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HE-LOUIS-C-C-KRIEGER.
MYCOLOGICAL LIBRARY
AND COLLECTIONS.GIFT OF
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1.C.C.Kijec.

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PHILOSOPHICAL
LETTERS
Johen
1
Between the late
Learned Mr. RAY
And ſeveral of his Ingenious
CORRESPONDENTS,
NATIVES and FOREIGNERS.
To which are added thoſe of
Francis Willughby Efq;
The Whole conſiſting of many curious Diſco-
veries and Improvements in the Hiſtory of
Quadrupeds, Birds, Fiſhes, Infects, Plants,
Foſſiles, Fountains, &c.
Publiſhed by W. DERHAM, Chaplain to
his Royal Highneſs George Prince of Wales,
and F. R.S.
LONDON:
Printed by WILLIAM and John INNYS, Printers to
the Royal Society, at the Prince's Arms in St. Paul's
Church-yard. 1718.

За я то и она от
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LOITOLO.
Boron
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To the HONOURABLE
SAMUEL MOLYNEUX DE
SECRETARY
Τ Ο
His Royal Highneſs
Rasi va
THE
od
12.4-377EU
Prince of WALES,
and F. RS.
THIS
COLLECTION
OF
Philoſophical Letters
Is humbly DEDICATED
By His
Moſt Obliged,
Humble Servant,
W. DERHAM.

CSCSICS.CSIL
2526CSXSXSXSXSXSXS CSESESESSES&S&S
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By reaſon of the Obſcurity of the Hand-writing, or
the Decay thereof, together with the Diſtance of
the Publiſher, theſe Faults have eſcaped the Preſs.
PACK
AGE 48. 1. 14. A little i Mould end MARCi thus. l. 15.
read ANO 7 LEG. p. 52. I. 13. dele the. P. 56. 1. 1.
r. and are not 1. 3. r. that make uſe of. p. 74. 1. 6. 1. Lilax,
1. 12. for leave r. give. p. 83. 1. ult. r. Borage. p. 90. I. 1. r.
bear. p. 98. l. 19. r. defer. p. 108. 1. 2. r. Greta-Bridge.
P.
II. 1. 5. r. Boyles. P. 117 and 119. Mr. Dent's two Letters are
miſplaced. p. 138. 1. 2. r. Hoier.
.
p
p. 148. 1. 6. after ecoſſe add
p. 180. 1. 19. r. Rotele. p. 184. 1.7. r. whereinto. "1. 24.
r. or Figures. p. 186. 1. antepenult. r. Steams.
P. 199. In the
Figure of the Branlin, the uppermoſt of the two Spots in the Neck
should be larger than the lowermoft, and a Row of 8 large Spots
should be on the Line parting the Back and Belly. p. 200. 1. 1. r.
.
Ampelis. 1 zo. r. lyngis. 1. 25. r. Rettrices. p. 243. 1. 31. r.
sumid. p. 262. 1. 20. d. Anſwer. 1. 22. d. an. p. 276. 1. I.
r. Leewenhoecks. 1. 8. r. The foregoing Hypotheſis. p. 283. I. 7.
5 r. Gur. p. 291. after 1. 27. inſert Fr. Vaughan. P. 292. I. 12.
1. Collegue. After 1. 25. infert Nath. Wood. p. 300. 1. 33. r.
ad Monum. p. 319. after 1. 3. inſert W. D. p. 358. 1. 1. r.
Mars. 1. 14. for Willifel, r. Willughby. p. 367. 1. 28. r. La-
gopus. p. 369. 1. 8. 1. Bobertus.
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be
A
Fter the Death of the late juſtly famed
Mr. Ray, bis Papers were entruſted
with me, that if I thought any of them
might be of uſe to the learned World,
I might publiſh them. When I un-
dertook the Labour of peruſing and
putting them in order, I confeſs I
thought there might have been fome Tracts deſigned
and fitted up for the Publick by an Author lo conf-
derable as Mr. Ray was, who had publiſhed ſo many
good things as he had done : But all that I met with
was his Obſervations of Inſects, which he lived not
to perfeet, and which are already printed) and the Dia-
ries of his Travels about Great Britain and in Foreign
Parts, and his Letters to and from learned Men. His
Foreign Travels he publiſhed himſelf; but for Brevity,
I find be hath omitted many very good Obſervations
that well deſerve to ſee the Light. And as for his
Travels about England, Scotland, and Wales, I have
fitted them up for the Preſs, with an intent to have
publiſhed
ز

La
To TSO
The PREFACE.
publiſhed them with his Life, which I began to write
at the Inſtance of my late much Honoured and right
Reverend Dioceſan Henry Lord Biſhop of London,
and ſome other very conſiderable Friends, whoſe Im-
portunities I could not with Civility withſtand. But
notwithſtanding the Itineraries are in a great Forward-
neſs, and I have made a confiderable Progreſs in his
Life, yet I fear I ſhall ſcarce be able to accompliſh what
I intended, having much leſs Leiſure now than when I
undertook that Work.
Hool
As to his Letters, he had treaſured up many, or
moſt of thoſe which he had received from his learned
Correſpondents; which occaſioned me a great deal of
trouble in peru fing them, and ſele&ting ſuch as might be
of uſe to the Curious: And after I had ſelected them,
I thought it neceſary to leave out all that might be of
little uſe, ſuch as private Buſineſs, Complements, &c.
except now and then a Clauſe, that may be of uſe to
Mr. Ray's, or ſome other learned Man's Character,
or that may ſhew their learned Projects, or give ſome
Account of their Labours.
to si
So that the Reader hath in this Collection the Mar-
row and moſt valuable Part of Mr. Ray's Correſpon-
dences with his learned and ingenious Friends. And
altho' there may probably be now and then a few Paf-
ſages of lefſer Conſideration that might have been omit-
ted, and a Letter or two that might have been ſhorten'd,
(as it was my mind to have done, bad I had Health and
Time) yet I hope the Reader will find ſo entertaining
and profitable a Variety of curious Learning, as will
fufficiently compenſate for Defeets and cauſe him to
think, that neither I have caft away my Time and Pains,
nor be bis Colt.
Beſides theſe, there were Letters of other learned
Men at Home and Abroad, particularly divers from
Dr. Hotton, the learned Botanick Profeſſor of Leye
den. But the Doctor's Relations (roon after his Death,
which was not long after Mr. Ray's) firictly forbad the
Public

The PREFACE.
Publication of any of them. And as for the Letters of
other great Men to Mr. Ray, which I have not pub-
liſhed, they being Matters of Thanks and Complement
chiefly, would have been of no other uſe, than to have
mewn what eminent Men Mr. Ray correſponded with,
and how well they approved of his excellent Labours:
Which being things ſufficiently known, or that may be
preſumed, I thought it needleſs to ſtuff the Volume, and
enhance its Price by ſo frivolous a Means,
And as I have thus taken care to reje&t Papers of lit-
tle or no Conſequence, and to omit in other's Matters of
Small Conſequence, ſo the learned Authors may think I
bave been too bold with them. But, in anſwer hereto,
I ſay that I have endeavoured to do, as near as I could,
what I thought they would have done themſelves. I
have omitted, for the moſt part, (or inadvertently pub-
liſhed) what Mr. Ray or others had publiſhed before,
unleſs in fome Cafes, as when it is joined with ſome other
confiderable Matter unpubliſhed, or ferves to explain,
illuftrate, or render what is publiſhed more compleat.
And I have publiſhed what I thought might be infiru-
Etive or entertaining to the Curious, ſo far as to make &
commodious Volume. And as for ſuch valuable Papers
as are omitted, they may make another Volume, if this
be kindly received.
As to the Chaſms that may be obſerved between the
Dates of ſome of the Letters, and the want of Anſwers
to fome, it was not from any Careleſneſs or Omiſſion in
me, but from a Defeet among the Letters themſelves,
,
which I conceive were either not preſerved, or elſe the
Correſpondence might be intermitted.
As for the Method, I was in doubt whether it was
beſt to put every Man's Letters by themſelves, or accord-
ing to the Order of their Dates. But the latter being
beſt approved of by ſome of the Authors themſelves, and
that which indeed I had good Reaſons to eſteem beft, I
accordingly did it as well as I could, abating for a Mi-
fake or two, where the Papers happend to be miſaid.
Pardo SM go to Having

The PREFACE.
Having given an Account of what I bave done as Pub-
liſher, it is time to recognize the Aliſtance I had from
my Friends. Sir Hans Sloane, and Dr. Tankred Ro-
binſon, (two of the principal and moſt learned Friends of
Mr. Ray) very readily furniſhed me with what Papers
they had of Mr. Ray's. And the latter procured alſo for
me thoſe which Dr. Liſter bad carefully laid up as Ci-
melia. Mr. Dale of Braintree, (Mr. Ray's Neighbour
and induſtrious Friend) who had taken care to preſerve
many of Mr. Ray's Papers after his Death, very readily
imparted them, and gave me his Aſſiſtance : As alſo the
Reverend and worthy Mr. Pyke, Rector of Mr. Ray's
Pariſh, gave me what Aſiſtance be could: But none
more ready than Mrs. Ray herſelf, and her Dauchiers,
who not only entruſted me to ſearch Mr. Ray's Papers,
but to carry away what I pleaſed,
And as for the Papers in the Appendix, they are
owing to the Favour of the ſurviving Remains of
Mr. Ray's beſt Friend and Patron the great Mr. Wil-
lughby; namely, the Right Honourable the Lord Mid-
dleton, and his noble Siſter the Counteſs of Carnarvon,
who knowing of my Deſign, with all Readineſs procured
for, and ſent me Mr. Ray's, and ſome other learned
Men's Letters, to their moſt ingenious Father; which
coming too late to be ranked in their Order in the Body
of the Book, I was forced to caſt into an Appendix.
Mr.

Ca
Mr. RAY'S
LETTERS
And other
PAPERS
Dr. Barrow to the Fellows of
Trin. Col. Cambridge.
From Conſtantinople, Auguſt 1658.
Reverendiffimi, Doctiſimi, & Conſultiſſimi Viri,
UOD tamdiu officio vobis teftando ab-
ftinuerim, & filentio meo adeò longin-
quam Epocham temporis infcribere de-
beam, admodum vereor, nè aut veftri mi-
nùs memor fuiffe, aut ab obſervantiâ de-
bitâ, delciviffe videar, faltem extremam quandam fo-
cordiam mihi obrepſiſſe, nè fufpicemini. Quibus cri-
B
minum

2 Dr. Barrow to the Fellows
minum maculis abftergendis, neſcio an chartæ iftæ
fufficiant, quas olim veftris oculis dicavi, & quas mo-
dò devotiſimâ mente conſigno. Quibus nugis, non
fane fine qualicunque induftriâ, compingendis, quum
ftudium obſervantiam meam vobis probandi, penitus
in causâ fuerit, à benignitate veftrâ obtinere non om-
nino defpero, biennium integrum dormíffe, veſtri
meique oblitus, apud vos, æquos rerum arbitros, nè
reus peragar. Reverentiæ autem, quâ vos preſequor,
exile quidem, & inconcinnum, ſed quale mea tenui-
tas fabricari potuit, monumentum extruere conatus
fum, non merito ſuo, nec pretio operis, fed offeren-
tis animo, veftrâque, fi-quam indulgere arriferit, ac-
ceptatione æftimandum. De quo mihi abundè fatis-
factum erit, fi quod ille à Pythiâ, ego à vobis (incly-
, ,
to licet expuncto) audivero, 'And μοι έυαδε χόνδρG-
ayonnus 'Egurova. Sin ut abſolvi capax fim, adhuc
aliâ defenfione opus eſt, penes me nullam fore agnoſco,
niſi ut peregrinationis meæ, ex quo Galliam reliqui,
rationem, fincerâ & fuccinctâ narratione perftringam.
Poftquam à Lutetiâ auſpicati, Galliâ ut potuimus ce-
leriter tranſcursâ, Etruriæ portum attigimus, Romam
jam indè ab initio præfixam itineri metam, propere
contendimus; progreſſum intercepit Florentia, urbs
claritudine ſuâ promerita, cui dierum aliquot moram
impendat etiam feftinus viator. Ibi vix triduum com-
moratos dum in urbis fitu amæno, ædificiorum ele-
gantiâ, & magni Ducis prodigiofis theſauris perluftran-
dis oculos paícimus, animos oblectamus, fama occu-
pat de peſte ad Neapolim graffari incipiente. Unde
anſam arripiunt Itali (qui præter reliquos mortales pe-
frem oderunt cane pejus & angue) nos ab in-
cæpto curſu deterrere,Romæ cum Neapoli commercia
& neceffitudines obtendere, facillimè ferpens malum
ifthuc propagatum iri, quod fi ibi verſantes deprehen-
dat, multa & magna incommoda ſe objicere, quibus
difficile remedium, nullum fore effugium ; itaque con-
fultius eſſe pauliſper Florentiæ tranfigere, rei even-
tum

of Trinity College, Cambridge. 3
tum opperientes ; fi Neapoli deferbuerit calamitas,
nec ultrà proceſſerit, poffe propofitum tuto urgeri.
His conſiliis falutaribus obtemperatum oportuit. Sub-
liftimus. Poft menſem unum aut alterum eodem con-
tagio laborare Romam, ex allatis nunciis certiores facti
fumus. Hinc præciſa nobis fpes, perplexa confilia.
Utcunque menſes duos vel tres, an tranſitura eſſet tem-
peftas, præftolamur. Quum increbrefcere conftaret,
& unius urbis tædium nos caperet, fimul brumæ (quæ
ibi afpera & incommoda effe folet) propinquitas dif-
ceffûs moneret, quò nos vertamus ancipites conſuli-
mus. Regredi in Franciam non placuit : Genua nos
ſatiaverat: ad Venetias viæ prohibitæ, claufæ, inter-
ruptæ erant; nec eò, niſi per longas ambages, diffi-
cileſque anfractus, perveniri poterat. Ne vobis au-
tem per hoc intervallum falutem officiosè impertirem,
& inſtituti carminis ſeriem perſequerer, obftabat, quod
nondum id à me exigi crederem, quod illinc abunda-
ret, hinc deficeret materia ; præcipuè verò quòd in-
terveniens occupatio, cujus opinor, non infcii eftis,
meditationes meas abrupit, donec aliò abeundum effet.
Etenim quò dirigenda effent veftigia dum ambigere-
mus, fortè innotuit deliberantibus, navim quandam
robuſtam in portu Liburnico conſiſtere versus Con-
ftantinopolim mox vela ventis daturam. Hanc, oppor-
tunum, rati, confcendimus (Quippe commodum fe of-
ferre diverticulum fatiſcentibus ; præftare apud Tur-
cas paucos menſes terere, novi aliquid contemplantes,
quàm Florentiæ otiofos deſidere; ipem fore peftem
brumali frigore temperatam interiin deſævituram, tum
repetentibus Italiam itinerum obſtructa iri reſerata) Cu-
jus velificationis curſum, pericula, circumftantias, ut
potui accuratè, verſibus deſcripfi, quorum fpero ad
vos jampridem perveniſſe exemplar. Etenim ubi huc
appuli, quid mihi incumberet, perpendere cæpi, quan-
tum vobis deberem, quo pacto me exolverem. Con-
fideranti nihil melius viſum, quàm fi quæ per hujuſce
digreffùs curriculum obſervanti occurrerent, metris
5
B 2
com-

4
Dr. Barrow to the Fellows
commendarem; etfi quantum humeris meis fafcem
imponerem, non me fugeret. Protinus accinxi ad
opus deſtinatum; & primò ipfius tranſitûs modum,
ordinem, diſcrimina perpetuo contextu expedivi, quo-
rum, ut mox innuebam, vobis pridem copiam feci.
Dein pauliſper reſpirare mihi conceſſo, aggreffus fum,
quæ de Turcarum hiſtoriâ, moribus, regiả, religione
pauca collegeram, in carmen conjicere; molimen ar-
duum, & nefcio an viribus meis expugnabile, quod-
que ad exitum perducere valuero ; utcunque ut atten-
tarem, Vicit amor veſtri.--. Nè fruftra hæc dicere,
& vobis vanâ fpecie illudere videar, hoc ex opellæ
meditullio difcerptum Aποσπασμάτιον, quod licet 1tylo
impolitum, inventione humile, difpofitione indigef-
tum, partibus mutilum (utpote onco anov, my drenès,
& multa interponi defiderans) vobis tamen offerre au-
fus fum, veluti arrham reliquorum, niſi impar ceptis
conatus, & interjectæ vix afperitas curſum fufflaminet.
Minimè judiciis veftris ſatisfacturum (cùm meo ipfius
diſpliceat, & relegentem fcripfiffe pudeat) hoc tamen
nomine boni conſulturos ſpero, quòd ex animo veftri
ſtudioſo proficiſcatur. Nec aliud quicquam habeo,
quo diuturnum filentium excuſem; fi hæc veniæ im-
petrandæ fuffecerint, mihi è votis fucceffit. Supereſt
pro reliquis hunc locum ſpectantibus patientiam vef-
tram deprecari, donec quæ ſuper his meditor, aliqua-
tenus abſolvere datum erit. Sed nè potiùs tanquam
reus caufam egiſſe, quàm epiſtolam fcripfiffe videar,
de præſenti rerum itatu pauca fubjiciam. Vaftiffi-
mum hoc Imperium, fub Rege juvene, adminiſtrat
Prorex (Vezir Azem. 1. fupremum confiliarium vo-
cant) vir penè feptuagenarius, fed miro corporis,
animique vigore præditus.
Plus biennio effluxit,
ille è mediocri conditione ad hoc faftigium
evectus, regiminis habenas ſuſcepit (raro horum tem-
porum exemplo pofie quenquam tamdiu in hoc officii
præcipitio immotum perfiftere, quod pleriſque inſtan-
tis ruinæ præludium eſſe conſuevit) intra quod fpatium
ex quo
tot

of Trinity College, Cambridge. 5
tot tantáſque res geffit, ut ſuis unius vigiliis ſe debe-
ant huic regno inſtauratæ vires, ſplendor reſtitutus.
Foràs Ottomanici nominis terrorem, qui in contemp-
tum exoleverat, reſuſcitavit, domi majeftatem proſtra-
tam erexit, ordinem expulſum revocavit; Inſulas Te-
nedon, & Lemnon, Turcis nuperrimè tanto cum fuo
dedecore extortas, recuperavit; Venetæ claſſis impe-
tum retudit; Moldaviam & Valachiam, defectionem
molientes, in ordinem redegit, provinciarum iftarum
principibus dejectis, novis fubftitutis; Tranſylvanos
ad pacem, veniámque orandas perduxit, nec ſuppli-
cum conditiones admifit; Palmarium eft quòd fac-
tiones inteſtinas, quibus graviter convulſa & quafi ob-
ruta imperii majeftas, vires peffundatze erant, penitùs
repreffit; Equitum peditumque primores, quibus fo-
lenne erat potentiæ fuæ fubnixos, Reip. ftatum per-
mifcere, qui antehac multarum feditionum authores
extiterant, & fubinde novis excitandis intenti erant,
hos palam authoritate fuâ, ilios clam & aftu adortus
interemit ; quorum mille circiter, principes factioſo-
rum, è medio fuftuliffe fertur, & vix paucos ſuper-
ftites reliquiffe, qui dehinc mandatis regiis obniti, aut
obmurmurare audeant; quo opportunæ feveritatis re-
medio in præſens principi fuum obſequium afferuit, &
futurorum tumultuum radices excidit; ut hic ab im-
perio Turcico elogium meruiſſe videatur, quod à Ro-
mano Trajanus, tribuente hiſtorico, «* Quæ omnia
“ eò majora videbantur, quoniam per multos, atque
atroces Tyrannos perdito atque proſtrato ftatu Ro-
mano, in remedium tantorum malorum divinitus
« credebatur opportunè datus. Habetur autem ut
exquiſitæ prudentiæ, maximæque experientiæ, ità
ingenii perfpicacis, animíque excelfi; admodum pro-
pofiti tenax, & conſiliorum continens (quæ impertit
pauciffimis); temperamento cholericus, & iræ vehe-
66
3
* Aurel. ViCE.
mens,

6 Dr. Barrow to the Fellows
mens, nonnunquam violentior; præcipuè omnium
providus, ac vigilantiffimus, ut quamvis ipſi continuo
tanta moles negotiorum incumbat, parciſſimè, idque
veftitus, dormiat. Severitate fuâ, vel crudelitate, &
tantum fanguinis profundendo, ab omnibus metui, à
pleriſque odium conſequutus eſt. Hoftem infenfiorem
vix habiturus eft Chriſtianiſmus, utpote potentiæ Ot-
tomanicæ promovendæ acerrimè intentum : quo fti-
mulo accenſus, (etfi quidam politicis altiùs immerſi,
caufas longè ſubtiliores affignant) Regem perſuaſit, ut
propius cæptis ſuis patrocinium accommodans, ex Im-
periali fede Adrianopolim commigraret, dein coacto
exercitu numeroſo contra Tranſylvanos expeditionem
ſuſcepit. Bello cauſam prætexit, quod Princeps Ra-
gotſi, Turcarum ftipendiarius, ac proinde fubditus
cùm effet, ſuo injuffu Poloniam invafiflet, fibi reg-
num affectâſſet, hinc honori.Ottomanico acceffiffe de-
trimentum, nec talem injuriam poffe dimitti inultam.
Dudum in Tranſylvaniæ finibus verfatur. Tranſylvani,
cùm precibus nihil profecerint, vi illatæ ſe ftrenuè op-
ponunt. Adhuc de ſucceſſu armorum nihil admoduin
conftat. Chriftianis imminentem procellam avertat
Deus ; nè yota refpuat ſpem facit, quæ nuper in Aſia
emerfit, & continuò invaleſcit graviffima rebellio, ex
hujuſmodi origine. Haffan Aleppo urbis præfectus,
vir magnæ famæ atque authoritatis, multiſque qui-
bus præfuit, rebellionibus clarus, à Prorege cum fuæ
provinciæ copiis ad bellum citatus, cùm fimul adve-
niſſet, vitæ ſuæ infidias parari, fufpicione an certis ar-
gumentis colligertt, periculum propulfare animo cer-
tus, primò iter protrahere, deinde fæpius provocatus,
imperium detrectare cæpit. Interim dum Proregem
occupant Tranſylvani, valido exercitu Aſiæ incumbit,
Regia tributa exigit, officia diſtribuit, omnia è mente
diſponit, ut populi favorem aucupetur, juftitiam ac-
curatè adminiftrat, militum fuorum ( quos habet ad
L. millia promptos & expeditos) licentiam coercet : à
Rege hoftis, perduellis, infidelis promulgatus, ità ſe per-
manfurum

of Trinity College, Cambridge. 7
manſurum reſpondet, niſi juſtis poftulatis fatisfiat ;
Revertatur Rex Conſtantinopolim, imperii ftatus re-
formetur, fuſò ſanguini vindiciæ perfolvantur, a bellis
non neceſſariis abftineatur, provinciæ defolatæ redin-
tegrentur, & (quo votorum ſumma continetur) Viſi-
rius ambitioſus ac fanguinarius, unà cum confiliorum
participe Mufti (legum ſupremo interprete) loco amo-
veatur, vitâ privetur. Hunc obicem Viſirio divini-
tus injectum credimus, nè is propriæ faluti proſpici-
ens, ulteriùs Chriſtianos bello perfequi, & gladiis
quàm pactis malit decernere. Græcis, ex quo hîc
commoror, nihil novi accidit, nifi quod fuperiori an-
no, ipſorum Patriarcha fupplicio affectus eft. Par-
thenius ei nomen, & ex optimis fuiſſe dicitur, qui à
multis annis hoc officio functi. Infimulatus eft com-
municati cum Duce Muſcoviæ confilii (quem Græci
nunc fidei fuæ columen primarium, futurum aliquan-
do libertatis vindicem exiſtimant, Turcis proinde ſuf-
pectiorem ) Patriarcham plerique facinoris infontem
arbitrantur, confictum ab æmulis ſedem ſuam confcen-
dere geſtientibus, ut eft hiſce ſacerdotibus in re an-
guſta grandis ambitio. Utcunque Viſrius re parùm
expensâ, in terrorem reliquorum, fi qui talia agita-
rent, virum è veſtigio in publicum produci jubet, ut-
que erat Pontificio habitu indutus, laqueo Spiritum
præpediri, ita biduum lugubre ſpectaculum pepen-
dit. De religione ipforum impræſentiarum fuperfe-
deo. Tantùm feftis alacriter celebrandis incumbunt;
fub acerbæ ſervitutis preſſurâ hilares animos præferunt,
cantant, ſaltant, & adhuc (uno verbo) pergræcantur,
Ultimò reftat, ut à vobis veniam implorem abfentiæ
ultra juſtos triennii limites excurrentis. In quo non
diffiteor me favore veftro fretum (quem & aliis indul-
fiffe memini, & mihi non denegaturos præſumpſi) ſe-
curitati & commoditati propriæ confuluifle. Quæ
mihi ad impenſas fuftinendas rerum anguftia fit, vobis
fatis perſpectum; & quantæ abhinc in Chriftianum
orbem redeunti difficultates & pericula ſeſe opponant,
ego

8 Dr. Barrow to the Fellows, &c.
ego experientiâ, vos conjecturâ affequi poteſtis. Ita-
que quod hîc loci, quaſi extra commercium humani
generis, longiores moras extraxi, id mihi non tam vo-
luntatis propenſione, quàm ex cujuſdam neceſſitatis
præfcripto accidiffe, fidem, reor, aftruenti præftabi-
tis, cujus veritatis teftes invoco, quotquot hactenus
votorum mihi conſcii funt: Utinam verò cui tantis
terrarum fpatiis disjuncto obverſantur- wond mélažu
"ουρεά τε (κιόενία, θάλασσα τε ήχήεσα, e re effet opta-
re, votíſque ineffet efficacia, equidem extra pomeria
veſtra ne unam horam perdurarem. Neque enim ali-
bi terrarum liberiùs aut ſuaviùs rei literariæ cujus
amor mihi creſcit in boras, vacare, aut uſquam tot
animas eruditas, honeftas, ingenuas reperire potuero.
Quæ fententia, quò mundum familiariùs introfpicio,
eò penitiùs animo infidet. Jam igitur, quum ex divi-
næ providentiæ benignâ diſpoſitione mihi de reditu,
ut videtur, incolumi nec incommodo proſpectum fit,
antequam fol unicam revolutionem emenfus, in fuam
Libram ſe denuò reftituet, me vobis præſentem fiftere,
& coràm pro tot acceptis beneficiis (quorum nun-
quam
mihi excidet memoria aut fenfus ) gratias per-
folvere ſpero. Quod fi pro veniâ præteriti temporis
vos exorari ſinitis, & novi licentiam, quantum rever-
tenti competat prorogare non gravamini, eò magis
benignitati veftræ divinctus, alacriùs honori veſtro ftu-
debo, felicitati applaudam: pro quibus tamen (ut me-
rita veitra, mea officia poftulant) vota, precéfque fun-
dere non defiftam, cum quibus valete.
Pera Conſtantinopolitana
Cal. Auguſti 1658.
Mr. Fr.

Mr. Fr. Willughby to Mr. Wray. 9
Mr. Fr. Willughby to Mr. Wray, about
the Year 1662.
I
SIR,
Met with ſeveral Adventures in the remaining part
of my Journey after I left you ; and amongſt the
reſt with one very lucky one, of a new diſcovery of
Medals. You may remember the Day we parted I had
intended to have gone to Cirenceſter, but hearing by the
way of a great deal of Treaſure that was found in a
Field, I preſently conjectured it might be Roman
Coin, and diverted my Courſe thither. The Field
was near Durſly (a Town we left about a Mile of the
left Hand as we rod from Gloceſter) where I found
above Forty People digging and ſcraping; and bought
a great many Silver Medals of them, and one incompa-
rable fair one of Gold, that had been found a little be-
fore. The whole Hiſtory how theſe came to be dif-
covered, I ſhall reſerve till I ſee you. I thought to
have made ſtrict enquiry after the Snap-apple Bird,
but falling very Sick at Malverne, I was forced to
give over all.
a
Dr. Corneli from Naples to Mr. Wray
at Rome, 3 Kal. Dec. 1663.
Viro Eruditiſſimo Johanni Wray.
Thomas Cornelius S.
Eam
GO interea' quid de Mannâ compertum habe-
am, paucis indicabo. Mannæ triplex genus pro-
venit. Unum trunci Ornorum per rimas fponte exſu-
dant, diciturque vulgo Manna Corporis ; alterum quod
с

IO
Dr. Cornelius to Mr. Wray.
ex eâdem arbore inciſionibus arte factis extillat, &
Mannam for ſatellam vocant. Tertium tandem in Frax-
ini frondibus colligitur, Manna frondis nuncupatur.
Hanc plerique ex aëre in frondes nocturno tempore
roris inftar decidere arbitrantur; ſed ego autopſiâ e-
doctus fum illam ex ipfis arborum foliis exhalari.
Hanc Virgilius roſcidi mellis nomine ſignificavit, cum
dixit,
Et duræ quercus ſudabunt roſcida mella.
Cauſa verò quamobrem ego ita ſentiam non debeo re-
ticere. Linteo circa veſperam fraxini frondes velaveram,
ut dignoſcerem num Manna frondibus extrinfecus ad-
veniret ; fed manè inventa ſunt folia roſcido melle im-
buta, nec interea Linteo quicquam inerat, nifi quod
ex frondibus illi adhæſerat. Perperam igitur Mat-
thiolus commentario in cap. 70. lib. 1. Dioſcor. re-
prehendit Altimarum, qui Mannam ex fraxini foliis
extillare docuerat. Tu vir fapientiflime noftras has
diſquiſitiones æquo animo accipe. Meque ut facis ama-
re perge. Vale Neapoli iii. Kal. Dec. MDCLXIII.
Mr. Fr. Willughby to Mr. Wray.
TH
SIR,
Dec. 15, 1665.
IHE firſt thing I ſaw conſiderable after I left
Montpellier, was a Spring of Oleum Petroleum
at Gabian; at the ſame Place there is a kind of a
black Pumice Stone, and a Medicinal Well. From
thence we went to Narbonne, where there is ſome
Antiquities; there having a very ſore Leg, and not
being able to endure Riding, I reſolved to go for-
ward by Sea, and went in a little Veſſel down the
River to the Sea Shore, where we expected good
Weather almoſt a Week; in which time a Plaiſter of
Diapalma cured my Leg: And the Mariners being
out of hopes of a good Wind, we bought a pair of
Mules
e

Mr. Fr. Willughby to Mr. Wray. II
Mules for about five Piſtoles apiece, and ſet forwards
to Perpintan, Colliver and Capo de Creux. Between
Colliver and Capo de Creux we paſſed the Frontiers
without any danger, ſearching, or trouble at all, on-
ly at the expence of an Eſcus for a Guide. At Capo
de Creux is the principal Place for the Coral Fiſhing,
and tho' the Wind hindred us from ſeeing the Fiſh-
ing, I ſaw the Inſtruments, and underſtood as much
about it as if I had ſeen it taken out of the Sea.
Thence to Vict, where there is a Mine of Amethiſts,
which they call Violet Stones ; by what I ſaw there,
and learned afterwards, I make no queſtion but Dia-
monds, Rubies, lacinths, and almoſt all Precious
Stones, grow juſt in the ſame manner as the Briſtol
Diamonds, Hexangular and Pointed, excepting Agate
and Corneole, which may be reckoned among Peb-
bles. Thence to Cardona, where there is a Moun-
tain of Sal Foſſilis, which ſerves all the Countrey
thereabouts; the beſt is hard and tranſparent like
Cryſtal, ſo as they make Beads of it, and ſell them
very cheap at the Town. About the Mountain ſome
Sea Plants. And now I would adviſe you by all means
to make a little Tour in Spain, and ſee the Oleum Pe-
trol. the Coral, the Amethyſts, and the Salt Moun-
tain; but to go no farther than Cardona, unleſs you
reſolve upon the Canary Voyage, or have a mind to
an Andaluſian Whore : But from Cardona to Xveſca,
a great Town between Saragoſa and Tholouſe, where
I heard Seignor La Stannoſa has a very famous Mu-
–
Sæum; the Bookſeller that told me of it, ſaid it would
take
up feveral Days to ſee all the Rarities: But ve-
ry likely it is much leſſer than the Fame. From Xveſca
to Tholouſe, where they ſay there is a Cave that har-
dens Bodies into a Mummy. In this Journey before
you come to Vict, as I remember, you will paſs by
Aulot; where in divers Caves there is ſpiraculums of
Air, cauſed, as they imagine there, by the falling of
Water. From Cardona I went to Portofa, where I
ſaw
C2

I 2
Mr. Fr. Willughby to Mr. Wray.
ſaw a Mine of Marble which they call Jaſper. From
Portoſa to Valentia ; Gandia where I ſaw the Sugar
Canes, and Sugar Mills; Chativer, where there is
an Aquæduct made by the Moors ; Caravac, where
there is a Crofs that came down from Heaven; Gra-
nada, where there is a Palace of the Moors that well
deſerves a Journey of a dozen Leagues. Thence to
Sevil, where I attempted in vain to get a Paſſport for
Portugal. I thought then to have gone to Cales, from
thence toTangier and from Tangier to Lisbon,which was
the beſt way to get into Portugal; but being diſcoura-
ged by my Mules ill Fortune, and the time of the Year,
I faced about, and returning by Land ******* To-
ledo, Madrid, Burgos, Vittoria, St. Sebaſtian, Bayonne,
Bourdeaux, Blais, Sainetes, Poietiers, Amboiſe, Blois,
Orleans, and got hither almoſt a Fortnight ſince.
This Journey of almoſt a thouſand Miles, I came all
alone, having agreed with my Merchant to leave
him either at Sevil or Lisbon : And, I thank God, ef-
caped very well all along; but at Vittoria, and the
Paſſage near St. Sebastian, was baſely troubled with
Searchers : If you come that way you muſt manifeſt
your Money, at leaſt all your Silver and take a Paſs. Be-
iween Bayonne and Bourdeaux I got a great many No-
tions about the making of Turpentine, Roſin, Pitch,
and Yonderone, which I think is Tar, the Countrey
being full of Pines. About Bayonne and St. Sebaſtian
they catch a great many Whales every Winter ; I got
there ſome uncertain Notions about the Sperma Ceti.
The buying of Horſes or Mules is an excellent way
and you will find it will turn to very good Account,
and ſave a great deal of Money, if you don't go higher
than five or fix Piſtoles a Horſe. At Sevil I found a
Letter of Dr. Wilkins's, who very importunately per-
fuaded either you or me to make a Voyage to the Pic
of Tenariff, and that if **** home, and you would
undertake it, the Royal Society would defray all
your Charges, and ſend you to Cales all neceſſary In-
ftruments
a

Mr. Fr. Willughby to Mr. Wray. 13
ſtruments, and a Catalogue of the Obſervations they
deſired to have made. The Pic is only to be aſcend-
ed in June and July. When you come to Orleans I
hope you will take exact Notice of Joan of Arles,
and Charles 7. Statues upon the Bridge; I ſaw them
as I paſſed by, but took them for ſome Superſtitious
Foppery, and did not at all regard them. I hope
you will all along get the exact Government of all the
Towns
Mr. Barnham to Mr. Wray.
Yeam
SIR,
OURS from Montpellier, Jan. the roth, S. V.
came to my Hands on Feb. the 6th following,
and was anſwered on the o'", wherein you give me lo
great Encouragement to employ you by way of In-
formation, that I cannot forbear the annexing of this
to the other Inquiries I gave you in my laft; and in-
I
deed though laſt in order, yet I could wiſh it may be
the firſt in execution. The thing is this: There is
a certain Woman in the World, whoſe Name I am
obliged to conceal (altho' poſſibly you would gueſs
it if you were in England) that hath for this two
years laboured under the affliction of a Belly that hath
grown bigger and bigger, and is now much bigger
than ever ſhe was when ſhe was with Child, (for the
hath had two Children) ſhe went up this laſt Week
to London, to try all the Advice that Place can afford,
having failed of a Cure in the Countrey: The Con-
cern I have for her, which indeed is exceeding fur-
paſſingly great, hath made me tranſgreſs the bounds of
Modeſty ſo far, as to defire of her in Writing her
own Obſervations of her Malady, together with the
Alterations ſhe hath found in her Pudendis; which,
a
not

14
Mr. Barnham to Mr. Wray.
ters;
not without much difficulty, ſhe did ſend me Yeſter-
day, after many importunities. I hope God will for-
give me my Curioſity, being chiefly led thereunto by
an Opinion, or ſecret Impulſe, that you with the
Advice and Information of what you may meet with-
al abroad, may be the Author of her recovery. She
ſays, in her own Letter, to me thus ; That ſhe
hath grown bigger and bigger this two Years, as I
told you before, and that her Belly is conſtantly
very hard ; ſhe did guvoxoJūvou hoc eft per menſtrua
purgare more debito, until the beginning of laſt Sum-
mer, when ſhe was adviſed to drink Epſom Wa-
which ſhe did for ſome time, until ſhe
found great inconveniences by them: for ever ſince
The hath had ſuppreſſionem menfium; and, moreover,
preſently after her coming from Epſom, ſhe felt a
thing come down juſt like a Bladder, and bigger than
her Fiſt, and hath lain upon the Neck of her Womb
ever ſince; and upon the leaſt walking or ſtraining
comes out fuller, and when ſhe lies down goes in far-
ther than a Woman's reach; ſo are her own Words.
She faith ſhe is free from any Pain in thoſe Parts, on-
ly ſhe hath a great weakneſs, ſo that ſhe cannot ſtand
much, eſpecially after Purging. Her Navel is pufft
up bigger than a little Egg clear above the Skin. She
ſays that the Doctors and Midwives cannot determine
what it is that comes down ſo, fome ſay it is the Mo-
ther. She faith moreover, that ſhe feels no Pain ei-
ther in her Belly or Back, only Stiches fly up and
down that are ready to take away her Breath. She
feldom or never breaks Wind downward. This is
all ſhe tells me in her Letter, and I do believe you
have a larger Account of her Diſeaſe than her own
Phyſicians; her Baſhfulneſs is ſo much, that it will
not fuffer her to diſcourſe with her own Sex in this
Matter freely. I have moft exactly, according to the
meaning of her Letter, tranſcribed her Senſe, and
chiefly her Words, where Modeſty will give me
leave.

Mr. Barnham to Mr. Wray. IS
>
leave. I know I need not provoke your Diligence
and Induſtry in this matter, to make all inquiries
where you come after any thing that may do her good.
The Compaſſion of your Nature will prompt you to
ſo charitable a Work : She is a Perſon of ſome Qua-
lity, and I am ſure will have a due Senſe of her Obli-
gations to you. The Sickneſs laſt Week at Londonz
was but 28, God be praiſed.
a
a
Mar. 13th, 1665.
Mr. Liſter to Mr. Wray.
D
M. Lifter D. Wray ſuo. S. D.
E Hiſtoriâ naturali Ariſtotelis ita cenfeo, eum
hominem Philofophum præclarè agere: fed
egregius vir minimè fatisfacit tantis facultatibus atque
adjumentis, quorum meminit Plinius ei præſtita fuiffe
ab Alexandro. Certè in his præcipuè rebus, quibus
me quotidie exerceo, turpiffimè illum errare depre-
hendo, neque fanè id mirum cum præclariſſimus au-
thor fummum fuum ingenium conſulere maluit, quàm
res ipfas. Illud manifeſtum, eum pauciffimis experi-
mentis fuiſſe contentum ut immenſam ſtructuram ex-
ædificaret. De Plinio tu mihi abundè fatisfecifti fu-
perioribus tuis literis : adeoque tuum judicium à dili-
gentiffimâ lectione vehementer complector approbo-
que. Ad noftros homines venio, quorum, in primis
.
ingenioſiſſimus juxtà ac diligentiffimus fcriptor Aldro-
vandus (nam Albertum, Cardanum cæteroſque id genus
homines ftomachor valdè, quòd me planè operam
perdidiffe fentio, quam iis evolvendis dederim; niſi
quod id profecerim, quàm licere homines doctiſſimos
ineptire, qui ultra apparatum velint Philofophari.)
Sed ad Aldrovandum redeo, virum fanè mirificum,
ز
2
cui

16 Mr. Liſter to Mr. Wray.
5
cui tamen ægrè fero iſtos locos ſuos communes ; mal-
lem equidem ſubſtituiffet corollas de fuo feque dignas.
fed id moris eft hominum, immenſam lectionem & in-
duftriam oftentare malumus, quàm accuratiflimè in
paucis eiſdemque noftris fapere : à quo tamen major
fructus aliquando fperandus eit in auxilium vitæ,
ne dicam , noftræ laudis. Ante eum pro ratione
temporum oportuit me dixiſſe de Whottono no-
itro, nifi quod ab eo primò didici talem authorem
extitiſſe. Elegantiffimum fuum opus tandem compa-
ravi evolvique, is mirabili planè induftriâ fummoque
ingenio ufus eft in extricandis Veterum fententiis.
Tabulas noftras ante confeci, quam eum nactus ſum ;
at mireris, quantam voluptatem conceperim, cum eas
contulerim cum differentiis Whottoni. Hunc ex-
cipiat Moufetus item nofter, à quo omnia præclara &
à
confummata quis non expectet, cui tanta adjumenta,
tantaque nomina contribuerunt, Whottonus, Geſne-
rus, C. Cluſius, Pennus, Knivettus, Bruærus, &c?
Profecto univerſum Theatrum fuum adeo confusè
& fine ordine condidit, ut quæ ei materies ab aliis,
turpiſfimè collocatur & minimè in laudem tanto-
rum virorum. At non folùm ipfam rem ferè igno-
ravit, verùm etiam barbarè omnino exponit. Sed ea
homini imperito & benè volenti condonare poffimus,
niſi alia planè res contrà ſuaderet, cui equidem in le-
gendis autoribus multum tribuo ftudeoque, ut ſc. in-
telligerem, qui fit eorum animus honeftuſne &
pro-
bus. At ex ejus fcriptis aliud apertè cognovi, quod
fatis mirari nequeo, arrogantiam ſc. hominis, ne quid
gravius dicam, qui cum infinita penè, præſertim de
naturâ iftorum minutorum animalium totidem ferè
verbis tranſtulit ab Aldrovando, tamen nuſquam ejus
ingenioſiſſimi viri (fi quis alius noſtri ſeculi) mentio-
nem facit. Ediderat autem Aldrovandus opus fuum
ante triginta annos quam hæc in lucem prolata funt.
Pauca ea, quæ de his rebus fcripfere F. Impera-
tus, F. Columna tantis viris planè digna ſunt, Mou-
feto

Mr. Liſter to Mr. Wray. 17
3
feto ****** neminem legi præter Geodartium Ba-
tayum,cujus certè induſtria fummè laudanda eit. Nam
præter elegantiſſimas figuras, quas appingi curavit, fin-
gulorum animalium cibatum,tranſmutationumque tem-
pora, accuratiſſimè notat; ut tantùm apud eum defi-
deretur eorum exacta deſcriptio; is autem præter nu-
da familiæ nomina ne verbum quidem addit. Me
olim judicium tuum elicuiffe memini de Kerchero:
is in tractatu,mundus fubterraneus nominato inter alia,de
horum animalium productione ſpontaneâ pluribus ver-
bis agit; quæ tamen res omnino an fiat in universâ re-
rum naturà, dubito vehementer. Teſtimonia Aldro-
vandi, &c. nihili funt. Ego plura expertus, quæ con-
trarium vel evincant, vel erroris certè cauſas declarent;
quæ tu alio tempore, à me expectabis. In extremis ea
accepi, quæ in actis illuftriffimæ focietatis veftræ lego.
Ubi in primis præclariſſimum ſpecimen ingenii lui
edidit D. King de Formica. Habes quæ fcire po-
tui de ſcriptoribus minutorum animalium, eâ judicii
libertate, quæ noftræ amicitiæ fit. Si qui fint qui
noftram cognitionem adhuc lateant, fac me de iis cer-
tiorem. Et velim ut tuum judicium interponas tum de
his quorum ſuprà memini tum de iis quæ reſtant. Item
rogo digneris quàm plurimis verbis mihi perſcribere,
quum, commodo tuo fiat, quid tu exiftimes de optimo
genere harum rerum tum obſervandarum, tum trac-
tandarum. Nam ferè totus fum in his novis noftris dea
lectationibus. Vale & nos ama.
Burvela agri Lincolnienſis, viii. Cal. Aprilis.
D
war.

18
Mr. Wray to Mr. Liſter.
Mr. Wray to Mr. Lifter, Fellow of St.
John's College, Cambridge.
SIR,
A
Rrived here (viz. at Cambridge) I found a Let-
ter from you, the reading whereof gave me no
ſmall content, it containing Expreſſions ſo ſignificant,
and full of heat and IG, as certainly nothing but
fincere Love could dictate; ſure they muſt needs be
a true Copy of your Mind, and not Words of Courſe
and Complement: Only I could wiſh you had been
more ſparing in what refers to my Commendation;
for though I would not refuſe the Teſtimony and
Praiſe of Perſons who are themſelves Praiſe-worthy,
where there is juſt Ground and Reaſon for it; yet
not when it exceeds the Merit of any thing I dare
own, nor for ſuch Qualities as I am not conſcious to
my ſelf of; which groſs ſelf Flattery muſt needs much
blind me if I did not quickly diſcern to proceed ra-
ther from Affection than Judgment. I rejoyce much
that you ſtill purſue the Study of Nature, not only
becauſe of the propenſity I my ſelf have to it, and
conſequently to love ſuch as agree with me; but al-
ſo becauſe I judge you to be a Perſon, to ſpeak mo-
deſtly, as well qualified as any I know in England for
ſuch an undertaking; and fo likely to make the great-
eft Advance and Improvement, you having taken the
rightCourſe and Method; that is, to ſee with your own
Eyes, not relying lazily on the Dictates of any Maf-
ter but your felf, comparing things with Books, and
fo learning as much as can be known of them. I do
not wonder a Man fo inquiſitive ſhould make ſome
Additions to the Cambridge Catalogue. Hieracium rec-
tum rigidum, it's not unlikely you might find about
Burwell; but it ſeems ſomewhat ſtrange you ſhould
there meet with Alchimilla vulgaris, I having not to
my

Mr. Wray to Mr. Liſter. 19
do not
my remembrance ever met with it in England elſe-
where than in Mountainous Places, as Weftmoreland,
Wales, Darby, York, and Staffordſhire, &c.
Thoſe Remarks you mention you would oblige me
much to communicate, I being very fond of leeing
any of your Productions.
I was much pleaſed to underſtand, that
you
confine your Studies and Enquiries to Phytology on-
ly; but take in Zoology, and the whole Latitude
of natural Hiſtory. Lincolnſhire for Fish and Fowl,
affords you a large Field, yet it is very much that in
one Winter you ſhould meet with upwards of so Spes
cies, and I wiſh I had the fight of your Deſcriptions,
which I doubt not to be very exact; but becauſe they
cannot eaſily be tranſmitted, I ſhall only deſire a Ca-
talogue of their Names, that ſo I may know what
there are I have not yet met with.
Middleton, June 18, 1667.
a
Mr. Liſter to Mr. Wray.
PS
M. Liſter D. Wray S.
Ridiè veſperi infectum Animal admodum lucens
in aëre vidi, cepi, notavi, ſcripfi. Ratione lu-
cis Cicindela meritò appellanda eft: fin autem pro-
piùs & claro ſole animalculum perfpexeris, Scarabæ.
orum tribu familiâque eſſe diceres. Corpore erat par-
vo, longiuſculo, tenui, æqualitèr lato; quoad fuperfi-
ciem, lævi planoque; quoad colorem, alas, alarumque
thecas, caput, fuſco aut pullo. Tegumentum capi-
tis clypeum inverſum lepidè imitabatur. Caput ſub-
ter, ratione & operculi ſui, & corporis, minimum erat,
(atque hinc tegumentum ejus ad latera fua perſpicu-
um) à duobus nigerrimis ſplendentibuſque oculis dif-
partitum. Caput duæ breviſſimæ tenuiſſimæque An-
tennæ ornabant. Humeri nulli; nam fuprà, tegumen-
D 2
to

20 Mr. Wray to Mr. Liſter.
to tantùm, alarúmque thecis, deſtinguebatur animal-
culi corpus: ſubter, aliter res fe habet. Tres pedum
tenuiſſimorum ordines, ad fabricam & fimilitudinem
vulgaris muſcæ nigræ facti: quorum duo mox infra
caput rubenti collo inſerebantur. Tumet thorax, ro-
tundus, lævis, fplendens; cujus bafi alterum pedum
par adhærent. Denique venter fex annulis imbrica-
tim venuftiffimè diſpoſitis conftabat: quorum ultimis
iſte liquor bipartitus ad inftar aquæ marinæ lucens
micánſque inerat. De die caput ſurſum tollere gau-
det : lentè & rarò ſe loco moyet: Utrumque more
Bufonis. Vale.
Col. Divi Johannis, 6° Cal. Fulii 1667.
:
Mr. Dent to Mr. Wray,
M
a
SIR,
R. Mayfeild could not procure any dry'd Mayds
or Thornback at the Mart, he helpt me to a
freih Thornback, which he ſaid was full grown, its
weight was rol. it was Female, and had very many
Eggs in it, all exactly round, of different bigneſs;
the largeſt as big as a little May Cherry, paler colour'd
than a Hens Egg, of that bigneſs, otherwiſe not dif-
ferent to the Eye. I have dryed the Fiſh a little
with Salt, &c. yet not ſo much but that it will re-
cover its Form if ſoaked in hot Water. The Tail
(a Foot long) was cut off (as uſually) when catcht,
which (they fay) was full of pricks, both above and
below, to the very end. Maydes (they ſay) are of two
.
forts, the larger fort (much ſmaller than Thornebacks)
properly called Flayre Maydes; ſmooth as Flayre,
pale colour'd, not dappled or waved; the leſs callid
Thorneback Maydes, full of pricks, dappled, but
paler colour'd than the Thorneback. It ſeems a full
grown Flayre is a very large Fiſh; Mr. Mayfeild told
>
a
me

Mr. Dent to Mr. Wray.
21
a
me he fold one to the Cook of St. John's College of
Two Hundred Weight and upwards, and that it fer-
ved all the Scholars of the College at that time, be-
ing 30 Meſs for Commons; which was likewiſe
confirmed to me by the Cook of the fame College.
There are Male and Female of all theſe four Sorts. I
cannot underſtand that theſe four do differ at all in
ſhape of Body, but only in proportion, colour, and
fmoothneſs of Skin or Prickles. With the Fiſh I
have put up in a Box fome Water Fowl, viz. a Pocker,
a Smew, three Sheldins, a Widgeon, and a Whewer;
which two laſt are Male and Female of the ſame kind.
Widgeon is never apply'd to the Female Sex: Its u-
ſual to call a filly Fellow, a wiſe Widgeon; or to
ſay, he is as wiſe as a Widgeon ; and a Drunkard's
Song faith, that
Mahomet was no Divine, but a ſenſeleſs Widgeon,
To forbid the uſe of Wine unto thoſe of his Religion.
It is uſual to ſay of one of a large Size, Sure the
Dam of that was a Whewer. We could not meet as
yet, with a Pintayle ; my Couſin tells me it is fome-
what leſs than a Whewer, of lighter Gray colour,
the Wings and Tail longer, and ſharper pointed,
the Bill longer and narrower. I have put up ſome
hollow Bones which are annex'd to the Windpipe
of each Male; for in Females I can find none other-
wiſe than you will find in the Paper writ upon,
Whewer. The difference of Shape of theſe Bones
doubtleſs cauſes their different Tones. If you ſteep one
of the Sheldin's Windpipes a while in warm Water
to make it lax, you may obſerve the pretty Moti-
on to be found in the middle Protuberance, and
pick out a little Philofophy from it. Whenever I
find
farther opportunities of ſerving you, I will
approve my ſelf, &c.
Cambridge, Feb. 15. 1674.
any
Mr.

22
Mr. Liſter to Mr. Wray.
Mr. Liſter to Mr. Wray.
D
M. Lifier D. Wray fuo S.
E Valetudine tuâ incommodâ vehementer move-
bar. Etenim cùm fummam tuam temperantiam
atque abftinentiam tàm probè fcirem, omnia de te pe-
jora metui. Idque eâ de causâ loquor, quòd mihi
non parùm errare de victûs ratione videbaris. Is quan-
tum meminerim (téque in eâ re, cùm Monſpelii ad
eandem menfam diù hofpites una fuerimus, religiose
obſervavi) parciſſimus, fcrupulofiflimus. Accedit il-
iud tibi, jejunia frequentia, longiſſima : & ut pauci
cibi es, ita & rariſſimi corporis habitûs.
x Cal, Oétobr. 1667.
Mr. Wray to Mr. Liſter, in anſwer to
the preceding Letter.
Syi
7. Wray D. Martino Liſter ſuo S. D.
Ymptoma illud de quo non ita pridem apud te con-
queftus fum (Deo gratias) non ingraveſcit ſed re-
mittit potiùs: Me tamen ab eo penitùs liberatum iri
vix eft ut fperem, adeò teneri ſunt (ut nôſti) & pu-
tredini obnoxii pulmones, ut fiquam femel labem con-
traxerint, difficulter admodum in integrum reftitui &
percurari poſſint. Quòd me in victûs ratione (quam
juſto tenuiorem inſtituere putas) errare, eique rei par-
tem aliquam mali quocum conflictor imputandam cen-
fere videris, ignoſcas fi fententiæ tuæ non accedam.
Abſit ergo ut ego temperantiæ laudem, quæ mihi nul-
la debetur, affectem, aut delatam ultro amplectar. Re-
liqua quidem animalia rationis (ut vulgò creditur) ex-
pertia, quæ fecundùm naturæ præſcriptum & inſtinc-
tum degunt, & alimenta nullâ arte præparata, qualia
natura

Mr. Wray to Mr. Liſter.
23
3
natura iis fubminiſtrat accipiunt, in cibo capiendo nec
legem obſervant, nec modum tenent, nec ftatis tem-
poribus veſcuntur. Verùm cibus quo illa utuntur, &
excrementi multi eft, & fucci pauci, unde & illum
ſine errore aliquo aut noxâ infigni copiofiùs ingerere
poffunt. Deinde quoniam parcâ manu, fponte fuâ,
nullo culturæ mangonio ſtuprata illum fuppeditat al-
ma tellus, multùm fe exerceant oportet, multumque
temporis impendant in illo conquirendo ; unde nec fi
velint in exceſſu facilè peccare poſſunt. Hinc feræ
& ſylveſtres animantes rarò ultra modum pingueſcunt,
nec admodum libidine turgent, fed ftatis duntaxat tem-
poribus, ſemel ut plurimùm in anno ad Venerem in-
citantur; funtque admodum vivaces, & morborum
plerunque expertes.
Nos certè (me judice) valetu-
dini noftræ meliùs conſuleremus, fi illorum exemplo,
victu fimpliciori & viliori uteremur, iiſque cibis qui-
bus ventriculum implere modicéque diftendere fas ef-
fet. Quod Geſnerum & Aldrovandum confulueris, &
eorum deſcriptiones cum tuis diligenter contuleris,
rectè & ex ordine mihi feciſſe videris; pauciſfimas
certè Aves invenies quæ illorum diligentiam effuge-
rint.
Dabam Notleie Cal. Ottob. 1667.
Mr. Wray to Mr. Liſter.
Q
Joannes Wray D. Martino Lister fuo S.P.D.
Uòd Veteres Latinos Medicos pervolvere in ani-
mo tibi eſſe ſcribis, mihi admodum probatur;
na uque fiquid ego judicio valeo, iis legendis pluri-
mùm proficies, magnumque operæ-prætium facies.
Cornelium Celfum & ipfe legi. Eft ille optimus La-
tinitatis autor & Medicinæ veteris fatis gnarus, quam-
vis ipſe (ni malè memini) profeſſione & uſu medicus
non fuerit. Scribonius mihi nunquam lectus eft, Pli-
nium

24 Mr. Wray to Mr. Liſter.
nium ſecundum fummi ingenii virum tibi commen-
dare (quem nemo fc. vituperat) fuperfluum & inep-
tum foret. Eft autem ipſius opus nihil aliud quàm Pan-
dectæ, in quas congeſſit quicquid uſpiam apud Vete-
res ſeu Græcos, ſeu Latinos exterólve legenti occur-
rebant argumento fuo convenientia, temerè & fine de-
lectu, nullóque judicio adhibito. Plurimum certè il-
lius induſtriæ debemus, qui è monumentis Antiquorum
plurima ad hiſtoriam naturalem pertinentia commen-
tariis ſuis inſerendo ad nos derivavit, quæ aliter inju-
riâ temporum cum Autoribus fuis penitùs intercidif-
ſent. Nec tamen meritò vituperandus eft, quòd nullo
diſcrimine vera falfis admiſcet; liberum enim unicui-
que judicium relinquit; finem fuum affecutus, quod
omnia quæcunque à Græcis aliíſve literis prodita inve-
nerit fine invidiâ Romanis ſuis communicârit. Video
te Romanarum Antiquitatum ſcriptores & vindices
præ manibus habere : Plurimos ejus generis Autores
vidi: quem cui præferam non video. Inter alios J.
Lipſius præcipuam laudem meretur, qui de militiâ Ro-
manâ, de gladiatoribus, de Amphitheatris, &c.fuse tra-
ctavit, additis etiam ad majorem illuſtrationem figuris
æneis. Eft & Caſalius quidam Romanus qui de pro-
fanis Gentilium ritibus copiosè egit, adhibitis etiam
iconibus. In hoc libro quæ ad facrificia pertinent, vafa,
inſtrumenta, & reliquus omnis apparatus, traduntur.
Eft & Tomafinus quidam Italus qui de annulis anti-
quis, de Teſſeris Hoſpitalitatis aliíſque quibuſdam trac-
tatus edidit. Lazarus Bayfius olim de re Veſtiariâ &
Navali ſcripfit, at breviter. Urbis antiquæ ſitum & mo-
numenta, quorum partes aliquæ vel rudera etiamnum
ſuperſunt, nimirum templa, porticus amphitheatra, bal-
nea, obeliſcos, columnas, aquæductus, circos, &c. de-
lineârunt & deſcripferunt plurimi, at Italicè plerique.
Quo ego uſus fum liber 2 bus parvis octavi folii tomis
comprehenſus, Roma antica e moderna titulum habet :
quem quia viliori pretio parabilis eſt, tibi etiam com-
mendo, ut qui linguam Italicam probè calleas. Figuras
quamvis

Mr. Wray to Mr. Liſter. 25
quamvis in minori formâ non inelegantes rerum præci-
puarum de quibus tractat inibi reperies. Sed manum
de tabulâ, de his aliíſque fi opus fit plura cùm Lons
dini fuero; interim vale & me ama.
Dabam Notleia iv. Idus Sbris, 1667.
Mr. Wray to Mr. Liſter, at St. John's
in Cambridge
D. Martino Lifter y. Wray S. D.
Iteras tuas iv Id. Novemb. ad me datas non fine
L
tacitâ quâdam admiratione legi; adeò eruditæ
mihi viſæ ſunt, adeò eleganter & ad amuſlim ſcriptæ.
Felicem me qui talem amicum habeam & ftudiorum
æmulum, maximo mihi adjumento futurum, & Reip.
literariæ ornamento. Quid enim de te fperare nefas?
qui tantos jamjam in bonis artibus & literis progreſ-
ſus feceris, atque in id faftigium evaferis, five rarâ quâ-
dam ingenii felicitate, five ſtudio & induftriâ, quò
ftudioforum vulgus maximâ contentione nequicquam
anhelat. Rem janè difficillimam planè conſecutus es;
ornatè dicendi fcribendique facultatem ; adeò ut de
Latini ſermonis puritate, déque ſtylo expoliendo tibi
ampliùs laborandum non fit, cùm in his tantopere exa
cellas aliíſque æqualibus tuis palmam facilè præripias.
Hanc mihi confeſſionem res ipfa extorquet; hanc tibi
debitam laudem ni tribuam, invidus cenferi debeam &
amici titulo indignus. Doninum Willugbby non eft
cur tibi conciliare ftudeam, cum bonos omnes & eru-
ditos tuique fimiles ſponte fuâ amplectatur, omnis
búſque officiis demereri fibique devincire geftiat. Scri-
bonium ut legere aveam commendatio tua effecit. Ves
rùm liber ille non ubique eſt obvius, aut paratu facilis.
Cùm primum mihi ejus copia facta fuerit, lectionem
aggrediar. Dubia illa quæ tibi occurrunt, & legen-
tem morantur, næ erras vehementer, fi me poffe fol-
E
vere

26
Mr. Wray to Mr. Liſter.
vere tibique eximere putas. Quid fibi velit autor ille
cùm Hypociſtidem definit Roſæ fylveſtris fuccum,
&c. divinare non poſſum. Bauhinus nofter aliique
Botanici Ciftum fruticem ob floris cognationem juxta
Roſam collocant ; nemo tamen Rofam caninam ap-
pellat ; ni fortè pro canina, marina ſubſtitui debeat.
Nam Cæfalpinus, ut citatur à J. Bauhino, Ciftum
quondam Roſam marinan appellari ſcribit. At nè
fic quidem rem expediemus, cùm Hypociſtis nom
ipfius Cifti fuccus fit, ſed plantulæ ciſti radicibus ad-
natæ, quæ Hypociſtis dicitur. Pro Oxytriphyllo Scri-
bonii aliam longè diverſam plantam nobis exhibent
Lobelius & Cluſius, magna nomina, nimirum Lotum
pentaphyllon filiquoſum villoſum C. B. ut apud eum
in Pinace videre eft : utcunque ego judicio tuo pluri-
mum tribuo, tuámque ſententiam probabilem exifti-
mc, quoniam illud facultate aliquâ inſigni pollere vei
bituminofus odor fatìs arguit, quum in hoc nec odo-
rem nec faporem aliquem excellentem obſervaverim.
Opium quin præftantiffimum fit medicamentum, præ-
ſertim extrinfecus adhibitum, nullus dubito, in eo ta-
men intus ſumendo ſummopere cavendum eſt nè erres,
aut modum excedas; nam ex frequentiori Opii uſu,
quantumvis optimè præparati, funefta tandem fymp-
tomata conſecuta eſſe triſti multorum experimento
fatìs conſtat. Quod in omni fanguinis eruptione ar-
tus conftringi verat, utris fimilitudine deceptus er-
rare videtur. Quòd verò per venam, animalis ar-
teriam intelligat, veriſimile eft, quoniam Romani
tum Venas tum Arterias communi nomine Venas
dixerunt: nec in vafis hiſce diſtinguendis curioſi fue-
re, tantùm abeft ut circuitum fanguinis illos vel per
nebulam vidiſſe concefferim. De Fungis cùm te, Deo
dante, videro, pluribus agemus. Quod in ſtudiis rei
naturalis tam conſtanter perſeveres, & inftitutum per-
tinaciter urgeas, te plurimùm laudo. Rem ſanè curi-
ofiffimam te nuper obſervâſle narras, nimirum Cochle-
am cujus ſpiræ in diverſam partem flectantur, cùm in-
2
ter

Mr. Wray to Mr. Liſter.
27
ter doctos conſtans opinio fit, à feptentrionali æqua-
toris parte cochleas omnes (motum fc. folis obſervan-
do) à finiftrâ dextram versùs torqueri. Nec ego un-
quam inveni qualem tú deſcribis. Sive ergo aliæ
ſint hujus generis, five hæc fola exceptio fit, & di-
ligenter fervari, & exactè deſcribi, depingique mere-
Ni mora in hâc urbe mea incerta fuiffet à te il-
lam petiiffem, ut Regali Societati (cujus nuper par-
ticeps factus ſum) monftrarem. Die Lunæ proximo
(favente numine) Suflexiam petam Londino relicto,
ubi vanis pollicitationibus nimis diu detentus fui.
Londini ix Cal. Decembr. 1667.
tur.
Sir Phil. Skippon to Mr. Wray.
SIR,
T'
HE Dean, [Wilkins] ſays he, is confident no
Man can tranſlate his Book [Real Character]
better than your ſelf. Yeſterday the Transfuſion of
Blood was experimented upon the ſame Body they
hired at firſt: They let out 8 or 1o Ounces of his
own, and then transfuſed of the Sheep's arterial Blood
about 14 or 16 Ounces. There was a great Company
preſent. The ſweet ſmelling Earth found in Captain
Maſey's Garden in Hogſden, you have heard of already;
an Oyl has been extracted which ſmells ſweet. The
Journal des Scavans relates, that Caſſini hath diſcovered
and deſcribed the Motions of Venus about her own Axis.
Dec. 13, 1667.
Sir Phil. Skippon to Mr. Wray.
TH
SIR,
THE Effects of the Transfuſion are not ſeen, the
Coffee-Houſes having endeavoured to debauch
the
E 2

28 Sir Phil. Skippon to Mr. Wray.
the Fellow, and ſo conſequently diſcredit the Royal
Society, and make the Experiment ridiculous.
Sir Phil. Skippon to Mr. Wray,
SIR,
Y
Efterday there was a Letter read from Dr. Samp-
Son (who is at Leyden) to Dr. King, giving
ſome notable Obſervations in the Anatomy of a
near the Bodenſee. Dr. Lower ſhewed the Cauſe
of blindneſs in Horſes, which is a ſpongy Excreſcen-
cy that grows in one, ſometimes in two or three
places of the Uvea; which being overgrown, covers
the Pupill when the Horſe is brought into the light,
but in a dark Stable it dilates again. A tryal was
made, whether a piece of Iron touched by a Mag-
net would weigh more then it did before it was
touched : This fucceeded not. A Preſent was ſent
from Mr. Colpreſſe (I think) who lives in the West;
being a Box full of the ſeveral Mineral Stones, Clays,
&c. obſeryed there. Mr. Hooke has improved the
Pendulum Watch, by making the ſimple Vibrations
promote the Circular Motion. It is hoped the Coll.
they have deſigned below Arundel Houſe, towards the
Water-ſide, will be finished by next Michaelmas. Dr.
Moulin tranſlates the Hiſtory of the Royal Society in-
2o French.
London, Jan. 24. 1667.
a
Şir Phil. Skippon to Mr. Wray.
I
SIR,
T is ſomewhat difficult for me to explain in Wri-
ting the new way of Pendulum. There is the
common

Sir Phil. Skippon to Mr. Wray, 29
a
common Vibration that Hugenius invented in Watches,
and Mr. Hooke hath to that added a Circular Motion ;
the weight at the end of one Vibration is turned off
by a kind of a Spring, which makes the Motion cir-
cular. The moſt conſiderable Experiment Yeſterday,
was the weighing of 1ſt Tin, 2d Copper, 3d Tin and
Copper equally mixt together : Theſe three ſeverally
were of the ſame weight in the Air, but in Water
the mixt Metal weighed much lighter than the other
A new Book of Dr. H. Moor is come out,
which he calls Enchiridion Ethicum.
Feb, 21, 1667.
I
two.
Mr. Wray to Mr. Lifter, at Burwell in
Lincolnſhire
10. Wray D. Martino Liſter fuo S. D.
SET
Ententiam tuam de autoribus iis qui de Inſectis
commentati ſunt, in pleriſque probo. Ariſtoteles,
quamvis egregius autor, confuſus effe videtur aliquando
& obſcurus, & in quamplurimis à ſcopo aberrat. Qui
tamen ſuperſunt hiftoriæ animalium libri non funt in-
tegrum Ariftotelis de hâc materiâ opus. Cùm Plinius
(ni malè memini) quinquaginta voluminum meminit.
De Aldrovando, Alberto, Cardano, juxtà tecum fentio,
In Wottoni opere non admodum verfatus fum; video
tamen illum ex antiquorum fcriptis haufiſſe quicquid
ferè in illud volumen contulerit. In Mouffetum ni-
mis iniquus videris: nam & ille, me judice, non malè
meruit de repub. literariâ, & pleriq; viri docti mihi
fuffragantur. Goedartium mihi nondum videre con-
tigit. Kircheri judicium nihili facio; an verò In-
ſecta quædam fpontè oriantur nécne, determinare ne-
queo. Præter hos qui de inſectis ſcripſerunt, alicujus
nominis aut pretii nullos novi: vidi aliquando in Sici-
liâ

30
Mr. Wray to Mr. Lifter.
liâ opus manuſcriptum D. Caſtelli Romani in duos to-
mos diviſum. Volumen fatìs ſpiſſum & grande cum
figuris propriâ ipfius manu delieneatis, quod neſcio an
unquam lucem publicam vifurum fit.
Londini xiii. Kal. Maii. 1668.
PR
Mr. Wray to Mr. Liſter at Cambridge.
7. Wray D. Martino Liſter ſuo S. D.
Roxima ftatio fuit Sheffeldia in comitatu Ebora-
cenfi. Ibi à vetere amico D. Jeſſop perbenevole
exceptus fum, in cujus ædibus etiamnum diverfor.
Quid tibi inquies illic negotii. Dicam quod res eft.
Scis me Phytologiæ ftudio deditum effe, & catalogum
Angliæ indigenarum ftirpium jamdudum meditari,
quem ut tandem abſolutum & omnibus fuis numeris
perfectum reddam, nullis laboribus parco, quin quo-
tannis æſtivis menfibus profectiones longinquas, etiam
in remotiffimas hujus regni provincias fuſcipio, qua-
tenus facultates fuppetunt, ad plantas indagandas.
Hâc æftate Auitrales Eboracenfis provinciæ tractus &
Weſtmorlandiam mihi luſtrandas propofui, quod &
jam feci, duabus in eo itinere conſumptis feptimanis.
Nondum tamen, quod dolet, incidi in quaſdum ftir-
pes, quas in iis regionibus fpontè provenire certa fides
mihi facta eft. Ea funt, Biſtorta minor, Chriſtopho-
riana, Pyrola Alfines flore Europæa, Calceolus Ma-
riæ, Thlaſpi Globulariæ Folio 7. B. aliæq; unde nec
mihi adhuc penitùs ſatisfactum eſt. Hinc ego in Shef-
feldiâ, ubi ad æquinoctium uſq; manere in animo
habeo.
Dabam Sheffeldiæ ex ad. D. Jeffopp Broomhall diftis 7. Kal.
Auguſti 1668. i. e. 26 Jul.
Mr.

