy, de Thevenot, III. 204. The Arabs, according to Thevenot,
call it Kara-Coulac, or Black Ear.
† Dr. Thomas Hyde, in Ulugh Beighi, tab. p. 36. the figure is from
an original drawing by Mr. Edwards.
Six

190
BE A R.
XX. BEAR. Six cutting teeth ; two canine in each jaw.
Five toes before ; five behind.
In walking refts on the hind feet, as far as the heel.
Thiere. 3!
138. BLACK. Urſus Plinii, lib. viii. c. 36.
ApxTG Oppian Cyneg. III. 139.
Aputo
Urſus niger, cauda concolore.
.
Urſus Gefner quad. 941. Agricola Brillon quad, 187.
.
.
An. Subter. 486. Raii fyn. quad. 69. Biorn Faun. ſuec. No. 19.
Urſus cauda abrupta. Lin. Ly.
Niedzwiedz Rzaczinſki Polon, 225.
L'Ours de Buffon, viii. 248. tab.
xxxi, xxxii.
Bâr. Klein. quad. 82. Schwenckfelt
Theriotroph. 131. Ridinger Wild.
171.
B. with a long head: ſmall eyes : ſhort ears, round-
ed at the top: ſtrong, thick, and clumſy limbs :
very ſhort tail : large feet: body covered with very
long and ſhaggy hair, various in its color: the larg-
eft of a ruſty brown ; the ſmalleſt of a deep black :
ſome from the confines of Ruſia black, mixed with
white hairs, called by the Germans, filver-bar : and
ſome (but rarely) are found in Tartary of a pure
white.
Inhabits the N. parts of Europe, and Aſia; the
Alps of Suitzerland, and Dauphine ; Japan*, and
Ceylon **; N. Americat, and Perut. The brown
bears are ſometimes carnivorous, and will deſtroy
cattle, and eat carrion; but their general food is
roots, fruits, and vegetables : will rob the fields of
peaſe; and when they are ripe, pluck great quan-
3
* Kæmpfer bit. Japan. I. 126.
** Knox hif. Ceylon, 20.
+ Lawſon's Carolina, 116. Cateſby Carolina App. xxv.
I Condamine's voy. 82.
tities

BE A R.
19r
:
tities up; beat the peaſe out of the huſks on ſome
hard place, eat them, and carry off the ſtraw : they
will alſo, during winter, break into the farmer's yard,
and make great havoke among his ſtock of oats :
are particularly fond of honey. The bears of Ame-
rica are ſmall and black; and confine themſelves en-
tirely to vegetables, and are remarkably greedy of
Mayz and Potatoes ; they will even reject animal
food, tho' preſſed by hunger *: neither of theſe va-
rieties will attack mankind, unleſs wounded, or
when they have their young: they ſtrike with their
fore feet like a cat; ſeldom or ever uſe their mouths
in fighting, but ſeizing the aſſailant with their paws,
and preſſing him againſt their breaſt, almoſt inſtant-
ly ſqueeze him to death.
The females after conception retire into the moſt
ſecret places ; leaſt, when they bring forth, the
males ſhould devour the young: it is affirmed for
fact, that out of the ſeveral hundred bears that are
killed in America, during winter, (which is their
breeding ſeaſon) that ſcarce a female is found among
† them; fo impenetrable is their retreat during their
pregnancy: they bring two, rarely three young at
a time: the cubs are deformed, but not a ſhape-
leſs maſs, to be licked into ſhape, as the antients
pretended f. The fleſh of a bear in autumn, when
they are moſt exceſſively fat, by feeding on acorns,
a
* Du Pratz Louifana. II. 56. 57.
+ Out of 500 Bears that were killed in one winter, in two coun-
ties of Virginia, only two females were found, and thoſe not præg.
nant. Lawſon, 117.
I Hi funt candida informiſque caro, paulo muribus major, fine oculis,
fine pilo; ungues tantum prominent : hanc lambendo paulatim figurant.
Plinii, lib. viii. c. 36.
and

192
R.
BE A RO
and other maſt, is moſt delicate food; and that of
the cubs ſtill finer; but the paws of the old bears
are reckoned the moſt exquiſite morſel : the fat white,
and very ſweet : the oil excellent for ſtrains, and
old pains.
The latter end of autumn, after they have fat-
tened themſelves to the greateſt degree, the bears
withdraw to their dens, where they continue for a
great number of days in total inactivity, and abſti-
nence from food, having no other nouriſhment than
what they get by ſucking their feet, where the fat
lodges in great abundance: their retreats are either
in cliffs of rocks; in the deepeſt receſſes of the
thickeſt woods; or in the hollows of antient trees,
which they aſcend and deſcend with ſurprizing agi-
lity: as they lay in no winter proviſions, they are
in a certain ſpace of time, forced from their retreats
by hunger, and come out extremely lean : multi-
tudes are killed annually in America, for the ſake of
their fleſh, or ſkins; which laſt makes a conſider-
able article of commerce.
139. POLAR. White bear. Martin's Spitſberg. xxvi.
100. Egede Greenl. 59. Ellis voy. Urſus albus Martenfii. Klein quad.
41. Crantz Greenl. I. 73. Ba- 82.
rentz voy. 18. 45. La Hontan I'Ours blanc. Briſon quad. 188.
voy. I. 235. Cateſby Carolina App. de Buffon, xv. 128.
1
B. with long head and neck : ſhort round ears: end
of the noſe black: vaſt teeth : hair long, ſoft,
white, tinged in ſome parts with yellow : limbs of
great ſize and ſtrength : grow to a vaſt fize: the
ſkins of ſome are thirteen feet long.
This

BE A R.
193
This animal is confined to the coldeſt part of the
globe: it has been found as far as navigators have
penetrated northwards above lat. 80. The frigid
climates only ſeem adapted to its nature; for we do
not learn from any authority that it is met with far-
ther ſouth than Newfoundland. Its bounds in reſpect
to longitude are alſo very limited, being an animal
unknown except on the ſhores of Hudſon's Bay, Green-
land, and Spitzbergen, on one ſide, and thoſe of
Nova Zembla on the other; for ſuch as have ap-
peared in other parts, have been brought there in-
voluntarily * on floating iſlands of ice; ſo that the
intermediate countries of Norway and Iceland are
acquainted with them but by accident. We cannot
trace them farther Eaſt than Nova Zembla; tho' the
frozen ſea, that is continued from thence as far as
the land of Tſchukſchi, that lies above Kamtſchatka,
is equally ſuited to their nature. The late hiſtories
of thoſe countries are filent in reſpect to them.
During ſummer the white bears are either reſident
on iſlands of ice, or paſſing from one to another :
they ſwim admirably, and can continue that exerciſe
+ fix or ſeven leagues; and dive with great agility.
They bring two young at a time: the affection be-
tween the parents and them is ſo ſtrong, that they
would die rather than deſert one another. Their
winter retreats are under the ſnow $, in which
they form deep dens, ſupported by pillars of the
ſame.
* Horrebow Iceland, 42.
+ La Hontan, I.
I Egede. 6o.
0
They

194
BE A R.
They feed on fiſh, ſeals, and the carcaffes of
whales; and on human bodies, which they will
greedily diſinter: they ſeem very fond of human
blood; and are fo fearleſs as to attack companies of
armned
men,
and even to board fmall veffels : when
on land they live on birds, and their eggs; and, al-
lured by the ſcent of the ſeals fleſh, often break in-
to, and plunder the houſes of the Greenlanders :
their greateſt enemy in the brute creation is the
Morſe", with whom they have terrible conflicts, but
are generally worſted, the vaſt teeth of the former
giving it a ſuperiority.
The fleſh is white, and ſaid to taſte like mutton:
the fat is melted for train oil, and that of the feet
uſed in medicine ; but the liver is very unwholſome,
as three of Barentz's failors experienced, who fell
dangerouſly ill on eating ſome of it boiled.
One of this ſpecies was brought over to England
a few years ago : it was very furious, almoſt always
in motion, roared loud, and ſeemed very uneaſy,
except when cooled by having pail-fulls of water
poured on it.
Calliwenus Rhodius t, in his deſcription of the
pompous proceſſion of Ptolemæus Philadelphus at
Alexandria, ſpeaks of one great white Bear, Apxtos
λευκη μεγαλη μια, among other wild beafts that graced
,
the ſhew : notwithſtanding the local ſituation of
this ſpecies at preſent, it is poſſible that Ptolomy
might procure one; whether men could penetrate,
* Egede Greenl. 60. 83.
† As quoted by Athenaus, lib. v. p. 201.
ſearch

B E A R.
195
in thoſe early times, as far as the preſent reſi-
dence of theſe ArEtic animals, I will not venture to
affirm, nor to deny; but ſince my friend, the Hon.
Daines Barrington*, has clearly proved the intenſe
cold that in former ages raged in countries now more
than temperate, it is moſt probable that in thoſe
times they were ſtocked with animals natural to a
rigorous climate ; which, fince the alteration, have
neceſſarily become extinct in thoſe parts: the Polar
Bear might have been one, but that it was the ſpe-
cies meant by Callixenus is clear to me, by the epi-
thet peyoan, or Great, which is very applicable to
it ; for the white Tartarian land bear (which Ptolomy
might very eaſily procure) differs not in fize from
the black or brown kind, but the bulk of the other
is quite characteriſtic.
140.
WOLVE-
RENE,
XXX.
Quickhatch, Cateſby Carolina App. corpore ferrugineo, roftro fuſco,
fronte plagaque laterali corporis.
Carcajou, or Quickhatch, Dobbs Lin. ff. 71.
Hudſon's Bay, 40.
Urſus Freti Hudſonis. U. caftanei
Quickhatch, or Wolverene, Ellis coloris, cauda unicolore, roſtro
Hudſon Bay, 42. Clerk's voy. II. pedibuſque fuſcis. Briſſon quad.
3. Edw. 103,
188.
Urſus lufcus. U. cauda elongata,
a
B. with a black ſharp pointed viſage : ſhort rounded
ears, almoſt hid in the hair: hairs on the head, back,
and belly, reddiſh, with black tips, fo that thoſe
parts appear, on firſt fight, quite black : fides of a
yellowiſh brown, which paſſes in form of a band
* Phil. Tranſ. vol. LVIII. p. 58.
O2
quite

196
B E A R.
a
a
:
quite over the hind part of the back, above the
tail: on the throat a white ſpot : on the breaſt a
white mark, in form of a creſcent : legs very ſtrong,
thick and ſhort, of a deep black : five toes on each
foot*, not deeply divided : on the fore foot of that I
examined were fome white ſpots: the bottom of the
feet covered very thickly with hair : reſts like the
bear on its foot, as far as the firſt joint of the leg:
claws ſtrong and ſharp, white at their ends: tail
cloathed with long coarſe hairs; thoſe at the baſe
reddiſh, at the end black; fome of the hairs are fix
inches long: length from noſe to tail twenty-eight
inches : length of the trunk of the tail feven in-
ches, but the hairs reach fix beyond its end: the
whole body is covered with very long and thick hair,
which varies in color, according to the ſeaſon.
Inhabits Hudſon's-Bay, and Canada, as far as the
ftraits of Michilimakinac: is found under the name
of the GLUTTON in the N. parts of Europe, and
Afa, being a native of the moſt rigorous climates:
deſcribed as the Glutron under theſe ſynonyms :
Gulo. Olaii magni gent. Septentr. 138.
GULO, VIELFRASS. Gefner quad. 554. Klein quad. 83.
tab. v.
* Mr. Edwards obſerved only four toes on the fore feet of the
animal he deſcribes. My deſcription is taken from an entire ſkin,
in very fine preſervation, communicated to me by Mr. Aſhton Black-
barne, of Orford Lancaſhire, now reſident in North America, who,
with indefatigable induſtry and great judgement, annually enriches
the cabinets of his friends with the rareft natural productions of that
continent: as this work has profited fo greatly by that gentleman's
labors, it would be ungratefull to omit my acknowlegements,
ROFOMAK.

XX
P. 196.
TI
I
I POLAR BEAR N°139. I WOLVERENE N. 140.

UNIE
OF
ICH

BE A R.
197
ROFOMAK. Rzaczinſki Polon. 218. Bell's Travels, I.
235.
Muller's Russ SAMLUNG. III. 549. 550. Ritchkoff
Topogr. Orenb. I. 295.
JerF, Fieldtross. Strom Sondmor. 152. Pontopp. Nor-
way, II. 22. Scheffer's Lapland, 134.
HvÆNA. Briſon. quad. 169. Yſbrandts Ides Trav.
Harris's Coll. II. 923.
.
MUSTELA GULO. M. pedibus fiffis, corpore rufo fuſco
medio dorſi nigro. Lin. Syst. 67.
JARF, FILFRESS. Faun. ſuec. No. 14.
JÆERVEN. Gunner's Act. Nidros. III. 143. tab. iii.
LE GLUTTON. de Buffon, xiii. 278.
A moft voracious animal: flow of foot, ſo is
obliged to take its prey by ſurprize : in America is
called the Beaver-Eater, watching thoſe aniinals as
they come out of their houſes, and ſometimes breaks
into their habitations, and devours them: often
lurks on trees, and falls on the quadrupeds, that
paſs under; will faften on the horſe, elk, or ſtag,
and continue eating a hole * into its body, till the
animal falls down with the pain; or elſe will tear
out its eyest: no force can diſengage it, yet fome-
times the deer, in their agony, have been known to
deſtroy it, by running their head violently againſt
a treef: devours the Iſatis, or white fox; ſearches
for the traps layed for the fables, and other animals,
and often is before hand with the huntſmen, who
* Yſbrandts Ides.
+ Hif. Kamtſchatka, 99, 100.
I Ibid.
O 3
ſuſtain

198
BE A R.
a
ſuſtain great loſſes by the glutton : authors have
pretended, that it feeds fo voraciouſly, that at
length it is in danger of burſting; and that it is
obliged to eaſe itſelf of its load, by ſqueezing it
out between two trees.
In a wild ftate is vaſtly fierce; a terror to both
wolf and bear, which will not prey on it when they
find it dead, perhaps on account of its being ſo
very foetid, ſmelling like a pole-cat: makes a ſtrong
refiftance when attacked, will tear the ſtock-from
the gun, and pull the traps it is caught in to pieces:
notwithſtanding this, is capable of being tamed,
and of learning ſeveral tricks*: burrowst, and has
its den under ground. The ſkin fold in Siberia for
four or fix ſhillings ; at Jakutſk for twelve ; and ſtill
dearer in Kamtſchatka, where the women dreſs their
hair with its white paws, which they eſteem a great
ornament: the fur is greatly eſteemed in Europe ;
that of the North of Europe, and Afa, whoſe
skins are ſometimes to be ſeen in the furriers
ſhops, is infinitely finer, blacker, and more gloffy
than that of the WOLVERENE, or American kind.
The Glutton has, by fome authors, been con-
founded with the Hyæna; and Charlevoix, in Hiſt,
Nouv. France v. 189, gives the name of this ani-
mal (Carcajou) to our 129th ſpecies, the brown pan-
ther of N. America.
* Hif. Kamtſchatka, 99, 100,
+ La Hontan's voy, I. 62.
Raccoon

BE A R.
199
Raccoon Lawſon Carolina, 121. Coati. Urſus cauda annulatim 141. RACCOON.
Cateſby Carolina App. xxix. variegata. Brilon quad. 189.
Mapach, feu animal cuncta præ- Urſus Lotor. U. cauda annulata,
tentante manibus. Fernandez Nov. faſcia per oculos tranſverſali ni-
Hip. 1. Nieremberg. 175.
gra. Lin.ly/.70.
Vulpi affinis americana. Raii ſyn. Le Raton de Buffon, viii. 337.
quart. 179. Sloane Jamaica, II. tab. xliii.
329.
Raccoon Kalm's Travels Forſter's
Coati Worm. Muf. 319.
Tr. I. 96. 208. tab. II.
B. with a ſharp pointed black noſe : upper jaw the
longer: ears ſhort, and rounded: eyes ſurrounded
with two broad patches of black: from the fore-
head to the noſe a duſky line: face, cheeks and
chin, white: upper part of the body covered with
hair, afh-colored at the root, whitiſh in the middle,
and tipt with black : tail very buſhy, annulated
with black : toes black, and quite divided.
Inhabits the warm and temperate parts of Ame-
rica : found alſo in the mountains of Jamaica ; and
in the iſles of Maria, between the S. point of Cali-
fornia, and Cape Corientes, in the S. Sea*: an ani-
mal eaſily made tame, very good-natured and
ſportive, but as unlucky as a monkey, almoſt al-
ways in motion ; very inquiſitive, examining every
thing with its paws; makes uſe of them as hands:
fits up to eat: is extremely fond of ſweet things,
and ſtrong liquors, and will get exceſſively drunk:
has all the cunning of a fox: very deſtructive to
poultry; but will eat all ſorts of fruits, green corn,
&c. at low water feeds much on oyſters, will watch
* Dampier's voy. I. 276.
04
their

200
B E A R.
their opening, and with its paw ſnatch out the fiſh; ;
ſometimes is caught in the ſhell, and kept there
till drowned by the coming in of the tide : fond al-
fo of crabs: climbs very niinbly up trees: hunted
for its ſkin; the fur next to that of the beaver,
being excellent for making hats.
3
Six

B A D G E R.
201
XXI. BAD-
GER.
.
Six cutting teeth; two canine in each jaw.
Five toes before, five behind : very long ftrait
claws on the fore feet.
A tranfverſe orifice between the tail and the anus.
C.
ner quad; 327'axus
Meles Plinii, lib. viii. c. 38. Gef- tæniis alternatim albis et nigris 142.Common,
.
variegato. Briſon quad. 183.
Meles, five Taxus Raii ſyn.quad. Le Blaireau, ou Taiſon. de Buf-
185
fon, viii. 104. tab. vii.
Meles, Taxus, Taffus, Blerellus; Urſus meles. U. cauda conco-
Jazwiec, Borſuk. Rzaczinſki Po- lore, corpore fupra cinereo, ſub-
tus nigro, fafcia longitudinali per
Coati cauda brevi, Coati griſeus, oculos aureſque nigra. Lin. Syft.
Taxus, meles, Tax. Klein quad. 70. Meles unguibus anticis lon-
giſfimis. Graf-ſuin. Faun. fuec.
Dachs Kramer Auftr. 313.
No. 20. Br. Zool. I. 64. Br.
Meles pilis ex ſordidé albo et Zool. illuftr. tab. lii.
nigro variegatis veſtita, capite
lon, 233
73.
B. with ſmall eyes: ſhort rounded ears : ſhort thick
neck : with noſe, chin, lower ſides of the cheeks,
and middle of the forehead white : ears and eyes
incloſed in a pyramidal bed of black : hair on the
body long and rude; their bottoms a yellowiſh
white, middle black, ends aſh colored : throat,
breaſt, belly, and legs black : tail covered with
long hairs, colored like thoſe on the body: legs
very ſhort and thick: claws on the fore feet very
long: a fatid white matter exudes from the ori-
fice beneath the tail : animal of a very clumſy
make.
Inhabits moſt parts of Europe, as far N. as Nor-
way *, and Ruſſia; and the ſtep or deſert beyond
* Pontop. hiſt. Norway, II. 28.
Orenburgh,

202
BADGE R.
Orenburgh, in the Ruſſian Afiatic dominions, N. of
the Caſpian ſea *; inhabits alſo China, and is often
found in the butchers ſhops in Pekin, the Chineſe be-
ing fond of them+: a ſcarce animal in moſt coun-
tries : ſeldom appears in the day; confines itſelf
much to its hole :-is indolent and ſleepy : gene-
rally very fat: feeds by night; eats roots, fruits,
graſs, inſects and frogs: not carnivorous : its fleſh
makes good bacon: runs fowly, when overtaken
comes to' bay, and defends itſelf vigorouſly: its bite
hard and dangerous : burrows under ground, makes
ſeveral appartments, but forms only one entrance
from the ſurface : hunted during night for the ſkin,
which ſerves for piſtol furniture; the hair for making
bruſhes, to ſoften the ſhades in painting. The di-
viſion of this ſpecies into two, viz. the ſwine, and
the dog badger, unneceſſary, there being only one.
a
CAN
143. Ameri- B. with a white line from the tip of the noſe, paſſing
between the ears to the beginning of the back,
bounded on each ſide as far as the hind part of the
head, with black; then by a white one, and im-
mediately between that and the ears another of
black : hair long: back colored like that of the
common badger : fides yellowiſh : belly cinereous :
thighs dulky: tail covered with long, dirty yellow
hairs, tipt with white; the end duſky.
* Ritchkoff Orenb. Topograph. I. 281. are found plentifully there,
and are eaten by the Khalmucks.
+ Bell's Travels, II. 83.
Deſcribed

BADGER.
203
Deſcribed from a ſkin from Hudſon's Bay, found
in a furrier's ſhop in London : it was leſs than that
of the European badger: the furrier ſaid, he never
met with one before from that country. Kalm * ſays,
he ſaw the European badger in the province of Pen-
Sylvania, where it is called the Ground Hog: as the
feet were cut from the ſkin I ſaw, it is doubtfull
whether this is a diſtinct ſpecies from our kind, or
only a variety +.
* Kalm's Travels Forſter's Tr. I. 189.
+ M. Briſſon deſcribes a white Badger with a yellowiſh white
belly, and alſo much inferior in fize to that of Europe, which M.
Reaumur received from New York. Vide Briſſon quad. 185.
Two

204
OPOSSU M.
SUM.
XXII.OPOS- Two canine teeth in each jaw.
Cutting teeth unequal in number in each jaw*.
Five toes on each foot : hind feet formed like a
hand, with a diſtinct thumb.
Tail very long, ſender, and naked.
III. 238.
144. VIRGI- Tlaquatzin Hernandez Mex. 330. Le manicou Feuilleè obf. Peru. III.
NIAN, Caragueya (fæm.) Tai-ibi (mas.) 206.
Marcgrave Braſil, 222. Raii fyn. Wood-rat. du Pratz Louiſiana, II.
quad. 182. 1852
65.
Semi-vulpa Gefner quad. 870. Mus marſupialis ; fylveftris Bra-
icon, An, go.
filienſis Beutel ratze. Klein quad.
Opoſſum Ph. Tr. abridg. II. 884. 59.
tab. 13. III. 593. Lawſon Caro- Philander ſaturatè fpadiceus in
lina, 120. Beverley's Virginia, 135. dorſo, in ventre flavus, maculis
Cateſby Carolina. App. xxix. Roche- fupra oculos flavis. Briſon quad.
fort Antilles, I. 283.
207.
Fara ou Ravall, Gumilla Orenoque, Didelphis marſupialis. D. mam-
mis octo intra abdomen. Lin. Syft.
Vulpes major putoria cauda te- 71.
reti et glabra. Barrere France Æ- Le Sarigue ou L'Oppoflum de
quin. 166.
Buffon, x. 279. tab. xlv. xlvi.
O. with a long ſharp pointed noſe: large, round,
naked, and very thin ears: ſmall, black, lively eyes:
long ſtiff hairs each ſide the noſe, and behind the
eyes : face covered with ſhort ſoft hairs of a duſky
color: above each eye a large white ſpot : cheeks
whitiſh: fides of the neck of a dirty yellow : hind
part of the neck and the back covered with hair
above two inches long; ſoft, but uneven; the bot-
toms of a yellowiſh white, middle part black, ends
whitiſh: fides covered with dirty and duſky hairs;
belly, with ſoft, woolly, dirty white hair : legs
and thighs black : feet duſky: claws white : baſe
of the tail, for near three inches, clothed with long
hairs like thoſe on the back; reſt of the tail covered
* This ſpecies has ten cutting teeth above ; eight beneath.
with
a
و

204.
I
II
L.OPOS SUM N9144.
ILLESSER OTTER N9174.

ON
De
&
CHS

O POSSU M.
205
a
/
with ſmall ſcales; the half next the body black, the
reft white: it has a diſagreeable appearance, look-
ing like the body of a ſnake, and has the ſame pre-
henſile quality as that of ſome monkies: body
round, and pretty thick: legs ſhort: on the lower
part of the belly of the female is a large pouch, in
which the teats are lodged, and where the young
ſhelter as ſoon as they are born. The length of one
I examined was ſeventeen inches; that of the tail
fourteen.
Inhabits Virginia, Louiſiana, Mexico, Braſil, and
Peru : is very deſtructive to poultry, and ſucks the
blood without eating the fleſh: feeds alſo on roots
and wild fruits : is very active in climbing trees :
will hang ſuſpended from the branches by its tail,
and, by ſwinging its body, fling itſelf among the
boughs of the neighboring trees: hunts eagerly af-
ter birds and their nefts : walks very flow: when
purſued and overtaken, will feign itſelf dead: not
eaſily killed, being as tenacious of life as a cat :
when the female is about to bring forth, ſhe makes
a thick neft of dry graſs in ſome cloſe buſh at the
foot of a tree, and brings four, five, or fix young
at a time.
As ſoon as the young are brought forth, they
take ſhelter in the pouch, or falſe belly, and faften
ſo cloſely to the teats, as not to be ſeparated with-
out difficulty: they are blind, naked, and very
ſmall when new-born, and reſemble feetuſes: it is
therefore neceſſary that they ſhould continue there
till they attain a perfect ſhape, ſtrength, fight and
hair; and are prepared to undergo what may be
called

206
O POSSUM.
called a ſecond birth : after which, they run into
this pouch as into an aſylum, in time of danger; and
the parent carries them about with her. During the
time of this ſecond geſtation, the female ſhews an
exceſlive attachment to her young, and will ſuffer
any torture rather than permit this receptacle to be
opened, for ſhe has power of opening or cloſing it
by the aſſiſtance of ſome very ſtrong muſcles.
The fleſh of the old animals is very good, like
that of a ſucking pig: the hair is dyed by the In-
dian women and wove into garters and girdles :
the ſkin is
very
foetid.
This
genus
is not confined to America, as M. de
Buffon ſuppoſes; who combats the opinion of other
naturaliſts on this ſubject with much warmth: but
the authority of Piſo, Valentyn, and of Le Brun *
who have ſeen it both in Java and in the Mol-
lucca iſles, and of numbers of collectors in Holland,
who receive it frequently from thoſe places, are
fufficient to ſatisfy me, that a ſpecies of the genus,
perhaps only a variety of the kind juſt deſcribed,
inhabits the Indian ifles, as well as the continent of
America.
3
* En Indiis orientalibus, idque folum, quantum hactenus conſat, in
Amboina, fimilis Beftia (Carigueya) frequens ad felis magnitudinem
accidens, mactata ab incolis comeditur, fi rite preparetur, nam alias fatet.
nomen illi Cous cous inditum. Piſo Braſil, 323. Le Brun, in his voyage
to the Eaſt Indies, deſcribes it under the name of Filander, I. 347.
tab. 213.
Mus

O POSSU M.
207
145.MURINE.
Mus ſylveſtris americanus Sca- 211.
lopes dictus Seb. Muf. I. 46. tab. Didelphis murina. D. cauda fe-
xxxi. fig. 1, 2.
mipilota, mammis ſenis. Lin.ff.
Philander faturate fpadiceus in 72.
dorſo, in ventre dilutè flavus, La Marmoſe de Buffon, X. 336.
pedibus albicantibus Briffon quad. tab. lii. liii.
O. with long broad ears rounded at the end, thin
and naked : eyes encompaſſed with black : face,
head, and upper part of the body, of a tawny co-
lor : the belly yellowiſh white: the feet covered
with ſhort whitiſh hair: toes formed like thoſe of
the preceding : tail flender, covered with minute
ſcales to the very rump: length, from noſe to tail,
about fix inches and a half; tail of the ſame length:
the female wants the falfe belly of the former ; but,
on the lower part, the ſkin forms on each ſide a
fold, between which the teats are lodged.
This ſpecies varies in color : I have ſeen one from
Guiana, brown above, white beneath.
Inhabits the hot parts of South America : agrees
with the others in its food, manners, and the pre-
henſile powers of its tail : it brings from ten to four-
teen young at a time; at left,
at a time; at left, in ſome ſpecies, there
are that number of teats: the young affix them-
ſelves to the teats as ſoon as they are born, and re-
main attached, like ſo many inanimate things, 'till
they attain growth and vigor to ſhift a little for
themſelves.
a
Cayopollin

208
O POSSU M.
CAN.
10.
146. Mexi- Cayopollin Fernandes Nov. Hifp. Philander faturatè fpadiceus in
dorſo, in ventre ex albo flavicans,
Animal caudimanum Nierem- cauda ex faturatè ípadiceo macu-
berg, 158.
lata Briſon quad. 212.
Mus Africanus Kayopollin dictus, Le Cayopollin de Buffon, X. 350.
mas. Seb. Muf. tab. xxxi. fig. 3. tab. lv.
O. with large, angular, naked and tranſparent ears :
noſe thicker than that of the former kind: a ſlight
border of black round the eyes: the hairs on the
head and upper part of the body aſh-colored at the
roots; tawny at the tips : belly and legs whitiſh :
tail long, and pretty thick, varied with brown and
yellow ; is hairy near an inch from its origin;
the reſt naked : length, from noſe to tail, about
ſeven inches and a half; of the tail, more than
;
eleven.
Inhabits the mountains of Mexico: lives in trees,
where it brings forth its young: when in any fright,
they embrace their parent cloſely : the tail is pre-
nfile, and ſerves inſtead of a hand.
.
147. SHORT- Mus ſylveſtris Americana, femina. in ventre helvus, cauda brevi et
Seb. Muf. I. 50. tab. xxxi.
TAILED.
craffa. Briſon quad. 213.
Philander obſcure rufus in dorſo,
O. with naked ears: the back of a dull red; belly
of a paler: tail ſcarce half the length of the body;
thick at the baſe, leſſening towards the end: no
falſe belly
Inhabits South America : the young adhere to the
teats as ſoon as born. Seba ſays it lives in woods,
and brings from nine to twelve young at a time.
Philander

OPOSSU M.
209
148. SURIO
NAM.
Philander ex rufoluteus in dorſo, Klein quad. 58.
in ventre ex flavo albicans, ca- Le Phalanger de Buffon, xiii: 92.
pite craſſo. Briſon quad. 213. Seb. tab. x. xi.
Muf. I. 50. tab. xxxi. fg. 8.
و
O. with a thick noſe : ſhort ears, covered with hair :
eight cutting teeth in the upper jaw; two in the
lower : hair on the upper part of the body reddiſh,
mixed with light aſh color, and yellow: the hind
part of the head, and middle of the back, marked
with a black line: the throat, belly, legs, and
part of the tail, of a dirty yellowiſh white, the reſt
of the tail brown and yellow : the body of the fe-
male marked with white: the firſt and ſecond toes of
the hind feet cloſely united: the claws large : the
thumb on the hind feet diſtinct, like that of the
other ſpecies: the bottom of the tail is covered with
hair, for near two inches and a half; the reſt naked:
the length, from noſe to tail, near nine inches; the
1.9
tail ten.
Inhabits Surinam : perhaps may be the ſpecies
the coloniſts call the Cane Rat; which is ſo deſtruc-
tive to the ſugar canes *.
Bancroft Guiana, 143
P
De

210
O POSSU M.
149.MERIAN". De zak, of Beurs Rot. Merian in- in dorſo gerens Klein quad. 58.
feet. Surinam 66. tab. lxvi. Didelphis dorſigera. D. cauda
Mus fylveſtris americana Seb. baſi piloſa corpore longiore, di-
Muf. I. 49. tab. xxxi. fig. 5. gitis manuum muticis. Lin. Ly.
Philander ex rufo helvus in dor- 72.
ſo, in ventre ex flavo albicans. Le Philandre de Surinam de Buf-
Briſon quad. 212.
fon, xv. 157.
Mus ſylveſtris Americanus, catulos
a
O. with long, ſharp pointed naked ears : head, and
and upper part of the body of a yellowiſh brown
color: the belly white, tinged with yellow : the
fore feet divided into five fingers; the hind into
four, and a thumb, each furniſhed with flat nails :
tail very long, ſlender, and, except at the baſe,
quite naked.
Inhabits Surinam : burrows under ground: brings
five or ſix young at a time, which follow their pa-
rent: on any apprehenſion of danger, they all jump
on her back, and twiſting their tails round her's, ſhe
immediately runs with them into her hole.
* From Merian, a German Paintreſs, who firſt diſcovered this
ſpecies at Surinam
Six

WEES EL,
211
XXIII WEE-
SEL
Six
cutting teeth, two canine teeth in each jaw.
Sharp noſe: ſlender bodies.
Five toes before, five behind.
Muſtela Agricola An. Subter. 485. Muſtela ſupra rutila, infra alba. 150.Common.
Geſner quad. 752
Briſſon quad. 173
Weaſel or Weeſel, muitela vul- La Belette de Buffon, vii. 225.
garis ; in Yorkſhire, the Fitchet, tab. xxix.
or Foumart. Roii ſyn. quad, 195. Weeſel Br. Zool. I. 82. Br. Zool.
The Whitred Sib. Scot. III. 11.
illufir, tab, ci,
Wieſel Klein quad. 62.
a
W. with ſmall rounded ears: whole upper part of
the head and body, pale tawny brown; under fide
entirely white: a brown ſpot beneath the corners of
the mouth : length, from noſe to tail, between fix
and ſeven inches; tail two and a half.
Inhabits the temperate parts of Europe; ſcarce in
the North : found alſo in Barbary*: mentioned once
by Linnæus, under the title of Muſtela Nivalis, or
Snomus**:
: very deſtructive to chickens, birds, and
young rabbets ; a great devourer of eggs: doeś
not eat its prey on the ſpot; but after killing it, by
a bite near the head, carries it off to its retreat: is a
great deſtroyer of field mice; a gentleman inforined
me he found eighty-five, newly killed, in one hole,
which he believed belonged to this animal: very
active, runs up the ſides of walls with great eaſe;
no place is ſecure from its ravages: frequents out-
* Shaw's Travels, 249.
** M. nivalis. M. pedibus fiflis corpore albo, caudæ apice vix
pilis ullis nigris. Lin.B. 69. Faun. ſuec. No. 18.
houſes,
P 2

212
WEESEL:
houſes, barns, and granaries: is a great enemy to
rats and mice, and ſoon clears its haunts from thoſe
pernicious animals : brings four or five young at a
time : its ſkin and excrements intolerably foetid :
ſometimes is found white: in Siberia are called Lal-
mitſka: their ſkins are ſold to the Chineſe for three or
four rubles the hundred.
(?)
151. STOAT. Muſtela Gefner quad. 753.
Muſtela hyeme alba, æftate ſu-
Wieſel Kramer Auftr. 312. Meyer's pra rutila infra alba, caudæ apice
An. II. tab. 23, 24.
nigro. Briffon quad. 176.
Muſtela erminea. M. plantis Le Roſelet de Buffon, vii. 240.
fiffis, caudæ apice albo. Lin. Syft. tab. xxix.
68.
Stoat Br. Zool. I. 84.
Wella Faun. fuec. No. 17.
B. ERMINE, when white. Mus mineum Raii ſyn. quad. 198.
Ponticus Plinii, lib. viii. c. 37. L'Hermine de Buffon, vii. 240.
Agricola An. Subter. 484. tab. xxix. fig. 2. Briſſon quad.
Armelinus, Hermelein. Gef- 176.
ner quad. 754.
Ermine hift. Kamtſchatka, 99,
Gornoſtay Reaczinſki Polon. Pontop. Norway, II. 25. Br. Zool.
235
Muſtela candida, animal er-
I. 84.
W. with the upper part of the body pale tawny
brown: edges of the ears, and ends of the toes, of
a yellowiſh white: throat, breaft, and belly white :
end of the tail black : length, from noſe to tail, ten
inches; tail five and a half: in the N. of Europe
becomes entirely white at approach of winter, the
end of the tail excepted : reſumes its brown color
in the ſpring: ſometimes found white in Great-
Britain: one was brought to me laſt winter, mottled
with brown and white, the ſeaſon not having been
ſevere enough to effect a total change *.
* Br. Zool. illuftr. tab. ci,
Inhabits

WEESEL
213
Inhabits, in great abundance, the N. of Europe,
and of Afia; is met with in Newfoundland, and Ca-
nada * : the ſkins a great article of commerce in
Norway and Siberia : is found in the laſt place in
plenty in birch foreſts, but none in thoſe of fir or
pine : the ſkins are ſold on the ſpot, from two to
three pounds ſterling per hundredt: taken in Nor-
way in traps, baited with feſh; in Siberia $ either
ſhot with blunt arrows, or taken in a trap made of
two flat ſtones, propped by a ſtick, to which is
faſtened a baited ſtring, which, on the left touch of
the animal, falls down and kills it: its manners and
food the ſame with the former; but does not fre-
quent houſes : its haunts are woods and hedges, eſpes
cialy ſuch as border on ſome brook.
а
Putorius Geſner quad. 767. ore auriculiſque albis. Lin. Syft. 152. POLI:
Yltis Agricola An. Subter. 485. 67. Iller Faun. ſuec. No. 16.
AT.
Pole cat, or Fitchet, Raii fyn. Muſtela pilis in exortu ex cine.
quad. 196.
reo albidis, colore nigricante ter-
Tchorz. Rzaczinſki Polon. 236. minatis, oris circumferentia alba.
Muſtela fætida. Iltis. Teuffels Briſon quad. 186.
kind. Klein. quad. 63;
Le Putois de Buffon, vii. 199.
Muſtela putorius. M. pedibus tab. xxiii.
fiſlis, corpore flavo nigricante; Pole cat Br. Zool. I. 77.
W. with the ſpace round the mouth; and the tips
of the ears white : head, body, and legs, of a cho-
colate color, almoſt black; on the ſides the hairs
are of a tawny caſt: tail black: length feventeen
inches; tail fix.
* Charlevoix hift. Nouv. France, v. 197.
+ Mul ler Ru. Samlung, 516.
Bell's travels, I. 199. Ponton. Norway, II. 25.
P3
Inhabits

WEES E L.
Inhabits moft parts of Europe : burrows under
ground, forming a ſhallow retreat, about two yards
in length, generally terminating under the roots of
ſome large tree; fometimes forms its lodge under
hay-ricks, and in barns : brings five or fix young at
a time: preys on poultry, game, and rabbets : in
winter frequents houſes, and will rob the dairy of
the milk. This animal is exceſſively fotid ; yet the
ſkin is dreſſed with the hair on, and uſed as other
furs, for tippets, &c. and is alſo ſent abroad to line
cloaths.
13. ferret
r. Viverra Plinii, lib. viii. c. 55. Viverra pilis fubflavis, longiori-
Agricola An. Subter. 486.
bus, caftaneo colore terminatis
Muftela ruſtica, viverra, Furo, (mas.) M. pilis ex albo fubhavis
Ietis. Gefner quad. 762. Raii lyn. veftita. (fæm.) Briffon quad. 177.
quad. 198.
Muſtela Furo. M. pedibus fiffis,
fret Klein. quad. 63.
oculis rubicundis. Lin. Syft. 68.
W. with a very ſharp noſe: red and fiery eyes:
round ears: color of the whole body a very pale
yellow: length about fourteen inches; tail five.
Inhabits, in its wild ftate, Africa*; from whence
it was originally brought into Spain**, in order to
free that country from the multitudes of rabbets,
with which the kingdom was over-run; from thence
the reſt of Europe was ſupplied with it: is a lively
active animal: the natural enemy of rabbets : fucks
the blood of its prey, ſeldom tears it: breeds in our
climate; and brings five, fix, or nine at a time:
a
* Shau's Travels, 249,
4* * Και γαλας αγρίας ας η λιβυη φερει. Strabo, lib. iii.
but

WEES EL
215
warreners
but is apt to degenerate, and loſe its ſavage nature:
are therefore obliged to procure an in-
tercourſe between the female and a pole-cat, by
leaving it near the haunts of the laſt : the produce
is a breed of a much darker color than the ferret,
partaking more of that of the pole-cat: the ferret
has the ſame diſagreeable ſmell with that animal.
Martes gutture albo. Agricola An. ta, gutture albo. Brillon quad. 178. 154.MARTIN.
Subter. 485. Geſner quad. 764. Muſtela martes. M. pedibus fif-
Stein-marter Klein quad. 64. fis, corpore fulvo nigricante, gu-
Martes alias Foyna, Martin or la pallida. Lin. Syf. 67. Mard.
Martlet Raii fyn. quad. 200.
Faun. fuec. No. 15.
Kuna Rzaczinſk Polon. 222. La Fouine de Buffon, vii. 186.
Muſtela pilis in exortu albidis tab. xviii.
caftaneo colore terminatis vefti- Martin Br. Zool. I. 79.
W. with broad rounded ears: lively eyes : head
brown, with a tinge of red : body, ſides, and legs
covered with hair, aſh colored at the bottoms, bright
cheſnut in the middle, black at the tips: throat and
breaſt white : belly deep brown: tail full of hair,
and of a duſky color: feet broad, covered at bot.
tom with thick down: claws white : length eighteen
inches: tail ten.
Inhabits moſt parts of Europe : is a moſt elegant
lively animal: capable of being tamed: is very
good-natured, and ſportive : lives in woods; and
breeds in the hollow of trees: brings from four to
ſix young at a time: deſtroys poultry, game, &c.
and will eat rats, mice, and moles: the ſkin and ex-
crements have a muſky ſmell : the fur is of ſome
value, and uſed to line the robes of magiftrates.
a
* Br. Zool. I. 78. II. 498.
P 4
Martes

216
WEES EL
155. Pine.
Martes gutture Luteo. Agricola albidis caftaneo colore termina-
An. Subter. 485.
tis, gutture flavo. Brilon quad.
Martes ſylveſtris Geſner quad. 765. 179,
Martes abietum Řaii byn. quad. La Marte de Buffon, vii. 186. tab,
xxii.
Baum-Marter. Klein quad. 64. Yellow-breaſted Martin Br. Zool.
Muſtela pilis in exortu excinereo I. 81. Faunul. Sinens,
200.
W. with a yellow breaſt, and throat : the hair of a
dark cheſnut color, and of far ſuperior fineſs to the
former; in other reſpects agreeing with it.
Inhabits the N. of Europe, Afia, and America :
found alſo in Great Britain*: inhabits large foreſts,
eſpecially thoſe of pines : never lodges near houſes,
as the other ſpecies is ſaid to do: M. de Buffon ſays,
that it brings but two or three young at a time: its
prey is the ſame with the former; its fur of far
greater value: the N. of Aſia, and of America,
abounds with them : their ſkins a prodigious article
of commerce.
3
M. de Buffon ſays we have none of thefe animals in England,
Parce qu'il n'y a pas de bois. That gentleman never did our kingdom
the honor of making a progreſs through it.
† All foreign writers agree in this; but thoſe which inhabit my
neighborhood always keep in the woods, except in their nocturnal
excurſions,
Zobela

IWE ES EL
217
Zobela Agricola An. Subter. 485. fiffis, corpore obſcurè fulvo, fron- 156. SADLEY
Muſtela Sobella Geſner quad. 768. te exalbida, gutture cinereo. Lin.
Muſtela Zibellina, the Sable. Raii fyt. 68.
fyn. quad. 201. Klein quad. 64. Muſtela Zibellina Nov. Com. Pea
Muſtela Zibellina, Ariftoteli Sa- trop. v. 330. tab. vi.
therius, Nipho cebalus, Alciato Martes Zibellina. Muſtela ob.
Mus Samarticus et ſcythicus. fcurè fulvo, gutture cinereo Brif-
Charleton Ex. 20.
ſon quad. 180.
Muſtela Zibellina. M. pedibus La Zibeline de Buffon, xiii. 309,
W. with long whiſkers : rounded ears : large feet:
white claws: long and buſhy tail : color of the hair
black at the tips, cinereous at the bottom : chin ci-
nereous: the edges of the ears yellowiſh: ſometimes
the hair has a tawny caft, for in ſpring, after ſhed-
ding the coat, the color varies : there are inſtances
of their being found of a ſnowy whiteneſs*: the
uſual length, from noſe to tail, is about eighteen
inches; the tail twelve.
Inhabits Siberia, 'Kamtſchatka, and ſome of the
Kurilſki illes, which lie between Kamtſchatka, and
Japan: a few are alſo found in Lapland**.
Sables live in holes in the earth, or beneath the
roots of trees : fometimes, like the martin, form
neſts in the trees, and will ſkip with great agility
from one to the other : are very lively, and much in
motion during night : fleep much in the day: one
that was kept tame, would, on ſight of a cat, fit
up on its hind legs : excrements moſt exceſſiively
fætid: prey, during ſummer, on ermines, weeſels,
and ſquirrels, but above all on hares; in winter, on
* Strahlenberg hiſt. Ruffia, 442.
** Scheffer Lapl. 136.
birds

218
WEES EL
birds; in autumn, en hurtleberries, cranberries,
and the berries of the ſervice tree: but during that
ſeaſon their ſkins are at the worſt, that diet cauſing
them to itch, and to rub off their fur againſt the
trees : they bring forth at the end of March, or be-
ginning of April, and have from three to five at a
time, which they ſuckle for four or five weeks *.
Their chafe was, in the more barbarous times of
the Ruſſian empire, the employ, or rather the taſks
of the unhappy exiles into Siberia : as that country is
now become more populous, the fables have in great
meaſure quitted it, and retired farther North and
Eaſt, to live in deſert foreſts, and mountains; they
live near the banks of rivers, or in the little iſlands
in themt: on this account they have, by ſome,
been ſuppoſed to be the Emèprov, of Ariſtotle, Hift.
An. lib. viii. c. 5; which he claſſes with the animals
converſant among waters.
At preſent the hunters of fables form therr ſelves
into troops, from 5 to 40 each; the laſt ſubdivide
into lefſer parties, and each chuſes a leader, but
there is one that directs the whole: a finall covered
boat is provided for each party, loaden with provi-
fion, a dog and net for every two men, and a veſſel
to bake their bread in: each party alſo has an in-
terpreter for the country they penetrate into: every
party then fets out according to the courſe their
chief points out. they go againſt the ſtream of the
rivers, drawing their boats up, till they arrive in
* Hil, Kamtſchatka, 109, &c.
of Avril's Travels, 140.
the

WEES E L.
@19
the hunting country; there they ſtop, build huts, and
wait till the waters are frozen, and the ſeaſon com-
mences: before they begin the chaſe, their leader af-
ſembles them, they unite in a prayer to the Almighty
for ſucceſs, and then ſeparate : the firſt ſable they
take is called God's fable, and is dedicated to the
church.
They then penetrate into the woods, mark the
trees as they advance, that they may know their way
back; and in their hunting quarters, form huts of
trees, and bank up the ſnow round them; near
theſe they lay their traps, then advance farther, and
lay more traps, ſtill building new huts in every
quarter, and return ſucceſſively to every old one, to
viſit the traps, and take out the game to ſkin it,
which none but the chief of the party muſt do:
during this time they are ſupplied with proviſions
by perſons who are employed to bring it on fledges,
from the places on the road, where they are obliged
to form magazines, by reaſon of the impractica-
bility of bringing quantities thro' the rough coun-
try they muſt paſs. The traps are a ſort of pit-
fall, with a looſe board placed over it, baited with
fiſh or fleſh: when fables grow ſcarce, the hun-
ters trace them in the new fallen ſnow, to their
holes, place their nets at the entrance, and ſome-
times wait, watching two or three days for the com-
ing out of the animal : it has happened that theſe
poor people have, by the failure of their proviſions,
been ſo pinched with hunger, that, to prevent the
cravings of appetite, they have been reduced to
take two thin boards, one of which they apply to
the
а.

220
WEES EL:
the pit of the ſtomach, the other to the back,
drawing them tight together by cords placed at the
ends*: ſuch are the hardſhips our fellow creatures
undergo, to ſupply the wantoneſs of -luxury.
The ſeaſon of chace being finiſhed, the hunters
re-aſſemble, make a report to their leader of the
number of fables each has taken; make complaints
of offenders againſt their regulations; puniſh de-
linquents ; ſhare the booty; then continue at the
head quarters 'till the rivers are clear of ice; return
home, and give to every church the dedicated furs.
COMMER
CIAL
HISTORY.
The following is the commercial hiſtory of this
fur trade, which Mr. 7. R. Forſter was ſo obliging
as to tranſlate for me, from Muller's Samlung Ruſs.
Geſchichte III, 495 to 515, being an abſtract from
above 20 pages.
a
“ SABLE, SOBOL in Rufian; Zobel in German :
their price varies, from il. to 10l. ſterling, and
above : fine and middling ſable ſkins are without
bellies, and the coarſe ones are with them: forty
ſkins make a collection called Zimmer : the fineſt fa-
bles are ſold in pairs, perfectly ſimilar, and are
dearer than ſingle ones of the ſame goodneſs ; for
the Ruſſians want thoſe in pairs for facing caps,
cloaks, tippets, &c. the blackeſt are reputed the
beſt. Sables are in ſeaſon from November to Fe-
bruary; for thoſe caught at any other time of the
year are ſhort hair'd, and then called Nedofoboli :
the hair of fables differs in length and quality: the
* Bell's Travels, I. 245.
long

WEES E L.
221
a
long hairs, which reach far beyond the inferior ones,
are called Os; the more a ſkin has of ſuch long
hairs, the blacker they are, and the more valuable
is the fur; the very beſt have no other but thoſe
long and black hairs : Motchka is a technical term
in the Ruſian fur trade, expreſſing the lower part
of the long hairs; and ſometimes it comprehends
likewiſe the lower and ſhorter hairs: the above men-
tioned beft fable furs are ſaid to have a black
Motchka : below the long hairs are, in the greater
parts of fable furs, ſome ſhorter hairs, called Podofie,
i.e. Under-Os: the more Podofie a fur has, the leſs
valuable in the better kind of fables the Podofie
has black tips, and a grey or ruſty Motchka : the firſt
kind of Motchka makes the middling kind of fable
furs; the red one the worſt, eſpecially if it has but
few Os: between the Os and Podofie is a low wooly
kind of hair, called Podſada; the more Podſada a fur
has, the leſs valuable, for the long hair will, in ſuch
caſe, take no other direction than the natural one;
for the character of fables is, that notwithſtanding
the hair naturally lies from the head towards the
tail, yet will lie equally in any direction, as you
ftrike your hand over it: the various combinations
of theſe characters, in regard to Os, Motchka, Po-
doſe, and Podſada, make many ſpecial diviſions of
the goodneſs of furs: beſides this, the furriers at-
tend to the ſize, preſerving always cæteris paribus
the biggeſt, and thoſe that have the greateſt gloſs :
the ſize depends upon the animal being a male or
female, the latter being always ſmaller : the glofs
vaniſhes in old furs: the freſh ones have a kind of
bloomy
a

222
WEES EL
21
193w
bloomy appearance, as they expreſs it; the old ones
are ſaid to have done blooming : the died fables al-
ways loſe their gloſs, become leſs uniform, whether
the lower hairs have taken the dye or not, and com-
monly the hairs are ſomewhat twiſted or criſped,
and not ſo ftrait as in the natural ones : fome fuini-
gate the ſkins, to make them look blacker, but the
ſmell, and the criſped condition of the long hair,
betrays the cheat; and both ways are detected, by
rubbing the fur with a moiſt linnen cloth, which
grows black in ſuch caſes."
" The Chineſe have a way of dying the fables,
ſo that the colour not only laſts, (which the Ruſſian
cheats cannot do) but the fur keeps its gloſs, and
the criſped hairs only diſcover it: this is the reaſon
that all the fables, which are of the beſt kind,
either in pairs or ſeparate, are carried to Rufia; the
reſt
go to China : the very beſt fables come from
the environs of Nertchitſk and Yakutſk; and in this
latter diſtrict, the country about the river Ud affords
ſometimes ſables, of whom one ſingle fur is often
ſold at the rate of 60 or 70 rubles, 12 or 141. The
bellies of fables, which are ſold in pairs, are about
two fingers breadth, and are tied together by forty
pieces, which are ſold from 1 to 21. ſterling : tails
are ſold by the hundred; the very beſt fable furs
muſt have their tails, but ordinary fables are often
cropped, and a hundred fold from 4 to 81. ſterling :
the legs or feet of fables are ſeldom ſold ſeparately:
white fables are rare, and no common merchandize,
but bought only as curioſities : ſome are yellowiſh,
and are bleached in the ſpring on the ſnow.”
W. with
a

WEES EL.
223
3
W. with a black noſe: ſtrong and ſtiff whiſkers : 157. Fither.
fix ſmall weefel-like teeth above and below : fix
large canine teeth: four grinding teeth in each up-
per jaw; three ſharp-pointed, the fourth flat: in
the lower jaws fix; the laſt flatted, the next tri-
dentated; the next to thoſe bidentated : ears broad
and round, duſky on their outſides, edged with
white: face and ſides of the neck pale brown, or
cinereous, mixed with black: hairs on the back,
belly, legs and tail, black; browniſh at their baſe :
fides brown: the feet very broad; covered with hair
even on their foles : five toes on the fore feet; ge-
nerally four, but ſometimes five on the hind feet;
with ſharp, ſtrong and crooked white claws; fore
legs ſhorter than thoſe behind : tail full and buihy,
ſmalleſt at the end, ſeventeen inches long: length,
from noſe to tail, twenty-eight inches.
Inhabits N. America: notwithſtanding its name,
is not amphibious : preys on all ſorts of leffer qua-
drupeds * : by the number of ſkins imported, is not
an uncommon animal; not leſs than 580 being
brought in one ſeaſon from New York and Penſylva-
nia: ſeems to be the animal, called by Foljelyn t,
the SABLE; which, he ſays, is perfectly black. I have
ſeen many of the ſkins, which vary in color : yet,
from the agreement in form and colors in general with
the true SABLE, I cannot help thinking them the
fame animal. Such numbers of quadrupeds are
* By a letter from Mr. Peter Collinſon, who received the account
from Bartram, of Penſylvania.
+ Folelyn's voy, 87.
found

224
WEESE L.
found common to the N. of Europe, or of Aſia and of
America *, that I ſuſpect myſelf to be too cautious
in making this a diſtinct ſpecies from the former.
m
a
158. MADA- Le vanfire, de Buffon, xiii. 167. tab. xxi.
GASCAR
W. with ſhort ears: the hair on the whole body
brown at the roots, and barred above with black,
and ferruginous: the tail of the fame color : the
length, from nofe to tail, about fourteen inches;
the tail, to the tip of the hairs at the end, near ten.
Inhabits Madagaſcar.
159.P 2 K AN, Le Pekan, et Le Vifon, de Buffon, xiii. 304. tab. xli. xiiii-
W. with very long and ſtrong whiſkers : ears a lit-
tle pointed: hair on the head, body, belly and legs
cinereous at the roots, of a bright bay at the ends;
very ſoft and gloffy: between the fore-legs a white
ſpot: toes covered with thick hair, above and be-
low: claws ſharp: tail of a deeper color than the
body: in form like a martin, but much leſs.
Inhabits N. America ! deſcribed from a ſkin :
the Pekan and Viſon of M. de Buffon reſemble each
other, ſo nearly, that I do not feparate them: a
fuller account of theſe animals is to be deſired.
* Viz. Elk, Rein, Stag, Wolf, Fox, Arctic Fox, Lynx, Bear,
Wolverene, Badger Stoat, Pine Martin, Sable Otter, Leffer
O. Sea O. Hare, Alpine Hare, Beaver, Common Squirrel, Grey
$q. Black Sq. Flying Sq. Ground Sq. Water Rat, Field Mouſe,
Short-tailed M. Mole? Aretic Walrus, Common Seal, Great S.
Manati.
Galera,

W E ES EL
225
Galera, fubfuſca, cauda elonga- Le Tayra ou le Galera de Buffon, 160, Guinga,
ta, auribus fubnudis appreffis. XV. 155.
Browne's Jamaica, 485. tab. xlix.
W. with the upper jaw much longer than the lower:
eyes placed mid-way, between the ears and tip of
the noſe : ears like the human : tongue rough: tail
declining downwards, leffening towards the point:
feet ſtrong, and formed for digging: ſhape of the
body like that of a rat: fize of a ſmall rabbet : of a
duſky color: the hair rough.
Inhabits Guinea : common about the negro ſet-
tlements : burrows like a rabbet: very fierce; if
drove to neceſſity will fly at man or beaft: very de-
ſtructive to poultry : ſeems to be the Kokeboe of
Boſman*, which only differs in color, being red.
Muſtela barbara. M. pedibus Muſtela maxima atra moſcum 61. GUIANA.
fillis atra, collo fubtus macula redolens. Tayra, groſſe Belette.
alba triloba. Lin. ff. 67.
Barrere France Æquin 155.
W. with round ears, covered with down : an
aſh colored ſpace between the eyes : a trilobated
ſpot on the lower part of the neck : ſize of a mar-
tin : color black : hairs coarſe.
Inhabits Braſil and Guiana : when it rubs itſelf
againſt trees, leaves behind an unctuous matter,
that fcents of muſk.
Hit. Guinea, 239.
d
έχνευμων,

226
WEESE L.
162. ICHNEU- Xweupw. Ariſtot. hift. An. lib. ix. Meles Ichneumon digitis mediis
MON. c. 6. Oppian Cyneg, 1II. 407.
longioribus, lateralibus æquali-
Ichneumon Plinii, lib. viii. c.24. bus, unguibus ſubuniformibus.
. .
L'Ichneumon, que les Egyptiens Haffelquiſt itin. 191.
nomment Rat * de Pharaon. Be- Ichneumon : Mus Pharaonis vul-
lon obf. 95. Portraits 106. Prop. go. Briſſon quad. 181.
Alp. I. 234. Geſner quad. 566. Rai Viverra Ichneumon. V. cauda e
baſi incraſlata fenfim attenuata,
fyn. quad. 202. Shaw's Travels,
249, 376.
pollicibus remotiuſculis. Lin. Syft,
Muſtela Ægyptiaca Klein quad. 63.
64.
B. INDIAN. Quil, vel Quirpele Indian Ichneumon Edw. 199.
Garcia Arom. 214. Raii fyn. Ichneumon feu vulpecula ceilo.
quad. 197:
nica Seb. Muf. I. 66. tab. xli. fig.
Viverra Mungo. Kampfer A- 1.
mæn. 574,
La Mangouſte de Buffon, xiii. 150.
De Mongkos Valentyn Amboin. tab. xix.
III.
Viverra indica. V. ex griſeo ru-
Serpenticida five Moncus. feſcens. Briſſon quad. 177. Raii
Rumph. berb. Amboin. App. 69. fyn. quad. 198.
tab. xxviii.
W. with bright flame-colored eyes : ſmall rounded
ears, almoſt naked : noſe long and ſlender : body
thicker than that of others of this genus : tail very
thick at the baſe, tapering to a point: legs ſhort :
the hair is hard and coarſe: color various in dif-
ferent animals, from different countries; in fome,
alternately barred with dull yellowiſh brown and
white; in others,
in others, pale brown and mouſe-colored,
ſo that the animal appears mottled: throat and belly
of a uniform brown: beneath the tail is an orifice
not unlike that of a badger: differs in fize : from
twenty-four to forty-two inches in length, from the
2
* The Ægyptians never ſtyle it Phar, or Mouſe, but Nens, or
Berret, from its refemblance to that animal. Haſſelquiſt. 196.
tip

WEES E L.
227
tip of the noſe to the end of the tail : the ſpecimen
in the Aſhmolean Muſeum was thirteen inches and a
half long to the origin of the tail; the tail eleven :
the Ægyptian variety is the largeſt.
Inhabits Ægypt, Barbary, India, and its iſlands :
a moſt uſefull animal; being an inveterate enemy
to the ſerpents and other noxious reptiles which in-
feſt the torrid zone: attacks without dread that
moſt fatal of ſerpents the Naja, or Cobra di Capello ;
and ſhould it receive a wound in the combat, in-
ftantly retires; and is ſaid to obtain * an antedote
from a certain herb, after which it returns to the
attack, and feldom fails of victory : is a great de-
ftroyer of the eggs of crocodiles, which it digs out
of the ſand; and even kills multitudes of the young
of thoſe terrible reptiles : it was not therefore with-
out reaſon, that the antient Ægyptians ranked the
3
a
* A fact, as yet; not well eſtabliſhed: Botaniſts are not yet
agreed about the ſpecies of this fanative plant, whoſe uſe, it is pre-
tended, this weefel pointed out to mankind : thoſe who have ſeen
the combats between the Ichneumon and Naia, never could diſcover
it: Kempfer, a writer of the firſt authority, who viſited India, and
who had a tame Ichneumon, and been witneſs to its battles with
the ſerpent, ſays no more than that it retired and eat the roots of
any herb it met with. It is from the Indians he received the account
of the root, whoſe veracity he ſpeaks moſt contemptuouſly of.
Amen. Exot. 576. Rumphius never ſaw the plant growing; but de-
ſcribes it from a ſpecimen ſent him from Java; for he ſays the in-
dians would perſuade him, that it had no leaves. Vide Herb. Am-
boin. App. 71. All that ſeems certain, is, that the Indians have a
plant, of whoſe alexipharmic virtues they have a high opinion, and
are ſaid to uſe it with ſucceſs againſt the dreadfull macaſſar poiſon,
and the bite of ſerpents. Kæmpfer ſays he had good ſucceſs with one
ſpecies, in putrid fevers, and found it infallible for the bite of a mad
dog. As there is no doubt but a moſt uſefull plant of this nature
does exiſt in the Indies, it is to be hoped that ftrict enquiry will be
made after it. In order to direct their fearches, they are referred to
Garcia ab Horto's Hift. Aromatum in Clus. Exot. 214.
Kampſer Aman. Exot. 573. Rumph. Herb. Amboin. App. 29.
Aman. Acad. II. 89: Flora Zeylanica, 46, 190, 239.
Q2.
Ichneumon

228
WEE SEL:
3
Ichneimon among their Deities: is at preſent dos
meſticated and kept in houſes in India and in
Ægypt; for it is more uſefull than a cat, in deſtroy-
a
ing rats and mice : grows very tame: is very active ;
:
ſprings with great agility on its prey ; will glide
along the ground like a ſerpent, and ſeem as if
without feet : fits up like a ſquirrel, and eats with
its fore feet: catches any thing that is Aung to it: is
a great enemy to poultry : will feign itſelf dead, till
they come within reach: loves fiſh : draws its prey,
after ſucking the blood, to its hole: its excrements
very fætid : when it ſleeps, brings its head and tail
under its belly, appearing like a round ball, with
two legs ſticking out. Rumphius obſerves how ſkil-
fully it ſeizes the ſerpents by the throat, ſo as to
avoid receiving any injury: and Lucan beautifully
deſcribes the fame addreſs of this animal, in con-
quering the Ægyptian Afp.
Afpidas ut Pharias cauda folertior hoſtis
Ludit, et iratas incerta provocat umbra:
Obliquanſque caput vanas ſerpentis in auras
Effuſa toto comprendit guttura morſu.
Letiferam citra ſaniem : tunc irrita peſtis
Exprimitur, fauceſque fluunt pereunte veneno,
Lib. iv. 724
163. Foura Le Surikate de Buffon, xiii. 72. tab. vili,
TOED
W. with the upper jaw much longer than the lower,
and very moveable and pliant: ears rounded : hair
pretty long, hard, and upright ; varied with black
ang

WEES EL:
229
and white; the points black: only four toes on
each foot, an exception in this genus : tail taper :
length, from noſe to tail, about one foot; tail fix
inches.
Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope *, and the iſland
of Java **: is an active, lively animal: fits up-
right, and drops its fore-legs on its breaſt : is car-
nivorous, and preys on the lefſer creatures: very
playfull: drinks its own urine : when diſcontented,
makes a noiſe like the barking of a whelp; when
pleaſed, like a rattle ſwiftly ſhook. Deſcribed only
by M. de Buffon, who ſeems to haye been deceived
about its native place.
(?)
164. BRASIL
IAN.
Coati Marcgrave Braſil
. 228. De albo annulato. Lin.BA. 64.
Laet. 486. Raii fyn. quad. 180. Urſus naſo producto et mobili,
Klein quad. 72. m
cauda annulatim variegata. Briſ-
Vulpes minor, roftro fuperiore ſon quad, 190.
longiuſculo, cauda annulatim ex Le Coati brun. de Buffon, viii.
nigro et rufo variegatâ. Quachy. 358. tab. xlviii.
Barrere France Æquin. 167. Badger of Guiana. Barcroft, 141.
Viverra naſua. V. rufa, cauda
W. with the upper jaw lengthened into a pliant,
moveable proboſcis, much longer than the lower
jaw: ears rounded : eyes ſmall: noſe duſky: hair
on the body ſmooth, ſoft and gloſſy, of a bright
bay color: tail annulated with duſky and bay :
breaſt whitiſh : length, from noſe to tail, eighteen
inches; tail, thirteen.
* Pallas Mifcell. Zool. 59, 60:
** Rumph. Herb. Amboin. App. 71, ſpeaking of the Ichneumon, or
Muncos, ſays, ac diftinguendus eft a Suracatje ſeu javanorum Tupe, quod
oft Muſtela.
B. Dusky.
Q3

230
WEES E L.
B. Dusky. Noſe and ears formed like the preced-
ing: above and beneath the eye two ſpots of
white: hair on the back and fides duſky at the
roots, black in the middle, and tipt with yellow:
chin, throat, fides of the cheeks, and belly, yel-
lowish : feet black : tail annulated with black and
white: ſometimes the tail is of an uniform duſky
color* Le Coati noiratre of M. de Buffon, tab.
xlvii. the Coati-mondi of Marcgrate.
Inhabits Braſil and Guiana : feeds on fruits, eggs,
and poultry: runs up trees very nimbly: eats like
a dog, holding its food between its fore-legs : is
eaſily made tame : is very good-natured: makes a
ſort of whiſtling noiſe : ſeems much inclined to ſleep
in the day. Marcgrave obſerves, that they are very
ſubject to gnaw their own tails.
265. STI- Yzquiepatl. Hernandez Mex. 332. Ichneumon de Yzquicpatl. Seb.
FLING. 'Raii ſyn. quad. 181. Klein quad. Muf. I. tab. xlii.
72.
Le Coaſe de Buffon? xiii. 288.
Meles ſurinamenfis. Briſon quad. tab. xxxviii.
185
a
a
W. with a ſhort ſlender noſe: ſhort ears and legs :
black body, full of hair : tail long, of a black and
white color : length, from noſe to tail, about eigh-
teen inches.
Inhabits Mexico, and perhaps other parts of Ame-
rica. This, and the four following ſpecies, re-
* Deſcribed as a diſtinct ſpecies, by Linnæus, under the title of
viverra Narica, V. fubfuſca, cauda unicolore, 64. and by M. Briſon,
under that of Urſus najo producto et mobili, cauda unicolore, 1go.
markable

WEES E L.
231
*
markable for the peſtiferous, fuffocating, and moſt
foetid vapour, they emit from behind, when attack-
ed, purſued, or frightened: it is their only means
of defence : fome turn * their tail to their enemy,
and keep them at a diſtance by a frequent crepitus;
and others ejaculate their urine, tainted with the
horrid effluvia, to the diſtance of eighteen feet: the
purſuers are ſtopped with the terrible ſtench: ſhould
any of this liquid fall into the eyes, it almoſt occa-
fions blindneſs; if on the cloaths, the ſmell will re-
main for ſeveral days, in ſpite of all waſhing; they
muft even be buried in freſh foil, in order to be
ſweetened. Dogs that are not true bred, run back
as ſoon as they perceive the ſmell; thoſe that have
been uſed to it, will kill the animal; but are often
obliged to relieve themſelves by thruſting their noſes
into the ground. There is no bearing the company
of a dog that has killed one, for ſeveral days.
Profeffor Kelm was one night in great danger of
being fuffocated by one that was purſued into a
houſe where he Nept; and it affected the cattle fo,
that they bellowed through pain. Another, which
was killed by a maid ſervant in a cellar, ſo affected
her with its ſtench, that ſhe lay ill for ſeveral days:
all the proviſions that were in the place were ſo
tainted, that the owner was obliged to throw them
away:
Notwithſtanding this, the fleſh is reckoned good
meat, and not unlike that of a pig: but it muſt be
a
* Wood's voy, in Dampier, iv. 96. the reſt of the account is taken
.
from Cateſhy and Kalm.
ſkinned
Q 4

232
WEES E L
ſkinned as ſoon as killed, and the bladder taken
carefully out. The Virginian ſpecies is capable of
being tamed, and will follow its maſter like a dog :
it never emits its vapour, except terrified.
It breeds in hollow trees, or holes under ground,
or in clefts of rocks: climbs trees with great agility :
:
kills poultry; eats eggs, and deſtroys young birds. -
266. STRI- Pole-cat, or Skunk, Lawſon Ca- albis. Briſon quad. 181.
ATED. rolina.
Viverra putorius. V. fuſca lineis
Pole-cat Cateſoy Carolina, II.
Muſtela Americana fætida Klein bis. Lin. Syft. 64.
quatuor dorſalibus parallelis al-
quat. 64.
Le Conepate de Buffon, xiii. 288.
Muſtela nigra tæniis in dorſo tab. xl.
W. with rounded ears: head, neck, belly, legs,
and tail, black : the back and fides marked with
five parallel white lines; one on the top of the back;
the others on each ſide: the ſecond extends fome
way up the tail, which is long, and buſhy towards
the end : ſize of a European Pole-cat ; the back
more arched : varies in the diſpoſition of the ſtripes.
Inhabits N. America: when attacked, briſtles up
its hair, and Aings its body into a round form: its
vapour horrid. Du Pratz fays, that the male of
the Pole cat, or Skunk, is of a ſhining black: per-
haps the Coaſe of M. de Buffon is the male ; for his
deſcription does not agree with the Yzquiepatl, which
he makes fynonymous.
Chinche

WEE SE L.
233
Chinche Feuillee obf. Peru, 1714, Enfant du Diable, Bete puante. 267. SKUNK.
Charlevoix Nouv. France, V. 196.
Skunk, Fiſkatta, Kalm's voy. For- Le Chinche de Buffon, xiii. 294.
ſter's Tr. I. 273. tab. ii. foljelyn's tab. xxxix.
p. 272.
voy. 85
a
W. with ſhort rounded ears: black cheeks: a white
ſtripe from the noſe, between the ears, to the back :
upper part of the neck, and the whole back, white;
divided at the bottom by a black line, commencing
at the tail and paſſing a little way up the back : belly
and legs black: tail very full of long coarſe hair ;
generally black, ſometimes tipt with white : that
figured by M. de Buffon entirely white : nails on all
the feet, very long, like thoſe on the fore-feet of a
badger : rather leſs than the former.
Inhabits Peru, and N. America, as far as Canada :
of the ſame manners and ſtench with the others.
Annas of the Indians, Zorrinas of Mariputa, Mafutiliqui, Gumilla 268. ZORIL-
the Spaniards, Garcilaſo de la Ve- Orenoque, III. 240.
LA.
ga, 331.
W. with the back and fides marked with ſhort
ſtripes of black and white; the laſt tinged with
yellow : tail long and buſhy ; part white, part
black: legs and belly black : leſs than the pre-
ceding *
a
* The Weeſel, called by the Rulians Pereziaſka, and the Poles,
Przev iaſka, or the Girdled Weeſel, ſeems allied to theſe. It is,
fays Rzaczinſki, leſs than a Pole-cat, of a whitiſh color, rayed tranf-
verſly with yellowiſh red : it burrows and lives in the woods : its
ſkin is a beautifull fur. Auct. hift. Polon. 328.
Inhabits

234
WEES E L.
Inhabits Peru, and other parts of S. America : its
peſtilential vapour overcomes even the Panther of
America, and ſtupifies that formidable enemy.
269.FızZLER. Stink-bingſem. Kolben Cape, II. 133.
Blereau puant Voy. de la Caille, 182.
W. with a ſhort-pointed noſe: no external ears, only
two oblong auditory orifices: middle of the back of
a whitiſh grey: from the eyes to the middle of the
tail, on each ſide, is a ſtripe of white : the belly,
legs, and tip of the tail, black : the claws of the
fore feet an inch long; thoſe of the hind feet ſhort:
length, from noſe to tail, two feet; the tail eight
inches.
Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope : as fotid as the
reſt.
73
270. CIVET. La civette qu'on nommoit an-
ciennement Hyæna. Belon. obf. Meles faſciis et maculis albis ni-
94.
gris et rufeſcentibus variegata.
Zibettus Caii opufc. 43.
Briſon quad. 186.
Felis Zibethus Gefner quad. 837, Viverra Zibetha. V. cauda an-
Animal Zibethicum, mas et fæm. nulata, dorſo cinereo nigroque
Hernandez Mex. 580, 581.
undatim ftriato, Lin. Syft. 65.
Civet Cat Raii byn. quad. 178. La Civette de Buffon, ix. 299. tab.
Coati civetta vulgo, Klein quad. xxxiv.
W. with ſhort rounded ears: ſky-blue eyes : ſharp
noſe; the tip black : fides of the face, chin, breaſt,
legs and feet, black: the reſt of the face, and part
of the ſides of the neck, white, tinged with yellow:
from each ear three black ſtripes, ending at the
throat and ſhoulders: the back and fides cinereous,
tinged

WE ES E L.
235
tinged with yellow, marked with large duſky ſpots
diſpoſed in rows: the hair coarſe; that on the top
of the body longeſt, ſtanding up like a mane: the
tail ſometimes wholly black; ſometimes ſpotted
near the baſe : length, from noſe to tail, about two
feet three inches; the tail fourteen inches: the body
pretty thick.
Inhabits India", the Philippine illes **, Guineat,
Æthiopia I, and Madagaſcar : the famous drug
muſk, or civet, is produced from an overture be-
tween the privities and the anus, in both ſexes, fe-
creted from certain glands. The perſons who keep
them procure the muſk by ſcraping the inſide of this
bag twice a week with an iron Spatula, and get
about a dram each time, but it is ſeldom ſold pure,
being generally mixed with ſuet or oil, to make it
more weighty: the males yield the moſt; eſpecially
when they are previouſly irritated : they are fed,
with
pap made of millet, with a little
fleſh or fiſh; when old, with raw flesh: in a wild
ftate prey on fowl.
when young,
a
B. Zibet. Animal Zibethecum Felis
Zibethus. Geſner quad. 836.
Americanum. Hernandez Mex. Le Zibet, de Buffon, 299. tab.
538.
Xxxi.
W. with ſhort rounded ears: harp long noſe: pale
cinereous face : head, and lower part of the neck,
* Dellon's voy. 82.
** Argenſola, III.
† Boſman, 238. Barbot. 114.
I Rauwolff's Travels, II. 482.
$ Flacourt Madagaſcar, 154, where it is called Falanouc,
mixed