Mr. Wray to Mr. Liſter.
31
E
7. Wray D. Martino Liſter fuo S. D.
GO, ex quo huc veni, partim Phyficis, partim
Mathematicis ftudiis memet exercui ; fiquidem
D. Jeſſop mathematicis imprimis delectatur, in quibus
non contemnendos ſane progreffus fecit. Quo confilio
hoc iter ſuſceperim tibi (ni malè memini) antea ape-
rui ; & res ſanè ex voto cecidit, quamvis nondum
penitùs inftitutum abfolverim, aut invenerim omnes
quas quæſiverim plantas, quaſq; in ſeptentrionalibus
hiſce regionibus provenire certa fides mihi facta eft.
Quænam inquies funt illæ? Androface altera Matthi-
oli minor, Valeriana Græca, Thlafpi Globulariæ fo-
lio 7. B. Pyrola Alfines flore Europæa, Polygonatum
baccâ nigrâ fimplici, fore unico fimbriato viridi D.
Merret. Biſtorta minor, A Sort of Naſturtium folio
tenuiter diffecto, &c. Cùm verò tot adhuc fpecies
exquirendæ ſuperfint,ne me nihil omninò egiſſe,aut ne-
quicquam hoc itinere profeciſſe fufpiceris ; adjiciam
earum nomina quæ mihi noviter hâc primùm æftate
obſervatæ funt. Sedum ericoides 7. B. in fummitate
montis Ingleborough. Burſæ paftoris loculo oblongo
affinis, pulchra planta J. B. in Montoſis circa Settle,
& Ingleborough & alibi in regiunculâ Eboracenfi
Craven dictâ. Gallium cruciatum 7. B. in Weſt-
morlandiâ prope Orton & alibi. Filix pumila Saxati-
lis 2a Clus. ibidem in muris & locis ruderatis : Cra-
tæogono Euphroſynes facie fimilis n. d. quod ſciam,
propè Orton. Sedi aut Cotyledonis nova fpecies in
rupibus Wrenoſe. Deſcripfi præterea accuratiùs alias
aliquam multas quas olim inveneram, nimirum Filicem
quandam Petræam criſpam elegantem, five Adianthum
album floridum mihi dictum ; Sedum Alpinum an-
guſtifolium luteum; Sideritidem hirſutam arvenſem;
Geranium Batrachoides alterum fuſco fimile; Roſain
و
ز
pomi-

32
Mr. Wray to Mr. Liſter.
و
pomiferam fructu fpinofo majorem. Oftenſa inſuper
mihi ſunt ab aliis, Meum vulgare in Weſtmorlandia,
viâ inter Sedberg & Orton, magnâ in copiâ; Chri-
ftophoriana, in Sylvis Haſelwood Eboracenf. Pyrola
vulgaris ibidem. Helleborine flore atro-rubente va-
riis in locis. Biſtorta major vulgaris hic paſſim pro-
venit in paſcuis: Omitto Padum Theophrafti; Para-
lyfin Alpinam Birds-eyn dictam ; Salicem folio laureo
five lato glabro odorato ; Vaccinia nubis quæ copiosè
collegi in monte Hinckle haugh prope Seitle; Pneu-
monanthen, quæ in agro etiam Lincolnienfi abundat :
Quatuor Murci clavati varietates, ſcil. Lycopodium,
Sabinam Sylveſtrem Tragi, feu Muſcum clavatum fo-
liis cupreffis ; Chamapeucen Turneri, ſeu muſcum cla-
vatum abietiformem, Muſcum fortè terreftrem ere-
&tum 7. B. & tandem Muſcum partim erectum, par-
tim repentem: Cirſium Britannicum repens Clus J. B.
Ranunculum globoſum: Sedum minimum flore albo:
Mercurialem Sylv. noli me tangere dictam; Trache-
lium majus Belgarum, aliáſq; quæ in his partibus fatis
frequentes funt, alibi quod iciam in Angliâ nuſquam
proveniunt. Quamvis verò plantis indagandis hoc iter
præcipuè deſtinaverim, alias tamen hiſtoriæ naturalis
partes non omninò neglexi. In hiſtoriâ quidem Pif-
cium nihil promovi: Avium vero 4 aut s ſpecies mihi
oblatæ funt non antea viſæ, nimirum Grygallus major
Geſneri, quem Francolinum Itali vocant, in montibus
ericoſis frequens, Red Moregame Venatores & Ruſtici
Non me latet Geſnerum Francolinum Ita-
lorum Gallinam corylorum diétam exiftimare. Ego
avem hanc eandem eſſe puto ei quam D. Thomas Crew
Monſpelii pictam nobis oftendebat, cujus appellationem
Gallicam oblitus fum. Merula Saxatilis ſeu montana,
à Torquatâ dicta, (ut mihi videtur) omninò diverſa;
Merula aquatica & Caprimulgus; Avicularum quoq;
duæ aut tres ípecies, quæ nefcio an, aut quibus nomi-
nibus deſcriptæ funt. Vin' ut obſervationes meas de
Inſectis tibi communicem ; quafi verò ex diligentiam
vocant.
tuam

Mr. Wray to Mr. Liſter.
33
tuam effugiſſent. Age, nè me in hâc incultâ, fæcun-
difſimâ tamen Philoſophiæ naturalis parte nihil ftudii
aut operæ collocâſſe exiſtimes, non pigebit eas ad-
fcribere quamvis tibi fortaffe notiflimas: In fummitate
montis oppido Settle imminentis, Apem fylveftrem ob-
fervavi, cujus alæ cinereæ ductu nigro tranſverſo in-
ſignes fuere. Aliam præterea Apem ſylveſtrem ex Eulà
in laſano ſeu latrinâ generatam aculeo carentem, aliàs
api domefticæ non abfimilem. Eft autem Eula hæc (feu
Vermiculum mavis dicere) ſordide alba, oblonga, cau-
dâ tenui productâ : duas inſuper Apum fylvestrium fpe-
cies, quæ in parietibus antiquis ex luto compofitis ni-
dificant, in agro præcipuè Northamptonienfi. Verùm
antequam apes dimittam, de Fucis tibi refpondebo.
Mihi equidem nullo meo experimento conſtat Mares
eos eſſe. Verùm quoniam Butlerus aliiq; qui Apum
hiſtoriam ſummâ cum diligentiâ tradiderunt,id afferant,
nos quoq; receptæ fententiæ tantiſper adhærendum
cenfuimus, donec falfitatis convinceretur. Formicæ fi
eas irritaveris, (de majoribus Horſe Ants dictis intellige)
earum cumulos baculo agitando, liquorem quendam
acetoſum ejicient in baculum, qui naribus admotus eas
vehementiùs ferit quàm acetum. Si iratam Formicam
cuti admoveas eam roſtello primùm perforat, deinde
caudâ obverfâ liquorem hunc orificio inſtillat, qui pru-
ritum & dolorem excitat. Hujus rei experimentum
ego nondum feci, ab amico tamen fide digniſſimo ac-
cepi, nec de eâ dubito, præfertim cum liquorem dictum
adeo acrem fenferim. ** **
.
yale iv. Idus Septemb. 1668. i, e. Sept. 10.
F
Mr.

34
Mr. Wray to Mr. Liſter.
L
Foannes Wray D. Martino Liſter S. D.
Iteras tuas & noviffimas & fuperiores accepi, qui-
bus Araneorum 30 à te nuper obſervatorum no-
menclaturas inſeruifti. Miror fanè quâ arte & indu-
ftriâ ufus, tam brevi temporis fpatio, tam anguſtis loci
limitibus tot diſtinctas ſpecies inveſtigare potueris:
At verò fatis mirari nequeo, unde tibi tantum otii tam
alieno tempore cum curis & folicitudinibus variis per-
turbatus huc illuc fluctuaret animus, nec fui juris eſſet,
ut pofſit cuiquam ftudio fe totum impendere. Ego
equidem (ut verum fatear) in Araneis inquirendis &
contemplandis minùs diligens & induftrius fui, partim
quod aliis ftudiis & negotiis impeditus iis attendere
non vacaret; partim quoniam ob veneni ſuſpicionem
vix tractabiles fint hæ beftiolæ, mihi præfertim, qui
ab ineunte ætate vulgari præjudicio abreptus, ab iis
nonnihil etiamnum abhorream. Aft quamvis Arane-
orum hiftoriæ parum peritus fim, duo tamen habeo,
de quibus te conſulendum cenfeo. Alterum occurrit
(ni malè memini, nam liber ad manum non eft) in
Micrographiâ dictâ D. Hook, eftq; hiſtoriola perquam
lepida de areneâ venatrice & infidiatrice, quam à fe vi-
fam autori communicavit D. Evelyn, vide ſis librum
ipſum, ego enim memoriæ meæ non fatis fido, ut eam
referre aufim. Nunquid fimile à te unquam obſerva-
tum fuerit fcire aveo ; nam & tu quoq; in titulis ad
me tranſmiffis Araneæ faltatricis unius & alterius memi-
niſti. Alterum ab amico fide digniſſimo mihi com-
municatum fuit, à ſe fæpius ſpectatum. Nimirum
quòd Aranei nonnulli telas fuas non extrahant tantùm
& eliciant ut moris eít, fed protrudant & quaſi pro-
jiciant ad diftantiam notabilem, projiciunt inquam,
i. e. prorſum ejaculantur obliquè, & ad latus, & non
tantùm demittunt rectà deorſum, nam & hoc ab aliis
obſer-

Mr. Wray to Mr. Liſter.
35
mas.
obfervatum nobis antea innotuit. Quomodo illud
fieri poffit, quum filum non rigidum ſit baculi ad in-
ſtar fed tenuiffimum & ut puto molle, non fatis per-
ſpicio. At ille nullus dubitavit ſe rem ipfam mihi
brevi monftraturum, ut oculis faltem meis fi minùs
ipfius fermoni crederem, quod & effeciſſet, ni mibi oc-
cupato res memoriâ excidiſſet. Supereft jam ut tu
rem penitùs conficias, & omnem mihi fcrupulum exi-
Alia Inſectorum genera non omninò neglexi
x322671€.@ge & dévénulege at verò cùm Ds. Willughby iis
conquirendis, examinandis, deſcribendis, conferendis
ſedulam à multis retro annis navavit operam, ego obi-
ter tantùm & animi cauſâ hâc in parte verſatus
fum. Age tu, procedas bonis avibus, habes quem
æmuleris. Non deerit utriq; veftrùm materia in quâ
ingenia exerceatis. Latiffimus patet campus à nemine
antea occupatus, nullius pede tritus. Naturæ divitiæ
planè funt inexhauftæ, nec cuiquam poft mille fecula
nato deerit quod ſcrutetur, & in quo fe cum laude ex-
erceat. Hippocrati viro fummo qui jamdudum in
medicinâ principatum tenuit, detractum nollem, quem
Spagyrici etiam mirantur, in primis Helmontius tuus,
dum rariffimi doni virum & Adeptorum participem
eum appellat. Libros Idrusã nunquam legi, nec
alios quàm Aphoriſmorum, in quibus ego nonnulla ob-
fervavi quæ mihi aut falfa aut cum ratione minùs con-
juncta viſa ſunt. Verùm de his fortaſſe aliâ vice.
D. Wilkins in epiſcopalem cathedram evectum, & ſui-
ipfius, & mei, & præcipuè eccleſiæ causâ vehementer
gaudeo : Me tamen per eum ecclefiæ reftitutum iri,
Itante fententiâ, planè eft impoſſibile, nec enim un-
quam adduci me poffe puto ut declarationi ſubſcribam
quam lex non ita pridem lata presbyteris aliiſq; eccle-
fiæ miniſtris injungit, nec tamen tanti eſt jactura
mei qui nulli fere uſui eccleſiæ futurus effem, utut
(quod dici folet) rectus in curiâ ftarem. ****
Prid. Kal, ixbris Dabam Notleiæ. i. e, Oct. 31.
F 2
Mr.
2

36
Mr. Liſter to Mr. Wray.
M. L. D. Johanni Wray ſuo S. D.
Uod tibi otium noftrum probavimus, vehementer
gaudeo. At quid in me quæris præcipuam ar-
tem, cujus tu non & author & præmonftrator fueris !
Aranearum nudi Tituli tibi arriſêre: neque dubito,
quin integræ earum hiftoriæ magis placuiſſent, ita res
planè novas obſervavimus. Sed librum mutilare nolui,
in quo nomen tuum amicitiæ noftræ ergo inſcripſeram,
neq; in præſentia alia tranſcribam, quàm quæ à me
quæris. Itaq; fcito in Micrographiả D. Hook duas
Araneas noftras perſtringi, quarum nomina habes, ni-
mirum unam Araneam rufam non criſtatam, &c. alte-
ramq; de quâ quæris, ſaltatricem cineream, &c. atq;
hâc etiam in noftrâ inſulâ frequentiſſima eft, apertoq;
marte venatur folertiffima beſtiola, ejuſq; venationis
modum elegantiffimis veriffimiſq; verbis enarravit D.
Evelyn nofter. Quòd autem ego iſtam ejaculationem
fili non ignoraveram, tibi abunde teftetur Aranea volu-
cris noftra, imo vero ferè omnes, quibus eft materia ad
fila remittenda, idem planè factitant: fed câ præci-
puè delectari videtur, quam ideo volucrem appellavi
an quod in eâ hanc rem primùm notavi. Aft ipfam
rem à principio audi; profectò ſi mecum fuiſſes menſe
Septembri jucundiſſimo ſpectaculo te beâffem. Nam
poffis meminiſſe cum plures ſereniſſimos dies conti-
nenter illuxiſſe, quales tu & ego toties admirati ſumus
in illâ felici Galliả Narbonenfi. Ego, inquam, tum
temporis Araneas conquirendo, mirificas illas telas
cælitùs delapſas propius conſiderare volui, in quibus
pertractandis fortè incidi in hanc Araneam, mihi nun-
quam antea viſam. Hâc ego novitate mire commotus,
alias illico telas intercipio, aliasq; eaſdem Araneas iti-
dem notavi. Atqui ne adhuc quidem ſuſpicari potui,
cam tot tantarumq; telarum authorem fuiffe, Forte
in
2

Mr. Liſter to Mr. Wray.
37
in diebus paucis dum attendo artificio aliarum mihi
notiffimarum Aranearum, fubitò ab inſtituto deftitit
ea quam contemplatus ſum, atq; refupinata anum in
ventum dedit, filumq; ejaculata eft quo planè modo
robuſtiſſimus juvenis è diftentiſfimâ veficâ urinam.
Miror inufitatum morem beftiolæ, videoq; jam filum
in plures ulnas remiſſum fluctuanſq; in aëre; mox ve-
rò inſiluit ipſa beftiola, coq; rapiebatur, quo ducebat
filum ano etiamnum firmiter adhærens, ſupraq; non
nimium humiles arbores evecta eft. Ego lætus alias
quæro, eandemq; rem mihi poftea confirmârunt infi-
nita penè experimenta. Atq; illud quoq; ab affiduâ
obſervatione huc accedit, quod penè incredibile eft,
rem tamen planè conficit, nimirum dum ita volant,
prioribus pedibus celerrimè circumactis, id omne lon-
giffimum filum ad fe retrahunt, inq; glomerem aut
floccos implicant, fubinde nova ob vecturam fila fuffi-
ciendo remittendoq;. Tantam ego nec jam copiam mi-
ror hujuſmodi telarum, cum tot earum authores fint;
nec modum fiendi, quem tibi fatìs, ut puto, expoſui;
nec materiam cum hæ telæ planè eædem ſint quæ cæ-
teræ domeſticæ. Unum illud eft de quo dubites, has
telas paulo teneriores eſſe, at tu cogites velim calorem
ſolis, & fi ita minùs credas, fac experimentum ad ig-
nem an recens tela aut fortaffè vetus mac erata non in
eandem planè albedinem teneritudinemq; coquatur.
Sed de his hactenus : alia plura huc pertinentia, fi rem
fortaſſe jam minus illuſtraverim, tuq; ea deſideres, li-
bentèr expediam communicaboq;. . Cochleæ, quas
ſuperiori anno obſervaveram, fpiris è dextrâ in fini-
ftram tortis tibi viſæ funt res dignæ notitiâ veſtri am-
pliſſimi collegii. Certe ſcio non parvi facies originem
harum Telarum, de quibus quantas nugas apud fcripto-
res etiam recentiffimos! ut aliquando homines etiam
naturæ liberæ, cum eam fatis jam vexent, diligenter
attendant. Nam video fomnia vulgo philofophantium
jam diu plane exoleſcere. De Formicarum aculeo;
.
nihil

38
Mr. Liſter to Mr. Wray.
nihil mihi refcribis, cujus tamen, quod fcio, nemo
hactenus vel leviffimam mentionem fecit. ** * *
Mr. Jeſſop to Mr. Wray.
I
SIR,
Have done the moſt Part of that you enjoin'd me,
I have ſtuffed the Skins of a Moore-cock and
Moore-ben: I have gotten a black-legged Linnet,
and gathered a few of the Vaccinia Rubra ; but can-
not ſeparate the Seeds, as you directed: As they are
I ſhall ſend them you. I have procured the skin of
a great Bird, which he that gave it me calld a Scarfe;
but I believe it will prove a Bernicle. The Deſcri-
ption of it I ſent to Mr. Willughby. I have gather'd
fome Words and Proverbs which I believe you have
not yet met with; and received from Mr. Fiſher an
Account of the Hauke Butterfly. I ſhall ſend you all
when I know which way I may do it fafely. Richard
Wright is come from London, and hath done little
there; only the Judge hath adviſed him to indite
the Man and the Maid, if Stephen trouble him any
more. This only is obſervable, which I was not ac-
quainted with when you was with us, that Kurlew,
the Foreman of the Jury, who, the Spirit faith, was
bribed by Stones, died raving mad within three Days
after he had paſſed his Verdict, crying out, that be
Saw the Devil, and ſuch-like Expreſlions. This is
very true, for I had it from one who was at his Bu-
rial. The Coroner alſo hath lingered away ever
fince the Affizes, and died about the Time that Wright
went to London. The Maid at Overhaddon ſtill liveth,
and eateth nothing. She hath been watched twice
for fear of Impofture; once by the Directions of a Phy-
fician who lives thereabouts: And for about a Fortnight
ſince

Mr. Jeſſop to Mr. Wray. 39
Ince, by my Lord Devonſhire's Order, who ſent his
own Servants by turns.
Having lately peruſed, amongſt the Philofophi-
cal Tranſactions, my Lord Brounker's Quadrature
of the Hyperbole, which pretends to have done
it only as near as you pleaſe; and reflecting upon
ſome things that I had formerly conſider'd, I grew
1
almoſt confident that it might be done truly and Geo-
metrically by one that would go to work with it the
right Way. I am not ſo fooliſh as to think, that I
who pretend not to be skilled ſo much as in the Ele-
ments of Conic's, can add any thing unto what they
have done in their own Way, in which they have
been ſo long converſant. Yet, in my firſt Entrance,
there was one thing came into my mind, which all
thoſe who have written upon this Subject have either
not taken notice of, or neglected, which will go a
great way in the Buſineſs: And that is this.
Si dati fint duo coni Iſoſceles ejuſdem altitudinis,
axem habentes communem, &ſecentur hi coni à plano
axi parallelo, poſſibile eft exhibere Quadratum, quod
eandem habebit rationem ad fpatium interceptum in-
ter lineam hyperbolicam, quæ eft in ſuperficie majoris
coni, & lineam hyperbolicam quæ eft in fuperficie mi-
noris coni ita fećti, quam habeat linea hyperbolica
minoris ad lineam hyperbolicam majoris coni, addita
linea hyperbolica minoris coni.
If
you
think this worth your Confideration, I ſhall
ſend you the Demonſtration at a more convenient
Time.
I am
Broomhall, Nov.
Your affe&tionate
Friend and Servant,
25. 1668
Fra. Jeffop
Mr.

40
Mr. Wray to Mr. Liſter.
Foannes Wray D. Martino Liſter fuo S. D.
O
UOD partem aliquam lucubrationum tuarum
mihi infcribere deſtinaveris,plurimum me tibide-
bere agnofco,proq; tam infigni tuâ voluntate& propenſo
in me animo gratias quas poſſum maximas refero lu-
bens meritò. Interim tamen monendus es, ne dum
affectui nimium indulgeas minùs prudenter agas : Quin
potiùs, dum integra adhuc res eft, deligas tibi Patro-
num aliquem ex antefignanis illis, magnis literarum
luminibus, unde & operi tuo aliquid dignitatis & tibi
ipfi fructûs accedere poffit. Ego enim ut qui tenui-
tatis meæ nimis conſcius fum, haud equidem tali me
dignor honore. Quod ad quæfita mea tam cumu-
latè & perfpicuè reſpondiſti, addito inſuper corollario,
de filis illis longiffimis in aëre volitantibus, quae tan-
topere ftupet Philofophantium vulgus, quorumq; ine-
& ridiculas cauſas fingit, pergratum
habeo. Ego verò de hiſce quoq; te conſuluiſlem fu-
periore epiftolâ ni è memoriâ excidiſſet, quamvis & ip-
ſe Araneorum ea opus eſſe nunquam dubitaverim. Sanè
omnia hæc tibi explorata & proſpecta fuiſſe ex ipſiſ-
met ſpecierum titulis antea conjectabam. Et has &
ſuperiores tuas obſervationes digniſſimas cenſeo quæ
Soc. Reg. communicentur, quod & faciam tuo no-
mine tuiſq; verbis fi tibi ità viſum fuerit. Quamvis,
ut nihil diffimulem, ex quo huc veni, dum Philofo-
phicas tranſactiones, quas vocant, lectito menſe octobri
editas, literis ex inſulâ Bermudenſi ad ſocietatem ſcriptis
fimile quiddam obſervatum animadverto: quod tamen
in tantâ Telarum & Aranearum magnitudine nemini
non obvium & factu facillimum fuit. Scribit enim
Bermudenfis ille telas eas adeò craffas & validas eſſe, ut
velTurdis irretiendis ſufficiant.Supereft ut tibi aperiam,
me jam in fylloge Proverbiorum Anglicanorum (quam
ptas neſcio
quas
olim

Mr. Wray to Mr. Lifter.
41
olim meditatus adagia undique tum ex familiarium
colloquiis & ore vulgi, tum ex libris editis conqui-
fiveram) ordinanda & adornanda 'totum eſſe; eamq;
brevi cum commentariolis in lucem emittere ni quid
vetas, cogitare. Tu verò orandus es ut fymbolun
tuum conferas, & fiqua minùs vulgaria & non inve
nuſta adagia obſervaveris, aliquando ea nobis commu-
nicare non graveris. Formicarum nulla à me facta
mentio, quoniam nihil certi haberem quod ſcriberem.
An Aculeum habeant nec ne;fateor mihi nondum expe-
rientiâ conſtare : nec enim periculum feci deſes & neg-
ligens cùm mihi promptiffimum fuit. Tu cùm id
.
mihi perſuadere conaris argumentis potiùs contendis
quam ad duloficv provocas. Ds. Willughby affirmat
in minoribus formicis (nam majores in hâc vicinia
nullæ) ſibi quæſitum,non viſum tamen Aculeum an for-
tè oculorum vitio ? Nam famulus, cujus miniſterio ufus
eft, adeſſe afferit. Ego verò expertus fum Formicas illas
majuſculas quas noltrates Horſe-ants vocant, fi illarum
cumulos baculo aliquandiu agitaveris liquorem quen-
dam acerrimum in baculum excernere aceto deftillato
non longè diffimilem, niſi quod nares vehementius fe-
riat. Cujus experimenti Dr. Fiſher me primùm com-
monefecit cum Sheffeldiâ effem, qui & aſſeruit è for-
micis illis in cucurbitam conjectis fe liquorem ejuf-
modi deftillando elicuiffe. Epiſcopum Ceftrienſem hîc
propediem expectamus, namq; nos in tranſitu ſe in-
viſurum promiſit. Verùm illius adventus hoc tem-
poris articulo mihi non uſq; quaq; gratus, quoniam
fubvereor nè Verſionem libri ſui vehementiùs urgeat,
ego autem aliàs occupatiſſimus, tot fimul negotiis vix
fufficio, * * * *
.
Dabam Mediæ villæ vilivo. Id. Decemb. 1668, i.e. Decemb. 6,
G
Mr.

42
Mr. Liſter to Mr. Wray, in Anſwer to
the foregoing Letter.
M. L. D. J. Wray ſuo S. D.
N
TON eft quod tibi pergam ampliùs moleſtum effe
de Araneis ; niſi quod ipſe jam proximè perle-
geram epiſtolam illius Bermudenſis, ubi factum qui-
dem enarrat, ſed fiendi modum ridiculum expofuit;
nimirum fila ab iis exſpui, ac fi ex ore Aranearum &
non ex ipſo ano ejacularentur: deinde iftam ejacula-
tionem, quod obſervavi, Araneis minimè uſui efTe inl
Reticulis pertexendis, non autem ad funes eorum ſuf-
penſorios adfigendos. Sed de his aliàs plura & exa-
Etiùs; interim unum addam, quod fuperioribus literis
omiſi, me compertum habere Araneas volatum exercere,
non folùm ob oblectationem, fed etiam ut Culices ali-
afq; beſtiolas capiant, quorum incredibili vi aër circa
autumnum repletur. Iftam quidem venationem miri-
ficam effe oporteat, fed ea adhuc non fatis mihi inno-
teſcit: hujus tantù m benè memini in iftis Telis longiſ-
fimis me membra Culicum, alas putà pedeſq; &c.decer-
ptos fæpiùs animadvertiſſe, non aliter quàm in earum
cubilibus & plagis. Quod ad Formicarum aculeos per-
tinet, oculis meis certam fidem habeo, eos quotieſ-
cunque id tentare libuit (tentavi autem fæpe) viſos
fuiffe, nec nimium breves in minoribus, tum rufis, tum
nigricantibus non alatis. Nam Majores in fouúquennes,
in noftrâ inſulâ adhuc non obſervavi, in quibus tamen
ii poterint effe magis conſpicui. Sed jam ſuſpicor ex
proximâ inquiſitione D. Willughby, eos pofle deeſſe in
aliquibus, fi ut deſunt alæ, atq; in his fortaſſe ſexûs
diſcrimen alias videbimus. Cùm verò ſermonem fa-
cimus de Aculeis, ego penè perſuaſum habeo, eos non
deefle etiam Bufonibus & Lacertis noftris, imò verò in
ſingulis tuberculis (quæ quot fint bene nóſti in rugofis
cuticulis

Mr. Liſter to Mr. Wray. 43
cuticulis harum beſtiolarum) fingulos aut plures acu-
leos abſcondi, & pro arbitrio exeri. Sed hæc tantùm
mea conjectura, cùm experimenta quæ de iis meditor
jam commodè exequi non potero. Illud veriſſimum
eft, tum Bufones tum Lacertas vexatas lactei cujuſdam
liquoris guttulas undiq; emittere; nec cur ita id fa-
ciant video, nifi fubfint ſtimuli ad vulnus infligendum,
quo tantùm eas nocere arbitror. Huc accedit ob fi-
milem rationem, quod nec te nec D. Willughby latet,
inter Vermiculos è quibusproximâ fæturâ fiunt Sca-
rabæi, unum genus reperiri paflim in ſylvis admodum
viroſi atq; ingrati odoris depaſcens folia Populi
albæ : hunc, inquam, Vermiculum, fi lacefſiveris, ftatim
exerit duplicem ordinem Stimulorum inſignium, qui
antea aut ex plano erant cum ſuperiore parte corporis,
aut certè velut parva tubercula paululum eminentes:
in ſummis autem apicibus ſtimulorum ftant fingulæ gut-
tulæ lacteæ : fi beftiolam vexare paulifper mittas, pro-
tinùs ſubſidunt & guttulæ & ftimuli, idq; toties ex-
periri licet, quoties animalculum vexaveris. Plura
poffem adjicere in hanc rem,eftq; tum copiofiffima tum
jucundiſſima contemplatio de Telis, quibus animalia &
inferunt & propellunt injurias: fed ampliùs nec pagina
nec epiftolæ modus patitur. Vale xiv Calend. Janua-
rias. (1664. ut opinor.]
:
Mr. Wray to Mr. Liſter at St. John's.
7. Wray D. Martino Lifter S. D.
NO
OS hic nuper Arbores nonnullas, Betulam v.g.
Acer majus Sycomorum vulgo dictum, Alnum,
Fraxinum, Corylum & Caftaneam vulneravimus, ut
indè ſuccos colligeremus. In aliis expectationi noftræ
eventus non reſpondit, at in Betulâ & Acere majore
etiam ſuperavit, fiquidem medio Februario, inciſione
factâ
G2

44 Mr. Wray to Mr. Lifter.
factâ liquor nutritius ubertim extillabat, diu noctúq;
abfq; ullâ intermiffione, non obftante frigoris poſt
ſubſecuti vehementiâ; etiam cùm fuccus ftatim poft
egreſſum ſuum è vulnere in ſtirias concreſceret, ante-
quam in vas ei excipiendo ſubjectum defluere poſſet,
donec tandem in ipfis pororum ofculis congelafcens ea
penitùs obftrueret. Sed & tunc quoq; Arbor interdiu
denuò lacrymare cæpit quamprimùm fol glaciem
diſſolverat, & occluſos pororum meatus referârat.
Abfq; intermiſſione dico, non tamen omnino fine re-
miffione ; frigus enim fluxum inhibebat, quamvis non
omnino fifteret, unde tempeftate calidâ copiofiùs
quàm frigidâ, & interdiu quàm internoctu ob eandem
rationem deftillabat. Tu ſi modò otium, animus, &
facultas fuerit, eadem & his fimilia experiaris rogo,
non tantùm in modò memoratis, ſed in aliis quibuſ-
cunq; Arboribus, ut collatis poftea experimentis, vel
novis à te factis erudiamur, vel concurrentibus confir-
memur, vel contrariis convincamur. Nec enim ve-
riſimile eſt pariter utriſq; ſucceſſurum, aut utrofq; ea-
dem obſervaturos, quin alteri inter experiendum ob-
venient vel ſuccurrent plurima, quæ alteri vel nunquam
contigerint, vel in mentem nunquam venerint. Verùm
aliàs de his plura, cùm reliqua quæ nobiſmetipfis
experienda proponimus abfolverimus. Superett ut
tibi gratias agamus, (Ego & D. Willughby) quod nos
inſigni errore liberâſti. Cùm enim olim Gallinagines
minores Snipes vulgò dictas, & minimas tibi Gids,
Nobis Jack-Snipes titulo cognitas pro unâ & eâdem
ſpecie habuerimus, & fexu tantùm differre credidimus,
partim vulgari præjudicio abrepti, partim quòd forte
fortunâ nobis oblati funt in hoc genere duo aut tres
Mares, in illo totidem Feminæ ; occaſione tuarum
literarum exactiore ſcrutinio facto, in utroq; genere
tum Mares tum Fæminas obſervavimus.
Dabam Media Ville 3 Non. Mart. 1668. i. e. 13 Mar.
Mr.

45
Mr. Liſter in Anſwer to Mr. Wray.
M. L.D.J. Wray fuo S. D.
DE
E Bufonibus hoc addo, mihi compertum effe,
non ſine inſigni periculo, eos lacefſitos poffe
longè ejaculari iſtum liquorem lacteum, de quo ad te
antea fcripfi, & præcipue, de dorſo, cervice &c. mini-
mè de ore, aut ano. Rem tamen fummâ cautione ur-
geo, earumq; beſtiolarum genus in ſpecies aliquot di-
Guxi. ****
Idibus Martiis 1668.
Mr. Wray to Mr. Lifter.
Jo. Wray D. Martino Liſter ſuo S. D.
D.
UM Ceftriæ hæfimus, fortè fortunâ allatus eft
ad urbem Delphinus antiquorum, noftratibus
Porpeſe dictus, à piſcatore quodam in vado captus, à
quo eum modico pretio emimus. Erat autem piſ-
cis mediocris, longitudine unius ulnæ, non ſquamoſus.
In fronte fiftulam habuit, quâ & reſpirare potuit &
aquam rejectare : tres duntaxat pinnas, in medio dor-
ſo unam, in ventre geminas, non procul à branchia-
rum loco, nam branchiis caret. Singulare eft, in hoc
piſce cauda ad corporis planum tranſverſa, i. e. hori-
zonti parallela & non perpendicularis, ut in aliis om-
nibus
quos
mihi hactenus videre contigit; nam è ge-
nere Cetaceo nullus antea mihi confpeétus. Cerebrum
ei & Cerebellum ampliſſima, piâ & durâ matre inftru-
eta, cranio oſſeo inclufa, & Quadrupedum cerebris
demptâ figurâ externâ, (quæ in hoc latior erat nec
adeò producta quàm in illis) perſimilia. Quin & Af-
peram arteriam & Pulmones habuit Quadrupedum
more,

46
Mr. Wray to Mr. Liſter.
more, qui folle inflati intumeſcebant, coloréinq; &
fpeciem Bovinorum Caninorúmve omnino exhibebant.
Cor gemino ventriculo inſtructum, cum eodem Val-
vularum tricuſpidum & ſemilunarium apparatu. Dia-
phragma muſculoſum. Hepar vel non omnino vel
modicè in duos lobos diviſum. Ventriculus membra-
nofus duplex. Inteſtina Meſenterio annexa longiffima
48 pedum menfuram implebant. Tenuium & craffo-
rum diſtinctio nulla, nullum Inteftinum cæcum, nul-
lum Omentum, nulla Cyftis fellea. Pancreas amplum
manifeſto ductu Inteftinum perforat. Renes magni
ad Bovinos accedentes, ex plurimis Granulis ſeu Glan-
dibus conglomerati, plani & non gibboſi, aut interiore
parte concavi, Ureteres ab inferiore extremitate egre-
diuntur. Veſica urinaria pro piſcis mole exigua. Pe-
nis longus, tenuis, in vaginam reductus latitat ut bo-
vinus : Teftes intra cavitatem abdominis, longiuſculi,
fuis vafis præparantibus & deferentibus inſtructi. In
fummâ, partium omnium interiorum ſtructura ad qua-
drupedes proximè accedit: nec puto eum fine Reſpi-
ratione per quadrantem unius horæ durare poſſe. Coit,
generat, & educat Fætus ut Quadrupeda. Quin &
Cerebri moles (quæ pro corporis ratione huic major
eft quàm pleriſq; quadrupedibus) fagaciffimum eſſe
arguit hoc animal, unde fortaffe fabulofa non fuerint
quæ à veteribus de ejus ingenio & manſuetudine lite-
ris prodita funt. Aftantium turba, curioſè omnia ri-
mari & accuratam anatomen inftituere, nos non per-
miſit. Alia tamen plura obſervavimus, quæ nè epi-
ftolæ modum nimis excedam, prætereo. Unum ad-
jiciam. Totum corpus copiosâ & densâ pinguedine,
(piſcatores Blubber vocant) duorum plus minus digito-
rum craffitie undiq; integebatur, immediatè fub cute
& ſupra carnem muſculofam fitâ ut in Porcis; ob
quam rationem, & quod porcorum grunnitum quad-
antenus imitetur, Porpele; i. e. Porcum piſcem di-
ctum eum exiſtimo. Sed de Delphino hâc vice plus
fatìs. Vidimus inſuper Ceftriæ Feminam cornige-
ram,

Mr. Wray to Mr. Liſter.
47
ram, cujus ad te famam jampridem perveniſſe puto-
Si Maſculum cornutum ibi vidifſemus, res non adeò
mira fuiſſet. Præterea Encraſicholos piſces, ſeu An-
chovas non procul inde in mari captos vidimus. Su-
pereft ut tibi aperiam, & in finum tuum effundam
quod me non leviter pupugit. Pudet pigétq; Tabu-
larum iftarum Botanicarum, in quibus conficiendis ſe
operâ meâ uſum eſſe prodidit Epiſcopus Ceftrienſis.
Plurimùm interfuiffet famæ meæ eas aut nunquam
fuiſſe editas, aut faltem ſuppreſſo nomine : funt enim
confuſæ & errorum pleniffimæ. Tu quia nondum
penitiùs eas introſpexeris ideò non damnas. Dr. Mo-
riſon in opuſculo nuper edito, cui Præludia Botanica
titulum fecit, illas, illarúmq; tacito nomine autorem,
an pro meritis an indignis modis excepit, aliorum judi-
cium efto. Nec tamen mirum Tabulas confuſas er-
roneas & imperfectas effe, cùm trium tantùm hebdo-
madum opus fuerint, ego verò nihil antea ejuſmodi
deftinaveram, nec de eo unquam cogitaveram. Præ-
terea in iis ordinandis coactus fum non naturæ ductum
ſequi, fed ad Autoris methodum præſcriptam Plantas
accommodare, quæ exegit ut Herbas in tres Turmas
ſeu tria Genera quamproximè æqualia diſtribuerem,
fingulas deinde Turmas in novem Differentias illi dictas
h. e. Genera Subalterna dividerem, ità tamen ut fingu-
lis Differentiis Subordinatæ Plantæ certum numerum
non excederent: tandem ut Plantas unà binas copula-
rem feu in paria diſponerem. Quæ jam fpes eft me-
thodum hanc abſolutam fore & non potiùs imper-
fectiffimam & abſurdam? qualem eam ipſe libenter &
ingenuè agnoſco, non tam exiſtimationi meæ quàm
veritati ftudens. Utcunq; tamen Autorem illum me-
rito contemno, qui quamvis adeò inſons fit, ut nec
latine ſcribere nôrit, tam putidè tamen ſibi adulatur,
& ftolidè fuperbit, ut viros millecuplo ſe doctiores
contemnat, & iniquè fecum actum putet, quod non
jampridem in Cathedram Profefforiam evectus fit.
Dum verò Societatem Regiam ineptiflimè fugillat, fe-
ipſum

48
Mr. Wray to Mr. Liſter.
nat.
ipſum fanis omnibus & cordatis viris deridendum propi-
Sed hæc mitto. De Bufonibus mira narras,
& quæ ego alio autore vix credidiſſem. Obſervatio-
nes tuæ in tuto funt, & focietati jampridem commu-
nicatæ, quæ earum autori ignoto quamvis gratias agi
juſſit. Vale.
Dabam Middletoni Nonis Maii 1669. i. e. Maii 7.
a
In a Latin Letter of Sir Philip Skippon's
to Mr. Wray of June 1669, I find
this, viz.
A
D Luddi portam nuper erat effoffum antiquum
monumentum hâc inſcriptione.
D M
VIVIO MARCI
ANO 7 LEG. II.
AVG IANVARIA
MARINA CONIVNX
PIENTISIMA POSV
IT ME MORIAM
In eodem lapide eſt figura Militis.
Mr. Wray to Mr. Liſter at Nottingham.
HE
Dear Sir,
Middleton Novemb. 15. 1669.
Aving now receiv'd a ſecond Letter from you in
Engliſh,
I look upon my
ſelf as licenſed to an-
iwer you in your own Language. I am extremely
obliged to you for the Catalogue of Plants you ſent
encloſed, they coming very opportunely, now that
I am (chiefly by your Initigation and Encourage-
ment

Mr. Wray to Mr. Liſter.
49
ment) reviſing and preparing for the Preſs my general
Catalogue of Engliſh Plants, which I hope to finiſh
and get publiſhed by the next Spring. I ſhall go over
all yours, and give you an Account which are to me
unknown, and which I have not yet met withal in
England.
Muſcus Denticulatus major Park, which you ſay
grows plentifully in Springs, it was never yet my For-
tune to find in England.
Muſcus Corniculatus Park, is frequent with us here-
abouts, and with the like Scarlet Tops.
Muſcus Clavatus, five Lycopodium, grows (as you well
obſerve) on all the Moors in Yorkſhire, Derbyſhire, &c.
plentifully, and on Hamſtead-Heath, near London.
Muſcus Clavatus Cupreſiformis Park. or Sabina Syla
veſtris Trag. I have obſerved plentifully on Inglebo-
rough-Hill, and alſo on Caderidris and Snowdon Hills
in Wales.
Your Moſs, like the Pine-tree, I ſuppoſe is the
ſame which I call Muſcus ere&tus abietiformis, and
have found on many of the Moors.
Tilia Femina is a Tree very common in Ellex, and
many other Counties of England : I mean the Fee -
mina minor of Park. for the major I have not as yet
ſeen any where with us fpontaneous.
I know not
what to make of the Tilia Mas, but fufpect it to be
all one with the Carpinus, or Horn-Beam.
Ornus, five Fraxinus Sylv. Park. is common alſo
hereabouts, though ineptly ſo called.
Erica Baccifera Nigra Park. I have alſo with you
obſerved plentifully on all the Moors. It grows alſo
on a Heath within a Mile of this place.
The other two Sorts of Erica you mention, are
frequent on all the Heaths of England.
Scorodonia alſo is a Plant moſt common in the
Woods in almoft all Parts of England, excepting
Cambridgeſhire.
H
Sonchus
a
a

50 Mr. Wray to Mr. Liſter.
a
Sonchus Levis alter parvis Floribus, is no rare one ;
and two years ſince I found it within a mile of Gam-
bridge.
Hieracium re&tum rigidum, quibuſdam Sabaudumy. B.
& Hierac. Fruticoſum Anguſtifolium majus Park. I do
not diſtinguiſh, but make the ſame, and therefore
defire you to tell wherein you put the Difference.
The Plant I have obſerved in many fandy and ſome
rocky Grounds.
Your Thlaſpi Fruticoſum Leucoii an Globularia Folio
latiſimo, is, for ought I know, a non deſcript. I de-
fire, if you have any of it dried, to ſend me a Branch.
I look upon it as a great Diſcovery, if it be not Ca-
melina Ger.
Pyrola vulgaris noſtras I have found in many Places
in the North.
I am much to ſeek what your Leucoium, or Heſpe-
ris, with a very broad Leaf, ſhould be, unleſs per-
chance Burſæ paftoris loculo oblongo affinis pulchra plan-
ta 7. B. which I have found in Craven.
Lychnis Sylveſtris flore purpureo, is a Plant every
where very common, and doubtleſs may be found in
Cambridgeſhire, though omitted in the Catalogue.
The Knoutberry I have found on all thoſe Hills you
mention, but with the Fruit only on Hinckell-hoe.
Raſpberry is alſo frequent on the Mountains both
in Wales and in the North.
Mentaftrum, &c. Park. I have ſeen growing wild
in one or two Places.
Capilli Veneris veri fimiles I deſire to ſee a Leaf of,
if
you have it dried. I gueſs it to be that which I
have ſtyled Filix Saxatilis caule tenui fragili.
Trachelium majus Belgarum in the mountainous
Parts of Derbyſhire and Yorkſhire, &c. is very com-
mon in the Hedges and Thickets.
Digitalis purpurea is every where to be found in
ſandy and rocky Grounds.
Anagallis

Mr. Wray to Mr. Liſter.
SI
Anagallis lutea nemorum is no leſs common in the
Woods.
Alchimilla vulgaris grows not only in all Moun-
tainous Meadows and Paſtures, but alſo plentifully in
the Meadows hereabouts.
Turritis vulgatior is, notwithſtanding its Name, no
ordinary Plant with us.
Rhamnus primus Diofc. I my ſelf have not ſeen in
England; but by Dr. Mapletoft was informed, that
it grew wild on the Sea-Coaſt of Lincolnſhire, which
you now confirm.
The low fort of Salix you mention, I take to be
the Salix Anguſtifolia repens of Park: which I have
ſeen wild in many places, but not in Cambridgeſhire.
You have been more fortunate than I in finding Va-
leriana Græca, which I have fought in vain among
Fourneſje Fells, where I was informed by T. Williſeil
that it grew wild.
Solanum lignofum flo. albo may, for ought I ſee, be
a new Species.
Lathyrus ſylveſtris lignoſior Park. is to be found in
the Woods in moſt Counties of England, except
thoſe Midland Clay Grounds in Cambridgeſhire, Bed-
fordſhire, &c.
Your ſmall Lathyrus, with a pale yellowith Flower,
is to me unknown, and I believe a non defcript.
Vacciniu nigra vulgaria few Counties of England
The Paluſtria Thymi Foliis are more rare,
though hereabouts we have them in great Plenty.
The Roſe with the large prickly Fruit I take to be
the Roſa ſylveſtris pomifera major Park. which I have
obſerved in many places of Yorkſhire.
Alfine aquatica folio oblongo is a Stranger to few
Places.
Phalangium neſcio cujus, is it not Pſeudoafphodelus
Lancaſtrenſis? which is common in boggy Places in
the North and Weſt of England.
Geraniune
want.
H 2

52 Mr. Wray to Mr. Liſter.
Geranium mufcum olens I have found, yet never but
once, wild in England that I remember.
Biſtorta, &c. I have ſeen in the Meadows about us
here.
Crocus Autumnalis pratenſis, unleſs you mean Col-
chicum (which in the Weſt Parts of England I have
obſerved plentifully growing wild) I know not.
Raphanus Ruſticanus I never met with in the Fields
or Meadows, where I could be aſſured it came fpon-
taneouſly
So, Sir, I have diſpatch'd your Catalogue, and you
may well wiſh that my Letter too were diſpatch'd;
but I have from Mr. Willughby a Buſineſs of private
Concernment. I could wiſh you would take the Pains
to reviſe my Catalogue of Plants before it goes to the
Preſs. If you will do me that Kindneſs, I will ſend
the Copy over to you the next Opportunity.
Sir,
Your very affectionate Friend,
and bumble Servant,
John Wray
Mr. Wray to Mr. Liſter.
I
me, and,
SIR,
Middleton Decemb. 10. 1669.
Have peruſed the dried Plants you
ſent
according to my beſt Judgment, added Names to
ſuch as wanted, and do now with Thanks return you
them back again. The Plant you judged to be a
Thlaſpi, is nothing elſe but Glaſium; and that which
you titled Lotus, is Fumaria alba claviculata. Your
Heſperis

Mr. Wray to Mr. Lifter. 53
a
Heſperis is to me altogether new, never before ſeen
in England, or elſewhere : Whether it be by me
rightly referred, you are better able to judge, who
have ſeen the Plant growing, and its Flower in Per-
fection. The Mentaſtrum I have found growing
wild plentifully about Florence, but never in England.
That which you ſtyle Capillo Veneris vero fimilis, I
make to be a ſort of Adianthum aureum. I have often
in moiſt Places found ftraggling Branches of ſuch
Leaves at the Roots of Adianthum aureum minus, but
never growing ſo many and thick together from the
fame Root, all of the ſame kind, but once, and in
ſuch a Place as yours was now found. That you may
be convinc'd, that the Muſcus you ſtyled Denticulatus
major, is not that ſo named by Herbariſts, I have, out
of Mr. Willughby's Store, ſent you two Branches of
the Muſcus denticulatus major, which I muſt entreat
you to return again, at leaſt one of them. We have
made bold to take part of ſuch of your Plants as we
wanted, where you might well ſpare it. If you have
any Sorts of Muſhromes ſpecifically diſtinct from thoſe
I have inſerted, and of whoſe Names you are ſure;
I ſhould be glad of them, and willingly afford them
Room. Such of your Grafſes as I have not put
Names to I am as yet doubtful of. The Roſes you
mention I am well acquainted with; the leſſer, being
the Pimpernell Roſe of Gerard, you will find ſome-
thing of in my Catalogue, which I herewithal fend
you, entreating you to read it over ſo ſoon as your
Leiſure will permit, to correct, as you ſhall ſee Cauſe,
and to ſend me your Animadverſions and Remarks
upon it, and ſuch additional Obſervations of your
own as I have omitted. I ſhould be glad to know
whether you have obſerved and conſidered the ſmall
Caryophyllus growing near Nottingham, (as I take it
about the Gallows) becauſe Th. Williſell would per-
fuade me that it is diſtinct from that found about
fandy, and ſeveral other Places of England. I once
faw

54 Mr. Wray to Mr. Liſter.
faw it, but did not take exact Notice of it, and whe-
ther you have heeded the Polemonium Petreum Gef-
neri, which he brought us from Nottingham Caſtle
Walls. Many things there are in this Catalogue
which I have not ſufficiently cleared; however, I
am reſolved now to huddle it out, and get my Hands
rid of it. One thing I muſt not omit to tell you,
that I have robb'd you of the Credit thoſe Obſerva-
tions you communicated to the Society have gain'd
in Foreign Parts, by letting my Name ſtand before
them, and ſuffering yours to be ſuppreſſed; for I hear
they are attributed to me: Whereas I never had ei-
ther the Wit to find out, or the good Fortune to
hit upon any fo confiderable and unobvious Experi-
ments. Proceed in your ingenious Studies and En-
quiries, for methinks Providence doth ſeem remark-
ably to ſucceed your Endeavours, and communicate
ſomewhat of your Diſcoveries from time to time to,
Sir,
Your very affectionate Friend,
and bumble Servant
John Wray.
Mr. Liſter to Mr. Wray.
I
My dear Friend,
Friday,
A M glad to hear you commend Salmaſius; I ne-
ver yet read the Preface, but you ſpeak judiciouſly
of the Work: I remember you once took away the
Prejudice I had againſt Pliny, and I have ever
ſince look'd upon him as a great Treaſure of Learning,
I could

Mr. Liſter to Mr. Wray. 55
a
I could wiſh that you would give us your Thoughts
too of both the Ancient and Modern Hiſtorians, and
add this to your Preface. I remember my Lord
Bacon rafhly cenſures all, and rejects the whole Deſign
as fupervacaneous; but yet methinks, not without
ſome Contradiction to his own Principles; for if a par-
ticular Nature or Phänomenon may be in ſome parti-
cular Body more bare and obvious, without doubt the
greater Number we have of particular Hiſtories, the
plentifuller and clearerLight we may expect from them.
For my part, I think it abſolutely neceſſary, that an
exact and minute diſtinction of things precede our
Learning by particular Experiments, what different
Parts each Body or Thing may conſiſt of; likewiſe
concerning the beſt and moſt convenient ways of fe-
paration of thoſe Parts, and their Virtues and Force
upon human Bodies, as to the Uſes of Life; all theſe,
beſides the different Textures, are things ſubſequent
to Natural Hiſtory, unleſs you make the laſt Affiltant,
as indeed all the reſt are, were they truly known;
but I am too bold to venture thus much, before my
Maſter, and I hope you will now ſoon let the World
know they have too long neglected what you can
teach them to prize. Another time we will, if you
pleaſe, talk of the Advantage England has in being an
Illand, to ſet a copy of this Nature to the reſt of the
World, and to ſet forth exactly what ſhe has of her
I am but a learner, and a very young one in
Minerals, but I am pretty confident that it is yellow
Amber they find not unplentifully after great Storms
on Lindſey Coaſt
. I have near lib. 1. by me that I bought
of the poor Fiſhermen's Wifes at Thedle Thorpe ; ſome
Pieces of it are tranſparent and of a dark yellow; 0-
thers alike tranſparent, but of a brighter yellow ; 0-
thers again are of a pale yellow and troubled, as though
they were fattiſh: likewiſe of the Jet, i. e. the great
Pieces and Grove, i.e. the ſmall Duft, I have or both
by me, and I doe think them not Channel becauſe
they
a
own.
a
a

56
Mr. Liſter to Mr. Wray.
they burn with much Difficulty, and not kindled but
on Wind Hearths as I may call them, being the Coun-
try People that uſe of it have Fire Hearths made on
purpoſe for that Fuel, that have Holes under them
which are pierced thro’the Foundation of their Houſes;
whence an unmannerly Proverb is uſed among them,
Neighbour, is the Wind in your Hole this Morning ? That
is, have you the Conveniency of keeping in Fire to
Day; elſe it grimes not, is light, and many Pieces
if rubb’d will draw Straws; if I have an Opportunity
I will ſend you of the one and of the other, and alſo
the Legs of the Buzzard, for that's all I have of it
by me ; but upon comparing them with the Kite, the
Bald Buzzard, and Wood Buzzard, you'll find them
exceedingly different : But Mr.Willoughby did almoſt
perſuade me it was the Milvus æruginoſus. Aldr. for in-
deed it is of a ſelf Colour that is all over of one ruſty Co-
lour juſt like the ruft of Iron as you may gueſs by what
Feathers yet ſtick to the Knees. You'll be pleas’d, at your
.
beſt Leiſure, to ſend me an account of the Authors
that have written of Minerals and Foſſils, for I am, as I
faid, but a beginner in this part of Natural Hiſtory,
and I have great Encouragement, beſides my Profef-
ſion, not to be ignorant in this Part eſpecially, having
great hopes of conſiderable Mines in my own Lordſhip
in Craven; therefore I would furniſh my ſelf with the
beft Authors.
I had written almoſt hitherto when Mr.Willughby's
Keeper brought me the happy Piece I ſo long deſired
to ſee; I read it over forthwith greedily, and am ex-
tremely pleaſed that you have added the particular U.
ſes to the Titles. I have no Additions to make you
an Offer of, only I read it not without Pen Ink and
Paper by me, on which I now and then ſcrawlled
ſomething, and have taken the boldneſs to ſend it
you.
Mr.

Mr. Liſter to Mr. Wray.
52
Mr. Willughby was, as it were, deſirous to know
ſomething farther of me concerning my Hiſtory of
Spiders : The whole is yet unperfect; but, however,
I have tranſcribed the Tables, that he may for the
future join with me, and affiſt me in the Proſecution
of my Deſign, as to this Part of the Hiſtory of In-
ſects: For, for the other Parts, I muſt neglect them
in a manner; but this will ſtill be my particular Am-
bition, to look after with Care. He may freely
command my Papers at any Time; and when you
have corrected the Style, (for there muſt be Faults in
it) if you think fit, make him a Preſent of it in my
Name; or otherwiſe, make uſe of it as to your Ta-
bles now in hand.
I thank you for the Pains you took to note my
Plants, and to name them; it is a great Satisfaction
to me. I have, in Acknowledgment; fent you the
Things mentioned in this Letter, viz. of our Amber
and Jet. One thing I muſt add, that you may not
think that this is caſually caſt upon the Shote, for it
is the conitant Effect, more or leſs, of Winter Storms;
and the poor drive a kind of a ſmall Trade with it,
the Apothecaries and others buying it of them at
about 3 d. an Ounce. Alſo I fénd a Leg of the Buſ-
fard, a preſerved Medler: To theſe add, by way
of Prefent, a couple of Paſtills; or ſmall Cakes of the
Juices dried in the Sun, of our Engliſh Store of
Plants ; they are unmix'd, and purely natural, as they
were taken from the Plants by Inciſion: The one
was in the drawing or iſſuing out of the plant a Pur-
ple Juice; the other of a Gold Colour: The one
burns freely with a Flame, and is of no offenſive or
ungrateful Smell; the other burns not at all with a
Flame, at leaſt continues it not, and is intoxicating:
They are both bitter. Gueſs me the Plants that af-
ford them, & eris mihi, ut revera es, magnus Apollo:
I have a Score of different Juices beſides by me in
Cakes; but theſe are (if I miſtake not; at leaſt to the
a
I
beft

$8
Mr. Liſter to Mr. Wray.
beſt of my Knowledge) no where made Mentiori of
by any Author, altho' the Plants be common in Eng-
land. They are the Juices of no Fruit, but of the
Body of the Plant.
Dec. 22. 1669.
Mr. Wray to Mr. Liſter,
I
Dear SIR,
Return
you
moſt hearty Thanks for the Pains you
took in peruſing my Catalogue, and for your
Animadverſions and Obſervations thereupon. Your
Opinion grounded upon Experience, that Opium and
all Opiates are highly venereal, if taken moderately,
I willingly embrace. The Reaſon which induced
me to ſubſcribe to the common Opinion, was not be-
cauſe I imagined them to be cold, as the former Phy-
ficians fondly conceited, but becauſe they do in a
large Doſe fix the Spirits, and inhibit their Motion,
as appears in that they are Anodynous and Soporife-
rous; and the Sperm being a fpirituous Body, I was
thence induced to think that they might hinder its
'Turgeſcency. But, upon farther Conſideration and
Enquiry, I find the Effects of Opium to be ſomething
analogous to thoſe of Wine, and other generous Li-
quors; which, moderately drunk, incite to Venery,
but to Exceſs, become ſoporiferous and narcotick,
extinguiſhing that Appetite: Whence it is ſuppoſed
to proceed, that the Germans are of all Nations moſt
continent, and leaſt addicted to Women. I thank
you likewiſe for your Note out of Olearius concern-
ing Hemp, which I have now entred. I intend to
follow your Advice, in adding ſomething to my Pre-
face concerning the Utefulneſs of being particular
and

Mr. Wray to Mr. Liſter.
59
a
and exact in Natural Hiſtory: But much I have not
to ſay concerning that Point; and I am fearful of
enlarging my Book, and ſwelling it to a greater Bulk
than may commodiouſly be carried about in ones
Pocket, for that will make it unuſeful, and confe-
quently leſs ſaleable; beſides that, it is not proper to
fet a great Porch before a ſmall Houſe. I muſt not
forget to thank you for the Preſent you ſent me,
I agree with you, that what you ſent in ſmall Pieces,
and conſequently the reſt of the fame Nature caſt up
on your Coaſt of Lindſey, is Yellow Amber. The
like Variety of Colours is obſerved in it where-ever
it is found; and the other great Piece is truly Jet,
and not Cannell
. By the Leg of the Buzzard, and
the Deſcription you formerly ſent me, I am confi-
I
dently perſuaded it is the Milvus Æruginoſus Aldrov.
As for the Authors who have written of Minerals and
Foſſils, I have not been ſo convertant in that Part of
Learning as to be able to give any Judgment con-
cerning them. Georgius Agricola de re Metallicâ, &
de Naturá Foſilium, is of all Men approved, though
I muſt confefs my ſelf never to have read him; and
I ſuppoſe Lazarus Erker, a German, is a good Writer
on that Subject. I have run over Kircher's Mundus
Sabterraneus, though I muſt needs ſay I was not much
I
improved by it; yet ſome Uſe may be made of it.
Some Help it hath been to me to have ſeen various
Collections of Minerals with their ſeveral Titles in
Cabinets beyond the Seas. I am not ſo cunning as to
tell, or give any probable Gueſs, what thoſe Plants
ſhould be whoſe Juices you ſent: Indeed I do not
pretend to a critical Palate, but I muſt deſire to be
informed by you. Of your Table of Spiders I ſhall
at preſent add nothing. I doubt not but it will be
of great Uſe to me, when I ſhall have Leiſure to pro-
ſecute that Enquiry. Since I received my Catalogue
from your Hands, I have procured ſome conſiderable
Experiments and Obſervations medical from Dr. Need-
bam,
I 2

60 Mr. Wray to Mr. Liſter.
bam, and ſome other ingenious Phyſicians of my Ac-
quaintance ; ſo that I have not yet ſent it to be
printed.
Middleton, Feb. 13. 1669.
Mr. Liſter at Craven to Mr. Wray at
Middleton-Hall.
1
My Dear S IR,
Have been adding this laſt Year's Notes to the
former, and I have found enough to cauſe me to
make conſiderable Alterations and Amendments every
where, and eſpecially in the Table (of Spiders] I fent
you : So that I could wiſh it in my Hands again;
and (if you think it worth the while) an other of
yours in Exchange. I am ſorry that your Catalogue
is not yet i’th' Preſs; and yet, methinks, thoſe Ex-
periments that you tell me you have received from
Dr. Needham, and your other Friends, will be mighty
Enrichments: I long to ſee what they are. As for
the Juices I ſent you, the one is drawn from Centau-
reum Luteum, the other from Lactuca Sylveftris. My
Notes of this Nature being, for the moſt part, but
of one Year's ftanding, I am loth to venture raw Con-
jectures, even before ſo kind a Judge as you are of my
Papers 3 otherwiſe, I aſſure you, there is nothing I have
obſerved or tried, but I would willingly impart. I know
you have not been un-employed about proſecuting
your Experiments upon Trees, and I Thould be glad
to know the Succeſs, both as to the Motion of the Sap
in them, and likewiſe the Texture ; about which laît
I am confident Mr. Willugbby is very thoughtful and
diligent, and I hope fortunate
Mr.

61
Mr. Wray to Mr. Liſter.
I
Dear S IR,
Have fent
you
encloſed two Papers; the one con-
taining Deſcriptions of Birds, which
you com-
municated to Mr. Will at his laſt being at Wollarton;
to which we have added the Latin Names of Aldrov.
Only the third I take to be a Fowl diſtinct from the
common Widgeon, which is not unknown to you.
Indeed I do not remember that ever I ſaw any Bird
of the Duck-kind, which hath a Circle of white
Feathers round about the ſetting on of the Bill. Your
Deſcriptions of the reſt that I have ſeen are very exact.
The other Paper being a Table of our Engliſh Spiders
I have ſent, not that I can diſcover any Error or De-
fect in it, but becauſe you deſire it. In proſecuting
the Experiments about the Aſcent and Motion of the
Sap in Trees, I was interrupted by a few Fits of a
Tertian Ague; which, I thank God, I have been
now a good while rid of. Something I have ſince
done; of the Succeſs I will give you an Account
when the Seaſon of Bleeding is quite over. Some
Experiments I have made this Spring, which ſeem
not well to agree with thoſe I made the laſt. My
Catalogue I believe is not yet begun, the Undertaker,
Mr. Martin, ſtaying for a new Letter: He promiſeth
me to take ſpecial Care both of the Letter and Paper,
and correcting, that it may, in all Reſpects, be well
done. My Collection of Proverbs I have given to
Mr. Morden of Cambridge, who deſired it of me, and
promiſes to get it well printed. We do now ſhortly
expect the Biſhop of Cheſter here, for whom princi-
pally I ſtay at preſent, my private Affairs calling me
into Elex. When I have had Conference with him,
and

62 Mr. Wray to Mr. Liſter.
and ſettled and ſtated Things concerning his Univerſal
Character, I intend to ſet afreſh upon and diſpatch the
Tranſlation, that ſo I may be free to proſecute my
own Inclinations and Studies. Having but little
Time, I can add no more than my beſt wiſhes and
Prayers for you, and for your Lady's good Succeſs;
remaining, as always.
Mr. Wray to Mr. Lifter.
TH
a
Dear SIR,
Wollarton, April 28.1670.
HIS next Week we expect the Biſhop of Che-
fter at Middleton, who defires our Alliance in
altering and amending his Tables of Natural Hiſtory.
To make exact Philoſophical Tables, you know, is
a Matter very difficult, not to ſay impoffible: To
make ſuch as are tolerable, requires much Diligence
and Experience, and is Work enough for one Man's
whole Life; and therefore we had need call in all the
Affiſtance we can from our Friends; eſpecially being
not free to follow Nature, but forced to bow and
ſtrain Things to ſerve a Deſign, according to the Exi-
gency of the Character. To what Purpoſe you'll ſay
is all this? To make Excuſe for this Importunity in
begging your Table of Spiders, which I earneftly de-
fire you would ſend us to Middleton as ſoon as poſſibly
you can; tho' not ſo perfect as you intend it, yet as
it is: For this Work hath ftuck long upon our Hands,
and we do now reſolve to diſpatch, and get quit of it.
My general Catalogue I have lately heard nothing of:
I am afraid they have not yet begunit. Some Weeks
ſince the Bookſeller wrote to me, to know whether
I would be willing to reſpite the Printing of it for a
Fortnight, till he might get a new Letter caſt for it.
I re-

Mr. Wray to Mr. Liſter.
63
I return'd him an Anſwer, that I was willing, if he
thought it for his own Intereſt, becauſe I thought it
would be for the Advantage of the Book. My Col-
lection of EngliſhProverbs I have alſo diſpatch'd away
to Mr. Morden, who deſires the Printing of it. Be-
ing e're long to take a Journey into Elex, I accom-
panied Mr. Willughby hither, partly to take a View
of theſe Parts at this Seaſon of the Year > partly out
of fome Hopes (though I confeſs very little) of find-
ing you here. I have here obſerved growing about
Nottingham-Caſtle Walls the Lychnis, called by Gef-
ner, Polemonium Petreum; which I remember to
have ſometimes mention'd to you, brought us firſt
from thence by Williſell. And, on the ſandy Grounds,
a Sört of ſmall Vetch, now in Flower, which I have
not before obſerved; though it is likely it may elſe-
where be found. Alſo Auricula muris pulchro flore
7. B. and Naſturtium Petræum, by ſome called But-
ſa paſtoris minor, are frequent in the ſandy Grounds
hereabout, now in Flower: Elſe I have diſcover'd
nothing to me abſolutely new, tho' it is a little too
early in the Year for Simpling, eſpecially the Spring
being very backward.
Mr. Liſter's Anſwer to the foregoing Let-
ter of Mr. Wray.
TH
My dear Friend,
Carleton, June 4. 1670.
HE Beginning of May I returned an Anſwer
to both
your laſt Letters to me; and likewite
encloſed the Table of Spiders you defired of me.
They were ſent by the Poft to London, and I hope
did not miſcarry: However, I cannot be ſatisfied con-
cerning them until I hear from you; and therefore
I have

64
Mr. Wray to Mr. Liſter.
ar
tumn.
I have ſent you this Billet by Wollarton Gardiner from
Nottingham.
I cannot tell what to add; but that I intend
you
Account of my Simpling here, before or about Au-
Yet becauſe ſome Plants in your Catalogue
now in printing ſtand upon my Parole; concerning
the one of them, I was abundantly ſatisfied, having
found it in that Plenty above Skipton, and in the Beck
from thence: And as for Valeriana Græcan I have
found that alſo in an unqueſtionable Place this laſt
Week, both with a white Flower, and alſo a blue
one, viz. under Maulam Cozes a Place ſo remarkable,
that it is one of the Wonders of Craven. It grows
there on both Sides the Spring in great Tufts; and
if the Catalogue be not yet printed off, I could wiſh
that this place might be added to the former. I have
found many Plants near to me, which I will reſerve
to another Opportunity, not willing to make this
more than a Billet.
و
a
Dr. Hulſe to Mr. Wray.
A
SIR,
S to my Obſervations of Spiders projecting their
Threads, take them thus. I have ſeen them
íhoot their Webs three Yards long before they begin
to faile, and then they will (as it were) fly away in-
credibly ſwift: Which Phænomenon doth ſomewhat
puzzle me, feeing oftentimes the Air doth not move a
quarter fo faſt as they ſeem to fly. Moſtly they pro-
ject their Threads ſingle, without any dividing or
forking at all to be ſeen in them: Sometimes they
will ſhoot their Threads upward, and will mount up
with them in a Line almoft perpendicular; and at other
times

Dr. Hulſe to Mr. Wray. 65
times they project them in a Line parallel to the Plain
of the Horizon, as you may often ſee by their Threads
that run from one Tree to another, and likewiſe in
Chambers from one Wall to another. I confeſs,
this Obſervation, at firſt, made me think they could
fly, becauſe I could not conceive how a Thread
ſhould be drawn parallel between Walls, as above-
ſaid, unleſs the Spider flew through the Air in a ſtrait
Line. The way of forking their Threads may be ex-
preſs’d by the following Figure.
What Reaſon ſhould be given of
this dividing, I know not, except
that their Threads, being thus winged, become able
to ſuſtain them in the Air. They will often faſten
their Threads in ſeveral Places to the Things they
creep up; the Manner is by beating their Bums, or
Tails
, againſt them as they creep along. This Line
will expreſs the Way.
By this frequent beating in of their Thread among
the Aſperities of the place where they creep, they
either ſecure it against the Wind, that it is not ſo
eaſily blown away, or elſe whilſt they hang by it,
if one Stich break, another holds faſt; ſo that they
do not fall to the Ground. There is another thing
I have to deliver about theſe Webs; but as yet I am
in fome Doubts about it, and therefore at preſent I
ſhall remain.
Fune 28. ---70.
Note, Notwithſtanding this Letter of Dr. Hulle
was publiſhed by Mr. Oldenburgh from Mr. Wray, in
Phil. Tranſ. No. 65. Yet I think fit to reprint it,
that the Reader may have all the original Letters rem
lating to the firſt Diſcoverer of that curious Phäno-
menon of the Flight of Spiders, which I have ſpoken
of in my Phyſico-Theol
. Book 8. Ch. 4. Note 5.
K
The

66
Dr. Hulſe to Mr. Wray.
The true Hiſtory of the Invention I take to be
this. Some time after Mr. Wray's Return from his
Foreign Travels, (which was in March 166) Dr. Hulle
told him of Spiders darting their Threads, i.e. tranſ-
verſly, with Force,parallel to the Horizon. Mr. Wray
conſults Dr. Liſter about this, he being the beſt ac-
quainted with this Tribe of Animals of any Man. His
Letter to this Purpoſe you have Pag. 34. (which un-
fortunately is without the Date of the Year, but was,
I gueſs, in 1668) Dr. Liſter in his Anſwer, Pag: 36,
(without any other Date alſo than 10 Kal. Dec.) ac-
quaints him, that Spiders not only shoot out their
Threads, but fly alſo upon them, and ſhews the Man-
ner how he came to diſcover it. After this, Dr. Hulle
wrote this very Letter to Mr. Wray; which being cu-
rious, and particularly in relation to Spiders, Mr. Wray
fent an Account of it to the Royal Society; and
finding it queſtioned which of his two Friends,
Dr. Liſter, or Dr. Hulſe, firſt made the Diſcovery,
Mr. Wray writes the Letter of Excuſe following of
Jul. 17, 1670; and after that, the other of Apr. 13,
1671; which, no Doubt, gives the true State of the
Diſcovery, viz. That although Mr.Wray had the firſt
Hint from Dr. Hulſe of Spiders Shooting their Threads,
yet the Diſcovery of their Flight was firſt told him
by Dr. Liſter. And in all Probability theſe two in-
genious Gentlemen, bending at the ſame time their
Enquiries about the ſame Animals, might hit upon
the fame Diſcoveries. As I well remember, that
when I
my ſelf was firſt prying into this Matter, I
foon ſaw the Spiders take their Flight, as well as dart
their Webs from the Tops of Thiſtles, &c.
W.D.
Mr.

67
Mr. Wray to Mr. Liſter.
SIR,
F
Wollarton, June 29, 1670.
TOR my own part, I have made few Diſcoveries
in Plants this Summer; only I have obſerved
Gramen agrorum venti Spicâ Lob. to grow very plen-
tifully among the Corn in the ſandy Grounds in this
Country, and have now ſeen the Polemonium Petræum
Gefn. in Flower and Seed all about Nottingham-Caſtle
on the Walls and Rocks. The Pink which grows
by the Highway Sides of the fandy Hill you deſcend
going from Nottingham to Lenton, I find to be the
fame with that which grows on the Hills about Sandy
in Bedfordſhire, near Juniper-Hill in Cambridgeſhire,
Bridgenorth in Shropſhire, and in many Places of Berk-
Shire. Tho. Williſéll ſent me Alfine foliis hederaceis
rutæ modo divifis, (if I miſtake not I uſe Bauhine's
Name) which he found ſome where in Norfolk, and
a Sort of Willow growing about Darking, which, as
he faith, cafts its Bark, and ſtands bare fome part
of
the Year. Miſetoe growing on the Hazell, I took No-
tice of this Spring near Braintree in Eſſex; but that
is a Thing ſcarce worth the mentioning. Your Ex-
periments concerning the Motion of the Sap of Trees
do marvellouſly agree with thoſe we have this Year
made, as you may perceive by a Letter of Mr. Wil-
lughby's, inſerted in the Philoſophical Tranſactions,
wherein there is a bad Miſtake, which perverts the
Senſe, of the Word Morning inſtead of Noon. Mr.Wil-
lughby preſents his Service to you, and wonders you
ſhould ſtick ſo to the Number of 31 Species of Spi-
ders; whereas either he deceives himſelf, or he hath
found out many more, and believes there may be, at
the leaſt, double that Number- in England. In your
Table
IK 2

68 Mr. Wray to Mr. Liſter.
Table of Spiders I do not well underſtand the Term
Scutulata, whether it be to be underſtood of the
Texture and Meiſhes, or the Figure of the Webs.
Pardon this confus'd jumbling of Things together,
for I have not Leiſure enough to conſider what I
write, nor to add more.
Mr. Wray to Mr. Liſter.
alt nii
Dear Friend, Odi Middleton, July 17, 1670.
N
my laſt I committed a Miſtake, and therefore it
is requiſite I make Hafte to mend it. It was in
the Name of the Alline, which I told you Tho. Wil-
,
liſell found in Norfolk, and ſent to me. I ſhould have
titled it, Alfine folio profundè fexto, flore purpureo aut
violaceo J. B. Triphyllos cærulea C. B. The Name I
fent you in my laſt is Lobels. Tho. Willifell hath been
lately here in his Return out of the North, and
brought with him ſeveral rare, and ſome non-deſcript,
Plants, viz. Pyrola Alfines flore Europæa in Flower,
which he found in Northumberland, near the Piets
Wall, five Miles from Hexham. Salix pumila folio
rotundo I. B. on the Top of Ingleborough-Hill. Echia
um marinum P. B. near a Water-Mill between the
Saltpans and Berwick. Orobus Sylvaticus n. d. at
Bigglesby, five Miles from Pereth in Cumberland. Cha-
ma-periclymenum dictum ſed malè on the North-Weſt
of the higheſt of Cheviot-Hills. Pentaphylloides fru-
ticafum five arboreſcens, an elegant Plant (and as I think
not deſcribed) on the Banks of the River Tees. Vitis
Idea magna quibufdam, five Myrtillus grandis 7. B. in
Cumberland, at a Place called Orton, in the Midway be-
tween Hexham and Pereth. Theſe I have inſerted in the
Appendix of my Catalogue, which now goes on apace,
I having received fix Sheets more ſince I wrote to
you,

Mr. Wray to Mr. Liſter.
69
you, which reach as far as the Beginning of M. The
Appendix is now grown, I think, as great as one
fourth Part of the Book, I having gained ſeveral new
Medical Obſervations, which I hope may be of good
Uſe. This Summer we found here the ſame horned
Eruca, which you and I obſerved about Montpelier,
feeding on Feniculum tortuoſum. Here it was found
on common Fennel: It hath already undergone the
firſt Change into a Chryſalis, and we hope it will
come out a Butterfly before Winter. I muſt depre-
cate your Diſpleaſure for publiſhing to the World (in
caſe Mr. Oldenbergh print my Note, as I believe he
will) that Dr. Hulle was the Man from whom I had
the firft Notice of Spiders projecting their Threads. The
Obſervation is yours as well as his, and neither be-
holden to other (that I know of) for any Hint of
it, only he had the Hap to make it firſt; and being
queſtion'd about it, I could do no leſs than own the
firſt Diſcovery of it, to me, to be from him, who in-
deed communicated it to me ſo ſoon as I ſaw him,
immediately after my Return from beyond Sea. I
long for an Account of the Fruit of your Summer's
Simpling. I believe few Things thereabout will
'ſcape your Notice; and yet you are in one of the
beſt Quarters of England for Variety of choice Sim-
ples. I would not have you think of buying my Ca-
talogue, for I deſign you one ſo ſoon as it is printed,
if I may know how to convey it to you. Let me
not loſe your Love and Friendſhip, which I do very
highly prize; and therefore ſhould be loth to do or
ſay any thing which might give you any Diſpleaſure,
or alienate your Mind from me, or in any Meaſure
abate and cool that Affection and good Will which
you have profeſſed to me.
Mr.

70
Mr. Willughby to Mr. Wray from
Ludlow. 13 Kal. Auguſti.
N"
F.W. Johanni W. S.P.D.
TUNC ſcribo ut te certiorem faciam,quòd Epif-
copus nofter in reditu è Fonte Spadano prope
Banburiam (ubi aquas nunc bibit) Middletoni cupit ta-
bulas fuas perficere & emendare. Obnixè igitur rogo
ut finè morâ illuc feſtinares ; ut fi fieri poteft ibi
fis ante Idus Auguſti. Sinè te enim fruftra erit ali-
quid ejuſmodi aggredi.
Mr. Willughby's Obſervations.
M.
Of Enameling
OST of the Paſtes come from They
firſt engrave the Rings to receive the Enamel;
then lay on the Enamel, and put it either in a Fur-
nace; or for a ſingle Ring, lay it on a Charcoal, and
melt it with the Blaft of a Lamp, blown upon it with
a crooked Pipe; then they rub it ſmooth with a
Whetſtone, and melt it again, and at laſt reſtore a
Gloſs, by boiling it in Water where their is Aqua
Fortis, &c. and at laſt rub it over again with a
fmooth Steel
Of Soddering
To fodder Gold, they always uſe the coarſer to
fodder the finer: They dip a thin Plate of Gold in
Borax; and laying it in the Chink to be fodder'd,
then they melt it with the Flame of a Lamp.
A Ring

Mr. Willughby's Obſervations. 71
A Ring may be ſtretched to any Bigneſs, by driv-
ing a Cone, or the Segment of a Cone, into it.
Fiſhes are made biggeſt before, that they may always
move eaſieſt forwards; it having been found out by
Sir William Petty, that a Triangular Piece of Wood
ABC will always move in Wa- A
ter with the great End A C for-
wards, tho' it receive the Im-
pulſe upon the Sides A B CB.
B
с
a
Mr. Ray to Dr. Liſter.
CA
D. Martino Liſter yo. Raius, S. D.
Amice chariſime,
Atalogum meum plantarum Angliæ ad te tandem
mitto; mole quidem non ità magnum, at pre-
tio minorem. Neſcio an aliis placiturus fit, mihi
certè minimè placet: nec enim in iis quæ fcribo mi-
himet ipſi unquam fatisfacio: in hóc ego affectum
erga me tuum agnofco, at judicium defiderare cogor,
quòd autor mihi fueris ut eum emitterem. Præter
illa
quæ
ad calcem libelli emendata invenies, alia inter
legendum errata obſervavi, operariorum incuriâ ad-
miſſa, quorum graviora, in exemplari quod miſi, cala-
mo emendavi; leviora illis ignofcas, tibiq; ipfi emen-
des rogo. Valeriane Græcæ locus quem inferendum
Bibliopolæ mandavi, Typographi negligentiâ neſcio
quomodo omiſſus eft, magno meo dolore. De ſcri-
ptoribus Botanicis antiquis & recentioribus quæ ſen-
tiam in medium proferre, deq; eorum ſcriptis cenſuram
exercere, non ſum auſus, nè crabrones irritem. Cùm
enim aliquid neceffariò dicendum foret de nonnullis
qui adhuc in vivis funt, cúmq; librum fi malus eft ne-
queam laudare & poſcere, eorúmq; diacribas & rhap-
fodias

72 Mr. Ray to Dr. Liſter.
fodias vituperio potiùs quàm laude dignas judicarem;
ne eorum offenſionem incurrerem, & ut quieti meæ
conſulerem, conſultius duxi locum hunc de Botanicis
omnino intactum relinquere, deq; eorum operibus
altùm filere, fi ita loqui liceat. Quod tibi commu-
nicem à me noviter inventum, aut obſervatum, nihil
aliud habeo quàm quod in Philofophicis Tranſactio-
nibus dictis invenies, de Ape quâdam Sylveftri qux mi-
râ arte nidificat (ut ita dicam) aut cellas fabricat foe-
tui ſuo è particulis foliorum Rofæ deciſis ; quarum lo-
cum, magnitudinem, figuram, uſum ibidem defcriptos
invenies.
Videbis me in titulo catalogi & dedicatione literam
nominis mei initialem W abjeciſſe, quod nè mireris,
fateor tibi, me eam olim, antiquâ & patriâ
fcriptione
immutatâ, citra idoneam rationem adſciviſſe. Reftat
jam ut confilium à te petam, nuperrimè enim am-
pliffima mihi conditio oblata eft, fi velim tres adole-
fcentes celebri loco natos, in exteras regiones pere-
grinaturos aut ducere aut comitari, confilioq; meo &
operâ juvare. Ego certè meipfum tali negotio impa-
rem & minus idoneum judico; nec fi idoneus effem
puto me tantam mercedem aut ftipendium mereri
poſſe. Centum libræ annuatim offeruntur, neceſſariis
omnibus expenſis etiam perfolutis. Tu quid de hâc
re fentias ocyus reſcribas.
Media Ville xi. Kal. ( Aug. 22.) Septemb. 1670.
Dr. Liſter to Mr. Ray from York, in
Anſwer to the foregoing Letter.
From my Houſe without Michel-gate Bar in York, OEE. 8.70,
Dear S IR,
Will not omit, that having boared deep into a fair
and aged Sycamore the latter End of May, it did
not run at all, neither what remained of that Month,
I and
nor

Dr. Liſter to Mr. Ray. 73
nor the Month following that I obſerved; but the
Bark put out a Lip, or Wreath, and ſeemed to heal.
The Beginning of July I cut out an Inch or more
Square of the Bark, at about my Height in the Bo-
dy of the fame Tree. This Wound ran the next
Morning ſo as to drop, and yet always towards
Noon it dried; and the fame Wound, for 21 Days
after (which was as long as I ſtay'd to obſerve it) ne-
ver failed to drop in the Morning, and to dry before
eleven. This Experiment I repeated upon a much
leſs Tree, and for five Days it ſucceeded in like man-
ner, but then gave over. The deep bored Wound
in the firſt large Tree was not altogether dry (altho
it ſeemingly was heal'd) at running Hours.
I have added this Summer three Sorts of Spiders to
my 31. You may explain Reticula Scutulata, by ad-
ding in planá circuli figurâ : And fo ſcutulata will be
limited to the Meſhes.
This Letter was writ, as you may ſee, before I re-
ceived yours, and had been fent, but that I delibera-
ted a Poſt, whether it was not ſafer to ſend it by
Nottingham. I thank you for my very welcome Pre-
ſent, (viz. Catalogus Plantarum.] I am ftill of the
fame Mind, and rejoice that it is publick; and I am
confident confiderate Men will think themſelves high-
ly obliged to you, both for your new diſcovered
Plants, and for the Pains you took in correcting the
Faults and Miſtakes of others; that is, you took Pains
to ſave it us, moft Writers of this Subject having
been more vain, than diligenţ and cautious. I was
pleaſed with the Derivation of your Name whilſt
U was at it, it agreed fo well with a Virtue fo emi-
nent in you, and which, I am confident, you will
never lay aſide; however you pleaſe to alter the
writing of your Name: You well know what Vray
in French means. I have not ſeen the laſt Philoſo-
phical Tranſactions yet: But I obſerved a Bee much
like the Hive-Bee in Colour, yet fomewhat broader
L
and
a

74
Dr. Liſter to Mr. Ray.
and flatter. The Manner of houſing of her Young
with Leaves I ſhewed to many of our Fellows when
I was at the College. They make uſe of all ſort of
Leaves indifferently for this purpoſe, as the Sallow
and Thorn, and they were mightily pleaſed with the
foft Leaves of certain Blew-pipe Trees, or Litax,
which grew in our Walks: The long Pieces are
ſcaled one upon another, and the round ones do itop
lip both Ends. There was a ſingle Bee-worm in each
Cell, and Proviſion of Meat: They were one ram-
med upon another in Holes deep-bor'd into the Body
of a Willow, &c. But I ſhall leave all the Hiſtory
in Philoſophical Tranſactions. I joy you of the Con-
dition offered you. If you accept it, I wiſh you all
the Satisfaction and Comfort in the World of it; and
I
pray
God of his infinite Mercy to preſerve you in
your Travels, and to ſend me home again my dear
Friend well. Fix not long with them in any
for the Gentry of France are very proud, and will
foon (when acquainted) learn them to deſpiſe their
Tutors, however well deſerving. I pray take ſpecial
Care how I may entertain a Correſpondence with you
I
abroad.
a
Place;
Mr. Jeſſop to Mr. Ray.
I
SIR,
N Anſwer to your laſt, I give you this following
Account of thoſe Things you enquired after, from
Mr. Fiſher's own Mouth. A weak Spirit of Piſmires
turned Borage Flowers red in an Inftant: Vinegar
did the fame, a little heated. This I ſaw.
Generally Spirit of Vitriol, Spirit of Salt, and all
acid Spirits, turn the Leaves of Herbs, Flowers and
Berries, of what Colour foever they be, into red.
Any

Mr. Jeſſop to Mr. Ray. 75
Any Alcali will reſtore them into their former Co- *.79.8W.-
lour, as was ſhewn me in ſeveral Experiments.
Piſmires diſtilled by themſelves, or with Water,
yield a Spirit like Spirit of Vinegar, or rather like the
Spirit of Viride Æris.
Of this they have diſtilled great Quantities, and
given it inwardly and outwardly in Conſumptions,
with good Succeſs.
Lead
put into the Spirit, or fair Water, together
with the Animals themſelves, being alive, makes a
good Saccharum Saturni. Iron put into the Spirit,
affords an aſtringent Tincture, and, by Repetition, a
Crocus Martis.
Take Saccharum Saturni thus made, and diſtill it,
and it will afford the ſame acid Spirit again, which
the Saccharum Saturni made with Vinegar will not
do; but returns an inflammable Oil with Water, but
nothing that is acid. And Saccharum Saturni, made
with Spirit of Viride Æris, doth the ſame in this re-
ſpect with Spirit of Piſmires, which no other acid
Spirit made of Vegetables doth that he knows of.
But, in this particular, Spirit of Piſmires comes
nearer Vinegar and Spirit of Nitre, than Oil of Vi-
triol, Spirit of Salt, or the acid Spirit of Sal Armo-
niac, in that it makes an aſtringent Tincture of Iron,
and the others an aperient.
When you put the Animals into Water, you muſt
ftir them about to make them angry, and then they
will ſpirt out their acid Juice.
No Animal that ever they diſtilled, except this,
yields an acid Spirit, but conſtantly urinous; namely,
an Oil and a faline Spirit: And they have diſtilled
many, viz. as Fleth, Fiſh and Infects.
They deſire you to enquire, whether any other Ani-
mal diſtilled did ever yield any acid Spirit.
They have made of Piſmires divers Salts, of which
you may hear more hereafter, if you deſire it; but
at preſent they had not Leiſure to conſult their Notes.
L 2
As

76 Mr. Jeffop to Mr. Ray.
As for what concerns Plants: They preſerve their
expreſſed Juices with ſome few Drops of Spirit of
Sulphur; ſo little, as communicates no ſenſible Taſte
to the Juices: They alſo perfume the Bottles with
Smoak of Sulphur. They deſire, that if you make
this publick, you would be pleaſed to ſuppreſs their
Names, left the Apothecaries hereabouts ſňould know
that this is the Way they uſe.
Make a ſtrong Decoction of Carduus Benedictus ;
into a Quart of it, put 6 or 7 Drops of Spirit of
Sulphur, and in a few Days the Decoction will loſe
moſt part of its Bitterneſs. They cannot find that
the Spirit of Sulphur hath the ſame Effect upon
other
bitter Herbs. I taſted of the Decoctions of Worm-
wood, Germander, Feverfue, in which they ſaid
they had dropped Spirit of Sulphur, which were ex-
tremely bitter ; but a Decoction of Carduus, into
which they had put the ſame Quantity of the Spirit,
was almoſt infipid.
They have obſerved fomething in the Juices of
Herbs as an Indication of their Virtues, analogous to
what they have obſerved in Urines as an Indication
of the Diſeaſes; and this in three Particulars, the
Colour, the Conſiſtence, and the Froth.
The Colour of the Juices will be of a deeper or
a paler red, as hath been formerly obſerved.
As to the Conſiſtence, they have obſerved a ſtrange
Variety of Differences: Some will let fall their Dregs
very ſoon; others not under many Weeks or Months.
In ſome the Liquor that ſwims above will be more
Craſs; in others more tenuious. The Particulars are
very many; of which you may have an Account, if
you think it for your Purpoſe.
As to the Froth they have obſerved in ſome Herbs
proper for the Breaft, (namely, ſuch as they uſed to
give the Juice of;) that being ſhaken, there ariſes a
great Froth, which ſtays in ſome many Days, in
ſome many Months, before it turn to Water. They
named

Mr. Jeffop to Mr. Ray.
77
named the Juices of Daizies, expreſſed from the
Flower and Herb together, which they faid frothed
moſt of any, being a little ſhaken: As alſo Ground-
Ivy, and others, which they held for Secrets.
In one or two proper for the Head, they obſerved
little Froth: They named Betony.
They deſire this Experiment may be throughly
tried, if
you, or any of your Friends, will take ſo
, fo
much Pains; becauſe they think it may be of Ad-
vantage.
They obſerve, that ſome Herbs, which, fingly ta-
ken, do not purge; yet, mixed together, will purge
ſtrongly.
Centaury, Lavander, Hyſſop, Colts-foot, Fennel-
roots, of each a like Quantity, boiled together in
Water, and ſweeten’d with a little Honey, did vio-
lently purge two ſeveral Perfons, who took three
Spoonfuls of this Decoction at Morning and Night;
and gave them Eaſe in a Shortneſs of Breath proceed-
ing from a Scorbutic Diftemper. He deſires that it
may be tried, to ſee whether it will do the like with
others. It worked not until the ſecond Day.
Mr. Fiſher thinks, that the ſmall Quantity of Spi-
rit of Sulphur, added for the keeping of the Juices,
may contribute to the Increaſe of their Redneſs, but
not altogether cauſe it: For he obſerves, that the
fame Juices, unmix’d, will grow red with ſtanding.
Octob. 24. 1670.
a
Mr. Jeſſop's Letter to Mr. Ray with
out Date.
SIR,
N Anſwer to your laſt, I ſay, that although it
paſs for a general Rule, that acid Spirits change
the Juices of Herbs, Flowers and Berries, into red,
IN
ΟΥ

78
Mr. Jeſſop to Mr. Ray.
or a Colour ſomething inclining to red; (for you
will find a Variety almoſt in every Experiment you
Thall make;) yet I intend not thereby, that the Rule
ſhould be fo general as to admit of no Exceptions.
And
yet I believe, that if the Experiment be made
with Care, there will be found fewer Exceptions
than you will be apt at firſt to imagine. I believe
Dr. Hulle's Experiment upon Cichory Flowers might
have the Succeſs you relate: For the Juices of all
Flowers are included in a Membrane, which ſome
Spirits, altho' they ſeem very acid, yet may not pierce,
and ſo not work the Effect upon the included Juice.
To confirm this, I remember that once we put either
Borage or Cichory Flowers, I cannot well tell which,
into cold Vinegar, and we could not perceive the
Colour to alter, altho' we let it ſtand for a conſide-
9.98. rable time; but heating the fame Vinegar, and put-
ting other Flowers in, they immediately changed, the
Heat, as I fuppoſe, ſoftening the Membrane, and ſo
opening a Paſſage for the Vinegar into the Juice.
Mr. Boyl's Experiments were made upon expreſſed
Juices, either in Glaſs-Vials, which queſtionleſs is
the beſt way, or by bruiſing the Flower, and ſtain-
ing a white Paper with the Juice. Thoſe Trials he
made by the Infuſion of the Flowers themſelves,
ſometimes ſucceeded, and ſometimes not. But I do
not value any Exception made againſt the Rule, if it
be grounded upon either of theſe two latter Wa
Ways of
Examination ; for if in a great Glaſs full of Juice of
Betony you can perceive but a very light Veſtigium
of Redneſs, altho' you hold it ſo, that the Rays of
Light are refracted through the whole Maſs; what
can we then expect to ſee in a Paper ſlightly moiſten-
ed with that Juice, or a thin Leaf of a Flower? You
may fatisfy your ſelf, that Spirit of Salt hath turned
blue Juices red, if you pleaſe to conſult Mr. Boyl's
Book of Colours : Part 3. Experiment 20. and
21. There you will ſee it hath changed Syrup of
Violets,

Mr. Jeffop to Mr. Ray. 79
ز
Violets, and Juice of Blue-Bottles; and I doubt not
but it will change alſo Cichory Flowers, tho' perhaps
with ſome Variety, if the Trial be made as it was
there.
The only general Exception that Mr. Fiſher knows
of, is, that acid Spirits do not work upon Juices of
Plants or Fruits that are very acid. Juice of Lemons,
they ſay, will not change by the Infuſion of any acid
Spirit they know of, no not by ſtanding long, and
Corruption, which will change the Juices of many
other Fruits or Plants, altho' they be acid. They
have alſo made Trial of white Currans, but cannot
perceive that acid Spirits alter them. The Reaſon,
I ſuppoſe, why Juices turn red by ſtanding is, that in
time, by a long Fermentation, the acid Spirit looſens
it ſelf from the other Parts, and then works the ſame
Effect upon them which an infuſed Spirit doth at
firſt. I infuſed Wall Flowers in Spirit of Salt, as
Mr. Boyl ſomewhere faith he did Leaves of yellow
Roſes, but could obſerve no Change ; and yet I am
not ſatisfy'd fully, until I make trial of a conſiderable
Quantity of the Juice. I told you, that Alcali's re- 5.78.34
ſtored Juices to their natural Colours again; but I
muſt recant: For altho' it happened to fall out ſo in
ſome Trials I ſaw made, yet they ſay generally they
turn them into green, or at leaſt ſome Colour that
hath ſome Tincture of green : But yet this Rule is
far from being general, as they confeſs; as alſo you
may obſerve in reading Mr. Boyl.
As for what concerns their Experiments about
Piſmires, they give you Leave to diſpoſe of them as
you think good, and do not refuſe to own them.
They have diſtilled Beetles, and many Sorts of
Eruca's,
but not Bees, or any of that Kind; as alſo Fish and
Fleſh. They deſire that ſome Body would endeavour
to rectify this Spirit as highly as it is capable, by im-
pregnating calcined Viride Äris with it ſeveral times,
or ſome ſuch like fixed Salt, which may retain the
3
a
Spirit

80 Mr. Jeſſop to Mr. Ray.
Spirit until the Flegm be raiſed by a gentle Heat; for
unleſs there be ſome ſuch Retinaculum, the Spirit and
Flegm will riſe together. If it be thus prepared,
they think it will prove a very ſtrong Diffolvent:
They think the beſt way of getting this Spirit pure,
is by putting the Inſects into Water, for ſo you have
nothing but the acid Juice; if you diſtil the Ani-
mals themſelves, there may perhaps ſomething ariſe
from the other Parts of their Bodies of an hetero-
geneous Nature : But the beſt of all will be to try
both ways, and obſerve the Difference, if there be
any
As to what concerns the Preſervation of Juices:
They do not tie themſelves ſtrictly to Spirit of Sul-
phur, altho' they uſe it more than any other. Other
acid Spirits will do the ſame, and ſometimes better
for ſome particular Herbs; and therefore they uſe
them indifferently, according as they find, upon Tri-
al, any Convenience or Prejudice; and ſometimes
they perfume their Veſſels with Smoak of Sulphur,
and ſometimes not.
Note, Although some of thoſe obſervations and Experiments
of the two Filhers of Sheffield, and thoſe that follow of Dr. Hulſe's,
are in the Philoſophical Tranſactions; yet theſe Letters containing
Some other conſiderable Obſervations beſides theſe, I thought it
convenient to preſent the Reader with the Letters as I found them,
without mangling of them. W. D.
Dr. Liſter to Mr. Ray.
Dear Friend,
York, December 22. -70.
Am very glad Mr. Willughby is near well again,
and I thank God for his Recovery, and do hear-
tily pray a Continuance of good Health to him. Me-
I
thinks

Dr. Liſter to Mr. Ray. 81
thinks he is very valetudinary, and you have often
alarm'd me with his Illneſſes. My humble Service
to him. I thank you for the Book of Proverbs you
deſign me. I cannot methinks exclude theſe hair-
tail'd Inſects from the Family or Genus of Waſps, al-
tho' all of them that I know, are, in a ſtrict Senſe,
neither Favicous nor Gregarious, nor have artificial
Meat ſtored up for them; yet have they the Shape and
Parts of Waſps exactly, as well in the Worm and
Chryſalis, as when they are in Perfection : Beſides,
I have obſerved a peculiar Note belonging to the
Bee-Kind, which is not wanting in theſe; and that
is three Balls in a Triangle, in the Forehead of them
all, which no body hitherto, that I know of, has ta-
ken notice of. But I much like the making of Gem
nus's and Tribes ex moribus vità; tho' I would not
as near as may be, have the Form excluded. I have
now ſeen the November Book; and I find in my Åd-
;
verſaria, that I have formerly dug out of the Ground
åt Burnell in Lincolnſhire many juſt fuch-like Caſes
made of thin Wafers, or Membranes, one ſticking
in a direct Line to an other, &c. In the fame Place
I very frequently met with little hollow Balls, of the
Shape and Size of Piſtol Bullets, of yellow Waxg
wherein was one ſmall white Maggot, without any
Meat at all. Indeed theſe Balls were much tenderer
than Wax, and of a very fragrant Smell, and per-
haps might ſerve them as well for Food as Houſing:
If I had the Table of Spiders, I now could make
ſome ſmall Alterations and Additions to it. I have
this laft Month writ over a new Copy of my Hiſtory
of Spiders, (which is the 4th ſince I put my Notes
into any Order) and inſerted therein all the laſt Sum-
mer's Obſervations and Experiments. I find only
two or three new Spiders, and one to be removed in-
to another Tribe, to which it more properly belongs.
When you pleaſe to ſend me an Account of the acid
Liquor of Pifmires, I will return ſomething concern-
M
ing

82
Dr. Liſter to Mr. Ray.
noinenon.
و
ing the gilding of a Chryſalis, which is a pretty Phæa
I know not what to think of the Uncertainty of
the Experiments we make concerning the bleeding of
the Sycamore. I have obſerved almoſt daily two
Trees, which I pierc'd in ſeveral Places the firſt of
November; but to this Day no Signs of the ſtirring
of any Juice, which indeed furprizes me, we having
had two or three pretty hard Frofts already; yet nei-
ther at their coming, nor going away, made they
any fenfible Alteration as to this Particular. In my
latt Year's Journal I find, that, particularly the 17th
of December, there was a very copious Bleeding; and
onwards I find this Memorandum, that in ſome great
Bleedings there was ſtill to be obſerved a mighty
Reeke or Steam ariſing from the Ground; and, in-
deed, this kind of Thaw has not yet happened at
York this Year. I deſire to know what Succeſs
you
have met with this Year in ſuch-like Experiments.
I am glad to hear you have ſpared your Perſon, in
not expoſing your ſelf to I know not what Incon-
veniences. As for the ſearching of the Alps once
again, it would have, no doubtz been very beneficial
to the common Wealth of Learning, but that is e-
nough obliged to you already.
I
rh
Dr. Hulſe to Mr. Ray.
Y
SIR,
OURS came ſafe to my Hand. I thank you
for the Experiments contained in your Letter,
I had thought to have tried ſome other Experiments
with Piſmires; but now I muſt ſtay till next Spring
The Juice of theſe Inſects will ferment with the
Powders

Dr. Hulſe to Mr. Ray.
83
а.
Powders of Chalk, Pearl, &c. as other Acids do.
Any blue Flowers being a little bruiſed; and a Drop
of Spirit of Salt, Vitriol, &c. dropt upon them, do
inſtantly turn red; but if you drop theſe Spirits upon
the Surface of the Flowers, whilſt they remain
whole and unbruis'd, they change not at all, and I
fuppoſe that Spirit of Vinegar, dropt cold upon them,
would make no Alteration; but if you heat it, then p.45.
the Warmth of it opens the Pores of your Flowers,
whereby the Spirit doth eaſily commix it ſelf with
the contained Juice, and thereby preſently changeth
their Colour: And it's probable any other acid Liquor
would effect the like Change, if it were heated be-
forehand. It is probable to me, at preſent, the Juice
contained in the Body of the Piſmire is all of it acid,
and of the ſame Nature with that included in their
Stings, which may appear from the Spirit that is di-
ſtilled from them, which ſurely does not all come
from their Stings; as likewiſe, if you bruiſe a Pir-
mire upon any blue Flower, the expreſſed Juice will
tinge the Flower. Now, tho'it be likely enough, ,
that the Liquor which comes from the Stings of Bees,
Waſps, &c. being corroſive, may diſcolour Flowers;
yet I believe the Juice expreſſed from their Bodies,
will not do the ſame, though as yet I have not made
Tryal. It may be a Quære whether the Liquor of
Pifmnires be not ſtronger, and more penetrating, than
any of the above-mention'd Acids. "If fo be that the
Liquor dropt upon the Surface of the Flowers, whilft
they are whole and unbruis'd, do turn them red, then
it is manifeft it is; but if the Liquor be convey'd
through the Sting, which (the Ants being angred
from ſtirring of their Hill) they thruſt into the Body
of the Flower, then the Doubt will remain, becauſe
then the Liquor does immediately mix it ſelf with
the Juice of the Flower. If fo be that the weak
Spirit of Piſmires you mention'd, that immediately
turn'd the Borax Flowers red, were not heated, it
ſeems
I
M 2

84
Dr. Hulle to Mr. Ray.
ſeems to evince that their Spirit is ſtronger than any
of the reſt: But theſe Things will be beſt clear'd
when the Seaſon of the Year will permit. Your
p.75.9. Note upon Mr. Filler's afferting that any Flowers
turn'd red, will be reſtor'd to the former Colour by
any Alcali, is moſt certainly true; and he's miſtaken,
as I have more than once try'd.
Mr Paſchal of Queen's-College was lately at Hack-
ney, and has left ſeveral Moulds, wherein Coins have
been caft, in Dr. Worthington's Hand, and deſired him
to deliver them to you when you came to London.
The Doctor deſired me to acquaint you concerning
them: They were digg'd up in Somerſetſhire; in my
Mind they are a greater Rarity than the Coins them-
ſelves. If you think it worth your Labour, you
may communicate, what I have communicated to
you, to the Royal Society. I ſhall be glad to hear
from you: And ſo, in halte, I remain.
Fan. 6. 71
70
Dr. Hulle's Receipts for the Dropſy, &c.
T
SIR,
THIS following Pafty I have known to cure
very great Dropfies. I remember, my Father,
when I was a Boy, had a Man, whoſe Belly was
ſwelled to that Degree that his Waiteband would not
meet by a Span, who was perfectly cured by it: And
I had a Siſter who cured ſeveral with it. Take Rye,
Meal, (ſome uſe equal Quantities of Rye and Barley)
and make a Pafty that will hold a Peck of Sage-
Leaves: When you have fill'd it with the Sage, lid
it, and bake it in an Oven, when it is baked, take
it and break it into a Canvas Bag, and hang it in a
Barrel

Dr. Hulle's Receipts, &c. 85
Barrel of pretty good Beer; and when it is ready,
drink it for ordinary Beer. Take the green Rind of
young Elder, a good handful, boil it in a Gallon of
White-Wine to the half; drink a good Draught of
it cold in the Morning, and warm at Night, as an
approved Medicine in a Dropſy, Dr. Page. I have
known this do extraordinary well, as it is ſet down
by Dr. Sydenham, Nempe M. iij corticis interioris fam-
buci, &c. Sydenham, p. 263. This following Drink
was uſed by an eminent Phyſician. Take Aſhes of
Broome one heaped Quart, of the Vine which bears
white Grapes, &c. Bean Stalks and Shells, each one
Pint: Put to them 12 Pints of White-Wine, and let
them ſtand cloſe covered at a gentle Heat for 8 or
10 Hours; after that let the Wine run twice or
thrice thro' a Gelly Bag, and put into the Wine
Nutmeg and Cinnamon, of each half an Ounce; 20
Bay-berries; of Cummin-ſeed, Anis-feeds, and Fen-
nel-ſeeds, each one Ounce: Theſe are to be
pow-
dered, and tied in Bags, and hung in the Wine;
keep it cloſe cover'd. Thoſe that are poor, and are
not able to aſcend to Wine, may uſe Water, (or good
Beer;) ſuch as Tunbridge, &c. are beſt. This is ex-
ceeding good, after general Purgings, in all Sort of
Dropſies. I have known (ſays the Author) divers
recovered out of deſperate Tympanies hereby : They
muft drink every Morning half a Pint hereof; ſo
about 5 a-Clock in the Afternoon, for 20 Days to-
gether. They may take it with Sugar, or with Sy-
rups that are proper. This is good againſt Sand or
Gravel in the Kidnies, if you mix with every half
Pint 2 Spoonfuls of the Syrup of Althæa. If you
cannot get the Aſhes of a Vine that bears white
Grapes, or the Aſhes of Bean-Stalks and Shells, I
doubt not but the Increaſe of Broome-Aſhes will do
as well. Some affirm, that the Athes taken them-
felves in Subſtance will do better than the Infuſion.
Sir Francis Prujean uſed to give them as follows.
Firſt

86 Dr. Hulle's Receipts, &c.
Firſt he purged them with 3 ij Syrupi è Spir. Cervin.
in a Draught of White-Wine, or Pofſet-Drink, re-
peating it every 2d or 3d Morning, as he ſaw Occa-
fion: And on the other Days he gave the Aſhes, as
Ro Cinerum Geniſte Sacchar. Alb. Z vi. or ſometimes
inſtead of Sugar, Tartar Alb. Z vi. M. ſumat cocht. i.
tribus boris medicinalibus.
Dr. Liſter to Mr. Ray,
Dear S IR
I
Thank you for the Account of the acid Liquor
of Pilmires, with the which I am much pleaſed.
It is ſtrange they ſhould light upon no other Animal
that will afford an acid Spirit, eſpecially amongſt
Inſects. I had verily thought there were many ſuch,
and I yet think fo; but I have not had the Lei-
ſure to examine many to this End. There is a Sepa-
ration of an acid Juice, or Spirit, to be made in the
Analyſis of Vegetables mentioned by Mr. Boyle, and
in Glazer: This I gueſs to be very much a Kin to
the acid Liquor of Piſmires. Quære, whether a
Saccharum Saturni, made with the acid Spirit of Box,
or Oak, (ex. gr. after Mr. Boyle's Way) will not give
us back the fame Spirit again? It ſeemeth probable
it will, ſince the Pearls ſeem to have ſeparated its
Oilineſs, or Soapy Part. The like Effect Copper
may have upon the Rape and Wine in making of Ver-
det. To this purpoſe Mr. Boyle, in his laſt Piece
lately extant, tells us, that Spirit of Vinegar, which
has been fully ſatiated with Pearls, will cauſe a Violet
to ſtrike a green, which is the ſame Effect that an
urinous Spirit, or an Alcali, works.
a
I will

Dr. Liſter to Mr. Ray.
82
a
Gall;
I will ſubjoin the Experiment I promiſed you of
the gilding of a Chryſalis. To a ſtrong and clear
Decoction of Nettles. put a ſmall piece of a black
in time there will emerge a thin Scum; if you
then paſs the Liquor through a Cap-paper, the Scum
left behind will exquiſitely gild it. The like I have
effected by other Methods, and with other Plants :
If the Experiment be well done, it will in all Points
look like the gilding of the ſtiff-hair’d, or prickly-
nettle-feeding Caterpillar's Chryſalis.
I have not yet ſeen Redis's Book, neither can I get
it, tho' I much deſire it. It is true, that Spiders,
eſpecially the young ones, are not very ſhy to ſhoot
their Threads, even in ones Hand; and different
Kinds have many different Particularities in this fur-
prizing Action. As to the Height they are able to
mount, it is much beyond that of Trees, or even the
higheſt Steeples in England. This laſt October, the
Sky here upon a Day was very calm and ferene, and
I took Notice that the Air was very full of Webs:
I forthwith mounted to the Top of the higheſt Stee-
ple in the Minſter, and could thence diſcern them
yet exceeding high above me: Some that fell, and
were entangled upon the Pinnacles, I took, and found
them to be Lupi ; which Kind ſeldom or never enter
Houſes, and cannot be ſuppoſed to have taken their
Flight from the Steeples.
To tell you the Truth, I began to be at a great
Loſs, when I found that my Experiments concerning
the Bleeding of the Sycamore did not ſucceed this
Year as they did the laft; for I aſſure you, that to this
,
Day the two Trees I wounded the firſt of November
have not ſhewn the leaſt Signs of the ſtirring of any
Juice; whereas the Nottinghamſhire Trees had ſeve-
ral times bled e're thus late.
You will be pleaſed to remember me with a Book
of Proverbs, for I long to peruſe it.
York, Fan, 20. 1670.
Dr.
و

88
Dr. Liſter to Mr. Ray.
a
L
a
a
Dear S I R
Ooking over my Boxes of Inſects, I find a Row
of about a dozen of theſe Bees, and ſome Caſes;
out of which they were hatch'd. Theſe I find all
pierced at the Sides ; and for the Bees themſelves,
they differ much in Bigneſs, as tho' that was not true,
that Infects of this Kind are at their full Growth
when born; but it may well be, according to your
Obſervation, that theſe boiſterous and haſty elder Bro-
thers dwarfe the younger by ſpoiling their Food.
I do not ſay that I ever found Caſes of other Leaves
than Roſes; but I have found Leaves of many other
Trees bit out by them, as Willow, Thorn, and ef-
pecially a Lilach Tree, at the upper End of St. John's
Walks, had ſcarce a whole Leaf in it, and ſome of
thoſe Leaves too were well husbanded, as having two
or three Side Pieces, and as many round Bits, taken
off of them. This I ſhewed to many of our Fellows;
who may well remember it, as Mr. Gower, &c. And
I know I have yet ſome of thoſe Pipe-tree Leaves in
ſome of my Books, which are yet moſt of them at
Cambridge. I ſometimes uſe my Notes, and ſome-
times I truſt to my Memory, when I writ to you
according to Leiſure, which may well cauſe ſome
Difference in Circumſtances; but I aſſure you, I am
as circumſpect and careful not to impoſe upon my
ſelf and others as I can, and you have well leffoned
me to this Purpoſe; and amongſt other things I am
extremely obliged to you for it.
As for the forking of Spiders Threads; far be it
from me that I thould flight any Phænomenon of
Natures

Dr. Liſter to Mr. Ray.
89
3
Nature, for I am the gladeſt Man that can be to hear
of any; but I am very cautious not too forwardly
to entertain ſuch upon Truſt; neither would I have
any Man take them from me otherwiſe than as they
themſelves ſhall find them : And this is a Thing that
I neither formerly, nor ſince, have been able to ob-
ſerve; but if it ſhall be found to be done on Pur-
poſe by the Animal, to facilitate his Flight, and not
accidental, (which I am the more apt to believe,
becauſe very rare) I ſhall be forward to return
Dr. Hulle my particular Thanks : But, as I writ to
Mr. Oldenburgh, he might very well miſtake many
Threads ſhot at a time, (as is uſual with many Spiders,
more or leſs) for one Thread divided and forked, or
as Blancanus in Redi ſays, ramoſe, woolly, or from
which many ſmall Filaments proceed; which Con-
ceit of Blaucanus, I am apt to ſuſpect, gave Occa-
fion to the Doctor to be of the ſame Belief: But yet
for the main, or moſtly, as he ſays, he could not
himſelf find it to be true. I have purpoſely omitted
to inſert any Enquiries concerning this Matter, and
the Poiſon of Spiders, willingly reſerving thoſe two
Particulars for other Papers : Yet I am moſt glad to
hear what others may more happily and more inge-
niouſly obſerve and experience.
In my Letter of Auguſt, which was unhappily loſt,
(by reaſon, perhaps, that I had encloſed in it a Plant
paſted down) I quoted the expreſs Text of Ariſtotle,
That the Thing was not unknow to the Ancients; and
where he ſays, That Spiders dart their Threads as
Porcupines do their Quills : Which Text, tho' very
plain in it ſelf, yet it will not eaſily enter into our
İmagination, before we have made the Obſervation
by Senſe; witneſs the Miſinterpretation of Redi and
Blancanus : And yet in the Sett of Enquiries I ſent
to Mr. Oldenburgh, I have purpoſely given, to incite
the Curious, another Interpretation of the Text;
N
which
:

go
Dr. Liſter to Mr. Ray.
which too, perhaps, it will bare, and not much
wreſted. But too much of this.
I have communicated to Mr. Oldenburgh my
Notes of the Bleeding of the Sycamore, in An-
ſwer to a late Letter of his. He likewiſe put the
Query to me of the Piſmires changing blue Flowers
red, which it ſeems fome body had ſent him in. As
for Mr. Jellop's and Mr. Fiſher's Experiments which
you communicated to me, I did not ſend them to
him as not belonging to me; but I told him there
were ſuch Perſons that had better examined the Mat-
ter than I. Somewhat after the Receipt of yours,
I found another Inſect, which I gueſs will yield an
acid Juice, for it moſt fiercely ſtrikes the Noſe with
a fiery and acid Smell, juſt after the Manner of the
bruiſed Bodies of Piſmires. This Infect hath no
Sting, and is the long and round-bodied Lead-co-
lour'd Multipeda, or Tulus. Methinks the Juice of
that creeping Flammula about Montpelier was, as far
as I remember, much like this of Piſmires.
My hearty humble Service to Mr. Willughby. If
you try the Experiment of gilding, remember that
the ſcum be ſuffered to become a little ſtiff and firm,
otherwiſe it will be apt to break into very ſmall pieces
in the Filtreand not thew ſo well. I might inclofe part
of a gilt Filtre, but that it is ſo apt to break, and
wear off with the lighteſt Touch.
I pity your Pain, which I begin to know a little
my felt; but in truth I know no certainer Remedy,
than one Grain, or leſs, of Laudanum diffolved in
Spirit of Wine. This never failed to eaſe me.
I thank
you
for
my
Book of Proverbs: I am much
pleas'd with it; but my Wife will have it her Book.
Adieu my dear Friend.
Feb.8.-70.
a
Our Sycamore bled yeſterday at the breaking up of
a ſeven Days continued Froſt; and I am now apt to
believe, if I had had the Care to have made new
Wounds

Dr. Liſter to Mr. Ray. 91
Wounds upon every like Change of the Weather,
that our York-Trees would have bled before now. But
I affirm no more than I have ſeen and tried.
Mr. Ray to Dr. Liſter.
I
.
Dear S IR, Middleton, March 3. 1670.
Have not yet had the Fortune to ſtrike any other
Trees that would bleed, beſides Maple, Vine, Sy-
camore, Wallnut, Birch and Willow. I have heard
that the Quicken and Aſpen-trees will ſometimes
bleed; but I could never happen to wound them in
that fortunate Hour. Your Experiment communi-
cated to Mr. Oldenburgh, and by him imparted to us,
that a Bough of Sycamore, Maple and Wallnut, when
full of Sap, cut off and held perpendicularly, will
not drop till you cut off the Tops of the Twigs, and
then it will, to us hath not ſucceeded. For a Branch
cut off hath begun to drop before it was topp’d; nor
could we perceive, that ſtriking the Top did at all
promote the running out of the Sap: Tho', I con-
feſs, the Day when we made this Trial was not very
propitious to ſuch an Experiment. All that we found
was, that expoſing the Branch to the cold Wind, the
End downward grew preſently dry, and no Sign of
Bleeding; but holding it in the Sun, and in the
Beams reflected from a Wall under the Wind, it pre-
ſently began to grow moiſt, and dropt though very
flowly. Looking over my Notes in 1668, I find
thus. March 6, we ſaw'd off a ſmall Bough of a
Willow, and held it perpendicularly erected : It pre-
fently dropt, and that indifferently faſt, conſidering
its Smallneſs, viz. once in 14 Pulfes. This we tried
in 3 Boughs, one after another; all which dropt at
the ſame Rate, and that without cutting the Tops of
N 2
the

92 Mr. Ray to Dr. Liſter.
the Branches. Toth, We experimented the ſame in
I
a Sycamore with like Succeſs. Notwithſtanding,
when I get a favourable Day, I intend, with all Di-
ligence and Exactneſs, to repeat the ſame Experiment.
I am ſorry any Letter of yours ſhould miſcarry, being
fraught always with good Notions and Experiments.
long to know what Plant it was you encloſed, and
where, in Ariſtotle, I might find what you mention
and quote out of him.
I I have not yet tried thoſe
Tuli, which, you write, fo fiercely ſtrike the Noſe
with a fiery and acid Scent: I hope you will proceed
to make farther Experiments with them. As for the
Book of Proverbs, I efteem it a Toy and Trifle, not
worth the owning: Beſides, there are many Proverbs
of my own Knowledge, partly through Incogitancy,
and partly in tranſcribing omitted; many out of their
due Place and Order, and ſome that want explaining.
If your Lady think it worth her Peruſal, and can be
content to beſtow upon it ſome Shreds of ſpare Time,
the Author takes that Eſteem of it to proceed from
her Partiality to her Husband's Friend, rather than
the Merit of the Work. However, I pray preſent
my very humble Service to her, and tell her, I wiſh
that I had ſomething to preſent her might be worthy
her Acceptance. Thoſe Experiments of Dr. Hulle
and Mr. Fiſher about the acid Juice of Piſmires, I
my ſelf ſent to Mr. Oldenburgh, to be communicated
to the Royal Society.
Dr. Liſter to Mr. Ray.
Dear Friend,
York, March 21. 1670.
afon of
that Experiment I fent Mr. Oldenburgh, con-
cerning the not Bleeding of entire Twigs, which I
Y
did

Dr. Liſter to Mr. Ray. 93
did after find to be the Air only; the Poſture I held
them in, that hinder'd their bleeding : For if I cut a
Twig with my Pen-knife, and held it up a while,
and then perpendicularly, it would not bleed; yet if
it were then topped, it would, in ſome time, ſhew
Moiſture, yet not always; but the Bough from
whence it was taken did conſtantly bleed, and that
immediately, in caſe it was at a Bleeding Time. And
here I muſt obſerve to you one Circumſtance, that
the Trees I wounded at Nottingham did bleed from
the ſame Wounds s Months together, but then
theſe Wounds were next a Brick Wall, and not ex-
poſed to the Air: On the contrary, the Trees I
wounded here the Beginning of November have ne-
ver bled from thoſe Wounds then made, but from
freſh ones many times : And this Neglect in not ma-
king new Wounds certainly was the Reaſon of the
Difference, or not bleeding of theſe York-Trees, when
yours did in Autumn.
Feb. 21. I made many Experiments upon Trees, by
bringing them to the Fire-fide, and did diſcover many
Phænomena, of which you will have an Account from
Mr. Oldenburgh. I made them in order to ſome
Queries I ſent him formerly, and eſpecially while
Saps may not be found at all Seaſons of the Year, in
a much like Quantity and Conſiſtence, *****
a Plant, &C.
The Place in Ariſtotle is Hift. Anim. lib. 9. c. 39.
Aranei ftatim cùm editi ſunt, fila mittunt, non intrinſecus
tanquam excrementum, ut Democritus ait, ſed extrin-
ſecus de ſuo corpore veluti corticem, aut more eorum quæ
ſuos villos ejaculantur, ut Hyſtrices. Concerning
which Paſſage, I pray ſee Redi, p. 170, and give me
I
your Opinion how you underſtand the Greek Text :
This Interpretation is Gaza's. I will alſo tranſcribe
for you Pliny upon the Place, lib. 11. 6. 24. Orditur
telas, tantiq; operis materie uterus ipſius ſufficit; five
ita corrupta alvi natura fato tempore (ut Democrito
placet;)
part of

94
Dr. Liſter to Mr. Ray.
placet ;) five eſt quædam intus lanigera fertilitas. My
Senſe I have ſet down among the Queries I fent
Mr. Oldenburgh. Here is a fair Hint for the darting
of Threads, if it be not abſolutely ſo to be under-
ſtood; but for their failing and mounting up into the
Air, as yet I find the Ancients were filent, and I
think I was the firſt who acquainted you with it;
but that is beſt known to your ſelf, and I challenge
it only by way of Emulation, not Envy, there being
nothing more likely, than that ſeveral Perſons follow-
ing the ſame Studies, may many of them light upon
one and the fame Obſervation. I am no Arcana Man,
and methinks I would have every body free and com-
municative, that we may (if poflible, conſidering
the Shortneſs of our Lives) participate with Poſte-
rity
Mr. Ray's Anſwer to Dr. Liſter's laft.
Sla feverith Diſtempel
Moſt dear Friend, Middleton, April 13. 1671.
Ince the Receipt of your laſt, I have fallen into
which is now turned to
the Yellow Jaundice; a Diſeaſe wherewith I was ne-
ver before acquainted. It has not proceeded to any
great Height, and hath render'd me rather indiſpos'd
and liſtleſs, than fick. I hope it is now leaving of
me. This hath taken me quite off making any far-
ther Experiments upon Trees : But yet I muſt ac-
quaint you, that upon careful and exact Trial made
in Branches of Walnut, Birch, Sycamore, and Wil-
low, cut off, and held perpendicularly the cut End
downwards, we found that they would all bleed en-
tire as they were, without topping the Twigs at all;
neither could we find that topping of them did fen-
fibly promote their Bleeding. As for Willow, we
obſerved,

Mr. Ray to Dr. Liſter.
95
obſerved, that the young Shoots being cut clear off,
and held perpendicularly as before, would drop, tho'
from an Inciſion made in the Branch where it was
cut off, it would not bleed: The Place of Ariſtotle
I have not yet look'd out in the Greek, nor conſider'd.
I think ſomething might have been gathered from it
to that Purpoſe you ſpeak of, if any one had diligent-
ly heeded and weighed it; but I doubt whether your
ſelf, or Dr. Hulle, had any Hint from it. The fly-
ing or ſailing of Spiders through the Air, is, for ought
I know, your Diſcovery: From you I had the firſt
Intimation and Knowledge of it. Dr. Hulſe acquaint-
ed me with no more than the ſhooting out their
Threads. I would not be ſo injurious to any Man,
eſpecially to fo eſteem'd a Friend, as to rob him of
any part of the Reward of his ingenious Endeavours,
and transfer to another what is due to him; tho' it
be as much Commendation to find out a thing by
ones own Induſtry, which hath been already diſco-
vered by another, as to invent it firſt; this laſt being
rather a Happineſs than any thing elſe, tho' I know
the World will hardly be induced to believe that two
Men fhould hit upon the ſame Diſcovery at the ſame
You do well, in my Judgment, to be free
and communicative of your Notions and Inventions :
Treaſuring up Secrets being an Argument to me of
a diſingenuous Spirit, or of a weak Stock in them
that ſeek to get or uphold their Fame thereby. Thoſe
Secrets too, for the moſt part, when diſcovered prov-
ing to be Things of no great Value. If it pleaſe
God I get well, I intend this Week a Journey into
Elex. Your Experiments made upon Trees brought
to the Fire, I have as yet heard nothing of from
Mr. Oldenburgh. *****
time.
Mr.