936
WE ES EL
mixed with dirty white, brown and black : Gides of
the neck marked with ſtripes of black, beginning
near the ears, and ending at the breaſt and ſhoul-
ders: from the middle of the neck, along the ridge
of the back, extends a black line, reaching ſome-
way up the tail : on each ſide are two others : the
fides ſpotted with afh-color and black : the tail
barred with black and white; the black bars broader
on the upper ſide than the lower.
A variety firſt diſtinguiſhed from the other by
M. de Buffon; but figured long before by Hernandez
and Geſner : unknown in Mexico *, till introduced
there from the Philippine iſles. Theſe animals ſeem
not to be known to the antients: it is probable the
drug was brought without their knowing its origin ;
for it is certain the fine gentlemen at Rome uſed
perfumes,
Paſiillos Rufillus olet.
ajt. Ĝenet. La Genette Belon obſ: 74. natim albidis et nigris variegata.
Genetha Geſner grad. 549, 550.
Briſon quad. 186.
Genetta vel Ginetta. Raii ſyn. Viverra Genetta. V. cauda an-
quad. 201.
nulata, corpore fulvo-nigricante
Coati, ginetta Hiſpanis. Klein maculato Lin. Syft. 65.
quat. 73.
La Genette de Buffon, ix. 343
Muſtela cauda ex annulis alter- tab. xxxvi.
W. with ears a little pointed : ſlender body: very
long tail : color of the body a tawny red, ſpotted
with black; and the ridge of the back marked with
a black line: the tail annulated with black and
tawny: reet black : fometimes the ground color of
* Fernanaek Nev, Hip. II.
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WEES EL.
237
the hair inclines to grey: about the ſize of a martin;
but the fur is ſhorter.
Inhabits Turkey, Syria, and Spain ; frequents the
banks of rivers ; ſmells faintly of muſk, and, like
the civet, has an orifice beneath the tail : is kept
tame in the houſes at Conſtantinople, and is as uſe.
full as a cat in catching mice.
La Foffane de Buffon, xiii. 363. tab. xx,
273.FASSANE
а.
W. with a ſlender body: rounded ears : black eyes;
body and legs covered with cinereous hair, mixed
with tawny: fides of the face black : from the hind
part of the head, towards the back and ſhoulders,
extend four black lines: ſhoulders, fides, and thighs,
black; tail annulated with black.
Inhabits Madagaſcar, and Guinea, Cochin-chino,
and the Philippine illes : is fierce, and hard to bę
tamed: in Guinea is called Berbe; by the Europeuns,
Wine-bibber, being very greedy of Palm-wine * :
deſtroys poultry: is, when young, reckoned very
good to eat
**
Boſman, 239
** Flacourt's hif, Madagaſcar, 512. where it is called. Folla.
Six

238
OTTER.
TER.
XXIV. OT- Six cutting teeth, two canine in each jaw.
Five toes on each foot; each toe connected by a
ſtrong web.
201.
173. GREAT- Lutra Agricola An. Subter. 482. ter, Faun. fuec. No. 12.
ER. Geſner quad. 687. Raii fyn.quad. Lutra caftanei coloris Briſon quat.
187.
Wydra Rzaczinſki Polon. 221. Le Loutre, Belon Aquat. 26. de
Otter Klein quad. 91.
Buffon, vii. 134. tab. xi.
Muſtela Lutra. M. plantis pal- Otter, Br. Zool. I. 67. Br. Zool.
matis nudis, cauda corpore di- illuſtr. tab. c.
midio breviore. Lin.by. 66. Ut-
O. with ſhort ears: eyes placed near the noſe : lips
thick : whiſkers large: whole color of a deep brown,
except two ſmall ſpots each ſide the noſe, and ano-
ther beneath the chin : legs ſhort and thick, and
looſely joined to the body; capable of being
brought on a line with the body, and performing
the part of fins; each toe connected to the other by
a broad ſtrong web: length twenty-three inches ;
tail fixteen.
Inhabits all parts of Europe, N. and N. E. of
Afa, even as far as Kamtſchatka ; abounds in North
America, particularly in Canada, where the moſt
valuable furs of this kind are produced : dwells in
the banks of rivers; burrows, forming the en-
trance of its hole beneath the water ; works up-
wards towards the ſurface of the earth, and makes
a ſmall orifice, or air hole, in the midſt of fome
buſh: ſwims and dives with great eaſe ; very de-
ſtructive to fiſh : if they fail, makes excurſions on
land,
3

OTTER.
239
land, and preys on lambs and poultry : fometimes
breeds in finks and drains ; brings four or five
young at a time: hunts its prey againſt the ſtream;
frequents not only freſh waters, but ſometimes preys
in the ſea; but not remote from ſhore: is a fierce
animal ; its bite hard and dangerous : is capable
of being tamed, to follow its maſter like a dog,
and even to fiſh for him, and return with its prey.
The Latax of Ariſtotle * ; poſſibly a large variety
of otter **
a
Noerza Agrựcola An. Subter. 485. palmatis, hirſutis ore albo. Lin. 174. LESSER.
Geſner quad. 768.
bf. 66. Fennis, Tichurt; Suecis,
Latax; Germ. Nurtz, nobis Nu- Menk. Faun. fuec. No. 13.
rek Rzaczinſki Polon. 218.
Norka Ritchkoff orenb. Topogr. I.
Muſtela Lutreola. M. plantis 295.
.
O. with roundiſh ears: white chin: top of the head.
hoary ; in ſome tawny: body tawny and duſky;
the ſhort hairs being yellowiſh; the long hairs
black: the feet broad, webbed and covered with
hair : tail dulky, and ends in a point: of the
form of an otter, but thrice as ſmall.
* Hift. An. lib. viii. c. 5. vide Br. Zool. I. 69.
** Mr. Banks, on his return from Newfoundland, was fo obliging
as to communicate to me the following account of ſome animals
ſeen by a gentleman who went on that voyage, which I take the
liberty of inſerting here, as they bear ſome relation to the Otter in
their
way of life. He obſerved, fitting on a rock, near the mouth
of a river, five animals, ſhaped like Italian grehounds, bigger than
a fox, of a ſhining black color, with long legs, and long taper tail.
They often leaped into the water and brought up trouts, which
they gave to their young which were fitting with them. On his
appearing, they all toke to the water, and ſwam a little way from
Shore, kept their heads out of the water, and looked at him. An
old Furrier ſaid, that he remembered the ſkin of one fold for five
guineas; and that the French often ſee them in Hare Bay.
Inhabits
a

240
O T T E R.
Inhabits Poland, and the N. of Europe ; and is
found on the banks of all the rivers in the country
N. of the Yaik ; lives on fiſh, frogs, and water
inſects : its fur very valuable, next in beauty to that
of the fable; caught in Baſhkiria with dogs and
traps : is moſt exceſſively foetid.
The Minx of N. America is the fame animal with
this. The late worthy Mr. Peter Collinſon * fa-
vored me with the following account he received
from John Bartram, of Penſylvania : ' The Minx, ,
(ſays he) frequents the water. like the Otter, and
very much reſembles it in ſhape and color, but is
leſs; will abide longer under the water than the
' mulk quaſh, muſk rat, or little beaver : yet it
will leave its watery haunts to come and rob our
hen roofts; bites off their heads and ſucks their
blood : when vexed it has a ſtrong loathſome
* ſmell: fo may be called the water pole cat: its
length, from noſe to tail, twenty inches; the
tail four : is of a fine ſhining dark brown color.'
From the conformity between the names this ani-
mal goes by, in America and Sueden, (Minx and
Mænk) it ſeems as if fome Suediſh coloniſt, who had
ſeen it in his own country, firſt beſtowed the name
it now goes by, a little changed from the original :
the ſkins are often brought over to England.
а.
* By letter dated June 14, 1764. Lawſon alſo gives fome account
of it, p. 122, biff. Carolina: He fays it is a great enemy to the Tor-
toiſes, whoſe eggs it ſcrapes out of the ſand and devours: eats freih
water muſcles, whoſe ſhells are found in great abundance at the
mouth of their holes, high up in the rivers, in whoſe banks they
live : may be made domeitic: is a great deſtroyer of rats and mice.
La Hontan. I. 232. ſeems to mean the ſame animal, by his Foutereaux,
an amphibious fort of little Pole-cats.
Jiya,

O T T E R.
241
ſiya, et Cariguibeiu Marcgrave Muſtela Lutris. M. plantis pal- 175. SEA.
Craſil, 234:
matis pilofis, cauda corpore qua-
Lutra B.afilienfis Raii fyn. quad. druplo breviore. Lin.BA. 66.
189.
Lutra atri coloris, macula fub
Loutre ou Cariguibeju des Mar- gutture flava. Briſſon quad. 202.
chais, III. 306.
Lutra marina, Kalan. Nov. Com.
Guachi, Gumilla Orenoque, III. Petrop. II. 367. tab. xvi.
239.
Sea Otter, hif. Kamtchatka, 122.
Le Saracovienne de Bouffon, xiii. Muller's voy. 57, 58.
319.
O. with a black noſe : upper jaw longer and broader
than the lower : long white whiſkers : irides hazel:
ears ſmall, erect, conic: in each jaw four cutting
teeth; the grinders broad, adapted for breaking
and comminuting cruſtaceous animals, and ſhell
fifh : ſkin thick: hair thick and long, exceſſively
black and gloffy: beneath that a ſoft down: color
ſometimes varies to ſilvery: legs thick and ſhort: toes
covered with hair, and joined by a web: the hind
feet exactly like thoſe of a ſeal, and have a mem-
brane ſkirting the outſide of the exterior toe, like
that of a gooſe : length, from noſe to tail, four feet
two inches; tail thirteen inches, flat, fulleſt of hair
in the middle; ſharp pointed. The biggeit of theſe
animals weigh ſeventy or eighty pounds.
Inhabits, in vaft abundance, the coaſts of Kami-
ſchatka, and the parts of America diſcovered by
the Rufans oppoſite to it: met with again in a moſt
remote part of the continent of America, in the
Braſilian * rivers, and that of Orenoque : are moſt
harmleſs animals; moft affectionate to their young,
* Thoſe of Brafil have a yellow ſpot under the chin.
R
will

242
ÖTTER
will pine to death at the loſs of them, and die on
the very ſpot where they have been taken from them:
before the young can ſwim, they carry them in their
paws, lying in the water on their backs: run very
ſwiftly; ſwim often on their back, their ſides, and
even in a perpendicular poſture : are very ſportive;
embrace each other, and even kiſs : inhabit the
ſhallows, or ſuch which abound with ſea weeds :
feed on lobſters, fiſh, Sepia, and ſhell fiſh : breed
once a year, bring but one young at a time, fuckle
it a year, bring it on ſhore: are dull fighted, but
quick ſcented : hunted for their ſkins, which are of
great value; fold to the Chineſe for ſeventy or a hun-
dred Rubels a-piece : each ſkin weighs 3 lb. and a
half. The young are reckoned very delicate meat,
ſcarce to be diſtinguished from a fucking lamb.
DIV. II.

C A VY.
243
Div. II. Sect. III. DigitaTED QUADRUPEDs: with- XXV.CAVY.
out canine teeth; and with two
cutting teeth in each jaw.
Generally herbivorous, or frugi-
vorous.
176. Rest?
LESS
Two cutting teeth in each jaw.
Generally four toes on the fore feet, three behind.
Short ears : no tail, or a very ſhort one.
Cuniculus vel Porcellus indicus Mus porcellus. M. cauda nulla,
Geſner quad. 367.
palmis tetradactylis, plantis tri-
Cavia Cobaya. Marcgrave Bra- dactylis Lin. ſyf.79. Amen. Acad.
fil, 224. Piſo Braſil, 102. iv. 190. tab. ii.
Mus feu cuniculus Americanus et Cuniculus ecaudatus, auritus al-
Guineenſis, Porcelli pilis et voce, bus, aut rufus, aut ex utroque
Cavia Cobaya. Raii ſyn. quad. 223. variegatus Brillon quad. 192.
Cavia Cobaya Braſil, quibuſdam Le Cochon d'Inde. de Buffon, viii.
mus Pharaonis. Tatu pilofus, 1. tab. i.
Klein quad. 49.
-
C. with the upper lip half divided : ears very large,
broad, and rounded at the ſides : hair erect, not un-
like that of a young pig: color white, or white va-
ried with orange, and black in irregular blotches :
no tail : four toes on the fore feet; three on the hind.
Inhabits Braſil: no mention made by writers of
its manners in a wild ſtate: domefticated in Europe:
a reſtleſs, grunting, little animal; perpetually run-
ning from corner to corner: feeds on bread, grains,
and vegetables: breeds when two months old:
brings from four to twelve at a time; and breeds
every two months : would be innumerable, but
numbers of the young are eaten by cats, others
killed by the males: are very tender, multitudes of
young and old periſhing with cold: are called in
R2
England

244
CAVY:
Kas are laid to my home atideda
50
England Guinea-Pigs, being ſuppoſed to come from
that country. Rats are faid to avoid their haunts.
at ni gvidos
177. Rock. Aperea. Brafilienfibus, nobis vel Cavia Aperea Klein quad. 5o. ud
dratte, vel Boſchratte Marcgrave Cuniculus ecaudatus auritus, ex
Brafl, 223. Piſo Braſil, 103. Raii cinereo rufus Briſſon quad, 103.
fyn. quad. 206. 2013 IT TO
TO L'Aperea de Buffon, xv. 160.231
ob zung eit to 2191110
C. with divided upper lip: ſhort ears : four toes on
the fore feet; three on the hind: no tail : color of
the upper part of the body like that of the common
hare: belly white: length one foot. id liw : 995519
Inhabits Braſil: lives in the holes of rocks: is
drove out, and taken by little dogs : is ſuperior in
goodneſs to our rabbets : its paces like that of a
hare.
wwwgom A lovisuga
setog
DUDA
178SPOTTED. Paca Marcgrave Brafil, 224. Piſo Mus Paca. M. cauda abbreviata,
Brafil, 1o1. de Laet. 484. pedibus pentadactylss, lateribus
Mus Braſilienfis magnus,porcelli flaveſcenti-lineatis. Lin.ſy. 81.
pilis et voce, Paca dictus. Raii Cuniculus caudatus, auritus, pi-
lyn. quad. 226.
lis obſcure fulvis, rigidis, lineis
Cavia Paca. Klein quad. 50.
ex albo flaveſcentibus ad latera
SAV
Cuniculus major, paluftris, faſ- diſtinctis. Briſſon quad. 99.
4.63
ciis albis notatus. Paca Marcgrave, Le Paca de Buffon, X. 269. tab.
2:17
Barrere France Equin. 152.
xliii.
DO
C. with the upper jaw longer than the lower: noſtrils
large : whiſkers long: ears ſhort and naked : neck
thick: hairs ſhort, and hard : color of the upper
Solo
part of the body dark brown ; the lower part, or
fides, marked lengthways with lines of grey ſpots :
the belly white; in fome, perhaps young ones, the
fides and ſpots are of a pale yellow: five toes on
each foot : only the meer rudiment of a tail :
length
1

CA V Y.
245
:
310
bolod
length about ten inches : is made like a pig, and in
NOTA 13
ſome parts is called the Hog-Rabbet*.
Inhabits Braſil, and Guiana : lives in fenny places:
burrows under ground: grows very fat: is eſteemed
in Braſil a great delicacy: grunts like a pig: eats
its meat on the ground, not fitting up, as ſome
others of this genus do: are diſcovered by little
dogs, who point out the places they lie in: the mal-
ter digs over them, and when he comes near tranſ-
fixes them with a knife; otherwiſe they are apt to
eſcape: will bite dreadfully. There is a variety
quite white, found on the banks of river St. Fran-
cis **.requtzi: egobyd was
8 10 Jan 290.00-23
Aguti vel Acuti. Marcgrave Bra- Caniculus caudatus, auribus, pi. 179: LONG-
fil, 224. Piſo Brafil, 102.
lis ex rufo et fuſco mixtis, rigidis
Acuti ou Agoutis. de Lact. 484. veſtitus. Briſſon quad. 98.
Rochefort Antilles, I. 287.
L'Agouti de Buffon, viii. 375:
Mus ſylveſtris americanus cuni- tab. L.
culi magnitudine, pilis et voce Small Indian Coney, Brown's
Porcelli, Aguti. Raii ſyn.quad.226. Jamaica, 484.
Cavia Aguti Klein quad. 50. Long-noſed Rabbet, Wafer's voy,
Mus Aguti. M. cauda abbrevia- in Dampier, III. 401.
ta, palmis tetradactylis, plantis Cuniculus omnium vulgatiffimus,
tridactylis, abdomine flaveſcente. Aguti vulgo BarrereFrance Æquin.
Lin. Sy. 80.
NOSED
1537.
C, with a long noſe: divided upper lip: ſhort
rounded ears : black eyes : hair hard and ſhining;
on the body mixed with red, brown and black ; on
the rump, of.a bright orange color : belly yellow:
21097 ysty to conil
Wafer's voy. in Dampier, III. 401.mo)
The animal deſcribed by Seba under the name of Cuniculus Ame-
ricanus, I. 67. tab. xli. ſeems the ſame with this, notwithſtanding
he ſays that the hind feet are tetradactylous.
R3
legs
** De Laet. 484.

246
CAVY
ORONI
97STA 6 10 100 101 10
Tot 91 b
legs almoſt naked, ſlender and black : four toes on
the fore feet; three on the hind: tail ſhort, and
3513.885 Taked : fize of a Rabbet.ds in at inihand, antaggi
.
Inhabits Braſil, Guiana, &c. grunts like a pig:
is very voracious : ſits on its hind legs, and holds
its food with the fore feet when it eats : hides what
it cannot conſume: hops like a hare: goes very faſt:
when purſued, takes ſhelter in hollow trees : is ca-
pable of being tamed: when
angry, fets up the
hair on its back, and ſtrikes the ground with its
feet: is eat by the inhabitants of South America.
189 210 con
in dilgsex balle ei si se
180. Olive, Cuniculus minor caudatus, oli 303. ud: 199ps
vaceus, Akouchy, Barrere France L'Akouchi, de Euffon, xv. 158.
Æquin. 153. Des Marchais, III.
919 1
HIRE
5230 OO9 3
3,0907
979,
10 VIL
103
Do
6000
M
,
A ſpecies of Aguti, leſs than the former, and of an
olive color: which is the whole account left us by
M. Barrere. Des Marchais ſays it is more delicate
food than the other.
Inhabits Guiana,
13
181. JAVAŃ. Java hare Cateſby Carolina App. feſcens, fuſco admixto. riſon
tab. xviii.
quad. 98.
Cavia javenfis. Klein quad. 50. Mus leporinus Lin. Lt. 8o.
Cuniculus caudatus auritus, ru-
C. with a ſlender ſmall head : prominent naked
ears, rounded at the tops : color of the upper part
of the body reddiſh : breaſt and belly white: legs
long: hind parts large: four toes on the fore feet;
three on the hind : tail ſhort : ſize of a hare,
Inhabits Java and Sumatra,
w
Cavia

CA V Y.
247
Cavia capenſis, Pallas Miſcel. Zool. Africaanſch baſterd-mormeldier. 183. CAPB;
zo. tab. ii. Spicil. 16. tab. ii. Voſmaer Monogr.
a
C. with a thick head, and full cheeks : ears oval,
half hid in the fur: head of the color of a hare:
along the top of the back dulky, mixed with grey :
fides and belly of a whitiſh grey : four toes on the
:
fore feet, three behind * : tail ſcarce viſible: ſhape
of the body thick and clumſy: length ten inches.
Inhabits the mountains near the Cape of Good
Hope, where it is called Kaapſche Daſs, Klip Daſs **,
or Cape Badger : burrows under ground: is eſteemed
very good meat.
Le Rats muſquès, Piloris. Roche- bift. Antilles, II. 302. de Buffox, 183. Muski
fort Antilles, I. 288.
Du Tertre x. 2.
a
:
C. of a black or tan color on the upper part of its
body: white on the belly : tail very ſhort +: almoſt
as big as a Rabbet.
Inhabits Martinico and the reſt of the Antilles :
burrows like a rabbet : finells ſo ſtrong of mulk,
that its retreat may be traced by the perfume: an
obſcure ſpecies, never examined by a naturaliſt.
a
a
* Doctor Pallas ſays he has ſeen a variety with five toes behind.
** Kolben Dutch edition, as quoted by Dr. Pallas. La Caille men,
tions this ſpecies under the name of Marmot.
+ Nouv., voy. aux ifles de l'Amerique, I. 438.
R 4
Two

248
H A R E.
997
XXVI.
HARE.
bord som si to vibongetor yd bismo
si s tuoto Stob agnind to od
Two cutting teeth in each jaw.eso dal
Long ears: ſhort tail. Stanisligibro
Five toes before, four behind.to 1.
Samen
Drusluonto as
184.COMMON. Lepus, Plini, lib. viii. c.55; Gef- .77. Haſe, Faun. fuec. No.25.
ner quad. 605. Raii fyn. quad. 204. Lepus caudatus ex cinerco rufus,
Haſe, Klein quad. 51.
Brilon qual. 94.
Lepus timidus. L. cauda abbre- Le Lievre; de Buffon, vi. 246.
viata auriculis apice nigris ? Lin. tab. xxxviii. Br. Zvol. I. 87.00)
Pa ni ni bora
H. with ears tipt with black: eyes very large and
prominerit: chin white: long white whiſkers: hair
on the face, back and fides, white at the bottom,
black in the middle, and tipt with tawny red :
throat and breaſt red: belly white: tail black above,
white beneath : feet covered with hair even at the
bottom: a large hare weighs eight pounds and a
half: its length, from the noſe to the tail, two feet.
Inhabits all parts of Europe, moſt parts of Aſia,
Japan, Ceylon *, Ægypt **, Barbary t, and North
t
America : a watchfull, timid animal : always lean:
ſwifter in running up hill than on even ground:
when ſtarted, immediately endeavours to run up
hill: eſcapes the hounds by various artfull doubles :
lies the whole day on its feat : feeds by night: re-
turns to its form by the ſame road that it had taken
in leaving it: does not pair: the rutting ſeaſon is
in February or March, when the male purſues the
und gleich
Kampfer Japan, I. 126. Knox Ceylon, 20. bold to 10x1
** Prop. Alp. I. 232.
+ Sbazo's Travels, 249.
1913700
female,

H A RE.
249
a
XX
LAH
female by the fagacity of its noſe: breeds often in
the year; brings three or four at a time: are very
ſubject to feas: the Dalecarlians make a cloth of
the fur, which preſerves the wearer from their at-
tacks: the fur is of great uſe in the hat manufac-
ture: many thouſands of the ſkins are for that uſe
annually imported here from Ruſia: feeds on vege-
tables : fond of the bark of young trees: great
ineet
lo-
ver of birch, parſly and pinks: was a forbidden
food among the Britons : the Romans, on the con-
HORMOD.189
trary, held it in
great eſteem.
a
Inter quadrupedes gloria prima lepussion
was the opinion of Martial ; and Horace, who was
likewiſe a Bon-vivant, ſays, that every man of taſte
muft prefer the wing
Fæcundi leporis ſapiens ſectabitur armos.
JO
The hare of North America differs little in form
or color, from that of Europe; but is leſs by a third :
the legs are ſhorter in proportion; and the fur has a
tinge of cinereous : when purſued, takes refuge in a
hollow tree: frequents marſhes and meadows : very
deftructive to the turnip and cabbage fields.
Lepus hieme albus. Forſter bift. Alpine hare, Br. Zool. illußr. 40. 184.
nat. VoLGÆ. Ph. Tranſ. LVII. tab. xlvii.
343.
H. with ſoft hair, in ſummer grey, with a flight
mixture of black and tawny: with ſhorter ears, and
more ſlender legs, than the common hare: the feet
of

250
H A RE.
of thoſe of Siberia moft cloſely and warmly furred.
In winter, the whole animal changes to a ſnowy
whiteneſs, except the tips and edges of the ears,
which remain black : leſs than the common fpecies.
Inhabits the higheſt Scotiſh Alps, Norway, Lap-
land, Ruſia, Siberia *, and the Banks of the Wolga.
In Scotland, keeps on the top of the higheſt hills;
never deſcends into the vales; never mixes with the
common hare, which is common in its neighbor-
hood: does not run faſt: apt to take ſhelter in clifts
of rocks: is eaſily tamed: full of frolick: fond of
honey and carraway comfits : eats its own dung be-
fore a ſtorm : changes its color in September : re-
ſumes its grey coat in April: in the extreme cold of
Greenland is always ** white. Both kinds of hares
are common in Siberia, on the Banks of the Wolga,
and in the Orenburg government. The one never
changes color: the other, native of the ſame place,
conſtantly affumes the whiteneſs of the ſnow during
winter. They alſo collect together, and are ſeen in
troops of five or fix hundred, migrating fouth in
ſpring, and returning in autumnt. Mr. Muller ſays
he once faw two black hares, in Siberia, of a won-
derfull fine gloſs, and of as full a black as jet.
The animal called the Hare by our voyagers to
Patagonia , is at preſent of a doubtfull genus ; per-
haps belonging to the laſt, a ſort of Aguti, being
a
* Vide Pontop. Norway, II. 9. Scheffer Lapland, 137. Strahlen-
berg Ruſia, 370. Ritchkoff Orenberg Topog. 1. 287. The Ruſſians
diſtinguiſh the two ſpecies: they call the common hare Ruſak; this
kind, Zayets.
** Egede. Greenl. 62. Crantz Greenl. I. 70.
+ Bell's Travels, I. 238.
| Narborougl's voy. 33.
faid

H A RE.
251
ſaid to have only a naked ſtump, an inch in length,
inſtead of a tail : ſome weigh twenty pounds * : they
burrow under ground, and run into their holes when
chaced.
186.RABBET:
Cuniculus, Plinii, lib. viii. c. 55. Lepus cuniculus. L. cauda ab-
Gefner quad. 362. Agricola An. breviata, auriculis nudis. Lin.
Subt. 482.
S/. 77. Kanin, Faun. fuec. No.
Rabbet, or Coney, Raii ſyn.quad. 26. Br. Zool. I. 90.
205
Lepus caudatus, obſcuré cinereus
Lepuſculus, cuniculus terram Briffon quad. 95.
fodiens, Kaninchen, Klein quad. Le Lapin, de Buffon, vi. 303.
52.
tab. L. LI.
H, with ears almoſt naked : color of the fur, in a
wild ftate, brown: tail black above, white beneath :
in a tame ſtate, vary to black, pied, and quite
white : the eyes of the laſt of a fine red.
Inhabits, in a wild ſtate, the temperate and hot
parts of Europe, and the hotteſt parts of Aſia and
Africa : not originally Britiſh; but ſucceeds here
admirably : will not live in Sueden, or the northern
countries, except in houſes. Strabo + tells us, that
they were firſt imported into Italy from Spain: not na-
tives of America; but encreaſe greatly in S. America ļ.
Moſt prolific animals : breed ſeven times in a
year : produce eight young at a time : ſuppoſing
that to happen regularly, one pair may bring in
four years 1,274,840: in warrens, keep in their
holes in the middle of the day; come out morning
and night: the males apt to deſtroy the young: the
* Wood's voy. in Dampier, IV. 85. Voy. of the Dolphin, 33.
+ Lib. iii.
† About Hudſon's Bay are great plenty of what our Colonifts call
Rabbets: they are grey in fummer, white in winter : fo probably
are the ſame with the preceding. The common Hare is alſo found
there, but is very ſcarce; it allo changes to white in winter. Manu-
fcript bift. of Hudſon's bay.
íkins

252
H A R E.
škins a great article of commerce; numbers exported
to China : the fur of great uſe in the hat manufac-
ture.
R. ANGORA Rabbet. With hair long, waved, and
of a filky fineneſs, like that of the goat of An-
gora, p. 15. and the Cat, p. 184.
a
y. Russian RABBET. With a double ſkin over the
back, into which it can withdraw its head : ano-
ther under the throat, in which it can place its
fore feet: has ſmall holes in the looſe ſkin on the
back, to admit light to the eyes : color of the
body cinereous; head and ears brown.
Deſcribed from a drawing and manuſcript account,
by Mr. G. Edwards, preſerved in the Muſeum.
187. BRASIL- Tapeti, Marcgrave Braſil, 223. Lin. BA 78.
IAN. Piſo Braſil, 102.
Lepus ecaudus Briſſon quad. 97.
Cuniculus Braſilienfis Tapeti dic- Le Tapeti de Buffon, xv. 162.
tus. Raii fyn. quad. 205.
Collard Rabbet, Wafer's voy. ix
Lepus Braſilienſis. L. cauda nulla. Dampier, III. 401.
H. with very large ears: a white ring round the
neck : face of a reddiſh color: chin white: black
eyes: color of the body like the common hare, only
darker: belly whitiſh: no tail : ſome want the white
ring round the neck.
Inhabit Braſil: live in woods: do not burrow :
are very prolific: very good meat: found alſo in
Mexico *, where they are called Citli.
>
* Fernandes An. Nou. Hifp. 2.
Cuniculus

XXII.
P. 252
591100x9 ardhun: 301900mg Siga
paturism ind ud ai lu sorg out.
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bat bayaw
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ចវិញ
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8
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H A RE.
253
Cuniculus infigniter caudatus, gra in prona alba. Briffon quad, 188. BAIKAL,
coloris Leporini. Nov. Com. Pe- 97.
trop. V. 357. tab. xi.
Le Tolai de Buffon, XV. 138.
Lepus cauda in ſupina parte ni-
H. with a long tail *: fur of the color of the com-
mon hare : red about the neck and feet: tail black
above, white beneath : larger than a rabbet.
Inhabits the country beyond lake Baikal: agrees
with the common rabbet in nature and color of the
fleſh. Called by the Mongols, Tolai. The fur is
bad, and of no uſe in commerce.
Lepus Capenſis. L. cauda longitudinis capitis, pedibus rubris. Lin. 189. CAPE.
bift.78.
a
H. with a tail the length of the head: red feet.
Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope: burrows. This
is the whole account Linnæus gives of the ſpeciesa
.
Allied to this ſeems the Viſcachos, or Viſcachas,
mentioned by Acoſta + and Feuillée [, in their ac-
counts of Peru : they compare them to Hares or
Rabbets. The laſt ſays they inhabit the colder
parts of the country: their hair is very ſoft, and of
a mouſe-color: the tail pretty long, and turns up :
* The length of the tail is ſomewhat greater than that of a Rab-
bet.
+ In Purchas's Filgrims, III, 966.
I Obf. Peru, 1725, 32.
the

254
H A R E.
the ears and whiſkers like thoſe of the common rab-
bet. In the time of the Incas, the hair was ſpun
and wove into cloth, which was ſo fine as to be
uſed only by the nobility *.
bos
* Garcilafo de la Vega, 331.
salong
2
Two

BE A V E R.
255
XXVII.BEA-
VER.
Two cutting teeth in each jaw.
Five toes on each foot.
Tail compreſſed, and covered with ſcales,
Kartwo Arift. bit. An. lib. viii. Caftor caftanei coloris, cauda ho- 190. CASTOR,
6.5. Oppian. Halieut, I. 398. rizontaliter plana. Brillon quad.
Fiber Plinii, lib. viii. c. 30. Agri- 90.
cola An. Subt. 482 Belon Aquat. 25. Caſtor Fiber. C. cauda ovata pla-
Caſtor Gefner quad. 309. Rondel, .na. Lin. 1. 78. Bafwer, Biur,
236. Schoneveld, Icth. 34. Faun. fuec. No.27.
Beaver, Raii fyn. quad. 209. Le Caſtor, ou Le Bievre, de Buf-
Bobr Rzaczinſki Polon. 215. fon, viii. 282. tab. xxxvi.
Biber Klein quad. 91. Kramer Auftr. Beaver Br. Zool. I. 70. tab. ii.
.
315
B. with ſtrong cutting teeth : ſhort ears, hid in the
fur: blunt noſe: hair of a deep cheſnut brown: tail
broad, almoſt oval, compreſſed horizontally, co-
vered with ſcales: the fore feet ſmall; the hind
large : length, from noſe to tail, about three feet:
tail, eleven inches long, three broad.
Inhabits Europe, from Lapland to Languedoc * : in
great plenty in the North : a few are yet found in
the Rhone t, the Gardon, the Danube, the Rhine, and
the Viftula: met with in abundance in the Ruſian
Afiatic dominions; but no where in equal multi-
tudes, than in North America.
The moſt induſtrious of animals : nothing equals
the art with which they conſtruct their dwellings.
They chuſe a level piece of ground with a ſinall ri-
vulet running through it. This they form into a
pond, by making a dam acroſs; firſt, by driving
into the ground ſtakes five or ſix feet long, placed
* De Buffon, viii. 286.
in
a
1 Ibid.