96
Sir Philip Skippon to Mr. Ray.
SIR,
I
a
-
Particulars which Williſell deſires you to take
Notice of. The one is, as he ſays, a Salix n. d. that
caſts its outward Bark, and ſtands naked : It hath a
remarkable Iulus. It grows near the ſmall Brook
that runs into that River nigh Darking in Surry.
The other is, as he would have it call’d, Veronica
Spec. Paronychiæ fol. Rut, facie. It grows at Rowtam
in Norfolk, betwixt the Town and the Highway, 12
Miles before you come to Norwich; and at Mewell
in Suffolk, betwixt the two Wind-Mills and the
Warren-Lodge in a Wheat-Ground, on the Right
Hand of Lynn-Road; and in Gravel-Pits, 2 Miles
beyond Barton - Mills, on the Ridge of the Hill,
where a ſmall Cart-way crofſeth the Road to Lynn.
It grows alſo in the Graſs thereabout very plentifully
nigh the latter End of April. Of theſe two I have
fent Samples:
He hath diſcovered Helleborine flo. albo to grow a
Mile on this Side Green-Hithe, in a Valley near a
Church, and in the Beech Wood nigh Darking: He
hath alſo found Abſinth. Inod. a Mile from Bartona
Mills, where a ſmall Stone ſtandeth in the Road to
Lynn for to guide Paſſengers; and in their Furz-
Buſhes under the Hill plentifully, and on the Road
to Norwich, before you come to a Town callid Elden,
where a great Road from Lynn into the Countrey
croſſeth Norwich Road, and in the Way on the other
Side of Elden, as you go up that Hill towards
Norwich
Mr.

97
Mr. Ray to Dr. Liſter.
F
Middleton, June 28. 1671.
Dear and honoured Friend,
OR my part, I am, God be thanked, in good
Health. The Jaundice, which ſeized me here
this Spring, by ſticking to one Medicine for 4 or 5
Days (that was an Infuſion of Stone-horſe Dung with
Saffron in Ale) I got pretty well rid of before I be-
gan my Journey, as I think I formerly acquainted
you. I believe any other Medicine, (of which for
that Diſeaſe there are good Store) if I had been con-
ftant to the Uſe of it for ſome time, would have
wrought the fame Effect. One thing I cannot but
wonder at in that Diſeaſe, that many aftringent
Things, as Plantain-Water; &c. ſhould be good for
it. I am glad that you have been prevailed with to
communicate your Obſervations and Diſcoveries to
the Publick. I remember you formerly acquainted
me by Letters that you had found outan Inſect which
yielded a Purple Tincture ; but I did not then ſuſpect
it to be any thing a-kin to the Kermes kind. I have
not yet found thoſe Membranous Husks you men-
tion ſticking to Roſe-tree Twigs; indeed I have not
ſearched for them. I had thought that the Kermes-
berry had been a Bliſter of the Bark of the Oak, and
not a thing merely contiguous; or adhering, as a Pa-
tello to a Rock. I am ſure the Matrices of many In-
fects bred on the Leaves and Branches of Trees are
Excreſcences of the Plant it felf; howbeit I will
not ſay but that they might be firſt cauſed or raiſed
by the Mother Inſect wounding the Bark or Leaf,
either by Puncture, or diſtilling thereon ſome viru-
lent Juice. Mr. Oldenburgh hath written to me for
a Sight
01

98 Sir Philip Skippon to Mr. Ray.
a Sight of your Letter; wherein you give an Ac-
count of your Opinion concerning vegetable Excreſ-
cences : But truly all my Letters which I had here,
I bound up in Bundles and ſent away into Ellex this
Spring, and cannot, without ſome Trouble, recover
that Particular. I deſire, therefore, that you your
ſelf would give him Satisfaction, and write your
Thoughts upon that Subject again. Your Cimex
feeding upon Henbane I have obſerved, but not his
Eggs as yet : I cannot but wonder at your Cunning
and Luckineſs in obſerving and finding theſe Things.
I intend (God willing) on Monday next, to begin a
Simpling Voyage into the North, taking Thomas
Williſel along with me, and to go over and view par-
ticularly my ſelf, thoſe Plants which he hath diſco-
vered there, by me not obſerved, wild with us. In
my Return, if York lie not too much out of our
Road, I may chance wait upon you; till when, I ſhall
deſire what farther I have to enquire of you, or com-
municate to you.
Sir Philip Skippon to Mr. Ray.
I
SIR,
Sept. 18. 1671.
Have enclos’d the beſt Account I can yet make
of Herring-Fiſhing, and ſhall hint fome Proverbs
that I think are omitted in your Book, viz.
One Renegado is worſe than two Turks :
A Scot, a Rat, and a Yarmouth Herring, go all
the World over.
He is a Hot-Shot in a Muſtard-pot, when both
bis Heels ſtand right up.
The Brother had rather ſee the Siſter rich, than
make her so.
They

Sir Philip Skippon to Mr. Ray. 99
a
They go far that never turn.
The more Coſt, the more Worſhip.
I have dined as well as my Lord-Mayor.
It would make a Man ſcratch where it does not itch,
to ſee a Man live poor to die rich.
Free of her Lips, free of her Hips.
When Fern begins to grow red, then Milk is good
with Brown-Bread.
Liquoriſo Tongue, Liquoriſh Tail.
If it rain on Sunday before Meſs,
Every Day of the Week more or leſs.
I believe I ſhall ſomewhat furprize you with what
I have ſeen in a little Boy, Will. Wotton, 5 Years
old the laſt Month, the Son of Mr. Wotton, Mini-
fter of this Pariſh, who hath inſtructed this Child
within the laſt three Quarters of a Year in the read-
ing of the Latin, Greek, and Hebrew Languages,
which he can read almoſt as well as Engliſh; and that
Tongue he could read at
4
Years and 3 Months old as
well as moft Lads twice his Age. I could ſend you many
Particulars about his rendring Chapters and Pſalms out
of the 3 learned Languages into Engliſh, and his ad-
3
mirable Memory, which ’tis hoped will be attended
with as good a Judgment and Underſtanding. His
Father, I believe, will fignify hereafter the great
Proficiency of his Child, ſo much admir'd by every
one that knows what he can already perform.
I
Dr. Liſter to Mr. Ray.
Dear SIR,
York, Oft. 25. 1071,
Confeſs to you that I am not at all ſatisfied with
the Account of Vegetable Excreſcences, becauſe
I was not able to attain the End, and give any clear
Light to the Queſtion. Moreover, upon Review,
I fee,
Q 2
That

TOO
Dr. Liſter to Mr. Ray.
That the laſt Propoſition is ill expreſſed ; that the
Subſtance or fibrous Part of many Vegetable Excref-
cences not to be the Food of the Worms to be found
in them; my Meaning is, that the Worms in thoſe
Vegetable Excreſcences which produce Ichneumones,
(to which kind of Inſect we would limit this Propo-
fition, and expung all other Inſtances. Theſe Worms,
I ſay, do not feem to devour the Subſtance or fibrous
Part of them, as other Worms devour the Kernels of
Nuts, &c. but that (whatever their Manner of feed-
ing is, and we doubt not but they are nouriſhed in
and from them) the Vegetable Excrefcences ſtill migh-
tily increaſe in Bulk, and riſe as the Worms feed.
It is obſervable (if we would endeavour a Solution)
that ſome of the Ichneumones delight to feed upon a
liquid Matter, as the Eggs of Spiders, the Juices
(if not Eggs) within the Bodies of young Caterpil-
lars and Maggots; whence we conjecture, that thoſe
of the ſame Genus, to be found in Vegetable Excref-
cences, may in like manner fuck in the Juices of the
equivalent Parts of Vegetables.
And this the dry and ſpongy Texture of ſome of
theſe kinds of Excreſcences ſeems to evince: For if
you cut in Pieces a wild Poppy-head for Example (or
the great Balls of the Oak) you will find in thoſe
Partitions, wherein theſe Worms are lodg’d, nothing
but a pithy Subſtance, like that of young Elders
and if there chance to be any Cells unſeiz'd (which I
have ſometimes obſerved) the Seeds therein will be
found yet entire and perfect. Whence very probably
they feed upon, or fuck in by little and little the yet
liquid Pulp of the tender Seeds, and leave the Sub-
ftance or fibrous Parts of the Seeds entire; which
Fibres are, as the intermediate Juice is exhauſted, mon-
ſtrouſly expanded into an Excreſcence by the yet vege-
tative Power of the Plant.
As for Matter of Fact to clear the Truth of that
Opinion, that the diverſe Races of Ichneumones are
generated
a

Dr. Liſter to Mr. Ray. IOI
generated by their reſpective animal Parents; and par-
ticularly that thoſe which the various Excreſcences
of Vegetables produce are not plantigenous : I am in
great Hopes the Inſtance of Poppy-beads ſwollen into
Excreſcences, will favour us the next Seafon. My
Expectation is chiefly grounded upon the Condition
and Nature of that Plant, which is ſuch, that no-
thing can pierce the skin of it, and wound it, but it
muſt neceſſarily leave a Mark of its Entry, the milky
Juice ſpringing upon the lighteſt Touch, and drying
or concreting ſuddenly into a red Scarr. And this I
think I may affirm, that of the many Heads grown
I
into Excreſcences which I gathered this Summer all had
theſe Marks upon them : But our Aim is here only to
make way for the Obſervation againſt the next Sea-
ſon. To which Purpoſe alſo we propoſe the follow-
ing Queries.
1. Whether the ſhagged Balls of the wild Roſe are
not Excreſcences from the Bud and very Fruit of the
Plant, like as the wild Poppy-heads are apparently not
deſign’d for Worms, but Seed?
2. Whether the large ſoft Balls of the Oak are not
in like
Manner, the Buds of the Oak ſeiz'd about the
latter End of April, or the very Beginning of May,
that is, whether they be not the future Acorn, or
Acorns, with all the Parts of a ſprouting Branch thus
monſtrouſly perverted from the firſt Intent and De-
fign of Nature.
3. Upon what Parts or Juices the Ichneumones
Worms thruſt into Caterpillars, or Maggots, can be
thought to feed, and whether there be actually Eggs
in Caterpillars ſufficient to ſerve them for Food.
Sir

102
meet
Sir Philip Skippon to Mr. Ray.
I
this finds you at Cheſter, be pleaſed to tender my
humble Service to his Lordſhip; and if you
there with any Iriſh Pieces of Money, I deſire your
Kindneſs to purchaſe ſome for me. I am very defi-
rous to find thoſe Elizabeth, or Pudſey Shillings, Web-
fter mentions in his Hiſtory of Metals, pag. 21. that
were made of Silver Ore in Yorkſhire ; he ſays they
are marked with a Scallop: As you happen upon any
of them, lay one or two aſide for me, and I ſhall be
obliged to you. I cannot yet ſend you the Inſcripti-
ons concerning the 365 Children, and Sir 70. Mande-
vil; but in lieu of them ſhall ſend you an humorfome
Rhythming Will of one Moore, who died not long ſince
about Merjhland in Norfolk, and gave his Eftate to his
Grand-daughter, now married to one Mr. Shelton,
a Gentleman of this Countrey, that hath a good Eſtate
near Bury.
in the Name of God Amen. I Thomas Moore
the 4th Year of my Age above threeſcore,
revoking all the Wills I made before,
making this my laſt and firſt. I do implore
Almighty God into his Hands to take
my Soul, which not alone himſelf did make,
but did redeem it with the precious Blood
of his dear Son; that Title ſtill holds good.
I next bequeath my Body to the Duſt,
from whence it came, which is moſt juſt;
defiring yet that I be laid cloſe by
my eldeſt Daughter, tho' I know not why.
I leave my Grandchild, Martha, her full Dues
my Lands, and all my Cattle, Jave a few,
you

Sir Philip Skippon to Mr. Ray. 103
jou ſhall hereafter in this Schedule find
to Piety or Charity deſign'd,
whom I my ſole Executrix inveſt,
to pay my Debts, and ſo take all the reſt :
But ſince that she is under Age, I pray
Sir Edward Walpole, and her Father, may
the Superviſors be of this my Will,
provided that my couſin Colvil ſtill
and Major Spenſly her Aſſiſtants be;
four honeſt Men are more than two or three.
Then I ſhall not care how ſoon I die,
if they'll accept it, and I'll tell you why.
There's not a Man of them but is so juſt,
with whom almoſt my Soul I dare to truſt.
Provided ſhe do make her Son
Heir to my Houſe at leaſt, and half my Land.
If ſhe hath ſuch, and when ſhe hath ſo done,
she be a Means to let him underſtand
it is my Will bis Name be written thus,
T. A B. C. or D. Moore alius.
EPITAPH.
Here lies in this cold Monument,
as appears by his laſt Will and Teſtament.
He was very rich, his Name was Moore;
who ever knew Poet die rich before?
But to ſpeak Truth, his Verſes do Mew it.
He liv'd a rich Man, but dy'd a poor Poet.
Mr. Jeſſop to Mr. Ray.
SIR,
December 18.-.
Shewed Mr. John Fiſher your Letter yeſterday,
his Brother not being at home, when I went to
viſit them. He gives you many Thanks for your Ac-
I
T ,
count

104 Mr. Jeſſop to Mr. Ray.
a
ز
count you gave him of young Helmont. He gives
this Account of their Menftruum, of which you en-
quir’d. The Experiment was made accidentally; for
having kept it in a Glaſs Vial, (part of the Relicks of
which he ſhewed me) and going to take out ſome
for their Uſe, they found that it was all run out, and
yet they could obſerve neither Crack nor Hole in
the Glaſs: Yet obſerving that the Glaſs was very
white as far as it had been filled, he not imagining
what might be the Reaſon, endeavoured to cleanſe
it with an Iron prepared for that Purpoſe: But the
Glaſs proved ſo tender, that at the firſt Touch the
Iron made a Hole through it. Upon this they began
to conſider what might be the Reaſon of this Acci-
dent, for they had often made the ſame Preparation,
and yet not met with this Effect. At length they
remember'd that they had by chance uſed a ſtronger
Fire than they did formerly; and therefore, upon
the next Occaſion, after they had drawn part of it
with their uſual Degree of Heat, towards the latter
End they urged it with a ſtronger Fire, and found,
according to their Expectation, that what was drawn
firſt did not diſſolve Glaſs, but the latter did. This
Experiment they have made four times with Suc-
ceſs, and without failing at any time. They ſhewed
me about a Pint of their laſt Extraction in a thick
green Glaſs Bottle, and it feemeth to have diffolved it
about half way through. He ſeems to make a Doubt
of the Meaning of thoſe words in your Quare (whe-
ther the Menftruum diffolve Glaſs conftantly and cer-
tainly;) if you mean, as I imagine you do, you have
your Anſwer already.
But if you ask whether the fame Portion of the
Menſtruum, which hath formerly diſſolved Glaſs, will
again do the ſame with the ſame Vigour? He an-
ſwers, that in this Particular it doth not differ from
other ordinary Menftruum's; for at the ſecond time it
works its Effect more weakly, and the third time
(carce

Mr. Jeſſop to Mr. Ray. 105
ſcarce diſcernibly, as he hath obſerved. If after this
Account Mr. Boyle think this a Matter worth his
Confideration, he may abſolutely command Mr. Fiſher
in this Particular, or any other, without any Condi-
tions or Reſervations, as he may do all that Part of
the World which pretends to Ingenuity and Grati-
tude: And yet Mr. Fiſher would eſteem it an exceed-
ing great Honour if he would condeſcend ſo much
as to inſtruct him in any thing. I thought it con-
venient to let you know, that altho' the Account I
gave you of drawing Spirit of Wine out of Vinegar
was all that either you or I receiv'd from Mr. Fiſher,
yet he tells me, that it is not the beſt way, (and faith
he told you as much) nor the way that he uſeth;
which for ſeveral Reaſons he yet keeps as a Secret.
He is buſy at preſent about improving an Experi-
ment he hath lately made of turning the whole Sub-
ftance of Vinegar into an urinous Spirit. He let me
ſee about half a Pint that he had already done, which
both for Taſte and Smell was like a middle Sort of
Spirit of Hartſhorn : He is endeavouring to turn the
whole Subſtance of Vinegar into Spirit of Wine,
and faith he hath Hopes of good Succeſs. I ſhould
be very glad to ſee you here in your Return from
Chefter.
a
Sir Philip Skippon to Mr. Ray.
S.
SIR,
Wrentham, Feb. 10. 1672
OME Particulars I lately met with I ſhall here
inſert.
The N. Side of Trees is diſtinguiſhable by Quantity
of thick Mofs growing there. Lederer's Difc. of N.
America, P. 24.
P
In

106 Sir Philip Skippon to Mr. Ray.
In ſome of the late Tranſactions, viz. N. 71, 742
6. are Obſervables which I doubt not you have ta
ken notice of.
Specificâ proprietate, Maniæ refiftere creditur Radix
Nymph. lut. quæ menſe Majo effoja, &c. Sennertus.
Folia Buxi, & deco&tum Anagallid. flo. purp. Ma-
niam curant. idem.
In Mr. Boyle's laſt Piece of the Uſefulneſs of Natu-
ral Philoſophy, he tells you ſeveral Ways to take the
Shape of a Leaf, which he recommends to Travellers.
In a little Book callid Polygraphice, c. 12. is another
Way, viz. Firſt take the Leaf, and gently bruiſe the
Ribs and Veins on the Back-ſide of it; afterwards wet
it with Linſeed-Oil, and then preſs it hard upon a piece
of clean white Paper; and ſo you shall have the perfekt
Figure of the Leaf
As any thing elſe occurs which may be worthy
your Knowledge, I ſhall give you Information. Some
Remarks about Inſects in the Philoſophical Tranſa-
ctions bring to my Memory what I read in New-
England's Memorial 1633. Plymouth was viſited with
an infe&tious Fever. The Spring before this Sickneſs,
there was a numerous Company of Flies, which were
like, for Bigneſs, unto Waſps, or Humble-Bees; they
came out of little Holes in the Ground, and did eat up
green Things, and made ſuch a conſtant yelling Noiſe, as
made all the Woods ring of them, Pag. 20.
Mr. Ray to Dr. Lifter.
Dear S IR,
Middleton, March 2. 1671.
Thank you for the Account you ſent of the Bret
and Turbut. By what you write of the Bret I
perceive, that what they call Bret in Lincolnſhire and
Yorkſhire, and I believe alſo in all the Eaſt Part of En-
gland,
.

Mr. Ray to Dr. Liſter.
10
a
a
gland, is the Turbut of the Weſt-Countrey, where the
Name Bret is not known: And I believe the Halibut
of the Weſt is the Northern and Eaſtern Turbut. And
I would fain know how your Halibut and Turbut dif-
fer; for if there be another Fiſh of the Make and
Bigneſs of your Turbut, it is a Stranger to me. Our
common Dictionaries engliſh Rhombus a Turbut : But
your Bret anſwers better the Figure ſo called than
your Turbut doth.
I am of your Opinion, that the Bret is the Rhona
bus aſper; but what manner of Fiſh that is you call
Sandſcreiter I know not. Of this Sort of Flat Fiſhes
I have as yet ſeen only ſeven Species, but doubt not
that there are many more. Thoſe are the Sole; the
Pole, which is a kind of Sole; the Halibut, which
you call Turbut; the Turbut, which you call Bret;
the common Plaiſe; or Paſſer lævis vulgaris maculatus,
the Fluke, ot Flounder, called by ſome Paſer non
maculatus, and by others, I believe, Rhombus Fluvia
atilis; and the Paſer aſper five ſquamoſus of Rondel,
called a Dab in Cornwall. We were told there of
ſome others, viz. one they call a Lantern Fiſh, ano-
ther they call a Queen: But of theſe Things I hope
to receive more full and particular Satisfaction from
you. As for what you have publiſhed in Print, I
judge it worthy of you, and think you deſerve much
Thanks and Commendation for ſo frankly communi-
cating your ingenious Obſervations and uſeful Diſco-
veries to the World, and will, doubtleſs, be recom-
penſed with the Honour due to you therefore. In
one thing I am as yet of a different Opinion from
you, and that is the Origine of thoſe Stones which
we uſually call petrified Shells, tho' you want not
gfood Ground for what you aſſert.
P 2
Mr

108
Mr. Johnſon to Mr. Ray.
Yhd
a
Brignall, near Great Bridge, March 29. -72.
Honoured SIR,
OU have the Head of a Field-fare almoft white,
the reſt of the Body was not at all altered ;
whether it be luſus nature, old Age, or ſome acci-
dental Cauſe, I know not. I have only obſerved
this Change from proper Colours to white in Larks
which are about Carliſle, to be very uſual in Titlarks,
which I have ſeen on our Moores : In Crows, where-
of there is one juſt now in Cliffe-Wood, near Peirce-
Bridge: In Daws, whereof, this Year, one was at
Hurworth, near Croft-Bridge, which was altogether
white, Neb, Nails and all : And in Sparrows, which
is uſual. I have ſent you the little yellow Bird you
called Regulus non-criſtatus, what Bird it is I know
not; (*) but we have great Store of them each Morn-
ing about Sun-rife, and many times a day; beſides ſhe
mounts the higheſt Branch in the Buſh; and there
with Bill erect, and Wing hovering, ſhe ſends forth
a fibilous Noiſe like that of the Graſhopper, but
much ſhriller.
'Tis like enough our Whitethroat is of the Ficedule;
for it is her Manner with us to fall upon a fair and
ripe Cherry, whoſe Skin when ſhe hath broken, with
a Chirp ſhe invites her young Brood, who devour it
in a Moment.
(*) Doubtleſs this Bird was the Locuſtella, in Willughb. Or-
nith. Book 2. Ch. 2. §. 5. and not the Regulus non cristatus,
Ch. 12. which I call the Yellow Wren, and of which I have
diſcovered three diſtinct Species; but not one of them that ſings as is
here deſcribed, and as I have ſeen two Sorts (if I miſtake not) of
Locuftellæ Birds do. W. D.
Dr.

109
Dr. Liſter to Mr. Ray.
2
I
Dear SIR,
Shall tell you only, that Kermes is this Year a
greater Puzzle to me than I expected it would
have proved. For I obſerve, 1. That theſe are foft
in the early Spring, and very pulpy. 2. That not
only that which I took to be the Excrement of the
Bees, but alſo the Liquamen itſelf, which I took to
be Proviſion of Bee-Meat, is nothing elſe but an in-
finite Number of ſmall Eggs, out of which a certain
fort of Mites (as I take them to be) are hatch'd.
3. That theſe Kermes ſeem to be of different Sorts ; $.375.
fome having red, or Carnation colour'd Mites in
them, wrapped up in a pure white Silk; others are
white of Colour, &c. 4. That not only the Bee
Maggots I defcrib'd the laſt Year have been found
in theſe Kermes, but as Dr. Johnſon of Pomfret af-
fures me, he found in one Kermes one large Maggot
filling all the Husk.
I deſire to know what you and Mr. Willugbby have
farther obſerved on this Subject.
Mr. Oldenburgh's Letter.
A
SIR,
London, July 6. 1672.
FTER my long Silence, I muſt now put you
in mind of fome Particulars which were re-
commended to you and Mr. Ray when you were with
us here. One was to communicate what you had
obſerved concerning the Vermis Setaceus, or Hair-
worm; of which Mr. Liſter had made ſo rational a
Narrative

I IO Mr. Oldenburgh's Letter.
a
Narrative already. Another, to experiment, to what
Degree of Magnitude a Maggot may be advanced, by
continuing to give it new Fleſh every 2 or 3 Days,
upon the Occaſion of Sir Sam. Tuke’s Relation of a
Maggot, which, within 2 Months, by that way, in-
creaſed to the Bigneſs of a Man's Thigh. A third,
to try whether Inſects will be bred in a Beef's Bladder
ſo clofe that no Paſſage be left for any Fly-blows?
And becauſe Flies may be ſaid to have blown on the
outſide of the Bladder, and the Fly-blows to have
eaten through the Bladder, it will be proper to in-
clude ſuch a Bladder in a Caſe, to defend it from Fly.
blows outwardly as well as inwardly. A fourth, to
try, if Occaſion ſerveth, the Virtue of Lichen cine-
reus terreſtris, which was ſaid to be exceedingly effi-
cacious in curing Dogs bitten by Mad Dogs. A Fifth,
to enquire of Mr. Fiſher whether he be Maſter of the
Experiment of diſolving Glaſs, and reducing it into
a white Calx; and after the Glaſs is well moiſten'd
with the Menftruum, whether it be capable to be
ſhaved with a Knife, almoſt like Horn? And farther,
whether the Menftruum employ'd for that Purpoſe
performs upon all sorts of Glaſs?
I intreat you, Sir, to preſent Mr. Ray with my
hearty Service; and, he being concern'd in ſome of
theſe Particulars, to give him the reading of this Pa-
per.
Dr. Grew is now amongſt us at Arundel-Houſe, ma-
king now and then very good Obſervations upon
Plants: And having thew'd to the Company, among
divers Particulars, the Trachea mention'd by Mal-
pighi in his Diſcourſe of Vegetables that you have
ſeen.
He hath been deſired to endeavour whether he can
diſcover any ſuch thing as a Periſtaltick Motion in
Plants when growing? For which Purpoſe he hath
been directed to chuſe ſome of the bigger Sort, where's

Mr. Oldenburgh's Letter.
III
in that Motion, if there be any ſuch, is like to be
more diſcernible.
We hope, Sir, that you and your Friend will join
in making a Reſearch ſo conſiderable.
I preſume you know, that Mr. Keyle's Elay of the
Origine and Virtues of Gems is now abroad. And I
believe, that Seignior Malpighi's Diſcourſe de forma-
tione pulli in ovo fecundo, tam non incubato quàm in-
cubato, will be printed in a ſhort time. I deſire very
much to know that theſe Lines are come to hand.
Mr. Johnſon to Mr. Ray.
I
Honoured SIR,
Saw near Kendall (to my great Wonder) a Broom-
Tree (if I may ſo fay) 4 or s Yards high, much
I
thicker than my Leg, ſpreading large Branches every
way, adorned with large fair Flowers, a very fair
Spectacle. I found at Haughter, in the Biſhoprick,
your Varietas altera Jacee nigre, with the Flower all
white, a very pretty Plant, worthy a Garden.
Brignall, Auguſt 5.—72.
Dr. Liſter to Mr. Ray.
A
SIR,
York, October 12. 1672.
Uguſt 18 I paſſed through Marton Woods, un-
der Pimco-Moore, in Craven. In theſe Woods
then found very great Plenty of Muſhromes, and
many of them then wither'd, and Coal-black; but
otheis new ſprung and flouriſhing: They are ſome
of them of a large Size, and yet few much bigger
than

II2
Dr. Liſter to Mr. Ray.
than the Champignon, or ordinary red-gilled eatable
Muſhrome, and very much of the Shape of that ; that
is an exactly round Cap, or Crown, which is thick
in Fleſh, and open deep Gills underneath ; a fleſhy,
,
and not hollow, round Foot-Stalk, of about 6 Fin-
gers breadth above Ground, and ordinarily as thick
as my Thumb: The Foot-Stalk, Gills, and Cap, all
of a Milk-white Colour. If you cut any part of this
Muſhrome, it will bleed exceeding freely and plenti-
fully a pure white Juice. Concerning which, note,
1. That the youngeſt did drop much more plenti-
fully and freely than thoſe that were at their full
Growth, and Expanſion: That the dried and wither-
ed ones had no Signs of Milk in them that I then
diſcern'd.
2. That this Milk taſtes and ſmells like Pepper,
and is much hotter upon the Tongue.
3. That it is not clammy or roapy to the Touch.
4. That altho' I uſed the ſame Knife to cut a hun-
dred of them, yet I could not perceive, all that time,
that the Milk changed Colour (as is uſual with moſt
vegetable Milks) upon the Knife Blade.
5. That it became in the Glaſs Viol, I drew it in-
to, ſuddenly concrete and ſtiff, and in ſome Days dried
into a firm Cake, or Lump, without any Serum at
all.
6. That it then alſo, when dried, retained its keen
biting Tafte, as it does at this Day, yet not fo fierce:
Its Colour is now of a yellowiſh green, yet very
pale.
7. This Milk flows much faſter from about the
outmoſt Rimm, or Part equivalent to the Bark of
Plants, than from the more inward Parts, C.
8. I obſerved theſe Mufbromes even then, when
they abounded with Milk, (not to be endured upon
our Tongues) to be exceeding full of Fly-Maggots;
and the youngeſt and tendereſt of them were very
much eaten by the (mall-grey-naked Snail.
You

Dr. Liſter to Mr. Ray. 113
You can tell me what Author deſcribes this Muſh-
rome, and what he titles it.
I have reviſed the Hiſtory of Spiders, and added this
Summer's Notes. Alſo I have likewiſe brought in-
to the ſame Method the Land and freſh Water Snails,
having this Year added many Species found in theſe
Northern Lakes. And by way of Appendix I have
deſcrib'd all the Shell-Stones that I have any where
found in England, having purpoſely viewed ſome
Places in Yorkſhire, where there are plenty. The
Tables of both I purpoſe to ſend you. I am not ſo
throughly ſtocked with Sea-Shells as I wiſh and en-
deavour. I aim not at Exoticks, but thoſe of our
.
own Shires. Concerning St. Cuthbert's Beads, I find
3 Species of them in Craven; and this makes it plain,
that they have not been the Back-bone of any Crea-
ture, becauſe I find of them ramous and branched
like Trees.
Mr. Jeſſop to Mr. Ray.
I
SIR,
Received both yours, and am very glad to hear of
your Deſign of reviewing Mr. Willughby's Col-
lections ; and I ſhall give what Aſſiſtance I can in the
Buſineſs concerning Hawks. In the mean time you
may peruſe Latham's Falconry, whoſe Deſcriptions
are true, tho' not perhaps ſo full as you may expect.
There are, beſides theſe that are mentioned in the
common Books, a Boccarell, and a Boccaret; the
which, altho' I have often ſeen, yet I did not ob-
ſerve them fo well, as to be able to deſcribe them ex-
actly. They are the Names of the Male and Female.
A Boccarell I once kept my ſelf, which was much
larger than either the Lanner or Falcon; and yet the
Q
common

114
Mr. Jeſſop to Mr. Ray.
common Tradition is, that they are a Baſtard Hawk
bred betwixt a Lanner and a Falcon; how true I
know not.
March 14. --72.
T
a
Mr. Jeſſop's Paper.
My Man William's Way of making Hard Soap
AKE Wood-Afhes, and Aſhes of Nettles, or
Thiſtles, (for Fern-Aſhes make the Soap ſoft)
as much as you pleaſe : Put unto them a third Part
of Lime; make a Hole in the Aſhes, and lay the
Lime in the middle of the Aſhes, and quench it with
Water, or ſmall Ley; then cover it with the Aſhes
that lie round it cloſe, ſo let it lie for half a Quar-
ter of an Hour, or thereabouts, till you think the
Lime be fallen. With a Shovel mix them well toge-
ther, having your Fat, or Tub, ready, for fear they
loſe their Virtue. Let your Fat, or Tub, have a
Hole in the Bottom ; cover it with a Slate-Stone, or
Board, laid upon other little Stones, which may keep
it about an Inch from the Bottom of the Tub: And
over the Slate-Stone, or Board, lay Straw, to keep
the Aſhes from the Hole. Fill the Tub almoſt full
with the Aſhes and Lime mix'd as above, and preſs
them down pretty bard; lay a Wiſp of Straw on the
Top of the Aſhes in the Middle of the Fat, to keep
the Water from making a Hole: Pour on a little
Water upon the Wiſp at firſt, ſo as it may ſpread in the
Athes about a Hand Breadth about the Wifp; then
pour on more than at the firſt, as ſoon as the firſt is
drunk up by the Aſhes. And at the next time you
may pour ſo much as will ſpread over all the Tub:
And if it take that without breaking the Aſhes, you
may pour on more. If that Ley which comes thro
the Hole into your Receiver at the firſt be not clear,
put
a
a

Mr. Jeſſop's Paper. IIS
put it up again, and ſo long continue pouring on Wa-
ter as the Ley in the Receiver will bear an Egg. And
this they call ſtrong Ley.
Keep this by it ſelf, and pour on cold Water again;
and the next will be middle Ley, which you muſt
know by its Tafte. The laſt will be ſmall Ley, pre-
pared after the ſame Manner, which hath ſcarce any
Taſte at all.
Take next a hundred Weight of Tallow, put it
into the Copper : Put about ſix Gallons of middle
Ley unto it; then put Fire under the Furnace, and
melt it down in the Ley, but ſo as it do not boil:
Draw the Fire from under it, and let it ſtand for four
or five Hours; then warm it again, and put in three
or four Gallons of ſtrong Ley, and ſo let it cool again
four or five Hours. Warm it again, and, if need re-
quire, put in more Ley, which you will know by
the Sharpneſs of the Taſte of the Soap: If it be pret-
ty ſtrong, let it boil until it become like a Jelly.
When it is ready for graining, if you dip your Knife
into it, and take out ſome, and let it cool, it will
rowl about your Knife.
To grain it, or ſeparate the Ley from the Soap,
put in a Peck of Bay-Salt; then keep a Fire only up-
on one Side of your Copper, ſo that it may boil on-
ly on that Side where the Fire is; after it hath boiled
a little, take out ſome of the Ley, and look whether
the Tallow be clearly ſeparated; if not, you muſt put
in more Salt. It muſt boil till all the Froth, which
will riſe at firſt a great Height, be wholly fallen:
Then take the Soap out of the Ley with a Scummer,
and put it into a Cheſt with a Sheet under,
Take an Ounce of Indico, beat it to Powder, put
it unto a Pottle of middle Ley in a little Pan, and put
unto it ſome hot Soap out of the Copper, ſo as to
make it pretty thick; let it boil: And being hot, pour
this into the middle of the Soap in the Cheſt. Whilft it is
Q2
hot,
a
a
a

116 Mr. Jeffop's Paper.
hot, ſtir it up and down with a Stick very well, and
it will make blue Veins in the Soap.
When it grows cold, they cut it into ſquare Cakes
with Wires.
Dr. Liſter to Mr. Ray.
Dear SIR,
York, June 20. -73.
Am very joyful at the News you give me of your
I
ſign’d by Mr. Willughby. I am very ſenſible of the
great Pains it will ask to perfect any one Part of it.
I only beg of you, that you will let one part ſee the
Light before
you
undertake the next, and that they
may not ſtay one of another. My Notes are very
flender upon the Subject of Birds.
I have very little Time to beſtow upon Natural
Hiſtory; yet what Pleaſure I give my ſelf, is to divert
my ſelf that way. I have been at Bugthorp ſince I
lait writ to you, to view the Place of Petrified Shells.
I ſhall not trouble you at preſent with any of my
Obſervations made there, ſave, that I found ſome
Star-Stones branched, as I had found formerly St. Guth-
bert's Beads in Craven.
This Year has much changed my Thoughts con-
p. 375,cerning Kermes. I have found them upon old Ropes
and Deal Boards. I am pretty confident that it is an
Animal of the Multipede Kind, which does fix it felf
in order to the laying of its Eggs; and that the Eggs
are laid and faſten'd about its Belly, juſt as the Eggs of
a Cray-fiſh are under her Tail. I have taken the
Animals before the fixing of themſelves; but ſhall
tell more of this e're long.
For

Dr. Liſter to Mr. Ray. I17
For other Diſcoveries and Experiments, I refer you
to a late Letter I wrote to Mr. Oldenburgh, which he
threaten'd to print in the next Tranſactions. When
you ſee it, give me your Opinion freely of the Par-
ticulars.
a
Mr. Dent of Cambridge to Mr. Ray.
ST
SIR,
Cambridge, June 21. 1675.
Ince my Return I could not meet with any Thorn-
backs, till upon Friday laſt, and then I had a
Male Flairmaid and a Female Thornback. They were
ſo far from aſſiſting me to perfect what I had begun,
that they have given me juſt Occaſion of a great deal
farther Search, eſpecially the Male, which had be.
tween the Fins and the Tail, of each Side, another
Tail, as the Fiſhmonger calld it, and which (he
faith) all the Males of Flair, and Flairmaid, Thorn-
back, and Thornback-maid, have. They are not Tails,
but ſuch (Creatures I had like to have calld them) as
deſerve an excellent Deſcription, and the Art of an
excellent Graver. The extreme Part (more than half
way) very much reſembles an Eel without Eyes;
within an Inch of the Fins it grows a little ſmaller,
the outſide of each is a Rima, from the Extremity to
that Part which begins to be ſmaller. This Rima
examined and dilated, (which it eaſily admits of, and
afterwards contracts itſelf) that which was like the
Head and Part of the Body of an Eel, ſeems to be
an expanded Webt Foot, with ſeveral Remarkables
in it, as a Heel, a ſharp edg'd Bone half Inch long,
&c. Theſe (callid Tails) ſeem to me like un-
ſhap'd Legs kneed, and join'd with the Bones of
the Fins (which may be calld Thigh Bones) and they
to

118
Mr. Dent to Mr. Ray.
to the Coxendix. In each above the Rima, or rather un-
der the Fins, (examining the Muſcles, rather than ex-
pecting to find any thing) I run my Knife upon a
Veſſel, which afforded a great Quantity of Liquor,
(for that Part) part white, part bloody'; which be-
ing wip'd off, I found feminal Veſſels : Being more
careful on the other Side, I found a large Veſſel full
of Liquor as on the former mention'd Side. What to
call this Bladder, or Veſel, I do not
yet
determine:
Scrotum I muft not, for that the Teſticles (very pretty
to a curious Eye) are within the Abdomen. Whether
in or nigh this Veſſel, is one of the Glandulæ Proſtate ;
and whether there are any Veſicula Seminarie within
theſe, or any other beſides theſe, I would farther ex-
amine. I believe, but dare not affert, that the Penis
on each Side is annexed to theſe Veſſels : Some Ra-
mifications of the Epididymis ſeem here, but not ſo
plain as in the Abdomen. While I was ſearching for
any thing that might be annexed to the Foramina,
which by Geſner are called Foramina Vulva, (and ve-
ry cunningly by Steno paſs’d over in Silence) though
they are in all Males as well as Females, I cut with
the Os pubis ſo much as hinder'd the Diſcovery whe-
ther both Penis's might meet or not. I am fatisfy'd
that thoſe Foramina ſerve only to let in Water into
the Abdomen, as thoſe behind the Eyes let it into the
Mouth ſhut, the 1o Trap-Doors, or Floodgates, of
the Branchiæ being fhut at Pleaſure; and this re-
ceiving in ſo much Water, may be (if it be lawful to
conjecture) by the Weight of the Water to make her
more ſwift in purſuing Prey (if at all) downward.
Another

119
Another Letter of Mr. Dent's to Mr. Ray,
without Date.
I
SIR,
Could not in my laſt, of the işth Inſtant, give
you any good Account of the Eggs of Flair or
Thornback, becauſe they were very ſmall then, and
only in the Vitellarium. Since that I have found a
Female Flair with two Eggs in Shells in the Duplex
Ovarium, as Dr. Needbam obſerves in his Diſquiſitio
Anatomica, p. 202. The one I dried whole, and
have it by me. I opened the other, and found the
Vitellum to be grown flat, ſwimming in the Albumen,
and with moving the Egg upwards or downwards
(I mean whilft whole) would eaſily glide through the
Albumen to which End I pleaſed, which is eaſy to
be ſeen through the Shell between the Light and the
Eye. It was pale colour'd, and without any Cicatri-
cula, which I do ſuppoſe will be found hereafter in
others more mature. Mr. Mayfield would perſuade
me that theſe Fiſhes are vivipari ; for he faith, about
a Month or five Weeks hence I ſhall ſee the Fiſh per-
fectly formed in that Egg-Shell. I doubt he is mi-
ſtaken; however, I will Weekly obſerve their feve-
ral Alterations, and give you a full Account here-
after. The other Eggs (without Shells) in or upon
the Vitellarium, are all round; the largeſt about half
the Bigneſs of a Tennis-Ball. I boiled both Parts of
them in Water ; the Vitellum grew ſolid, like to that
of a Hens, but the Albumen grew not white like the
Hen's Egg; it grew a little more folid, but remained
diaphanous. I have enclos'd the Shell, which does
not agree with Dr. Needham's Deſcription of his Teſta
a
Ovi

I 20
Mr. Dent to Mr. Ray.
Ovi Raie, he ſaith, Ex quatuor angulis totidem lingu-
læ excreſcunt; at one End it hath Excreſcences rather
to be callid Cornua than Lingula; the other End
feems more like a Fin than either. What they may
hereafter come to, I know not; but will give you
an Account.
Mr. Ray to Dr. Liſter.
I
Dear SIR,
received your laſt Letter of Novemb. 11. with
your accurate Obſervations about St. Cuthbert's
Beads. A ſtrange thing it ſeems to me, that the bro-
ken Pieces of thoſe Bodies which you find, I mean
of the main Stems, ſhould be of equal Bigneſs from
Top to Bottom, and not at all tapering, if they be
indeed the Bodies of Rock-Plants. There are found
in Malta certain Stones called St. Paul's Baſtoons,
which I ſuppoſe were originally a Sort of Rock-Plants,
like ſmall ſnagged Sticks, but without any Joints ;
the Trunks whereof diminiſh, according to the Pro-
portion of other Plants, after the putting forth of
their Branches. Thoſe Roots that you have ob-
ſerved, are a good Argument that theſe Stones were
originally Pieces of Vegetables. Wonderful it is,
that they ſhould be all broken, and not one Plant
found remaining entire; and no leſs wonderful, that
there ſhould not at this Day be found the like Vege-
tables growing upon the Submarine Rocks, unleſs we
will ſuppoſe them to grow at a great Depth under
Water. And who knows but there may be ſuch Bo-
dies growing on the Rocks at this Day, and that the
Fiſhers for Coral may find of them, tho', being of no
Uſe, they neglect and caſt them away. Certain it is,
that there is a Sort of Corall jointed. The ſmall Col-
lection

Mr. Ray to Dr. Liſter.
121
lection of Local Words I mentioned to you is abroad.
I had fent you one of them, but that I knew not how
to get it conveyed, unleſs I had ſent to Mr. Martin
for Direction: And truly the thing is ſo inconſidera-
ble a Trifle, that I thought it not worth the While
to give him the Trouble. Beſides, it is ſo ill cor-
rected, that I am alſo in that reſpect aſhamed of it.
I am going on as faſt as I can with the Ornithology.
That the Work may not be defective, I intend to
take in all the Kinds I find in Books which Mr. Wil-
lughby deſcribed not, and to have a Figure for all the
Deſcriptions I can procure them for. I have ſent
this Week to Mr. Martin to begin to get ſome Fi-
gures engraved.
Middleton, Novem. 29. -73.
Y ,
a
Mr. Johnſon to Mr. Ray.
Honoured SIR,
OU deſired a particular Account of the Barna-
cles, which I have given, and am confident they
are two Species at the leaft; yet ſo near a-kin, that
they have all a dark Veil, covering Head and Neck
alike, far.
If you have not yet determin'd what thoſe Shells
upon old Planks and Ships (which Antiquity fancied
to be young Gooflings) are, give me Leave to pro-
pound one Conjecture among many, viz. that they
are the Spawn of Shrimps. 'Twas my Brother 70.
'
Johnſon's Obſervation, who told me, that fo far as
his naked Eye could diſcover, there was an exact Pro-
portion of Parts betwixt the Contents of thoſe Shells
and the Shrimp : If this Conjecture have any thing
of Probability in it, pray examine it farther; if not,
R
pardon

I22
Mr. Johnſon to Mr. Ray.
pardon this Trouble. The conjectural Reaſons which
I here and there add of the Parts of Fowls, I ex-
preſs poſitively, to avoid Prolixity of Words; and if
in many of them I err, (as like enough I may) it is
not for want of
Moſt of the Latin Names I give, are 70. or Gefn.
for I have not Aldrovand. tho I confefs ſometimes
their Deſcriptions are imperfect, or do not exactly
agree: And ſometimes (tho' rarely) I take the Liberty
to feign a Name, where I find not one.
'Tis commonly reported with us of the Heron and
Bittour, that they have but one wide Gut; and there-
fore (they ſay) when they eat an Eel, ſhe preſently goes
through them, which the Heron in her Flight catches
again and again ; but when I opened them, I found
the Story falſe, for they had Guts like other Birds
for any thing I ſaw; therefore I rather think the
Eel (if at all) makes her Eſcape out of her Feet.
Brignall, Fan. 15. 167
I have often taken Notice that the Summer Birds
do all, or moſt of them, feed on ſuch Inſects, whoſe
being confifts moſt what in Motion, I mean, who
have more Store of Animal Soul than of all the reſt,
and therefore afford a plentiful Supply of Animal Spi-
rits to the Brain, and Genus Nervoſum of the Birds;
which I ſometimes fancy to be the Reaſon why theſe
Birds are ſo reſtleſs in Motion, and ſuch continual
Singers: And perhaps fome Reaſon may be taken from
hence why the Sozes, and ſome other Inſects, are ſo
beneficial to the nervous kinds, and why a greater Me-
dicinal Improvement may be made of Inſects.
a
Mr.

123
Mr. Oldenburgh to Mr. Ray.
MY
SIR,
London, July 11.-74.
Y worthy Neighbour, Mr. Hatton, giving
me a Viſit, acquainted me, that my Lord
Mordaunt hath at his Houſe at Parſons-Green, near
London, ſome of thoſe Barbadoes Turtles that are not
bigger than Larks, and that his Lordſhip is willing
to permit any Artiſt that ſhall come to him in his,
Mr. Hatton's Name, to take a Draught of that Bird.
If therefore you are minded to have that Bird in-
ſerted in your Hiſtory of Volatils, it not being hi-
therto deſcribed, as Mr. Hatton thinks, you may give
Order to Mr. Martin to fend ſome fit Perſon to the
Place mentioned, to receive that Satisfaction, which
I could not omit to give you Notice of.
a
IN
w
Mr. Ray to Dr. Liſter.
Dear SIR,
Middleton, Jopt. 196.1674.
N the laſt Philoſophical Tranſactions I ſaw a Ta-
ble of Land and Freſh-water Snails of your draw-
ing up, which is indeed very full, and diſpoſed in an
excellent Method, and the lively Figure of each
Shell, being elegantly engraven, added, ſo that there
is little wanting to a compleat Hiſtory of them. I
have not been very curious in ſearching out and no-
ting the Varieties of our Engliſh Land-Snails : Many
of yours I have not taken Notice of. The ſecond
Kind I think is that you and I obſerved about Mont-
pelier, but I do not remember to haye ſeen it in En-
gland,
R 2

I 24 Mr. Ray to Dr. Liſter.
gland. Of your Water-Snails I have diſcovered moſt,
if not all. Your firſt Buccinum, which is the 18th
in the Plate, I uſe to call Conchula Perſica for ſome
Reſemblance, if I miſtake not, it hath to that Shell:
It hath alſo the Likeneſs of thoſe they call Porcel-
lane Shells beyond Seas, and uſe for Coſmeticks. I
have obſerved a ſmall Water-Snail in our Brooks,
which I uſe to term Nerites Fluviatilis for its Simili-
tude, which I think is not in your Table, unleſs it
be the 18; but then it is not rightly figured; for the
Bottom, or Vertex, in mine, is round, and not at all
produced. I have alſo obſerved abundantly in our
Brooks a Patella Fluviatilis no broader than a Lentill
ſticking to the Stones. But of theſe Things, being
thus by you quickened, I ſhall hereafter (God grant-
ing Life and Health) take more exact Notice. I
thank you for your Communications, and exhort you
as earneſtly as I can to proceed with all Vigour in
your Search into the Hiſtory and Myſteries of Nature:
In the Proſecution whereof, the Succeſs you have al-
ready had, and Diſcoveries you have made, have both
rewarded your Endeavours, and given you Encou-
ragement to perfift.
Mr. Oldenburgh to Mr. Ray.
M
SIR,
London, Sept. 15: ---74.
Y late Abſence from London, and other Occa-
fions, have kept me
from ſooner giving you
the following Account from Seignior Boccone, in Re-
turn to the Letter you wrote to him, which, it ſeems
by this bis Anſwer, was without your Name to it.
He ſaith thus in-French:
L'Autheur

Mr. Oldenburgh to Mr. Ray. 125
3
L'Autheur de la lettre latine teſmoigne d'avoir
beaucoup de bonté pour moy, &ce ne puis luy reſpon-
dre dans les formes, à cauſe que la dite lettre n'eſt point
figneé. Je croy pourtant de pouvir deſchiffrer l'
autheur, par l'hiſtoire de ſes voiages en Sicile, & à
Malthe, & de m'arreſter ſur la perſonne illuſtre de
Monſieur Rayus. Je vous prié donc, de luy vouloir
rendre mes tres-humbles reconnoiſſances, & de luy te-
moigner mes obligations ; & que, j'il arrive jamais
qu'il revient en Italie, je le ſerviray pour compagnon
dans toutes les peines inevitables, qu'on rencontre
dans les occaſions d'herborizer.
La vicia ſeſamacea qui à eſté deſcrite par Fab. Co-
lumna differe d’avec la ſecuri-daca ſiliquis fabaceis en
beaucoup de parties ; fçav. les filiques, que produit
la dite vicia, font plus petites, plus aiguës, & (ce qui
éſt le plus remarquable) attachees au caulis ſans la me-
diation ſenſible du pediculus; ce qui n'arrive guere
dans les parties dela ſecuri-daca Sicula. J'ay trouvé
une figure de vicia ſeſamacea, qui à eſté tireé avec la
meſme plante ſelon la methode preſcrite par Spigelius
dans ſon Iſagoge : Si vous ou M. Rayus ferez tirer la
figure de la ſecuri-daca ſiliquis fabaceis par la meſme
methode, vous connoiſtrez d'abord par cette eſpece de
demonftration la difference des parties. Pour le pre-
fent J'ay l’honeur de vous envoier le portrait, mais
avec le temps ce pourroy vous envoier la plante
meſme, ou ſes graines. Il me ſemble, que J'ay re-
marque dans les Obſervations Topographiques quel-
ques Plantes, que J'ay trouveés dans la Sicile, fçav.
un Hypericum, un Gramen, une facea, une Campanu-
5
la, une Lychnis, & autres Plantes rares. Je ſouhaite
avoir un exemplaire de cet ouvrage, pour y expliquer,
à l'occaſion d'une autre impreſſion, que ces Plantes
la font les meſmes avec celles, que M. Rayus & moy
avons obſerveés & deſcrites. Et je dois faire cela
pour rendre juſtice à ce ſçavant voiageur, & pour
empeſcher la multiplication des eſpeces, eſtant les
meſmes
à

126 Mr. Oldenburgh to Mr. Ray.
meſmes plantes. J'apprens avec plaiſir, que le Sola-
num ſpinoſum maximè tomentoſum à eſté apporté de la
Virginie en Angleterre la premiere fois, cela m' ay-
ant eſté inconnu juſques icy.
So far Seignior Boccone. To which I Thall add
ſomething that may concern the Ornithology; which
is, That I ſaw lately 2 or 3 Sorts of Eaſt-Indian Birds,
brought thence with the laſt Return-Ships ; very fine
Creatures : And they were, I. A curious ſpeckled
Indian Hen. 2. Some Eaſt-Indian Pigeons, delicately
ſhaped. 3. Some very ſmall Birds, with ſhort Scar-
let Beaks, and curiouſly ſpeckled Feathers, &c. Theſe,
if we could learn their Names, and ſomething of
their Nature and Qualities, were very well worth,
in my Opinion, to be taken into your Book. I hear
they are ſhortly to be brought from Wapping (where
I ſaw them in the Company of my Lord Brouncker)
to Tower-Hill; and if they be fo, we may then get
a Draught of them, if you think fit, for the Engra-
ver, eſpecially if the Perſon that brought them can
give us any tolerable Deſcription of them.
I cannot conclude this, without giving you No-
tice, that the Council of the Royal Society intends
to engage thoſe of the Fellows of that Body, that are
able and willing, to give them once a Year, each of
them, an Experimental Entertainment at their ordinary
Meetings, that is, ſome good Diſcourſe grounded on
Experiments made or to be made; that ſo their Week-
ly Meetings may be more conſiderable and inviting
than hitherto they have been, and the Work of the
Society not lie altogether on the Shoulders of
3 or 4
of the Fellows. And this being to reach the abſent
as well as the preſent, I mean of thoſe that have Op-
portunity and Ability, I do herewith intimate to you,
(as I have lately done to Mr. Liſter) that you are look-
ed upon as one of thoſe which the ſaid Council have
in their Eye for ſuch an Exerciſe, deſiring you that
you

Mr. Oldenburgh to Mr. Ray. 127
you would think upon ſuch a Subject as your ſelf ſhall
judge proper for one Entertainment of that Company
after our Anniverſary Election-Day the next Year:
And if
your
Occaſions ſhould not permit you to ſtep
to London to preſent your Diſcourſe your ſelf, they
have found an Expedient, viz. to deſire you, and
ſuch others as ſhall be in that Cafe, to ſend it up to
London to any of your Friends, that may preſent and
read it for you. It is farther intended, that ſuch Dif-
courſes ſhall be made publick, if the Author ſo think
fit, not otherwiſe. Pray, Sir, let me know that you
have received this, together with your particular An-
ſwer to the latter Part thereof.
Dr. Lifter to Mr. Ray.
I
Dear SIR,
Am well pleaſed you like the Table of Snails :
Some things I have thought fit to alter ſince they
were ſent up; particularly the Title of the third
Snail, which I now call (after a great Collecti-
on of them) by this Title, which I think will
compriſe all the Difference, Cochlea citrina aut leuco-
phæa unicolor, vel unica, vel 2, vel 3, vel 4, ple-
rumq; verò quinis faſciis pullis diſtincta. Again, ſome
of the Figures are unhappily miſtaken by the Graver,
which I hope to get corrected; particularly the 19,
which I gueſs to be that you mean by your Nerites
Fluviatilis. This I ſay, if any, is that you mean ;
but I hope yours is a new Species. I have my ſelf
figured it by the Life, and indeed it was as truly de-
figned before in the Deſign ; but I know not how
monſtrouſly miſtaken by the Graver in the Plate.
"Tis true, the ſecond is that you and I found about
Montpelier ; but I have found it in divers Places in
England

128
Dr. Lifter to Mr. Ray:
England ſince my Return, in Kent, in Lincolnſhire,
here at Oglethorpe, in a Woody-Bank, upon the
Wharf plentifully near the Paper-Mills. The Patella
Fluviatilis you mention is a curious Diſcovery, and is
wholly new to me: I ſhall look for it here, if per-
chance it may be found in theſe Parts.
York, Octob. 1674.
Dr. Liſter to Mr. Ray.
a
I
a
Dear Friend,
York, Decemb. 13. 1674.
Had a Letter from the Barbadoes from a learned
and ingenious Phyſician of that Iſland the other
Week: He practis'd long in Cleveland ; and in his
Paſſage this Summer to the Barbadoes, gives me an
Account of two Birds he met with at Sea. I thought
to ask your Opinion of them. I ſhall tranſcribe that
Part of Dr. Town's Letter to me that mentions thoſe
Birds.
“ One Night, when the Mariners were diſagree-
« ing about our Diſtance from Barbadoes, a Bird,
" by the Seamen uſually called a Booby, lighted upon
a Man ſleeping on the Quarter-Deck, which,
“ from its Stupidnefs, has its Name, for it fate very
quietly, looking about it, until it was taken by a
“ Seaman's Hands; and by the Cry of this (which
« is like, and almoſt as loud as the Sound a Buck
" makes upon the Rut) immediately came another
“ Booby, which was taken after the ſame Manner :
“ And many more might have been ſo taken (the
« Seamen fald) had there been more about the Ship;
6 but they were welcome Gueſts, becauſe they put
us out of doubt, as uſually appearing about 40 or
5o Leagues from Land: They are of no Beauty at
66 all, yet I'll ſend them to you, becauſe they are
great
66

Dr. Liſter to Mr. Ray. 129
great Enemies to the Flying Fiſh. As ſoon as we
« croſſed the Tropic, we were met by a Bird called
" the Tropic-Bird, becauſe they commonly are firſt
“ ſeen at 22 or 23 Degrees of Latitude. They are
" about the Bigneſs of a Parrot; the Feathers ap-
66 peared white, with red intermix'd; the Beak crook-
s6 ed, and of a Scarlet Colour; their Tail at a Di-
" ftance not to be ſeen, but, nigh at hand, about
" the Thickneſs and Length of an ordinary Tobac-
" co-Pipe. I wonder what their Food may be fo
“ far from Land; for I cannot learn that they have
“ been obſerved to prey upon any Fiſh, or Birds,
“ unleſs they reſort to ſome ſmall Iſland yet undiſ-
c covered. 'I heard, ſince I came hither, that they
“ frequent the Rocks on the Windward (or Eaſt-
" Part) of this Iſland; which, if true, I'll endea-
vour to procure ſome, &c.
6
Mr. Ray to Dr. Lifter.
I
Dear S IR,
Middleton, Dec 19.-74..
Thank you for the Information ſent about the
Birds. I have read of the one in fome Books of
Voyages, viz. the Booby, but know nothing elſe of
it but the Name. I wiſh I had a particular Deſcri-
ption of it, that ſo I might inſert it in our Ornithology.
The Doctor, your Friend, ſeems to promiſe you the
Bird dried; which, when you receive, I ſhall beg a
Deſcription of it from you.
.
The Tropic Bird dried I have ſeen in the Repoſitory
of the Royal Society, and have deſcribed as well as
I can. I find it to belong to that Sort of Birds which
I call Palmiped, with all the four Toes webbed to-
gether, ſuch as are the Cormorant and Soland-Gooſe;
and therefore, without doubt, preys upon Fiſhes, and
S
lives

130 Mr. Ray to Dr. Liſter.
lives only upon them. That which I obſerved moſt
remarkable in it was, that the Tail conſiſted only of
two very long Feathers: At leaſt, I was informed
that it had only two Feathers in the Tail, and there
were but two left remaining in the Caſe, which ac-
cords well with what Dr. Towne writes : Yet I am
ſuſpicious, that beſides thoſe two long Feathers, there
are other ſhorter in the Tail.
Having finiſhed the Hiſtory of Birds, I am now be-
ginning that of Fiſhes, wherein I ſhall crave your Ar-
liſtance, eſpecially as to the flat cartilagineous Kind,
and the ſeveral Sorts of Afelli : Eſpecially I deſire In-
formation about the Cole-fiſh of Turner, which I fup-
pofe may ſometimes come to York. When I was in
Northumberland I ſaw of them falted and dried, but
could not procure any of them new taken: Befides
the common Cod-fiſh, the Haddock, Whiting and Ling,
I have in Cornwall ſeen and deſcribed three other
Sorts of Afelli, from which I would gladly know
whether the Cole-fiſh be ſpecifically diſtinct. I am al-
ſo at a Lofs about the Codling of Turner, what man-
ner of Fiſh it ſhould be, and how certainly differenced
from the Cod-fiſh. Of the flat Cartilagineous I have
ſeen and deſcribed 4 or 5 Sorts; but I am to ſeek
what our Fiſhermen mean by the Skate, and what by
Flair, and what by Maid. By the Affinity of Name
one would think that the Skate ſhould be Squatina,
which
yet
I believe it is not. The Sorts of Raia
that I have ſeen and deſcribed, are the Thornback, or
Raia clavata, a certain and characteriſtick Note of
which is want of Teeth. 2. The Raia lævis vulg.
3. Raia lævis oculata, with only two black Spots on
the Back, one on each side. 4. The Raia Oxyrhyn-
chos. 5. The Rhinobatos, or Squatino-raia. Ronde-
letius, and the following Authors out of him, have
many more Sorts. But I have not Time to add more,
than that I am, &c.
M

131
Mr. Oldenburgh to Mr. Ray.
Yan
SIR,
London, Decemb. 21.-74.
TOUR accurate Diſcourſe touching the Seeds,
and the Specifick Difference of Plants, was read
before the Royal Society on Thurſday laft, and was fo
well received, that the Preſident, in the Name of
the whole Body, returns you their hearty Thanks for
ſo good an Entertainment. They doubt not, but
that you will in good time communicate to them alſo
what
you
ſhall
. farther obſerve concerning the Seeds of
Bulbous Plants, and the poſitive Specifick Difference of
Plants; and they wiſh you much Health, and good
Succeſs, for performing what you intend in reference
to the Hiſtory of Animals: Wherein, if I could con-
tribute any thing, I would do it with great Joy.
I received lately from Hamborough a German Deſcri-
ption of that Countrey in Africa, call’d Fetu; (of
which I have given ſome Account in the laſt Tranſa-
ctions of November) and found in the Book bound
ſome looſe Cuts, which I ſee not that they belong
to that Book; amongſt them were theſe three here
enclos'd, which I thought fit to ſend you, that you
might ſee whether you have all the Birds therein ex-
preſs’d, and whether you know the Plants that are in
one of them. That Cutt, which is mark'd 1, ſeems
to repreſent the Anas Aretica Clufii, the Eye only is
different, if I miſtake not. You may, when you
have done with them, return them to me in a Paper
to Mr. Martin; to whom I ſpoke lately, that I had
gotten Permiſlion to have a Draught taken of the
Eaſt-Indian Pigeons, and the other Birds, brought
from thoſe Parts by Capt. Erin, (now living on Tower-
Hill) if it were worth while. But he tells me, that
S2
ſince

132 Mr. Oldenburgh to Mr. Ray.
ſince we cannot have their Names and Peculiari-
ties, it will be improper to inſert them into your Or-
nithology. All that I could learn of the Pigeons was,
that they were Suratta-Pigeons, fprightly, and with
extraordinary broad Tails, which they ſpread out al-
moft Peacock like. And as to the other Birds, no
more can be ſaid of them, than what fine Shape and
variegated Colours they have. Having thought fit to
give this Notice of theſe Creatures, I muſt leave it
to you what Uſe to make of it, who am, &c.
a
P.S. In the above-mention’d African Book there
is Mention made of a Quadruped, call'd Adwa, which
I remember not to have met with in other Authors.
"Tis deſcrib'd to be no bigger than a Lady's Lap-
Dog, in Shape like a young Roe-buck, with a beau-
tiful long Head, very neat Feet, ſhort ſlender Body.
Juſt when I was going to ſend this, I was inform'd
that you had cauſed only fome young ones of the lit-
tle Eaſt-India Birds to be drawn, but that the old
ones differ ſo much from the young ones, by their
being moſt curiouſly ſpeckled, (which I hear the
young ones are not) that thoſe that know the old
ones, and not the young, will hardly think them to
be the ſame Birds.
Dr. Towne's Letter about the Shark to
Mr. Dent, and by him communicated
to Mr. Ray.
I
Send you by this Fleet the Skin of a young Shark-
Fiſh fuff’d; you may receive it from Mr.
Penn, if it come ſafe to him. The Skin of this Fiſh
(when freſh) is ſo porous, eſpecially about the Head,
that

Dr. Townes to Mr. Dent, &c. 133
a
a
.
that tho' never ſo little ſqueez’d, it ſends forth Wa-
ter-Drops about the Bigneſs of a ſmall Pea through
its Pores, and ſo harſh, that it wore my Nails, as I
was helping to flea it, to the quick almoſt in a Mo-
ment. I believe you may now whet your
Knife
up-
on it. His Ventricle is without any Folds in its in-
moſt Coat, or any ſenſible Acidity, which makes me
think, that perhaps the Philoſophers do not juſtly at-
tribute Conco&tion to the famous Succus Acidus and
Calor Innatus, for both of theſe he wants, and yet is
extremely voracious, inſomuch one was taken by
ſome of our Seamen in a former Voyage) that had
in his Belly a Woman ftitch'd up in a ſtrong Rug,
and bit into Halves, and almoſt digeſted to the Bones
within the Compaſs of a very few Hours; for the
Woman died, and was thrown over-board the ſame
Day the Shark was taken. He has uſually the Atten-
dance of about 2 or 3 Pilot-Fiſhes about a Foot long,
which are commonly ſeen to taſte of the Bait imme-
diately before their "Maſter: And there are often
found ſticking to his Side ſmall Fiſhes, which, with
tranſverſe Folds upon the Head and Back, cling cloſe
to his Skin, and I believe wait there for ſome little
Reverſions that ſlip from his. Teeth, When he
catcheth at a Prey, he turns his Belly up, thruſteth
his Jaw-bones forth of the Skin, (as you ſee it now)
and ſets his Teeth upright, which, at other times, lie
flat, in 3, 4, 5, or o Rows, according as his Age is.
I could make no more Obſervations, the Seamen urg-
ing me to rid him out of hand, thinking it a very
childiſh Thing to ſit poring on a Carcaſs. I ſee daily
here ſtrange Plants, which, with their Seeds and o-
ther Toys, I would have long ago fent you, could
I have got a Friend that would take care of them ;
but as ſoon as may be you ſhall have them.
This is part of the Letter I receiv'd from Dr. Towne,
and mentioned to you. I have the Fiſh hanging in
a
my Hall.
Dr.