256
BEAVER.
a
rows, wattling each row with pliant twigs, and fill-
ing the interſtices with clay, ramming it down cloſe.
The fide next the water is Noped; the other per-
pendicular. The bottom is from ten to twelve feet
thick; but the thickneſs gradually diminiſhes to the
top, which is about two or three. The length of
theſe dams is ſometimes not leſs than a hundred feet.
Their houſes are made in the water collected by
means of the dam, and are placed near the edge of
the ſhore. They are built on piles; are either round
or oval; but the tops are vaulted; ſo that their in-
fide reſembles an oven, the top a dome. The walls
are two feet thick; made of earth, ſtones and ſticks,
moſt artificially layed together; and the walls within
as neatly plaiſtered as if with a trowel. In each
houſe are two openings; one into the water, the
other towards the land. The height of theſe houſes
above the water is eight feet. They often make two
or three ſtories in each dwelling, for the convenience
of change, in caſe of floods. Each houſe contains
from two to thirty beavers; and the number of
houſes in each pond is from ten to twenty-five. Each
beaver forms its bed of moſs; and each family
forms its magazine of winter proviſion, which con-
fifts of bark and boughs of trees. This they lodge
under water, and fetch it into their apartments as
their wants require. Lawſon ſays they are fondeſt
of the faſafras, aſh, and ſweet-gum. Their fum-
mer food is leaves, fruits, and ſometimes crabs and
craw-fifh; but they are not fond of fiſh.
To effect theſe works, a community of two or
three hundred aſſembles; each bears his ſhare in the
labor :

BE A V E R.
257
labor: fome fall by gnawing with their teeth trees of
great ſize, to form beams or piles; others roll the pieces
along to the water ; others dive, and with their feet
ſcrape holes, in order to place them in; while others
exert their efforts to rear them in their proper places ;
another party is employed in collecting twigs, to
wattle the piles with ; a third, in collecting earth,
ſtones and clay; a fourth is buſied in beating and
tempering the mortar; others, in carrying it on their
broad tails to proper places, and with the ſame in-
ſtrument ram it between the piles, or plaiſter the
inſide of their houſes. A certain number of ſmart
ſtrokes with their tail is a ſignal given by the over-
ſeer, for repairing to ſuch or ſuch places, either for
mending any defects, or at the approach of an ene-
my; and the whole ſociety attend to it with the ut-
moſt aſſiduity. Their time of building is early in
the ſummer; for in winter they never ftir but to
their magazines of proviſions, and during that fea-
ſon are very fat. They breed once a year, and
bring forth, the latter end of the winter, two or
three young at a birth.
Beſides theſe affociated beavers, is another fort,
which are called Terriers; which either want in-
duftry or fagacity to form houſes like the others.
They burrow in the banks of rivers, making their
holes beneath the freezing depth of the water, and
work up for a great number of feet. Theſe alſo
form their winter ſtock of proviſion.
Beavers vary in their colors: the fineſt are black;
but the general color is a cheſnut brown; more or
lefs dark: ſome have been found, but very rarely,
:
s
white.
a

258
BE A V E R.
white. The ſkins are a prodigious article of trade;
being the foundation of the hat manufactory. In
1763 were ſold, in a ſingle ſale of the Hudſon's Bay
Company, 54,670 ſkins. They are diſtinguiſhed
by different names. Coat Beaver is what has been
worn as coverlets by the Indians. Parchment Beaver,
becauſe the lower fide reſembles it. Stage Beaver is
the worſt, and is that which the Indians kill out of
ſeaſon, on their ſtages or journies. The valuable
drug Caftoreum * is taken from the inguinal glands
of theſe animals. The antients had a notion it was
lodged in the teſticles, and that the animal, when
hard preſſed, would bite them off, and leave them
to its purſuers, as if conſcious of what they wanted
to deſtroy him for.
Imitatus Caſtora, qui ſe
Eunuchum ipſe facit, cupiens evadere damno
Teſticulorum.
JUVENAL, xii. 34.
* The Rufian Caftoreum is ſo much better than the American, that
we give two guineas a pound for that, and only 8s. 6d. for the laſt,
the firſt being leſs waxy and pulveriſes readier. Notwithſtanding
we take this drug from Ruſſia, we export there vaſt numbers of
Beaver ſkins. The fleſh is reckoned good eating, being preſerved,
after the bones are taken out, by drying it in the ſmoke. M. S. bifi.
Hudſon's Bay.
Muffafcus

BE A VER.
259
Muffaſcus Smith's Virginin, 27.
Caſtor cauda verticaliter plana,
Muſquaſh, folelyn's voy. Nez digitis omnibus a fe invicem fe- 191. Musk.
a
England, 86.
paratis. Briſſon quad. 93.
Muſk rat. Lawſon Carolina, 120. L'Ondatra, de Buffon, x. i. tab.i.
Caſtor Zibethicus. C. cauda Rat Muſquè, Charlevoix Nouv.
longa compreſſo-lanceolata, pe- France, V. 157. Leſcarbot N. Fr.
dibus fiſlis. Lin. Syft. 79.
350.
a
B. with a thick blunt noſe: ears ſhort, and almoſt
hid in the fur: eyes large : toes on each foot fepa-
rated; thoſe behind fringed on each ſide with ſtrong
hairs, cloſely ſet together : tail compreſſed fideways,
and very thin at the edges, covered with ſmall
ſcales, intermixed with a few hairs : color of the
head and body a reddiſh brown: breaſt and belly,
aſh-color, tinged with red : the fur very fine :
length, from noſe to tail, one foot; of the tail, nine
inches : in the form of its body, exactly reſembles
a beaver.
Inhabits N. America: breeds 3 or 4 times in a year*,
and brings from 3 to 6 young at a time: during ſum-
mer, the male and female confort together : at ap-
proach of winter, unite in families, and retire into
ſmall round ædifices, covered with a dome, formed
of herbs and reeds cemented with clay: at the bottom
are ſeveral pipes, thro' which they paſs in ſearch of
food; for they do not form magazines like the bea-
vers : during winter, their habitations are covered
many feet deep with ſnow and ice; but they creep
out and feed on the roots that lie beneath: they quit
their old habitations annually, and build new ones :
the fur is foft, and much eſteemed: the whole ani-
а
* M. S. biff. Hudſon's ay.
S 2
mal,

269
BE A V E R.
mal, during ſummer, has a moſt exquiſite ir uſky
ſmell, which it loſes in winter: perhaps the ſcent is
derived from the Calamus Aromaticus, a favorite
food of this animal. Leſcarbot ſays they are very
good to eat.
192. LONG- Mus aquaticus Clufii exot. 373. ga compreſſo-lanceolata pedibus
Worm. Mus. 334.
NOSED.
palmatis, Lin. ſyſt. 79. Dæſman,
Muſcovy or Muſk rat, Raii fyn. Faun. fuec. No. 28.
quad, 217. Nov. Com. Petrop. iv. Caftor cauda verticaliter plana,
373
digitis omnibus membranis inter
Caſtor moſchatus. C. cauda lon- ſe connexis. Briffon quad. 92.
B. with a long ſlender noſe, like that of a ſhrew
mouſe: no external ears : very ſmall eyes : tail com-
preſſed fideways : color of the head and back,
duſky; the belly, whitiſh aſh-color: length, from
noſe to tail, ſeven inches; tail eight.
Inhabits Lapland, Ruſia, the banks of the rivers
Volga and the Yaick : never wanders far from the
fides : is very flow in its pace: makes holes in
the cliffs with the entrance far beneath the loweſt
fall of the water; works upwards, but never to the
ſurface, only high enough to lie beyond the higheſt
flow of the river: feeds on fiſh: is devoured by
the Pikes and Siluri, and gives thoſe fiſh ſo ſtrong a
flavor of muſk, as to render them not eatable: has
the ſame ſcent as the former, eſpecially about the
tail; out of which is expreſſed a ſort of muſk very
much reſembling the genuine kind *. The ſkins are
put into cheſts among cloaths, to drive away mothst.
* Schober's Memorabilia Ruſs. Afat, in Mullar's Samlung Ruſs. vij.
41, 42.
+ Ritchkoff Orenb. Topogr. I. 286.
At

BE A VER
361
At Orenburg, the ſkins and tails fell for fifteen of
twenty copecs per hundred. They are ſo common
near Nizney Novogorod, that the peaſants bring five
hundred a-piece to market, where they are ſold for
one rubel per hundred. The German name for theſe
animals is Bieſem-ratze; the Ruſſian, Wychozhol.
Gatoto
1 astrol the
Borg
ge
seur
Yogy
edit
S 3
Two

262
PORC U-PIN E.
XXVIII.
POR CU-
Two cutting teeth in each jaw.
PINE. Body covered with long, hard and ſharp quils.
Upper lip divided.
193Crested. Usprk. Ariftot. bit. An. lib. i. c.6. Hyſtrix criſtata. H. palmis te-
Oppian Cyneg. III. 391.
tradactylis, plantis pentadactylis,
Hyſtrix, Plinii
, lib. viii. c. 35. capite criſtato, cauda abbreviata
Geſner quad. 563. Raii ſyn. quad. Lin.Sy/.76. Haſſelquit. itin. 290.
206.
Hyſtrix capite criſtato. Briſſon
Acanthion criſtatus, Klein quad. quad. 85.
66.
Le Porc-epic de Buffon, xii. 402.
Hyſtrix orientalis criſtata, Seb. tab. li. lii. Faunul. Sinens.
Muf. I. 79. tab. L.
P. with a long creft on the top of the head reclining
backwards, formed of ftiff briſtles: the body covered
with long quils; thoſe on the hind part of the body
nine inches in length, very ſharp at the ends, varied
with black and white ; between the quils a few hairs :
the head, belly and legs, are covered with ſtrong
briſtles, terminated with ſoft hair, of a duſky color:
the whiſkers long: ears like the human: four toes
before, five behind : tail ſhort, and covered with
quils : length, from noſe to tail, two feet; tail, four
inches.
Inhabits India, Perha and Palefiine, and all parts
of Africa : is found wild in Italy; but is not origi-
nally a native of * Europe: is brought into the mar-
kets of Rome, where it is eatt. The Italian
porcu-
pines have ſhorter quils and a leffer creft, than thoſe
a
* Agricola An. Subt. 486.
4 Ray's Travels, I. 311. Ph. Tr. abridg. V. 147.
of

PORCUPIN E.
263
of Aſia and Africa: is an harmleſs animal: lives on
fruits, roots and vegetables : ſleeps by day, feeds
by night: the report of its darting its quils fabu-
lous: when angry, retires and runs its noſe into a
corner, erects its ſpines, and oppoſes them to its
aſſailant: makes a ſnorting noiſe.
Theſe animals produce a Bezoar; but, according
to Seba, only thoſe which inhabit Java, Sumaira
and Malacca. He has given the figure of one un-
der the name of Porcus aculeatus, ſeu Hyſtrix Ma-
laccenſis : it differs little from the African and Indian
kind, and is allowed by him to be the ſame ſpecies *
194.
LONG-
TAILED.
Porcus aculeatus ſylveſtris, feu Hyſtrix cauda longiſſima, aculeis
Hyſtrix orientalis fingularis. Seb. undique obſita, in extremo pan-
Muf. I. 84. tab. lii.
niculata. Briſon quad. 89.
Acanthion cauda prælonga, acu- Hyſtrix macroura. H. pedibus
tis pilis horrida, in exitu quafi pentadactylis, cauda longiffima :
panniculata. Klein quad. 67.
aculeis clavatis. Lin. Syft. 77.
P. with long whiſkers : ſhort naked ears : large
bright eyes: body ſhort and thick, covered with
long ſtiff hairs as ſharp as needles, of different colors,
according as the rays of light fall on them : feet di-
vided into five toes; that which ſerves as a thumb
turns backwards : the tail is as long as the body, very
ſender to the end, which conſiſts of a thick tuft;
the briſtles appearing as if jointed; are thick in the
middle, and riſe one out of the other like grains of
rice; are tranſparent, and of a filvery appearance.
* Seb. Muf. I. 81. tab. li. If the ſame ſpecies, it varies from the
common kind, having five toes on each foot, pendulous ears, and
no creft. Linnæus ranks it with the hedgehogs, under the title of
Erinaceus Malaccenfis. E. auribus pendulis.
Inhabits
S4

264
PORCUPIN E.
Inhabits the iſles of the Indian Archipelago, and
lives in the foreſts.
IAN
195. BRASIL- Hoitzlacuatzin, feu Tlacliatzin leis apparentibus, cauda brevi et
ſpinoſus, Hyſtrix novæ Hiſpa- craffo. Brilon quad. 86. H. cau-
niæ. Hernandez Mex. 322. da longiſlima, tenui, medietate
Cuandu Brafilienfibns, Lufitanis extrema aculeorum experte, 87.
Ourico cachiero. Marcgrave Bra- H. Americanus major, 88.
fil, 233. Piſo Braſil, 99. 325. Hyſtrix longius caudatus, bre-
Iron Pig. Nieuhoff, 17.
vioribus aculeis, Barrere France
Hyſtrix Americanus, Raii fyn. Æquin, 153.
quad. 208.
Hyſtrix minor leucophæus, Gou-
Hyſtrix prehenfilis. H. pedibus andou. Ibid.
tetradactylis, cauda elongata pre- Chat épineux, des Marchais, III.
henſili ſeminuda. Lin. Syft. 76. 303.
Hyſtrix novæ Hiſpaniæ. H. acu-
a
:
P. with a ſhort blunt nofe: long white whiſkers :
beneath the noſe a bed of ſmall ſpines : top of the
head, back, fides and baſe of the tail, covered with
ſpines; the longeſt on the lower part of the back
and tail, are three inches in length, very ſharp,
white, barred near their points with black; adhere
cloſely to the ſkin, which is quite naked between
them; are ſhorter and weaker as they approach the
belly : on the breaſt, belly and lower part of the
legs, are converted into dark brown briſtles : feet
divided into four toes: claws very long: on the
place of the thumb a great protuberance : tail eigh-
teen inches long, ſlender and taper towards the end;
the laſt ten inches is almoſt naked, having only a
few hairs on it; has, for that length, a ſtrong pre-
henſile quality.
Inhabits Mexico and Brafil: lives in the woods :
preys not only on fruits, but poultry : feeps in the
day, preys by night: makes a noiſe with its noſtrils
as

XXIV
P. 264.
I
I
I BRASILIAN PORCUPINE NO 195.
I QUEBEC MARMOT Nº199.

3
OF
ECH
SNODE

PORCUPIN E.
265
*
:
as if out of breath: grunts like a fow* : grows very
fat : its fleſh white, and very good: climbs trees, but
very ſlowly; in deſcending, twiſts its tail round the
branches, for fear of falling : is no more capable of
ſhooting its quils than the firſt: may be tamed.
Piſo ſays there is a greater and leſſer kind.
This ſpecies is very rarely brought into Europe.
I had opportunity of deſcribing it from a ſpecimen
ſome time in poſſeſſion of Mr. Greenwood; who was
ſo obliging as to permit me to have a drawing made
of it, from which a very faithfull figure is here given.
M. de Buffon + has made an article of this animal in
his work; and M. Daubenton deſcribes and figures
one ſo different from this, and ſo like that of North
America, that it ſeems to be the ſame with the ſpe-
cies he deſcribes under the name of L'Urſon; for he
gives both of them four toes before, five behind,
and neither of them a tail halt ſo long, and that
covered with hairs and quils : each circumſtance
agreeing with the following ſpecies; neither with
this.
* Vocem edit ut Sus iii. Marcgrave, 233.
+ Under the name of Le Coendou, xii. 421. tab. liv.
Poreupine

266
PORCUPIN E.
3
biovsoms yoda od si o goriog, biom to
o bront med brawo obil Bew bug or
196.CANADA. Porcupine from Hudſon's bay. noſo. Lin. Syf. 76
..
Edw. 52. Ellis's voy. 42. Clerk's Hyſtrix aculeis ſub pilis ocultis,
.
voy. I? 177, 191.1 no cauda brevi et craffa, Briſon quad.
Cavia Hudſonis, Klein quad. 51. 87.
Hyſtrix dorſata. H. palmis te- L'Urſon, de Buffon, xii. 426.
,
tradactylis, plantis pentada&tylis, tab. lv. od lid
cauda mediocri, dorſo folo ſpi-
TH9 ghios od 10 color
eidslam
rad obo od tolle
om vor
P. with ſhort ears, hid in the fur: head, body, legs
and upper part of the tail, covered with ſoft, long,
dark brown hair: on the upper part of the head,
back, body and tail, numbers of ſharp ſtrong quils ;
the longeſt on the back, the left towards the head
and fides; the longeſt three inches; but all are hid
in the hair : intermixed, are ſome ſtiff ftraggling
hairs, three inches longer than the reſt, tipt with
dirty white : under ſide of the tail white : four toes
on the fore feet, five behind, each armed with long
claws, hollowed on their underſide: the form of
the body is exactly that of a beaver ; but is not half
the ſize: one, which Mr. Banks brought from New-
foundland, was about the ſize of a hare, but more
compactly made : the tail about fix inches long.
Inhabits N. America, as high as Hudſon's Bay: makes
its neft under the roots of great trees, and will alſo
climb among the boughs, which the Indians cut down
when one is in them, and kill the animal by ſtriking it
over the noſe : are very plentifull near Hudſon's Bay,
and many of the trading Indians depend on them for
food, eſteeming them both wholeſome and pleaſant :
feed on wild fruits and bark of trees, eſpecially ju-
niper : eat ſnow in winter, drink water in ſummer;
but

PORCUPIN E.
a69
but avoid going into it: when they cannot avoid
their purſuer, will fidle towards him, in order to
touch him with the quils, which ſeem but weak wea-
pons of offence; for, on ſtroking the hair, they will
come out of the ſkin, ſticking to the hand. The
Indians ſtick them in their noſes and ears, to make
holes for the placing their ear-rings and other finery:
they alſo trim the edges of their deer-ſkins habits
with fringes made of the quils, or cover with them
their bark-boxes.
two

(
M AR MO T.
268
14
XXXI.
MARMOT.
Two cutting teeth in each jaw.
Four toes before, five behind.
Short ears.
Tail covered with hair, and of a middling length;
in ſome very ſhort.
a
j
197. ALPINE. Mus Alpinus, Plinä, lib. viii. c. datis, buccis gibbis, Lin. Syft. 81.
37. Agricola An. Subter. 484. Gef- Forfier Nat. Hift. VOLGÆ. Ph. Tr.
ner quad.743. Raii fyn. quad. 221. lvii. 343:
Bobak, Swiſſez, Rzaczinſki Polon. Glis pilis e fuſco et flavicante
233. Beauplan Ukraine, 600. mixtis veftitus. Glis flavicans,
Glis marmota, Kleix quad. 56. capite rufeſcente. Briſon quad.
Hift. Mur. Alp. 230.
116, 117
Murmelthier, Kramer Auftr. 317, La Marmotte, de Buffon, viii. 219.
Mus marmota. M. cauda abbre- tab. xxviii. Le Bobak, xiii. 136.
viata fubpiloſa, auriculis rotun- tab. xviii.
M. with ſhort round ears, hid in the fur: cheeks
large : color of the head and upper part of the body,
browniſh aſh, mixt with tawny: legs and lower part
of the body reddiſh: ſubject to vary in color ; the
Bobak, or Poliſh Marmot, being much more red and
of a brighter hue : four toes before, five behind :
tail pretty full of hair : length, from noſe to tail,
about ſixteen inches; tail fix : body thick.
Inhabits the Alps, Poland, Ukraine, and Chineſe
Tartary : feeds on inſects, roots and vegetables :
while they are at food place a centinel, who gives a
whiſtle on ſeeing any ſign of danger, on which they
inſtantly retire into their holes : form holes under
ground with three chambers of the ſhape of a Y,
with two entrances; line them well with moſs and
hay; retire into them about Michaelmas, and ſtop-
ping up the entrances with earth, continue in a tor-
pid ſtate till April: when taken out remain inſenſi-
ble,

M A R M O T.
269
seer and
و
ges
ble, except brought before a fire, which revives
them: they lodge in ſociety from five to a dozen in
IXXX
a chamber : will walk on their hind feet: lift u
up TOMAAN
their meat to their mouth with their fore feet,
eat it fitting up: bring three or four young at a
time: are very playfull: when angry, or before a
ftorm, make a moft ſtrange noiſe ; a whiſtle fo loud
and fo acute, as quite to pierce the ear : grow very & cor
! A
fat about the backs: are ſometimes eaten ; but
nerally taken in order to be ſhewen, eſpecially by
the Savoyards : grow very ſoon tame, and will then
eat any thing: are very fond of milk, which they
lap, making at the ſame time a murmuring noiſe,
expreffive of their fatisfaction: very apt to gnaw
any cloaths or linnen they find : will bite very hard.
The inhabitants of Ukraine take them in May and
June, by pouring water into the holes, which forces
them into nets placed et the entrance. word
In Chineſe Tartary are the propagators of Rhu-
barb * which grows among their burrows: the ma-
nure they leave about the roots contributes to its
increaſe ; and the looſe foil they fling up, proves a
bed for the ripe ſeed; which, if ſcattered among the
long graſs, periſhes without ever being able to reach
dd
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* Bell's Travels, I. 337.
slor chrom
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Baharna
songs down

270
MARMO T.
LAND. II.79.
198. Mary- Bahama Cony, Cateſby Carolina, Glis fuſcus. Glis fuſcus, roſtro e
cinereo cæruleſcente.Briſon quad.
Monax, Cateſby Carolina App. 115.
xxvii.
Mus Monax. M. cauda medio-
Monax, or Marmotte of America, cri pilofa, corpore cinereo, auri-
culis fubrotundis, palmis tetra-
Glis Marmota, Americanus, Klein dactylis, plantis pentadactylis.
quad. 56.
Lin. Syft. 81.
Edw. 104
a
M. with ſhort rounded ears: black prominent eyes:
noſe ſharper than that of the laſt; noſe and cheeks
of a bluiſh aſh-color: back, of a deep brown color;
fides and belly paler : tail half the length of the bo-
dy, covered with pretty long duſky hair : toes di-
vided and armed with ſharp claws : four toes be-
fore, five behind : feet and legs black : is about
the ſize of a Rabbet.
Inhabits Virginia and Penſilvania : during winter
ſleeps under the hollow roots of trees: is found alſo
in the Bahama ifles : lives on wild fruits and other
vegetables : its fleſh is very good, taſting like that
of a pig: when ſurprized retreats to holes in the
rocks: whether it ſleeps, during winter, in the
climate of thoſe iſles, is not mentioned.
a
:
199. Quebec. M. with a blunt noſe: ſhort rounded ears : cheeks
puffed, and of a grey color: face duſky: noſe black :
hair on the back grey at bottom, black in the middle,
and the tips whitiſh: belly and legs of an orange co-
lor: toes black, naked, and quite divided ; four, and
the rudiments of another, on the fore feet; five be-
hind;

M A R M O T.
271
hind: tail ſhort, and of a duſky color: was rather
larger than a Rabbet.
Inhabits Hudſon's Bay and Canada. Mr. Brooks
had one alive a few Years ago, it was very tame,
;
,
and made a hiſſing noiſe : perhaps is the ſpecies
which the French of Canada call Sifleur *.
Hameſter, Cricetus, Agricola An. Muscricetus. M.cauda mediocri, 200GERMAN.
Subter. 486. Geſner quad. Raii fyn. auriculis rotundatis, corpore ſub-
quad. 221. Meyer An. I. tab. lxxxi. tus nigro, lateribus rufefcentibus
82.
maculis tribus albis. Lin. ff. 82.
Skrzeczek, Chomik, Rzaczinſki Glis ex cinereo rufus in dorſo, in
Polon, 232.
ventre niger, maculis tribus ad
Porcellus frumentarius Schwenk- latera albis. Briſon quad. 117.
felde Theriotroph. 118.
Le Hamiter, de Buffon, xiii. 117.
Krietſch, Hamſter, Kramer Aufir. tab. xiv. xvi.
317
M. with large rounded ears : fuil black eyes : color
on the head and back, reddiſh brown: cheeks
white: beneath each ear a white ſpot, another on
each ſhoulder, a third near the hind legs: breaſt,
upper part of the fore legs, and the belly, black :
tail ſhort, almoſt naked : four toes and a fifth claw
on the fore feet; five behind : about nine inches
long; tail three.
Inhabits Auſtria, Sileſa, and many parts of Ger-
many, Poland, and Ukraine : very deſtructive to
corn; eating great quantities, and carrying ſtill
more to its winter's hoard: within its cheeks are
two pouches, receptacles for its booty, which it
fills till the cheeks ſeem ready to burſt: they live
* La Hontan, I. 233. enumerates, among the animals of Canada,
what he calls Siffieurs, from the whizzing noiſe he ſays they make.
undes

272
MARMO T.
under ground; firſt form an entrance, burrowing
down obliquely: at the end of that paſſage the male
ſinks one perpendicular hole; the female ſeveral :
at the end of theſe are formed various vaults, either
as lodges for themſelves and young, or ſtore-houſes
for their winter food; each young has its different
apartment; each ſort of grain its different vault;
the firſt they line with ſtraw or graſs: theſe vaults
are of different depths, according to the age of the
animal; a young Hamſter makes them ſcarce a foot
deep; an old one finks them to the depth of four
or five; and the whole diameter of the habitation,
with all its communications, is ſometimes eight or
ten feet.
They begin to lay in their proviſions in Auguſt ;
and will carry grains of corn, corn in the ear, and
peas and beans in the pods, which they clean in their
holes, and carry the huſks carefully out: the pouches
above-mentioned are ſo capacious as to hold a quar-
ter of a pint Engliſh. As ſoon as they have finiſhed
their work, they ſtop up the mouth of their paſſage
carefully. In winter, the peaſants go what they call
a Hamſter-neſting ; and when they diſcover the re-
retreat, dig down till they diſcover the hoard, and
are commonly well paid; for, beſides the ſkin of
the animals, which are valuable furs, they find com-
monly two buſhels of good grain in the magazine.
Theſe animals are very fierce; will jump at a horſe
that happens to tread near them, and hang by its
noſe ſo that it is difficult to diſengage them : they
make a noiſe like the barking of a dog : breed twice
or thrice a year, and bring five or fix at a time : in
fome

M A R M O T.
273
a
of corn
ſome ſeaſons, are ſo numerous as to occaſion a dearth
Pole-cats are their greateſt enemies; for
they purſue them into their holes and deſtroy num-
bers. It is remarkable, that the hair ſticks ſo cloſe
to the ſkin, as not to be plucked off without the
utmoſt difficu ty *.
Agricola deſcribes another animal under the name
of Vormela, which ſeems only a variety. It is, ſays
he, leſs; the belly is black; the whole body mar
with yellow, and tawny ſpots: the tail cinereous
and white, the end black **
Le Souflik de Buffon, xv. 144, 195, Mus Marmotta. Sp. 15. Forſter 291. CASAN,
205
bift. Nat, Volge. Ph. Tr. lvii. 343.
M. with ſhort round ears : ſmooth hair of a yel-
lowiſh brown color, marked with faint' round ſpots
of white : above and below the eye a bar of white :
fa breaft, belly and legs of a pale yellow : four
toes before, five behind : tail half the length of the
body, covered with ſhort hair of the color of the
body: ſize of a large rat.
Inhabits the banks of the Volga, eſpecially near
Saratoff +: they burrow, and fit in multitudes near
their holes, like rabbets : often fit upright: when
alarmed, whiſtle with a low note: are very fond of
a
* Great part of their hiſtory is taken from the account given by
M. de Waitz to M. de Buffon.
** Agricola An. Subter. 486.
+ The late Do&tor Kramer, of Vienna, favored me with a ſpeci-
men of this animal, but I believe it was not a native of Auſtria, for
he omits it in his Fauna of that country.
T
falt;

274
MARMO T.
falt: numbers taken on board the barges that load
with that commodity, at Solikamſky, and fall down
into the Volga below Caſan: the ſkins I have ſeen
from thence are far more beautifull than one I re-
ceived from Auſtria, of a deeper color, and the ſpots
more diſtinct and bright.
202. LAP-
LAND.
Lemmar vel Lemmus. Olai magni Cuniculus caudatus, auritus, ex
de gent. Septentr. 358.
flavo, rufo et nigro variegatus.
Leem vel Lemmer. Gefner quad. Brillon quad. 100.
731.
Mus Lemmus. M. cauda abbre-
Mus norvegicus vulgò Leming viata, pedibus pentadactylis, cor-
Worm. Mus. 321, 325. Scheffer Lap- pore fulvo nigro vario. Lin. LA.
land, 136. Pontop. Norway, II. 30. 8o.
Strom Sondmor. 154. Raii ſyn.quad, Fial-Mus, Sabell-Mus. Lappis
227.
Lummick. Faun. Suec. No. 29.
Sable-mice Ph.Tr.abridg. II. 875. Le Leming de Buffon, xiii. 314.
M. with two very long cutting teeth in each jaw:
head pointed : long whiſkers ; ſix of the hairs on each
fide longer and ſtronger than the reſt : eyes ſmall
and black : mouth ſmall : upper lip divided : ears
ſmall, blunt, and reclining backwards : fore legs
very ſhort : four flender toes on the fore feet, co-
vered with hairs; and in the place of the thumb, a
Iharp claw, like a cock's ſpur: five toes behind :
tail about half an inch long; the body and head
about five: the ſkin very thin : the color of the
head and body black, and tawny, diſpoſed in irre-
gular blotches : belly white, tinged with yellow*.
* Deſcribed from two of theſe animals I received (ſtuft) from
Norway: They agreed in all reſpects with Wormius's excellent de
fcription
Appear

Μ Α R Μ Ο Τ.
275
Appear in numberleſs troops at very uncertain
periods in Norwwy, and Lapland : are the peft and
wonder of the country: they march like the army
of locuſts, ſo emphatically deſcribed by the prophet
Joel: deſtroy every root of graſs * before them,
and ſpread univerſal defolation : they infect the very
ground, and cattle are ſaid to periſh which taſte of
the graſs which they have touched : they march by
myriads, in regular lines : nothing ſtops their pro-
greſs, neither fire, torrents, lake or morafs ; they
bend their courſe ſtrait forward, with moſt amazing
obſtinacy; they fwiin over the lakes; the greateſt
rock gives them but a ſlight check, they go round
it, and then reſume their march directly on, without
the left deviation : if they meet a peaſant, they per-
fiſt in their courſe, and jump as high as his knees in
deſence of their progreſs : are ſo fierce as to lay hold
of a ſtick, and ſuffer themſelves to be ſwung about
before they quit their hold: if ſtruck, they turn
about and bite, and will make a noiſe like a dog :
are the prey of foxes, lynxes, and ermines, who
follow them in great numbers: at length they periſh,
either thro' want of food, or by deſtroying one ano-
ther, or in ſome great water, or in the ſea : they
are the dread of the country: in former times fpiri-
tual weapons were exerted againſt them, the prieſt
exorciſed, and had a long form of prayer to avert
the evil t: happily it does not occur frequently,
once
1301
* Linnæus adds, that they feed on the Rein-deer Liverwort, and
Catkins of the Dwarf-birch.
+ Worm. Mus. 333. where the whole form is preſerved. It was
ance ſerionily believed, that theſe animals were generated in the
clouds,
T 2

276
MARMO T.
once or twice in twenty years: it ſeems like a vaſt
colony of emigrants, from a nation over-ſtocked; a
diſcharge of animals from the great Northern hive,
that once poured out its myriads of human creatures
upon Southern Europe. Where the head quarters of
theſe quadrupeds are, is not very certainly known:
Linnæus ſays, the Norwegian and Lapland Alps;
Pontoppidan feems to think, that Kolens rock, which
divides Nordland from Sueden, is their native place;
but wherever they come from, none return. their
courſe is prædeſtinated, and they purſue their fate.
203. EAR-
LESS,
Mus Noricus aut Citellus Agricow viata, corpore cinereo, auriculis
la An. Subier. 485. Gefner quad. nullis. Lin. Syft. 80.
237: Raii fyn. quad. 220. Cuniculus caudatus, auriculis
Ziefel Schwenkfelt. Theriotroph. 86. nullis, cinereus. Briſſon quad. 101.
Mus citellus. M. cauda abbre- Le Zifel, de Buffon, xv. 139.
M. without external ears, having only a ſmall orifice
on each ſide the head, for the admittance of ſounds:
blunt noſe: a long, ſlender body : very ſhort tail :
:
color dark grey, or cinereous brown.
The Yevraſbka, or Marmotta Minor *, is the ſame
animal with this, but differs a little in color: the
upper part of the body is grey, in ſome parts red-
diſh ſpeckled with yellow: the feet yellow : the tail
buſhy, three inches long; above is duſky, ſpeckled
with yellow; beneath is red; the end black : length,
from nofe to tail, one foot : is called by the Ruſſians,
e
clouds, and fell in ſhowers upon the ground : Per tempeſtates et re-
pentinos imbres e cælo decidant, incompertum unde, an ex remotioribus in-
fulis, ex huc vento delate, an ex nubibus fæculentis natæ deferantur. Olai
Magni de Gent. Septentr. 358.
* Gmelis voy, Siberia, II. 448.
from

M A R M O T.
277
from the flenderneſs of its body, Yevraſhka, i. e. the
weefel.
Inhabits Bohemia, Auſtria, Hungary, and Siberia :
burrows and forms its magazine * of corn, nuts, &c.
for its winter food : fits up like a ſquirrel when it
eats. By Gmelin's account, ſoine inhabit the flelds
in Siberia, others penetrate into the grainaries; the
firſt form holes under ground with a double en-
trance, and ſleep during winter in the centre of their
lodge: thoſe which inhabit the grainaries, are in
motion during the whole cold ſeaſon; they couple
the beginning of May, and bring from five to eight
young, which they bring up in their burrows and
cover with hay: whiſtle like the marmot: are very
iraſcible, and bite very hard : their furs were once
uſed by the ladies of Bohemia to make cloaks.
Zits-jan Le Brun voy. Moſcov. II. 402.
Le Zemni de Buffon, xv. 142.
204. PODO-
LIAN,
a
a
M. with the cutting teeth of the lower jaw half as
long again as thofe of the upper: eyes very minute,
and as much hid in the fur as thoſe of a niole : four
toes, and a claw inſtead of the fifth on the fore feet;
five on the hind: tail ſhort: color cinereous : ſize
of a ſquirrel.
Inhabits Podolia, Ukraine, Volbinia, and Perſia :
burrows, and forms magazines for winter proviſion:
feeds on corn, fruits, and garden ſtuff: lives under
* Raii fyn. quad. 220.
T 3
ground

27%
M AR MO T.
ground during winter, and is often turned up by
the Peaſants with their ploughs: bites very hard *.
SIAN.
205. CIRCAS- M. with ears like thoſe of mice: red ſparkling eyes :
Sharp teeth: body long, and of an equal thickneſs :
cheſnut-colored hair, long, eſpecially on the back :
has ſharp claws: tail long and buſhy: fore feet
ſhorter than the hind feet: ſize of the German mar-
mot, No.200.
Inhabits the neighborhood of the river Terek,
which flows out of Circaſa and fails into the Caſpian
Sea: runs faft up hill, very ſlowly down: burrows,
and lives under ground. Deſcribed by Doctor
Schober +
* The natural hiſtory of this animal is borrowed from Rzaczin.
ſki's Auctuarium Hiſoria Naturalis Polonia, p. 325. The following is
Le Brun's deſcription of it:
"Un chien courant que ſ'avois, y prit dans la plaine un petit
Animal nomme Zits-jan, qu'il m'apporta en vie, et un autre peu
après, leſquels je fis 'eventrer, pour les conſerver. C'eſt un eſpece
de rat de campagne, de la grcffeur d'un écureuil, qui a la
queuë courte, et le poil et la couleur d'un lapreau, auſſi bien que
la forme, bors qu'il a la tête plus groſſe, et les deux Dents de deffous
la moitié plus longues que celles de deſſus. Il a auſi les pattes de
devant plus courtes que celles de derriere, avec quatre grifes, et un
plus petite, et cinque à celles de derriere, reſſemblant aflez à celles
d'un finge.
+ Memorabilia Ruf. Afiat. in Muller's Samlung Rul, vii. 124.
a
With

SQUIRRE L.
279
XXX.
SQUIRREL:
With two cutting teeth in each jaw.
Four toes before, five behind.
Long tail, cloathed with long hair.
Sciurus, Geſner quad. 845. Rai LA. 86. Ikorn, Graſkin. Faun, 206. Common.
fyn. quad. 214.
fuec. No. 37:
"Wiewiorka Rzaczinſki Polon. 225. Sciurus rufus quandoque griſeo
Eichhorn Klein quad. 53.
admixto. Briſon quad. 104.
Sciurus vulgaris. Sc. auriculis L'Ecureuil de Buffon, vii. 258.
apice barbatis, palmis tetradac- tab. xxxii. Br. Zool. I. 93.
tylis, plantis pentadactylis. Lin.
a
a
Sq. with ears terminated with long tufts of hair :
large lively black eyes : head, body, legs and tail,
of a bright reddiſh brown: breaſt and belly white :
hair on each ſide the tail lies fiat. In Sueden and
Lapland *, changes in winter into grey. In Ruſiat,
is ſometimes found black. In many parts of Eng-
land is a beautifull variety with milk-white tails.
Inhabits Europe and North America, the northern
and the temperate parts of Afia; and a variety is
even found as far ſouth as the Iſle of Ceylon : is a
neat, lively, active animal : lives always in woods :
in the ſpring, the female is ſeen purſued from tree
to tree by the males, feigning an eſcape from their
embraces : makes its neſt of moſs and dried leaves,
between the fork of two branches : brings three or
four young at a time : has two holes to its neſt:
ſtops up that on the ſide the wind blows, as Pliny I
3
* Faun. Suec. and Scheffer Lapl. 135.
† Rzaczinſki Polon. 224.
I Lib. viii. c. 38.
T4
juſtly

280
SQUIRREL.
juſtly remarks : lays in a hoard of winter proviſion,
ſuch as nuts, acorns, &c. in ſummer, feeds on buds
and young ſhoots : is particularly fond of thoſe of
fir, and the young cones : fits up to eat, and uſes its
fore-feet as hands : covers itſelf with its tail : leaps
to a ſurpriſing diſtance: when diſpoſed to croſs a
river, a piece of bark is its boat; its tail the fail *
(?)
a
a. HUDSON BAY SQ. Smaller than the European,
marked along the middle of the back with a fer-
ruginous line from head to tail: the ſides paler :
belly of a pale aih-color, mottled with black': tail
not ſo long, or ſo full of hair, as the common
kind; of a ferruginous color, barred with black,
and towards the end is a broader band of the
ſame color.
a
a
B. WHITE-LEGGED SQ. The head, whole upper part
of the body, ſides and toes, of a reddiſh brown:
face, noſe, under ſide of the neck, belly, fore-legs,
inſide of the ears and thighs, white : ears ſlightly
tufted with black : tail long, covered with duſky
hairs much ſhorter than thoſe in the European
kind. Br. Muf. by the catalogue, ſaid to be
brought from Ceylon.
* Rzaczinſki, Klein, Scheffer, Linnæus.
Sciurus

SQUIRREL.
281
Sciurus Zeylanicus pilis in dorſo Sciurus macrourus, long-tailed 207. CEYLON.
nigricantibus Rukkaia di&tus Squirrel, Ind. Zool. tab.i.
a fono. Raii fyn. quad. 215.
:
Sq. with ears tufted with black : noſe fleſh-colored :
cheeks, legs and belly of a pale yellow: between
the ears a yellow ſpot : forehead, back, fides,
haunches black : cheeks marked with a bifurcated
ſtroke of black : under fide red : tail twice as long
as the body, of a light grey, and very buſhy: the
part next the body quite ſurrounded with hair : on
the reſt the hairs are ſeparated and lie flat. Is thrice
the ſize of the European ſquirrel.
Inhabits Ceylon ; is called there Dandoelana : alſo
Roekea from the noiſe it makes.
Sq. with tufted ears : head, back, fides, upper part 208.Bombay.
of the legs and thighs and tail of a dull purple :
the lower part of the legs and thighs, and the
belly, yellow: end of the tail orange : length,
from nofe to tail, near fixteen inches; tail ſeven-
teen.
Inhabits Bombay; deſcribed from a ſtuft ſkin in
Doctor Hunter's cabinet.
a
B. Sq. with a round Aeſh-colored nofe: hair on the
upper part of the body of a ruſty black : tail a
foot and a half long : belly and fore feet grey :
foles of the feet fleſh-colored. Three times the ſize
of an European ſquirrel.
Deſcribed

282
SQUIRREL.
Deſcribed from Thevenot *, who ſays, it was
bought at Moco from an Abiſſinian, that it was very
good-natured, and ſportive like a ſquirrel; would
eat any thing except fleſh, and would crack the
hardeſt almonds. A variety of one of the above ?
209. Grer. Gray ſquirrel Joſſelyn's woy, Cates- Sciurus cinereus Lin. 3A. 86.
.
by Carolina, II. 74. Smith's voy. Sciurus cinereus. Auriculis ex
27. Kalm's voy. 95. 310.
albo flavicantibus, Briſon quad.
Fox ſquirrel Lawſon's Carolina, 107.
124
Le Petit-Gris, de Buffon, X. 116.
Sciurus cinereus virginianus ma- tab. xxv.
jor Raii fyn. quad. 215.
a
a
Sq. with plain ears : hair of a dull grey color, mix-
ed with black, and often tinged with dirty yellow :
belly and inſides of the legs white: tail long, buſhy,
grey, and ſtriped with black, Size of a half grown
rabbet.
Inhabits the woods of Northern Afia **, N. Ame-
rica, Peru t, and Chili I: are very numerous in
N. America, do incredible damage to the plantations
3
* Voyages des Indes orientales, v. 34.
** A large kind cf grey ſquirrel is found about the upper parts
of the river Obi, in the diſtrict of Kuznetſk, and is called Teleutſkaya
belka, or the ſquirrel of the Teleutian Tartars : it is as large again as
the common grey ſquirrels of thoſe parts, and is preferred to them,
on account of the filvery glofs of the ſkin. Few are ſent into Rufia,
the greateſt part being ſent into China, and fell for 61. or 71. fterling,
per thouſand. Muller's Ruſs. Samlung, III. 518, 519.
+ Chinchilles are ſmall beaſts, like ſquirrels, with wonderfull
ſmoothe and ſoft ſkins, which they weare as a healthfull thing to
comfort the ſtomacke; they make coverings and rugs of the haire
of theſe Chinchilles, which are found on the Sierre of Peru. Acofta
in Purchas's Pilg. III. 966.
I Ovalle, in his hiſtory of Chile, ſays, that the grey or aſh-color'd
ſquirrels, of the vally of Guaſco, are valuable for the furs. Churchill's
Coll. Vol. III. 44.
of

SQUIRREL.
283
of Mayz, run up the ſtalks, and eat the young
ears; deſcend in vaſt flocks from the mountains,
and join thoſe that inhabit the lower parts; are pro-
ſcribed by the provinces, and a reward of three
pence per head for every one that is killed; ſuch
a number was deſtroyed one year, that Penſylvania
alone paid in rewards 8000l. of its currency.
Make their nefts in hollow trees with moſs, ſtraw,
wool, &c. Feed on the mayz in the ſeaſon, and
c
and on pine cones, acorns, and maſt of all kinds.
Form holes under ground, and there depoſit a large
ſtock of winter proviſion. Deſcend from the trees
and viſit their magazines when in want of meat;
are particularly buſy at the approach of bad weather ;
during the cold ſeaſon keep in their neſts for ſeveral
days together ; feldom leap from tree to tree, only
run up and down the bodies; their hoards often de-
ſtroyed by ſwine; when covered with deep ſnow,
the ſquirrels often periſh for want of food ; are not
eaſily ſhot, nimbly changing their place, when they
ſee the gun levelled; have the actions of the com-
mon ſquirrel; eafily tamed; their fleſh eſteemed
very delicate. The furs which are imported under
the name of petit-gris are valuable, and uſed as lin-
ings to cloaks.
3
a. Lesser. Upper part of the body and ſides mixed
with ruít color, grey and white; belly white, fe-
parated from the fides by a ruſty line: lower part
of the legs red : fides of the tail whitiſh, the reſt
brown mixed with black. Mr. Knaphan's collec-
tion.
Quahtechaloc.

284
SQUIRREL.
210. Black. Quahtechalotl-thlitic. Hernandez Black ſquirrel Cateſby Car. II. 73.
Mex. 582. Fernandez Nov. Hifp. L'Ecureuil noir. Brillon quad.105.
8.
Sciarus niger Lin. br. 86.
Sq. with plain ears : ſometimes wholly black, but
often marked with white on the noſe. the neck, or
end of the tail: the tail ſhorter than that of the
former : the body equal.
Inhabits the N. of Aſia *, N. America, and Mexico.
I ſhould have placed it as a variety of the laſt ſpe-
cies, did not Mr. Cateſby expreſsly ſay, that it breeds
and affociates in ſeparate troops; is equally nume-
rous with the former ; commits as great ravages
among the Mayz; makes its neſt in the ſame man-
ner, and forms like them, magazines for winter
food.
B. Sq. with plain ears : coarſe fur mixed with dirty
white, and black : throat and inſide of the legs
and thighs black : tail much ſhorter than thoſe
of ſquirrels uſually are: of a dull yellow color:
mixed with black : body of the ſize of the grey
ſquirrel.
Inhabits Virginia ; defcribed from Mr. Knaphan's
collection, who told me that the planters called it
the Cat ſquirrel.
* The fineſt are taken near the lake Baikal, and about Barguzinſkoi
oſtrog, upon the upper Angara, in the diſtrict of Nertſchink, which
are the beſt in all Siberic: theſe continue black the whole
others grow rufty in fummer. Muller's Rufs. Şamlung. III. 518.519.
year; the
Quauhtecollotlquapachtli

XXVI
P.284
I
I
TI
I HUDSON'S BAY SQ. P280. I BLACK NO210.
TI GREY NO209.

ICE.
RI
TCH
OF
SNP

SQUIRREL.
285
Quauhtecollotlquapachtli, Fer- LeCoquallin. de Buffon, xiii. 109. 211. VARIER.
nandez Nov. Hifp.8.
tab. xiii.
Sq. with plain ears ; upper part of the body varied
with black, white and brown: the belly tawny * :
twice the ſize of the common ſquirrel.
Inhabits Mexico; lives under ground, where it
brings forth its young, and lays in a ſtock of win-
ter food; lives on Mayz: is never to be tamed.
Theſe probably vary in fize; I have ſeen one that
ſeemed to be of this ſpecies, but not ſuperior in
ſize to the common ſquirrel; the colors were brown,
orange, and cinereous: the belly orange.
Sciurus flavus. Sc, auriculis fub- lis, corpore luteo. Lin. GA. 86. 212. FAIR,
. LA
rotundis, pedibus pentadacty- Aman. Acad. I. 561.
Sq. with the body and tail of a flaxen color : of a
very ſmall ſize, with plain round ears, and rounded
tail.
Inhabits the woods near Amadabad, the capital
of Guzarat, in great abundance, leaping from tree
to treet. Linnæus ſays it is an inhabitant of South
America.
* Called by the Indians, Coztiocotequallin, or yellow belly.
+ L'Ecureuil blond. Della Valla, p. 84.
Sciurus

286
SQUIRREL.
213
BRASIL. Sciurus Braſilienſis? Marcgrave Briſſon quad. 107.
IAN.
Braſil
, 230,
Sciurus æftuans. Sc.griſeus, ſub-
Sciurus coloris ex flavo et fuſco tus flaveſcens, Lin. Syft. 88.
mixti tæniis in lateribus albis.
a
Sq. with plain ears, and rounded tail : head, body,
and fides covered with ſoft duſky hairs, tipt with
yellow : tail rounded : the hairs annulated with
black and yellow : throat cinereous : inſide of the
legs, and the belly yellow: the belly divided length-
ways with a white line; which begins on the breaſt :
is interrupted for a ſmall ſpace in the middle, and
is then continued to the tail : length from noſe to
tail, eight inches one quarter : tail ten.
Inhabits Braſil and Guiana. Mr. Vandeck, cap-
tain of a man of war in the Portugueſe ſervice, who
procured them from their fettlements in S. America,
favored me with two.
a
214MEXICAN. Tlalmototli Fernandez Nov. Hijp. pania Seb. Muf. I. tab. xlvii. Brif-
9.
fon quad. 108.
Sciurus rariſſimus ex Nov, Hif-
Sq. of a mouſe color: the male marked on the back
with ſeven white lines, which extend along the tail;
the female, with only five : the tail of the male di-
vided into four parts at the end; perhaps accidental-
ly: its ſcrotum pendulous, like a goat's.
Inhabits New Spain.
08
Mustela

SQUIRREL.
287
Muſtela Africana Clus. Exot. 112. Sc. palmarum. Sc. coloris ex ru- 215. PALM:
Raii fyn. quad. 216.
fa et nigro mixti, tæniis in dorſo
Sciurus palmarum. Sc.ſubgriſeus Havioantibus Briſon quad. 109.
ſtriis tribus flavicantibus, cauda- Le Palmiſte, de Buffon, X. 126.
que albo nigroque lineata. Lin. tab. xxvi.
lyf. 86.
Sq. with plain ears : an obſcure pale yellow ſtripe
on the middle of the back, another on each ſide, a
third on each ſide the belly; the two laſt very dif-
tinct: reſt of the hair on the fides, back and head,
black and red, very cloſely mixed; that on the
thighs and legs more red : belly, pale yellow : hair
on the tail does not lie flat, but encircles it; is coarſe,
and of a dirty yellow, barred with black. Authors
deſcribe this kind with only three ſtripes: this had
five, ſo poſſibly they vary.
B. BARBARY. Sciurus getulus 84. Briſſon quad. 109
Caii opufc. 77. Geſner quad. 847. Barbarian ſquirrel. Edw. 198.
Sc. getulus. Sc. fuſcus ftriis Le Barbareſque de Buffon, X. 126,
quatuor albis longitudinali- tab. xxvii.
bus Lin. Syft. 87. Klein quad.
Sq. with full black eyes and white orbits : head,
body, feet and tail, cinereous, inclining to red:
lighteſt on the legs : fides marked lengthways with
two white ſtripes : belly white : tail buſhy, marked
:
regularly with ſhades of black, one beneath the
other: ſize of the common ſquirrel.
Both theſe ſquirrels inhabit Barbary and other hot
countries : live in trees; eſpecially Pelms, from
which one takes its name.
Mouſo

288
SQUIRREL.
216.GROUND. Mouſe ſquirrel Jovelyn's voy. 86. cov. II. 432.
Ground ſquirrel Larſon Carolina, Sciurus ftriatus. Sc. flavus ftriis
124. Cately Carolina, II. 75. quinque fulcis fongitudinalibus.
Edw. 181. Kalm I. 322. iab.i. Lin.ly/. 87. Klein. quad. 53.
Sciurus Liiteri. Raii fyn, quad. Sciurus Carolinenfis, Brijon quad.
215.
Le Suiſle de Bufon, X. 126. tab.
Sciurus minor virgatus Nov.Com. xxviii. Charlevoix Nouv. France,
Petrop. V. 344.
V. 198.
Boern-doeſkie Le Brun. voy. Mof-
Sq. with plain ears : ridge of the back marked with
a black ſtreak : each ſide with a pale yellow ſtripe,
bounded above and below with a line of black:
head, body and tail, of a reddiſh brown; the tail the
darkeſt: breaſt and belly white : noſe and feet pale
red: eyes full
Inhabits the North of Afa; but found in the
greateſt abundance in the foreſts of North America :
they never run up trees except purſued, and find no
other means of eſcaping: they burrow, and form
their habitations under ground with two entrances,
that they may get acceſs to the one, in caſe the
other is ſtopped up. Their retreats are formed with
great ſkill, in form of a long gallery, with branches
on each ſide, each of which terminates in an en-
larged chamber, as a magazine to ſtore their winter
proviſion in; in one they lodge the acorns, in ano-
ther the mayz, in a third the hickery nuts, and in
a
the laſt, their favorite food the chinquapin cheſnut.
They very ſeldom ſtir out during winter, at left as
long as their proviſions laft; but if that fails, they
will dig into cellars where apples are kept, or barns
where mayz is ſtored, and do a great deal of miſchief;
but
a
3

SQUIRREL.
289
but at that time the cat deſtroys great numbers, and
is as great an enemy to them as to mice.
During the mayz harveſt, theſe ſquirrels are very
buſy in biting off the ears, and filling their mouths
ſo full with the corn, that their cheeks are quite
diftended. It is obſervable, that they give great
preference to certain food; for if, after filling their
mouths with rye, they happen to nieet with wheat,
they fing away the firſt, that they may indulge in
the laſt. They are very wild, bite ſeverely, and are
ſcarcely ever tamed: the ſkins are of little uſe; but
are ſometimes brought over to line cloaks.
217. Far
Glis Gefner quad. 550. Raii fyn. quad. 113.,
quad. 229.
Sciurus Glis. Sc. canus fubtus al-
Glis vulgaris Klein quad. 56. bidus Lin. Syt. 87.
Glis ſupra obſcurè cinereus, in- Le Loir de Buffon, viii. 158. tab.
fra ex albo cinereſcente Briſſon xxiv.
a
Sq. with thin naked ears: body covered with ſoft
aſh-colored hair : belly whitiſh: tail full of long
hair: from noſe to tail, near fix inches; tail four
and a half: thicker in the body than the ſquirrel.
Inhabits France and the South of Europe. The
late Doctor Kramer favored me with one from Au-
ftria. Lives in trees, and leaps from bough to
bough, feeds on fruits and acorns : lodges in the
hollows of trees: remains in a torpid ſtate during
winter, and grows very fat,
Tota mihi dormitur hyems, et pinguior illo
Tempore ſum, quo me nil niſi fomnus alit *.
Martial Epig. Lib. xiii. Ep. 59.
U
Was

290
SQUIRRE L.
Was eſteemed a great delicacy by the Romans, who
had their Gliraria* places conſtructed to keep and
feed them in. I think that the Italians at preſent
eat them.
218.GARDEN. Mus avellanarum major Geſner ad oculos nigra Briſſon quad. 114.
quad. 735
Mus quercinus. M. cauda elon-
Greater Dormouſe, or Sleeper, gata pilofa, macula nigra fub
Raii fin. quad. 219:
oculos. Lin. Syft. 84.
Glis fupra obſcurè cinereus, in- Le Lerot de Buffon, viii. 181. tab.
fra ex albo cinerefcens, macula xxv.
3
Sq. with the eyes ſurrounded with a large ſpot of
black, reaching to the baſe of the ears, and another
behind the ears: head and whole body of a tawny
:
color: the throat and whole under-ſide of the body
white, tinged with yellow: the tail long: the hairs
at the beginning very ſhort, at the end bulhy:
length, from noſe to tail, not five inches; the tail
four.
Inhabits France and the South of Europe : infeſts
gardens, and is very deſtructive to fruits of all kind :
is particularly fond of peaches: lodges in holes in
the walls: brings five or fix young at a time: like
the former, remains torpid during winter : has a
ſtrong ſmell, like a rat.
* Varro de re ruftica, lib. iii.
Mus

SQUIRREL
292
Mus avellanarum minor, the longata piloſa, corpore rufo, gu- 219. DOR-
Dormouſe or Sleeper, Raii ſyn. la albicante, pollicibus pofticis
MOUSE
quad. 220.
muticis, Lin. tvA. 83. Faun. Suec.
Rothe Wald Mauſs Kramer Au- No. 35.
ftria, 317.
Le Muſcardin de Buffon, viii. 193:
Glis fupra rufus, infra albicans tab. xxvi.
Briſon quad.
Dormouſe Edw. 266. Br. Zool. I,
Mus avellanarius. M. cauda e- 95.
a
Sq. with round naked ears : full black eyes: body
of a tawny red: throat white : ſize of a mouſe, but
plumper : tail two inches and a half long, and pretty
hairy, eſpecially towards the end.
Inhabits Europe : lives in thick hedges : makes
its neſt in the hollow of a low tree, or in a thick
buſh near the bottom, of graſs, moſs, or dead leaves :
brings three or four young at a time: ſeldom ap-
pears far from its retreat: forms magazines of nuts :
eats its food ſitting up, like a ſquirrel: at approach
of winter, retires and rolls itſelf up, lying torpid:
ſometimes in a warm day revives, takes a little food,
and relapſes into its former ſtate.
a
U 2
A. with

292
SQUIRREL.
A. with membranes from fore leg to hind leg.
220. SAILING, Sciurus Sagitta. Sc. hypochon- lis volans. Sc. caftanei coloris, in
driis prolixis volitans, cauda parte corporis ſuperiore, in infe-
plano-pinnata lanceolata. Lin. riore vero eximié flaveſcentis ;
cute ab anticis cruribus ad poftica
Sciurus petauriſta Pallas Miſcel. membranæ in modum extenſa
Zool. 54. tab. vi.
volans, Brillon quad. 112. Mus.
Sciurus maximus volans, ſeu fe- Roy. Society *.
Syft. 88.
a
a
a
Sq. with a ſmall rounded head: cloven upper lip:
ſmall blunt ears: two ſmall warts at the outmoſt
corner of each eye, with hairs growing out of them:
neck ſhort: four toes on the fore feet; and inftead
of a thumb, a ſlender bone, two inches and a half
long, lodged under the lateral membrane, ſerving
to ſtretch it out: from thence to the hind legs ex-
tends the membrane, which is broad, and a conti-
nuation of the ſkin of the ſides and belly : five toes
on the hind feet, and on all the toes ſharp com-
preſſed bent claws: tail covered with long hairs dif-
poſed horizontally: color of the head, body and
tail, a bright bay ; in ſome parts inclining to orange :
breaſt and belly of a yellowiſh white : length, from
noſe to tail, eighteen inches; tail fifteen.
Inhabits Java t, and others of the Indian iſlands :
leaps from tree to tree as if it flew : will catch hold
of the boughs † with the tail : differs in ſize: that
deſcribed by Linnæus was the ſize of our ſquirrel:
* Where there is the ſkin of one in fine preſervation.
+ Hamilton's voy. II. 131.
I Sir Edward Michelbourne's voy. in Purchas's Pilgrim. I. 134- .
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XXVII
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SQUIRREL.
293
that killed by Sir Edward Michelbourne, in one of
the Indian ifles was greater than a hare. Nieuhoff,
p. 354, deſcribes this ſpecies under the name of the
Flying Cat, and ſays the back is black: he has given
two very good figures of it; one in his frontiſpiece,
the other in the page he deſcribes it in.
221. FLYING
Mus Ponticus vel Scythicus Gef- Edw. 191. Kalm. I. 321. tab. i.
ner quad. 743
du Pratz, II. 69.
Aflapanick Smith's Virginia, 27. Sciurus volans. Sc. hypochon-
Joſſelyn's voy. 86. de Laet, 88. driis prolixis volitans, cauda ro.
Sciurus americanus volans Raii tundata. Lin. Syft. 88. Faun. fuec.
lyn. quad. 215.
No. 38.
Sciurus petauriſta volans, Klein Sciurus volans Briſon quad. 110,
quad. 54.
iii. No. 12, 13.
Flying ſquirrel Phil.Trans abridg. La Poulatouche, de Buffon, X.
ix. 76. šab. v. Lawſon's Carolina, 95.
124. Cateſby Carolina, IL. 76, 77,
a
Sq. with round naked ears : full black eyes : a la-
teral membrane from fore to hind legs: tail with
long hairs diſpoſed horizontally, longeſt in the mid-
dle: color above, a browniſh aſh : beneath, white,
tinged with yellow: much leſs than the common
ſquirrel.
Inhabits Finland, Lapland, Poland, Ruſia, North
America, and New Spain* : lives in hollow trees :
Neeps in the day: during the night very lively: is
gregarious, numbers being found in one tree : leaps
from bough to bough ſometimes at the diſtance of
ten yards : this action improperly called flying, for
the animal cannot go in any other direction than
forward; and even then cannot keep an even line,
* Where it is called Quimichpatlan. Fernandez. Nov. Hifp. 8.
but
U 3

294
SQUIRREL.
but finks conſiderably before it can reach the place
it aims at: ſenſible of this, the ſquirrel mounts the
higher, in proportion to the diſtance it wiſhes to
reach : when it would leap it ſtretches out the fore-
legs, and extending the membranes, becomes ſpeci-
fically lighter than it would otherwiſe be ; and thus
is enabled to ſpring further than other ſquirrels that
have not this apparatus. When numbers leap at a
time, they ſeem like leaves blown off by the wind.
Their food the ſame as the other American ſquirrels :
are eaſily tamed : bring three or four young at &
time.
B.
HOODED. Sciurus virginia- xliv. Briſſon quad. III.
nus volans. Seb. Muf. I. tab. Mus volans. Lin. Lyf. 85.
Sq. with the lateral membrane beginning at the chin
and ears, and extending like the former from fore to
hind leg: reddiſh above; cinereols, tinged with
yellow, beneath.
Inhabits Virginia, according to Seba; the only
perſon who had ſeen it: is perhaps a meer variety.
Linnæus's fynonyms from Ray and Edwards erro-
neous,
,
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JER BO A.
295
XXXL
JERBOA.
Two cutting teeth in each jaw.
Two very ſhort fore legs: two very long hind legs,
reſembling thoſe of cloven-footed water-fowl.
Very long tail, tufted at the end.
Mus dotT85 Theophr. opuſc. 295. Mus jaculus. M. cauda elongata 222. Æger
Ælian hift. an. lib.xv. 6. 26. floccola, palmis ſubpentadactylis,
TIAN
Mus bipes Plinii, lib. x. c.65. femoribus longiffimis, brachiis
Jerboa, or Yerbộa, Shaw's Tra- breviſſimis. Lin. Lyfi. 85. Haſſel-
vels, 248. Texeira's Travels, 21. quijt itin. 198.
Gerbua Edw, 219. Plaifted's jour. Le Jerbo de Ruffon, xiii. 141.
mal, 59.
J. with thin erect and broad ears : full and dark
eyes: long whiſkers : fore legs an inch long; five
toes on each; the inner, or thumb, ſcarce apparent;
but that, as well as the reſt, furniſhed with a ſharp
claw: hind legs two inches and a quarter long, thin
covered with ſhort hair, and exactly reſembling
thoſe of a bird; three toes on each, covered above
and below with hair; the middle toe the longeſt,
on each a pretty long ſharp claw: length, from noſe
to tail, ſeven inces and one quarter ; tail ten inches,
terminated with a thick black tuft of hair; the tip
white; the reſt of the tail covered with very
ſhort
coarſe hair : the upper part of the body thin, or
compreſſed ſideways: the part about the rump and
loins large: the head, back, fides and thighs, co-
vered with long hair, aſh-colored at the bottom,
pale tawny at the ends : breaſt and belly whitiſh :
the hair long and ſoft.
a
U 4
Inhabits

296
JERBO A.
Inhabits Ægypt, Barbary, Paleſtine, the deferts
between Balfora and Aleppo: as fingular in its
motions as in its form : always ſtands on its hind
feet; the fore feet performing the office of
hands : runs faft; and when purſued, jumps five or
fix feet from the ground: burrows like rabbets :
keeps cloſe in the day, lively during night : feeds
on vegetables: has great ſtrength in its fore feet.
Two that were living laſt winter in London, burrowed
almoſt through the brick wall of the room they were
in; came out of their hole at night for food, and
when caught were much fatter and ſleeker than
when confined to their box: eaten by the Arabs *.
The ſpecies deſcribed by Mr. Edwards ſeems only
to be a variety of this, with a black band croſs the
upper part of the thighs. Doctor Shaw mentions a
ſpur placed about an inch above the toes of the hind
feet; which was wanting in theſe, as well as in Mr.
Edwards's.
Hugo
16 Evo bolo
2303 TO
Serto
223. SIBERI-
AN
351. tab. ix. Soo. com. Petrop. V. quad: 103.
Cuniculus pumilio faliens cauda da anomola longifima. Briſon
Now.Com
Flying hare. Stwahlenberg's hift.
Cuniculus pumilio ſaliens, cau- Ruſs. 370.
20 or
ybod
J. with very long tranſparent narrow ears : long
whiſkers: five toes on the fore feet, three on the
hind feet pointing forward, and a fourth behind,
about an inch above the heel : color of the upper
* Pr. Alpin. Agypt, I. 232. The Arabs call it the Lamb of the
Children of Iſrael. Bochart thinks this animal the Saphon of HOLY
WRIT, and diſplays a vaſt deal of learning on the ſubject. Vide
Hicrozoicon, lib. iii. c. 33. p. 1601.
part

JERBO A.
297
•
part of the body tawny; lower whitiſh: in form of
the body, legs and tail, agrees with the laſt.
Inhabits Siberia * where it is called Alagtaga :
like the former, very active : digs holes in the
ground with vaſt agility with its fore feet: tears the
roots with its teeth, and fings back the earth with
its hind feet: if purſued, and finds it cannot eſcape
by leaping, attempts to make a new hole: the bur-
rows, in ſome places, ſo thick, as to be dangerous
to travellers, the horſes perpetually falling in them:
provides againſt winter: cuts graſs, and leaves it in
heaps a foot ſquare to dry, and afterwards carries it
into the burrow,
Mus longipes. M. cauda elonga- Mus cauda longa veſtita, pedibus 224.1
ta veſtita, palmis tetradactylis, pofticis longitudine corporis, fla-
plantis, pentadactylis, femoribus vi. Muſ. Ad. Tr. 9.
Iongißimis. Lin. Syfi. 84.
.
J. with naked oval ears : long whiſkers : four toes
on the fore feet: the hind feet the length of the
body, thick, ſtrong, and thinly haired: five toes on
each foot : ſcarce any neck: tail the length of the
body, with very little hair on it: color of the upper
part of the body yellow; the lower white : fize of
a common mouſe.
Inhabits, according to Linnæus, the torrid zonet:
mentioned by no other writer.
* Found alſo in Circaſia, and near the river Terek, which borders
on that country. Vide Olearius's Travels, 415, and Schober's Memo-
rabilia Ruff. Afiat. in Muller's Samlung. Ruſs. vii. 124.
+ Habitat in torridis regionibus,
Lc

298
JER BO A.
225.WOOLLY, Le Tarſier de Buffon, xiii. 87. tab. ix.
901
SOW
а
J. with a ſharp-pointed noſe: long erect naked tranf-
parent ears: large eyes: two cutting teeth in each
jaw; and what is peculiar to this ſpecies, two canine
teeth in each: five long ſlender fingers on each foot,
reſembling thoſe of a monky : fore-legs moderately
long: the hind legs of a very remarkable length,
efpecially the ſecond bone: that next the foot fen-
der and naked.: the tail exceedingly long and flen-
der: the hair on the body long, ſoft and woolly :
the head aſh-color: the reſt of the body tawny,
mixed with aſh-color: larger than a common mouſe.
Place unknown: deſcribed from M. de Bnffon :
anomalous.
Forly
Two

RAT.
299
XXXI.RAT
Two cutting teeth in each jaw.
Four toes before ; five behind.
Very flender taper tail; naked, or very ſlightly
haired.
Mus domeſticus major quem vul- Mus Rattus. M. cauda elongata 226. BLACK.
go Rattum vocant. Geſner quad. fubnuda,palmis tetradactyliscum
731. Raii fyn. quad. 217.
unguiculo pollicari, plantis pen-
Mus rattus, Mus ciftrinarius. tadactylis Lin. Lyft. Ratta Faun. .
Klein quad. 57
fuec. No. 33. Br. Zool. I. 97.
Ratze. Kramer Auftr. 316. Le Rat de Buffon, vii. 278. tab.
Mus cauda longiffima obſcure xxxvi.
cinerea. Briſon quad. 118.
R. of a deep iron grey color, nearly black: belly
cinereous : legs duſky, almoſt naked : a claw, in
the place of a fifth toe, on the fore feet: length,
from noſe to tail, ſeven inches; tail near eight.
Inhabits moſt parts of Europe of late, the num-
bers much leſſened, and in many places extirpated
by the next ſpecies: very deſtructive to corn, furni-
ture, young poultry, rabbets and pigeons: will
gnaw the extremities of infants when aſleep: breeds
often in a year: brings fix or ſeven young at a time:
makes its neſt, in a hole near a chimney, of wool,
bits of cloth, or ſtraw: will deſtroy and devour one
another : its greateſt enemy is the weefel. Firſt
introduced into America by the Europeams; into S.
America *, about the year 1544, in the time of the
Viceroy Blaſco Nunnez. Is now the peſt of all that
continent.
a
* Garcilafo de la Vega, 384.
Mus

goo
RAT
Slots low
orlw
hard to
227. Brown. Mus cauda longiffima, fupra di- Le Surmulot, de Buffon, viii. 206.
Jutè fulvus, infra albicans. Le tab. xxvii.
Rat de Bois. Briſon quad. 120. Norway rat. Br. Zool. I. 99.
:
a
R. with the head, back and fides, of a light brown
color, mixed with tawny and aſh-color: breaſt and
belly dirty white : feet naked, and of a dirty fleſh-
color: fore feet furniſhed with four toes, and a claw
inſtead of the fifth: length, from noſe to tail, nine
inches; tail the fame: weight eleven ounces : is
ſtronger made than the laſt.oby buiten
Inhabits moſt parts of Europe ; but was a ſtranger
to that continent 'till the preſent century: came into
Great Britain about forty years ago : not known in
the neighborhood of Paris half that time. The
ſame animal with what is called in the Eaſt-Indies a
Bandicote, a large rat, which burrows under ground;
ſo probably the ſpecies was brought from thence in
ſome of the Indian ſhips * . has reached Pruſſia, but
adi
not the oppoſite fide of the Baltic; for Linnæus takes
no notice of it. 16
Orls boschi sta 110
Burrows like the water rat on the ſides of ponds
VID
and ditches: ſwims well, and dives readily : lives
on grain and fruits, and will deſtroy rabbets, poul-
try and game : encreaſes faſt; brings from fourteen
to eighteen young at a time: is very bold and fierce;
153
1
orurid
1931
wild rats.
31
* This may be the ſpecies found in Guinea, called by Barbot, 214,
Field Rats; which, he ſays, are as big at cats. Boſman calls then
Barbot alſo mentions another, as long, but ſlenderer
than the former; which the Negroes eat, and call Boutees, which do
great damage to their corn.
will

R AT
301
will turn when cloſe purſued, and faften on the ſtick
or hand of thoſe who offer to ſtrike it: has deſtroyed
the common black rat in moſt places.
18 ob
MED 20M
a
Le Rat d'Eau, Belon Aquat. 30. gata piloſa plantis palmatis. Lin. 228. WATER.
tab. xxxi.
lyf. 82. Faun. fuec. No.
. 32.
Mus aquatilis Agricola An. Subter. M.cauda longa pilis fupra ex ni-
488. Gefner quad. 732. Raii ſyn. gro et flaveſcente mixtis, infra
quad, 217. Klein quad. 57. cinereis veftitus. Briſſon quad. 124.
Waſſer-maus Kramer Auſtr. 316. Le Rat d'Eau de Buffon, vii. 348.
Mus Amphibius. M. cauda elon- tab. xliii.
onin
R. with a thick blunt noſe: ears hid in the fur:
eyes ſmall: teeth yellow : on each foot five toes;
inner toe of the fore foot very ſmall; the firſt joint
wery flexible: head and body covered with long hairs,
black mixed with a few ferruginous hairs: belly of
an iron grey : tail covered with ſhort black hairs; the
tip whitiſh: weight nine ounces : length, from noſe to
tail, ſeven inches; tail only five : ſhape of the head
and body more compact than the former ſpecies *
Inhabits Europe and North America +: burrows in
the banks of rivers, ponds and wet ditches : feeds
on ſmall fiſh and the fry of greater, on frogs, inſects
and
d roots : is itſelf the prey of pike: ſwims and
dives admirably, though it is not web-footed, as
Mr. Ray ſuppoſed, and Linnæus copied after him : 0
brings fix young at a time. This animal and the
Otter eat in France on maigre days. bdgis os
و
* It has ſome reſemblance to the Beaver, which induced Linnæus,
in the first edition of his Fauna Suecica, to ſtyle it Ceffor cauda lineari
+ Lawſon hift. Carolina, 122. He alſo mentions another, which
he calls the Marſh Rat, being more hairy than the common rat;
but apparently is the ſame with this. Thoſe of Canada vary to
tawny and white. Vide de Buffon, xiv. 401. XV. 146.
Mus

302
RAT:
229. Mouse. Mus domeſticus communis feu pentadactylis. Lin. fyf. 83. Mus.
minor. Geſner quad. 714. Raii Faun. fuec. No. 34.
ſyn. quad. 218.
Mus cauda longiilima, obſcure
Mus minor, muſculus vulgaris. cinereus, ventre ſubalbeſcente.
Klein quad.
Brillon quad. 119.
Mauis. Kramer Auftr. 316. La Souris de Bteffon. vii. 309. tab.
Mus muſculus. M. cauda elon- lix. Br. Zool. I. 105. Br. Zool. il-
gata, palmis tetradactylis, plantis lufir. tab. cii.
An animal that needs no deſcription : when found
white is very beautifull, the full bright eye appear-
ing to great advantage amidſt the ſnowy fur.
Inhabits all parts of the world, except the Aratic :
follows mankind,
230. FIELD. Mus agreſtis minor. Gefner quad. Mus ſylvaticus. M. cauda longa,
733
palmis tetradactylis, plantis pen-
Mus domeſticus medius Raii fyn. tadactylis, corpore griſeo pilis
quad. 218.
nigris abdomine albo. Lin. LA.
Mauſs mit weiſſen bauch. Kra- 84. Faun. Suec. No. 36.
mer Auftr. 317
Le Mulot de Buffon, vii. 325. tab.
Mus cauda longa ſupra e fuſco xli.
flaveſcens, infra ex albo cine- Long-tailed field-mouſe Br. Zool.
reſcens. Briſſon quad. 123.
I.
1. 103.
a
R. with full and black eyes : head, back and ſides,
of a yellowiſh brown, mixed with fome duſky hairs :
breaſt of an ochre color : belly white : length, from
the tip of the noſe to the tail, four inches and a half;
tail four inches, ſlightly covered with hair.
Inhabits Europe : found only in fields and gar-
dens: feeds on nuts, acorns and corn: forms great
magazines of winter proviſion : hogs, tempted by
the ſmell, do much damage in the fields, by root-
ing up the hoards: makes a neft for its young very
near

RA T.
303
near the ſurface, and often in a thick tuft of graſs :
brings from ſeven to ten at a time: called, in ſome
parts of England, Bean mouſe, from the havoke it
makes among the beans when juſt ſown.
:
«. AMERICAN. R. with very long whiſkers, fome
white, others black : ears large, naked and open:
from the head to the tail, along the middle of
the back, a broad dark ſtripe, ferruginous and
duſky : the cheeks, ſpace beneath the ears, and
fides, quite to the tail, orange-colored : under-
fide, from noſe to tail, of a ſnowy whiteneſs : feet
white : hind legs longer than thoſe of the Eu-
ropean kind : tail dulky above, whitiſh beneath.
New York.
The leſs long-tailed field-mouſe Br. Zool. II. App. 498.
231. HAR-
VEST.
a
R. with eyes leſs prominent than thoſe of the for-
mer: ears prominent, of a full ferruginous color
above, white beneath: a ſtrait line along the ſides
divides the colors : tail a little hairy : length, from
noſe to tail, two inches and a half: tail two inches :
weight one-fixth of an ounce,
Inhabits Hampſhire ; where it appears in greateſt
numbers during harveít: never enters houſes; but is
carried into the ricks of corn in the ſheaves, and
often hundreds are killed on breaking up the ricks:
during winter, ſhelters itſelf under ground: burrows
very deep, and forms a warm bed of dead graſs :
makes its neſt for its young above ground, between
the

304
R A T
a
the ſtraws of ſtanding corn ; it is of a round ſhape,
and compoſed of blades of corn: brings about eight
young at a tiine.
TAL.
232. Orien- Mus orientalis. Seb. Muf. II. 22. M. cauda longa, ftriis corporis
tab. xxi. fig. 2.
longitudinalibus et punctis albis.
M.cauda mediocri fubnuda, pal- Muf. Ad. Freil. 10.
mis tetradactylis, plantis penta- Mus cauda longa, rufus, lineis
dactylis, corporis ftriis punctatis. in dorſo albicantibus, margari-
Lin. . 84.
tarum æmulis. Brifon quad. 124.
a
R. with round naked ears : of a grey color: the
back and fides elegantly marked with twelve rows
of ſmall pearl-colored ſpots, extending from the
head to the rump: tail the length of the body: in
ſize, half that of a common mouſe.
Inhabits India. In the ſame country and in Gui-
nea is another very ſmall ſpecies, which ſmells of
muſk. The Portugueſe living in India call it Che-
roſo, and ſay its bite is venomous. Boullaye la
Gouz. 256. Barbot's Guinea, 214.
Mus

RA T.
309
Mus agreftis capite grandi bra- cante et fordidè luteo mixtis in 233. SHORT-
chiurus Raii fyn. quad. 218. dorſo, et ſaturatè cinereis in ven- TAILED
Mus terreftris. M. cauda medio- tre veſtitis. Briſſon quad. 125.
cri ſubpiloſa, palmis ſubtetradac- Le Campagnol de Buffon, vii. 369.
tylis, plantis pentadactylis, au- tab. xlvii.
riculis vellere brevioribus Lin. The ſhort-tailed field-mouſe Br.
V. 82. Molle Faun, fuec. No. Zool. 104.
Erdzeid. Kramer Auftr. 316.
Mus cauda brevi, pilis e nigri-
31 *
R. with a large head: blunt noſe: ears ſhort, and
hid in the fur: eyes prominent: tail ſhort : color
of the head and upper part of the body ferruginous,
mixed with black : belly deep aſh-color: length,
from noſe to tail, fix inches : tail only one and a
half, thinly covered with hair, terminated by a ſmall
tuft.
Inhabits Europe: alſo great abundance in News
foundland, where it does much miſchief in the gar-
dens : in England, ſeldom infefts gardens : makes
its neſt in moiſt meadows: brings eight young at a
time: has a ſtrong affection for them: reſides under
ground: lives on nuts, acorns and corn.
Mus gregarius. M. cauda cor-, corpore griſeo, ſubtus pedibuſque 234. GREGA-
pore triplo breviore íubpiloſa, albis. Lin.Jyſ. 84.
RIOUS.
R. with a ſmall mouth and blunt roſe : ears naked,
and appearing above the fur: hair on the upper part
of the body black at the roots and tips, ferruginous
* The ſpecies, No. 30. Faun. fuec. deſcribed by the ſtyle of Mus
cauda abbreviata, corpore nigro fuſco, abdomine cinereſcente, ſeems the
fame with this.
X
in