134
Dr. Liſter to Mr. Ray at Coleſhill in
Warwickſhire.
a
a
Dear SIR,
Received the kind Token of the Ornithology with
much Joy: I pray for the Continuance of your
Health, that you may with the ſame Diligence and
Accurateneſs put forth the remaining Papers. Cer-
tainly never Man was ſo happy in a Friend as he has
been in you, who have been ſo juſt to his Memory
and Labours.
I am very glad you ſay ſo much concerning the
Engliſh Edition, which you tell me you intend to
augment.
If I might adviſe you in the Hiſtory of Hawks, it
would be very acceptable to have their Managery
and Training, which I find is done with much Skill
and Faithfulneſs in a certain late Piece, call'd the Gen-
tleman's Recreation, printed 74. where is the beſt Ac-
count of Hawks and Hawking that ever I met with.
Again, in the Hiſtory of Small Birds, fome Ac-
count of the keeping and ordering of them in Cages
would pleaſe, which alſo is very well done in a late
Book, entituled the Epitome of the Art of Husbandry,
where you will find a large and very accurate Tract
of Singing-Birds : Both done by experienc'd and
judicious Perſons in that Way.
I ſhall hint to you the Peruſal of the late Hiſtory
of the Iſland of Fero, where is much ſaid of the
Puffin and that Tribe.
Again, you will find a moſt accurate and very par-
ticular Anatomy of an Eagle, done by a good Hand,
viz, Borrichius in his Vindication of Chimiſtry againſt
Conringing
:

Dr. Liſter to Mr. Ray. 135
Conringius, a late Piece: I would you ſaw it,
for I think it worth the inſerting into your Hiſtory.
If I meet with any thing farther, I will give you
notice of it.
The Curruca, or Hedge-Sparrow, which I have of
ten ſeen, lays Sea-green, or pale-blue Eggs, which
neatly emptied and wired, fair Ladies wear at their
Ears for Pendants.
One and the fame Swallow I have known, by the
fubftracting daily of her Eggs, to have layed 19
ſucceſſively, and then to have given over.
The Bunting breaks not Oats, but ſhells, or hulls
them moft dextrouſly, as I obſerve, having of them
by me at this preſent in Cages.
The Robbin-red-breaſt, will not touch a hairy
Caterpillar, but will gladly take and eat any ſort of
ſmooth one that I have given to him; and there is
no better Way ſpeedily to tame, and make wild Birds
fing, than to give them a pleaſing Inſect or two daily,
neither thin nor thick-bill'd Birds but will gladly eat
Spiders, as I have experienc'd in ſome Kinds.
York, Feb. 8. -75.
Sir Philip Skippon from Wrentham
to Mr. Ray.
I
SIR,
Wrentham, Feb. 11. 1676.
Shall now acquaint you, that having read the Ob-
117. of the Philoſophical Tranſactions, I ſoon after
diſcourſed about them with one Mr. Tbo. Glover, an
ingenious Chirurgeon of theſe Parts, who lately came
from our Weſtern Plantations, baving lived ſome
timc

136 Sir Philip Skippon to Mr. Ray.
time in Virginia, and nine Months in Barbadoes,
where he ſays he has let above 20 Negroes blood,
and always obſerv'd the Colour to be as florid and red
as any European's Blood; and that he never ſaw any
of a dark Colour, as is repreſented by the Letter the
ingenious Mr. Liſter received from that Iſland. The
Difference in theſe two Perſons Obſervations ought
therefore to be farther examined by Correſpondents
in that and other places, (where Blacks inhabit.)
Purſain, Mr. Glover ſays, is alſo very common in
Virginia, and troubleſome too to the Tobacco Plan-
ters. Aſarum is much uſed by the Indians to pro-
voke Vomiting, and they are frequently troubled
with violent Colicks, which oftentimes terminate in
Palfies. ****
Mr. Ray to Dr. Liſter.
I
Dear Friend,
Receiv'd yours.of February 8, and have reſolved
to follow your Advice, in adding to the Ornitho-
logy an Account of the Ordering of Birds for ſinging,
as alſo ſomething of Falconry; and beſides an Epi-
tome of the Art of Fowling. To this Purpoſe I ſent
for the Books you minded me of about thoſe Subjects.
I find that the Author of the Gentleman's Recreation,
in what I have read in him, is a mere Plagiary; all
that he hath concerning Fowling being tranſcribed out
of Markham's Art of Fowling, without once men-
tioning his Author, as you may ſoon find by com-
paring them. I ſuſpect the like of his Falconry.
What he writes of the Haggard Falcon is contracted
out of Latham. When I ſhall have compared the
reft with Latham and Turbervil, I ſhall be able to
tell you whether it be not borrowed of them.
As

Mr. Ray to Dr. Liſter.
137
As for the Tractate concerning Singing-Birds in
the Epitome of the Art of Husbandry, I do not find
what is there delivered ſo manifeſtly purloin’d from
any one Author, altho' in Aldrovand and Olina I find
the Subſtance of moſt he hath; only that about the
Manner of Breeding Canary-Birds is either his own,
or borrowed of fome Author unknown to me. Much
alſo he hath about the Woodlark, which is either of
his own Obfervation, or as the other taken out of
ſome modern Writer, it hath not been my Hap to
fee. This Author I believe hath good Skill in the
feeding and ordering of Singing-Birds : Yet he makes
a fifth Sort of Throftle, which he calls a Heath-
Throftle, which I never ſaw, nor heard of, nor any
Author beſides that I know of mentions. I pray read
the Hiſtory of it in him, Page 22. and tell me whe-
ther any ſuch Bird be known to you. Theſe Birds,
he faith, in ſome Countries are called Mevilés. I am
ſure his fourth [Wood-Song-Throftle] is ſo called
in Eſſex, and I believe elſewhere. What he writes
concerning a Hole left in the bottom of the Neft,
I remember not to have obſerved in ſuch Nefts of
this Bird as I have found.
I was ſomewhat offended at his Manner of writing
concerning the Solitary Sparrow, as if it were a Bird
breeding with us in England, adviſing which Bird to
chuſe out of the Neſt to bring up, &c. All which
Hiſtory makes me ſuſpect he tranſcribed what he hath
out of fome Writer, either Dutch, French, or Italian,
that I have never ſeen, both concerning this and o-
ther Singing-Birds : For the Solitary Sparroz is a
Bird that was never ſeen, ſcarce heard of, in England,
and but rare in Italy. If he were ſo well acquainted
with them, I wiſh he had informed us where they
breed. But enough of Cenfure. In the Hiſtory of
the Fero Iſlands I find no more Species of Birds than
what I have already inſerted in the Ornithology, part-
ly of our own Obſervation, and partly out of Clufius,
T.
who

138
Mr. Ray to Dr. Liſter.
who had an Account and better Deſcriptions of them
from Sloier than any be in this Hiſtory; only here is
more of the Manner of climbing the Rocks for taking
them. Borrichi's Anatome of an Eagle I have not
ſeen: But there is alſo a very particular Anatome of
it in Aldrovand, which I thought not fit to inſert,
few Readers being willing to take the Pains to read,
much leſs conſider ſuch Deſcriptions, unleſs illuſtrated
by Figures. Mr.Willughby himſelf hath left a Myo-
tome of a Swan, and ſome other Birds, which I thought
not fit to cumber the Book with.
Sutton Cofield, April 4. ---76.
Mr. Ray to Dr. Liſter.
I
Dear SIR,
Have been lately folicited to reprint my Catalogue
of Engliſh Plants, partly by the Bookfeller, and
partly by an unknown Perſon, who ſent me a Letter
without a Name ſubſcribed ; and withal preſſed me
much to add to each Plant the French Name: Where-
upon I thought to have intreated you to undertake
that Trouble, as you are a Maſter of the French
Tongue, my ſelf being but a Smatterer in that Lan-
guage, and wanting the Conveniency of Books to
affiſt me in ſuch an Undertaking. But, upon ſerious
Conſideration, concluding that thoſe Names would
not render the Book really much more uſeful; only,
if well done, might add a little to the Author's Re-
putation, (to the Vanity of any Affectation whereof
I deſire to be wholly mortify'd) I refolv'd not to add
them, and have ſent the Copy up to London as it is.
If you have obſerved any Errors or Miſtakes therein,
or have any new Plants or Obſervations to add, be
pleaſed to ſend them; and though the Book be al-
ready
a

Mr. Ray to Dr. Lifter.
139
,
ready gone out of my Hands, I ſhall take care to get
them inſerted in their proper Places. Since my laſt,
I compared what the Gentleman's Recreation hath con-
cerning Hawking with Turbervile's Collections, and
find every Syllable tranſcribed thence. The like I
dare ſay he hath done about Hunting; for there is of
Turbervile's a large Treatiſe of Hunting : And for Fiſh-
ing doubtleſs he hath done the like. I had not blamed
him, had he acknowledged his Authors, and confeſs'd
to the World, that all he hath is nothing elſe but an
Epitome of ſuch and ſuch Books; but now he hath
bafely abuſed the World. Mr. Oldenburgh hath pub-
liſhed him as a conſiderable Author, and in his Pre-
face made us believe that he hath advanced Know-
ledge, by giving us a perfect Catalogue of Fiſhes.
I am ſorry Mr. Oldenburgh ſhould be ſo miſtaken as to
attribute to ſuch a pitiful Plagiary any Improvement
of the Hiſtory of Nature. But enough of him, and
for this paper. I recommend you to the Divine
Protection and Bleſſing, and reft, &c.
Sutton Cofield, Fune 14. --76.
Dr. Liſter's Anſwer to Mr. Ray.
I
Dear Friend,
Am well pleaſed your Catalogue of Plants is again
to be printed; it certainly deſerves it. You might
have commanded any Service in my Power; but
I think the Addition of the French Names would
have been but a Fancy.
I cannot ſay I have any thing worth ſending you
to add. I ſhall only put you in mind that you leave
not out the Vinegar that is to be drawn from Gallium
Luteum, which I have tried, and is a rare Experi-
ment, and is owing, for ought I know, to Borrichius.
You
T 2

140
Dr. Liſter to Mr. Ray.
a
You will ſee a farther Account of it in the Daniſh
Tranſactions.
Alſo you may pleaſe to remember the Fungus Pipe-
ratus, which I have yearly found in Marton Woods
ever ſince.
Again, the Fulminating Powder, which the Spikes
of Muſcus Lycopod. yield, I have gathered much of
ît in Craven, and find it will fire briskly in a Flame.
I gather'd the Ears a little before they were ripe, and
put them in a Box, and found they ſhed their Powder
of themſelves.
See more in the Germ. Tranſaεtions, and in Olearius,
of this.
As to that Queſtion of a Heath-Throftle. I find that
the Ring-Ouzle is ſo called with us in Craven, where
there is every where in the Moores Plenty of them.
I am glad you have diſcovered thoſe Authors to be
Plagiaries. This sort of Men being the Bane and
Peſt of Learning, and you ought to brand them.
I have much improv'd my Catalogue of Snails, ha-
ving added five Species thereto. I long to ſee you,
that I might confer with you about the Note I gave
of this Nature; for I would either put them out fe-
parately, if they deſerve it, or throw them into
Mr. Willughby's Store, if perchance any thing has
eſcaped his Diligence. But I ſhall reſolve upon no-
thing till I ſee you. Methinks we might meet half
Way the latter End of the Summer.
York, July 2, --76.
a
Mr.

141
Mr. Ray's Anſwer to Dr. Liſter.
Y
Dear SIR,
Ours of July 24 came to hand. I thank you for
the Advices therein contained. I ſhould
my
ſeif
have remember'd and inſerted the Fungus Piperatus,
of which you formerly ſent me a large Account. But
the Experiments of the Vinegar of Gallium, and Ful-
minating Powder of Lycopodium, if ever I read any
thing of them, were quite ſlipt out of my Memory.
I fancy that I have read ſomething of the firſt in our
Tranſactions; and the ſecond, if it be in Olearius's
Travels, I muſt alſo have read of; but, it ſeems, heeded
not. I have not at preſent by me thoſe Tranſactions,
or other Books, to which you refer, and therefore
beg of you a full Account of both thoſe Experiments;
for I ſhould be loath either of them ſhould be omitted
in my Catalogue; which I ſuppoſe is e're now begun
to be printed, tho' I have not yet received any Proof
of it. I thought it the more expedite Way to give
you this Trouble, than to ſtay the fending to Londoz
for thoſe Books. Your Notes and Obſervations in
Natural Hiſtory do very well deſerve to be made pub-
lick; and I ſhould adviſe rather by themſelves, than
be buried in Mr. Willughby's Work: The Printing
alſo of which depends upon my Life and Health;
and, beſides, it will be long before his Hiſtory of In-
feets and Exanguia be fitted for the Preſs, I being at
preſent upon the Hiſtory of Fiſhes, which will take
up ſtill a Year or two's Time. I have only this to ob-
ject to you, and my ſelf, againſt their ſpeedy Publi-
cation, that the longer they lie by you, if ſtill you
proſecute the fame Studies and Enquiries, the more
perfect and full they will be, every day almoſt adding
or

142 Mr. Ray to Dr. Liſter.
or correcting, or illuſtrating ſomewhat; but if
you
have quite given over thoſe Reſearches, defer not to
put them out.
If it had been my Hap to find out ſo
many before unobſerved Particulars and Experiments,
I ſhould have thought my ſelf wanting to my own
Reputation, had I not publiſhed them in my own
Name; though I confeſs I have always thought,
that for new Inventions and Diſcoveries we are rather
beholden to a good Genius, czxo dainovi, than to our
own Wit or Induitry; at leaſt the Faculty and devó-
ans, or Shrewdneſs in inventing and diſcovering, is a
particular Gift of God, and not conferred upon all.
But yet thoſe Diſcoveries and new Inventions are not
granted even to ſuch Men uſually, unleſs buſied in
ſearching and enquiring into thoſe Things. ****
Sutton Cofield July 15. ---76.
Mr. Johnſon to Mr. Ray.
WH
Dear SIR,
Brignall, April 16. ---77.
HAT I ſaid of Salmons being perfect at their
firſt Return from Sea, I did not mean that
they were come to their umoft Growth or Bigneſs,
for I think they wax for 5 or 6 Years; but that they
were true Salmons, (i. e.) neither Trout, Scurfe, nor
Grey, but bigger than any of theſe, and bring forth
young that Year. In the River Tees we take notice
but of two Diſtinctions of Size, viz. a Salmon Cock,
which ſome call a Half Fiſh, uſually about 20 or 22
Inches; and a Whole Fiſh, above that Length. In
the Mouth of Eden in Cumberland the Fiſhers have
four Diſtinctions of yearly Growth (after the firſt
Summer, when they call them Free, or Frie, as we
Smowts, or Smelts) before they come to be Lackes;
and this they ſay they have curiouſly obſerved, by
fixing ſo many Pins in the Fins of Yearlings, or two
Years
a

Mr. Johnſon to Mr. Ray. 143
Years old, and after taking them again. And thus
perhaps in Ribble they have made the like Obſerva-
tions, tho' I am a little jealous that their Sprods are
but Scurves; their Moris Greys, their Fork-Tails,
our Cocks, their Half Fiſh, Middling Salmon, and
their Salmons, the Lacks, or over-grown Salmon. I
have one Obſervation more, viz. Beſides what Sal-
mons are bred in our Rivers, there come ſome Years
from the North (I gueſs when the Winds are much
Northerly) great Shoals of Salmon, which often take
in at the Mouths of our Rivers, eſpecially if the
North Bar be open: And theſe have a broad blue
Spot on their Heads, and are by our Fiſhers therefore
call?d Bluecaps; the sight of one of theſe makes a
Fiſher leap for Joy, eſpecially if his Gills be lowly,
for then he is certain there is a great Shoal, and one
ftarves another for want of Food. The Manner of
the Breeding of Eels I do not certainly know, but I
think them to be oviparous ; for I have ſeveral times
found in one ſmall Bed of Mud great Numbers of ve-
ry ſmall Eels, more I am ſure than the Belly of any
Eel could contain, lying very cloſe together like the
young Fry of other Fiſhes.
What your Corniſh
Butterfiſh is I know not; I a little ſuſpect it will prove
the ſame with our Sea-Snail, if yours melt into Oil,
as ours do. I ſent you a Draught of ours long
ſince with red Chalk.
I wonder as much that Fiſhers have not certainly
determined whether -Salmons live upon any thing,
ſave Water, and what? As that Horſemen have not
agreed what that is, the Fole is ſaid to ſneez, which
they call a Milt. I am apt to believe that Water
cannot be a competent Suitenance for them: Com-
mon Experience tells us that they will not only take
a Worm, or Minnow, or other ſmall Fiſh, but fwal-
low the Bait with the Hook down into the Stomach.
"Tis likely they take no Food till what they had be
digeſted, and poſſibly their Stomach may digeſt very
quickly

144
Mr. Johnſon to Mr. Ray.
quickly. Farther, I think only the Anglers have
made the Obſervation of finding their Stomachs al-
ways empty; but I am perſuaded, that if the Net-
fiſhers would open any conſiderable Number, they
would find in them Food indigeſted, which they fel-
dom do, but fell them whole. Perhaps I may give
farther Anſwer to this Quære, and ſome others about
Whitfontide; at which Time I purpoſe to go to our
Coafts, and gather what I can. In the mean time
wiſhing you Succeſs in your Studies, I reft, c.
In a Letter from Mr. John Aubrey to
n
Mr. Ray.
London, May 7.1678
Have at length gotten my Deſire, viz. an able
Frenchman, to tranſlate the real Character [of
Biſhop Wilkins] into French. It is Dr. Lewis die
Moulin, Son of the eminent Doctor.
I
Mr. Aubrey to Mr. Ray.
I
Honoured SIR,
London, July 9. 1678.
Heard lately from my Friend Mr. Paſchal, [as
I often do] who tells me he hath given an Ac-
count to ſome Friends of his of ſome Tables that
might be made according to thoſe of yours in the
Biſhop's Elay, and fitted to be hung up in Garden-
Houſes in the Manner of Maps. He deſires me to
adviſe with you if it might not be worth while to
get thoſe five (viz. i Herb-Leaf. 2. - 3. Herb-
Seed

Mr. Aubrey to Mr. Ray. 145
a
and
may be
a
Seed-Veſſel. 4. Shrub. 5. Tree) done at London,
and made publick; and that if to the Name of each
Plant were adjoined a neat Cutt, and to the Deſcri-
ption in the Foot of the Table, in Engliſh, were ad-
ded the ſeveral Names in Engliſh, Latin, Greek, they
might become a fine Ornament for Summer-Houſes,
very
uſeful for thoſe who delight in that kind of
Knowledge. If this be approv'd, the like
done for thoſe other Tables of Stones and Metals, and
thoſe alſo of Inſects, Birds, and Beaſts. The fame may
be alſo put into a little Pocket-Book, which may be
of Uſe where the larger Tables cannot be had. He
adds, (and Sir Chriſtopher Wren agrees with him in it]
this may do good Service, to occafion the Real Cha-
ratter to be taken notice of, and the Way and Man-
ner of it to be underſtood. He ſays, if this find Ap-
probation, he will take the Pains to draw theſe out,
with the Deſcription of each Species; as it is in the
Biſhop of Cheſter's, and ſend it up, defiring that the
learned Contriver of thoſe Tables, Mr. Ray, may be
conſulted with for making ſuch Alterations and Addia
tions as he shall ſee Cauſe for.
Mr. Merret [the Doctor's eldeſt Son] hath me-
thodized the Laws of England very ingeniouſly, ſea
cundùm mentem Epiſcopi Ceftrienſ. which was never
done before
Mr. Ray's Queries to Dr. Tankred Ro-
binſon.
QUERIES
WH
THether the Bird called Maereuſe at Paris
be the Anas Aretica of Clufius, or the
Manks Puffin, or a Species diſtinct from both, per-
haps a ſort of Colymbus?
1.
U
ź. Whether

146 Mr. Ray to Dr. Robinſon.
2. Whether the Vapour aſcending out of the
Earth, and cauſing an Appearance of boiling in a
Water called the Boiling Fountain at Peroul near
Montpellier, be inflammable by the Application of a
lighted Candle, &c. as that is which cauſes the like
Phænomenon at Wigan in Lancaſhire ?
3. Of what ſort of Moſs they make their Cypreſs-
Powder, and whether of more forts than one at Mont-
pellier, either bring a Sample of it, or deſcribe it ſo
exactly, that one may not miſtake it.
4. Whether the Chondrilla Cerulea Cyani Capitulis
of Baubinus, called commonly Seſamoides, have na-
turally a full or double Flower, or only conſiſting of
a Pale or Border of Leaves, encircling a Thrum of
ſmall Flowers, which are vulgarly miſtaken for Sta-
mina?
The like Query I would make about the Cicho-
rium Pratenſe Veſicarium of Columna, which grows in
the Fields about Leghorn, as the former does plenti-
fully about Montpellier.
5. Whether the Stoechas Citrina altera tenuifolia
five Italica 7. B. be ſpecifically diſtinct from the
Stæc. Citrina tenuifolia Narbonenſis 7. B.? It grows
plentifully in the Mountains of Liguria, as about Ga-
vi, Voltagio, &c. To be ſure of this, the beſt Way
would be to compare the Plants together.
6. I obſerved in the Borders of fome Fields about
Leghorn a fort of Trefoil, with a little Spike of bright
purple or red Flowers, which afterwards turned to
ſpumoſe Veſicles, like to the Head of the Strawberry
Trefoil. Whether this be the Trifolium Folliculateum
five V eficarium minus purpureum 7. B.?
7. Whether the Seſeli Pratenſe Monſpelienſium be
be a Species diſtinct from our Engliſh Meadow Saxi-
frage? To me it ſeemed the ſame.
8. There is a ſort of Facea purpurea capitulo ſpi-
mofo growing on the Sands a little beyond Naples; of
which I deſire either the Seed, or a Plant dried, or
a
2
fo

Mr. Ray to Dr. Robinſon. 147
fo exact and particular a Deſcription, as that I may
know whether it be already deſcribed or not. I ſaw
at the Houſe of John Maria Ferro, an Apothecary
in Venice, living near Santa Maria Formoſa, many
rare dried Plants, but eſpecially a great Number of
Figures of Plants drawn exactly by a curious Hand
in black. If the ſaid Seignior Ferro be yet living,
pleaſe to viſit him, and enquire of him whether he
deſigns to engrave and publiſh any of thoſe Icons, or
be willing to part with them for their Worth to one
that will.
Dr. Tankred Robinſon's Anſwer to
Mr. Ray's Queries.
I
SIR,
Paris, July 12. 1683. N.S.
N order to ſatisfy thoſe Queries which your Curi-
oſity and Goodneſs were pleas'd to beſtow upon
us, we have been very induſtrious fince our coming
to Paris, but could not meet with the Macreuſe, it
being now out of Seaſon; and the Hiſtories which
the French here do give of it are ſo very various, that
a Man knows not what to conclude from them:
They all ſay, that 'tis originally a Fiſh, (as fome er-
roneouſly imagine our Barnacles to be) and therefore
the Convents, and moſt of the Inhabitants here, do
generally eat it in Lent, and upon Maigre Days. My
Friend Mr. Charlton, a very curious and worthy Gen-
tleman, hath promis’d me, that as ſoon as ever the
Macreuſe comes into Seaſon here, he will get it exact-
,
ly deſign’d and painted to the Life, and the Skin
ſtuffd; fo that then, Sir, you ſhall have a better
Account of it. In the mean time be pleas'd to ac-
cept of the following Deſcription, which I have ta-
ken
U 2

148 Dr. Robinſon to Mr. Ray.
ken out of a late French Author, not to be met withal
now in Bookſellers Shops, the Prieſts having forbid
it. I am confident 'tis faithful, and will afford you
ſome Light. La Macroule ou Macreuſe paſſe conſtam-
ment à Paris, en Normandie & ailleurs pour la veritable
Oye d'ecolle.
a
Monſieur Tournefort, a Languedoc Man, and Do-
ctor of Montpellier, demonſtrates now the Plants in
the King's Garden here. He ſpeaks with great Ve-
neration of you; but in his Demonſtration of the
Biſtorta Alpina he difſented from you, ſaying, that
you confounded the two Species together; whereas
he affirm'd they were really diſtinct. Since our com-
ing to Paris we have obſerv'd a few Plants growing
wild, that may be not at all found in England, or
rarely, as the Reſeda Criſpa Gallica, deſcrib'd by Boc-
cone, the Conyza Canadenſis annua alba acris linuriæ
foliis; Pſyllium crectum, Bauhin. pin. Veronica eretta
anguſtifol. B. pin. Pulmonaria maculoſa, B. pin. Turritis
minor, B. pin. Aſclepias flore alb. B. pin. Sideritis hirſut-
ta erecta, B.pin. Chamedrys repens maj
. vulgar. B.pin.
Chamaciſtus plantag. fol. B. pin. Securidaca dumetorum
fore vario filiquis cornic. B.pin. Fænum Burgundiacum.
Attractilys lutea, B. pin. Pardon, Sir, the imperfect
Names, for we have few or no Books by us, unleſs
your Travels, and 2 or 3 more. No more Trouble
at preſent from
Mr. Ray. to Dr. Robinſon.
SIR,
Render you many Thanks for the Pains you have
taken in endeavouring to reſolve and ſatisfy me as
to the Query concerning the Macreuſe. The Deſcri-
I
ption

Mr. Ray to Dr. Robinſon. 149
ption of Monſieur Graindorge is ſcarce fufficient to
determine to what Genus it belongs, much leſs whe-
ther it be a non-deſcript Species. Thoſe Notes of
having flat Feet, and thoſe weak and unfit for
marching on Land, a ſmall flat Back Claw, or Toe,
ſmall Wings in Proportion to the Bulk of its Body,
being all over black, argue it to belong to the Genus
of Colymbi, or Douckers. But what he adds of the
Flatneſs of its Bill, and its riſing up with a high Emi-
nency, and its various Colours, agree not to the
Douckers, but rather to the Palmipedes Tridactyle :
So that I am ſtill at a Loſs about it; but yet do now
conjecture it to be of the Douckers Tribe, becauſe it
comes in the Winter-Time, and breeds not here:
Whereas the Palmipedes Trida etyle come to us in
Summer, and breed with us, none appearing in our
Seas all Winter. But if it be a Colymbus (as is now to
me moſt likely) it is of a middle Size, and of the
caudate Kind; for they only have muſculous Sto-
machs, or Gizards, and are by Extremity of Wea-
ther driven into our Seas, and the Mouths of great
Rivers in Winter-time. What he hath of the Mo-
bility of the upper Chap of its Bill, I believe to be
a Miſtake. From this Deſcription I can conclude
negatively, that it is not what I imagined it once to
be, viz. the Puffin of the Sillyes and Iſle of Man; an
exact Picture, or the Skin ftuff'd, when obtained,
will at firſt ſight inform us to what Tribe it apper-
tains, and whether it be already deſcribed or no.
Monſieur Tournefort is a Perſon I have no Know-
ledge of. When I was at Paris, Monſieur Foncquet
demonſtrated the Plants in the King's Garden. Mon-
fieur Marchand and Dr. Magnole of Montpellier, were
the moft skilful Herbarifts I met with in France : But
it is now about 17 Years ſince I was there, and there
may be ſome ariſen of Note and Eminency ſince that
Time.
a
a
As

150 Mr. Ray to Dr. Robinſon.
As to the Biſtorta Alpina, I am now come over
to Mr. Tournefort's Opinion, that there are two Sorts
thereof.
Of the Plants you have obſerved about Paris, the
Conyza Canadenſis annua alba, is improperly ſtyled
Canadenſis, as Dr. Moriſon alſo takes notice, being
frequently found in the Woods and Vineyards of
France, and, if you will believe him, of England al-
ſo, where it hath not yet been my good Hap to meet
with it. He entitles ir Conyza acris annua alba, ou
mitting the Epithet of Canadenſis.
Black Notley, Fuly 27.-83.
Dr. Robinſon to Mr. Ray from Mont-
pellier.
I
SIR,
Montpellier, Sept. 10. 1683, S.N.
Troubled
you
with a Letter from Paris laſt July,
giving an Account of the Macreuſe. 'Twas not
ſo ſatisfactory as I wiſh'd, the Bird being then out of
Seaſon: However, my worthy Friend, Mr. Charl-
ton, (now at Paris) will take care to get the Ma-
creuſe exactly deſign'd to the Life, together with the
Skin ſtuffd, which he intends to preſerve in his own
excellent Mufæum, but will order them to be left at
Mr. Faithorn's for your Uſe. As for the Queries
which you have been pleas'd to give me about Mont-
pellier, I am afraid that I may be defective in anſwer-
ing them, the preſent Troubles of Languedoc putting
a great Stop to Arts and Sciences, there happening
daily Skirmiſhes between the King's Soldiers and the
Proteftants of theſe Parts; yet I have been a little
induſtrious in the Search of Natural Curioſities, tho'
not fo accurate as I ought to have been; eſpecially
when

Dr. Robinſon to Mr. Ray.
ISI
а
a
when I intend to write to the beſt Botaniſt, and the +
moſt accompliſh'd Naturaliſt of this, or perhaps any
Age.
1. The Vapour aſcending out of the Earth, and
cauſing an Appearance of boiling in the Fountain of
Peroul, is not in the leaſt inflammable by the Appli-
cation of a Torch, or Candle, which I experimented
ſeveral times, therefore 'tis of a different Kind from
that of Wigan in Lancaſhire. This Vapour ruſhes
out of the Ground fo violently in fome Places, that
I had much ado to keep a Candle lighted near it: 'Tis
a perfect Subterraneous Wind, making the Water
(which we carried along with us) much colder than
before it was put into the Holes, which we made in
the adjacent Earth. A learned Phyſician of Montpel-
lier, then in company with me, oppos’d your Opinion
concerning the bubbling of this Fountain, aſcribing
it to a ſtrange Fermentation between the Earth and
the Water; but I preſently convinc'd him, by put-
ting ſeveral Parcels of the Earth into Veſſels, and
pouring Water upon them, for then we could not
perceive the leaſt Diſturbance in the Water, which
in the. Ditch itſelf was heav'd up 3 or 4 Inches per-
pendicular. I could not make any chymical Experi-
ments upon the Water itſelf, becauſe of its Scarcity;
but the Inhabitants of Peroul told me, that they all
commonly drink of it when the Hole is full, without
any Alteration. I am confident the Vapour does not
impregnate the Water with any new Quality, but
flies through it, juſt as tho' one ſhould blow into
Water with a Pipe. What our moſt ingenious and
learned Country-man Mr. Liſter, of York, hath lately
writ of Mineral Waters, may (as I fancy) give ſome
Light as to the Generation of this Subterraneous Air
at Peroul. Upon putting my Ear cloſe to the Ground,
I perceiv'd a great Noile in the Bowels of the Earth,
like unto the Hiffing of hot Iron in Water. See p.376
.
2. The

152 Dr. Robinſon to Mr. Ray.
a
2. The Perfumers at Montpellier do make their fa-
mous Cypreſs Powder generally of the Mofs of the
green Oak, for they tell me 'tis the moſt ſpongy,
and, after waſhing and drying, will imbibe their
Perfumes better than any other Moſs whatſoever.
3. The Chondrilla cærulea Cyani capitulis hath on-
ly a Pale, or Border of Leaves, encircling a Thrum
of ſmall Flowers : It hath no fall, or double Flower.
M. Magnole told me, that he hath frequently found
about Montpellier the Chondrilla Seſamoides, dieta ce-
rulea, flore completo Eyft. circa fontem Piguet. This
hath a very full Flower, and ſeems to me to differ
nothing from the Chondrilla cærulea Cyani capitulis,
but in its Flower.
4. The Seſeli Pratenſe Monſpelienſ. agrees with our
Engliſh Meadow Saxifrage in every particular : I can-
not find the leaſt Note of Diſtinction.
Thus far your Queries as to France; to which I
will tack an Obſervation or two to fill up.
I have obſerv'd the Inhabitants of Languedoc to get
a Tar-like Subſtance out of the Juniperus major bacca
rufeſcente, much after the ſame Manner as Pitch is got
from the Pinus by a kind of Diſtillation per deſcen-
ſum. This they do ſucceſsfully uſe in curing ſeveral
Diſeaſes of their Cattel, eſpecially Scabs, impetigo,
and fuch-like Diſeaſes. I know a Practitioner in
Montpellier, who frequently uſes this fame Reſina Ju-
niperi in cutaneous Diſeaſes; and I fancy it may prove
a good Medicine in ſome ſcorbutick and calculous
Caſes, if methodically and judiciouſly manag’d.
Since my coming into Languedoc, I have obſerv'd
an Infect boring the Ilex Coccigera with an Inſtru-
ment, or Organ, coming from its Belly. I know
not whether it might not be conveying its Eggs into
the Ilex, together with a venemous Vehicle for the
p.349. Birth of the Kermes
. I wiſh I could meet the ſame
Opportunity again of making farther Obſervations.
Malpighi's Hiſtory of vegetable Excreſcences might
be

Dr. Robinſon to Mr. Ray. 153
be farther confirm'd thereby, as that alſo which that
excellent Naturalift Mr. Liſter eſſay'd in the Philofo-
phical Tranſactions ſeveral Years before Malpighi.
Since my coming to Montpellier I have ſeen ſeves
ral Scorpions creeping on the Walls: I think they are
the ſame which Swammerdam hath figured in his Hi-
ſtory of Inſects. Several curious Perſons of this City
have aſſur’d me, that they have kill'd ſeveral Ani-
,
mals with theſe Scorpions : So peradventure ſome
Circumſtances make them differ from thoſe of Italy,
with which S. Redi might make his Experiments.
Animals ftung by theſe Scorpions fall generally into
Tremblings and convulſive Motions; their Blood is
always found coagulated, which may make a Philo-
ſopher fufpect that the Denom of theſe Scorpions, of
Vipers, and many other Animals, may chiefly confift
in a ſubtle acid ferment: For beſides the Phænome-
na, we find by Experience that volatile Alcalies (as
the volatile Salt of Vipers, of Salt Armoniac, &c.)
are the moſt effectual Remedies in theſe Caſes, as
they deſtroy thoſe nimble Acids upon the Account
of Texture, and free the Blood from Coagulations
Be pleas’d, Sir, to pardon theſe imperfect Miſcella-
nies, for you may encourage thereby one that does
really admire you above the reſt of Mankind, and is;
&c.
Dr. T. Robinſon to Mr. Ray.
Son
SIR,
Geneve, April 18.--84. S. N:
OME of your Queries are ſo extremely curiousa
and ſo ſeverely nice, that neither I, nor the best
Botaniſts, or Naturaliſts (that I have met withal be
yond Sea) can fatisfy ſuch critical Thoughts: I am
over-joy'd that fo vaft a Memory, fo exact a Judg. +
X
ment,

154 Dr. Robinſon to Mr. Ray.
а
ment, and ſo univerſal a Knowledge, will be employ'd
in compiling a general Hiſtory of Plants, an Under-
taking fit only for your extraordinary Talents. I am
in great Hopes (becauſe I wiſh it very impatiently)
that you will beſtow on the World a general Hiſtory
of Nature; (if God Almighty bleſs you with Health
and a long Life) ’tis very defective at preſent, and
feems to call for Method and Perfection from you.
M. Marchand is dead at Paris, fo is Zanoni at Be-
nonic, and John Maria Ferro at Venice. The three
Volumes of dry'd Plants, and that other of Deſigns
are now in the Hands of his Sons at Venice. I view'd
them ſeveral times, and offer'd 20 Piſtoles (which I
thought to be thcir full Value) for them; but my
Money and fair Words were deſpis’d, the jealous Ita-
lians keeping them like fo many Wives. Signior Za-
noni hath figured many of them in his Hiftor. Botan.
which I have ſent to London, where you may com-
mand it if you want it. M. Magnole's Catalogue lies
alſo at Mr. Faithorn's at your Service.
I perceive the Academy Royal at Paris goes on with
their Deſign of publiſhing a general Hiſtory of Plants,
of which M. Dodart printed ſome Years ago the
Scheme and Model: For I ſaw 2 or 3 ſmall Folio's
of this Hiſtory in ſeveral Bibliotheces at Rome, which
I never met withal in the Shops at Paris, becauſe I
ſuppoſe it will not be fold till all the Volumes are
perfected. I have ſeveral Things to object againſt
this mighty French Work, delign'd rather for the
Glory of the Monarch than the Uſe of the Subject.
If you had their Encouragement, I am ſure your
Work would be far more fatisfactory and advantagi-
ous than theirs; which, in my poor Opinion, will
be like a great Palace full of fine Ornaments, but
wanting Order, neceſſary Conveniences, and regular
Structure.
I had ſeveral Conferences with S. Malpighi at Bee
nonia, who expreſs’d a great Reſpect for you, and is
not

Dr. Robinſon to Mr. Ray. 155
not a little proud of the Character you give him in
your Method. Plantar. nov. which Book I had pre-
ſented him withal a Day before. He honour'd me
with two Viſits at my Inn, where once he took Oc-
caſion to be a little angry with Dr. Liſter (whoſe Hi-
ſtory he had by him) for his Opinion of the Origine
of Stones, and Shells, reſembling animal Bodies. He
is very poſitive that he can demonſtrate againſt the
Doctor, having been very induſtrious upon that Sub-
ject when he paſs’d the Italian Mountains, and when
he was in Sicily and Maltha; beſides, he ſhew'd me fe-
veral Letters ſent lately from Biſhop Steno, (who after
a Pilgrimage to Loretto, got that Preferment of the
great Duke) now at Florence, concerning that Hypo-
theſis: All which put him into ſome Paſſion againſt
our ſagacious Country-man, tho'he profeſs’d himſelf
a great Admirer of Dr. Lifter. I took Occaſion from
this to interpret ſome Paſſages and Diſcourſes in your
Travels relating to this Point, which pleas’d Mal-
pighi to that Degree, that he ſmild to ſee you in-
clinable to his Opinion. Juſt as I left Bononia I had
a lamentable Spectacle of Malpighi's Houſe all in
Flames, occafion'd by the Negligence of his old
Wife : All his Pictures, Furniture, Books, and Ma-
nuſcripts, were burnt, I ſaw him in the very Heat
of the Calamity, and methoughts I never beheld ſo
much Chriſtian Patience and Philoſophy in any Man
before; for he comforted his Wife, and condol'd
nothing but the Loſs of his Papers, which are more
lamented than the Alexandrian Library, or Bartho-
line's Bibliothece at Copenhagen.
In my Journey from Rome to Naples I obſerv'd that
Plant, commonly call'd, in the Phyfick Garden, Fi-
cus Indica, growing very plentifully on the Hill Side
near the Tre Taberne, as alſo near the Ruins of Old
Anxur, and in ſeveral other places near the Via Ap-
pia. So that it appear'd to me like a common wild
Plant in that Countrey. Afterwards I rode through
grcat
X 2

156 Dr. Robinſon to Mr. Ray.
great Woods of Cork-Trees, more eſpecially near
Fundi, and Old Formia.
I remember very well I took Notice of the Sardi-
na and Sardone at Rome, calling them always at Din-
ner Pilchard and Herring. All the Engliſh were of
my Opinion, if I had had your query then, I would
have been more curious. I cannot think of any Dif-
ference, only (that which you intimate) Magnitude.
Dr. Robinſon to Mr. Ray.
M
SIR,
Leyden, June 4. -84. S. N.
TOST of our Herbariſts in theſe Parts are em-
ployd at preſent in carrying on the Hortus
Malabaricus; the fifth Volume is ready to come forth,
and eight more are deſign'd, a mighty Work of 13
Volumes. Breynius labours hard upon his ſecond
Century of Exoticks: And I am told that M. Tour-
nefort intends to publiſh a Hiſtory of ſome rare Plants
obſery'd by himſelf on the Alps and Pyrenæan Hills.
The Academy Royal at Paris does alſo go on with
their general Hiſtory of Plants; but I long for no-
thing but yours, which I hope is now under the
Preſs. I queſtion not in the leaſt but you bave all
the Encouragement that the learned Part of the
World can poffibly give you,
When I was in Italy, I obſerv'd many Operators
there to make great Varieties of Sapos and Balſams
out of the Salts and Oils of Vegetables. They pro-
ceeded much after the fame Manner as you have fet
down in your Obſervat. p. 202, 203, (only ad-
ding now and then a few odoriferous Ingredients) viz.
by uniting the Salt and Oil of the fame Vegetable by
the Help of flaked Lime. Without this latter In-
gredient the Union would be difficult ; for I have
known
a

Dr. Robinſon to Mr. Ray. 157
known ſeveral miſcarry by omitting it. By this Pro-
ceſs we have the entire Complexion of a Vegetable
under the Form of a Sapo, or Balſam, (eſpecially if
inſtead of common Water for the Lixivium we make
uſe of the diſtillid Water of the Plant) a Compoſis
tion, peradventure, as beneficial to Mankind as any
other whatſoever. The little Experience that I have
had in the World hath ſufficiently convinc'd me (tho
I am unhappily a little inclin'd to Scepticiſm and In-
credulity) of its ſucceſsful and unexpected Efficacy
in many Caſes, internally given in proper Vehicles,
and dos'd pro re natá, premiſlis præmittendis, as alſo
externally apply'd, v.g. in Teterical, Arthritical, Scor-
,
butical, and Nephritical Caſes; in ſeveral Nervous and
Cephalick Diſtempers, (more eſpecially the Palſy and
Lethargy) in correcting and deſtroying all Sorts of
Poyſons. I ſpeak experimentally of the Sapos, or
Balſams (made as before-mentioned) of the Hyperi-
cum, Juniperus, and Abies, tho' I do not doubt but
the ſame may be expected from many other vegeta-
ble Compoſitions of the like Nature. I am ſo ſhort
upon this Particular, by reaſon of your extraordinary
Sagacity, and great Talents.
The Cortex exterior, or outward Skin of Sevil
Oranges, dry'd, powder'd, and given every three
Hours in Electuar. or White-wine, is no mean Spe-
cifick in Intermittent Fevers, (even in Quartanes them-
ſelves) Doſe zi. to zij. Next to the Quinquina, or
Jeſuits-Bark, I believe it may be one of the beſt al-
terative Medicines yet commonly known. I beg,
Sir, a few of your Thoughts concerning the Quinoa
quina, as to the Place of its Growth, and its Hiſtory,
Peradventure it may be an Eaſt-Indian Drug, and
brought from the Moluccoes to Peru. I am much in
the dark, and want ſome of your learned Communi-
cations about it. What Bartholine and Signior Badi
have writ of it, does not ſatisfy,
When

158 Dr. Robinſon to Mr. Ray.
a
+
When I was at Rome, I obſerv'd many times two
Fathers, belonging to the publick Elaboratories there,
to gather up and down in the Villa's and Gardens the
Gum and Reſin of the Cypreſs, as alſo to get an oily
Subſtance from the Wood by a kind of Diſtillation
per Deſcenſum. Upon my Enquiry, the Fathers were
ſo obliging as to tell me, that out of this Refin they
prepar'd a Lacca, which being ſuperficially ſpread,
and dry'd over any body, would preſerve it freſh to
the End of the World. The Preparation is thus:
After having diſtilld a fufficient Quantity of Liquor
from the Reſin, they cohobate that diſtill'd Spirit on
the remaining part of the Gum, (left in the Retort)
which by a gentle Digeſtion diſſolves, and becomes
a Lacca. I told the Fathers, that the very fame Pre-
paration out of Amber, Turpentine, or Maſtich, might
ſerve as well for that Purpoſe. However, I was very
thankful for their kind Communication.
In the Kingdom of Naples I ſaw great Plantations
of the Goſlīpium, or Xylon, (obſervd by yourſelf in
Maltha.) The Neapolitans uſe the Lanugo very fuc-
ceſsfully in the Piles, internally as well as externally,
which I had once an Opportunity to remark.
Mr. Ray to Dr. Robinſon.
ТЫ
SIR,
HE Hortus Malabaricus, which the Dutch Her-
bariſts are ſo buſy in carrying on, is too pom-
pous and coſtly a Work, and not to be purchafed by
mean Perfons. They might have thruſt it into a
Quarter of the Compaſs, and render'd it more uſe-
ful. The like may be ſaid of Breynius his Book.
Monſieur Tournefort's Hiſtory I long to ſee, not doubt-
ing but it will anſwer my Expectation of it.
As

Mr. Ray to Dr. Robinſon. 159
As for my intended Hiſtory, I am now ſenſible I
have undertaken a Task beyond my Strength, and
yet it is res integra. I have not yet proceeded ſo fary
but I can, without Inconvenience, give it over. But
yours, and ſome other Friends Opinions of, and Ex-
pectations from me, do inſpire me with ſuch Force
and Courage, as not to deſpair of my Abilities, but
to contemn all Difficulties, and contend even to excel
and out-do my ſelf. I had ſome Expectation of Dr.
Moriſon's Work; but finding myſelf much fruſtrated
therein, and likewiſe a Stop at preſent put to his Pro-
ceedings, tho' it be out of my way, and belong not
to my Profeſſion; yet becauſe there is no Man that
I know of, of our Nation (as indeed neither is Dr.
Moriſon) competently qualified, either engaged in or
deſigning of ſuch a Work, I was more inclinable
to liſten to the Solicitations of my Friends putting
me upon it: That whereas thoſe of other Nations
beyond the Seas are buſy and active in this kind, it
might appear that the Engliſh are not altogether idle,
or aſleep; but do, at leaſt, endeavour to contribute
ſomething to the promoting and cultivating fo plea-
fant and uſeful a Knowledge. I do not intend to be
gin to print, or ſo much as procure, or engrave Fi-
gures, till I have finiſhed the whole Work, to avoid
(as much as may be) Omiſlions, Miſplacings and Ap-
pendixes, and for fome other Reaſons.
Your Remarks upon the Sapos of Plants I was
much pleaſed with. I did never reflect upon them,
nor conſider of how great Uſe this might poſſibly
be.
I am a great Stranger in the Hiſtory of the Jeſuits-
Powder, and therefore not likely to give you any
Light thereinto.
Your Obſervation concerning the Rind of Sevil
Oranges being a Specifick againit Agues, puts me in
mind of a Preſcription I had from a Phyſician in Note
tinghamſhire, to prevent, or divert the Bit of an Ague,
,
viz.

160 Mr. Ray to Dr. Robinſon.
viz. a Sevil Orange, entire Rind and all, eaten up an
Hour, as I remember, before the Acceffion.
Though the Ficus Indica be ſo frequently found
growing plentifully in Italy, that one would be apt
to think it were a Native of that Countrey; yet
doubtleſs it is originally a Stranger and an American,
and was firſt planted there whereſoever it is found;
where probably afterward it might propagate it ſelf
by Seed: As is alſo the Conyza acris alba Canadenſis
annua, which your ſelf and ſome others have obſerved
to grow as a wild Plant about Paris.
Black Notley, June 16.-84.
Dr. Robinſon to Mr. Ray.
.
I
SIR,
London, Auguſt 1.-84
Have ſent you two Macreuſes, Male and Female,
and hope they will come ſafe to Black Notley.
My ingenious and worthy Friend Mr. Charlton (now
at London) procur'd them for me at Paris, who hath
them both deſign’d to the Life in proper Colours by
the moſt accurate Hand in France. If you ſaw the
Pictures, I believe they would give you a better In-
fight than theſe Skins, which are a little broke and
chang'd; yet nevertheleſs your moſt difcerning Facul-
ties may diſcover that in the Dark which few can di-
ftinguiſh at Noon-day. This Pariſian Bird (very fa-
mous of late) may be no unwelcome Subject, it be
ing in Lent, and upon Maigre Days, the greateſt
Dainty of Convents. I have been told by ſeveral of
the moſt learned Prieſts beyond Sea, that the Ma-
creuſe was as much a Fith as the Barnacle, (and in-
deed I am of the fame Opinion) that the Blood was
the fame in every Quality with that of Fiſhes ; as al-
ſo the Fat, which (as they falily affirm) will not fix,
dry,

Dr. Robinſon to Mr. Ray. 161
dry, or grow hard, but always remains in an oily
Conſiſtence. Upon theſe and other Reaſons the Sor-
boniſts have rank'd the Macreuſe in the Claſſis of Fiſhes.
For the reſt, I refer you to my Paper from Paris,
and impatiently wait for your Judgment, for which
I have a particular Eſteem.
Mr. Ray to Dr. Robinſon.
SIR,
Received the Box with the Caſes of the Male and
Female Macreuſe you were pleaſed to procure and
ſend me ;. for which I hold my ſelf very much oblig'd
I
to you.
a
had no ſooner opend the Box, but inſtantly I
found that the Macreuſe was no Stranger to me, tho?
unknown by that Name. I was very much pleas’d
to be ſo ſuddenly rid of my long continued Scruples
about it; and not a little ſurprized, when I found it to
be another kind of Bird than I imagined. A particular
Deſcription of the Cock you may find in Mr. Wil-
lughby's Ornithology, p. 366. of the Engliſh Edition,
among the Sea-Ducks, to which Kind this Bird be-
longs, and not to the Divers, or Douckers, [Mergi
or Colymbi] as I falſly fancied to my felf.
Mr. Graindorge's Deſcription which you ſent me a
Breviat of, I find, upon attent reading and comparing
it with the Caſe of the Bird, and mine own Deſcripti-
on, to be very faithful, and fufficient to lead into the
Knowledge of it one that had not been prepoffeſſed
with a ſtrong Opinion that it was of another Kind,
as I have already intimated my ſelf to have been.
Had there been but one Word added, that it was of
the Duck-kind, I ſhould then preſently have appre-
hended what Bird it was: And yet there was enough
Y
in

162 Mr. Ray to Dr. Robinſon.
in the Deſcription, (had I not been blinded with Pre-
judice, and ſo lightly paſſed it over, and not heeded
,
it, to determine its Genus, at leaſt, and to exclude it
from thoſe of the Mergi and Colymbi; and that was,
that it had a flat Bill, which is a Note common to
no other Birds that I know of but the Gooſe and
Duck-Kinds. Notwithſtanding what he faith of the
Debility of its Feet unfit for walking on Land, I
ſee not but that it may march as well as the reſt of
of its Kind; all which have but ſhort and weak Legs
in Proportion to the Bulk of their Bodies, and thoſe
alſo ſituate very backward. What he ſaith of the
Smalneſs and Weakneſs of the Wings, and Shortneſs
of their Feathers, is common to many Sea-Fowl, viz.
the Tridactyla and Mergi, which yet by the nimble
Agitation of them fly very ſwiftly and ſtrongly. What
he faith of the Mobility of the upper Mandible of
the Jaw, I ſhall not be too haſty to believe, as in a
former Letter I remember to have written.
Now though this Bird happened to be known to
me by another Name, yet is it ſo rare and uncom-
mon, that I take it not to have been deſcribed by
any that have written the Hiſtory of Birds before;
tho' (as I remember) the Name of Macreuſe is men-
tioned by Geſner or Aldrovand, or both. Why they
of the Church of Rome ſhould allow this Bird to be
eaten in Lent, and upon other Faſting Days, more
than others of this Kind, but eſpecially the Trida-
Etyle, I ſee no Reaſon: The Flesh of theſe laſt,
which live only or chiefly by preying upon Fiſh pro-
perly ſo called, tafting ſtronger of Fiſh than that of
any Ducks which feed upon Shell-fiſh. Many Birds
of the Duck-kind, which (as I ſaid) all feed, partly
at leaft, upon Shell-fiſh, (as Monſieur Graindorge found
the Macreuſe alſo to do) have a delicate and well-
tafted Fleſh; as for Example, the common Mallard
and Teal : Whereas the Fleſh of all thoſe Kinds that
feed wholly or chiefly upon Fish, properly ſo called,
15

Mr. Ray to Dr. Robinſon.
163
а
is of a rank, ferine, and piſcoſe Taſte: As for Exam-
ple, that of the Soland Gooſe, the Engliſh Puffin, and
thoſe of the Tridactylous Kind; ſo that only the
young ones of thoſe Kinds are admitted to our Ta-
bles. I obſerved in this Bird, and in ſome others of
the Sea-Ducks, which are much under Water, that
they want that Veſſel, or Ampulla, ſituate in the ve-
ry Angle of the Divarication of the Wind-pipe,
which, for want of a better, and fitter Name, we
are wont to call the Labyrinth of the Trachea ; which,
though being common alſo to the Colymbi, which
of all Birds dive moſt and continue longeſt under
Water, we may very probably from thence conclude
that the Labyrinth doth not ſerve them for a Reſer-
vatory of Air, to enable them to continue the longer
under Water, as I ſometimes conjectur’d, but for the
intending or modulating of the Voice, ſeeing in the
Plaſh-Ducks the Females want it. But I am ſome-
what to ſeek about the Uſe of this Veſſel, and I think
it were worth the while to examine what Sorts of
Birds have it, what want it; and in thoſe Sorts that
have it, whether the Males only, or in ſome the Fe-
males alſo. I obſerved it in the Mergus cirratus lon-
girofter major, or the Dun-Diver, and that very large,
and extended by very ſtrong Bones; and yet
I thought
my ſelf to have ſufficient Reaſon to judge that Bird
to be the Female of the Merganſer; but I dare not
be confident that it is a Female, becauſe of this La-
byrinth. And now that I am writing of Birds, I
propoſe it to your Conſideration, whether that Sort
of Bird, mention'd by Dr. Plot to be often heard in
Woodſtock Park, (from the Noiſe it makes, commonly
called the Woodcracker) be not the leſſer Sort of
Picus martius varius? For ſince the publiſhing of
Mr. Willughby's Ornithology, I have obſerved that
Bird fitting on the Top of an Oaken Tree, making
with her Bill ſuch a cracking, or ſnapping Noiſe, as
we heard a long way off, the ſeveral Snaps, or Cracks,
fucceeding
Y

164 Mr. Ray to Dr. Robinſon.
ſucceeding one another with that extraordinary Swift-
neſs, that we could but wonder at it: But how ſhe
made the Noiſe, whether by the nimble Agitation of
her Bill to and fro in the Rift of the Bough, or by
the ſwift ſtriking of the Mandibles one againſt ano-
ther, as the Stork doth, I cannot clearly diſcern; but
an intelligent Gentleman, who was very diligent in
obſerving the ſame Bird, ſaid it was the former Way.
Black Notley, Aug. 13, -84.
Dr. Robinſon to Mr. Ray.
M
SIR,
London, Auguſt 29. -84.
Y own private common Place Books do afford
ſome odd and (as I think) uſeful Obſervations
and Experiments upon Plants, eſpecially thoſe callid,
and vulgarly efteem'd, poyfonous ones; which, if ju-
diciouſly mix'd, prepar'd, and manag'd, may prove
the moft powerful and beneficial Medicines in Nature,
I mean internally given; for they may be ſo order'd
as to work very agreeably, what way foever one
pleaſes, as by Vomit, Stool, or elſe by Sweat only,
and Urine, or elſe inſenſibly, and not without ſuch
Succeſs, as can ſcarce be expected from any other
Vegetables, or from any Animal, or Mineral Sub-
ſtances whatſoever ; but I will defer this to a par-
ticular Paper, having not at preſent my Notes and
Records of my Trials by me.
Mr.