306
RAT.
in the middle: throat, belly and feet, whitiſh : tail
thrice as ſhort as the body, covered with thin white
hairs; the end black and aſh-color: is a little larger
than the common mouſe.
Inhabits Germany and Sueden : eats fitting up:
burrows, and lives under ground.
a
lor 2500
bergaubonyeth
boncoln 10
yordubtosan
lainsuportar calq
na ton od baliw
flow
vollow the ad
Won to
la loromanos
balloon ang codon
Two

SHREW.
307
XXXIII.
SHREW.
Two cutting teeth in each jaw pointing forward.
Long fiender noſe: ſmall ears.
Five toes on each foot:
ii. c. 42.
No. 24
Muyoan. Ælian bij. An. lib. vi. Spitſmaus Klein quad. 57. Kramer 235. FÆTID.
c. 22. Muoyaan. Dioſcorid. lib. Auftr. 317.
Sorex araneus. S. cauda medio-
Mus Araneus Agricola An, Subter. cri, corpore fubtus albido. Lin.
485. Geſner quad. 747.
lyft. 74. Nabbmus Faun. fuec.
Mus araneus, mus cæcus. Geſner Mus araneus fupra ex fuſco rufus
.
econ. 116.
Mus araneus, Shrew, Shrew- infra albicans. Briſſon quad. 126.
mouſe, or hardy Shrew. Raii ſyn.
La Muſaraigne. de Buffon, viii.
quad. 233
57. tab. x.
Mus araneus roſtro productiore Shrew mouſe Br. Zool. I. 112,
Shr. with ſhort rounded ears : eyes ſmall, and almoſt
hid in the fur: noſe long and ſlender, npper part
the longeſt: head and upper part of the body of a
browniſh red : belly of a dirty white : length, from
noſe to tail, two inches and a half; tail one and a
half.
Inhabits Europe : lives in old walls, heaps of
ſtones, or holes in the earth : is frequently near
hay-ricks, dunghills, and neceſſary-houſes : lives on
corn, infects, and any filth: is often obſerved root-
:
ing in ordure, like a hog: from its food, or the
places it frequents, has a diſagreeable ſmell : cats
will kill, but not eat it: brings four or five young
at a time. The antients believed it was injurious to
cattle, an error now detected. There ſeems to be
an annual mortality of theſe animals in Auguſt,
numbers being then found dead in the paths.
:
X2
Mus

308
SHREW.
236. WATER. Mus araneus dorſo nigro, ven- viii. 64. tab. xi.
treque albo. Merret Pinax. 167. Water Shrew-mouſe Br. Zool. il-
Sorex fodiens Pallas *
luftr, tab.cii.
La Muſaraigne d'Eau de Buffon,
.
Sh. with a long ſlender noſe : very minute ears :
very ſmall eyes, hid in the fur: color of the head
and upper part of the body black: throat, breaſt,
and belly, of a light aſh-color: beneath the tail a
triangular duſky ſpot: much larger than the laſt :
length, from noſe to tail, three inches three quarters ;
tail two inches.
Inhabits Europe : long ſince known in England,
but loft till May 1768, when it was diſcovered in
the fens near Reveſly Abby, Lincolnſhire : burrows in
the banks near the water : is called by the Fen-men
the Blind Mouſe.
237 MINUTE. Sorex minutus. S. roftro longiſſimo Lin. Syf. 73.
.
Sh. with a head near as big as the body: very flen-
der noſe: broad ſhort naked ears: whiſkers reaching
to the eyes : eyes ſmall, and capable of being drawn
in: hair very fine and ſhining; grey above, white
beneath: no tail: the left of quadrupeds, according
to Linnæus.
Inhabits Siberia: lives in a neſt made of lichens,
* Doctor Pallas favored me with ſeveral prints of this animal in,
1765, but never publiſhed them: he diſcovered it near Berlin; it is
called there Graber, or The Digger.
in

SHREW.
809
in ſome moiſt place beneath the roots of trees : lives
on feeds : digs: runs ſwiftly : has the voice of a
bat.
S. murinus. S. cauda mediocri, corpore fuſco, pedibus caudaque 238.MURINET
cinereis. Lin. Syft. 74.
:
Sh. with a long noſe, hollowed beneath: very long
hairs about the noſtrils : ears rounded, and rather
naked : of an afh-color: body of the ſize of a com-
mon mouſe: tail a little ſhorter than the body, and
not ſo hairy.
Inhabits Java.
a
Mus araneus figura muris Marc- La muſaraigne de Brafil, de Buf- 239.
BRASIL
grave Braſil, 229.
fon, xv. 160.
IAN
Sh. with a ſharp noſe and teeth : pendulous ſcrotum:
of a duſky color, marked along the back with three
broad black ſtrokes: length, from noſe to tail, five
inches; tail two.
Inhabits Braſil: does not fear the cat: neither
does that animal hunt after it.
Tucan. Fernandez Nou. Hifp.7.
Le Tucan de Buffon, xv. 159.
240. Mexin
CAN.
Sh, with a ſharp noſe: ſmall round ears: without
fight: two long fore teeth above and below: thick,
fat and fleſhy body: ſhort legs, ſo that the belly al-
moſt touches the ground : long crooked claws:
tawny
X 3

310
SHREW.
tawny hair : ſhort tail: length, from nole to tail,
nine inches.
Inhabits Mexico : burrows, and makes ſuch a
number of cavities, that travellers can ſcarce tread
with ſafety : if it gets out of its hole, does not know
how to return, but begins to dig another : grows
very fat, and is eatable : feeds on roots, kidney-
beans, and other feeds. M. de Buffon thinks it a
mole; but by the ears, it ſhould be claſſed here.
:
Long

M O L E.
311
XXXIV,
M O L E.
Long noſe : upper jaw much longer than the lower.
No ears.
Fore feet very broad, with ſcarce any apparent legs
before : hind feet ſmall.
Talpa Agricola An. Subter. 490. 73.
241. EURO
Gefner quad. 931. Klein quad. 60. Mullvad, Surk. Faun. fuec. No.
PEAN.
Talpa, the mole, mold-warp, or 23. Br. Zool. I. 108.
want. Raii fyn. qucd. 236. Talpa caudata, nigricans pedibus
Kret. Rzaczinſki Polon. 236. anticis et poiticis pentadactylis.
Scheer, Schéer-mauſs, Maul- Briſon quad. 203.
wurf. Kramer Auftr. 314.
La Taupe de Buffon, viii. 81. tab.
Talpa Europæus. Ť. caudata, xii.
pedibus pentadactylis. Lin. ff.
M. with very minute eyes, hid in the fur: long
ſnout: fix cutting teeth in the upper, eight in the
lower jaw, and two canine in each: no external
ears, only an orifice : fore part of the body thick
and muſcular; hind part taper : fore feet placed
obliquely, broad, and like hands: five toes, each
terminated by ſtrong claws: hind feet very ſmall,
with five toes to each: tail ſhort: ſkin very tough,
ſo as ſcarce to be cut through: hair ſhort, cloſe fet,
ſofter than the fineſt velvet; uſually black, fome-
times ſpotted * with white; ſometimes quite white :
length five inches three quarters; tail one.
Inhabits Europe : lives under ground: burrows
with valt rapidity with its fore feet; Alings the earth
back with its hind feet : has the ſenſe of ſmelling
exquiſite, which directs it to its food, worms, inſects
* Spotted Mole, Edw. 268.
X4
and

312
M O L E
and roots : does vaſt damage in gardens, by Aling-
ing up the ſoil and looſening the roots of plants :
is moſt active before rain, and in winter before a
thaw, worms being then in motion: breeds in the
ſpring : brings four or five young at a time : makes
its neft of moſs, a little beneath the ſurface of the
ground, under the greateſt hillock : raiſes no hil-
locks in dry weather, being then obliged to pene-
trate deep after its prey: makes a great ſcream
when taken. Palma chriſti and white hellebore,
made into a paſte, and laid in their holes, deſtroys
them. None in Ireland.
B. Yellow. M. in form reſembling the European;
but larger, being ſix inches two-tenths long; the
tail one inch: hair ſoft, ſilky and gloſſy, of a
yellowiſh brown color at the ends; dark grey at
the roots : brighteſt about the head; darkeſt
about the rump: belly of a deep cinereous
brown: feet and tail white.
Inhabits N. America. Deſcribed from a ſkin in
which the jaws were taken out.
Talpa

Μ Ο Ι Ε.
313
Talpa fibericus verſicolor, Aſpa- Talpa ecaudata, ex viridi aurea, 242. Siberi:
lax dictus. Seb. Muf. I. 51. tab. pedibus anticis tridactylis, poſti- AN.
xxxii. fig. 4, 5. Klein quad. 6o. cis tetradactylis Briſſon quad. 206.
Talpa alatica. T. ecaudata, pal- La Taupe dorée. de Buffon, xv.
mis tridactylis. Lin. Lyf. 73. 145
:
M. with a very ſhort noſe: no ears: three toes on
the fore feet, on the outmoſt toe a very large claw ;
four toes on the hind feet : body of an equal thick-
neſs: rump quite round: no tail: of a beautifull
green and gold color, variable with the light.
Inhabits Siberia.
Sorex criſtatus. S. naribus carunculatis, cauda breviore Lir. L. 73. 243. RADIA)
TED.
M. with ſmall but broad fore legs; five long white
claws on each : noſe long; the edges beſet with
radiated tendrils : hair on the body dulky, very
ſhort, fine and compact; on the noſe longer : the
hind legs ſcaly: five toes on each foot : length,
from noſe to tail, three inches three quarters : tail
ſender, round and taper, one inch three-tenths
long.
Inhabits N. America. Forms fubterraneous paſ-
ſages in different directions in uncultivated fields ;
raiſes walks about two inches high and a palm broad:
the holes often give way and let in the walkers :
feeds on roots : has great ſtrength in its legs.
M. with

314
M O L E.
TAILED
244. LONG- M. with the fore feet pretty broad, hind feet very
ſcaly, with a few ſhort hairs on them: the claws on
the fore feet like thoſe of the common mole; on the
hind very long and ſlender : hair on the noſe and
and body ſoft, long, and of a ruſty brown color:
tail covered with ſhort hair ; the length two inches;
that of noſe and body four inches fix-tenths.
Inhabits N. America.
245. Brown. Sorex aquaticus. S. plantis palmatis, palmis caudaque breviore al-
bis. Lin. Syft. 74.
M. with a ſlender noſe : upper jaw much longer than
the lower; two cutting teeth in the upper, four in
the lower, the two middle of which are very ſmall :
ño canine teeth : fore feet very broad: nails long :
hind feet ſmall; five claws on each: hair very ſoft
and gloſſy, brown at the ends, deep grey at the bot-
tom: tail and feet white : length, from noſe to tail,
five inches and a half: tail very ſlender, not an inch
long.
Inhabits N. America: called there the Brown
Mole: ſent from New York by Mr. A. Blackburne,
with B. Yellow Mole and No. 243 and 244. The
black and ſhining purple Virginian mole, deſcribed
by Seba *, as the ſame with the common kind, was
not among thoſe that gentleman favored us with.
Linnæus places this and cur radiated mole in his
* P. 51. tab. xxxii.
claſs

M OL E.
315
claſs of SOREX, or Shrew, on account of the dif-
ference of the teeth ; but as theſe animals poſſeſs
the ſtronger characters of the MOLE, ſuch as form
of noſe and body, ſhape of feet, and even the man-
ners, we think them better adapted to this genus
than to the preceding.
Talpa rubra americana, Seb. Muf. I. 51. tab. xxxii. fig. 2.
246. RSD
M. of cinereous red color: three toes on the fore
feet, four on the hind: form of the body and tail
like the European kind.
Inhabits America.
M
Five

316
HEDGE-HO G.
XXXV. Five toes on each foot.
HEDGE-
HOG. Body covered with ſtrong ſhort ſpines.
- VO 7116
247.COMMON. Erinaceus Agricola An. Subter. 481. Erinaceus Europeus. E. auriculis
Echinus terreſtris Gefner quad. rotundatis naribus criſtatis. Lin.
368.
DA. 75. Igelkott. Faun. fuec. No.
Echinus fc. Erinaceus terreſtris. 22. Br. Zool. I. 106.
.
Urchin, or Hedge-hog, Raii fyn. Erinaceus auriculis erectis. Brif-
fon quad. 128. Seb. Muf. I. 78.
Jez Rzaczinſki Polon. 233.
tab. xlix.
Acanthion vulgaris noftras. Klein L'Heriſſon de Buffon, viii. 28.
quad. 66.
tab. vi.
Ígel. Kramer Auftr. 314.
1
quad. 231.
a
a
:
H. with a long noſe: noſtrils bordered on each ſide
with a looſe flap: ears rounded, broad and naked :
eyes ſmall: legs ſhort, naked and duſky: inner toe
the ſhorteſt: claws weak: upper part of the face,
the ſides and rump, covered with ſtrong coarſe hair
of a yellowiſh and cinereous color; the back, with
ftrong ſharp ſpines of a whitiſh color, with a bar of
black through their middle : tail an inch long :
length, from noſe to tail, ten inches.
Inhabits Europe, Siberia *, Madagaſcar + : is in
motion during night; keeps retired in the day :
feeds on roots, fruits, worms and inſects: erroneouſly
charged with ſucking cows and hurting their ud-
ders : reſides in ſmall thickets, in hedges, and at
the bottom of ditches covered with buſhes; lies well
wrapped up in moſs, graſs, or leaves, and during
winter rolls itſelf up and ſleeps out that dreary ſea-
* Seb. Muf. I. 79. Seba deſcribes one from Siberia, that differs fo
little from this, as not to form a new fpecies,
Flacourt voy. Malagaſcar, 152.
fon :

XXVII.
P.316
I
II
IT
IRADIATED MOLE N°243: I LONG-TAILED M.N.244.
I HEDGE HOG NO247.

SNIPE
OR
OH.

HEDGE-HO G.
317
fon : a mild and helpleſs animal; on approach of
an enemy, rolls itſelf into the form of a ball, and
is then invulnerable.
a
Le Tendrac, et Le Tanrec, de Buffon, xii. 438.
243.A31ATIC
H. with a long ſlender noſe : ſhort rounded ears :
ſhort legs: the upper part of the body covered with
ſhort ſpines, white, marked croſs the middle with
ruſt color : the face, throat, belly, buttocks and
legs, thinly covered with whitiſh fine but hard hair:
tail very ſhort, covered with ſpines : about the noſe
ſome hairs above two inches long : ſize of a mole.
This is the ſpecies M. de Buffon calls Le Tendrac.
The other, or the Tanrec, is rather larger : co-
vered with ſpines only on the top and hind part of
the head, the top and ſides of the neck, and the
ſhoulders; the longeſt were on the upper part of
the neck, and ſtood erect: the reſt of the body was
covered with yellowiſh briſtles, among which were
intermixed ſome that were black, and much longer
than the others. Each of theſe animals, which are
varieties of the ſame ſpecies, had five toes on each
foot.
Inhabit the iſles of India, and that of Madagaſcar :
are, when of their full growth, of the ſize of Rab-
bets : grunt like hogs: grow very fat: multiply
greatly: frequent + ſhallow pieces of freſh or falt
* Dutch voy. Eaf. Indies, 203. Thoſe in the cabinet of the French
King were much ſmaller; probably young.
+ Cauche voy. Madagaſcar, 53. Flacourt hij. Madagaſcar, 152.
water:

318
HEDGE-HO G.
water: they burrow on land: lie torpid during fix
months, during which time their old hair falls off.
Their fleſh is eaten by the Indians, but is very flabby
and inſipid.
249. GUIANA. American hedge-hog. Bancroft 13!.
Guiana, 144.
Erinaceus americanus albus. Seba
Erinaceus inauris. E. auriculis Muf. I. 78. tab. xlix. fig. 3.
nullis, Lin. Lyf. 75. Briſon quad.
a
H. without external ears, having only two orifices
for hearing : has a ſhort thick head : back and fides
covered with ſhort ſpines of an aſh-color tinged with
yellow: face, belly, legs and tail, covered with ſoft
whitiſh hair : above the eyes, of a cheſnut color ;
back
part and ſides of the head of a deeper color:
length, from noſe to tail, eight inches : tail ſhort :
claws long and crooked.
Inhabits Guiana.
Div. II.

OF
M
CH
(

XXIX
P:319
SLOTH NO 250.

SLOT H.
319
Div. II. Sect. IV. DIGITATED QUADRUPEDS : with-
out cutting teeth.
XXXVI.
SLOTH
Without cutting teeth in either jaw.
With canine teeth and grinders.
Fore legs much longer than the hind,
Long claws.
2.
Arctopithecus Geſner quad. 869. pofticis tridactylis Brilſon quad. 21. 250. THREE-
Icon quad. 96.
Ai, five Tardigradus gracilis a- TOED.
Ignavus five per avtippari, mericanus Seb. Muf. xxxiii. fig.
αντιφρασιν,
.
Agilis. Clus. exot. 110. 372.
Ouaikarè, Pareſſeux. Barrere
Ai, five ignavus Marcgrave Bra-
France Æquin. 154:
fil, 221.
Sloth, Raii fyn. quad. 245. Edw. Bradypus tridactylus, B. pedibus
tridactylis cauda brevi. Lin. Syft.
Ignavus americanus, riſum fletu 59
miſcens. Klein quad. 43.
L'Ai de Buffon, xiii. 34. tab. v. vi:
Br. Mus.
Tardigradus pedibus anticis et
Sl. with a blunt black noſe, a little lengthened: very
ſmall external ears: eyes ſmall, black and heavy;
from the corner of each a dulky line: color of the
face and throat a dirty white : hair on the limbs and
body long and very uneven, of a cinereous brown
color: tail ſhort, a meer ſtump: legs thick, long,
and aukwardly placed : face naked : three toes and
three very long claws on each foot. Length of that
in the Britiſh Muſeum, twelve inches; but it grows
to the ſize of a middle-fixed fox *.
* Nieuhoff, 18.
Inhabits

320
SLOT H.
a
:
Inhabits moſt parts of the eaſtern ſide of South
America : the moſt fluggiſh and moſt flow of all ani-
mals; ſeems to move with the utmoſt pain ; makes
a great progreſs if it can go a quarter of a league in
a day* : aſcends trees, in which it generally lives,
with much difficulty: its food is fruit, or the leaves
of trees; if it cannot find fruit on the ground, looks
out for a tree well loaded, and with great pains
climbs up: to ſave the trouble of deſcending, flings
off the fruit, and forming itſelf into a ball, drops
from the branches; continues at the foot till it
has devoured all; nor ever ſtirs, till compelled by
hunger **; its motion is attended with a moſt
moving and plaintive cry, which at once produces
pity and diſguſt; is its only defence ; for every beaſt
of
prey
is ſo affected by the noiſe, as to quit it with
horror +: its note, according to Kircher, is an af-
cending and deſcending hexachord ļ, which it utters
only by night: its look is ſo piteous as to move com-
paffion; it is alſo accompanied with tears, that dif-
;
ſuade every body from injuring fo wretched a being:
its abſtinence from food is remarkably powerfull;
one that had faſtened itſelf by its feet to a pole, and
was ſo ſuſpended croſs two beams, remained forty
days without meat, drink or ſleep S: the ſtrength
in its feet is ſo great, that whatſoever it feizes on
cannot poſſibly be freed from its claws. A dog was
let looſe at the above-mentioned animal, when it was
* Gumilla Orenoque, II. 13.
** Ulloa's voy. I. 103.
+ Ibid.
| Kircher's Mufurgia, as quoted by Mr. Stilling fleet, in his miſcel-
Janeous tracts, p. 109,
$ Kircber.
taken

SLOTH.
321
taken from the pole ; after ſome time the Sloth layed
hold of the dog with its feet, and held him four
days, till he periſhed with hunger *.
Tardigradus Ceilonicus fæmina. Tardigradus pedibus anticis di- 251. Two-
Seb. Muf. I. tab. xxxiv.
dactylis, poiticis tridactylis. Brif- TOED
Bradypus didactylus. Br. mani- fon quad. 22.
bus didactylis cauda nulla Lin. L'Unau. de Bufon, xiii. 34. tab.
Syft. 51.
I. Br. Muf.
a
Sl. with a round head: ſhort projecting noſe : ears
like the human, lying flat to the head : two long
ſtrong claws on the fore feet, three on the hind :
hair on the body long and rough; on ſome parts
curled and woolly : in fome, of a pale red above,
cinereous below; in others, of a yellowiſh white
below, cincreous brown above. Length of that in
the Britiſh Muſeum eleven inches: I believe a young
one; no tail.
Inhabits S. America and the iſle of Ceylon. The
laft is ſtrenuouſly denied by M. de Buffon, who has
fixed the reſidence of this genus to America only:
but, beſides the authority of Seba, who expreſsly
ſays his ſpecimen was brought from Ceylon, a gentle-
man, long reſident in India, and much diftinguiſhed
in the literary world, has informed me he has ſeen
this animal brought from the Paliacat mountains
that lie in ſight of Madraſs; which fatisfies me that
it is common to both continents.
There is reaſon to think that it is met with alſo
in Guinea, or at left fome ſpecies of this genus; for
* Kircher.
Y
Barbot

322
SLOT H.
Barbot and Boſman deſcribe an animal by the name
of Poito, to which they give the attributes of the
former, and deſcribe as being grey when young,
red, and covered with a ſort of hair as thick ſet as
flocks of wool. Both theſe writers were ſenſible
men, and tho' not naturaliſts, were too obfervant of
the animals of Guinea to miſtake one whoſe characters
are ſo ſtrongly marked as thoſe of the Sloth *
a
*
* Bofman, 237. Barbot, 212.
Without

A R M A DILLO.
523
XXXVII.
ARM A-
Without either cutting teeth or canine teeth.
Head and upper part of the body guarded by a DILL 0.
cruſtaceous covering; the middle with pliant bands,
formed of various ſegments, reaching from the back
to the edges of the belly.
Tatu apara Marcgreve Braſil, 232. Daſypus tricinctus. D. cingulis 252. Three-
Raii fyn. quod, 234.
tribus, pedibus pentadactylis. BANDED:
Armadillo ſeu Tatu genus alte- Lin. Syft. 53.
rum Clus. Exot. 109. Klein. quad. Cataphractus fcutis duobus cin-
gulis tribus. Briſon quad. 24;
Tatu feu armadillo orientalis. L'Apar ou le Tatou a trois ban-
Seb. Muf. I. tab. xxxviii. fig. 2, des. de Buffon, X. 206,
3.
48.
A. with ſhort but broad rounded ears: the cruſt on
the head, back and rump, divided into elegant pen-
tangular tuberculated ſegments : three bands in the
middle : five toes on each foot: ſhort tail.
The whole genus inhabits S. America : the man-
ners of all much the fame: burrows under ground;
the ſmaller ſpecies in moiſt places, the larger in dry,
and at a diſtance from the ſea, keeps in its hole in
the day, rambles out at night; when overtaken,
rolls itſelf into the form of a ball, which it does by
means of the pliant bands on its middle, and thus
becomes invulnerable; when ſurprized, runs to its
hole, and thinks itſelf ſecure if it can hide its head
and ſome part of its body. The Indians take it by
the tail, when the animal fixes its claws in the earth
ſo ſtrongly that there is no moving it till the Indian
tickles it with a ſtick : is hunted with little dogs,
Y 2
who

324
ARMADILLO.
who give notice to their maſter of its haunts by
barking, who digs it out; to take it out incautiouſly
is very dangerous, on account of the ſnakes that
commonly lurk in the burrows: feeds on potatoes,
melons and roots, and does great damage to plan-
tations: drinks much: grows very fat, and is rec-
koned very delicious eating when young; but when
old, has a mulky diſagreeable taſte: is very nume-
rous, breeds every month, and brings four at a time:
is
very
inoffenſive *.
253. Six-
BANDED.
Tatou Belon obf. 211. Portraits, Daſypus ſex cinctus. D. cingulis
106.
fenis, pedibus pentadactylis Lin.
Tatu et Tatu paba Braſil: Ar- by. 54.
madillo Hiſpanis, Lufitanis, Encu- L'Encourbert, ou Le Tatou a fix
berto Marcgrave Braſil
, 131. bandes. de Buffon, X. 209. tab.
Cataphractus fcutis duobus, cin- xlii.
gulis ſex Briſon quad. 25.
A. with the cruſt of the head, ſhoulders and rump,
formed of angular pieces: the bands on the back ſix;
between which, alſo on the neck and belly, are a
few ſcattered hairs : tail not the length of the body,
very thick at the baſe, tapering to a point: five toes
on each foot.
Inhabits Braſil and Guiana.
* The authorities for the natural hiſtory. Marcgrave, 231. Dam-
pier, II. 61. Gumilla Orenoque, III. 223 to 226. Nieuhof, 19. Ban-
croft's Guiana, 145. Rochefort Antilles, 1. 286.
Ayotochtli

ARM ADILLO.
325
Ayotochtli ? Hernandez Mex.314, tenis palmis tetradactylis, plantis 254. Eight-
Tatuete Brafilienfibus, Verdadeiro pentadactylis. Amen. Acad. I. 560. BANDED.
Lufitanis Marcgrave Brafil, 231. Dalypus feptem cinctus Lin. Lys.
Clus. exot. 330.
54.
Cataphractus fcutis duobus cin- Le Tatuete, ou Tatou a huit
gulis octo. Briſſon quad. 26. bandes, de Bufon, X. 212.
Erinaceus loricatus cingulis fep-
A. with upright ears, two inches long: ſmall black
eyes: eight bands on the ſides : four toes on the fore
feet, five on the hind : length, from noſe to tail,
about ten inches; tail nine.
Inhabits Braſil. Reckoned more delicious eating
than the others.
Armadillo Worm. Muf. 335. lis, plantis pentadactylis Lin.by. 255. Ninea
Tatu porcinus,Schildverkel.Klein 54.
BANDED
quad. 48.
Cataphractus ſcutis duobus, cin-
Pig-headed Armadillo Grezu's gulis novem. Briffon quad. 27.
rarities, 18. Raii ſyn. quad. 233. Le Cachichame, ou Tatou a neuf
Tatu five Armadillo Americanus bandes de Buffon, X. 215. tab.
Seb. Muf. tab. xxix. fig. 1. xxxvii.
Daſypus novem cinctus. D.cin- American Armadillo Phil. Trans.
gulis novem, palmis tetradacty- LIV. 57. tab. vii.
A. with long ear: cruft on the ſhoulders and
rump marked with hexangular figures : nine bands
on the ſides, diftinguiſhed by tranſverſe cuneiform
marks: breaſt and belly covered with long hairs :
four toes on the fore feet, five on the hind: tail
long and taper: length of the whole animal three
teet.
Inhabits South America. One was brought a few
years ago to England, from the Moſquito fhore, and
Y 3
lived

326
ARMADILLO.
lived here fome time: it was fed with raw beef and
milk, but refuſed our grains and fruit *.
256. Twelve Tatu five Armadillo Africanus bandes de Bufon, X. 218. tab. xl.
BANDED. Seb. Muf. I. tab. xxx. fig. 3, 4.
Cataphractus ſcutis duobus, cin-
Le Kabafou, ou Tatou a douze gulis duodecim Brijon quad. 27.
A. with broad upright ears: the cruſt on the ſhoul-
ders marked with oblong pieces ; that of the rump
hexangular : twelve bands on the ſides : five toes,
with very large claws, on the fore feet; five lefler on
the hind: tail ſhorter than the body: ſome hairs
ſcattered over the body.
M. de Buffon t mentions another of twelve bands,
with a tail covered with rhomboid figures, which he
is doubtfull whether to refer to this ſpecies. It is
the largeſt I ever heard of, being from nofe to tail
two feet ten inches long; the tail about one foot
eight: by the figure, (for I never ſaw the animal) it
varies greatly from the other,
* This corroborates what Marcgrave ſays of one of theſe animals,
Curiculos, aves morturas aliaque devorant; which is very extraordinary
in quadrupeds which want both cutting and canine teeth.
+ P. 256. tab. xli.
Weelle-

ARMADILLO,
327
Weedle-headed Armadillo, Grew's Lin. lyf. 53.
rarities, 19.
Cataphractus ſcuto unico, cingu-
Tatu Multelinus Raii fyn. quad, lis octodecim Briſon quad. 23,
235:
Le Cirquinçon, ou Tatou a dix-
Daſypus unicinctus, D. tegmine huit bandes de Buffon, X. 220.
tripartito, pedibus pentadactylis. tab. xlii.
257. Eigh-
TEEN-
BANDE D.
A. with a very ſlender head: ſmall erect ears: the
cruft on the ſhoulders and rump conſiſting of ſquare
pieces : eighteen bands on the ſides : five toes on
each foot: length, from noſe to tail, about fifteen
inches; tail five and a half.
Inhabits South America.
Y 2
Div. II.

328
M ANI S.A
MANIS.
XXXVII. Div. II. Sect. V. DIGITATED QUADRUPEDS, without
teeth.
Back, fides, and upper part of the tail, covered with
large ſtrong ſcales.
Small mouth. long tongue: no teeth.
258. LONG- Lacertus peregrinus ſquamofus, Pholidotus pedibus anticis et
TAILED. Clus. exot. 374. Raii byn. quał. pofticis tetradactylis,fquamis mu-
274.
Cronatis, cauda longiilima, Bri-
Scaly Lizard, Grew's rarities, 46. quad. 19.
Manis tetradactyla. M. pedibus Le Phatagin de Buffon, X. 180.
tetradactylis, Lin.Jul. 53.
tab. xxxiv. Afo. Muf.
M. with a ſlender nofe; that and the head ſmooth:
body, legs and tail, guarded by large ſharp-pointed
ftriated ſcales: the throat and belly covered with
hair : ſhort legs : four claws on each foot, one of
which is very ſmall: tail a little taper, but ends
blunt: length, from noſe to tail, fourteen inches and
a half: tail three feet four inches and a half.
Inhabits Guinea ? Theſe animals approach fo near-
ly the genus of Lizards, as to be the links in the
chain of beings which connect the proper quadru-
peds with the reptile claſs.
Lacertus

M ANI S.
329
Lacertus ſquamoſus, Bontius Java, Pholidotus pedibus anticis et po- 259. SHORT-
60. Pet. Gaz. tab. xx. fig. II. ſticis pentadactylis, ſquamis ſub- TAILED.
Armadillus ſquamatus major, rotundis. Briffon quad. 18.
Ceilanicus, ſeu Diabolus Tajova- Manis pentadactyla, Lin. lyft. 52.
nicus di&tus Seb. Muf. I. tab. liii. Le Pangolin de Buffon, X. 180.
liv. Klein quad. 47.
tab. xxxiv. Aſb. Muf.
:
M. with back, ſides and legs, covered with blunt
ſcales, with briſtles between each: five toes on each
foot: tail not longer than the body: ears not un-
like the human': chin, belly and inſide of the legs,
hairy.
Inhabits the iſlands of India, and that of Formoſa.
The Indians call it Pangoelling; and the Chineſe,
Chin Chion Seick *. Feeds on lizards and inſects :
turns up the ground with its noſe: walks with its
claws bent under its feet: grows very fat: is
eſteemed very delicate eating: makes no noiſe, only
a ſnorting
Perhaps is a native of Guinea : the Quogelo of the
Negroes; which Des Marchais + ſays grows to the
length of eight feet, of which the tail is four: lives
in woods and maríhy places : feeds on ants, which
it takes by laying its long tongue croſs their paths,
that member being covered with a ſticky ſaliva, ſo the
inſects that attempt to paſs over it cannot extricate
themſelves : walks very ſlowly: would be the prey
of every ravenous beaſt, had it not the power of
rolling itſelf up, and oppoſing to its adverſary a
* Dalhman in A&. Stockh. 1749. 265.
+ Voyage du des Marchais, I. 200. Barbot, 114.
formidable

330
M AN IS.
formidable row of erected fcales. In vain does the
Leopard attack it with its vaſt claws, for at laſt it
is obliged to leave it in ſafety *. The Negroes kill
theſe animals for the ſake of the fleſh, which they
reckon excellent.
2
* Is ſaid to deſtroy the Elephant by twiſting itſelf round the
trunk, and compreſſing that tender organ with its hard ſcales.
Body

ANT-E A T E R.
331
XXXIX.
ANT-EAT.
Body covered with hair.
Small mouth: long cylindric tongue.
No teeth.
ER,
Tamandua-guacu, Marcgravs Myrmecophaga roſtro longiffimo, 260, GREAT,
Braſil, 225.
pedibus anticis tetradactylis, po
Tamandua guacu five major, Piſo iticis pentadactylis, cauda longiſ-
Brafil
, 320.
fimis pilis veitita. Briffon quad. 15.
Pilmire-eater, Nieuhoff, 19.
Myrmecophaga jubata. "M. pal-
Tamandua major cauda panni- mis tetradactylis, plantis penta-
culata Barrere France Æquin. 162. dactylis, Lin, LR, 52, Klein quad.
Mange-fourmis des Marchais, III. 45. tab. v.
307.
Le Tamanoir, de buffor, X, 141.
Great Ant-Bear, Raü yn. quad. tab. xxix. Br. Muf.
241.
A. E. with a long ſlender noſe: ſmall black eyes :
ſhort round ears: ſlender tongue, two feet and a
half long, which lies double in the mouth: legs
Nender: four toes on the fore feet, five on the hind:
the two middle claws on the fore feet very large,
ſtrong and hooked: the hair on the upper part
of
the body is half a foot long, black mixed with
grey: from the neck croſs the ſhoulders to the ſides
is a black line bounded above with white: the fore
legs are whitiſh, marked above the feet with a black
fpot: the tail is cloathed with very coarſe black
hairs a foot long: length, from noſe to tail, about
three feet ten inches; the tail two and a half.
Inhabits Braſil and Guiana : runs ſlowly: lives on
ants; as foon as it diſcovers their nefts, overturns
them, or digs them up with its feet; then thruſts
its long tongue into their retreats, and penetrating
all the paſſages of the neſt, withdraws it into its
mouth
a
a

332
ANT-E A T E R
mouth loaded with prey: is fearfull of rain, and
protects itſelf againſt wet by covering its body with
its long tail. The fleſh has a ſtrong diſagreeable
taſte, but is eaten by the Indians. Notwithſtanding
this animal wants teeth, it is fierce and dangerous ;
nothing that gets within its fore feet can diſengage
itſelf. The very Panthers of America
are often
unequal in the combat; for if the Ant-eater once
has opportunity of embracing them, it fixes its ta-
lons in their fides, and both fall together, and both
periſh; for ſuch is the obſtinacy and ſtupidity of
this animal, that it will not extricate itſelf even
from a dead adverſary +: Neeps in the day; preys
by night.
1?
261.MIDDLE.
Tamandua-i, Marcgrave Braſil, pedibus anticis tetradaktylis, po-
225. Raii ſyn. quad. 242.
fticis pentadactylis, cauda ferè
Tamandua minor,Piſo Braſil, 320. nuda, Briſon quad. 16.
Barrere France Æquin. 162. Myrmecophaga tetradactyla, Lin.
Tamandua-guacu, Nieubof, 19. Syft. 52. Zooph. Gron
No. 2.
Myrmecophaga roſtro longiſſimo, Le Tamandua, de Buffon, X. 144
A. E. with a long ſender noſe, bending a little
down: ſmall black mouth and eyes: ſmall upright
ears: bottoms of the fore feet round; four claws
on each, like thoſe of the former; five on the hind
feet: hair ſhining and hard, of a pale yellow color:
along the middle of the back, and on the hind legs,
dulky: each ſide the neck is a black line, that croſſes
the ſhoulders and meets at the lower end of the
back: the tail is covered with longer hair than the
a
а
* Gumilla Orenoque, III. 232.
† Piſo Braſil, 320.
back,

UNITED
OF
MIO
ICHO

XXX
P. 33
קניה
LESTANT EATER NO262.

ANT-E A TE R.
333
back, is taper and bald at the end : length, from
noſe to tail, one foot feven inches; the tail ten
inches,
Inhabits the ſame country with the laſt: its man-
ners much the fame: when it drinks, part ſpurts out
of the noſtrils: climbs trees, and lays hold of the
branches with its tail.
Tamandua minor flavescens; Myrmecophaga didactyla. M. 262. Lest.
Ouatiriouaou, Barrere France Æ- palmis didactylis, plantis tetra-
quin. 163.
dactylis, cauda villoſa, Lin. fyi.
Tamandua five Coati Americana 51. Zooph. Gronov. No. I.
alba. Seb. Muf. I. tab. xxxvii. Little Ant-eater, Edu. 220.
Myrmecophaga roftro brevi, pe- Le Fourmillir, de Bufon, X. 144.
dibus anticis didactylis, pofticis tab. xxx.
tetradactylis, Bryſon quad. 17.
a
A.E. with a conic noſe, bending a little down: ears
ſmall, and hid in the fur: two hooked claws on the
fore feet, the exterior much the largeſt; four on the
hind feet: head, body, limbs, and upper part and
fides of the tail, covered with long ſoft ſilky hair, or
rather wool, of a yellowiſh brown color: from noſe
to tail ſeven inches and a half; tail eight and a half;
the laſt four inches of which, on the under-ſide,
naked : the tail is thick at the baſe, and tapers to a
point.
Inhabits Guiana: climbs trees, in queſt of a ſpe-
cies of ants which build their nefts among the
branches : has the fame prehenſile power with its
tail as the former.
There is a fourth ſpecies found at the Cape of
Good Hope and in Ceylon; but being deſcribed from
a meer
лати

334
AN T-E A TER.
a meer fætus *, we ſhall avoid giving a tranſcript
of Dr. Pallas's account of it, but wait for further
information. We ſhall only ſay, that it has four
toes on the fore feet and pendulous ears, which
diſtinguiſhes it from other kinds. Kolben + deſcribes
their manners particularly, and ſays they have long
heads and tongues, and are toothleſs; and that they
ſometimes weigh 100lb. $ That if they faften their
claws in the ground, the ſtrongeſt man cannot pull
them away: that they thruſt out their clammy
tongue into the ants neſt, and draw it into their
mouth covered with infects. Mr. Strachan, in his
account of Ceylon $, gives the ſame account of what
the natives call the Talgoi, or Ant-Bear : it is not
therefore to be doubted, but that theſe animals are
common to the old and new continents.
Pallas Miſcel. Zool. 64.
+ Hift. Cape, 118. Where they are called Earth-Hogs:
As quoted by Dr. Palias ; I ſuppoſe from the Dutch edition.
Phil. Tranf. abridg. V. 180.
Div. III.

WALRU S.
335
Div. III. PỊNNATED QUADRUPEDS : having fin-like
feet : fore legs buried deep in the ſkin:
hind legs pointing quite backwards.
RUS.
With two great tuſks in the upper jaw, pointing XL. WAL-
downwards.
Four grinders on both ſides, above and below.
No cutting teeth.
Five palmated toes on each foot.
Roſmarus, Geſner Piſc. 211. Klein Odobenus. La vache marine, 263, ARCTie.
quad. 92.
Briſon quad. 30,
Walrus, Mors, Roſmarus, Worn. Trichechus Roſmarus. T. den-
Muf. 289. Raii fyn. quad. 191.
tibus laniariis fuperioribus ex-
Sea-horſe, or Morſe, Marten's ſertis, Lin. Lyft. 49.
Spitzberg, 107, 182. Egede Green- Le Morſe, de Buffon, xiii. 358.
land, 82.
tab. liv. Br. Muf. Aſ. Muf.
Sea-Cow, Crantz Greenl. I. 125,
a
W. with a round head: ſmall mouth; very thick
lips, covered above and belowwith pellucid briſtles
as thick as a ſtraw: ſmall fiery eyes : two ſmall ori-
fices inſtead of ears: ſhort neck: body thick in the
middle, tapering towards the tail: ſkin thick, wrin-
kled, with ſhort browniſh hairs thinly diſperſed :
legs ſhort; five toes on each, all connected by webs,
and ſmall nails on each : the hind feet very broad;
each leg looſely articulated; the hind legs gene-
rally extended on a line with the body : tail very
ſhort; penis long : length, from noſe to tail, fome-
times eighteen feet, and ten or twelve round in the
thickeſt

336
WALRU S.
thickeſt part : the teeth have been ſometimes found
of the weight * of 20 lb. each.
Inhabit the coaſt of Spitzbergen, Nova Zembla,
Hudſon's Bay, and the gulph of St. Laarence; and the
Icy Sea, as far as Cape Tſchuktſchi : are gregarious :
in ſome places appear in herds of hundreds : are ſhy
animals, and avoid places which are much haunted
by mankind +: are very fierce; if wounded in the
water, they attempt to fink the boat, either by riſing
under it, or by ftriking their great teeth into the
fides ; roar very loud, and will follow the boat till it
gets out of ſight: numbers of them are often ſeen
ſleeping on an iſland of ice; if awoke, fling them-
ſelves with great impetuoſity into the ſea; at
which time it is dangerous to approach the ice, leaſt
they ſhould tumble into the boat and overſet it: do
not go upon the land till the coaſt is clear of ice.
At particular times, they land in amazing numbers >
the moment the firſt gets on ſhore, ſo as to lie dry,
it will not ſtir till another comes and forces it for-
ward by beating it with its great teeth; this is
ſerved in the ſame manner by the next, and ſo in
fucceffion till the whole is landed, continuing tum-
bling over one another, and forcing the foremoſt,
for the ſake of quiet, to remove further up. The
method of killing them on the Magdalene iſles, in the
* Teeth of this fize are only found on the coaſt of the Icy Sea,
where the animals are ſeldom moleſted, and have time to attain
their full growth. Hift. Kamtſchatka, 120.
+ In 1608, the crew of an Engliſh veſſel killed on Cherry Iſle above
900 Walruſes in ſeven hours time; for they lay in heaps, like hogs
huddled one upon another. Marten's Spitzberg. 181, 182.
gulph

WALRU S.
337
CHACE,
a
gulph of St. Laurence, as I am informed, is thus :
The Hunters watch their landing, and as ſoon as
they find a ſufficient number for what they call a
cut, go on ſhore, each armed with a ſpear ſharp on
one fide like a knife, with which they cut their
throats: great care muſt be taken not to ſtand in
the way of thoſe which attempt to get again to
ſea, which they do with great agility by tumbling
headlong; for they would cruſh any body to death
by their vaſt weight. They are killed for the ſake
of their oil, one Walrus producing about half a tun.
The knowlege of this chace is of great antiquity;
Oather, the Norwegian, about the year 890, made a
report of it to King Alfred, having, as he ſays, made
the voyage beyond Norway, for the more commoditie
of fiſhing of horſe-whales, which have in their teeth
bones of great price and excellencie, whereof be brought
ſome at his returne unto the King *. In fact, it was,
in the northern world, in early times, the ſubſtitute
to ivory, being very white and very hard. Their
fkins, Osther ſays, were good to cut into cables. I
do not know whether we make any uſes of the
ſkin; but M. de Buffon ſays, he has ſeen braces for
coaches made of it, which were both ſtrong and
elaftic.
They bring one, or at moſt two young + at a
time: feed on ſea herbs and fiſh; alſo on ſhells,
which they dig out of the ſand with their teeth: are
faid alſo to make uſe of their teeth to afcend rocks
or pieces of ice, faſtening them to the cracks, and
* Hakluyt's call, Voy, I. 5.
z
+ Barentz voy, 4.
drawing

338
W ALRUS.
drawing their bodies up by that means. Beſides
mankind, they ſeem to have no other eneiny than
the white Bear, with whom they have terrible com-
bats; but generally come off victorious, by means
of their great teeth.
264. INDIAN. Le Dugon de Buffon, XIII. 374. tab. Ivi.
W. with two ſhort canine teeth, or tuſks, placed in
the upper jaw pretty cloſe to each other : in the
upper jaw four grinders on each ſide, placed at a
diſtance from the tuſks; in the lower, three on each
ſide.
Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope and the Philippine
ifles. The head deſcribed above being ſuppoſed to
belong to an animal reſembling a Walrus, found in
the ſeas of Africa and India, as appears from ſome
citations from travellers, too unſatisfactory to merit
repetition. It is ſaid by one, that it goes upon land
to feed on the green moſs, and that it is called in
the Philippines, the Dugung *
* De Buffon, xlii. 377. the note.
Cutting

SE A L.
339
XLI. SEAL.
Cutting teeth, and two canine teeth in each jaw,
Five palmated toes on each foot.
Body thick at the ſhoulders, tapering towards the tail.
pwan Arift. hift. An, lib, vi. c. 12. quad. 189. Phil. Tranſ. abridg. 265.COMMON.
Oppian Halieut. V. 376.
Vol. XLVII. 120. tab. vi. fig. 3.
Vitulus maris mediterranei ---et Kafligiak, Crantz bift. Greenl. Ť. :
oceani Rondeletii, 453. 458.
123
Le Veau marin ou loup de mer
Phoca vitulina. Ph. capite lævi
inauriculato. Lin. Syf. 56. Sial,
Phoca Gefner Piſc. 830. Worm. Faun, fuec. No. 4.
Mul, 289. Klein quad. 93. Briffon Le Phoque de Buffon, xiii. 333.
quad. 162.
tab. xlv.
Seal, Seoile, or Sea Calf, Phoca Seal Br. Zool. I. 71. Br. Zool. il-
five vitulus marinus. Raii fyn. lufr. xlviii.
Belon Poiſſons. 25.
3
S. with large black eyes : large whiſkers : oblong
noſtrils: flat head and noſe: tongue forked at the
end : two canine teeth in each jaw : ſix cutting
teeth in the upper jaw; four in the lower: no ex-
ternal ears : body covered with thick ſhort hair:
ſhort tail : toes furniſhed with ſtrong ſharp claws :
uſual length from five to fix feet: color very va-
rious, dulky, brinded, or ſpotted with white or yel-
low.
Inhabit moſt quarters of the Globe, but in greateſt
multitudes towards the North and the South; ſwarm
near the Arctic circle, and the lower parts of South
America*, in both oceans. Found in the Caſpian +
Sea, in the lake Aral, and lake | Baikal, which are
* Dampier ſays, that they are ſeen by thouſands on the iſle of
Juan Fernandez; that the young bleat like lambs; that none are
found in the South Sea, north of the equator, till lat. 21. that he never
ſaw any in the West Indies, except in the bay of Campeachy; nor yet
in the Eaft Indies. I. 88, 89.
† Bell's Travels, I. 49.
| The ſame, 280.
freſh
Z 2

340
S E AL
freſh waters. In the laſt, are covered with filvery
hairs: bring two young at a time, which for ſome ſhort
ſpace are white and woolly; bring forth in autumn,
and ſuckle their young in caverns, or in rocks, till
they are ſix or ſeven weeks old, when they take to
ſea: cannot continue long under water; are there-
fore very frequently obliged to riſe to take breath,
and often float on the waves. In ſummer, ſleep on
rocks, or on fand-banks: if ſurprized, precipitate
into the ſea; or if at any diſtance, ſcramble along
and Aing up the ſand and gravel with great force
with their hind feet, making a piteous moaning: if
overtaken, will make a vigorous defence with their
feet and teeth: a flight blow on the noſe kills them,
otherwiſe will bear numbers of wounds.
Swim with vaſt ſtrength and ſwiftneſs; frolick
greatly in their element, and will ſport without fear
about ſhips * and boats; never go any great diſtance
from land : feed on all ſorts of fiſh: are themſelves
good food, and often eaten by voyagers : killed for
the ſake of the oil made from their fat; a young
ſeal will yield eight gallons : their ſkins
very
uſeful
in making waiſtcoats, covers for trunks, and other
conveniencies: thoſe of the lake Baikal are ſold to
the Chineſe, who dye them, and ſell them to the
Mongals † to face their fur-coats: are the wealth of
the Greenlanders, ſupplying them with every neceſ-
و
ſary of life.
* On a ſhip's approaching the iſle of Lobos, near the river Plata,
it is met by ſhoals of ſeals, who will hang by their fore feet to the
fides of the veſſel, ſtaring at the crew; then drop off, and paſs and
repaſs the veſſel for a conſiderable time. Muratori Hift
. Paraguay,
229
Muller's Ruff, Samlung. III. 559.
Sea
a

SE A L
341
266. Grear
Sea Calf, Phil. Trans. IX. 74. tab. v.
Le grand Phoque de Buffon, xiii. 345.
Utluk? Crantz Greenl. I. 125.
*
S. reſembling the common, but grow to the
length of twelve * feet : that deſcribed in the Phil.
Tranſ. was ſeven feet and a half long, yet ſo young
as to have ſcarce any teeth; the common ſeal is at
full growth when it has attained the length of fix.
Inhabits the coaſt of Scotland, and the South of
Greenland : the ſkin is thick, and is uſed by the
Greenlanders to cut thongs out of for their Seal
fiſhery. Perhaps is the ſame with the great Kamtf-
chatkan Seal, called by the Rulans, Lachtach,
weighing Soolb. +
Neitiek. Crantz Greenl. I. 124.
267. ROUGH
a
S. with rough briſtly hair, intermixed like that of a
hog; of a pale brown color.
Inhabits Greenland : the natives make garments of
its ſkin, turning the hairy fide inmoſt. Perhaps
what our Newfoundland Seal-hunters call Square
Phipper; whoſe coat, they ſay, is like that of a
water dog, and weighs ſometimes 500lb.
A gentleman of my acquaintance ſhot one of that fize in the
North of Scotland.
+ Muller's Voy. Kamtſchatka, 6o.
23
Clap-

342
SE A L
268.HOODED. Clap-myſs. Egede Greenl. 84.
Neitſerloak, Crantz Greenl. I. 124.
a
S. with a ſtrong folded ſkin on the forehead, which
it can fling over its eyes and noſe, to defend them
againſt ſtones and fand in ſtormy weather : its hair
white, with a thick coat of thick black wool under,
which makes it appear of a fine grey.
Inhabits only the South of Greenland, and Neur-
foundland : in the laſt is called the Hooded Seal: the
hunters ſay they cannot kill it till they remove the
integument on the head.
269. HARP. Blackſided Seal, Egede Greenl. plate iii.
Attarſoak, Crantz Greenl. I. 124.
S. with a pointed head and thick body, of a whitiſh
grey color, marked on the ſides with two black cref-
cents, the horns pointing upwards towards each
other'; does not attain this mark till the fifth year;
till that period, changes its color annually, and is
diſtinguiſhed by the Greenlanders by different names
each year.
Inhabits Greenland and Newfoundland : is the moſt
valuable kind; the ſkin the thickeſt and beſt, and its
produce of oil the greateſt : grows to the length of
nine feet. Our Fiſhers call this the Harp, or Heart
Seal, and ſtyle the marks on the ſides the ſaddle.
There

SE AL
243
There is a blackiſh variety, which they ſay is a young
harp, called Bedlemer *.
a
Le petit Phoque de Buffon, xiii. 341. teb.liii.
270.LITTLE:
S. with the four middle cutting teeth of the upper
jaw bifurcated; the two middle of the lower jaw
Nightly trifurcated : a rudiment of an ear: the webs
of the feet extending far beyond the toes and nails :
hair ſoft, ſmooth, and longer than in the common
Seal: color duſky on the head and back; beneath,
browniſh : length, from two to three feet.
Inhabits the ſea near the iſle of Juan Fernandezt;
and our feal-hunters affirm, that they often obſerve,
on the coaſt of Newfcundland, a ſmall ſpecies not
exceeding two feet, or two feet and a half, in length.
M. de Buffon ſays the ſpecimen in the cabinet of the
French King came from India; but from the autho-
rity of Dampier, and of modern voyagers to the
Eaſt Indies, who have aſſured me they never ſaw any
feals I there, I ſuſpect he was impoſed on.
a
* In the lake Baikal is a large kind with yellow hair and a large
cheſnut-colored mark on the hind part of the back, covering almoſt
a third part of the body. Perhaps a variety of this ſpecies.
+ Ulloa ſays the firſt ſpecies of ſeal found near that ifle is not above
a yard long, II. 226.
| A gentleman, the moſt curious and greateſt navigator of the
Indian ſeas now living, informed me, that he not only never met
with any ſeals in thole feas, but even none nearer than the iſles of
Gallopagos, a little north of the line, on the coaſt of America.
24
Urſus

344
SE A L.
271. URSINE. Urſus marinus Steller. Nov. Com. Phoca Urfina. Ph.capite auricu-
Petrop. II. 331. tab. xv.
lato. Lin. fyft. 55.
Sea Cat, Hift. Kamtſchatka, 123. L'Ours marin Brilon quad. 166.
Muller's Exped. 59.
There are three marine animals, which keep a parti-
cular fituation, and ſeem divided between the N. E.
of Aſia, and N. W. of America, in the narrow ſeas
between thoſe vaſt continents. Theſe are what are
called the Sea Lion and Sea Bear, and the Manati *.
They inhabit, from June to September, the iſles that
are ſcattered in the feas between Kamtſchatka and
America, in order to copulate, and bring forth their
young in full ſecurity. The accurate and indefa-
tigable naturalift Steller was the firſt who gave an
exact deſcription of them; he and his companions,
in the Ruſſian expedition of 1742, were in all proba-
bility the firſt Europeans who gave them any diſtur-
bance in thoſe their retreats. In September, theſe
animals quit their ſtations, vaſtly emaciated; fome
return to the Afatic, others to the American ſhores;
but like the Sea Otters, are confined in thoſe feas
between lat. 50 and 56.
The Urſine Seal, a name we ſubſtitute for the Sea
Bear, leads, during the three months in ſummer, a
moſt indolent life: it arrives at the inands vaſtly
fat; but during that time they are ſcarce ever in
motion, confine themſelves for whole weeks to one
a
* The Sea Bear ſeems a local animal: the Sea Lion is not feen
again nearer than the iſle of Juan Fernandez, 233 deg. 40 min. fouth
of the equator, and the Manati is quite unknown in every other part
of the Pacific Ocean.
ſpot,

S E AL
345
a
ſpot, ſleep a great part of the time, eat nothing,
and, except the employment the females have in
ſuckling their young, are totally inactive: they
live in families; each male has from eight to fifty
females, whom he guards with the jealouſy of an
eaſtern monarch; and though they lie by thouſands
on the ſhores, each family keeps itſelf ſeparate from
the reſt, and ſometimes, with the young and un-
married ones, amount to a hundred and twenty.
The old animals, which are deftitute of females, or
deſerted by them, live apart, and are exceſſively
fplenetic, peeviſh and quarrelſome: are exceffively
fierce, and ſo attached to their old haunts, that they
would die fooner than quit them. They are mon-
ſtrouſly fat, and have a moſt hircine ſmell. If ano-
ther approaches their ſtation, they are rouzed from
their indolence and inſtantly ſnap at it, and a battle
enſues ; in the conflict, they perhaps intrude on the
ſeat of another: this gives new cauſe of offence, ſo
in the end the diſcord becomes univerſal, and is
ſpread thro' the whole ſhore.
The other males are alſo very iraſcible: the cauſes
of their diſputes are generally theſe. The firſt and
the moſt terrible is, when an attempt is made by
another to ſeduce one of their miſtreſſes, or a young
female of the family. This inſult produces a com-
bat, and the conqueror is immediately followed by
the whole ſeraglio, who are ſure of deſerting the
unhappy vanquiſhed. The ſecond reaſon of a quar-
rel is, when one invades the ſeat of another: the
third ariſes from their interfering in the diſputes of
others. Theſe battles are very violent; the wounds
they

346
SE AL
they receive are very deep, and reſemble the cuts
of a fabre. At the end of a fight they fing them-
ſelves into the ſea, to waſh away the blood.
The males are very fond of their young; but
very tyrannical towards the females: if any body
attempts to take their cub, the male ſtands on the
defenſive, while the female makes off with the young
in her mouth; ſhould ſhe drop it, the former in-
ftantly quits his enemy, falls on her, and beats her
againſt the ſtones, till he leaves her for dead. As
ſoon as the recovers, ſhe comes in the moſt ſuppliant
manner to the male, crawls to his feet, and waſhes
them with her tears : he, in the mean time, ſtalks
about in the moſt inſulting manner; but in caſe the
young one is carried off, he melts into the deepeſt
amfiction, and ſhews all ſigns of deep concern. It is
probable that he feels his misfortune the more fenfi-
fibly, as the female generally brings but one at a
time; never more than two.
They ſwim very ſwiftly, at the rate of ſeven miles
an hour. If wounded, will ſeize on the boat, and
carry it along with vaſt impetuofity, and oftentimes
fink it. They can continue a long time under wa-
When they want to climb the rocks they faſten
with the fore paws, and ſo draw themſelves up.
They are very tenacious of life, and will live for a
fortnight after receiving ſuch wounds as would im-
mediately deſtroy any other animal. .
The male of this ſpecies is vaſtly fuperior in ſize
to the female. The bodies of each are of a conic
form, very thick before, and taper to the tail. The
length of a large one is eight feet; the greateſt cir-
cumference
ter.
DESCR.

SE A L.
347
:
:
cumference five feet; near the tail, twenty inches.
The weight 8oolb. The noſe projects like that of a
pug dog, but the head riſes ſuddenly: noſtrils oval,
and divided by a ſeptum : the lips thick; their inſide
red and ferrated : whiſkers long and white.
The teeth lock into each other when the mouth
is cloſed: in the upper jaw are four cutting teeth,
each bifurcated; on both ſides is a ſmall ſharp ca-
nine tooth bending inwards; near that another,
larger: the grinders reſemble canine teeth, and are
fix in number in each jaw : in the lower jaw are alſo
four cutting teeth and two canine : but only four
grinders in each jaw: in all, thirty-ſix teeth.
Tongue bifid : eyes large and prominent : iris
black, pupil fmaragdine: the eyes may be covered
at pleaſure with a feſhy membrane: the ears are
ſmall, ſharp-pointed; hairy without, ſmooth and
poliſhed within
The length of the fore-legs is twenty-four inches,
like thoſe of other quadrupeds, not immerſed in
the body like thoſe of ſeals: the feet are formed
with toes as thoſe of other animals, but are covered
with a naked ſkin, ſo that externally they ſeem a
ſhapeleſs maſs, and have only the rudiments of nails
to five latent toes: the hind legs are twenty-two
inches long, are fixed to the body quite behind, like
thoſe of feals, but are capable of being brought
forward, ſo that the animal makes uſe of them to
ſcratch its head: theſe feet are divided into five toes,
each divided by a great web, and are a foot broad:
the tail is only two inches long.
a
The

348
SE A L.
The hair is long and rough; beneath which is a
ſoft down, of a bay color: on the neck of the old
males the hair is erect, and a little longer than the
reft
. The general color of theſe animals is black,
but the hairs of the old ones are tipt with grey. The
females are cinereous. The ſkins of the young, cut
out of the bellies of their dams, are very uſeful for
cloathing, and coſt about 3s. 4d. each; the ſkin of
an old one, 4 s.
The fat and fleſh of the old males is very nau-
ſeous; but the fleſh of the females reſembles lamb,
and the young ones roaſted are as good as ſucking
pigs.
272.Leonine. Sea Lion, Dampier's voy. I. 9o. exped. 60.
IV. 15. Roger's voy. 136. Anſon's Phoca leonina. Ph. capite antice
voy. 122.
criſtato, Lin. Syf. 55:
Leo marinus rufis Siwutcha, Le Lion marin, Briſon quad. 167.
Steller Nov. Com. Petrop. II. 361. de Buffon, xiii. 351.
Hif. Kamtſchatka, 120. Muller's
S. (the male) with an arched projecting ſnout, hang-
ing five or fix inches below the lower jaw: the feet
fhort and duſky; five toes on each, furniſhed with
nails: the hind feet have the appearance of great
laciniated fins: large eyes: great whiſkers : hair on
the body ſhort, and of a dun color; that on the
neck a little longer: the ſkin very
thick : length of
an old male twenty feet; greateſt circumference,
fifteen.
Female. Noſe blunt, tuberous at the top: noſtrils
wide: mouth breaking very little into the jaws ;
two ſmall cutting teeth below, two ſmall and two
larger
*

SE A L.
349
3
3
larger above; two canine teeth, remote from the
preceding ; five grinders in each jaw; all the teeth
conic: eyes oblique and ſmall : auricles none : fore
legs twenty inches long : toes furniſhed with flat ob-
long nails: hind parts, inftead of legs, divided into
two great bifurcated fins : no tail : the whole covered
with ſhort ruft-colored hair : length, from noſe to
the end of the fins, four yards : greateſt circuin-
ference two yards and a half *.
Inhabits the ſeas between Kamtſchatka and Ame-
rica; in the laſt, not higher than lat. 56 N. are not
found again nearer than the iſle of Juan Fernandez,
S. lat. 33–40. Are ſeen in great numbers, in June
and July, the breeding ſeaſon, on the iſlands, which
they reſort to for the purpoſe of fuckling their
young on ſhore. Couple in Auguſt and September, and
bring two at a time. The male ſhews little attach-
ment to its young, but the female is exceſſively fond
of it: the former will + ſuffer it to be killed before
his face without ſhewing any reſentment. Towards
evening, both male and female ſwim a little way to
ſea, the laſt with the young on its back, which the
male will puſh off, as if to teach it to ſwim.
They arrive on the breeding iſlands very fat and
full of blood: when they are in motion they ſeem
like a great ſkin full of oil, from the tremulous
movement of the blubber, which has been found to
be a foot thick. The Spaniards therefore call them
a
* Deſcribed from a well-preſerved fpecimen in the Muſeum of
the ROYAL Society.
+ The female, during that time, is very fierce. One of Lord
Anſon's failors was killed by the enraged dam of a whelp he had
robbed her of. Anſon's voy, 124.
Lobos

350
S E AL
Lobos de Aceyte *, or wolves of oil. One has been
known to yield a but of oil; and ſo full of blood,
that what has run out of a ſingle animal + has filled
two hogſheads. The fleſh is eatable ; Lord Anſon's
people eat it under the denomination of beef, to dif-
tinguiſh it from that of feal, which they called
lamb.
The old animals have a tremendous appearance,
yet are exceſſively timid, except at the breeding
ſeaſon, when they ſeem to loſe their apprehenſions,
and are leſs diſturbed at the ſight of man. At other
times, they hurry into the water; or, if awakened
out of their ſleep by a loud noiſe, or by blows, fall
into vaft confuſion, tumble down, and tremble in
every part, thro' fear: but if once they find it im-
poffible to eſcape I, grow deſperate, roar dreadfully,
and attack their enemy with great fury. The Kamtſ-
chatkans either kill them in their ſleep with launces,
or ſhoot them with poiſoned arrows. They cut
the ſkin into cords, or make ſhoes of it: they
efteem the blubber and fleſh very palatable; but
the feet makes a jelly, which the Kamtſchatkans
think a great delicacy.
Theſe animals aſſociate in families like the for-
ner, but not in ſuch great numbers: the males ſhew
equal jealouſy about their miſtreſſes, and have
bloody combats on their accounts : oftimes there is
one of fuperior courage to the reſt, and procures
by dint of valour a greater number of females than
II. 227,
* Ulloa's
voy.
† Anſon's voy. 123.
I Hiſt, Kamiſchatka, 121.
the

S E AL
351
the others. In the Kamtſchatkan ſeas, they gene-
rally chuſe ſome inſulated rock for their ſtation,
where they roar ſo loud as to be heard at two miles
diſtance: the young bleat like ſheep. They are of
a very lethargic diſpoſition, fond of wallowing in
miry places, and will lie like ſwine on one another,
grunting like thoſe animals, and ſometimes ſnorting
like horſes in full vigor. They are very inactive on
land : to prevent a ſurprize, each herd places a ſen-
tinel, who gives certain ſignals of the appearance of
danger : during the breeding ſeaſon they * abſtain
from food, and before that is elapſed become very
lean: at other times, they feed on ſeals, ſea-otters,
and fiſh t.
* Hif. Kamtſchatka, 123. Woode Rogers's voy, 137.
+ Hift, Kamtſchatka, 123,
Pinniform

352
Μ Α Ν Α Τ Ι.
XLII.
MANATI.
Pinniform fore-legs: hind parts ending in a tail,
horizontally flat.
273.ManATi. Manati Hernandez Mex. 323 De Le Lamentin, Brillon quad. 164.
Laet. 6.
de Buffon, xiii. 277. tab. 57.
Manatus Rondeletius, 490. Gefner Trichechus Arted. gen. 79. Syn.
Piſc. 213. Clus exot. 132. Raii 109.
lyn. quad. 193. Klein quad. 94. Trichechus manatus, Lin. Sy.
Steller Nov. Com, Petrop. II. 294. 49
This animal, in nature, ſo nearly approaches the
cetaceous tribe, that it is meerly in conformity to
the ſyſtematic writers, that I continue it in this
claſs: it ſcarce deſerves the name of a biped; what
are called feet are little more than pectoral fins;
they ſerve only for ſwimming; they are never uſed
to aſſiſt the animal in walking, or landing; for it
never goes aſhore, nor ever attempts to climb the
rocks, like the walrus and ſeal. It brings forth in
the water, and, like the whale, fuckles its young in
that element: like the whale, it has no voice, and
like that animal, has an horizontal broad tail, with-
out even the rudiments of hind feet.
Inhabits the ſhores of Kamtſchatka, and of the
oppoſite coaſt of America, and of the intervening
iſlands. Is found again on that of Mindanao*, one
of the Philippine iſlands, and on the coaſt of New
Holland +; on that of the iſle of France I, and on
that of Senegal $ ; on the Moſquito fhore, in the river
>
* Dampier's voy. I. 321.
The famne, 33.
Voy. de la Caille, 229.
Adanſon's voy. 259.
.
of

Μ Α Ν Α Τ Ι.
353
fon
و
of Orenoque, and the lakes formed by it; and laſtly,
in the river of Amazons *; but in no other part of
the Atlantic Ocean.
They live perpetually in the water, and frequent
the edges of the ſhores; and in calm weather ſwim
in
great
droves near the mouths of rivers : in the
time of flood they come ſo near the land that a per-
may ſtroke them with his hand : if hurt, they
ſwim out to ſea; but preſently return again. They
live in families, one near another; each conſiſts of
a male, a female, a half-grown young one, and a
very ſmall one.
The females oblige the young to
ſwim before them, while the other old ones ſurround,
and, as it were, guard them on all ſides. The af-
fection between the male and female is very great;
for if ſhe is attacked he will defend her to the utmoſt,
and if ſhe is killed will follow her corps to the very
ſhore, and ſwim for fome days near the place it has
been landed at.
They copulate in the ſpring, in the ſame manner
as the huinan kind, eſpecially in calm weather, to-
wards the evening. The female ſwims gently about;
the male purſues ; till tired with wantoning ſhe flings
herſelf on her back, and admits his embraces t. Stel-
ler thinks they go with young above a year : it is
* Dampier ſaw them in quantity on the Moſquito ſhore, I. 33. Gu-
milla, in the river Orenoque, II. 43, and Condamine, p. 77, in that of
the Amazons. It is brought from the laſt in great quantities, ſalted,
to Cayenne. Churchill's coll. voy. V. 562, 563.
+ The Leonine and Urſine ſeals copulate in the ſame manner, only,
after ſporting in the ſea for ſome time, they come on ſhore for that
purpoſe.
A a
certain

354
Μ Α Ν Α Τ Ι.
certain that they bring but one young at a time,
which they ſuckle by two teats placed between the
breaſt.
They are vaſtly voracious and gluttonous, and
feed not only on the fuci that grow in the ſea, but
ſuch as are flung on the edges of the ſhore. When
they are filled they fall aſleep on their backs. Du-
ring their meals, they are ſo intent on their food,
that any one may go among them and chuſe which
he likes beft. Peter Martyr gives an inſtance of
one that lived in a lake of Hiſpaniola for five and
twenty years, and was ſo tame as to come to the
edge of the ſhore on being called; and would even
perform the part of a ferry, and carry ſeveral people
at a time on its back to the oppoſite fhore *.
Their back and their fides are generally above
water, and as their ſkin is filled with a ſpecies of
louſe peculiar to them, numbers of gulls are conti-
nually perching on their backs and picking out the
inſects.
They continue in the Kamtſchatkan and American
ſeas the whole year; but in winter are very lean, ſo
that you may count their ribs. They are taken by
harpoons faſtened to a ſtrong cord, and after they
are ſtruck it requires the united force of thirty men
to draw them on ſhore. Sometimes when they are
transfixed they will lay hold of the rocks with their
paws, and ſtick ſo faſt as to leave the ſkin behind
before they can be forced off. When a Manati is
ſtruck its companions ſwim to its aſſiſtance ; ſome
a
* As quoted by Purchas, V. 888.
will

Μ Α Ν Α Τ Ι.
355
3
a
а
will attempt to overturn the boat by getting under
it; others will preſs down the rope, in order to
break it ; and others will ſtrike at the harpoon with
their tails, with a view of getting it out, which they
often ſucceed in. They have not any voice, but
make a noiſe by hard breathing, like the ſnorting
of a horſe.
They are of an enormous ſize; ſome are 28 feet Descr.
long, and 8000 lb. * in weight. The head, in pro-
portion to the bulk of the animal, is ſmall, oblong,
and almoſt ſquare : the noſtrils are filled with ſhort
briſtles: the gape, or rietus, is ſmall : the lips are
double : near the junction of the twojaws the mouth
is full of white tubular briſtles, which ſerve the
ſame uſe as the laminæ in whales, to prevent the
food running out with the water : the lips are alſo
full of briſtles, which ſerve inſtead of teeth to cut
the ſtrong roots of the ſea plants, which floating
aſhore are a ſign of the vicinity of theſe animals.
In the mouth are no teeth, only two flat white bones,
one in each jaw; one above, another below, with
undulated ſurfaces, which ſerve inſtead of grinders.
The eyes are extremely ſmall, not larger than
thoſe of a ſheep: the iris black : it is deſtitute of
ears, having only two orifices, ſo ſmall that a quill
will ſcarce enter them: the tongue is pointed, and
but ſmall: the neck is thick, and its junction with
* Thoſe of the Weſt Indies, and other hot climates, do not exceed
1 200 lb. in weight, and few arrive at that fize. Probably they are
not ſuffered to live their full time in thoſe countries, being perpe-
tually perſecuted by the Moſquito and other Indians, who are very
dexterous in ſtriking them. Vide Dampier, I. 35, 36.
A a 2
the

356
Μ Α Ν Α Τ Ι.
و
the head ſcarce diſtinguiſhable ; and the laſt always
hangs down: the circumference of the body near
the ſhoulders is twelve feet, about the belly twenty,
near the tail only four feet eight: the head thirty-
one inches: the neck near feven feet: and from
theſe meaſurements may be collected the deformity
of this animal: near the ſhoulders are two feet, or
rather fins, which are only two feet two inches
long, and have neither fingers nor nails; beneath
are concave, and covered with hard briſtles: the
tail is thick, ftrong, and horizontal, ending in a
ftiff black fin, and like the ſubſtance of whalebone,
and much fp it in the fore part; the end ſlightly
divided.
The ſkin is very thick, black, and full of ine-
qualities, like the bark of oak, and ſo hard as ſcarce
to be cut with an ax, and has no hair on it: be-
neath the ſkin is a thick blubber, which taſte like
oil of almonds. The feſh is coarfer than beef, and
will not foon putrify. The young ones taſte like
veal. The ſkin uſed for ſhoes, and for covering
the ſides of boats.
Beſides theſe, Mr. Steller faw on the coaſt of
America * another very fingular animal, which he
calls a Sea Ape: it was five feet long; the head like
a dog's ; ears ſharp and erect; eyes large; on both
lips a ſort of beard ; the form of its body thick and
round, thickeit near the head, tapering to the tail,
which was bifurcated, the upper lobe the longeſt ;
the body covered with thick hair, grey on the back,
a
SEA Ape.
3
* Hift. Kamt ehatka, 136.
red

Μ Α Ν Α Τ Ι.
357
red on the belly. Steller could diſcover neither feet
nor paws. It was full of frolick, and played a
thouſand monky tricks; ſometimes ſwimming on
one ſide, ſometimes on the other ſide of the ſhip,
looking at it with great amazement. It would come
ſo near the ſhip that it might be touched with a
pole; but if any body ftirred, would immediately
retire. It often raiſed one-third of its body above
the water, and ſtand erect for a confiderable time;
then ſuddenly dart under the ſhip, and appear in the
ſame attitude on the other ſide; and would repeat
this for thirty times together. It would frequently
bring up a ſea plant not unlike the bottle gourd,
which it would toſs about and catch again in its
mouth, playing numberleſs fantaſtic tricks with it.
Another obfcure animal of this claſs is the Be- BELUGA.
luga *, found in the gulph of Ochotſk, or the ſea
between Kamtſchatka and Tartary; in that between
Kamtſchatka and America, oppoſite to the river Ana-
dir, and in the frozen fea near the mouth of the
Feneſei. It is 15 or 20 feet long, and three or four
thick: it agrees with the ſeal in its feet and tail:
its teeth are like a cow's: on the neck are two holes,
through which it ſpouts water : there is hair on the
body, but ſo thin that the white ſkin appears thro'
it: lives on fiſh: is gregarious : carries its young
on its back : ſhuns ſhallow places; ſeldom goes near
the ſhore, or up rivers : yet the celebrated Witſch,
in his book called Norden op Tartarye, ſays that it
a
*
Beluga, or white fiſh, from the color of its ſkin: muſt be dif-
tinguiſhed from a ſpecies of ſturgeon of the ſame name, taken in
the Wolga, Don, &c.
goes
Аа 3

358
Μ Α Ν Α Τ Ι.
3
goes and returns with the tide up and down the
rivers Meſen and Jeſma; where the fiſhermen take
them in nets of ropes and kill them with ſpears,
and each yields two vats and a half of train oil ; ſo
that if the capture is lucky a ſhip of 200 tuns may
be loaded in two tides *.
a
* Muller's Kamtſchatkan expedition. German ed. p. 253. Purchas's
Pilgrims, III. 549.
Div. IV.