165
Mr. Ray to Dr. Robinſon.
M
SIR,
Black Notley, Octob. 22.-84.
UCH Controverſy hath of late been concern-
ing the Origine of thoſe Shell-like Stones,
found in the Earth, either ſcatter'd or amaſſed, in
many Places, both in England and beyond the Seas :
That they were the very Shells of fome Sea-fiſh, or
-
got this Figure by being caft in fome Animal Mould,
is the Opinion I have declared my ſelf to be moſt in-
clinable to, as you may fee in my Travels at large
from Page 113. to p. 131. In Favour whereof I ſhall
add farther,
a
1. That there are whole Beds of the very Shells
themſelves unpetrified found in the Earth, and that
not only in Plains and Hillocks, ſuch as the Apulian
about Andria, and the Tuſcan about Volterra, may be
ſuppoſed to be; but in Mountains of a conſiderable
Height. Chriſtianus Mentzelius, in his Diſcourſe
concerning the Bononian Phoſphorus Lapis, gives us a
Relation of many Beds of them found mingled with
Sand in the upper Part of a high Mountain not far
from Bologna in Italy. His Words are theſe; Non
procul monti Paterno dieto, lapidis Bononienfis patriæ,
unico fortè milliari Italico diſtanti, (loci nomen excidit
memoria) ingens mons imminet præruptus à violentiâ tor-
rentium aquarum, quas imbres frequentes ex vicinis
montibus confluentes efficiunt, atq; infignes terrarum mo-
les ab iſto monte profternunt ac dejiciunt. In hâc mon-
tis ruiná, Superiore in parte viſuntur multæ ſtrages fe-
riéſve ex teftis conchyliorum omnis generis plurima arena
interječiâ, inftar ſtrati ſuper ſtratum (ut Chymicorum
vulgus loquitur.) Eft enim inter hafce teftarum conchy-
liorum

166 Mr. Ray to Dr. Robinſon.
liorum ſtrages ſeriélve arena ad craſſitiem ulnce & ultrà
interpoſita. Erant autem teftæ variorum conchyliorum,
omnes ab invicem diſtinctæ, nec cuiquam lapidi impacte,
adeò ut ſeparatim omnia manibus tractari & dignoſci po-
tuerint. Effecerat hoc arena pura, nullo limo lutóve
intermixta, que conchyliorum teſtas conſervaverat per
multa ſecula integras. Interea verò diuturnitate tempo-
Tis omnes iſte teſte erant in albiſimam calcem facilè re-
folubiles tanquam vehementiâ ignis calcinate.
Now, if the 'Shelis themſelves, not petrified, be
found in ſuch Plenty lying in Beds, and that near the
Tops of high Mountains, a great Argument it is,
that what Stones we find of like Form, and in like
Places, were anciently Shells too. This Argument
is ſo much the more conſiderable, becauſe it fruſtrates
one main objection againſt our Opinion, viz. be-
cauſe no Account can be given how the very Shells
ſhould be brought to the Tops of Mountains, they
being ſo high above the Level of the Sea: For when
as we ſee the thing done, it is vain to diſpute againſt
it from the Unlikelihood of the doing it. But yet
we may give the fame Account of the Original of
of this Bed of Shells, perhaps an 100 Foot above the
Level of the Surface of the Sea, as we have elſe-
where given of that Bed of Sand and Cockle-Shells
found in finking a Well at Amſterdam, at perchance
near 100 Foot Depth below the preſent Bottom of
the Sea; to wit, that both the one and the other
were of old Time the bottom of the Sea, and after-
wards covered by ſeveral Coats, or Floors of Earth,
brought down from the Mountains in Land-Floods;
the ſeveral Beds or Floors to be ſeen in ſuch broken
Mountains, being the ſeveral Settlings of particular
Floods.
2. Some other Bodies, beſides Sheils, commonly
eſteemed Stones, there are found in the Earth, re-
ſembling the Teeth, and other Bones of Fishes, which
are ſo manifeſtly the very Things they are thought
only

Mr. Ray to Dr. Robinſon. 167
only to reſemble, that it ſeems to me great Weak-
neſs in any Man to deny it. Such are the Gloſſopetrce
dug up in Malta in ſuch Quantities, that you may
buy them by Meaſure, and not by Tale; and alſo the
Vertebres of Thornbacks, or other Cartilagineous Fiſhes
there found, and ſold for Stones among the Glofo-
petre, which have no greater Diſfimilitude to the
Teeth of a living Shark, or the Vertebres of a quick
Thornback, than lying ſo long in the Earth, as they
muſt needs have done, will neceſſarily induce. Now
in this fame Iſle of Malta we found alſo many Shell-
like Stones, which why we ſhould not eſteem to have
been originally the Shells of Fiſhes I ſee no Reaſon:
For if in one and the ſame Place we find many Teeth
and Bones of Fiſhes entire and unpetrified, and like-
wiſe Stones exactly imitating the Shells of other Fi-
ſhes, a great Preſumption to me it is that theſe were
originally the Things, whoſe Shape only they now
ſeem to bear. Neither are theſe Glofopetræ found
only in Malta, but alſo in many places of Germany,
far remote from the Sea, in a Hill near Aken, in ſo
great Plenty, that Goropius makes it an Argument
they could not be the Teeth of Sharks. In colle illo
(faith he) qui Aquis-grano imminet, tantum id genus fu-
iſe piſcium quis crederet, quantum de Glofopetrarum co-
piâ conjectari deberet?
3. It ſeems ſtrange to me, that if theſe Bodies were
formed after the Manner of the ſhooting or cryſtal-
lizing of Salts, it ſhould happen that two Shells
ſhould be ſo adapted together at the Heel, and ſhoot
out to the ſame Extenſion round, and the upper and
nether Valve be of different Figure, as in natural
Shells, and that not only in one or two rarely to be
found, but in Multitudes of them.
4. Why ſhould not Nature as well imitate other
natural Bodies, or their Parts, as the Horns and Hoofs
of Land Animals, or the Nuts and Seeds of Plants,
as the Shells and Bones only of fome Sea-fiſhes.
r. Were

168 Mr. Ray to Dr. Robinſon.
r. Were theſe Bodies produced by a Concretion
of Salts, it ſeems ſtrange to me that there ſhould be
ſuch great Variety of them, and their Shapes ſo re-
gular and exactly circumſcribed; fo great a Diverſity
of Figures arguing a greater Variety of Salts, or of
the Modifications and Mixtures of Salts, than are
likely to be found in Nature; and the curvilineous
Concretions of Salts never, that I have yet ſeen, ap-
pearing in that Regularity of Figure, and due Cir-
cumſcription, as in theſe Bodies; which is an Argu-
ment that the Government of ſome Principle ſuperior
to Matter figured and moved in their Formation.
6. Were theſe Bodies nothing but Concretions of
Salts, it ſeems no leſs ſtrange, that ſo many Liquors
impregnated with all Sorts of Salts and mineral Juices
in all Proportions, having been at one time or other
induſtriouſly or accidentally expoſed to cryſtallize,
and let ſtand long in Veſſels, there ſhould never be
found in them any ſuch Concretions: For if any
had
happened, we ſhould doubtleſs have heard of them,
and the Obſervers would have improved ſuch an Ex-
periment to the Production of the like Bodies at their
Pleaſure, which would have been a ſufficient Refuta-
tion of the Opinion I incline to.
Sone of the Arguments againſt this Opinion admit
of an eaſy Solution. Others I do not ſee any way
as yet to anſwer, but by granting that many Sorts of
Shells are wholly loft, or at leaſt out of our Seas.
Others, as the three laſt of Dr. Plot, do hitherto
puzzle me, and put me to a Stand.
As for what Dr. Plot produces out of Camden and
Childrey, in Confirmation of his fourth Argument,
viz. that the Ophiomorphites of Caineſham have ſome
of them Heads. I doubt not but it is a Miſtake, pro-
ceeding from their Credulity. For Mr. Willugbby
and my ſelf enquiring diligently there after ſuch Stones,
the common People affirmed, that there were ſuch
found, we not ſatisfied with their Affertion, but defi-
a
a
rous

Mr. Ray to Dr. Robinſon. 169
rous our ſelves to ſee them, were at laſt directed to a
Man's Houſe, who was ſaid to have one; to whom
when we came, he ſhewed us the Stone, which in
deed at the upper Extreme had fome kind of Knop
or Protuberance of Stone, but not at all reſembling
the Head of any Animal. Such a kind of Stone
might perhaps be ſhewn to Mr. Camden, whoſe Fan-
cy being poſſeſs'd with the vulgar Conceit, he might
without any ſtrict View, or Examination of it, ad-
mit it to be what the Vulgar would have it.
That the Species of Brontiæ cannot be the petri-
fied Shells of Echini Spatagi, the Arguments Dr. Plot
alledges out of Ariſtotle and Rondeletius do not evince.
For though in ſome Seas they may be menyro and
au dévio, yet in others are they plentiful enough. In
our own Seas at Llandhwyn, in the Iſe of Angleſey,
we may reaſonably conjecture they are more plentiful
than the common Echini any where with us; becauſe
we found more of their Shells caſt up there on the
Shore, than of the Echini on any Shore about Eng-
land. And though their Briſtles or Prickles were in-
deed but ſmall, yet were they not few, or thin-ſet, as
Rondeletius faith.
I thank you for your laſt Letter, and the Informa-
tion and Advices therein given. As to the Particu-
lar of Figures, I find that others are of a different
Opinion from you, looking upon an Hiſtory of Plants
without Figures as a Book of Geography without
Maps. A good Figure conveys that to the Mind ſud-
denly, and with Eaſe and Pleaſure; an Idea whereof
cannot be formed by the Help of a Deſcription with-
out Time and Pains, and a greater Attention than
moſt Readers have Patience to give it. And for Di-
rections to the beſt Figures of known and deſcribed
Plants in other Books; to have recourſe to them,
would diſtract and interrupt the Reader, and it's likely
but few Readers would have the Books referred to:
Şo that tho' by printing this Work without Figures
Z
is

170 Mr. Ray to Dr. Robinſon.
it would be render'd of more general Uſe, being leſs
bulky, and of lower Price; yet inferring ſome kind
of Neceffity of purchaſing the Books referr'd to, it
would occafion as great an Expence as if it had been
printed with Cuts. But as for the Danger of loſing
the whole, that is inconſiderable, it being, perchance,
as good loft as found. For my own part, my Mo-
tives to attempt the compiling it were the Inſtigation
of ſome Friends, and a Conſideration that no Engliſh-
man ſince Dr. Turner hath written fo of Plants, but
that a Man of no more Skill in Botanicks than my
felf may eaſily enlarge and amend what they have
done : Beſides, had they done never ſo well, their
Works are in great Meaſure uſeleſs to Foreigners, as
being written in Engliſh. Dr. Moriſon is a Scotch-
man; ſo I make not him an Engliſh Herbariſt, nor
paſs any Sentence on his Performances; judicio ftetq;
cadatq; tuo. But this paper will hold no more; ſcarce
Room left to aſſure you that I am, &c.
&
Sir Hans Sloane to Mr. Ray.
I
SIR,
London, Novemb. 11. 1684.
Am heartily glad to hear that you are about ſo
uſeful a Work, as the Hiſtory of Plants (done by
you) will be: I am ſure we want it extremely, and
that it will be very much eſteem'd by the Botaniſts
beyond Sea, particularly Monſieur Tournefort, the
King's Profeſſor at Paris, (with whom I correſpond)
who told me he deſir’d it extremely, and that he had
a very great Reſpect and Honour for you, de-
firing me to give you his moſt humble Service; and
if you will be pleas'd but to let me know any thing
you may have occaſion for that can be procur'd at
Paris or Montpellier, I will do all in my Power to
help

Sir Hans Sloane to Mr. Ray. 171
help you to it. I have ſeveral Plants that I brought
from both Places; amongft which are ſeveral Non-
deſcripts: All which ſhall be at your Service, with
what Remarks I made about them, either as to their
Growth or Virtues.
The following Plants are thought rare at Chelſea
and Fulham.
Arbor Indica Benzoinum fundens. N. D. It ſmells
very ſtrong, juſt like Balm.
NOISE
Cedrus nova Angliæ. N.D. sorgt sny
Cedrus Bermuda. N. D.
od molo
Cedrus fol. laricis Conifer. B.pin.
ci solo
Acer floreſcens, Tradeſcanti.
Saſſafras.
Polypodium Mexicanum. Reccii.
Arbor Amara Reccii.
Lonchitis aſpera major Math.
Amygdalus Afr. Fl. pleno fruit.
Holoſer. Breyn.
Polypodium Plumoſum. N. D.
Pſeudo-dictamnum Tingitanum acetabulis Molucce
Spinofæ Mor.
Pinus Hierofolymitana. N. D.
Convolvulus peregrinus fol. bederaceo anguloſo. B. pin.
Cedrus ex Goâ. N. D.
Evonymo Affinis Afr. Herm.
Oxyacantha Virgin. N. D.
Styrax fol. aceris Virg. N. D.
Galege affinis Hexaphyllos Zeilanica. N. D.
Senecio arboreſc. N. D.
Geniſta Platyphyllos Zeilanica Fl. purpureo filiq. bul-
lat. N.D.
Geranium arboreſc. N.D.
Hemionites multifid. Park.
Anonymus fol. & fruet. Ribes.
Amomum Nove Angliæ. N. D.
Arbutus Virgin. N. D.
Nerium Odoratiſ. Herm.
I be
Z z

172 Sir Hans Sloane to Mr. Ray.
I believe you may have ſeen moſt of theſe, they
being Survivors of the laft Winter, and proba-
bly the moſt of them will keep out this. Mr. Watts
having a new Contrivance, (at leaſt in this Countrey)
viz. he makes under the Floor of his Green-houſe a
grear Fire-place with Grate, Aſh-hole, &c. and con-
veys the Warmth through the whole Houſe, by
Tunnels; ſo that he hopes, by the Help of Wea-
ther-Glaſſes within, to bring or keep the Air at
what Degree of Warmth he pleaſes, letting in upon
Occaſion the outward Air by the Windows. He
thinks to make, by this Means, an artificial Spring,
Summer, Winter, &c.
Sir Hans Sloane to Mr. Ray.
T.
SIR,
..
London, Dec 20. 1684.
HE Fungus Campaniformis niger multa Sem.plan.
in fe continens of Merrett's Pinax, grows plen-
tifully here in ſeveral Places in London, and ſeems to
me very pretty in the Contrivance of the Seed: For
within the Cup of the Fungus, (which is like a Bell,
or rather the Top of Muſcus Pyſoides, or Pixidatus
Ger.) there lies ſeveral Seeds faftened to the bottom
of the Cup, by means of a very ſmall Thread, or Fi-
bril, which I ſuppoſe might bring the Sap from the
Root to the Seed: It has but a ſmall Root, and uſu-
ally comes out in a round white Tumor from old
Wood, which ſerves to keep up the Sides of Borders :
The Rain falling into this Cup, and filling it, the
Seeds are heav'd up, and waſh'd over, and fow them-
ſelves. Perhaps this Fungus may have a near Affinity
with the common Muſcus Pixidatus, and this may
have ſome Seed too: This Fungus is figur'd by Men-
zeliusin his Deſcription of ſome Plants in ſeveral Places
of

Sir Hans Sloane to Mr. Ray. 173
of Germany. Its Name, or what he ſays of it, I do
not now remember, not having the Book by me. If
you have not taken notice of this Muſcus, or Fungus,
I'll obſerve it more narrowly, and ſend you its Hi-
ftory. Yeſterday I was at Chelſea-Garden, to ſee how
the Plants were preſerved there this cold Weather,
and found, that in the Day-time they put no Fire
into their Furnaces, and that in the Night they not
only put in ſome Fire, but cover the Windows where
they ſtand with pitch'd Canvaſs, taking this off, and
opening them as much as the Air or Wind permits.
There is now in Flower the Sedum arboreſc. This
is the fourth Year of its Age: It is in a Pot, and has
continu'd flow'ring for this 4 Months, and is very
pleaſant. Mr. Watts expects to have Aloe this Year
in Flower, it being already ſet for it. He has ſeve-
ral Myrtles not deſcrib'd, a fine Amaranthus, of a
Crimſon Colour, which comes from the Eaſt-Indies,
and ſome fine Cyclamini. When I ſhall have the
Happineſs to peruſe what you have, or are a writing
on any of the Tribes, if I ſhall have obſerv'd any
thing concerning them not mention'd therein, I ſhall
not fail to give you an Account.
There is a vaſt Number of Eaſt and Weſt-India
Seeds come over this Year: Among the reſt, great
Store of Piſum arboreſcens, all the Sorts of the Abrus,
Tea, &c. Of all which there are great Expectations;
and as they come to Perfection you may expect from
me an Account of them. ****
Sir Hans Sloane to Mr. Ray.
SIR,
London, Jan. 31. 168;.
Should be of the mind, that to ſuperſede the Uſe
of Botanick Authors, and make your Hiſtory
every way compleat, it would be neceſſary to men-
I
tion

174 Sir Hans Sloane to Mr. Ray:
tion all the Varieties of the Harts-Tongues; for In-
ſtance, to be found in any Catalogue, or Garden;
and fo of all other Herbs: For it will much pleaſe the
Humours of Men; and the Poffeffors or Admirers of
ſuch Varieties may take it ill, to have what they e-
ſteem ſo much left out. Therefore, if at the End of
each Species there were nam'd all the Variations, I
think it would not be amiſs, eſpecially conſidering
it would tend to the giving a fuller Hiſtory of the
Plant itſelf, and that it may hinder Miſtakes.
I have two Sorts of the Bangue, which were fent
from two ſeveral Places of the Eaſt-Indies : They
both differ much from our Hemp, altho' they ſeem to
differ moſt as to their Magnitude, I do not in the leaſt
doubt but theſe Sorts of Bangue are thoſe with which
the Indians uſe to provoke Venery: The Leaves, and
all the Plant, not being carefully dry'd, makes a good
Deſcription from them impoſſible.
I have been told by ſeveral, that Muſcelin (ſo much
in Uſe here for Cravacs) and Calligo, and the moſt of
the Indian Linens, are made of Nettles; and I fee
not the leaft Improbability, but that they may be
made of the Fibers of them.
ist and
Mr. Ray's Anſwer to Sir Hans Sloane,
YI
SIR,
Black Notley, Feb. 11. --84.
OUR Advice concerning inſerting the Varieties
of fundry Species, eſpecially ſuch as are eſteem'd
for their Beauty or Variery, I approve, and thall ob-
I
ferve. Howbeit it is not my Intention to ſuperſede
the Uſe of any approved Botanick Author; but my
Reaſons for attempting this Work were, 1. To fa-
tisfy the Importunity of ſome Friends, who ſolicited
me to undertake it. 2. To give ſome Light to young
Students

Mr. Ray to Sir Hans Sloane. 175
Students in the reading and comparing other Herba-
riſts, by correcting Miſtakes, and illuſtrating what is
obſcure, and extricating what is perplex'd and entang-
led, and in cutting off what is ſuperfluous, or under
different Titles repeated for diſtinct. 3. To alleviate
the Charge of ſuch as are not able to purchaſe many
Books. To which End, I endeavour an Ennumera-
tion of all the Species already deſcrib'd and publiſhed.
4. To facilitate the Learning of Plants, if need be,
without a Guide or Demonſtrator, by fo methodize
ing of them, and giving ſuch certain and obvious
Characteriſtick Notes of the Genera, that it ſhall not
be difficult for any Man, who ſhall but attend to them
and the Deſcription, to find out infallibly any Plant
that ſhall be offered to him, eſpecially being affifted
by the Figure of it. And, laſtly, becauſe no Man of
our Nation hath lately attempted ſuch a Work; and
thoſe that formerly did, excepting Dr. Turner, were
not fufficiently qualified for ſuch an Undertaking, and
ſo have acquitted themſelves accordingly.
I wiſh I had Aſſurance from Eye-witneſſes of Cre-
dit, that thoſe Sorts of Linen you mention are made
of Nettle-Stalks. I have heard and read the like of
Scotch Cloth, but dare not give Credence to it, be-
cauſe I find not that Dr. Sibbalds, in his Prodromus,
makes any Mention of it; and am loath to put in any
thing on uncertain Rumour.
_
a
Sir Hans Sloane to Mr. Ray's laſt Letter.
SIR,
London, March 7. 1687.
10
OR the Polypodium Plumoſum, I can tell you but
F
very little of it, except that it had its Name
from its Leaves being like Feathers. Its Place of
Growth, and other Things relating to its Hiſtory,
can

176 Sir Hans Sloane to Mr. Ray.
can ſcarce be told by any in England : For I think
'tis fent us from Holland, and probably may come to
them from the Eaſt-Indies, tho' I cannot ſay that po-
fitively. Tis a perennial Plant, and has endur'd this
laſt Winter, without being either in Pot or Green-
Houſe.
I was the other Day at Chelſea, and find that the
Artifices us'd by Mr. Watts have been very effectual
for the Preſervation of his Plants, inſomuch, that this
ſevere enough Winter has ſcarce kill'd any of his fine
Plants. One thing I much wonder, to ſee that the
Cedrus Montis Libani, the Inhabitant of a very diffe-
rent Climate, ſhould thrive here ſo well, as without
Pot, or Green-Houſe, to be able to propagate itſelf
by Layers this Spring. Seeds ſown laſt Autumn have
as yet thriven very well, and are like to hold out.
The main Artifice I us’d to them, has been to keep
them from the Winds, which ſeem to give a great
additional Force to the Cold, to deſtroy the tender
Plants.
I have one very perfect Leaf of the Japan Cam-
phire Tree, and have likewiſe ſome of the Root of the
Cinamon Tree, with a Specimen of the Oil and Gama
phire that is diſtill'd from it. One thing I would ac-
quaint you with about Cinamon, is, that a Gentleman
of my Acquaintance having a great Mind to have
ſome of the true Oil of Cinamon, he took 12 l. of
it, and diſtilld it in a proper Veſſel, but had no Oil
at all. He from thence concluded, that all the Ci-
namon is diveſted of ſome of its moſt fine Particles,
before any of it comes to us : And ſpeaking to Mr.
Hermans on that Subject, I remember he could ſcarce
deny it, altho' his being a Servant to the Dutch East-
India Company would hinder his telling of that Se-
cret, by which they receive ſo much Money.
a
Eco
ne
dio based
Dr.

177
Dr. Robinſon to Mr. Ray.
I'
SIR,
London, March 10.--84.
Have encloſed fome Sugar of the firſt Boiling got
out of the Juice of the wounded Maple. Mr. Aſh-
ton (our Secretary) gave it me for you; 'twas ſent
him from Canada, where the Savages prepare it out
of the afore-mentioned Liquor, 8 Pints whereof af-
fords a Pound of Sugar. If you have any of theſe
Trees near you, or the Birch, or any other weeping
Trees, I wiſh you would make a Trial, proceeding as
in the Juice of the Sugar-Cane. The Indians of Ca-
nada have practiſed this Time out of Mind: The
French begin now to refine it, and to make great. Ad-
vantages.
Mr. Ray in Anſwer to Dr. Robinſon.
Y
SIR,
Ours of the 10th Inſtant I receiv'd laſt Poſt, and
therein an encloſed Specimen of the Canada-Su-
gar, &c. a thing to me ſtrange and unheard-of before,
It were, as you ſuggeft, well worth the experiment:
ing whether the like might be gotten by boiling up
the Juices of any of our weeping Trees; tho' I con-
fels I doubt much of the Succeſs: For, firſt, there
are ſo few Trees common to the new and old World,
that it is likely this may be a Sort of Maple ſpecifi-
cally diſtinct from any of ours. But, ſecondly, ſup-
poſe it be not, it may yield a Saccharine Juice in Ame-
rica, and yet not in England; as we ſee the Afb-free
yields
Аа

178
Mr. Ray to Dr. Robinſon.
3
yields Manna in Calabria, and yet not any where elſe
in Italy it felf. Thirdly, if it be the leſſer, or com-
mon Maple, that is ſuch a nice Tree, that few of the
Kind, and thoſe only at ſome critical Seaſons, will
bleed with us; fo that it is a hard Matter to get any
Quantity of their Juice. For mine own part, there
are not any of the greater Maple, or Sycomore-trees,
that I know of, growing nearer than half a Mile off
us, ſo that I cannot attend the gathering their Juice,
without the Expence of more Time than I can, or
am willing at preſent to ſpare. The like I may ſay
of Birches. We have indeed of Wallnuts ſome grow-
ing near us, but I ſuſpect their fcrupulous Owners
would ſcarce be willing I ſhould pierce them: So
that I doubt whether I ſhall be able to make any
Trials of this Kind; and I make no Queſtion but
ſome Members of the Royal Society may have more
Leiſure and better Opportunities of making them
than my ſelf. My Thoughts are almoſt wholly em-
ployd at preſent in the carrying on the Hiſtory of
Plants; and I am like him, who faid Pectora noftra
duas non admittentia curas.
As for the Hiſtory of Fiſhes, I doubt not but you
may add to it many Things by me omitted ; thoſe
Authors you mention having not been ſeen by me.
Dr. Tyſon's Anatomy of the Phocæna I dare fay is very
exact : But when I begun, that Hiſtory was not pub-
liſhed, at leaſt I had no Knowledge of it, and ſince
have neglected to ſend for it. I am ſenſible that the
Hiſtory of the Cetaceous Kind is far from perfect; but
in my Circumſtances it was not eaſy for me to carry
it on any farther. There wants a Deſcription of the
the Unicorn Fiſh, of which there are Figures of two
Kinds in the Hiſtory of the Antilles written in French;
but I do not much confide in that Author. There is
a prolix Deſcription of the Skeleton of the Head in
Wormius's Muſeum, but too tedious for me to tranſ-
cribe. "I am to ſeek for Deſcriptions of many Species
of
CIA

Mr. Ray to Dr. Robinſon. 179
of Whales mentioned in Catalogues of them : But
I take many of them to be fictitious, and have little
Hopes of getting any good Information of them.
Both my ſelf and the Publick (if this work ever be
printed) ſhall be beholden to you for your Contribu-
tions to it. If the publiſhing of it be deferr'd till
Mr. Willughby's Son comes of Age, I doubt not but
he will be at the Charge of neceſſary Plates, rather
than it ſhould be ſuppreſs’d. My Lord Biſhop of Ox-
ford is highly to be commended for his Forwardneſs
to promote any good Deſign. For this Hiſtory of
Fiſhes, I can warrant it to be as full and perfect, as to
the Number of Species, and their Deſcriptions, (ex-
cepting only the Cetaceous Kind) as was the Hiſtory of
Birds. The Exanguia Aquatica I account rather In-
ſects than Fiſhes; and, beſides, neither Mr. Willughby,
nor my ſelf, had ſo fully deſcribed each ſeveral Species,
nor ranged them in their claſſes, as was neceſſary
for a compleat Hiſtory of them. But as to Deſigns for
the Cuts, I have ſeveral drawn by hand from the Life,
and have already, for every Species, made a Reference
to the Place, where the beit Figure of it is extant in
Geſner, Aldrovand, Rondeletius, Salvianus, &c. (I
mean in my Judgment) in a Paper I have by me,
which you may command.
Black Notley, March 13, -84.
Mr. Ray to Dr. Robinſon,
SIR,
Friend and Neighbour Apothecary, whom I
employ'd Yeſterday, brought me the Effect of
his boiling the Juice of the greater Maple. Having
boild as high as an Extract, he found a whitiſh Bo-
dy
A
Аа 2.

180 Mr. Ray to Dr. Robinſon.
dy ſomewhat like brown Sugar, and taſting ſweet;
but withal of a woody Reliſh, immerſed in a Bo-
dy of the Colour and Conſiſtency and Taſte too
of Mololes. Upon Curing, I do not doubt we ſhall
have, after the Molofjes are ſeparated, a perfect Sugar,
but in very ſmall Quantity, not above an Ounce from
a Gallon of Liquor. Poſſibly, nay likely, afterwards,
when the Liquor begins to run thick near its ceaſing,
it will yield a greater Proportion of Sugar. When
he hath cured it, I will give you a farther Account
of it.
Black Notle, April 1. --85,
Mr. Ray to Dr. Robinſon.
D?
SIR,
R. Liſter's Opinion (from whom I had all I know
of the Rudde) and yours, who have throughly
examined and compared Figures and Deſcriptions,
concurring, do fully ſatisfy and convince me, that the
,
Rudde is the Rotcle of Baltner, and not the Orphus, or
Nerfling. I alſo perceive, that the Fiſh deſcribed by
us for the Orphus, is no other than the Rudde, or Rot-
cle, which I ſuppoſe was ſomewhere in Germany,
brought us by the Name of Nerfling, and under that
Name deſcribed, which occaſioned all this Miſtake
and Confuſion. If I had Mr. Willughby's Notes, I
doubt not but I could find out a more exact Deſcri-
ption of the Orphus than will be met with in Au-
thors; for that Fiſh I am ſure was more than once
deſcribed by us. But it is almoſt impoffible to pro-
cure a Sight of them; and therefore we muſt be
content with ſuch a Deſcription of the Orphus as we
find in Gefner, I did deſcribe moſt of the Animals
we

Mr. Ray to Dr. Robinſon. 181
we met with in our Travels; but all my Notes of
high and low Germany were unfortunately loft.
Your Chapter de Chymica Plantarum Analyſi I have
read over with much Pleaſure and Satisfaction; in
the Title before Ull, I think it will be neceſſary to
add Reſolutarum, or Partium Reſolutarum. It is all
very good; only in a particular or two, wherein you
are poſitive I am ſomewhat doubtful, as whether all
the Parts into which a Plant is ſeparable by Fire, be
tranſmutable one into another. For though I am of
your Opinion, that their immediate component Par-
ticles are not primary and indiviſible Elements; yet
do they contain ſo many ſuch of one Kind, that I
doubt whether the whole Body of one (for Example
Fix'd Salt) be tranſmutable into the whole Body of
the other ; (for Example Water ;) for if it may, then
theſe being the moſt ſimple Bodies we know, one
would think that quodlibet may be made ex quolibet,
and that there are no fix'd and indiſſoluble Principles
in Nature, which I think is otherwiſe demonſtrable.
I grant that the component Particles may be ſepa-
rated from each other, and ſome of them mutually
tranſmuted as inflammable Spirits and Oils, they, after
the Separation made by Fire, remaining ſtill mix'd:
But from Argumentation we muſt appeal to Experi-
Another thing I ſuſpect is, that fix'd Salts of
Plants, were they perfectly freed from all adherent
heterogeneous Particles, would not be found to dif-
fer from each other in any ſenſible Quality or Acci-
dent : But neither do you affirm ſo much of fixed
Salts ſo freed; but of them, ſuch as we have them,
wherein I do fully agree with you.
Black Notley, April 29. ---85.
ence.
Dr.

182
Dr. Robinſon's Anſwer to Mr. Ray.
A
a
SIR,
London, May 9.--85.
S for the Tranſmutation of ſecondary Principles,
or Elements, one into another, I was tempted
to believe it practicable, upon diſcourſing ſeveral
times with Mr. Boyle upon that Subject, and upon
reading his new Appendixes to the Sceptical Chymiſt,
and to the Aery and Icy Noctiluca; where he affirms,
that Oils and Water may be wholly chang'd into
Earth, tho' never ſo well purify'd before; and that
Salt and Sulphur are tranſmutable into inſipid Water,
which alſo Tachenius demonſtrates, and Salt into
Earth; and this not by the Addition of any new Parts,
but by mere Tranſpoſition, Diviſion, or ſome new
Modification of the conſtituent Parts; which ma-
king a different Impreſſion upon our Senſes, may pro-
duce new Qualities or Accidents; but you, being a
much greater Maſter of the Epicurean Philofphy than
my ſelf, are the beſt Judge of this. I always fancy'd
that there were no fix'd or immutable Principles (I
mean Elements) in Nature, as the ſtands at preſent,
but what may be ſubject to Changes upon new Mo-
tions, or Modifications, unleſs we ſuppoſe pure Atomes
without Concretions, and them too under the ſame
conſtant Laws of Motion. I grant, that Salt, Wa-
ter, or any other purify’d Element, may contain ma-
ny Corpuſcles of the ſame Kind; yet theſe fame
Particles, by various Tranſpoſitions, Diviſions, Mo-
tions, or any other new Modificationis, may put
on different Faces and Shapes, and raiſe in us various
Perceptions of different Qualities and Accidents. If
this Philoſophy be true, then fix'd Salts themſelves
may differ from each other in ſenſible Qualities, or
Accidents,

Dr. Robinſon to Mr. Ray. 183
Accidents, according to the Operations, or other
Circumſtances, tho' they be carefully purify'd. Mr.
Lewenhoeck hath obſerv'd great Variety of Figures in
them after they had been diligently freed from ad-
hereing heterogeneous Particles; and the very ſame
numerical lixivial Salt will put on different Shapes and
Figures; ſo that it will appear a marine or muria-
tick Salt, an eſſential Salt or Nitre of Plants, and
alſo a fix'd alcaly Salt. I have ſeen great Varieties
of Fermentations produc'd, by pouring the ſame acid
Spirit upon many ſeveral fix'd Salts prepar'd and pu-
rify'd all alike: Their Sapors do very ſenſibly differ
in Solutions; and you cannot make Aurum Fulminans
with ſo ſmall a Quantity of any fix'd Salt, as that of
Tartar. I do conclude therefore againſt you and
Dr. Daniel Cox, that fix'd Salts do really differ in
Qualities and Accidents. However, I ſubmit to your
excellent Judgment, and I will not be poſitive in this
or the other Controverſy.
a
Mr. Ray's Anſwer to Dr. Robinſon.
Y
SIR,
Ours of May 9. came to hand laſt poſt, where-
in you produce good Authority for what you
affirm concerning the mutual Tranſmutation of ve-
getable Principles, or immediate component Parti-
cles, whereto I can ſay nothing, unleſs I had the Au-
thor's Books you cite; and perhaps not then nei-
ther, unleſs I ſhould repeat the Experiments my
ſelf.
But that there are fix'd and phyſically indiviſible
Principles in Nature, I thus argue.
If

184 Mr. Ray to Dr. Robinſon.
If there be no ſuch, but Bodies are infinitely divi-
fible, how can there be any Conſtancy in Generations
or Productions ?
Why are there not infinite new concrete and
mix'd Bodies daily produc'd, and as many loft?
For if Bodies be infinitely diviſible, Figures being
infinite, the Particles whereunto they are divided
muſt probably be of infinite Figures, and few alike;
and why ſhould thoſe of the ſame Figure convene?
How come Bodies to be diviſible, even by Fire,
into great Numbers of Parts, either really homoge-
neous, or ſeemingly ſo; and not rather into infinite
Varieties of Particles; as when a Man with the for-
cible Stroke of a Hammer breaks, for Example, a
Brick, it flies into innumerable Parts of different Fi-
gures, perhaps ſcarce any two like?
How come there to be ſuch great Aggregates of
Bodies of the ſame Kind, as Water, Earth, Air?
Whereas you fay, the ſame Particles, by various
'Tranſpoſitions, Diviſions, Motions, &c. may put
on different Faces, and ſtir up in us various Percepti-
ons; I anſwer, that I cannot imagine any other Dif-
ference of Bodies, but what proceeds from the Mo-
tions of Figures of their component Particles.
From the Motions of them can come nothing but
a greater or leſs Meaſure of Fluidity; therefore all
other Varieties muſt ariſe from their Figures. From
the Figures of homogeneous Particles, or ſuch as are
of the fame Shape, no conſiderable Varieties can
proceed. For, from ſuppoſe a Bag of Shot, perfect-
ly ſpherical and ſolid, ſhould I ſhake or move them
to the World's End, I ſhould get a Body of no other
Texture than I had at firft; tho' in Bodies of other
figured Particles there might poſſibly be Variety of
Textures, from the Situs of the component Parti-
cles, in reſpect of each other. Yet this is not likely,
becauſe it is very difficult to ſet the Particles, all or
moſt of them, in one and the ſame Situs one to ano-
ther,

Mr. Ray to Dr. Robinſon. 185
ther, and ſcarce poſſible to be done but by an intel-
ligent Agent, which yet muſt be done, to produce
like and homogeneous Textures. Therefore the moſt
of theſe Differences muft ariſe from the Admixture
of heterogeneous Particles. The Fire is not ſuch an
Analyſt, but that it doth communicate Particles to
the Bodies it divides or transforms, as we ſee in Mi-
nium made of Lead, in which, that ſome Parts out
of the Fire adhering to the Lead, do fo transform it,
appears probable by the Increaſe of Weight; and
many other like Inſtances there are.
That fix'd Salts are all alike, (whether they be
compound or ſimple Bodies) I gather from the Im-
preſſions they make on our Senſes, and from their
Operations. Probable it is, that the heterogeneous
Particles may, in greater Quantities, and more
cloſely adhere to them in ſome Vegetables, than in
others.
In fine, that there are innumerable concrete Bo-
dies of the ſame Figure, is evident to Senſe in the
Cryſtals of Salts; that theſe particular Cryſtals muſt
be compoſed of like-figured Particles, (one to ano-
ther, tho' not to the Concrete) and thoſe again of
like, ufq; ad minima, is highly probable, if not de-
monſtrable, in Reaſon; whereas, were Bodies infi-
nitely diviſible, and conſequently of no certain Fi-
gure, (the Minima I mean) I do not ſee how we
could ever come to ſuch regular Concretions, at leaſt
to ſuch Multitudes and Maffes of them : But that the
World muſt have continued, as the Poets firſt fans
cied it, a Chaos. But enough of this.
Black Notley, May 12. -85,
Въ
Dr.

186
Dr. Robinſon in Anſwer to Mr. Ray.
SIR,
I
London, May 19.-85.
Received yours of the 12th Inftant, and am ſuffi
ciently convinced that there are fixʼd and certain
Principles in Nature, and ſettled Laws of Motion : Yet
I have ſome Reaſon to believe that they are not im-
mutable, but that fome outward Violence and pre-
ternatural Cauſes may alter them, tho' they are ſel-
dom, or never, mutable in the ordinary Courſe of
Things. If you pleaſe, the Tranſmutation of the
Parts of Analyz'd Bodies ſhall be ſtruck out of the
Chapter de Chym. Plant. Analyſi partiumq; reſoluta-
rum Uſu.
Mr. Ray's Anſwer to Dr. Robinſon.
L
SIR,
AST Poft brought me yours of May 19. In
Anſwer whereto, ſeeing what you aſſert con-
cerning the Tranſmutation mention'd may be true,
and is fupported by good Authority, and your Opi-
nion; I ſee no Reaſon it ſhould be ſtruck out. For
thoſe Principles, into which Bodies are immediately
reſoluble by Fire, being nor primary, but compound
Bodies, it may conſiſt with my Opinion of certain
and fix'd firit Principles well enough.
Reading in the Philoſoph. Tranſactions of March
laſt your Obſervations on fubterraneous Streams, I
find you miſtaken in one of your Conjectures con-
serning Matter of Fact, that is concerning that they
call

Mr. Ray to Dr. Robinſon. 182
a
call the burning - Fountain, La Fontaine que brúle]
near Grenoble in Dauphine, which our Curioſity led us
to make an excurſive Journey from Grenoble, on pur-
poſe to fee. This place is about 3 Leagues diſtant
from the City up the River. When we came there,
we were much deceived in our Expectation ; for in-
ſtead of a burning Fountain, which we dreamt of
from the Name and Relations of others, we found
nothing of Water, but only an actual Flame of Fire
iſſuing out of a Vent, or Hole, in the Side of a
Bank, plainly viſible to the Eye, to which if you ap-
plied dry Straw, or any other combuſtible Matter, it
took fire preſently. I took it to be nothing elſe but
a little Spiraculum of a Mine of Coals, or ſome ſuch-
like Subſtance, fired; and my Reaſon was, becauſe
the Bank, out of which the Flame iſſued, looked
much like Slate and Cinder of Coals. One thing I
cannot but admire, that is the long Continuance of
this Burning. I find Mention of it in Auguſtine de
Civitate Dei, Lib. I. Cap. 7. De fonte illo ubi faces
extinguuntur ardentes & accenduntur extincta non in-
peni in Epiro qui vidiſſe ſe dicerent, ſed qui in Gallia
fimilem nóſent, non longè à Gratianopoli civitate. By
which Relation of the good Father, we ſee how he
was abuſed and impoſed upon by Relators that were
Eye-witneſſes. I my ſelf alſo was abuſed in like
Manner, and therefore do verily believe there was
then no more Fountain there than is now; that is a
Fountain of Fire, which from the Conſtancy and
Perpetuity of its iſſuing out, it may be called. Hence
we may learn what Credit is to be given to the vers
bal Relations of the Generality of Travellers,
Black Notley, May 22. -85.
Bb z
Dr.

188
Dr. Robinſon's Anſwer to Mr. Ray.
I
a
SIR,
London, June 2. -85.
Thank
you
for freeing me
of
my
Error concern
ing the burning Fountain near Grenoble. Some
French, and other Writers, were the Authors of my
Miſtake. Monſieur Boilieu (a Native of Dauphine,
and a learned Perſon) ſpeaking of the burning Foun-
tain of that Countrey, ſays, Aqua è rupe procurrit,
& ipſa frigida, ſed ſulphure & bitumine levitèr imbuta,
cujus ſuperficiei ſi ſulphuratum admoveris extinctum ſta-
tim accenditur, ardetq; luculentèr; ardet & admota
palea, imprimis ccelo nubibus cooperto. To ſave his Cre-
dit, we may ſuſpect well enough, that he either
ſpeaks of a different place from that you were at up
the River, or elſe that ſome times of the Year Springs
may ariſe near the Bank, where the combuſtible
Steams may meet with, and run through them, and ſo
produce the aforeſaid Phänomena: But this is only a
mere Conjecture of mine.
Mr. Ray's Anſwer to Dr. Robinſon.
SIR,
Yº
Ours of the 2d Inſtant I receiv'd laſt poſt. In
Anſwer whereto; I approve one of your Ex-
cules and Salvo's for the Credit of the Authors that
have written concerning the burning Fountain, viz.
That probably enough in Winter-time there may
ir
fue Water out of the fame Vent whence the Fire pro-
ceeds; for the Time we ſaw it was in the Height and
Heat

Mr. Ray to Dr. Robinſon. 189
Heat of Summer, viz. about the latter End of July.
But that the Water hath no Intereſt in the kindling any
thing applied thereto, I am confident; for we faw
an actual Flame ſtreaming thence, which muſt needs
kindle Straw, or any other combuſtible Matter it
meets with. And here, by the way, I cannot but
reflect upon a Paſſage I meet with in Doctor Plot's
Letter concerning Sepulchral Lamps, in the Philo-
foph. Tranſact. of December laſt. It is this; Such as
the Flame over the well and Earth about it in one Mr.
Hawkley's Ground in Lancaſhire, that (like the Fire
of Plato) only fines, and does not burn. Herein is
contained a double Miſtake: For, as I was inform’d
by Perſons of the greateſt Credit and undoubted Fi-
delity, where the inflammable Steam or Vapour al-
cended, was no Well at all, but only Water in a
Ditch, which dried up in Summer-time, and which
the Experimenter, who told me [no other indeed but
Dr. Wilkins, Biſhop of Cheſter] cauſed to be laded
all out; and that when the Ditch was quite empty,
the inflammable Steam aſcended in like manner as be-
fore. Next the Words ſeem to import, that there
is a conſtant Flame over the Welland Ground about ;
whereas there is no ſuch thing, but only a Steam
conſtantly aſcending, which catches Fire by the Ap-
plication of a lighted Candle, or any other Flame.
Beſides, I never before heard, and can hardly be in-
duced to believe, that that Flame only ſhines, and
does not burn, none of my Relators mentioning any
ſuch thing, which had been the ſtrangeſt Miracle of
all.
Your former Conjecture, that there may be a dif-
ferent Place, I cannot allow, becauſe thoſe who write
of it ſay it is near Grenoble, as this was, and we en-
quiring upon the Place, heard of no other but this.
And that this is that which is uſually viſited by Tra-
vellers, one may know by the Hackney-men, who
are very well acquainted with it. And Golnitz his
Itinerary
a

190 Mr. Ray to Dr. Robinſon. .
Itinerary of France notes this for the Fontaine
que
brû-
le. But enough of this. Another thing I meet with
in the fame Tranſactions of fan. lait, in Mr. Wal-
ler's Obſervations concerning the Cicindela volans, of
which I am in doubt; tho' I confeſs I am more in-
clinable to believe what Mr. Waller afferts, that both
Male and Female have Wings, it being more agree-
able to the Analogy of other Inſects, beſides the Cre-
dit of the Perſon, who ſaw them in Copulation. But
then what ſhall we ſay to Carolus Ventimiglia, to
whom I am loath to give the Lye. Indeed, if his
Credit were as good as the Relators, F. Columna, I
dar'd not.
Cùm enim (faith he) ex nudis plurimas ha-
beret in vitro incluſas, animi caufa alatam captam iis
adjecit, que continuo ſe ſpectante unam ex nudis ſubegit,
eiq; adhæſit ut bombyx folet, ab eâ deinde divulja aliam
atq; aliam, quæ fequenti die parere cæperunt, &c. Be-
fides, how came this to be the receiv'd Opinion be-
fore?
Black-Notley, June 5. --85.
Dr. Robinſon to Mr. Ray.
a
SIR,
Septemb. 8.-85.
WAKE a Pilchard by the Tip of the Back-Fin,
T ;
and it hangs in Æquilibrio; but a Herring ſo
held finks headlong. This was try'd lately.
M. Dodard affirms, that he hath frequently found
between the Bark and the Wood of old Horn-Beam
Trees a very odd Vegetable Subſtance, having black
membranaceous Stalks, dividing themſelves into ma-
ny Branches, at the Ends of which there generally
grew little Balls, or Buttons, as large as Peaſe. He
fancies

Dr. Robinſon to Mr. Ray. IgI
fancies this to be a Vegetable as much diſtinct from
the Horn-beam, as Mifletoes are from the Trees they
grow on. M. Dodard could only find it in old worm-
eaten Horn-beams, never in young or found ones ;
which makes him conclude that it cannot any ways
ſerve the Oeconomy of the Tree, but that it is a
Plant growing up in decay'd Horn-beams, exactly
between the Bark and the Wood. It is as it were
ſer (enchaſée) in the Bark, into which it here and
there enters, and loſes itſelf. M. Marchand found a
Horn-beam Tree, whoſe Trunk being cut off, yield-
ed on all Sides a Gum very like to Gum Lacca. This
Gum of the Horn-beam M. Clos diſſolv'd in Spirit of
Wine; the Trunk continued to pour forth many
gummy Threds for ſome Years after it had lain in a
low Room. M. Dodard afterwards obſery'd the ſame
Gum upon many Horn-beam Trees. I have extracted
this from the Journal des sçavans An. 1675. Mens.
Decemb.
Wepfer, in his Hiſtory of the Cicuta Aquatica,
proves, that moſt of the poiſonous Plants, as all the
Hemlocks, the Hellebores, the Solanum's, the Napela
lus, Hyoſcyamus, &c. are hot and acrimonious, and
kill by faline, fiery, and pointed Particles, which
vellicate the Genus Nervoſum, and either congeal, or
elſe colliquate the Blood. The beſt way to cure
theſe Poiſons, is firſt to give a gentle Vomit, then
Oils, Broths, warm Water, and far Emulſions, till
all be evacuated and come away; at which Time A-
lexipharmicks, volatile Salts, and other Alcalies and
Anodynes, are to be given.
I find, upon the Journals of my late Voyage, that
,
I obſerv'd many people in the Low Countries to
make uſe of the Turmerick Root (Curcuma) in pick-
ting and preparing their Fish. They told me that it
gave the Fiſh a grateful Taſte, and a yellow Colour,
which was much eſteem'd by them. I think Bontius
remarks the ſame thing of the Germans and Poles.
I tra-

192
Dr. Robinſon to Mr. Ray.
I travellid from Capua to Naples in the Company
of an ingenious Neapolitan Phyſician, who enter-
tain'd me with the
Hiſtory of his Country. He af-
ſur'd me, that the Fraxinus, or Ornus, in many Places
North-Weſt of Naples, afforded Manna, of which
the Inhabitants made Advantage, tho' it was not ſo
much eſteem'd as that of Calabria; for gathering and
evaporating in the Sun this Saccharine Juice, they al-
ways make uſe of wooden Inſtruments and Veſſels ;
for it will prey upon Metalline, or bony ones, and
fo looſe its white Colour when concreted. The afore-
mentioned Neapolitan inform’d me, that the Cicada
did feed much upon the Ornus; which makes me
conjecture, that this Inſect (which you have well di-
ftinguiſh'd from our Graſhopper) does peirce the Tree,
and fo opens the Paſſage for the Manna to ſweat out.
I remember, in one of the German Ephem. I lately
fent you, there is an Account and Figure of an Indian
Tree, upon which fome Inſects are faid to work, and
prepare a Sort of Manna. I am apt to believe it may
be a Miſtake, and that the Manna works it ſelf out
of the Tree open'd and fuck'd by the Inſects; but
you are beſt able to judge of theſe Matters.
Mr. Ray's Anſwer to Dr. Robinſon.
M.
SIR,
Black Notley, Sept. 14. --85.
Dodard's vegetable Subſtance growing on the
Horiz-beam Tree, I know not what to ſay to.
1 with it were my Luck to ſee it. That the ſame
Tree yielded a Gum like Lacca, ſeems to me very
ſtrange, that being a Bleeding-Tree, of which I ne-
ver heard of any that yielded any Gum.
Gum. Howbeit,
Mr. Marchand was a very credible Perſon.
Wepfer's

Mr. Ray to Dr. Robinſon. 193
Wepfer's Philoſophy concerning poiſonous Plants
may be poſſibly true, but it deſerves farther Conſide-
ration. Paúca reſpicientes falſa pronunciant.
I better approve your Conjecture concerning the
Éxudation of the Manna : For I do not obſerve any
kind of Gum; or Refing or concrete Juice, to iſſue out
of any Tree or Herb, but at fome Inciſion, or Wound,
or Rift, or Contuſion; and therefore it's likely enough
that the Manna may iſſue out of the Veſſels contain-
ing the Specifick Juice of the Tree perforated by
ſome Inſect : Your other Conjecture alſo concerning
the Inſect preparing a Kind of Manna, is not impro-
bable.
Sir Hans Sloane to Mr. Ray.
I
SIR,
London, Nov. 10. 1685.
Wrote a pretty while ago to you about the Hockef-
don Earth ; which, becauſe I fear it miſcarried,
I now repeat, defiring your Opinion of it.
Not far from Moorfields, near the new Square in
Hockeſdon, ſome Workmen digging a Cellar for a
new Houſe in the End of a Garden, when they were
about 3 Foot below the Surface of the Ground, found
a very ſtrong Smell in the one half thereof. Paſſing
that Way, and finding it very furprizing, and a thing
that I had neither heard of, nor ſeen before, I thought
it worth farther Enquiry.
The Workmen having dug a Pit about 6 Foot
deep, at about 3 Yards Diſtance from that End of
the Cellar which ſmelt fo ſtrong, I there found three
ſeveral Layers of Earth one over another, all of them,
more or leſs, having the fame Scent. The uppera
moft Stratum was Clay, or, as the Workmen call it,
Loom: It did not ſmell till 3 Foot deep; but then
Сс
a
was

194. Sir Hans Sloane to Mr. Ray.
a
a
was very ſtrong, and ſomething noiſome. If one look
earneſtly on ſome Pieces of this Clay, there are eaſily
diſcernable ſeveral fmall Quantities of a bituminous
Subſtance, browniſh Colour, and tough Conſiſtence.
I doubt not but this Subſtance gives the Smell, and
other Qualities, to this Layer. This Clay preſerves
its Scent a pretty while, tho' by Degrees it grows
fainter; and being expos’d to the Air for about a
Month, will loſe it quite. Eight Pounds of this Clay
diſtill'd in a Retort, plac'd in a Sand-Fire [3d Degree
of Heat] yielded one Pound of Phlegmatick Liquor,
and fix Drams of Oil, of a quite different Smell from
any thing I have hitherto met with.
The ſecond Layer was Gravel, which reach'd from
3 and a half to about 4 and a half deep, or thereabouts.
4
It
very much reſembles the other in all its Qualities,
except the Noiſomneſs of its Smell: It loſes its Scent
much ſooner than the former.
The third Layer was an earthy Sand, which ſmells
ſtronger than the other two, and withal is much more
fragrant : The deeper you dig, it ſmells the ſtronger.
I took 8 Pound of this Layer at 9 Foot deep, and
filld a Retort with it, and plac'd it as the Clay ; but
it afforded only 6 Ounces of Phlegmatick Liquor, and
2 Drams of Oil. This fandy looſe Earth quits its
Scent in about a Fortnight, being expes'd to the
Summer-Air.
Conſidering that Waters owe their greateſt Dif-
ferences to the ſeveral Soils through which they paſs,
I was very deſirous to ſee what Sort of Waters would
be produc'd by their being percolated through ſuch
a Strainer as this ſtrange Sort of Earth; and deſiring
the Owner to dig till he ſhould find Water, he ac-
cordingly did; and when he came to about 18 Foot
deep, Water came in very plentifully; condition'd as
follows.
had at Top a curiouſly colour'd Film, the Co-
lours of it reſembling thoſe of the Rainbow : Under
3
a
this

Sir Hans Sloane to Mr. Ray. 195
this was a whitiſh coloured Water, which upon ſtand-
ing in a Vial fome Days, lets fall a browniſh Sedi-
ment, and by that means becomes diaphanous: It
ſmelt very ſtrong, as the Earth did, was ſomewhat
bitter and clammy, as one may ſee by putting his
Hands in it, and ſuffering them to dry without wi-
ping. If you put ſome powder'd Galls into a Glaſs
of this Water, ſo ſoon, or a little after you take it out
of the Well, it will turn of a purpliſh red; but if it
ſtand a Day or two, it will not at all.
Several Perſons having drunk of this Well about
3 Pints, ſay, that uſually it works about 3 times by
Stool, and very much by Urine.
From which I conclude it to be a natural Bitumen,
perhaps ſui generis, that impregnates both Water and
Earth. I deſire your Opinion in it, and remain,
c.
Mr. Ray to Sir Hans Sloane.
I
SIR,
Black Notley, Nov. 17. --85.
Now return you many Thanks for the Pains you
have taken in affiſting me in the carrying on the
Hiſtory that is now before me, and the many Infor-
mations and Advices you have given me, and other
Contributions you have made thereto, which ſhall be
owned, and gratefully acknowledg’d by me,
I thank you for the Account of the Hockeſdon
Earth, and the rather, becauſe I was lately informed
that it was no natural Bitumen mingled with it, but
had its Original from the burning of a Painting-Shop
ſtanding over the Spot where the Earth was digged
up, and that there was no ſuch Earth round a-
bout, but juſt within that Compaſs. So that as the
Corinthian Braſs was made by an accidentall Mixture
Cc 2
of

196 Mr. Ray to Sir Hans Sloane.
of Metals melted down and running into one Maſs,
at the Deflagration of that City; ſo this bituminous
Earth became impregnated by a Mixture of Oils and
Colours melted and mixed together, and ſoaking in-
to the Ground at the burning of that Shop. Whe-
ther there be any Truth in this, you can beſt inform ;
but I ſuppoſe there is none, becauſe you mention no
fuch Thing: And you have done very well throughly
to examine the Earth, for that probably there may
be good Uſe made of it.
Mr. Cole's Letter to Mr. Ray.
I
Worthy SIR, Bradfield, Mar. 27. 1685.
Have for a long time engaged many Maſters of
Ships, and others, to bring home whatever
they can find for me, as alſo on both the sides of
Severne; and am of 'Opinion, by what I have this
Winter found, that no River in Europe doth yield
more Variety, eſpecially Sea Animals, great and ſmall,
and Minerals; there being very high Land on either
Side, high and rapid Tides, often with violent
Storms, which have ſo much gained on the Rocks and
Cliffs, that many Foſſils and figured Stones are caſt
out and found on the Shore, eſpecially where at
Spring-Tides the Water ebbs far out. Such I have
found this Winter, i.e. figured Stones, which would
put you out of all doubt that there are many Varieties
of naturally formed Stones, which never were either
Animals or Vegetables or any Parts of them, not
only becauſe no ſuch Sheil-fiſhes were ever found, ſo
far as appears by any known Authors, or the Colle-
ctions that I have ſeen or heard of, and to ſuppoſe
any Species of Creatures to ceaſe cannot conſiſt with
the Divine Providence, and is contrary to the Opi-
nion

Mr. Cole's Letter to Mr. Ray. 197
nion of all Philoſophers as well as learned Divines ;)
but it doth evidently appear by the Figures of
ſome of thoſe I have found this Winter, that they
were never capable of being living Creatures. As a-
mong others, to inſtance in one of thoſe which can
be reduced to none but the Ophiomorphites, which
I found growing between the thin Plates of a kind of
brittle-blue Slate in large Rocks, fome a Furlong
within full Sea-Mark, and ſome where the Water
comes not at the higheſt Tides, only in great Storms
where the Waves break, and ſometimes daſh when
forced up by the Wind. Theſe being broken with
a convenient Tool, will ſhiver all into very thin
Plates, between which I found an abundance of thoſe
Stones, as brittle as the Slate in which they grow,
and of the fame Conſiſtence; yet ſo thin, that the
broadeſt, being about 4 Inches, are not ſo thick as a
Half-crown Piece. Some not half an Inch, and as
thin as a Groat, and ſo proportionably up to the lar-
geft, cover'd with a Superficies as thin, ard exactly.
of the Colour of Silver Foil: And where the Sea Wa-
ter waſheth them, and they are expoſed to the Sun and
Wind, when the Tide is gone, are tarniſhed, and appear
of a Gold, Purple, blue and red; as any thing on which
Silver Foil is laid, when expoſed to the Sun, Wind
and Weather, will do in a conſiderable time. Theſe
have the ſame ſpiral Figures, and as regular as the o-
ther Serpent Stones ; and with a Knife being taken
off, leave the Impreſſions on both sides of the Slate.
In ſuch Rocks of Slate, but much harder, I found
(and employed Men with Tools to dig them out)
ſome of thoſe Stones of another kind, thick in Pro-
portion to their Breadth, from an Inch to 28 Inches
broad; and the laſt broadeſt one was at the great End
(on which ſome Authors have fabulouſly reported
the Head to grow) 6 Inches thick, all of them co-
vered over with a white Scale, which may be taken
off, one Coat under another, as Pearls, or the Shells
of

198 Mr. Cole's Letter to Mr. Ray.
a
of fome Fiſhes. I ſaw ſome Impreſſion of others near
as big as the fore Wheel of a Chariot. I could not
get one of thoſe large ones whole, but brought it
home in Parts, and have promiſed a good Reward to
the Labourers I employ’d, if they dig out and ſend
me a whole one, which will be a rare Sight, the Mag-
nitude, Colour, and Figure confider'd. I found other
Stones ſomething reſembling a Nautilus, but ſo much
differing from thoſe we know, that I am confident
they were never Shell-Fiſhes.
Mr. Johnſon to Mr. Ray.
I
SIR,
Brignáll, May 7. --86.
Have encloſed a Draught of our Branlin which I
took from the Filh, which now I know comes
too late; but I hope you found the other I ſent you
before, which was far more exact, being done by an
excellent Artiſt. On the back Side you have the
Deſcription of a new Engliſh Bird, it agrees in mate-
rial Points with your Garrulus Bohemicus; and there-
fore I imagine it to be of that Sort, for ſome Birds
vary much in Colour. They came near us in great
Flocks, like Field-Fares, and fed upon Haws, as they
do. I cannot but think that the Wars in thoſe Parts
have frighted them thence, and brought them hither
this Winter; (which with us was above meaſure
plentiful in Haw) for certainly they are not Natives.
And now ’tis in my Thoughts, I would intreat you,
'
at your beſt Leiſure, to let me know if you can tell
any thing certain concerning the Birds of Pajage,
whither they go, when they leave us? If it be grant-
ed that the Swallow Kind, and ſuch ſmall Birds, do
hide themſelves in Rocks or Trees, yet Storks, Soland-
Geeſe, and Birds of great Size, cannot poſſibly do ſo.
The

Mr. Cole's Letter to Mr. Ray. 199
Moon is too far a Journey, and a New World in the
South temperate Zone methinks they can hardly reach,
ſeeing Wild-Geeſe from Ireland, and Wood-Cocks from
Norway, come often ſo tired to us : And yet how
they ſhould 'ſcape the Eyes of ſo many diligent En-
quirers, both by Sea and Land, eſpecially ſince our
Increaſe of Trade and Navigation, is to me a Matter
of no leſs Difficulty.
Mr. Johnſon's Deſcriptions.
Com
L
Salmoneta. A Branlin.
Ongitudo femipedalis,capitis gracilitate, dorſi colo-
recæruleſcente,& caudâ furcatâ Salmonem æmu-
latur; linea lateralis 6 vel 7 notulis rubris infignitur.
Pars ſuperior ad dorfum ufq; nævis etiam nigricantibus
afpergitur. Per latus umbræ 7 (plus minus) nigri-
cantes deſcendunt, quibus facillimè à Truttâ diftin-
guitur. Oculi ampli, aurei, protuberantes. Pupilla
cærula. Os parvum denticellis repletum. Pinnæ,
quales in Salmonum genere, in ventre rubeſcunt.
Branchiarum operculum notâ nigrâ quandoq; duabus
maculatur.
Capta in Teesá flu. Mart. 10. 1688.
è viva delineavit R.).
An

200 Mr. Johnſon's Deſcriptions.
An Garrulus Bohemicus, five Ampolis.
M
Erulâ paulo minor, roftrum nigerrimum, paſſe-
ris magnitudine, caput criſtã longiuſculâ de-
coratum quæ versùs roſtrum ex caſtaneo rubet, retro
cinerefcit. Sub mento macula nigra, ampla, fupra
oculos linea etiam nigra retrogreditur. Totum dor-
ſum leucophæum, versùs uropygium tamen magis
cinereſcit. Cauda quæ 12 pennis conftat, imâ
parte cinerea, mediâ, nigra: extima pulchrè lutea:
Ale nigricant, è rectricibus ima tota nigra, 2da, 3
3 tia,
& 4ta, exteriore margine in album deſinit, 4 proxi-
mæ in luteum deinde 8 in album, adeò tamen ut ex
his s interiores appendices habent cinnaberinos. Ala-
rum tegetes exteriores in album terminantur. Reli-
quæ leucophææ.
Pectus leucophæum, caudam versùs albicat. Sub
caudâ plumæ caftaneæ quafi alteram caudam minorem
efficiunt; caro & plumæ tactu molliffimæ, nec lin-
guam, nec pedes, nec roftra, nec barbam picorum vel
iyngis habebat. Gregatim volitant.
Capt. menſe Martio 168.
I ſaw another, perhaps the Female, like the former
in all Things, fave that the Breaſt and Belly were all
of one Colour (leucophæous) not growing whiter
toward the Tail, and that the two utmoſt Rectrines had
no white at all, nor ſcarce any Appearance of Yellow
in the reſt, and but 4 tagged or pointed with Crim-
fon, and which I did wonder at, there were indeed but
10 Feathers in the Tail: Whether this was the
natural Number, or that two had been ſhot away, I
could not ſatisfy my ſelf.
Sir

201
IN
I
Sir Hans Sloane to Mr. Ray.
SIR,
London; Aug. 10. 1686.
N turning over my Paris Garden Catalogue, I
found a Catalogue of Nondeſcript Plants grow
ing there in the Year 1683. I ſaw and took
notice of them there, moſt of the Names being gi-
ven by Dr. Tournefort, whom I expect to ſee here
ſhortly. The Catalogue I tranſmit you as follows.
Abrotanum foemina foliis crethmi. D. Fagon.
Abrotanum fæmina foliis roriſmarini. D. Tourne-
fort.
Betonica purpurea ſpicà molliori, longiori, & ſerius
florente. Tournefort.
Brunella Alpina folio angufto integro. D. Tourne-
fort.
Caucalis elegantiſſima Pyrenaica. D. Fagon.
Cerinthe major Alpina. Tournefort.
Chameſyce foliis hirſutis. Tournefort.
Cicutaria latifolia fætida. D. Fagon
Cucumis Afininus folio Anguriæ. D. Fágon.
Daucus Pyrenaicus odore Citri. D. Fagon.
Echium Creticum latifolium rubrum. Tournefort.
Eryſimum filiquis quaſi implicitis. D. Fagon.
Ferula folio latiſſimo. D. Fagon.
Horminum Pyrenaicum Angurie folio viſcoſum. D.
Fagon
Laſerpitium umbella contratia & concava. D. Fagon.
Meum adulterinum longiori folio. D. Tournefort.
Naſturtium aquaticum maximum. D. Fagon.
Oenanthe capitulo longiori & hiſpidiori: D. Tourne-
fort.
Ruta arborea latifolia. D. Tournefort.
Salvia Cretiça coccifera, Tournefort,
D d
Scabio

202 Sir Hans Sloane to Mr. Ray.
a
Scabioſa folio Dipſaci. Tournefort.
Senecio Lamii folio. D. Fagon.
Seſeli Pyrenaicum Thapfiæ folio. D. Fagon.
Succiſa anguſtifolia Alpina. Tournefort.
Stachys Pyrenaica. D. Fagon.
S-Cretica major. Tournefort.
Tithymalus Ranunculi radice. D. Fagon.
In our Simpling Journey in Sheppey we found a Pe-
rennial Kali, differing fomething from that on the
Mediterranean Shore, in that it creeps, whereas the
other is erect: Then the green Tops are thicker
than that on the Mediterranean Shores; and Mr.
Watts affures me it is a Perennial: It grows near
Kings-ferry in Sheppey, where alſo is caft upon the
Shore the Fucus Spongioſus nodoſus Ger. emac. In the
fame Place in the Ditch grows plentifully an Atriplex
maritima folio ſinuato candicante angufto. It ſeems to
differ from the common Sinuato candicante pin. as the
common Maritima from the Sylveftris altera. I ſend
you down Specimens of them, and Axtius de pice con-
ficienda, and Arboribus coniferis, by the firſt Carrier ;
as alſo that Fucus I formerly told you of, to look like
a Honey-comb, which I found caft upon the Shore
on Sheppey, as well as at Nelon. There is in Town
a Bark come from Virginia, which has Prickles, the Ba-
ſis of which reſemble petrified Malta Teeth : It ſtings
the Tongue in a very extraordinary Manner; and he
that brought it, ſays it grows plentifully on the Shore
there. On Sheppey, ſearching for the Copperas-Stones,
or Pyrites, I found that the moſt part of thoſe, taken
up in that Illand are after North-Eaſterly Storms,
that they are beat up by the Waves, and taken up at
Low-Water. Among others I found one ſomething
extraordinary. It had been a Buccinum petrified, and
after that turn'd into a Pyrites. So that you might
ſee every thing in it as in a Pyrites, viz. Weight,
Colour, &c. I leave you to judge whether or no the
Difference
a

Sir Hans Sloane to Mr. Ray. 203
Difference between the Atriplexes Maritime and Syl-
veſtres may not be occaſioned by the differing Soil:
For conſidering that both the Maritime are leſs in
their Leaves than the Sylveſtres, 'tis ſomewhat proba-
ble that the brackiſh Aliment of the one, does not
mollify, nor diſtend the Cells of the Leaves ſo well as
the other: But that's but a Conjecture. I wiſh you
all Health and Happineſs, and am, &c.
Dr. Robinſon to Mr. Ray.
Tary here
SIR,
London, Aug. 14. -86.
THE other Day I and Mr. Doody (an Apothe-
cary here) had Occaſion to go sor 6 Hours
down the River, we found many rare Plants upon the
,
Chalk Hills and Marthes near Graveſend; but they are
all mentioned by, and very well known to you. We
obferv'd in the long broad Veſicles, at the End of
the Leaves of the Fucus Maritimus latifolius vulga-
tiſſimus, many ſmall dark round Bodies adhering to
the inner Membranes, which contain'd a mucous Li-
quor ; whereas the round Bladders in the other Parts
of the Leaves were void of Liquor, and of thoſe
dark ſolid Globulcs, which gave Mr. Doody and my
ſelf reaſon to fancy that this Plant abounds with Seed,
which upon drying, diſappears: And this ſeems to
me to be no extravagant Conjecture, for I begin to
conclude, that the Seed of this Plant (and others of
the ſame Claſs) may in time appear as manifeft as the
Seed of the Capillary Herbs.
Dd 2
Mr.