Β Α Τ.
359
Div. IV. WINGED QUADRUPEDS.
With long extended toes to the fore feet, connected XLIII. BAT.
by thin broad membranes, extending to the hind
legs.
* Without tails.
274. TER-
NATE.
Veſpertilio ingens Clus exot. 94. de Buffon, x. 55. tab. xiv. xvii.
Canis volans ternatanus orienta- Pteropus rufus aut niger auricu-
lis Seb. Muf. I. 91. tab. lvii. lis brevibus acutiuſculis, Briſſon
Veſpertilio vampyrus. V. ecau- quad. 153, and 154, No. 2.
datus, nafo fimplici, membrana Great Bat, Edw. 180. Br. Muf.
inter femora diviſa. Lin. Syft. 46. Ap. Muf.
La Rouſſette and la Rougette,
:
B. with large canine teeth : four cutting teeth above,
the ſame below : ſharp black noſe : large naked
ears: the tongue is pointed, terminated by ſharp
aculeated papilla : exterior toe detached from the
membrane: the claw ſtrong, and hooked: five toes
on the hind feet: talons very crooked, ſtrong, and
compreſſed ſideways: no tail: the membrane divided
behind quite to the rump: head of a dark ferru-
ginous color: on the neck, ſhoulders, and under-
ſide, of a much lighter and brighter red : on the
back the hair ſhorter, dulky and ſmooth : the mem-
branes of the wings dulky: varies in color; fome
entirely of a reddiſh brown; others duſky. This
now deſcribed was one foot long: its extent from
tip to tip of the wings four feet; but they are found
vaſtly larger.
Аа 4
Theſe

360
Β Α Τ.
Theſe monſters inhabit Guinea, Madagaſcar, and
all the iſlands from thence to the remoteſt in the In-
dian ocean. They fly in flocks, and perfectly ob-
ſcure the air with their numbers: they begin their
flight from one neighboring iſland to another imme-
diately on ſun-ſet, and return in clouds from the
time it is light till fun-riſe *. They live on fruits,
and are ſo fond of the juice of the pulm tree, that
they will intoxicate themſelves with it till they drop
on the ground **. It is moſt likely, from the ſize
of their teeth, they are carnivorous. Mr. Edwards
relates, that they will dip into the tea for fiſh. They
ſwarm like bees, hanging by one another from the
trees in great cluſters +. The Indians eat them,
and declare the fleſh to be very good : they grow
exceſſively fat at certain times of the year. The
French, who live in the Inle de Bourbon, boil them
in their Bouillon, to give it a reliſh f. The Negroes
have them in abhorrence I. Many are of an enor-
mous ſize: Beckman & meaſured one, whoſe extent
from tip to tip of the wing was five feet four inches;
and Dampier || another, which extended further than
he could reach with ſtretched-out arms. Their bo-
dies are from the ſize of a pullet to that of a dove :
their cry is dreadfull;
is dreadfull; their ſmell rank; their bite,
reſiſtance and fierceneſs great when taken.
***
*
Dampier's voy. I. 381.
Muſeum Hafnia. Pars. I. Sect. 2. No. 18.
† Argenſola Philip.ifles, 158. des Marchais, II. 261.
I Voy. de la Caille, 233. I des Marchais, ibid.
Voy. to Borneo, 39.
i I. 381.
The

Β Α Τ.
361
The antients had ſome knowlege of theſe animals.
Herodotus * mentions certain winged wild beaſts,
like bats, that moleſted the Arabs, who collected
the Caſia to ſuch a degree that they were obliged
to cover their bodies and faces, all but their eyes,
with ſkins. It is very probable, as M. de Buffon
remarks, it was from ſuch relations the Poets formed
their fictions of Harpies.
Linnæus gives this ſpecies the title of Vampyre,
conjecturing it to be the kind which draws blood
from people in their ſleep. M. de Buffon denies it,
aſcribing that faculty to a ſpecies only found in S.
America : but there is reaſon to imagine, that this
thirſt after blood is not confined to the bats of one
continent, nor to one fpecies; for Bontius and Nieu-
hoff inform us, that they of Java ** ſeldom fail at-
tacking thoſe who lie with their feet uncovered,
whenever they can get acceſs; and Gumilla †, after
mentioning a greater and leffer ſpecies, found on the
banks of the Orenoque, declares them to be equally
greedy after human blood. Perſons thus attacked have
been known to be near palling from a found ſleep
into eternity. The Bat is ſo dexterous a bleeder as
to inſinuate its aculeated tongue into a vein without
being perceived, and then fuck the blood till it is
ſatiated; all the while fanning with its wings, and
a
θηρια αερωτα, τησι νυκτερισί προσεικελα. Lib. iii.
** Bontius India, 70. Nieuhoff, 255. Theſe writers ſay that this
kind is as big as a pigeon. I ſuſpect that the ſpecies juft deferbed
is common to India and S. America ; Mr. Greenwood, painter, long
reſident at Surinam, informing me that there is in that colony a foxa
colored bat, whoſe extent of wings is above four feet.
+ Hift. Orenoque, III. 100.
agitating

362
Β Α Τ.
agitating the air, in that hot climate, in ſo pleaſing
a manner, as to fling the ſufferer into a ſtill founder
ſleep *. It is therefore very unſafe to reſt either in
the open air, or to leave open any entrance to theſe
dangerous animals : but they do not confine them-
ſelves to human blood; for M. Condamine + ſays,
that in certain parts of America they have deſtroyed
all the great cattle introduced there by the mil-
ſionaries.
B. Lesser. B. with head like a grehound: large
teeth like the former : ears long, broad, and
naked : whole body covered with ſoft ſhort hair
of a ſtraw color : ſhaped like the other in all re-
fpects : length, eight inches three quarters; ex-
tent, two feet two inches. Place unknown to
the gentleman who favored me with it.
275 Spectre, Andira-guacu, veſpertilio cornu- datus, naſo infundibuliformi
tus, Piſo Brafil, 190. Marcgrave Lanceolato. Lin. Syft. 46. Klein
Braſil, 213
quad, 62.
Canis volans maxima aurita fæm. Pteropus auriculis longis, patu-
ex Nov. Hiſpania. Seb. Muf. I. lis, nafo membrana antrorſum
tab. lvii.
inflexa aucto. Briffon quad. 154.
Veſpertilio ſpectrum. V. ecau- Le Vampire, de Buffon, X. 55.
B. with a long noſe: large teeth : long, broad and
upright ears: at the end of the noſe a long conic
erect membrane, bending at the end, and flexible :
hair on the body cinereous, and pretty long : wings
full of ramified fibres: the membrane extends from
hind leg to hind leg: no tail; but from the rump
3
* Ulloa's voy. I. 61.
# Voy. S. America, 85.
extend

XI
P.362
MIC
main
IBAT T.B.P. 362. I NEW YORK B. NO2 83.


Β Α Τ.
363
extend three tendons, terminating at the edge of
the membrane. By Seba's figure the extent of the
wings are two feet two inches; from the end of the
noſe to the rump ſeven inches and an half.
Inhabits South America : lives in the palm trees :
grows very fat: called Vampyre by M. de Buffon,
who ſuppoſes it to be the ſpecies that ſucks human
blood : but neither Piſo, or any other writers who
mention the fact, give the left deſcription of the
kind.
Veſpertilio americanus vulgaris, tetradactylis, pofticis pentadacty- 276.Javelin.
Seb. Muf. I. tab. lv. fig. 2. lis. Briſſon quad. 161.
Veſpertilio. V. ecaudatus, naſo La chauve ſouris fer de Lance,
foliato acuminato. Lin. Jt. 47 de Buffon, xiii. 226. tab. xxxiii.
V. murini coloris pedibus anticis
B. with large pointed ears : an erect membrane at
the end of the noſe in form of the head of an an-
tient javelin, having on each ſide two upright pro-
ceſſes: no tail : fur cinereous : ſize of a common
bat.
Inhabits the warm parts of America.
:
Veſpertilio

364
Β Α Τ.
277. LEAF. Veſpertilio, roftro appendice au. La Feuille de Buffon, xiii, 227.
riculæ forma donata. Sloane Fam. Veſpertilio ſoricinus, Pallas Mif-
cel. 48. tab. v. *
Small bat. Edzu. 201. fig. 1.
II. 330.
:
B. with ſmall rounded ears : membrane on the noſe
of the form of an oyated leaf : no tail: a web be-
tween the hind legs : fur of a mouſe color, tinged
with red : ſize of the laſt.
Inhabits Jamaica, Surinam, and Senegal : in the
firſt lives in caves in woods, which are found full
of its dung, productive of ſalt-petre : feeds on the
prickly pear.
278. CORD- Glis volans Ternatanus Seb. Muſ. Veſpertilio ſpaſina. V. ecaudatus
ATED. I. tab. lvi. fig. I.
nalo foliato obcordato Lin.ff.47.
a
B. with very broad and long ears : at the end of the
noſe a heart-ſhaped membrane: no tail: a web be-
tween the hind legs : color of the face a very light
red; that of the body ſtill paler.
Inhabits Ceylon, and the iſle of Ternate, one of
the Moluccas.
* This ſeems to be one of the blood-fucking ſpecies, the tongue
being furniſhed with aculeated papille, and is twice the length of
the noſe; fo is well adapted for that purpoſe.
** With

Β Α Τ.
365
** With tails.
Chauve-ſouris de la Valleé d'Ylo. Feuilleé obf. Peru, 1714. p. 623. 279. Peruvi-
AN.
a
B. with a head like a pug-dog : large ſtrait-pointed
ears: two canine teeth, and two ſmall cutting teeth
between each, in each jaw : tail encloſed in the
membrane, which joins to each hind leg, and is alſo
ſupported by two long cartilaginous ligaments in-
volved in the membrane: color of the fur iron
grey: body equal to that of a middle-ſized Rat:
extent of wings two feet five inches.
a
:
B. With a large head and hanging lips, like the chops
of a maſtiff: noſe bilobated: upper lip divided :
ſtrait, long, and narrow ears, ſharp-pointed: teeth
like the former : tail ſhort ; a few joints of it ſtand
out of the membrane, which extends far beyond
it; is angular, and ends in a point : claws on
the hind feet large, hooked, and compreſſed
fideways: membranes of the wings duſky, very
thin: fur on the head and back brown; on the
belly, cinereous : length, from the noſe to the
end of the membrane, above five inches; extent
of wings, twenty
Inhabits Peru and the Mosquito ſhore : the laſt
was given me by John Ellis, Eſq; F.R.S. It dif-
fered from the former in ſize, being leſs; in all
other reſpects agreed.
Linnæus,

366
Β Α Τ.
Linnæus, carried away by love of fyftem, places
this, on account of its having only two cutting teeth
in each jaw, among the Glires, next to the ſquirrels,
under the name of Noîtilio Americanus. But ſuch
is the variety in the number and diſpoſition of the
teeth in the animals of this genus, that he might
form almoſt as many genera out of it as there are
fpecies. But as the Bats have other ſuch ſtriking
characters, it is unneceſſary to have recourſe to the
more latent marks to form its definition. The ſame
may be faid of ſeveral other animals.
280. BULL- Autre Chauve-ſouris, de Buffon, x. 84, 87. tab. xix. fig. 1, 2.
DOG.
B. with broad round ears, the edges touching each
other in front : noſe thick : lips pendulous: upper
part of the body of a deep aſh-color; the lower
paler: tail long; "the five laſt joints quite diſen-
gaged from the membrane: length above two inches;
extent nine and a half.
Inhabits the Weſt Indies.
281 SENEGAL. Chauvre-ſouris etrangere de Bufon, X. 82. tab. xvii.
B. with a long head : noſe a little pointed : ears
ſhort, and pointed: head and body a tawny brown
mixed with aſh-color: belly paler: two laft joints
of the tail extend beyond the membrane : length,
from noſe to rump, above four inches; extent 21.
Inhabits Senegal.
Autre

Β Α Τ.
367
Autre Chauvre-ſouris de Buffon, X. 92. tab. xx. fig. 3.
282. BEARD
ID.
B. with the noſtrils open for a great way up the
noſe : hair on the forehead and under the chin very
long: ears long and narrow : upper part of the head
and body of a reddiſh brown; the lower of a dirty
white tinged with yellow: tail included in the mem-
brane. A ſmall ſpecies.
a
a
B. with a head ſhaped like that of a mouſe: top of 283. Nzw.
YORK
the noſe a little bifid : ears ſhort, broad, and
rounded: no cutting teeth; two canine in each jaw :
tail very long, incloſed in the membrane, which is
of a conic ſhape: head, body, and the whole upper
ſide of the membrane, which incloſes the tail, co-
vered with long very ſoft hair of a bright tawny co-
lor; lighteſt on on the head and beginning of the
back; the belly paler : at the baſe of each wing a
white ſpot : wings thin, naked and duſky: bones of
the hind legs very flender : length, from noſe to
tail, ten inches and a half; tail one inch eight-
tenths; extent of wings ten and a half.
Inhabits North America. Communicated by Mr.
Ahton Blackburne *.
* The Rev. Mr. Claytox mentions another ſpecies of North Ame-
can Bat; large, with great ears, and long ftraggling hairs. Phil.
Tranf. abridg. III. 594. .
Autre

868
B A T.
284STRIPED. Autre Chauve-ſouris de Buffon, X. 92. tab. xx. fig. 3. Zooph. Gronov.
No. 25
B. with a ſmall ſhort noſe: ears ſhort, broad and
pointing forward : body brown: wings ſtriped with
black, and ſometimes with tawny and brown: :
length, from noſe to the end of the tail, two inches :
varies in color, the upper part of the body being
ſometimes of a clear reddiſh brown, the lower
whitiſh.
Inhabits Ceylon; called there, Kiriwoula *.
28MOLUCCA. Veſpertilio Cephalotes Pallas Spicil. Zool. faſc. III. 10. tab. 1,
B. with a large head : thick noſe: ſmall ears: tu-
bular noſtrils, terminating outwards in form of a
ſcrew: upper lip divided : tongue covered with pa-
« pillæ and minute ſpines: claw, or thumb, joined to
the wing by a membrane: firſt ray of the wing ter-
minated by a claw : end of the tail reaches beyond
the membrane: color of the head and back greyiſh
aſh-color; the belly dull white : length, from noſe
to rump, three inches three quarters; extent of
wings about fifteen.
Inhabits the Molucca ifles. Deſcribed firſt by that
very able naturalift Doctor Pallas.
* Pallas Miſcel. 49.
La

Β Α Τ.
$69
La Chauve-ſouris fer a Cheval, de Buffon, viii. 131, 132. tab. xvii. 286. Horse-
XX,
HOE.
a
a
:
B. with a membrane at the end of the noſe in form
of a horſe-lhoe: ears large, broad at their baſe, and
ſharp-pointed, inclining backward: wants the little
or internal ear: color of the upper part of the body
deep cinereous; of the lower, whitiſh. There is a
greater and lefſer variety; the greater is above three
inches and a half long from the noſe to the tip of
the tail : its extent above fourteen. This and all the
following have the tail incloſed in the membrane.
Inhabits Burgundy; and has lately been diſcovered
in Kent. This and the four next were firſt diſco-
vered by M. de Buffon, whoſe names I retain.
а
La Noctule, de Buffon, viii. 128. tab. xviii,
Great Bat, Br. Zool. illuftr. tab. ciii.
287. Noe-
TULE.
B. with the noſe Nightly bilobated : ears ſmall and
rounded: on the chin a minute verruca : hair a
reddiſh aſh-color: length to the rump two inches
eight-tenths ; tail one ſeven-tenths; extent of wings
thirteen.
Inhabits Great Britain and France : flies high in
ſearch of food, not ſkimming near the ground. A
gentleman informed me of the following fact, re-
lating to thoſe animals, which he was witneſs to :
That he ſaw taken under the eaves of Queen's Col-
lege, Cambridge, in one night, one hundred and
eighty-five; the ſecond night fixty-three; the third
Bb
night

Β Α Τ.
370
TINE.
night two; and that each that was meaſured had
odt 370
sion эл:
fifteen inches extent of wings *
boda TAC 7999
nynol ord bos stolov-me
288. SE RO- La Serotine de Buffon, viii. 129. tzb. xviii. i dani ows
So sidsda
B. with a longiſh noſe : ears ſhort, but broad at the
baſe: hair on the upper part of the body brown
mixed with ferruginous; the belly of a paler color:
length from noſe to rump two inches and a half. To
Inhabits France. ainger
5919
& toimii
US-15 bols
289. PIPIST- La Pipiſtrelle, de Buffon, viii. 129. tab. xix. fig. 2.
13102
ES
RELLE.
a
a half.
B. with a ſmall noſe: the upper lip fwelling out a
little on each ſide: the ears broad ovthe forehead
covered with long hair : color of the upper part of
the body a yellowiſh brown; the lower part dufky:
the lips yellow. The left of Bats; not an inch and
a quarter long to the rump: extent of wings fix and
Boen-97188 on ito
O
tais
ovo noga
Inhabits France.siro!! - lsn Virus oli 179qlov
iivx diub'eilisoitus folgreit super
Sous laudisoism stiqbois
CORI.loos
S.
290. BAR B- La Barbaſtelle, de Buffon, viii. 130. tab. xix. fig. 1.
logrol ons gvoda atse dorwa
B. with a funk forehead : long and broad ears: the
a
lower part of the inner fides touching each other
Shorts
sonland-H do bus stor
.
* No notice was taken of the ſpecies; but, by the fize, it could
be neither of the common kinds. I never ſaw but one ſpecimen of
the No@ule, which was caught during winter in Flintshire.go.
conceal
112
10
ASTELLE.
a
bests

Β Α Τ.
37
iconceal the face and head when looked at in front :
the noſe ſhort, the end flatted : cheeks full: the
upper part of the body of a duſky brown; the lower
aſh-colored and brown: its length to the rump about
two inches; its extent ten and a half.
Inhabits France.
a
a
291. Coumos;
se i brod sud od 18 slot gaol sin
PUXTepis Arif.biſ. an. lib. I. c.s. tus maſo oreque fimplici, zuribus
Veſpertilio, Plini, lib. x, c. 61. capite minoribus, Lin. YA. 47.
Gejner guad. 766. Agricola "An
Agricola Anim. No. 2. chate fouris de
Laderlap, Fladermus, Faur. fuec.
Subter. 483
La grande Chauve-ſouris de no.
Bat, Flitter-moufe, Raii ſyn.quad.
tre pais, Briffon quad. 158. de Buf-
243
Rear-moufe, Charlton Ex. 80.
fon, yiii. 113. tab. xvi.
Short-eared Bat, Br. Zool. I. 114
Veſpertilio major. Speck-maus,
Edw. 201.
Fleder-maus, Klein quad. 61.
Veſpertilio murinus. V. cauda-
a
B. with ſhort ears: mouſe-colored fur tinged with
red : length two inches and a half; extent of wings
nine. 1999 art to folosul gaol borvos
Tot
Inhabits Europe : common in England. Ved bra
Vhod
bris in no on : fla
br xil gniw to 1972
Souris Chauve, Ratte-penade, La petite Chauve-ſouris de notre
292.
Belon oyſ: 147
pais, Brilon quad. 160.
Veſpertilio auritus.“ V. naſo o- L'Oreillar, de Buffon, viii. 118.
reque fimplici, auriculis dupli- tab. xvii.
catis, capite majoribus, Lin.ba. Long-eared Bat, Edw. 201. Br.
47. Faun. Juec. No. 3. Klein quad, Zool. I. 116. Br. Zool. illuftr. tab.
ciii.
Lonca
SARED:
61,
B. with ears above an inch long, thin, and almoſt
pellucid: body and tail only one inch three
quar-
ters long. This and all other Bats, except the Ter-
nate and the Horſe-boe, have a leſſer or internal
ear, ſerving as a valve to cloſe the greater when the
animal is afleep.
B b 2
Inhabits
1,

372
Β Α Τ.
Inhabits Europe, and is found in Great Britain.
Bats appear abroad in this country early in the ſpring;
ſometimes are tempted by a warm day to ſally out
in winter; fly in the evenings; live on moths and
other nocturnal inſects; ſkim along the water in
queſt of gnats ; fly by jerks, not with the regular
motion of birds, for which the antients miſtake
them ; frequent glades and ſhady places; will go
into larders, and gnaw any meat they find : bring
two young at a time, which they ſuckle at their
breaft: retire at the end of ſummer into caves, the
eaves of houſes, and into ruined buildings, in vaſt
multitudes, where they generally remain torpid,
ſuſpended by the hind legs, enveloped in their
wings: are the prey of owls : their voice weak.
Ovid takes notice both of that and the origin of the
latin name :
Minimam pro corpore vocem
Emittunt ; peraguntque leves ſtridore quereles.
Teftaque, non ſylvas celebrant : lucemque perolie
afoods
Nočte volant : ſeroque trabunt a veſpere nomen.
:
92
slog
OM
225
лауда
350 obrional
trov bidi
ΠΟ
2iomd 1910'a bisa
2
Stamina
1918 OVE
boga
nolia
xona
INDEX
bu bob Wang 50
19.

[ 373 )
I
N DE X.
to svi
A
22
to be
ni vitsemua
00 vir
brys are
6
TIL JEW udt goobs
gaol mint
Tityor sit viw Tom
yo
olaflim As Page
Page
Ntelopes, their gene-
gene- Buffalo, Indian,
7
ral hiſtory,
When introduced
Dan Species of, 24
into Europe, ibid
ANT-EATER, or Ant-Bear,
American, 8
331
Dwarf,
9
Apes, their general hift. 94 Bull,
4
The Species of, od bar 96 Bull-Dog,
147
big Sea, si le 356 voda
ylls
ARMADILLO,
C Page
Afs,
»
3 CAMEL, Arabian, 60
Wild, lov tior
ibid 1079 Bactrian,
63
Axis, gimo o bas
of bas 51 Hod Peruvian, or Llama,
Greater,
52
64
The only native
beaſt of burden
stosou Soros 079
3000 03
in America, ibid
201gr Brubinhas Camelopard,
BADGER,
spessoal 201 Caſtoreun, ,
258
Baboons,
103 CAT, Common, 183
Bats,
359
Wild,
ibid
BEAR,
Igo
Tiger,
182
Polar,
192
Mountain, 185
BEAVER,
255
Civet,
Its wondrous ceco-
Angora,
184
nomy,
ibid Cavy, various ſpecies of, 243
Sea, vide Sea Otter. Chamois,
17
Beaver-Eater,
197 Chimpanzee,
96
Bezoar,
26 Civet,
234
Biſon,
Buck,
'qolovny 523
20
234
4
too
48
* In this Index very few of the ſpecies are enumerated, that having
been amply done under the Index of Genera; to which the Reader
is referred, the genera being here printed in capitals for that purpoſe,
under which he will find all the ſpecies belonging to each.
въ3
Dogs

374
I N D E X.
D-
Page
14
19dd40
too 46
306
48
Mexican, von
-
18
02
146
40
Virginian, bu 51
248
A
316
78
Teeth, 1898
I
D Page
Dogs, the different varieties, GOAT, Wild, or Ibex, 13
241
Domeſtic,
Wild,
ibid
Angora,
15
Deer,
de Syrian, or long-eared,
Rein,
ibid
Fallow,
African,
16
54
Siberian,
Porcine,
52 Grehound,
Grey,
199.55 Guanaco,
64
Mooſe,
20500
H
Dormouſe, Common, 291 HARE,
Dromedary,
бо
Alpine,
249
alda
Baikal,
253
Hart,
E
STUD
HEDGE-HOG,
en 49
15
ELEPHANT,
85 HIPPOPOTAME,
87 Hog,
68
American, 91 Horse,
Elk,
Sea, vide Hippopotame.
Ermine,
212 Hound,
144
161
ON WHO
F
Ferret,
214
ягто
Fiſher,
223 Jackal,
ІЛІ
Fitchet,
213 Ichneumon, deſtroyer of fer-
Flitter-Mouſe,
371 pents,
Foumart,
q
2013
en
152
L
Croſs,
ibid Lamentin,
79
Brant,
noon
351
153 Lemming,
Corſak,
274
word
154 Leopard,
172
Arctic,
64
Grey,
மைல்
157. Lynx,
186
Silvery,
ibid
Bay,
Lion,
COLONIA
164
WIVO
G
Sieb to olds
M
Gazel, vide Antelope.
Macaquo,ign
III
Genet,
236 Mammouth's bones,
GIRAFFE,
20
Man of the Wood.
96
Glutton,
196 MANATI,
351
Mandril,
SHYH 40
fo
HYÆNA,
MUZ2162
Spotted,o antes
138
226
213
Fox,
20089
oivo
SH 155 Llama,
35 187
0
90

I N D E X.
15
Page
195
96
RAT,
251
199
299
300
301
46
41
如​仍​8
53
217
98
88
259 SEAL
339
344
339
335
Page
Q.
Mandril,
.
104 Quick-hatch,
Man-Tiger,
voc
102 Quojas Morrou,
Martin,
215
Pine,
216
R
MARMOTS,
SITY
268 Rabbet,
Minx,
Raccoon,
239
som
MONKIES,
107
sidia
MOLES,
311
Norway,
Maucaucos,
135
Water,
OOST
Mongooz,
136
Rein Deer,
Moole,
RHINOCEROS,
Mouſe,
302
Roebuck,
MORSE,
TA
335
Mule,
$
3
li
Mufimon,
18 Sable,
Musk, Animal, 56 Satyrs,
Rat,
TO
Sea Bear,
N
Calf,
Norway Rat,
300
Cow,
Horſe,
O
204 SHEEP,
Orang Outang,
96 Shrew Mouſe,
OTTER,
238 Siyah Ghuſh,
Once,
Ox, Tuyottlob nomuon 4 SQUIRREL,
Stag,
nog
P
Stoat,
Pacos,
J
66 Strepficeros,
Panther,
American,
ATS
Brown,
T
Pecary,
Pig, Guinea,
243
Hunting,
Pole-cat,
213
American, 232
U
OL
PORCUPINE,
262 Unicorn,
Incapable of dart- Urchin,
ing its quils, 263
V
Potto,
139
Puma,
167, 179 Vicunna,
Pymies, what,
brott i Lion,
ibid
348
OPOSSUM,
: 1.275 SLOTH,
IO
307
189
319
279
49
212
II
93
weitere 170 Succotyro,
Petir 172
bir 179
E 72 Tiger,
167
174
eV
77
316
67
98
B b 4
WALRUS,

376
I N D E X.
Page
Wolf,
335 Wolverene,
72
78
83 Zebra,
211 Zibet,
Page
149
195
W
WALRUS,
Warrée,
Water Elephant,
Hog,
WEESEL,
1
2
235
sigisto # soms Isoillel
SUTO
SIUSADO 2o 20m
SHT
OUS d Mio 2АЯОМ
О о
golian
TECA
A
BIEDMA 8
ilegt
A
ACIAS
exsbb
fibA
ismib
vib.
uoga
INDEX
9119TgiA
bosa
sigala
ollibar
AO
XA
SA
lesegi

[ 377 ) ]
1
396
20
Ι Ν D E X
RES
OF
Claſſical Names, Foreign Names,
AND THE
Names of QUADRUPEDS,
IN THE
WORKS of M. De BUFFON.
A
BBADA,
Addax,
Adil,
Adimain,
Adive,
Agouti,
A
Ahu.
Aï,
Aigrette,
Akouchi,
Alagtaga,
Alce,
Algazel,
Allo-camelus,
Allouate,
Ane,
Page
Page
75 Anta,
82
32 Antilope,
32
58 Apar,
325
12 Aperea,
244
158 Arabata,
123
245 Argali,
18
35 ApxTO,
190
319 Armadillo,
325
116 Aurochs,
4
246 Axis,
51
297
40
B
26 Babirouffa,
73
64 Babouin,
107
123 Barbareſque,
287
2 Barbaſtelle,
170
Behemoth,

378
I N D E X.
129: 195
911046
Beluga,
TU 245
20251
reil
0 201
158
IZ
18 183
184
Page
Page
Behemoth, sis 81 Carcajou,
Bekker el Waſh, ss 9 Cariacoui
,
entilop 54
Belette,
9119211 Caribou,
Belier,
od 10 Carigueibeiu,
nod357 Caftor,
Bievre,
51 255 Cavia,
zulu 243
Biſon d'Amerique, 8 Cay, ..ulada 0127
Blaireau,
201 Cayopollin,
208
Bobak,
am 268 Cemas,
30
Boeuf,
d91814 Cerf,
49
Bonnet Chinois, s 117 Chacal,
Bouquetin, jov 13 Chameau, bet 63
Bouc,
d114 Chamois,
d'Angora,
115 Chat,
d'Afrique,
16 d'Angora,
de Juda,
ibid d'Eſpagne,
ibid
Brebis,
10 Chat-pard,
185
Bubalus, Le Bubale, 37 Chaus Plinii, 186
Buffle,
Onior 7 Chauve-ſouris,
371
Βεβαλ,
udalo 37 Cheval,
Bas aygros, cursoqoq
7 Chevre,
14
Chevreuil, art. 53
с
Chevrotain de Guinea, 28
Cabiai,
des Indes, 59
Cabiainora,
ibid Chien,
241
Cachicame,
325 Chinchè,
totu 233
Cagui, 130, 132 Cirquinçon,
SO 327
Caitaia,
128 Citillus,
276
Callitriche, sortu 113 Civette,
234
Callitrix,
ibid Coaita, claved 124
Camelus,
60 Coaſe,
230
Campagnol,
305 Coati,
Caprea,
53 Cochon,
Capreolus,
ibid
d'Inde,
Capricorne,
16 Coundou,
264
Capybara,
83 Coudous,
26
Caracal,
189 Condoma,
31
Conepate,
I
Bες ,
83
229
5068
243

I N D E X.
379
Pages
LOIR 232
die 179
250
99, 100
20
I22
196
AB
G Page
Conepate,
Galera,
obno
225
W 1921
Coquallin,
285 Gazelle,
33
Corine,
37
Genette,
236
Couguar,
sodiu Gerbo,
295
Cricetus,
271
Gibbon,
Cuniculus,
251
Giraffe,
Cynocephalus, 100, 107 Glis,
suprema 289
Glutton,
197
D
Grimme,
27
Daim,
48 Guareba,
Dama,
30 Guepard time
+
Daman Iſrael,
296 Guevei,
Op 28
Dant,
9
Guib,
27
Deſman*
260 Gulo,
Dorcas, stoga
,
os
33
Douc,
sagol 119
H
Dromedaire,
60 Hamſter,
271
Dubbah,
161 Heriſſon,
316
Dugon,
attua
338 Hermine,
Hippelaphus,
,
50
E
Hippopotamus, 78
Echinus Terreſtris, 316 Hyæna,
161
Ecureuil, sbato 279 Hyſtrix,
262
Elan, bal 29b
40
Elephant,
85
J
Encourbert, a 324 Jaguar,
176
Exquima, nogmu 112 Jaguarete,
180
u Ibex,
13
F
Ichneumon,
226
Fer a Cheval, 369 Jevraſchka, 276
Fiber,
295
Fofſane,
237 Jocko,
96
Fouine,
- Τ 215 Iππος ποταμιος»
78
Fourmiller, ball. 333. Iſatis,
212
255 Jerbo,
155
Furet,
U 214
Furo,
2 ibid
+ De Buffon, xiii. 254. The
ſame with the Hunting Leopard,
No. 125
Kabaſſou,
De Buffon, x, 1. tab. 11.

380
Ι Ν D Ε Χ.
Page
190 116
Kno,
201
Leo,
Page
K
Kabaſſou,
upodo Malbrouck
21326 Mandril,
X 103
Kevel,
34. Manati,
351
Kob,
offs 39 Mangabey,
114
Koba, 038 Mangouſte,
226
20150118 Manicou,
204
ruoistol Margay,
182
L
090109 Marikina,
D133
Lama,
64 Marmoſe,
5199-019
Lamentin,
TS 207
351 Marmotte,
Is 269
Lant,
pion 9 Marte,
2015 (216
Lapin, 20110251 Mazames, Asbit 154
d'Angora, 252 Meles,
Latax,
239 Memimna,
2759
Lemmar, Lemming, 274' Mico, un abonald 134
,
164 Mococo,
137
Leopard,
172 Monax,
270
Lepus,
248 Mone,
Lerot,
'b 290 Mongouz,
136
Lievre,
0.0248 Morſe,
335
Lion,
b.164 Mouffettes t, afim 230
Loir,
50289 Moufion,
moon 18
Loris,
20150135 Mouſtac,
1901 114
Loup,
9. 149 Mulet,
op 3
de Mexique, 151 Mulot, დ) /კას 302
Loutre,
911391238 Mus Alpinus,
20269
Lupus, bi15h149 Mus Araneus, xul 307
Lutra,
qapig
qui 238 Mus Ponticus,
1312
Lynx,
186 Muſc,
257-56
λυγξ,
2
ibid Muſcardin, 11291
ning
NB 18
M
Muſtela,
211
Maçame,
2013 099
Macaque,
* De Buffon, xiv. 224. tab.
Machlis,
40 No.81.
Magot
+ M. de Buffon's generic name
Maimon,
for the Polecats which exhale ſo
105 peftilential a vapour.
Nagor,
118
0
nobgre Muſmon,
2 54
III
xxix. A variety of our tab.
STOC9
100

I N D E X.
381
247
370
98
48
96
132
Siri
Q
124
000N
N
Page
Page
Nagor,
30 Phoca,
339
Nanguer,
stos ibid Phoque,
ibid
Nilgaux,
imbe 26 Piloris,
Nočtule,
369 Pinche,
13
yodagi Pipiſtrelle,
ass o fluogasM 11.Inxo, Pitheque,
Ocelot, 109177 Platyceros,
Once,
V2175 Polatouche,
293
Ondatra,
259 Pongo,
Oreillar,
storns
371 Porc-epic,
262
Orignal, 9110
40 Puma,
167, 179
Ouanderou,
105 Putois,
213
Quarine, vide Alloate, M Putorius,
ibid
Ouiſtiti,
Ours,
190
Ours blanc de mer, 192 Quoaita,
OTS
P XEROM
R
Раса,
244 Rat,
299
Pacaffe, stog 26 Op d'Eau,
301
Paco,
199
Palmifte, 729015287 Renard,
152
Pangolin, nofft 329 Renne,
Panthera, ustu 170 Rhinoceros,
Papio,
J91103 Riche*,
Παρδαλίς, 170, 175 Roſelet,
PM
Pardus, uniqi A 170 Rougette,
359
Pareſſeux, 09061A 319 Rouſſette, ,
ibid
Paſan, auoitrio 25 Rupicapra,
ar
17
Patas,
116
Pecari, absoli 72
S
Pekan,
tornil 224 Sagouin,
130
Perouaſca,
loft233 Sai,
127
Petit Gris,
35
,
209 Saimiri,
Phatagin,
328
Philandre, tot
* The Silver-haired Rabbet.
Sajou,
Sti 66 Raton,
46
75
2 1 2
282 Saiga,
Phalanger,
YTITS
128
210

382
I N D E X.
Serval, 2008 186 Vanfire, I MAT 2241
10
138
Page
Page
Sajou,
126 Tolai,
253
Saki,
130 Tragelaphus,
50
Sanglier,
68 Tucan,
309
de Capveft, 70 Tzeiran,
35
Sapajou,
122
Saracovienne, 241
V
Sarigue,
204 Vache Marine,
335
Σαθέριον,
218 I de Tartarie,
5
,
370 ,
362
Souſlik,
273 Vari,
Souris,
302 Varia,
170
Strepficeros,
II Veſpertilio,
359
Suiffe, Ecureuil, b 288 Vigogne, IOOS HIT66a
Surikate, Staniol 228 Viſon, 1 Isramn224
Surmulot,
300 Viverra, 1 brod-Hs 214
vaiva,
161
T
attro
Unau, OJOÓS HA321
Usa UD 372 Urfon, 1 - brus your
,
Tailſon,
or
zidd to
201 Urſus,
LT9,2 &
190
Talapoin,
115 Urus,
ZAMOHT ya
4
Talpa,
904 31I τετρακερως,
219-19990,73
Tamandua, 331 บุเรง
262
abusod m
Tamarin,
131
Tanrec,
317
X
Tapir, 19 botol 821 Xosporinxos,QON VA1021
Tapeti, 252 og 200qrola
OJA
Tarandus, 190W 46 balina 5d o Y gw92
Tarſier,
17
Tartarin,
107
Tatous,
523
Taupe,
Taupe dorée,
277
Tajacu, quo
266
pla 115
US TETOCKEYW5219-19499
298 Yfard,
N
2
Taureau,
311 Zebre,
313 Zemni,
4 Zibeline,
38 Zibet,
54 Zizel,
217
235
Tayra,
Temamaçama,
Tendrac,
Thous,
317
160
Zorille
233
* De Buffon, xiii. 302. tab. xli.

.
990
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