204
Mr. Johnſon to Mr. Ray.
I
SIR,
Did indeed once imagine a Poflibility of knowing
the Medicinal Virtues of Plants by their Signa-
tures: Which Project, if it could have been brought
to Perfection, might have been of great Uſe to Phy-
ficians, who know nothing of them but by quack
and ſecond Qualities. I was hereunto encouraged by
the unaccountable Variety of Colours, Forms of
Seeds, and Seed Veſſels, eſpecially Number, which
I found the Conjugate religiouſly to obſerve in ſome
Plants to the very Diviſion of the Pointell. Beſides
the Galeatæ of ſweet Smell being moſt what cardiac,
the Scandentes often cathartick, thoſe of a lucid
Flower, poiſonous, &c. Farther, I did conſider,
that the TeXvinding or general Terms of Virtues, were
not well ordered, but often did interfere one with
anothers and that if they were reduced to a Method
truly natural, Plants might be accommodated to
them more eaſily. Thele Conſiderations did ſome
time encourage me to obſerve the Analogy of Plants
of the fame Kind, and their minute Differences, not
without great pleaſure and Delight. But when I
found Dr. Grew had hit upon the ſame Notion, and
laid his Enquiries much deeper than mine, viewing
the internal as well as external Parts of Plants, and yet
could conclude nothing, I quite defifted from farther
Search, deſpairing to meet with what others with
more Diligence had not found,
a
Brignoll, Of. 29. --86,
Dr.

205
Dr. Robinſon to Mr. Ray.
T!
SIR,
London, January 29. --89.
THE Willows will ſometimes drop, and run pro-
digiouſly in dry and clear Seaſons at Noon-day,
as I have been told by ſeveral of good Credit. In
the Year 1685 the Willows wept ſo faſt at Noon-day
in the Month of March, near the Neat-houſes, that
Dr. Plucknet paſſing on the Road, was extremely fur-
priz'd, and almoſt wet to the Skin; yet it had been
no Rain for many Weeks before, and the Air and o-
ther Trees were very dry at the ſame time. I have
heard this Relation confirm'd by other Perſons that
obſerv'd the fame. Trees may now and then be ſub-
ject to Bleedings, Sweatings, Catarrhs, and other
Extravaſations : Yet this is no very ſtrong Argument
(I confeſs) for the Arbor aquam fundens, becauſe it is
ſaid to obſerve certain Periods.
The Manchinelo is not only mentioned by Hughes
and Lyon, but Rochefort. I think he hath miſplaced
it; for as I remember he hath put it amongſt the
Animals. A Planter tells me that they uſe the Wood
for Beds and Floors, becauſe thoſe Infects (which eat
and deſtroy all their other Timber) will not touch
this. Their Beds and Floors, and other Wood
Work, fuffers extremely by an Infect, unleſs they are
made of the Manchinel Wood.
The Cochinele is a dry'd Hexapode, that runs up and
down a Ficus Indica, and turns into a Lady-Cow. I
took it once for a Kermes, or Coccus of an Opunting
or Tuna.
a
a
Sir

206
Sir Hans Sloane to Mr. Ray.
I
3
SIR,
London, Jan.29. 1586.
Have talk'd a long while of going to Jamaica with
the Duke of Albemarle as his Phyſician ; which
if I do, next to the ſerving his Grace and Family in
my Profeſſion, my Buſineſs is to ſee what I can meet
withal that's extraordinary in Nature in thoſe Places.
I hope to be able to ſend you ſome Obſervations from
thence, God Almighty granting Life and Strength to
do what I deſign: But our Voyage having been put
off ſo often, I doubt it very much. I am glad to hear
by Dr. Robinſon that your elaborate and excellent
Work goes on ſo faſt, as to begin already to print
the Trees. Great Feuds are like to be between the
French and our Philoſophers about the Magnitude of
London and Paris; ours alledging that London is as big
as Paris and Rouen both together; and being urg'd
by them to give fome Proof for what they ſay, I in-
tend to print Certificates from Hearthmen here, and
ingenious Men there, that in London are 100000
Houſes, and in Paris but 24000. There is no leſs a
Diſpute on another Account. The French Ambaſſa-
dor to the King of Siam carrying a Jeſuite with him,
he made ſeveral Obſervations, and found that that
Kingdom was miſplac'd in Longitude, to the Eaſt,
about 22 Degrees; but Mr. Hally ſays that he long
ago found that out, and gave an Account of it in the
Tranſactions. But I am miſtaken if there were not
ſomething rectified about that a great while ago by
fome learned Men. I ſuppoſe you have had an Ac-
count of Dr. Magnol's new Appendix : It's but ſmall,
and leſs worth than I thought; for when I was there
he deſign d to fimple the Pyrenees and Hortus Dei, or
Mountains

Sir Hans Sloane to Mr. Ray. 207
Mountains of Auvergne, where are many Curioſities.
We are now mighty ſolicitous about the Jeſuits-Bark,
or Cortex Peruvianus, it being ſo good a Drug, that
they begin to adulterate it with Black-Cherry, and
other Barks dipt in a Tincture of Aloes, to make it
but the Bitterneſs of the adulterated Bark ap-
pears upon its firſt Touch with the Tongue; where-
as the other is a pretty while in the Mouth before it
be tafted. I am, &c.
bitter;
3
Dr. Robinſon to Mr. Ray.
M°
SIR,
London, May 21. -87.
'Onſieur Bernier, who paſſed the Red Sea into
Arabia, doth affirm in a private Letter, that
the Arabs aſſured him that the Coffee Fruit was ſown
every Year under Trees, up which it did climb and
run; from which he concludes it to be a Species of
Convolvulus. I think he might as well have conclu-
ded it to be a Phaſeolus, or fome other Scandent Le-
gume. If M. Bernier was truly informed of its annu-
al Sowing and Climbing, then Alpinus never ſaw the
true Coffee Plant. The Arabiars are as careful in de-
stroying the germinating Faculty of the Coffee Fruit,
or Seed, by boiling or burning, as the Dutch of the
Molucco's are in their Nutmegs, I have ſpoke with
ſeveral curious Perſons that have been ſeveral times
in Ægypt, and they all ſaid that they never ſaw the
Coffee Plant; neither (as I remember) did Bellonius
ever meet with it in that Country, or Arabia ; for
the Coffee is ſaid only to grow in that Part of Ara-
bia that lies within the Tropick.
I have examined many Coffee Berries (as they call
them) here at London, and an almoſt perſuaded by
my own Obſervation, that they are neither Berries,
nor

208 Dr. Robinſon to Mr. Ray.
a
nor the Seeds of any Convolvulus, nor of any Legume,
but are rather of the Nut-kind : The entire Fruit is
covered with two Skins, being round on one Side
and flat on the other; the exterior Skin, or rather
Shell, (being as thick almoſt as that of a Piſtachoe)
is of a dark Colour; the fecond, or interior Mem-
brane; that covers the Kernels, is much finer, and of
a yellowiſh white Colour, as the Kernels themſelves
Under this ſecond Skin lies generally two Ker-
nels (ſometimes one) round on one side, and flat on
the other: On the flat Side of the Kernel there is al-
ways a Slit, or a Mouth ; ſo that every Kernel doth
exactly reſemble a Concha Veneris. The Fruit doth
generally come to us decorticated; but I finding
fome entire, have made this Deſcription.
are.
3
a
18
Sir Hans Sloane to Mr. Ray.
28th
SIR,
London, June 21. 1687.
Send you here incloſed the Specimen of a Plant
growing on New-market Heath, and in Surry,
known by the Name of Star of the Earth in thoſe
Parts. It is particularly taken Notice of on the Ac-
count of its extraordinary and admirable Virtue in cu-
ring the Bitings of Mad Dogs, either in Beaſts or
Men. One of his Majeſty's Huntſmen having prov'd
it a great many times, gave the King his Way of
uſing it, which was an Infuſion in Wine with Trea-
cle, and one or two more Simples. His Majeſty
was pleaſed to communicate it to Greſham College to
the Royal Society; and no body knowing the Plant
by that Name, ſome there preſent confirming its Uſe
in that Diſeaſe in ſome places of England, and pro-
curing the Herb it felf, it is as little known here as
if it had come from the Indies. I told the Society
I would
2

Sir Hans Sloane to Mr. Ray. 209
I would let you have this beſt Specimen of it, which
I queſtion not but 'tis known to you. If you pleaſe
to give your Sentiments about it, you'll extremely
oblige, &c.
Mr. Ray's Anſwer.
I
SIR,
Receiv'd your Letter with the Specimen encloſed,
which ſeems to me to be the Seſamoides Salo-
manticum magnum of Clufius, or Lychnis viſcoſa flore
muſcolo of C. B. which I have obſerved to grow plen-
tifully upon Newmarket Heath, that Part I mean that
is in Suffolk; for on Cambridgeſhire Side I have not
found it. I wonder it ſhould have ſuch a Virtue
as you mention; but it ſeems it is well attefted.
Dr. Hulle writes to me he finds it in Grayes Farrier.
If you go to Jamaica, I pray you a ſafe and prof-
perous Voyage. We expect great Things from you,
no leſs than the reſolving all our Doubts about the
Names we meet with of Plants in that part of Ame-
rica, as the Dildoe, Mammee, Mangrove, Manchinello,
Avellane purgatrices, the Sower-fop, and Cuftard-
apple. Of moſt of which tho' I am pretty well in-
formed and ſatisfied by Dr. Robinſon, yet I Thall be
glad to be either confirmed, or better informed by
ſo knowing and curious an Obſerver as your ſelf. I
ſhould be glad to know what manner of Fruit the
Mandioca bears; for (whatever ſome have written)
that it is not without, I am confident. You may al-
ſo pleaſe to obſerve whether there be any Species of
Plants common to America and Europe, and whether
Ambergriſe be the Juice of any Sort of Metal or Aloe
drope into the Sea, as Trapham would have it. What
Kind of Arundo it is, the fame Author calls the Dumb-
Еe
cane 3

2IO Mr. Ray's Anſwer.
cane'; vas alſo what his Animal Seeds may be. The
Shining-Barks of. Trees which he mentions deſerve Ob-
forvation, becauſe I find nothing of them in other
Writers. I ſhall not inſtance in more Particulars. I wiſh
your Voyage had ſo long prevented the Publication
of my Hiſtory, that I might have been fatisfied and
informed by you of theſe and a thouſand other Par-
a
ticulars, and had ſo great an Acceffion of new and non-
defcript Species as your Inquiſitions and Obſervations
would have enriched it withal. I take Leave, and
reft, &C.
boga
SIR,
- Rich. Waller Esq; to Mr. Ray.
5018 sms
London, Feb. 4. 1687.
Thought it might not be an unacceptable Com-
munication to tell you, that being this laſt Sum-
mert at Keinbam in Somerſet ſhire, and making a
Search after the Curnua Ammonis, I found (amongſt
ſeveral of the ordinary Snake-Stones in which the
Shelly Diaphragms were very viſible) one of the
true Nautilus Shape, covered in ſome places with a
Shelly Incruſtation, with the Diaphragms to be ſeen
to the Centre of the Voluta ; and in each Diaphragm
the Hole by which they communicate with one ano-
ther, by a String, or Gut, in the Fiſh. This was of
a very hard Stone, and large Size, weighing at leaſt
28 Pound, tho' ſome Part was broken off.
Mr.

7.1.1 W.
2 II
va 9.3 104,10 ovlevia montagne
Watotd Liaboos bora
**
SI
looo tri golos
Mr. Waller to Mr. Ray.vn
notis
SIR,
zin
Ince one of the chief Ends of an Herbal is there,
by to attain to a true Knowledge of Plants, I
have adventured to propoſe my Thoughts to you,
how by a few Tables, with Iconiſms, one wholly ig-
norant in Plants may know how to find any unknown
Plant, together with the Help of your Method and
Tables, in your moſt exact and elaborate Treatiſe of
Plants, lately publiſh'd. My Thoughts in ſhort are
theſe.
I would, according to your general Table of Herbs,
(inſerted at Page 58.) take the two firſt Diviſions, Im-
perfect and Perfect'; giving the Figure of any one im-
perfect Plant, as of a Fungus, or the like. Of a a per-
feet one, I would do the ſame; under the perfect
another Figure of the minute ſeeded, viz. a Capillary,
with a larger ſeeded Plant. This ſhould be my firſt
Table. In the ſecond, coming to the larger ſeeded,
I would give the Figure of a Seed coming out of the
Ground with two Lobes or Seed-Leaves, beſide the
Plant-Leaves; (referring the Unifolia to another Ta-
ble, as alſo all larger Plants or Trees ;) under this I
would repreſent an imperfect, or ftaminous Flower,
and againſt it a perfect or leafy Flower, both com-
pound and ſimple : And ſo on throughout all the Ge-
nerick and Specifick Diviſions in ſeveral Tables;
which I ſuppoſe need not be many, with References
to the Books, and Chapters of your Treatiſe. The
Uſe of them will be this: Taking any unknown
Plant, my firſt Enquiry muſt be whether it has a
Seed or no : If a Seed, whether ſmall or large? If
Еe 2
large
а

212
Mr. Waller to Mr. Ray.
large, whether Bivalve or not, &c.? By which Me-
thod proceeding, I ſhall at laſt be brought to find
the very Plant it felf, and the Place where deſcribed
at large in your Book; my Deſign in theſe Tables
being only to give an Idea of the Difference of Plants
by Pictures, (the Repreſentations of Beings) rather
than by Words (the Repreſentations of Pictures.)
This I ſubmit to your Cenſure, before diſcovering it
to others, requeſting your Thoughts upon it; for it
is very poſſible, that being ſo unknowing as I am in
Plants, I may frame an Image to my lelf of that,
which, brought to the Teſt, will prove a mere Chi-
If ſo, pray pardon my Raſhneſs, and accept
of my real Defire of advancing Knowledge.
I think fit to communicate, that being this laſt Au-
tumn at Briſtol, in Auguſt the Tide brought in float-
ing ſome of the veſiculiferous Sea-wrack; the Blad-
ders were ſome filled with Air, fome with a flimy
Water ; and in ſome I found a round (as I ſuppoſe)
I
Seed, thinly diſperſed in a tenacious Matter. They
were ſomewhat ſmaller than Rape-feed, and of a
browniſh Colour. This, if a new Diſcovery, may
be farther profecuted. Thus having already troubled
you with too large a Letter, I beg Leave to ſubſcribe
myſelf, &C.
London, April 5. 1688.
mæra.
Although the Plants mentioned in this following
Letter of Mr. Lawfon may be met with in Mr. Ray's
Books yet there being many of the Northern Plants put
together in Alphabetical Order, with the Places where
they grow, I thought it might be acceptable to the
Northern Botaniſts to publiſh the Letter as I found it.
Ꮴ, D.
Mr.

213
A
Mr. Tho. Lawſon to Mr. Ray.
Mr. Rey, Great Strickland, April 9. -88.
Cetofa Scutata repens,
C. B. Acet.rotundif. Weſt-
merlandica Mar. by Buckbarrow Well in Longſle-
dale : Alfo on little Harterfell Crag,copiosè. W eft merland.
Adiant. petr. perpufillum, ſc. on Buzzard rough
Crag, cloſe by Wrenoſe in Weſtmerland. I was with
Ja. Newton when 'twas found.
Alchimilla Alp. quinquefolia, by Buckbarrow Well
plentifully, as on the Rocks between Thornwhait and
Mardale, copiosè Weft.
Allium Mont. bicorne is doubtleſs Al. Syl. bic. pur.
prol. Chab. in Trout Beck Holme by Great Strickland,
Weftmerl.
Alnus nigra baccifera 7. B. in Thorny Holme in
Whinfield Foreſt, Weſtm.
Saxifr. Gram. fc. Cat.Cant. called in your Hift. Sax.
Gram. pufil. f. parvo tetrapetalo. Hereof I found ano-
ther Species, Foliis brevioribus craſſioribus & fucculen-
tioribus, on Whinnyfield Bank, by Culler Coats by Tin-
mouth in Northumberland.
Anagallis aquat. minor fol. ſubr. C. B. Anagal.
aquat. min. fol. oblong. C. B. Both fl. albo, about
Shap, in Weſtm.
Anag. aquat. rotund. Ger. Samolus Valerandi. at
Marſhgrainge in Furneis, and between Bare and Pul-
ton, nigh Lancaſter, on the Sea-Bank.
Anchuſa degener fa. mil. Solis, on Lanſmoor near
Great Strickland. 'Tis not plentiful with us, Weſtmerl.
Androfæmum vulg. Park. in the Lady Holme in Wi-
nander Mear, Weſtm.
Apium paluſtre ſeu off. C. B. near Cartmall Medi-
cinal Well on the Marſh Ditches, Lancaſhire.
Armeri. Prat. Ger. fl. albo at Orton, Greatſtrick,
Wejim. and by Penigent in Yorkſhire.
Aria

214 Mr. Lawſon to Mr. Ray.
Aria Tbeophraſti, Ger. Witherfack, Confick Scar,
Silverdale, Arnfide, Places in Lanc. and Weſim. where
they call it Cheſs-Apple and Sea-Oulers. 'Tis Sorbus
Alpina, J.B.
Aſplenium, J. B. on Troutbeck Bridge near Winan-
der Mear, copiosè Barba Neptuni, Mrs. Warde of Gif-
borough of Cleinelayne in Yorkſhire, firſt obſerved thi
and called it Sea-Beard : She ſhew'd it me, and afte
to Mr. Newton, who called it Bar. Neptuni. She
very knowing in Plants.
Betonica aquat. Ger. at Allythwait nigh Cartmal,
Lanc. copiosè.
Bifolium minimum J. B. by the Pits Wall in Nor-
thumberland.
Biſtorta minor, Ger. at Crosby Ravenſworth in Weft.
copiosè.
Bryonia alba, Ger. near Darlington, all along the
Horſe-way to Thornton in the Biſhoprick of Durham,
copiosè.
Bugloſſum luteum Ger. betwixt Stockton and Nor-
ton,
in the Biſhoprick of Durham, plentifully.
Burſa paft. minor. Naſtur. petr. Tab. by Common
Holme Bridge, near Clibburn in Weftmeri.
Campanula Cymbalariæ fol. Ger. Emac. In Bagley
Wood near Oxford I obſerved it.
Cardamine, Ger. fl. pleno, on Little Strickland Pa-
ſture, Weſtmerl.
Carduus nutans, J. B. by Hardindale Nab.Weftmerl.
Card. ftellat. Ger. betwixt the Glaſs-houſes and
Dents Hole, nigh Newcaſte upon Tyne in Northum-
berland.
Card. monftrofus Imperati, in a Lime-ſtone Quarry
in Great Strickland Field, Weſtmerl.
Caryophyllata purpurea prolifera fl. amplo, by Great
Strickland, Weſtmerl.
Caryophyllus mar: minimus Ger. in Bleaberry Gill
under Hinckell-Haugh, at the Head of Stockdale Fields
in Craven, Yorkfoire, far from Sea.
Caryophyllus
a

Mr. Lawſon to Mr. Ray. 215
Caryophyllus Virgin. Ger. on a Sandy Hill, a little
below Common Holme Bridge, where the Water is
croſſed, near Great Strickland, Weſtmerl.
Catanance leg. quorundam, J. B. between the Glaſs-
houſes and Dents Hole, nigh the North Shore Houſe
by Newcaſtle upon Tyne, copiosè.
Centaurium luteum perfol. C. B. in many places by
Worceſter and Glocefter.
Centaurium min. C.B. fl. albo, by Cartmall Medi-
cinal Well, Lancaſh.
Ceraſus ſyl. fructu min. cordiformi Ph. Br. nigh
Stockport in Cheſhire, at Bery or Bury in Lancaſhire,
at Roſgill in Weſtmerl
. In all theſe Places 'tis called
Merry-tree. I could obſerve no Difference from o-
ther Cherry-trees, ſave in its ſmall cordiformous
Fruit.
Chamæciſtus vulgaris fl. albo. On Gogmagog's Hill
I gather'd it.
Alyſſon Dioſcor. montanum Col. at Lartington in York-
faire, near Bernard-Caſtle in Buckham, belonging to
Sir John Lowther, Weſtmerl.
Chamemorus Ger. between Banniſdal Head and
Water Sledale, as on Croſs-fece, Weftmerl.
Chriſtophoriana Ger. among the Shrubs by Malham
Cove, Yorkſhire.
Cochlearia marina fol. Anguloſo parvo, in the Iſle
of Waney, Lancaſh. I purpoſe foon after Pentecoft
to ſend fair Samples and Seeds. I ſaw nothing to di-
ftinguiſh it from the reſt but its little corner'd Leaves.
Conyza major Mat. ſc. J. B. by Cartmall Medicinal
Well, Lancaſh.
Conyza Cær. acris, C. B. on the old Walls by Saw-
ley Abby, Lancaſh.
Cotula non fætida pleno ft. at Great Strickland,
Weſimer.
Cotyledon hirſuta, P. B. by Buck-barrow Well in
Longſledale, Weim. copiose.
Crithmum

216 Mr. Lawſon to Mr. Ray.
Crithmum mar. Spinofum fc. Park. at Roosbeck in
Low-Furneis, Lancaſh.
Digitalis fl. albo, in a Cloſe called Milbank, at
Lorton Town End in Cumberland, copiosè.
Dryopteris alba Dodonei, Theſe three I found
Ger. Emac.
plentifully in a Place
Dryopt. nigra Dod.
called Trowgill, near
Dryopt. Tragi.
Clibburn, Weſtmerl.
Echium mar. P. Br. by Whithaven in Cumberland,
and alſo over-againſt Bigger, in the Iſle of Waney,
copiosè.
Eleagus Cordi, by the Rivulet between Shap and
Anna Well, Weftmerl.
Elatine fol. acum. Park. 2. Both theſe I obſerved
Elatine fol. fubrot. C. B. SHenley Wood.
on Stanhill, Weſt of
Equiſetum five hippuris lac. fol. manſu aren. Gefn.in
Hell Kettles nigh Darlington, in Conzick Tarn Ditches,
Weftmer
Eruco marina, Ger. Cakile ſc. at Roosbeck in Fur-
neis, as alſo in the Iſle of Waney, Lancaſh.
Eruca Nafturtio cognat. tenuifolia, P. B. on Saliſ-
hury Plain.
Eruca Monenfis lacin. lutea, between Marſhgrainge
and the Iſle of Waney, Lancaſhire, in Sella Fields,
Sea Banck, Cumberland. I purpoſe to obſerve this in
the Iſle of Man, at Pentecoft.
Eryngium vulg. J. B. on the Shore called Fryer-
Gooſe, near Newcaſtle upon Tyne.
Ferrum equinum Ger. fil. in ſumm. ſc. C. B. on the
Rocks by the Rivulet that runs from Anna Well
towards Shap, Weſtmerl.
Filipe:?dula Ger. J. B. on the Top of Conzick Scar,
copiosè, Weftmerl.
Fumaria alba latifolia Park. at Thornwhait, Foot
of Longſledale, on the thatched Houſes in Kentmeer,
Ifan Parles Cave Mouth, copiosè, Weftmerl.
Fumaria

Mr. Lawſon to Mr. Ray. 217
Fumaria major ſcandens in Great Strickland, West-
meri.
Fungus Phalloides, J. B. in Croft Short Cloſe by
Great Strickland.
Geranium batrachoides, fl. elegantèr variegato in Old
Deer, Weftmerl. Park. by Thornwhait in Weſtmerl.
Ger. hæmatodes ft. elegantèr variegato. Thouſands
hereof I found in the Hile of Waney, and have ſent
Roots to Edenburgh, York, London, Oxford, where
they keep their Diſtinction.
Gladiolus lacuſtris Cluſii, fc. Park. This I found in
Winander Mear copiosè, and in Grayſon Tarne, near
Cockermouth, Cumberl.
Gladiolus paluſtris Cord. Ger. This I obſerved be
twixt Teuxbery and Gloceſter in the Ditches.
Glaux Dioſcor. Ger. clole by Huntcliff Rock in
Cleveland, Yorkſwire.
Glaux vulg. Ad. Lob. on the Shore called Fryera
Gooſe, by Newcaſtle upon Tyne.
Gnaphalium Mont. album Ger. by the Force be-
tween Anna Well and Shap, on Sir 70. Lowther's
Paſture between Lowther and Heckthorpe, Weſtmerl.
Gramen triglochin, J. B. by the Rivulet between
Shap and Anna Well, Weſtmerl.
Gramen Sparteum capite bifido vel gemino, betwixt
Hackthorpe and Lowther copiosè, Weftmerl.
Hederula aquatica Ger. in Ditches between War-
ton and Carnforth, Lancaſhire,
Helleborine minor alba, Park. in Sir John Lowther's
Wood, directly againſt Askham Hall, Weſtmerl.
Helleb. flore atro rubente, Park, in the Lane by Ab-
bot Wood Cloſe, near Great Strickland, Weſtmerl.
Hieracium Macrocaulon hirſutum fol.rotundiore. This
I found by Buckbarrow Well in Long Nedale, and on
the Rocks by the Rivulet betæveen Shap and Anna
Well, Weſtm. expect fair Samples, and my Deſcri-
ption.
FE
Hippo-

218
Mr. Lawſon to Mr. Ray.
Hippoſelinum, Ger. Emac. within and without the
Walls of Scarborough Caſtle copiosè, Yorkſhire.
Hypericum elegant. non ramoſum fol. lato, J. B. on
Conzick Skar by Kendale, on the Rocks by the Ri-
vulet between Shap and Anna Well, Weſtmerl.
Hypericum pulchrum Tragi, J. B. in Trowgil near
Clibburn, Weſimerl.
Jacobea latifol. paluſtris, at Great Strickland, in
the watry Places by Clibburn Bridge, Weſtmerl.
Juncus Acutus cum caudâ Leporina, J. B. being
Gramen junceum montanum ſubcæruleâ Spicá Mer. 'Tis
always Spicâ fimplici : Its bluiſh Spikes appear foon
after Chriſtmas; after it turns white, Sheep are greedy
after it : So 'tis called Moſs-Crops about Clibburn,
Water Sledale, and in all Places here, Weſtmerl.
Lactuca Agnina, Ger. about the Bank of the Ro-
man Fort Maburg, nigh Round Table, Weſtmerland.
Ladanum Segetum, ſc. J. B. on Lanſmoor, near
Great Strickland.
Lapathum pulchrum Bononienſe, ſc. J. B. betwixt
the Inn and the Smithy at Sir John Lowther's new
Town, Weſtmerl.
Lathyrus major latifolius, Ger. Emac, on the Rocks
by the red Neeſe by Whithaven, cop. Cumberl.
Laureola, Ger. by Thornton, in the Biſhoprick of
Durham.
Lilium convallium, Ger. in Witherflack Park.
Lilium convallium angufti-folium, on the Skar near
Water-Fall Bridge, by Great Strickland, and in other
Places, Wefimerl.
Linum jl. fl. cæruleis Ger. Emac. at Crosby Ra-
venſworth, and between Shap and Threaplands, Weft-
merl.
Lunaria ramola, and Lunaria crenata, grow in Croft
Short Cloſe, by Great Strikland, Luſus Nature, Weſt-
meri.
Marrubium Aquaticum, in the Moſs by Hawkſhead,
Lancaſhire.
Melia

Mr. Lawſon to Mr. Ray. 219
Melilotus vulgaris, Parkinſon, by Langanby, Cum-
berland.
Mentaftrum folio rugofo rotund. Sc. J. B. by Marſh-
grainge in Lancaſhire.
Millefolium aquaticum di&tum Viola aquatica, J.B.
in the River Kent, by Kendal, Weftmerl.
Mil. paluſtre galeric. Ger. Emac. And Mil. pal.
gal, minus fl. minore, in the Ditches by the Cauſey
over the Moſs, to the Fell-End, near Witherfack.
Millegrana minima, Ger. on Clifton Moor and Clib-
burn Moor, Weſtmerl.
Morfus Diaboli Ger. flore albo, at Great Strickland,
Weftmerl.
Dendrobryon geniculatum Col, near Kendale, Weſt-
merl.
Muſcus cupreſiformis Park. by Buckbarrow Well in
Longſledale, Weftmerl.
Muſcus terreſtris repens clavis fingularibus, ſc. J.R.
towards the Foot of Longfedale, Weftnerl.
Muſcus terreſtris polyſpermos, by Buckbarrow Well,
Weltmerl.
Myrrhis ſyl. feminibus aſperis, C.B. on Mud-walls
at Blackwell, in the Biſhoprick of Durham, on Mud-
walls in Burlington, Yorkſhire.
Numularia minor, fc. C.B. at the Foot of Long-
Nedale, and near the Cloven-ſtone, on Great Strickland
Moor, Weſtmerl. copiosè.
Oenanthe Cicuta-facie, Lob. Park. about Kendale
and Hiltondale, Weſtmerl. copiosè, where 'tis com-
monly called Dead-Tongue, in the Water-courſe of
St. John's Well, by St. John's Chapel, in or near
Scelſmoor, 3 Miles from Kendale.
Orchis palmata rubella cum longis calcaribus rubellis,
J. B. in Troutbeck Holme by Great Strickland, Weft.
where 'tis alſo found flore niveo, & fl. carneo.
Orchis Sphegodes five fucum referens, Park. in the
Clofe on the Weſt-fide of Charlton Church in Kent,
copiosè.
Ff 2
Orchis

220
Mr. Lawſon to Mr. Ray.
Orchis Myodes Ger. in the Lane or Way between
Holm-Park Houſe and the Crag; alſo in the Wood
there pretty plentifully, Weſtmerl.
Ornithogalum luteum, C. B. in the Buſhes at Ban-
der-Bridge End by Cotherſton, near Rombald Church,
Yorkſhire.
Ornithopodium minus, Ger. on Clibburn Ling near
Common Holm Bridge, copiosè, Weſtmerl. nigh Raven-
glaſs, Cumberland.
Pedicularis Pratenſis vulgaris fl. albo, at Gunner-
thwaite in Lanaſh, at Great Strickland, Weſtmerl.
Pedicularis paluſtris elatior fl. albo, in the lower
End of Long Nedale, Weſtmerl.
Pentaphylloides fruct. by Mickle-Force in Teaſdale,
copiofif
Perſicaria ſiliquosa Ger. by the Cloth-Mill in Sa-
terthwait Pariſh, Lancaſhire, and in many places of
Weſtmerl.
Phyllitis multifida, Ger. on the Rock by Cartmal
Medicinal Well, Lancaſhire.
Plantago aquat. minor, Park. near the Cloven-
ſtone on Great Strickland Moor, Weftmerl.
Plantago aquat. minor ftellata, Ger. Emac. on Clap-
bam Heath in Surry.
Polygonum mar. J. B. on the Shore between Work-
inton and Whithaven, Cumberland.
Populus Libyca, Ger. in St. Herbert's Ine in Der-
wentwater, Cumberl.
Primula pratenſis inodora lutea, Ger. veris caulifera,
Sc. J. B. Great Cowſlips. This in the North is com-
monly called Lady Candleſtick.
Ptarmica fl. pleno, in the ſmall Holme in Winander
Mear, Weſtmerl.
Pyrola Braſiliana Park by Gisborough in Cleveland,
Yorkſhire. It grew in my Garden ſeveral Years ;
whether his Major or Minor, I was not ſatisfy’d.
Ranunculus fiam. major Ger. Lingua Plinii, J. B. in
the Water and Ditches of the Moſs by Hawkjhead in
Lancaſhire,
Ranunculus

Mr. Lawſon to Mr. Ray. 221
Ranunculus nemoroſus dulcis ſecundus Tragi, Park.
in Dumetis copiosè ; particularly in Sheriff Park by
Great Strickland, Weſtmerl.
Ranunculus paluftr. rotundifolius, Ger. by Robin-
Hood Well, nigh Wentbridge, Yorkſhire, by Middle-
ton, near Lancaſter.
Reſeda vulgaris, C. B. by Clifford's Fort at Tin-
mouth Caſtle in Northumberland, copiosè.
Rhamnus Catharticus, J. B. in the Rocks and Hedges
by Great Strickland, Weſteerl. copiosè.
Rhamnus ſecundus Cluſii Ger. Emac. on the Sea Bank,
between Whitby and Lyth, Yorkſhire, copiosè.
Ros folis fol. oblongo, C. B. Both theſe in Mo-
,
Ros folis fol. rotundo, Ger.
ſey Mire in Wither-
Nack, Weſtmerl.
Roſmarinum fyl. minus noftras, Park. in Brig ſteer
Moſs, not far from Kendale, Weftmer. in Middleton
Moſs by Lancaſter.
Rubia cynanchica, J.B. on Beltbarrow in Wither-
Nack Park, and on the Top of Conzick Scar, near
Kendale, copiosè, Weſtmerl.
Ruſcus, J. B. on Weſtwood Common, nigh Syden-
bam in Kent, not ſcarce.
Saponaria fl. pleno, at Carnforth in Lancaſhire.
Saxifraga paluſtris Anglica, Park. in Troutbeck
Holme, by Great Strickland, Westmerl.
Scabioſa minor prat. fl.carneo, Park. in the cloſes
between Melkinthorp and Water-fall Bridge, Weſtm.
Scrophularia major, Ger. by Water-fall Bridge, and
in many other Places in Weſtmerland, where the com-
mon People call it Haſtie Roger.
Sedum Alpinum trifido folio, C. B. by Maltham
Cove, Yorkſhire, among the Rocks South of Sir John
Lowther's, Weftmerl.
Senecio hirſutus viſcidus major odoratus, J. B. about
Sunderland, nigh Lancaſter.
Serratula f. albo, in a Cloſe by Hampſted Heath,
and on Sowfield by Great Strickland, in Weſtmerl.
Sium

222
Mr. Lawſon to Mr. Ray.
Sium minimum, J. R. near Cloven-ſtone, in the Sike
on Great Strickland Moor, in a watery Place by the
Roman Fort, called Maburg, Westmeri.
Soldanella marina Ger. in the Iſle of Waney, Lan-
caſhire.
Ornus five Frax. Sylveſtris Park in the Scars nigh.
Water-fall Bridge, in the North. 'Tis known by the
Name of Rawn, or Rown-Tree, or Rone-Tree, Weſt-
merl.
Sorbus Torminalis Ger. in Levens Park. near the
Bridge, Weſtmerl.
Stellaria Aquatica Park. in the Ditches of Middle-
ton Moſs, Lancaſhire. Here I ſaw it in Flower.
Tbaličtrum majus Ger. by Cartmal's old Well, near
the Medicinal Well, Lancaſhire.
Thalietrum minus Ger. in the Iſle of Waney, co-
piosè, Lancaſhire.
Tormentilla fl. pleno, at Temple Sourby in Weſtmerl.
Filix marina Anglica Park. under a ſhadowy Sea
Rock, by. Middleton near Lancaſter.
Pneumonanthe, Ger. on Red, or Rud Heath, in
Cheſhire, copiosè. Alſo near Clapham in Yorkſhire.
Trachelium minus fl. albo, in Troutbeck Holme by Great
Strickland, Weſtmeri.
Trifolium album umbellâ fil. Mer. betwixt Virginy-
Houſe and Nag-head Inn, in the Way to Hackney,
London.
Trifol. pumilum ſupinum flof. longis albis, P. B. Tri-
fol. fubterraneum tricoccon Mor on Black-Heath in Kent.
It grew in my Garden.
Trepolium, ſc. Iſle of Waney, Lancaſhire.
Turritis, Ger. at Clibburn, Weftmerl.
Vaccinia nigra, Ger.
Vac. nigr. fruc. maj. Park. Sreft of Whinfield, Weſt-
All grow in the Fo-
Vaccinia rubra, Ger.
.
Vac. paluſtria, Ger.
Verbena vulg. J. B. at Cockermouth in Cumberland,
plentiful.
Smeri
.
Viola

Mr. Lawſon to Mr. Ray. 223
Viola mont. lutea grandiflora, C. B. by Elden Hole
in Darbyſhire, Malham Cove in Yorkſ. on Stanmoor in
Weſtmer. abundantly.
Virga Aurea, Ger. in Clibburn Field, Weſtmerl.
abundantly.
Umbilicus Ven. Ger. at Oxford, and about Bristol,
copiosè.
As for Orchis palmata pal. mac. Park. and his Orchis
pal. pal. dracontias, in my Judgment, you have truly
referred them. I have conſulted Park, and Ger. Emac.
. .
and ſee no Reaſon to diſtinguiſh them. Pray con-
fult Park. and Lobel. Lobel I have not. Park. I fup-
poſe diſtinguiſhes them upon his Authority. I pur-
poſe to mind them in this following Seaſon.
Mr. Lhwyd to Mr. Ray.
TH
3
Honoured SIR,
Oxford, Feb. 25. 16%.
HE fame Varieties of Entrochi, with thoſe you
ſent me, are found in Staffordſhire ; but I had
none exactly like them: For tho' I pick'd up fome
Variety of them in Wales, yet they all differ from
theſe in Texture, Conſiſtence and Colour About Ox-
ford we have conſiderable Variety of form’d Stones,
more than Dr. Plot has mention'd in his Hiſtory: But
no Entrochi were ever found in this County that I
have heard of. If any of theſe form'd Stones may
be acceptable to you, I can ſend you a Parcel when
ever you pleaſe to command it.
Dr. Moriſon's firſt Tome, which with the ſecond
already printed, contains all the Herbaceous Kind,
is ready for the Preſs. Pray excuſe this haſty Scrib-
ble, and repute me, &c.
Mr.

224
Mr. Lhwyd to Mr. Ray.
D
Honoured SIR, Oxford, April 14. 1690.
R. Liſter acquaints me that Mr. Charleton has
lately receiv'd a Land-Snail from Suranam, not
bigger than a Hen's Egg, which yet lays Eggs as big
as thoſe of a Sparrow; and the Snails that are hatch'd
of them are, he ſays, twice as large as the Eggs.
Sir, I thank you for your Pattern of the
Muſcus
Denticulatus major. One Mr. Richardſon, a Gentle-
man of Yorkſhire, (a Perſon very curious about Plants,
and the other Parts of Natural Hiſtory, and that has
ſpent about 6 or 7 Years with Dr. Herman in that
Study) told me he was ſomewhat ſecure that Plant
grew in Yorkſhire, under the Heaths, and promis’d
to ſend me Patterns of it this Summer.
I only expect your Commands for ſome figured
Stones : Thoſe that this Countrey affords are chiefly
in Imitation of Shells. We have none that reſemble
Fiſh, or any other Animals beſides, nor that have the
Reſemblance of any Plants. Cornu Hammonis, Afte-
riſcus, Afteria S. Aſtroites, and Belemnites of divers
Sorts, we have plentifully, as alſo ſome others that
I cannot compare to any natural Bodies that I have
any Notion of. One Quarry within 2 Miles of Ox-
ford I have ſearch'd at leaſt 40 times, and ſometimes
had s or 6 with me; yet laſt Saturday I diſcover'd
there 3 Varieties of Glofopetræ, tho' none had ever
been obſerv'd in this part of England before for what
I can learn. One of them is a Tricuſpis, ſuch as Dr.
Liſter's in one of the Phil. Tranſact.
Mr.

225
Mr. Ray to Dr. Robinſon.
COM
a
а
a
SIR,
10ncerning the Catalogue of local Words, I ſhall
add nothing till I hear farther from you, fave
that a Friend, whom caſually I met withal laſt Week,
asked me concerning that Catalogue, and told me that
he had made a Collection of a few Words proper to this
County, which he was willing to communicate, in
caſe the Book came to a ſecond Edition.
Upon this Occaſion I cannot but take Notice,
that as if Divine Providence govern’d even ſuch ſmall
Matters, when I have been about to publiſh, or in
publiſhing a Work, there have been caſually offered
to me, without my own or Friends Procurement, at
that very time, fome Aſliſtances or Contributions by
mere Strangers, and ſuch as knew nothing of the
preſent Publication, or at leaſt ſuch as I made no Ad-
dreſs to, nor expected any thing from. Mr. Lloyd
lately wrote me word of a ſtrange Snail Mr. Charle-
ton had receiv'd from Surinam, which was not above
the Bigneſs of a Pullets Egg, yet laid an Egg as big
as a Sparrow, and that the young one hatch'd of is
was twice as big as the Egg; of which Particulars
I deſire Confirmation from you.
Black Notley, May 16.-90.
MR
Dr. Robinſon to Mr. Ray.
SIR,
London, May 17.-90.
R. Charleton has ſuch a Snail Shell, as you men-
tion, with Eggs and young ones,
which are
the Wonder of our Philoſophers here; but I being
naturally
Gg

226 Dr. Plukenett's Obſervations,
naturally too jealous, do almoſt ſuſpect (tho’ I durft
never declare my Suſpicion, the thing appearing clear
to every body beſides my ſelf) that the Eggs and young
ones have been ſeverally, and very artificially added
to the Snail, tho' indeed the Snails are oviparous, and
peradventure, perfect ſhell’d Animals may be obſervd
in the Eggs themſelves ; ſo that I may be under an
unreaſonable Doubt.
Dr. Plukenet's Obſervations on Mr. Ray's
Synopſis Stirp. Britan.
SIR,
June 3. 1690.
Page 57 T Haken when he confounded the Cha-
mam. vulg. that grows among Corn,with the Nobile or
Roman Kind; and we are not a little obliged to your
learned and peircing Obſervation for the Diſcovery of
it : But I cannot readily ſubmit that the Chamem. flor.
pl. (which we have ſo common in Gardens, or the naked
Sort) ſhould either of them beVarieties of this Amarum
Kind, ſince they are both very fragrant, and creeping
upon the Ground, and nothing different, but in thoſe
very Accidents, of flowering from that which grows
trailing on our Commons; which, however errone-
ouſly ſtyld Vulgar, yet in reality is the Roman, or
Noble Sort of Chamam. But that which ordinarily
goes under the Name of Cotula fætida fl. plen. which
I once found in ſome Plenty on the high Road from
London to Barnet, about half a Mile ſhort of the
Town, is both upright in its Stalk, and of no Scent
at all. And this I dare pronounce to be the Double
of the Chamæm. arvor. vulg. which I take alſo to be
different

on Mr. Ray's Synopſis Stirp. Brit. 227
a
ز
different from the Cotula fætida Dod. or Chamem.
inodorum C.B.P. Of which Sort I never yet beheld
any with a double Flower. I muſt needs own, that
Dr. Moriſ. inPrælud. 249. relating there how frequently
this Cotul. inod. fem. nigr. did occur to him upon the
Coaſts of Bretagne in France, afſigns our double flower-
ing to a Variety of this ; aſſuring it alſo to produce
Seed of a like Hue. I will not queſtion the Doctor's
ſeeing the Seed, (tho' double flowering Plants ſeldom
bear any) becauſe he ſeems to be very poſitive in it:
Nor indeed was I ever ſo curious to obſerve it, not
having ſeen a growing Plant for above theſe 20 Years,
and ſo am ignorant of its Colour; but the Mein and
Air, the total Habit of this Multiplex Kind, of which
I ſtill retain a firm Idea in my Mind; the lower Sta-
ture of it tho' upright, the brisk and vivid Colour of
its Leaves, the fewer Branchings of its Stalk, the lef-
ſer Compaſs of its double Flowers, and ſhorter Lengths
of its fine cut Leaves; in all which the Chamem.
vulg. differs from the Cotula inodora, which beſpeak it
to appertain rather to the former. Of which in my
Catalogue I have made it a more immediate Variety.
Page 61. There is a Limonium minus faid to grow
with us in the North of England, and which I have
obſerv'd in Gardens; perhaps the fame Sort that
Parkinſon aſſerts Lobel to have found about Colcheſter.
The moſt Peculiarity that I could obſerve, beſide that
of its being ſmaller than our common, was a folia-
ceous Wideneſs on the Pedicle of each Leaf, even to
its Inſertion to the Root or Stalk; whereas our com-
mon has a ſlender, round and nervous Pedicle, for a
conſiderable Diſtance towards the Leaf.
Page 64. Altho' you ſeem to ſuſpect the Archan-
gel. Dod. Cluf. to be the ſame growing on mountain-
ous Places with the common Angel. Sylv. in our Mea-
dows, and ſo difference of Place only to make the
Diverſity : I aſſure my ſelf they are ſpecifically di-
verſe; and the Scandiaca has this Peculiar, that it
G g 2
produces

228 Dr. Plukenett's Obſervations,
produces its Umbels not only a Top, but alſo on the
Side of the Stalk, 2 or 3 ex alis foliorum, and ſome-
times one or two along the upper Stalks without any
Leaf at all; and I have ſeen it above 7 Foot high.
Page 247. Among the Emendanda I find a Query
about the Cnicus Spinofior of the Pariſian Catalogue,
which I take to be no other than that perennial Sort
you ſet down in your incomparable Cat. Angl. and ob-
ſerv'd it to grow plentifully at leſſer Diſtances from
the Sea, both in Italy, Sicily, and the more Southern
Tracks of France; whoſe Reſemblance, tho'it come
well nigh that Figure in Cluſ. under the Title of Car-
lina Sylv. which I eſteem no more than our ſponta-
neous annual Sort, yet certainly it ſeems more nearly
to reſpond the Heracantha Tab. Ic. 697. both as to
its Figuration and Manner of growing, putting forth
its Flowers in the Way of an Umbel. And tho' this
be made uſe of as a Synonyme to expreſs the forego-
ing common Kind, as we find it even in C. Bauh.
himſelf, yet I am inclin'd to believe this very Hera-
cantha is nothing different from the Cnicus of the Pa-
riſians, and in all likelihood the ſame with the Cnicus
Sylv. Spinofior Polycaph. of the fame C. Bauh. Not
therefore to be accepted for our common Kind, nor
indeed the Acarna S. Acorna altera Apula Column.
which latter, both from the Fabian Deſcription of
it, and Synonome of C. Bauh. which ſeems by him
particularly adapted from the Parvity of its Flowers
and Heads, muſt be quite another thing. But what
this is I cannot determine, as never having ſeen the
Plant, and therefore do ſubmit it to your moſt ex-
cellent and diſcretive Judgment.
The Polygala repens nivea C.B. P. repens nuperor.
Lob. I do readily grant is a Polygonum, but extremely
differing from the Polyg. Serpylli folio verticillat.
Cat.Angl. parvum f. albo verticillat. J. B. which comes
under a much nearer Reſemblance to the Polyg.muſ-
coſum P. Bocc. tho' it be very different from this too,
a
as

on Mr. Ray's Synopſis Stirp. Brit. 229
as by collating the Plants themſelves, I having them
by me, you will eaſily perceive.
That pretty Polygonum Mr. Newton found in Corn-
wal, my ſelf upon the Severn Shore, cannot be the
- Pufillo vermiculato Serpylli folio J. B. Serpylli folio
Lob. Park. if at leaſt the Figure of it among Au-
thors does any way agree with the thing, ſince the
Leaves of this are round and ſhining, but nothing of
a Stonecrop Shape: And therefore, as you have given
it the Honour of a Place in the Appendix of your
learned Synopſis, you may find I have given it a dif-
ferent Name, viz. Polygonum maritimum longius radi-
catum noftras Serpylli folio circinato craſo-nitente; and
perhaps 'tis the ſame with the Polygon. minus lentifo-
lium C. B.P. as I have there ſet down my Suſpicion.
The Gnaphalium Maritimum you have rang'd (with-
out any Remark) among the pappeſcent of that Kind,
when Breynius in Prodr. 2. aſſures it hath ſolid Seed.
Page 54. The Carduus Leucographus hirſutus Ca-
pitulo
minori Moriſ. I take to be very different from
the Card. Marie birſ. maculatus growing ſo copi-
ouſly about Clerkenwel, whoſe Head is little inferior
for Bulk to the more common with milky Veins.
Page 120. Quær. Whether the Anagallis Aqua-
tic. major folio oblongo C. B. P. be not clearly omit-
ted. As for the Aquatica major foliis fubrotundis,
perhaps it may be only a Luxuriance of the rainor un-
der the ſame Denomination.
Page 108. Quer. Whether the Leucoïum luteum
upon Walls be not a different Plant from the Leuc.
vulgar. fl. fimpl. growing in Gardens: It ſeems to me
to be much more woody, with larger Flowers; the
Leaves glaucous, and extremely rigid or ftiff, Quali-
ties not to be obſerved in the Garden Kind.
Page 133. I ever took the Trifol. pumilum ſupin.
floſc. long. alb. Phytol. Brit. to be very applicable to
the Trif. filiquis Ornithopodii noftras; and perhaps the
Author of its Name meant no other thing by it. The
Flowers

236 Dr. Plukenett's Obſervations,
3
Flowers are long, flender, and pip'd; they are of a
moſt immaculate white, (tho' your Deſcription ſeems
to put them to the Bluſh) and often with three on a
Stalk; which Number of ſhort and curv'd Pods fuc-
ceeding, does make out a pretty Reſemblance of a
Bird's Claw, and I am fully perſuaded the Trifolium par-
vum album Monſpeliac.cum paucis floribus, J. B. is noo-
ther than this Birds-Foot Trefoil, which in my Cata-
jogue I have made a Synonyme for it. As for the
Trif. fubterr. tricocc. whereunto you incline to apply
the Phytologiſts Title, 'tis true it has indeed the
ſame Sort of white fiftulous Flowers; but withal, it
has ſuch a Singularity in the Mode of growing, as
thruſting the Stalks of its Flowers, even while it is
in Flower, into the Boſom of the Earth, that I can-
not but think this very Peculiarity could not poſſibly
have eſcaped the Obſervation of its firſt Explorers,
who could not be ſo deficient in their way of impo.
fing Names, as to neglect ſuch a remarkable Note, ſo
ſignal a Characteriſtick in the Compoſition of its Ti-
tle, as alone might ſerve to diftinguiſh it from all the
Terræ filii and Trefoils in the World. After this Man-
ner it was that the famous Dr. Magnol accommodated
his Name for it; fo did Dr. Moriſon his, who indeed
pretended to be the firſt Diſcoverer of it, or at leaſt
aſſign'd it to his Princely Patron, whoſe Badge (Ga-
ftonium) was annex'd unto its other Titles in Memory
of its firſt Invention, tho' I find it (yet ſtill by
Names expreſſive of this Peculiar) in Authors before
him; as in Vallot, foncquet, and other Catalogue
Writers, before that of the Garden of Blois by Mo-
riſon had any Being in the World : So that I only
hence infer, that had the Authors of the Phyt. Brit.
or the moſt learned 7. Baubine (but he ſaw not the
growing Plant) in their Denominations intended the
Subterranean Trefoil, they would not have contented
themſelves with lodging their diſcriminating Chara-
cter upon the Flowers alone, (that are inter-common
with

on Mr. Ray's Synopſis Stirp. Brit. 231
a
with others of the fame Genus) but would certainly
have taken along with them this wonderful Property,
which while the Plant was flowering could hardly
have evaded their Notice: And therefore I preſume
they underſtood by thoſe ſtated Names no other than
the Trif. Ornithopod. filiq. which they might obſerve
in Flower, not heeding the Pods, or perhaps finding
the Plant before it was podded, they were content to
tranſmit ſuch a Diverſity in its Name, as was deriva-
tive only from its Flowers. Both theſe pretty Tre-
foils grew in great Abundance in Tuthill-Fields by
Weſtminſter.
Page 145. The Alfine Tetrapetalos Caryophylloides
quibuſdam Holoft minim. D. Rap.that grows frequently
about London in Upland Paftures, is very
different in
myOpinion from the Alfine montan.capillac. folio C.B.P.
which indeed is a Foreigner to us, but has a Leaf as
fine as a Hair, and four white Leaves to the Flower,
as the Name imports, and is a pretty upright Plant,
of about a ſmall Span in Stature, and not much un-
like the Alſin. tenuif. muſcoſa ejufd. C.Bauh.
The Auricula muris pulchro flore J. B. omitted in
the Synopſis, but inſerted among the Supplenda, might
perhaps have been ſupply'd by the Alfine Myoſotis la-
nuginoſa Alpina grandiflora S. Auricula muris villoſa
flore amplo membranaceo D. Lwyd, as being the fame,
or a Variety of it.
Page 1ro. As for the Sedum parvum acre flore luteo,
it is multifiliquous, or multicornous in its Capſule, di-
vided into s Points; and when ripe, makes a pretty
Reſemblance of a Star, and therefore, in my Opi-
nion, ought not to be disjoin'd from the Sedum's pro-
perly ſo call'd, p. 98. Under this Banner does the
Sedum minimum acre march; and if I miſtake not,
the Minus teretifol. album ; but I have not yet tho-
roughly examined it, and therefore am not poſitive
therein : Nor can I ſay, without a Peradventure, the
I
like of the Alpinum Ericoides cæruleum, C. B.P. In-
deed
а.

232 Dr. Plukenett's Obſervations,
tato.
deed your Sedum min. Alpinum luteum noftras is to the
beſt of my Memory only bicornous, and is rightly
diſpos’d with the Sedum Alp. trifid. folio, C. B. P.
which in my Catalogue goes under the Name of Sa-
nicula aizoides tridactylites; and for the better diſtin-
guiſhing it from the Sedums, I have made bold (and
I hope not without your good Leave) to alter your
Name, and prefix another to that elegant Plant of
your own happy Diſcovery, which with all its Sy-
nonyma, I muſt ſubmit to your Approbation, viz.
Sanicula aizod. Alp. fl. majuſcul. lut. punétis croceis gut-
Sedum minus Alpinum luteum noftras, D. Raii.
Sedum parvum montanum lut. J. B. Sedum Alpinum
flore pallido, C. B.P. Park. and fortè Sedum mon-
tanum Coris cæruleæ fol. Cat. H.R.P.
Among other of our vegetable Engliſh Rarities, I
fhould think the Sedum minus lato & craſo caule Cat.
H.R.P. Portlandicum Belgarum might have deſerv'd
ſome Place in your well inſtructed Synopſis. I never
was upon the Inand my ſelf, but I have had it from
very worthy Perſons that have ſeen it grow there. It
is a vermiculate Kind, but I could not learn that it
ever flowered; perhaps the Groſſneſs of its Faſcial
Stalk abſorbs the Nouriſhment, that might other-
wiſe have contributed to the Production of its Flowers.
The Sedum Alpinum trifid. folio C. B. P. muſt be
allowed the fame with the Sedis affinis triſulca Alpin.
fl. albo, J. B. and yet I have ſeen it in a dry Seaſon
notably correſpond both the Deſcription and Figure
of the Sedum Alpin. hiſpidum ferè Spinofum of the fame
Author, and perhaps the ſame thing.
Page 151. The Cotyledon hirſuta Ph. Br. tho' to
my own Knowledge it be very different from the Sea
dum minus Clus. Yet methinks it bears a very fa-
vourable Reſemblance to the Sanicule Alpine aliqua-
tenùs affinis, J. B.
I muſt needs acknowledge that I am not a little en-
tangled in my Thoughts about the Juncus parvus cum
pericarpis

on Mr. Ray's Synopſis Stirp. Brit. 233
pericarpis rotundis, J. B. which tho' you are pleas'd
to make the ſame with the Gram. junc. marit. Lob. I
cannot eaſily obtain with my ſelf a Compliance heres
in, but do rather accept it as the Juncus acutus Cana
bro-Britannic. Park and which I take to be a true
and genuine Rush, as you moſt truly have obſery'd.
But unto this you are pleas'd to apply the Junc. Cam-
brobr. Park. (b.e.) Gr.junc. maritim. Lob. whoſe Icon
of it (and indeed ſo do thoſe of all other Authors)
agrees exactly with our Moſs-Ruh, the Capſules
whereof are ſomewhat elongated and pinch'd in to-
wards the Top, reſembling more a Cone than a Globe,
the Capſules of the former being more accurately
round, according as its Name imports.
Page 213. I muſt here beg Leave to excuſe the
celebrious Dr. Herman, who in Cat. Hort. Acad. Ludg.
with good Reaſon ſeparates the Abies conis fursùm ſpea
Etantibus. S. Mas, C. B.P. Taxifoliis, from the Abies
alla S. Fem. ejuſd. C. B. P. And indeed this Male-
Kind does in nothing differ (as I could obſerve from
the ſhort Specimen (and 'twas all that he had) I re-
ceiv'd from that ingenious and worthy Gentleman
Dr. L'ancr. Robinſon, who gather'd it in fome noted
Garden there, and brought it over into England,
when with the preſent Marchioneſs of Wincheſter
he laſt came out of Holland ;) I ſay, from what I
could obſerve, it does nothing differ from the Fe-
male, but in the Colour of its pectinated Leaves,
which in our Pattern are green on both sides; in
this, of a Silver and gaudy Hue underneath: And per-
haps from this lovely Gaiety of its Silver Colour, it
might at firſt challenge to it ſelf the Annex of Fe-
male, fince Men are generally apt to appropriate the
molt amiably and lovely, and indeed the moft excel-
lent of every Kind, to the more elegant Sex, as we fee
the more maſculine Arts and Sciences are Feminine in
their Names, and by an univerſal Suffrage ſubmitted
to the Dominion of the Mules.
Hh
Caſting

234 Dr. Plukenett's Obſervations,
Caſting my Eye upon your moſt curious Index at
the latter End, which is indeed of neceſſary Uſe both
as to the Virtues of thoſe Plants contained in the Sy-
nopſis, as alſo in reſpect of thoſe References you make
from the leſs to their more proper Denominations, I
found in your Account of the Cannabis ſativ. the re-
ceiv'd Opinion of an untoward Faculty it has of emaſ-
culating Mankind, and making impotent by extin-
guiſhing the fluid Principles of Generation, and which
in ſome degree hath ftagger'd your Reſolution what
to determine about the Bangüe Indorum. This from
the Teſtimony of Olearius Acoſta, and others, being
of frequent Uſe, both among Perſians and Indians,
to exſtimulate and incite to Venery; and therefore
very unlikely to be of the Cannabine Order. I con-
feſs I cannot determine how far it may conduce to
this Purpoſe, or the other to the contrary Effect: But
ſo much I know of the Bangüe, (the Seed whereof I
have by me, and is very little differing from that of
our Hemp) that it will certainly cauſe a Dementia, or
frantick and ludicrous Sort of Madneſs, which runs the
Body into all the idle Geſticulations and Poſtures of the
moſt laſcivious, when in the mean time they are only
the Effects of preſent Diſtemper, and not any luſtful
Pruritations: And that Nature is in Diſtreſs, and un-
der Diftemper, till the Force and Powers of the Seed
be diffipated, and vanquiſh'd, will appear by this, that
if you over doſe your Patient, it will certainly kill.
I have known where upon too liberal a Doſe the Ef-
fects have continu'd for almoſt a Week, and had like
to have put the poor Soul to have fought for a Beth-
lem in another World. And why may not the Can-
nabis prove an Incentive in the fame unlucky Senſe,
eſpecially if that be true, as Authors have alledged,
that its Seed, if freely taken, will induce an cogooung
and as Herodotus attefts
, a Fumigation of the Seed
being caft upon hot Coals, is ſaid to affect the Scy-
thians with Raving, and a Sort of Phrenzy, that
a
a
a
was

on Mr. Ray's Synopſis Stirp. Brit. 235
was attended with frightful Ejulations and Howlings 3
ſo that they well enough agree in this particular. And
it cannot ſurely but be allow'd on all Hands, that this
Indian Bangüe is a true and genuine Hemp, tho' in the
mean time I muſt pronounce it ſpecifically diſtinct
from our European Sort. I confeſs I was perfectly
ſurpriz’d to find Dr. Herman in his Academick Cata-
logue fo peremptorily aſſert it among the Race of
Althæas, and to promiſe the World an entire Hiſtory
of it under that Head in his deſired Muſeum Leylani-
cum, till calling to mind a Miſtake that had crept into
the Garden of Chelſea, where ſome time before the
Catalogue came out, the Sabdariffa Cluf. (which is
no other than an Indian Alcea) was with mighty O-
ftentation expoſed to View for the Bangüe Indorum.
I preſently bethought, that as that Demonſtrator had
impos'd upon Dr. Liſter and other worthy Gentle-
men here at home, ſo holding at that time a Corref-
pondence in Holland, he might in all Probablility
have tranſmitted the Occaſion for Dr. Herman's moſt
palpable Hallucination abroad.
a
Mr. Lhwyd to Mr. Ray.
T
Honoured SIR
Oxford, July 1. 1690.
HE form’d Stones were very acceptable. The
Oculi Serpentum are indeed of the ſame
Kind with thoſe they call Toad-Stones. The Cats-
beads ſeem to me to be Arches or Joints of ſome
Cornu Hammonis. Baculi S. Pauli are of the fame
Subſtance with thoſe Stones that reſemble the Brittles
of ſome American Echini, which (as I mention'd in
my laſt) Dr. Plot has called Lapides Judaici; nor is
the Doctor much miſtaken therein, for the real Lapi-
des Judaici ſeem to be nothing elſe but over-grown
Hh 2
Stones

236
Mr. Lhwyd to Mr. Ray.
me.
7
Stones of this Kind, as your large Gloffopetra is amongſt
the reſt of that Sort, whereof I have ſeen one found
in Shepey much larger than that elegant one you ſent
When I ſay over-grown, I mean a large Sort,
or Variety,much exceeding thoſe of its Family; which
puts me in mind of a current Report, how that in
the County of Antrim in Ireland there are divers large
+ Pillars of Star-fiones able to ſupport a Church. How
your Baſtions of St. Paul differ from our Briſtleftones,
you'll beft judge from ſome I ſhall ſend you. The
Vertebræ ſeem to be ſo indeed, and to have undergone
but a ſmall Alteration. Thoſe inſcrib'd Dentes Ser-
pentum, and Ova, I can ſay nothing to.
A Synopſis Method. of the Animals and Foſſils of
England would doubtleſs prove very inftrumental to
the Advancement of Natural Hiſtory: And tho" a
compleat Enumeration of thoſe Things would re-
quire much Time, Labour, Expence, and Travail ;
yet I doubt not but ſuch a Catalogue as you could
give us would be very grateful to the Publick, and
prove a Direction to ſeveral others to make farther
Obſervations of that Kind, as well as your Catalogue
of Plants has done. I queſtion not but you may give
us a great deal of Information in the Catalogue of In-
ſeets, as well as you have done already in the Hiſtories
of Birds and Fish. I ſhall be very forward to give in
my Contribution, which will be ſome Obſervati-
ons of Form'd Stones, and of the Exanguia Marina,
Dr. Plot will be likewiſe as ready.
We have perform'd our Viſit to Mr. Cole, and re-
ceiv'd abundant Satisfaction in our Journey. He re-
ceiv'd us (tho' all unknown to him) very friendly,
and ſpent 6 Hours in ſhewing us his Collection, with-
out any Interruption, or the leaſt Sign of being wea-
ry: It conſiſts altogether of natural Things, and
ſeem'd to us a very extraordinary Collection for one
Perſon (and who perhaps had not the Advantage of
li
They
Caudiuseyn
+ Sho
, conspese what is called the lianto Caudade
,

Mr. Lhwyd to Mr. Ray. 237
a
a
a liberal Education to invite him to ſuch Studies) to
be able to amaſs together.
We obſerv'd a Virginia Animal of the Cat-Kind
7 Foot and a half long, and another of the Colour
7
and Bigneſs of our Wild Cats, which he told us was
the common Houſe-Cat of Virginia : Alſo a Skunk,
which he render'd Putorius Virginianus. This he
told us will ſtink ſeveral Miles, and ſometimes ſo in-
fect the Air, as to cauſe a Peſtilence. He ſhew'd us
the Horn of a Narhual curiouſly wreath’d, and about
F Foot long. A Daniſh Gentleman told me he had
ſeen a Narbual that had been taken by fome Ham-
burghers at Groneland An. 1684, having two very long
Horns; and that he ſuſpected they generally have ſo,
and that the Unicorns of them are but Monſters. We
alſo obſery'd ſome of the Corneæ Lamince of a Whale
about 3 Foot long, and one broad, of a black Colour.
We have ſome at our Muſeum of a whitish Colour,
and about 9 Inches long: Alſo the Blade of a Sword-
fiſh, caught about Swanzy in Glamorganſhire. He
has ſeveral curious figurd Stones and Shells, found in
the Weſt of England and in South Wales; very ele-
gant Trees of the Abrotanoides Planta Saxea Cluſii,
with confiderable Variety of other Pori, Coralls, Hora
ay Sea Plants, &c. I admired a Sort of Cornu Am-
monis found ſomewhere in Somerſetſhire, reſembling
a Nautilus; but having two Prominencies, each Side
of the Aperture about as thick and taper as the End
of a Walking-Staff to be ſcrew'd in and out. Ano-
ther Cornu of a Rainbow Colour, about 6 Inches Dia-
meter, and as thin as a Shilling, compoſed of a Soru
of Selenitis, or Talk. The Reſemblance of ſeveral
exotick Plants (as it ſhould feem to me) in a Kind of
Cole-ſat, found fomewhere near Briſtow : They ſeem'd
to be of ſeveral Capillaries, and one particularly like
the Capillus Ven. verus; the Signatures of the Leaves
as curiouſly vein'd as the real Plants have. I have
room to add no more at preſent.
Mr.
:
a
a

238
Mr. Lhwyd to Mr. Ray.
Co
Honoured SIR,
Onſidering your Local Words ſince I read your
Letter, I find ſome amongſt the North Counc
trey Words to bear Affinity with the Welſh, both in
Sound and Signification, which poſſibly may be fome
Remains of the Britiſh Tongue continued ftill in the
Mountainous Parts of the North. Of theſe (if you
pleaſe) I ſhall hereafter ſend you a Catalogue; but
in the mean time I muſt confeſs, that altho' they may
agree in Sound and Senſe, it will yet be difficult to
diſtinguiſh whether they have been formerly borrowed
from the Britains, or whether they are only an Ar-
gument that the ancient Britiſh Language had much
Affinity with thoſe of Germany, Denmark, &c. Io-
mit the Suppoſition of the Welſh borrowing them
from the Engliſh, in regard I find them not, (at leaſt
but very few of them) uſed by the Borderers of both
Nations; and the Britains might leave them in Weft-
morland, Cumberland, &c. having heretofore lived
there : But the Engliſh of thoſe Parts could commu-
nicate nothing of their Language to the Welſh, in re-
gard they have never liv'd in Wales, nor have border'd
on them. Moreover, ſome of theſe Words are in
the Armorican Lexicon, and the Britains that went to
Armorica left this Countrey before the Saxons came
in.
The Pectinites Amphiotis latiuſculè ſulcatus, and the
Echizites rotularis minor angufticlavius, (with ſome o-
thers) are commonly found in Beds of Sand, which
lie under the Vein of Stone at the Bottom of the Pits,
tho' ſometimes I have found the former in the Stones
by breaking them; but thoſe uſually of a different
Colour

Mr. Lhwyd to Mr. Ray. 239
ter.
Colour from the Sand Shells. Whether they were
ever the Tegumenta of Animals, or are only primary
Productions of Nature in Imitation of them, I am
conſtrain’d to leave in Medio, and to confeſs I find in
my ſelf no ſufficient Ability or Confidence to main-
tain either Opinion, tho' I incline much to the lat-
However it be, it ſeems an extraordinary de-
lightful Subject, and worthy the Enquiry of the
moſt judicious Philoſophers. On the one hand it
ſeems ſtrange if theſe things are not Shells petrified,
whence it proceeds that we find ſuch great Variety of
them, ſo very like Shells in Shape and Magnitude,
,
and ſome of them in Colour, Weight and Conſiſtence;
and not only Reſemblances of Sea Shells ſhould be
found, but alſo of the Bones and Teeth of divers Seca
Fiſh, and that we only find the Reſemblances of ſuch
Bodies as are in their own Nature of a Stone-like
Subſtance. On the other hand it ſeems as remarkable,
that we ſeldom or never find any Reſemblance of
Horns, Teeth, or Bones of Land Animals, or of Birds,
which might be apt to petrify, if we reſpect their
Conſiſtence; infomuch that I ſuſpect few form’d
Stones are found, (at leaſtwiſe in England) except in
ſome extraordinary petrifying Earth, but what a skil-
ful Naturaliſt may (and that perhaps deſervedly) afii-
milate to ſome marine Bodies; but yet when we con-
fer them with thoſe Bodies they ſeem moft to reſem-
ble, they appear generally but as Mock-Shells and
Counterfeit-Teeth, differing from them little leſs than
the Works of Art do from thoſe of Nature, which
we endeavour to imitate; as if the Earth in theſe Pro-
ductions (to ſpeak vulgarly) ſhould only ape the Sea.
To find out the Truth of this Queſtion, nothing
would conduce more than a very copious. Collection
of Shells, of the Skeletons of Fiſh, of Corals, Pori,
&c. and of theſe ſuppoſed Petrifications.
The Figures of Plants in the Cole-fat I have for-
merly mention'd to you, is clearly a different thing
from

240
Mr. Lhwyd to Mr. Ray.
from the Pietra Imboſchata of Imperatus. Indeed I
have hitherto ſeen imperfect Pieces of it; but where-
as the Pietra Imboſchata (of which Kind of Figures
we have alſo ſome Variety in England and Wales) re-
preſents only rude Branches imitating rather fome Co-
ralline or Sea-moſs than Trees; the Cele-fat exhibits
whole Branches with Leaves and Diſtinction of the
Veins and Texture of them. I have a ſmall Piece,
which ſeems to reſemble a Branch of the Filix Fom.
very much; but the Specimen is very imperfect.
Mr. Bobart tells me the Gymnocrithon is the very
ſame with the London Triticum Spica hordei. The
Alfine myof. lan. Alpina grandiflora I do not queſtion at
preſent to be a diſtinct Plant from the Aur. muris pula
chro fl. albo, 7. B. which is very common in theſe
Parts, but no where in North Wales (ſuppoſing this
no Miſtake) that ever I could find. The Plant I
mean I never ſaw but at the higheſt Part of all Snow-
don : It's very woolly, but more eſpecially before it
comes to flower, which is extraordinary membrana-
ceous, or thin; the Calix very long, crooked and
tranſparent, and divided at the Top with many
Notches; the whole Plant every way bigger than
the Auricula muris. Since I ſent you the Collection
of Stones, I have diſcovered ſeveral new ones, where-
of you may hereafter expect fome farther Account
from, c.
Oxford, Nov. 25. --90.
Mr. Ray to Dr. Robinſon.
SIR,
Black Notley, Dec. 15.--90.
THE Eſay you propound concerning the anci-
cient and modern Learning were not difficult to
make; but I think you are better qualified for ſuch
TH
2
an

Mr. Ray to Dr. Robinſon. 246
an Undertaking than I, and therefore ſhall refer it to
you. In Summe the Ancients excel the Moderns
in nothing but Acuteneſs of Wit and Elegancy of
Language in all their Writings, in their Poetry and
Oratory. As for Painting and Sculpture, and Mufick
and Architecture, ſome of the Moderns I think do
equal, if not excel, the beſt of them, not in the Thea
ory only, but alſo in the Practice of thoſe Arts: Nei-
ther do we give place to them in Politicks or Moras
lity; but in Natural Hiſtory and Experimental Philoa
Lophy we far tranſcend them. In the purely Mathes
matical Sciences abſtracted from Matter, as Geometry
and Arithmetick, we may vie with them; as alſo in
Hiſtory: But in Aftronomy, Geography and Chronology,
we excel them much. No wonder they ſhould out-
Itrip us in thoſe Arts which are converſant in poliſha
ing and adorning their Language, becaufe they be-
ſtowed all their Time and Pains in cultivating of them,
and had but one, and thar their Native Tongues to
mind. But thoſe Arts are by wiſe Men cenſured as
far inferior to the Study of Things, Words being
but the Pictures of Things; and to be wholly occuá
pied about them, is to fall in love with a Picture, and
neglect the Life: And Oratory, which is the beſt of
theſe Arts, is but a kind of voluptuary one, like Cooka
ery, which ſophiſticates Meats, and cheats the Palates
ſpoiling whollome Viands, and helping unwholſome.
ވެ
Mr. Ray to Dr. Robinſon:
SIR,
Marche 10. --902
OUR laft Letter of March 3d expreſſes fuch
Exceſs of Kindneſs, as one that did not well
know you to be aliene from all Flattery or Dillimus
lation, would hardly think you wrote your own
Ti
Senſe.
Y

242 Mr. Ray to Dr. Robinſon.
Senſe, eſpecially ſeeing no Merit of the Object could
induce you. I cannot but thank you for your great,
I
tho' undeſerved (that I ſay not ill-placed) Affection,
which muſt needs enkindle an anſwerable Flame of
reciprocal Love in the Breaſt of any Man that hath
the leaſt Senſe of Gratitude, or Spark of Good Na-
ture in him.
Of Engliſh Serpents, I never knew, nor heard of
above 3 Kinds; and tho'one cannot be fure of a Ne-
gative, yet I verily believe there are no more : Thoſe
are, 1. Natrix Torquata, or the Snake, ſo called be-
cauſe it hath a pale yellow Spot, or Streak, on each
Side its Neck, tho' not encompaſſing it.
2. Vipera, or the Adder. I am well aſſured that
Viper and Adder are two Names of the fame Species,
having taken exact Notice of the Viper beyond Sea,
and our Adder at home. The Differences between
the Adder and the Snake are, that the former is much
fhorter for its Bigneſs, eſpecially his Tail below the
Vent; that he is marked on the Back with black
Lines or Spots, which the Snake wants; that his
Belly is blackiſh, and of one Colour; whereas the
Snake's is particoloured, of a pale yellow and blue.
That the Adder never grows to the Bigneſs that I
have ſeen fome Snakes attain to: And laſtly, that the
Adder is viviparous, as I my ſelf can teſtify, having
taken feven young ones out of the Belly of a Female,
come to their full Perfection, as big almoſt as ſome
Women's Little Finger.
3. Cæcilia, the Blind-worm, or Slow-worm, which
again are two Names of the fame Sort of Animal.
It is much leſs than the Adder, and ſtraked with
blackiſh Lines along the Body. All theſe Kinds are
.
plentifully in my own Fields.
As for Outlandiſh Serpents, I ſaw but one Kind be-
yond Seas different from ours. Indeed I have ſuch a
natural Abhorrency of that Sort of Animal, that I
was not very inquiſitive after them. That I ſaw was
bought

Mr. Ray to Dr. Robinſon.
243
а
bought at Rome by Sir Philip Skippon of a Man that
brought them about to fell: It was very gentle and
innoxious, and I ſuppoſe the Anguis Æſculapii; but
I deſcribed it not. After a while it eſcaped out of
the Box wherein we kept it, and hid it ſelf that we
could find it no more.
Beſides theſe I have mentioned, I doubt not but
there are divers Species of European and African Ser-
pents; but know little of them of Certainty which
we may confide in, but their Names. Of the Ame-
rican Serpents deſcribed by Piſo, Marcgrave, and Her-
nandez, we have more Aſſurance; among which the
Rattle-Snake, whoſe Exuvie are common in Muſeums,
is moſt noted and beſt known.
Since my laft, viewing the Mofes growing about
my Houſe, to ſee whether they were as yet come to
the Head, I found ſome of them were; of which I
obſerved no leſs than four Sorts of ſuch as Dr. Pluke-
net and Mr. Doody call Muſci Trichoides, but Herba-
riſts generally Adiantha, or Polytricha aurea, two
with erect Heads, and three with Reflex, beſides one
which was not come yet to the Head; ſo that I have
already diſcovered fix Species growing upon my own
Houſe.
Meeting Yeſterday with Mr. Dale, and examining
him about Serpents, he confidently affirm'd to me,
that he had twice ſeen the Amphisbena in this Coun-
trey, and named the Places: Not that there is any
Serpent that hath two Heads, or a Head at each End,
but only that it hath a Faculty of going backward
as well as forward; and the Tail is turrit, and ſome-
what reſembles a Head. I confeſs I did formerly di-
ſtruſt the very Being of an Amphisbæna; but confi-
dering that Worms, and ſome Eruce, can, and do
move nimbly backward and forward, I ſee no Reaſon
but ſome Serpents may do ſo too, and we have pretty
good Authority that there are ſuch. I was a little
I i 2
ſtagger'd

244 Mr. Ray to Dr. Robinſon.
ſtagger'd at his Aſſertion, but yet muſt ſuſpend my
Belief till I have better Affurance.
Dr. Plukenett to Mr. Ray.
YOUR
,
a
SIR,
+ July 17.-92.
OUR kind Acceptance of my poor Preſent is
an Addition to former Favours, and I give my
hearty Thanks for the Pains you took in the Peruſa!
of my Botanick Icons. I ſhall think mine the better
beſtow'd on their Production, in that you are pleas'd
to give ſo great a Character of them. I am only for-
ry any thing of the deſirable Exactneſs, in reference
to your ſelf, ſhould eſcape my Notice; for tho' I
have induſtriouſly deſign'd to avoid all expoſing o-
thers Miſtakes, the Omiffions here are purely hu-
mane, and Slips of Frailty, without the leaſt Partia-
lity, or any finifter Deſign of derogating from the
Felicity of your Parts, or the Honour that is due to
the painful Diſcoveries you have ſo freely communi-
cated to the World.
1. Your firſt Particular is an Inſtance in the Al-
fine Caryophylloides tenuifol. &c. of my Phytography,
and its Reference to that of the Liniflore in your ge-
neral Hiſtory. I confeſs I did make it a Queſtion of
Doubts and the want of a cloſer Application to your
ſelf was the Occaſion of the Miſconjecture; And
ſince it was only my Doubt, which is not without a
Scope and Latitude, that being always allow'd to
Queſtions of this Nature, tho' there be not an exact
Concurrence of every nice particular, it will I hope
ſeem more tolerable, eſpecially when I have ſo good
an Example as your ſelf to warrant me herein; for I
obſerve, even in the very faine Plant, you are pleas'd
by
+ At the end ein
the dig.)

Dr. Plukenett to Mr. Ray 245
by way of Queſtion to annex the Auricula muris pul-
chro flore folio tenuifimè diviſo, J. B. as a proper Sy-
nonyme thereto, which does as little anſwer it in the
Petala of its Flowers as mine, and perhaps much leſs
in its Leaves.
2. Your ſecond Objection as to the Aſparag. acu-
leat. with its Reference to your Sicilian Sort, was
but a bare Suſpicion, and may come under the ſame
Excuſe.
3. The Afarum è Terra Mariana, which I have
fince better referr'd as I conceive to another Genus
in Piſo, together with the Tulipifera Carolinienfis,
which I refer to Hernandez, are indeed inſerted in the
Appendix of your Hiſtory, which, however they came
to flip me, I know not, I own the Failure, and ac-
knowledge the Obligation to have taken Notice of
them there: And yet to a Perſon of your Goodneſs
and Candour, the Straitneſs of my Letter Plates will
make an Excuſe, for the Omiſſion, with leſs Difficulty
obtainable.
4. The Euphraſia lutea latifol. and your Crateogon.
Weſtmorlandic. which you ſeem ſo much to diſlike,
were deſign’d from the beſt dry'd Patterns I had by
me, which perhaps were not ſo perfect as I could
with; and yet I ſhould be glad to ſee them better fi-
gurd any where elſe ; the Shanks indeed of the Flower
of the latter might have been made a little longer.
s. The Hippuris lacuſtris manſu arenoſa was deſign'd
from a dry Specimen I had from Chiſelhurſt, where
it grows abundantly; but the Leaves, or Dentals, are
a little too long and ſharp-pointed, which was a thing
I complain'd of to my Graver; but it ſeems it paſs'd
without Amendment. As it is, it bears fome Like-
neſs to your Millefol. aquat. Equiſetifolium, but in a
much nearer Degree of Reſemblance in my mind) to
the Equiſetum fætid. ſub aquâ repens, to which it is
next a-kin.
ز
a
6. As

246 Dr. Plukenett to Mr. Ray.
lieve may
6. As for the Gramen Spicâ laxá pyramidali I was
poſitive herein, becauſe Mr. Doody, who communi-
cated the Graſs to you, communicated your Name to
me, and affixed it here. The Gram. Phalaroid. I be-
be your Luſitanicum, ſince mine was drawn
from a dry'd Specimen I long ago gather'd in Mr.
Morgan's Garden, where it ſeems you had yours.
The Gram. Cyperoid. lanuginoſ. was deſign'd from the
dry'd Leaf, and rather leſs than fo large as it. Per-
haps it was a Plant of the fame Kind, more than or-
dinarily luxuriant in its Spikes.
7. As for the Gram. Cyperoides elegans ſpicá compo-
fitâ, if there be any Miſtake herein, it muſt lie at
Mr. Doody's Door, for he it was, who with great Aſſu-
,
rance, appropriated your Name to this very Graſs,
and I think writ it with his own Hand.
8. I am glad you tell me my Lichen parvus erectus,
&c. is not what you intended by the Lichen minimus
foliolis laciniatis, it being by ſo much more my own:
And yet you ſee how unwilling I was to make it ſo
without your farther Aſſurance. Indeed the Source
of moſt of theſe my Failures, was the Averſion I had
of multiplying Species without apparent Cauſe, or
giving my ſelf the Credit of a Diſcovery which per-
haps was due to ſome other.
9. Your ſeparating my Melilotus luteus procumbens
from yours of Meſina is truly inſtructive.
10. Your Corymbifera Millefolii umbella I thought
muft fall between the Millefol. Tanaceti fol. Moriſ. and
the Ptarmica Alpin. Triumfetti. And therefore in my
Catalogue I put the doubtful Quære to them both,
eſpecially ſince to the former I find an Aſterisk pre-
fix’d, denoting you had not then ſeen the Plant; and
therefore I could not peremptorily exclude it from a
Competitorſhip with that to which you have now aſ-
fign’d it, I confeſs that Paſſage in your Appendix had
eſcaped me.
a
II. I

Dr. Plukenett to Mr. Ray. 247
IT. I'could almoſt have ſworn I had been right in
the Reference of my Muſcus Coralloides to your Name
of Muſcus pennatus ramulis & capillament. falcatis, it
does ſo exactly anſwer that Title; and therefore your
Monition here is extreme kind.
12. The Salix long. fol. hirſuta roſea I did not pro-
poſe as a new Species, but only an accidental Variety
in the Capræa Kind, which I think has not any where
elſe been expos'd in Icon.
13. As to the Lithoſperm. maj. Dod. which is re-
pent at the Root, you would ſoon be convinc'd, if
you compare the other Kinds with this, which was
taken from a dry'd Specimen out of Mr. Charlton's
Collection, with the Title affix'd by Dr. Magnol, and
which anſwers well enough to Thalius's Name, it be-
ing very twiggy in its Branches towards the Top;
but whether trailing on the Ground, or not, I can't
determine, as never having ſeen it grow; perhaps
be only a fingle Twig a top.
14. That the two Aſtragalus's, the Stella legumi-
noſa, and my Vicia Seſamacea Apula Fab. Column. are
extremely differing by their Collation, nothing can
be more apparent; nor can your Argument from Dr.
Magnol make any thing againſt it, ſince his, and our
commonly received Vicia Sefamac. Apula, is no other
than the Securidaca filiquis foliaceis of Monſieur Boc-
con, which has a Variety with thoſe Affections you
fpeak of, viz. the Pods with Foot-Stalks almoſt an
Inch long. We may perceive Dr. Moriſon himſelf
labouring under the ſame Miſtake, when in his Hi-
ſtory of Oxford he propoſes in Icon, his Aſtragalus
annuus re&tus flore ochroleuco, which is no other than
Boccon’s Securidaca; for the Vicia Apula Column, and
that which is truly fo, (as every body muſt own, both
from the Figure and Deſcription of Columna in his
Ecphras: p. 1. p. 301, and 303.) he ſets down under
the Title of Aſtragal. annuus ſiliq.& fol. birſutis, Tab.
9. Sect 2. and makes it the ſame with Frenugreco Syl-
mine may
veftri

248 Dr. Plukenett to Mr. Ray
veſtri Tragi in quibuſdam accedens, J. B. as may be
ſeen in his Hiſtory, p.109. And if ever my Cata-
logue fee Light, theſe Things will be better ex-
plain'd.
15. I thank you for your kind Information about the
Cambrian Ferns; yet methinks I cannot but be ſteady
to the Title of Filix pumila Myrrhidis facie, it being
a Name that in few Words ſo graphically denotes the
thing itſelf.
16. The Shrub that grew in Mr. Wilkinſon's Gara
den coming in fome Diſguiſe, and in a different
Face from what I had from Carolina, had like in-
deed to have put upon me; but after it was grav'd,
I acquainted Dr. Robinſon with my Suſpicions about
it, and if you pleaſe to remind, you will find a Note
upon it amidſt its Synonyma; which, tho' it be put
there only as a Variety, the Hint may be ſufficiently
underſtood, as indeed I would have it: And it is the
only double Overſight (I think) committed in the
whole Work.
17. As for your Suſpicion of my miſapplying Sy-
nonyma to the Alth. profundè ferrato S. dentato folio,
J. B. it will be foon taken off, when I ſhall tell
you
that my Opinion is, the Thuringiaca Camerario ejuſd.
J. B. is the ſelf-fame thing, tho' he ſeems to make
them two, but with a great deal of Vacillation and
wavering. And now you'll find Caſp. Bauh. Syno-
nyma here uſed, reconcilable enough to what it was
intended, and Clufius's Names will fall in pat, as you
would have them.
18. If your Ledum Alpinum hirſut. min. Cat. Exte-
ror. be my Ciftus Chamærhododendros, &c. it is very
different from the Ciſtus pumilus Montis Baldi, &c.
J. B. tho' this be a Chamerhododendros too, as being
a Monopetaloid, having but one Leaf, with ſome Top
Diviſion in the Flower.
19. My Polygonum minus procumbens niveum Glaucis
exiguæ fola is undoubtedly the Polygala repens nuperor.
Lob.

Dr. Plukenett to Mr. Ray. 249
a
Lob. and I believe the Polygonum minus candicans fuse
pinum of Dr. Magnol, tho' he upon Miftake applies
it to the Paronychia Hiſpanica Cluf. which is a more
furrect Plant. And that the Polygonum Verticillatum
J. B. is very diverſe from this Polygala of Lobel, may
be obſerv'd from the Particular of its Leaves towards
the Tops of the Branches; for arriving within an
Inch and a half thereof, they leave the Stalk well-
nigh naked for ſome Space, and then, as it were to
recover that Loſs, they grow to the very Lip in a
moſt cloſe and imbricated Order, which is never to
be found in the Polygonum Verticillatum Kind. Some-
thing of this peculiar may be obſerv'd in Lobel's Fi-
gure of it, tho' the Interſtice be not expreſs’d. The
Polygon. minimum Montanum niveuin & ſericeum Aldr.
is no other than the Paronych. Hiſp. Cluf. a falſe Sy-
nonyme, and ill apply'd by Dr. Magnol to his ſupine
Sort, which I believe to be the ſame with mine.
20. I muſt confeſs it was not without ſome Sur-
prize upon me, that you ſhould condemn the Collo-
cation of my Braſſica Spuria coule magis folioſo, with
the Piloſella filiquata Thalii, in that the Stalk of mine
is folioſe, when the very Piloſella ſiliquata it ſelf is
not altogether deftitute of Leaves upon its Stalk and
Branches, as the thing it ſelf aſſures, and is fo repre-
ſented in the Figure annex’d to the Harcynia by the
learned Camerarius : But were its Stalks really vidu-
ate of Leaves, and naked, I do not ſee why mine,
arrayed with this Ornament of Leaves, ſhould be ſhut
out from a Society with the other upon that Account,
any more than the Burſa paſtoris Alpina minor hirſutes
loculo oblongo C. B. P. with its Leafy Stalk from the
Burſa paftoria minima verna loculis oblongis 7. B.
Chabr. or the Paronychia vulgaris Dod. both whereof
(poor Scabs) are Nudicaules; and yet I believe it
were a hard Matter to obtain your conſent for a Bill
to divorce them upon the Account of theſe inoffen-
five Nudities.
Kk
Mr.
a

250
Mr. J. Aubrey to Mr. Ray.
A
Honoured Sir;
Lojdon, Aug. 5. 1691.
S to Lime-Trees; p. 233. I muſt advertiſe you,
that in Bedfordſhire, there are Woods where
are thouſands of them, e.g. at Chickſands [Sir Of-
brirn's] and if other Woods thereabouts; alſo at Mr.
Wyld's Eftate at Totham in Eſexy and this I do affure
you from my worthy Friend Edm. Wyld, Eſq; Mr.
Bullock's Kinſinan. "They alſo grow wild, but not ſo
common in the Foreſt of Dean. In Cranborne-Chace
[ Dorſet] are very few, and they know not their
Name. Asto Shave-weed uſed by Artiſts (which they
have from Holland,] we have of the ſame fort, and
as good; in a Hill by B - Abbey in Wilts. I do
think there is a greater variety of Withys than you
mention; a Bencher of the Middle-Temple is very cu-
tious in them, but he prefers the Red-withy. King
James 114 ſent by Sir Garden, to the Royal 80
ciety, a Plant calld Starre of the Earth, with the Re-
ceipt made of it to cure the biting of Mad-dogs, which
is in Tranſact. Numb. i87. By the Salt-Pits at Lim-
mington, Haräpſhire; grows a Plant call’d Squat-mores
of wonderful effect for Bruiſes, not in any Herbal:
This I had from Tb: Guidott, M. D. whoſe Father
Had the Salt-works, and is a Witneſs of the Cures
done by it. My old Friend Mr. Fr. Potter (Author of
the Interpretation 666] told me that a Neighbour of
his who had the Gout many Years, an ancient Man,
was cured by an old Woman with the Leaf of the
wild Vine. I came there above a Year after, and the
Party had never a touch of it. E. W. Eſq; tells me
of a Woman in Bedfordſhire who doth great Cures for
Agues and Fevers with Mead/weet; to which the adds
fome
.
a

Mr. Aubrey to Mr. Ray. 251
fome green Wheat, A Parliament Captain [in Ire-
Jand] told me, when the Army was ſorely afflicted
with the Bloody Flux, and paſt the Skill of the Do-
ctors; they had a Receipt from an Iriſhman, viz. to
take the Partition-pith of a Wallnut and dry it; then
'
to pulverize it, and drink as much as could be heap'd
on a 4d or od in Wine or, &c. and this cur'd the Ara
my. Sir Chr. Wren told me once [eating of Straw:
berries] that if one that has 4 wound in the Head
cats them 'tis mortal
a
Wh
Mr. J. Aubrey to Mr. Ray,
SIR,
HEN I was lately at Oxford I gave ſeveral
things to the Muſeum, which was lately rob-
bed ſince I wrote to you. Among other things my
Picture in Miniature, by Mr. S. Cowper (which at an
Auction yields 20 Guineas) and Archbiſhop Bancroft's
by Hillyard, the famous Illuminer in Q. Elizabetb's
time,
© For an Head or Eye
By Hillyard drawn,
" Is worth an Hiſtory
* By a worſe Painter made.
I found among my Papers this R for the King's
Evil, which I had from Dr. Stokes. Let the Patient
chaw the Roots of Piperitis, and it will make him
fpit, and bring away the malignity, and cure the Diş
ſtemper.
In another Letter of Jan. 21.169. are theſe Words, Lee p. 254.970.
viz. “ Mr. Lbwyd ſent me a Letter this Week, ac-
"s quainting me he hath receiv'd an Ear of Rye (but
" without any Grain) taken out of a Child's Side of
s half
Kz

252 Dr. Robinſon to Mr. Ray.
os half a Year old, under the ſhort Ribs, in Merionyd-
«
fire.
London, Oct. 22. 1691.
Dr. Robinſon to Mr. Ray.
A
a
SIR,
London, Feb. 25--2
L L'our Sea Officers, and underſtanding Sea-
men agree that the Mediterranean fets out a-
gain into the Atlantick; and a Gentleman who was
employ'd many Years in the Mole of Tangier, brought
back a Chart with him of this ebbing out of the
Streights Mouth; I own 'tis ſcarce reconcileable to
the common Notions of Philoſophy, that there ſhould
be two contrary declivities or currents in the fame
Chanel : But the Seamen have often laugh'd at my
way of reaſoning, telling me, that the fame thing is
frequent in many Streights, as the Helleſpont and Bof-
j
phorus, but more notably in that of Negropont. I
would not be thought to byaſs your better Judgment,
yet I muſt tell you that all the Scholars about the
Town, who read your Book, do agree you to be un-
,
der an Error: Indeed general Opinions never deter-
mine me, when I am inclin’d to think upon any
Subject (which happens ſeldom ;) and to ſpeak the
Truth, I doubt of this; tho' Dr. Liſter, Mr. Aſton,
Mr. Hally, Mr. Flamſted, &c. are all againſt you, ſo
are all the Sea-faring Men.
I told you there are many Pečtunculites, four and
fix times as large as any Shell of that yet known; I
ſpeak of England.
The Nautilus Shell in Muſeums ſeems to me to be
only the Tail of the Animal, and the Diaphragms
thereof the Vertebre; I know not how many volute
the perfect Shell it ſelf may have.
Your

Mr. Lhwyd to Mr. Ray. 253
Your Opinion of Cartilagineous Fiſhes poiſing and
raiſing themſelves ſeems probable to me. I am not
able to reſolve you about thoſe blood Veſſels of Vi.
pers, Serpents and Fiſhes, which you mention.
How do the Cetaceous Fiſhes raiſe and poiſe them-
felves? I think they ſpout Water. How doth the
I
Lamprey, the Mullus, the Anchovie, the Draco mari-
nus, the Tunny, the Drum Fiſh (Tamburo) the Ura-
nofcopus, the Dolphin, the Centrina, the Skate, Tor-
pedo, Rana Piſcatrix, Scorpius major, the Bull Head,
&c. which Signior Redi in a late Book affirms to have
no Air or ſwimming Bladder, raiſe and poiſe them-
ſelves?
Mr. Lhwyd to Mr. Ray.
T'
Honoured Sir,
HE Holywell Mofe ſeem'd to me a variety 9o. 270.,
(tho' perhaps it may be a diſtinct Species) of
the Muſcus Trichomanis facie, &c. Jungermanni. The
common People will not have it callid Mw/wg? [Moffe]
but Gwiribh; which Word is no where elſe uſed in
any other fignification than for a Virgin : And here
perhaps it may allude to the Virgin St. Winnifrid, and
might have been formerly callid Gwälht Gwiribh, i.e.
Capillus Virginis. Georg. Agricola * ſays that the Stones
ſmelling of Violets, acquire that ſmell from a Moſſe
adhering to them; but Wormius in his Muſeum,
p. 38. ſays a piece of one of thoſe Stones kept in his
Muſeum many Years, having no Moſſe adhering to it,
did ſtill retain that Scent. I deſign to ſend for ſome
of the Mofſe and Stone, when I have an opportuni-
* De Nat, Fof] l. 1. c. 5.
ty:

254 Mr. Lhwyd to Mr. Ray.
ter.
ty, and then we may hope to be able to judge better
of this phenomenon. I have ſent to my Correſpondent
to enquire farther about the Truth of the Relation of
the Ear of Rye : Mr. John Aubrey writes to me, that
he could give a gueſs how the Ear might come in,
but that it would not be fit to be inſerted in a Let-
In the fame Letter he acquaints me that a young
Corniſh Gentleman aſſures him, that he has lately ob-
ſerv'd in Catalonia, and amongſt the Pyrenean Hills,
many Britiſh Words amongſt the Natives, I did not
think that any young Corniſh Gentlemen had under-
ſtood Britiſh; however this wants 4 Confirmation,
and 'tis poſſible this Gentleman having pick'd out five
or fix parallel Words (which is eaſily done out of any
Language in theſe Parts of Europe) took it for grant-
ed, from their guttural pronunciation, that there
might be many more. 6 Het informs me that he
He was preſent when a Stone was broken by Work-
men, which lay upon the top of the Ground, where-
in was contained a Toad; in Form and Colour al-
6 together reſembling the common one, tho' ſome-
" thing leſs; which being laid upon the Ground
crawled about as long as the Sun ļhone warm up-
“ on it, but towards Night died. I examin'd the
66 Stone (ſays he) and ſuppos'd it at firſt to be of an
f6 extraordinary open texture, or elſe the hole where-
“ in the Toad lay to have fome private communica-
$ tion with the Air; but upon a more ſtrict enqui-
ry I found the Stone of a cloſe Grit, but that place
6 eſpecially where ſhe lodged, to be of a much har:
“ der texture, much of the nature of the Iron Stone
(6 which the Workmen call an Iron Band.
Upon the reading your Diſcourſe of the Rains conti-
nually waſhing away, and carrying down Earth from the
Mountains *, it puts me in mind of ſomething perți-
a
G
CG
a
2
+ Dr. Richardſon of North Bierley in Yorkſhire.
Diſol. of the World, p. 44.
nent

Mr. Lhwyd to Mr. Ray. 25$
hent thereto, which I have obſery'd in the Mountains
of Caernarvonſhire, viz.
1. Firſt, That generally the higher the Hills arez
the more ſteep are their Precipices and Declivities,
(I except the Sea Rocks) thus Moel y Wydhrba, ģ
Grib gótch, and twenty others that might be named
reputed the higheſt Hills in Wales; have the ſteepeſt
Rocks of any Mountains I have ſeen; and that not
only in their higheſt Cliffs, but alſo in moſt of their
other Crags, till you deſcend to the lower Valleys:
This I can aſcribe to nothing elſe but the Rains and
Snow which fall on thoſe great Mountains, I think,
in ten times the Quantity they do on the lower Hills
and Valleys.
2. I have obſerv'd a conſiderable Quantity of the
Chips or Parings (if I may ſo call them) of theſe
Cliffs to lie in vaft Heaps at the Roots of them; and
theſe are of ſeveral Sorts and Materials; being in ſome
Places cover'd with Graſs, and in others as bare as the
Sea Shore: And thoſe bare Places do confift fome-
times of Gravel, and an innumerable Number of
Rock Fragments, from a Pound Weight to twenty;
&c. and are ſometimes compoſed of huge Stones,
from an hundred Pound Weight to ſeveral Tuns.
3. In the Valleys of Lhanberys and Nant-Phrancong
the People find it neceſſary to rid their Grounds of-
ten of the Stones which the Mountain Floods bring
down; and yet notwithſtanding this Care, they of
ten loſe conſiderable Parcels of Land.
4. I affirm, That by this means not only fuch
Mountains as conſiſt of much Earth and ſmall Stones.
or of fofter Rocks, and ſuch as are more eaſily diſfo-
luble, are thus waſted, but alſo the hardeſt Rocks
in Wales; and they ſeem to be as weighty, and of
as firm and cloſe a Texture as Marble it felf. It
happen'd in the Valley of Nant-Phrancon, Anno 1685.
that Part of a Rock of one of the impendent Cliffs,
call’d or Hyſvaë, became ſo undermined (doubtleſs
by

256
Mr. Lhwyd to Mr. Ray.
a
by the continual Rains and ſubterraneous Veins of
Water occaſion’d by them) that loſing its Hold it
fell down in ſeveral Pieces, and in its Paſſage down a
ſteep and craggy Cliff, diſlodged thouſands of other
Stones, whereof many were intercepted e'er they
came down to the Valley, but as much came down
as ruin'd a ſmall Piece of Ground; and ſeveral Stones
were ſcatter'd at leaſt 200 Yards afunder. In this
Accident one great Stone, the biggeſt remaining
Piece of the broken Rock, made ſuch a Trench in
its Deſcent, as the ſmall Mountain Rills commonly
run in; and when it came down to the plain Ground,
it continu'd its Paſſage through a ſmall Meadow,
and a conſiderable Brook, and lodged it ſelf on the
other ſide it. From hence I gather, that all the o-
+ ther vaſt Stones that lie in our mountainous Valleys,
have by ſuch Accidents as this fallen down: Unleſs
perhaps we may do better to refer the greateſt Part
of them to the univerſal Deluge. For conſidering
there are ſome thouſands of them in theſe two Val-
leys [of Lhanberys and Nant-Pbrancon] whereof (for
what I can learn) there are but two or three that
have fallen in the Memory of any Man now living;
in the ordinary Courſe of Nature we ſhall be com-
pelled to allow the rest many thouſands of Years
more than the Age of the World. But I have
been too tedious in things that are no information to
you, for which I muſt beg your pardon ; tho' I can-
i
not forbear to add two other particulars, which
ſeem'd very ſingular. Firſt. At the higheſt Parts of
the Glyder, (a Mountain about the height of Cader
Idris) there are prodigious heaps of Stones, many of
them of the largeneſs of thoſe of Stonehenge, but of
all the irregular Shapes imaginable, and they all lie
in as much Confufion as the Ruins of a Building can
be ſuppoſed to do. Now I muſt confeſs I cannot
well imagine how this has happen'd; for that ever
they ſhould be indeed the ruines of ſome Edifice, I
can

Mr. Lhwyd to Mr. Ray. 2599
can by no means allow, in regard that moſt of them
are as irregular as thoſe Stones are that have fallen to
the Valleys; we muſt then allow them to be the Skele-
ton of the Hill expoſed to open view by Rains, Snow,
&c. but then how came they to lie acroſs each others
in this Confuſion, ſome of them being of an oblong
flat Form, having their two ends, ex. gr. E. and W.
others laid athwart theſe; ſome of them laid flat, but
many of them inclining being ſupported by other
Stones at the one end, &c. I muſt confeſs I have
ſeen nothing that appear’d to me ſo ſtrange as this in
all thoſe Mountains. Had they been in a Valley I had
preſently concluded they had fallen from the Neigh-
bouring Rocks, but being on the very ſummit of the
Hill they ſeem to me unaccountable. I know it might
ſerve to confirm Dr. Burnet's Hypotheſis, but for my
part tho' I admire his Learning and Ingenuity, yet I
muſt confeſs I cannot (as yet) reconcile his Opini-
ons either to Scripture or Reaſon; tho' I have not
ſeen either of thoſe Books that are written againſt
him. The other Obſervation is not ſo unaccountable
as it is ſingular, and in ſome reſpects oppoſite to the
former, viz. on the N.W ſide of the ſame Hill there
is, amongſt many others, one naked Precipice, as
ſteep as any I have ſeen ; but ſo adorn'd with nume- +
vous equidiſtant Pillars, and theſe again flightly croſſed
at certain Joints, that ſhould Dr. Burnet lee it, I be
lieve he would ſay it is one ſmall Pattern of the
Frame of the Antediluvian Earth. I muſt confeſs I
admir'd it almoſt as much as he does (lib. I. c.9.)
his Precipice by the Mediterranean Sea; to which,
after a long Encomium, he ſays, Vale Auguſta ſedes
rege digna, &c. though I muſt grant that the Shepe
herd, who was my Guide, was far from wiſhing him
ſelf a Manſion at this Palace.
Oxf. Feb. 30. 169r.
L1

258
3
so
con Mr. Ray to Dr. Robinſon.
W
SIR,
HAT you write of the Peetunculites found in
England, I grant to be true, in compariſon
with any PeEtanculi commonly known; but there may
be ſuch Species found in our Seas which do not ap-
pear, but lye among Rocks, or in great Depths. And
That this is not a mere Subterfuge, and altogether gra-
tis diétum, I will give you an inſtance of a teftaceous
Fiſh, that is the Echinus marinus, three or four where-
of Mr. Willughby and my ſelf found, and took up a-
live in the Sea, among the Rocks between the Iſle
and Calf of Man, of that kind and bigneſs, as I ne-
ver heard before to have been found caſt upon our
Shores, or drawn out of the Sea by our Fiſhermen ;
they were as big as both my Fifts. I have ſeen of
them in Italy.
You muſt excuſe me if I think the Nautili Shells,
that are frequent in Muſeums, are entire Shells, and
not broken pieces; for in ſuch as I have ſeen there is
no appearance of any fracture, and the enormous wide-
neſs of the Mouth argues it not to be broken : And
beſides, I my ſelf have taken up on the Shores of the
Mediterranean ſmall Nautilus-Shells of the ſtriate kind
entire, which for the ſhape and turn were like to the
common great Nautilus-Shells.
How the Cetaceous Fiſhes raiſe, ſink, and poiſe them-
ſelves in the Water, is, I think, clear enough, and
the Dolphin, you know, is of that kind; and for the
other Fiſh you mention out of Franciſco Redi, the
Centrina, Skate and Torpedo are Cartilagineous. OF
the reſt I do not find mention in my Notes of any
ſwimming Bladder they had, excepting the Uranoj
copus,

Mr. Ray to Dr. Robinſon. 259
a
copus, which I do expreflly ſay had a ſmall one.
Thoſe Fiſhes are farther to be examin'd. The Lamprey,
I believe, cannot raiſe it ſelf up in the Water, and I
doubt whether the Bull-Head do or can.
As for the contrary Currents at the Streights,
if
they be at the ſame time, your Argumentation muſt.
needs be good: And Mr. Smith, who was upon the
Spot, and on purpoſe to enquire and obſerve, acknow-
ledges no ſuch thing; but inſiſts upon an under Cur-
rent: And as for the Thracian Boſphorus, he confi-
dently affirms that the Current conſtantly ſets out-
ward, I mean from the Euxine Sea. I am not con-
cern’d that the Current (at the Streights, I mean,)
ſhould conſtantly, and only ſet inward, and it would
fuit my Hypotheſis better that it ſhould be indiffe-
rent.
ons.
I have read over your Peyers Merz'cologia, and do
own him to be an ingenious and careful Writer; but
yet in ſome few things I muſt needs differ from him,
they being contrary to my Opinions and Obſervati-
For I have many Years ago, with as much di-
ligence as I could, examin'd the Stomachs of Kine.
I doubt whether Mr. Lewenhoeck's Obſervations be
exact; for in thoſe of the Seeds of Plants I find him
miſtaken in fome, v.g. Radiſ, Turneps, and others
of that kind, which I have forty times diffected and
opend with my Hands, and ſeen clearly with my na-
ked Eyes. He faith they have four Leaves, and fi-
,
gures them accordingly, whereas they have but two
only, with a notch or crena at the top; but that not
very deep, ſo as to make any fhew or appearance of
two Leaves. And it's clear, by their coming up, that
they have but two Leaves, for they bring up the very
fame that were encloſed in the Secd. And Signior
Malpighi agrees exactly with me both in the number
of Leaves, and the manner of their complication,
both in his Figures and Deſcriptions.
B. N. March 34.91.
L12
Mr.

260
Mr. Ray to Dr. Robinſon.
S Deer
SIR,
INCE my laſt to you I find that our Fallow
Deer is not the Cervus palmatus of Geſner, but
by the conſent of Clufius, Bellonius, and Peyerus, the
Platyceros of Pliny, lib. 2.6. 37. deſcribed by Belloni-
us, but in ſome particulars erroneouſly, v. g. with a
long Tail. It is vulgularly callid Dama, but is not
the
Dama of the Ancients. The French call it Dain,
and the Germans Dam-hirſch; ſo that what the Cer-
yus palmatus is I am yet to ſeek.
I am at ſome lofs about the place of the Camelopar-
dalis. I think there is good reaſon to place him a-
mong the Ruminantia cornigera, but whether he be
of the Cervinum genus or no, is queſtionable, ſeeing
his Horns are not ramoſe, as all the reſt of that kind
are.
In the Year 1667 I ſaw in the Strand a ſtrange A-
nimal, (Deer they call'd it) of which all the Notes I
took are theſe: It was near of a Fox-colour, its Body
bigger than a Goat, but of a like make; the Horns
black, not branched, once wreathen, not large; the
Ears long, and hanging down like a Hounds. It had
two Wattles under the Throat, ſuch as are ſeen in
{ome Hogs. I ſaw it eat Hay and Barley, and it was
very tame. If the Horns of this Creature were round,
which I am in ſome doubt of, it's clear that it muſt
be fome Species of Gazell.
Your conjecture that Poor John is nothing elſe bur
the Hake falted and dried, ſeems to me very like-
ly:

Mr. Ray to Dr. Robinſon. 261
tions.
ly; but where they may be had I deſire demonſtra-
.
I never very curiouſly obſerv'd Trouts, becauſe they
do not often coine in my way, there being none in
the Countrey near us. I believe I was 30 Years of Age
before ever I ſaw one. Sprats I know to be nothing
elſe but the young fry of Herrings and Pilchards; both
which Fiſhes come to their full growth in a Years
time or leſs, and then breed. Upon this occaſion I
will communicate to you a particular which hath a
long time perplex'd me, and that is, whether all Fiſlo
cast all their Spawn at once : I mean in one Year, or
only part of it, retaining part for future partus's.
That Herrings caft all I am confident, finding none
in fhotten Herrings. It is a Principle with me that
all Animals have, from their very firſt formation, the
Eggs or Seeds of all the Young they ſhall ever bring
forth; for when they are once exhauſted and ſpent,
the Animal becomes effete. Now a Fiſh at every birth
caſting forth ſuch an innumerable number of Eggs as
are contain'd in her whole Row, it ſeems ftrange
there ſhould remain Seed-Eggs enough, let them be
never ſo ſmall, as to fuffice many years Births; and
yet the whole Maſs of them together to be fo little and
inconſiderable, as not to be ſo much as taken notice
of by any Naturaliſt.
I find among my Papers a ſhort Deſcription I took
of the Skeleton of the Elephant, in the Duke of Flo-
rence's Muſeum, and therein this Deſcription of the
Bones of the Feet. The Toes of the fore-Feet, or
rather the Bones of the Metacarpium are five; for it
hath properly no Toes at all, but only five Ungule
upon theſe five Bones, which appear without ſide the
Skin. The like is ſaid of the Bones of the Metatarſus,
in the hind-Feet: It follows, the Ungule of theſe hin-
der-Feet are ſmall, round, and blunt. So it ſeems
this Animal hath that peculiarity to have no Toes in
his Feet. And it is doubtful whether his Nails be
Ungule

262 Sir Hans Sloane to Mr. Ray.
Ungulæ or Ungues, they being round and blunt, and
covering the very tops of his Toes.
B. N. April 15-92.
Sir Hans Sloane to Mr. Ray.
I
SIR,
London, May 20th. 1692.
Have lately ſeen a Collection of Petrifications with
Mr. Beaumont; amongſt the reſt is the Lapis
Aſtroites, which is a ſort of Coral generated in the
Seasbetween the Tropicks; and it ſeem'd to be
ſo clearly that, as nothing plainer. 'Tis turn'd to
Flint, and the Interſtices between the ſtarry Pores are
tranſparent. One of this kind he ſhewed to me was
half petrify'd, the other half remaining, like a com-
mon Star Stone. He ſhew'd me likewiſe many Im-
preſſions of ſeveral Plants in Slatt, as Ferns, Flags,
&c. very fair and plain, with ſeveral Stalks of Plants
petrify’d and enclos'd in Flint, which he talks of pub-
liſhing together with ſome Figures of, and reaſonings
upon them.
Mr. Ray's Anſwer to Dr. Robinſon.
SIR,
I
Receiv'd yours of March 20th, in an anſwer where-
to I can only tell you as to the firſt particular,
about Biſulc and Quadriſulc, that the Reaſons why
I conjecture the Rhinocerot and Hippopotamus to be
4driſulc are, (what I intimated before) the bigneſs and
poſition of the outward Hoofs, as they are repre-
fented in the Sculps, not being ſet at that diſtance
2S

Mr. Ray's Anſwer to Dr. Robinſon. 263
out.
a
as they are in Biſulc Animals; and the Authority of
Columna, as to the Hippopotamus who (had the hind
Ungulæ been like to, and ſituate in like manner, as in
other Biſulc Animals) would never have made fuch
a Remark upon it, viz. that its Feet were Quadri-
fulc.
As to the ſecond concerning the Viper, I believe
that the Eggs have no Coheſion with the Uterus,
neither the Young; I have eaſily turn'd the Eggs
And in the Young, when ready for excluſion,
I have indeed obferv'd a Navel String; but it ſeem'd
to be nothing but one ſingle Membrane, which ſer-
ved only as an Infundibulum for the Yolk of the Egg
into the Inteſtine of the young Viper; juſt as I have
feen in young Dog-Fiſs, in the Belly of the old one, ,
half, or a good part of the Yolk hanging out of the
Body at the Infundibulum. It ſeems to me not at all
likely that Creatures of the ſame Genus ſhould have
a different manner of Generation; and we ſee this
hatching of Eggs, properly ſo call’d, in the Belly,
exemplify'd in Cartilagineous Fiſh.
I have ſome reaſon to doubt of what you and Dr.
Tyfon write concerning Adders having no Veſiculæ Se-
minales. A Male that I diſſected had a long Veſicula
replete with Sperm, (as I took it to be) like the Milt
of a Fiſh, extending the whole length of the Belly ;
but I did not carefully examine it, and therefore might
be miſtaken, and it might be nothing but fat.
B. N. June 1.-92.
Mr. Ray to Dr. Robinſon.
SIR,
UR principal Phyſician at Braintree, Mr. Allen,
my Acquaintance and Friend, hath diſcoverá
hereabouts flying Glow-worms; and I doubt not but
they
O

264 Mr. Ray to Dr. Robinſon.
a
a
a
they are every where to be found, being nothing elſe
but a kind of long-bodied Beetle, though they ſhine
not in this Countrey. They anſwer exactly to Al-
drovand's Deſcription of the Cicindela volans of Italy.
The reaſon why I mention this, is becauſe this Gen-
tleman meeting with this Beetle, and finding by ſtrict
Obſervation that the Body of it anſwer'd exactly in
Figure to that of a creeping Glow-worm, ſuſpected
it to be the Male Glow-worm; and having fome creep-
ing Glow-worms by him, put this Animal into a Box
with one of them, which after ſome ſhort time cou-
pled with it: But becauſe the Box whereinto they
were put was ſmall and ſhut, to confirm the Experi-
ment, he put a creeping Glow-worm into an open
Box, and a flying one to her, which fluttering with
his Wings, did preſently, in his fight, march to the
creeping one, and couple with her. How this can
accord with what Mr. Waller delivers of the winged
Cicindelæ, that they are both Male and Female, and
couple together, I fee not, unleſs we ſay that there
are two forts of flying Glow-worms; the one fort
having both Sexes flying, and the other being the
Male of the creeping. For Dr. Plot's Salvo will not
here ſerve the turn, viz. that the Animal in which
Vintimiglia made the firſt Experiment, might be pru-
rient with Luit, and being ſhut up in a Glaſs with
creeping Glow-worms, might couple with them, as
Horſes do with ſhe-Aſſes. For in our Caſe the flying
Glow-worm was not pamper'd, as wild Creatures fel-
dom are, nor with-held from thoſe of his own Kind
for ſome time, and was at his free liberty in the Box
to take his flight away.
B. N Fuly 8.--92.
Mr.

265
a
Mr. Lhwyd to Mr. Ray.
Honoured SIR,
Oxford, Ostob.7.-92.
WI
HEN your laſt Letter came, I was at London
about a Legacy of Books, Medals, and Pictures,
bequeathed by Mr. Aſhmole to the Univerſity; ſince
which Time I have been ſo continually employ'd in
taking a Catalogue of them, that I have had but
ſmall Leiſure to go abroad to make any
Diſcoveries.
My Diſcoveries in Form'd Stones of late are but few.
I have a Stone almoſt a Foot long, (but broken in
ſeveral Pieces) ſomething of the Colour, Shape, and
Politeneſs of a Rhinocerot's Horn, which perhaps is
congenerous with that they call Unicornu Foſile : And
have alſo found at Witney and Charleton in Oxford-
Mire, and Faringdon in Berkſhire, ſeveral very odd pea
trified Bones, to me at preſent unaccountable, and
like to continue ſo, at leaſt wiſe a long time. At pre-
ſent I only ſuſpect them to be the Bones of ſome ma-
rine Creatures : 'Tis certain they differ totally from
the Bones of any Land-Animals at preſent in the Iſland;
and we have no reaſon to imagine that this Countrey
was poſſeſſed anciently of any other Land-Animals
than what it is at preſent, unleſs we ſhould give way
to Dr. Burnet's Hypotheſis, or ſome ſuch other In-
vention. I have alſo two Foflils, which ſeem to be
Fragments of Fiſh-Jaws petrified, each of them ha-
ving their Teeth (to wit Toad-ftones, or the Occhiedi
Serpi of the Malteſe) placed in their natural Order,
as they are in the Lupus, and probably in ſome other
Fiſh. I have likewiſe diſcovered very elegant Stones
of thoſe Kinds, which I have called Siliquaſtrum and
Punetularia. As for the Cornua Hammonis, I am now
ſatisfy’d they are all of the Nautilus Kind, and of
ſuch-
M m

266
Mr. Lhwyd to Mr. Ray.
a
ſuch-like Shells; but as you ſay, what's become of
all theſe Species, if they are petrified Shells? I ſay
they are all of the Nautilus Kind, not that any of them
ſcarce refemble the known Species of Nautili, (for
ſuch as do have been called by Calceolarius and More
cardo, Nautili, &c. and not Cornua Hammonis) but
becauſe they conſiſt of ſeveral Articulations, which
is a Structure agrees with no other Shells but the Nau-
tili. The Sutures upon them, which Boccone and o-
thers compare to Oak-Leaves, are nothing elſe but
the Commiffures of the Joints; and theſe Joints no-
thing elſe but the Spar, or other Stone, filling the
Cavities of the Cells in the Nautilus : And this I con-
clude from one or two Specimens I have found, which
have the Shell ſtill remaining in the Interſtices of the
Joints. That Figure of the Joints which I compared
to Vertebre is acquir'd from the Shape of the Septum,
or Partition in the Shell. I think Olaus Wormius was
the first that compared any Cornu Ham. to a Nauti-
lus.
Capt. Hatton to Mr. Ray.
T
SIR,
Octob. 25. 1692.
THOSE few Plants of Rauwolfius's Collection,
publiſh'd in the Appendix to the Hiſtoria Lug-
dunenfis, got him fo great Fame amongſt the Lovers
of Botany, that I have heard Iſaac Voſſius declare,
above 400 l. Sterling had been offer'd for the
4 fpecious Volumes he had of dried Plants collected
by Rauwolfius; and to moſt Strangers who came to
fee his deſervedly famed Library, he conſtantly thew'd
thoſe amongit his other moſt valuable Books: And
very few Books writ in any modern Language are
mention'd

Capt. Hatton to Mr. Ray. 267
my O-
mention'd with a higher Encomium than Rauwolfius’s
Itinerary is; but being printed about 100 Years fince,
it is very rare, and being never tranſlated out of high
Dutch, (in which Language it was writ) it is unintel-
ligible to thoſe who do not underſtand the German
Tongue, which occafioned me ſome Time ſince, in
Diſcourſe with our learned and ingenious Friends,
Dr. Sloane and Dr. Robinſon, to expreſs my Senti-
ments, that I believ'd a Tranſlation of it into Engliſh
would be very acceptable to all the ingenious Perſons
of our Nation; and they both concurring
in
pinion, Dr. Sloane borrow'd it out of the Library of
the Royal Society, and Mr. Staphorſt is about the
Tranſlation of it into Engliſh, and hath near finiſh'd
it. But before it be publiſh'd, it would be very ne-
ceſſary, not only that the Style of the Tranſlation
(which is perform’d by a German) ſhould be corrected
by a Maſter of the Engliſh Language, but that the
Author himſelf ſhould be animadverted on in ſome
Places. The learned and famed Ludolphus, in his in-
comparable Commentary on his Æthiopick Hiſtory,
hath reproved him, for aſſerting that the Unicorn was
in the Abyſſin's Countrey. But Rauwolfius doth not
pretend to have been there, only relates it from
one, his Affection to whom had biaſs'd his Judgment;
and it is much to be fear'd, that even the perſpica-
cious and judicious Ludolphus himſelf may have been
impoſed upon in ſome things he aſſerts by the Credi-
bility he gives to the Relator. And conſidering, that
ſince the Time Rauwolfius travell'd into Aſia, the
Manners and Cuſtoms of thoſe Countries may have
been alter'd and chang’d; and ſome have been more
fully diſcovered than he could in his ſhort Stay in thoſe
Parts
. It was highly to be wiſh'd that ſome Perſon,
duly qualified for ſuch an Undertaking, would, where
requiſite, make ſome brief Animadverſions and Diluci-
dations : And if any Perſon of great and deſerved
Fame would in a ſhort Preface give ſome Account of
M m 2
the
.
a

268 Capt. Hatton to Mr. Ray.
a
the Author, (whoſe Life is not as I know related by
any Perſon but Melchior Adamus, and that with his
wonted Brevity) and by a favourable Character of the
Work give it a Recommendation, it would be an In-
vitation to all ingenious Perſons to peruſe it; for
which Atchievment there is no Perſon on Earth ſo
duly qualify'd as the juſtly renown'd Ray. There-
fore pardon me, Sir, if I join my humble Deſires
to thoſe of our afore-mention'd worthy Friends, that
you would pleaſe to give a new Life to Rauwolfius,
put him into a fit Garb and Dreſs to appear in, and
by your Paſſport and Recommendation, make his
Converſe not only acceptable, but deſirable to all the
ingenious Men of our Nation, which if you will
pleaſe ſo far to condeſcend as to perform, Mr. Smith
engages to return you in a fitring Manner his Thanks
for the Benefit he ſhall receive by the Book, being
thereby render'd much more vendible; and all Perſons
of Learning or Ingenuity will, I doubt not, acknow-
ledge it as an Obligation from you to them.
Whilft I am now writing, a Weſtmorland Acquain-
tance of mine.coming to ſee me, in Diſcourſe did ac-
,
cidentally mind me of the Surprize I was in, ſome
Years ſince, at Lowther Hall in Cumberland, the
Houſe of Sir John Lowther : Seeing at Sir John's Ta-
ble a fresh Water Trout, which was 38 Inches in
Length, and 27 in Girth, taken in Hull's Water, a
large Lake in Weſtmorland, in which, I was aſſured
by Sir John, and other Perſons of unqueſtionable Cre-
dit, Trouts of that Size (nay larger) are frequently
taken. I thought fit to mention this to you, not
knowing whether you have ſeen or heard of theſe
Trouts, or any other of that Bigneſs, commonly ta-
ken in England. I am, Sir, to your ſelf, Lady, and
Family, with all due Honour and Regard, &c.
>
Mr.

269
Mr. Aubrey to Mr. Ray.
TH
SIR,
London, December 15. 1692.
THERE are Water Black-birds about Rent-
comb in Cotſwald, which I never heard of be-
+
fore, &c. * Mr. Gibſon of Queen's College, Oxon. of
Weſtmorland, faith, that in Weftmorland, Eagles do
breed in Willow-Cragg in the Pariſh of Bampton.
I remember the Salt-petre Men told me heretofore,
that in Ground abounding with Salt-petre they find
a little yellow Inſect, as yellow as Gold, which is a
good Indication to them for Salt-petre. In Mr.Wild's
Woods, at Totham in Eſſex, an Eagle was kill'd about
8 Years ſince, whoſe Wings extended 9 Foot long.
Mr. Wyld has one of the Feathers,
Mr. Lhwyd to Mr. Ray.
TH
SIR,
HE Account you have been pleas’d to give me
of your Tract concerning the Diſſolution of the
World, makes me think it very long till I ſee it. Your
Diſcourſe of Form'd Stones comes in very opportune-
ly, and indeed muſt neceſſarily affect the Reader with
its Novity and Clearneſs of Argument.
As to the Foſſil Oiſters, and my other Obſervations
of late in this Kind, they do I muſt confeſs confirm
me in my Apoftafy; for I have been inclined to a
Misbelief of their being Mineral Forms, ever ſince I
found the firſt Ichthyoſpondylus, viz. above a Year
Gince. If I had Abilities of travelling one or two
afterwards Pep. of Sonden.
Şummers,
+
Who was

270 Mr. Lhwyd to Mr. Ray.
a
Summers, I believe I could make this Matter clear
enough, and beyond Diſpute.
p. 254.2454., I have alſo an Ear of Rye out of Dolgelbe Pariſh,
Meiryonydhſhire, that was taken out of the Side of an
Infant. The Truth whereof is ſo well atteſted, that
as yet I fully believe it. When the Child was born,
he had a Protuberance on the Left Side under the
Ribs, about the Bigneſs of a Small-Nut; all the Su-
ftenance given him for fix Weeks he vomited, and
did not thrive at all: About which Time the Knob
broke; and the Mother furpriz'd at ſome odd thing
ſhe ſaw therein, callid to her Husband, who obſery-
ing the Straw End to peep in and out, as the Child
cried, or was quiet; he held it between his Nails, and
pluck'd out this Ear. The Mother apply'd a Plantain
Leaf to the Sore, and 'twas well in 24 Hours. Your
Opinion how it came there would be acceptable. My
Lord of Bangor has ſent to me to deſire your Opinion
9.9853, of the Holywell Moſs, as to its ſweet Scent. 'Tis
very true that it ſmells ſweet (as I my ſelf experienced
Anno 88.) at the very Place. Whence it acquires
its Scent is the Queſtion: My Lord thinks it ſweet-
en'd by Art; but then he knows not perhaps that it
has that Smell in its native Place.
Oxford, Dec. 20. -92.
Sir Hans Sloane to Mr. Ray.
SIR,
London, Feb. 16. 169
Should have ſome time ſince given you my Thanks
I
for the Favour you did me in ſending me one of
your Books of Phyſico-Theological Diſcourſes; which
I now do, aſſuring you at the ſame time, that you
have me very much at your Command and Service.
I have

Sir Hans Sloane to Mr. Ray. 271
I have peruſed moſt part of Rauwolf's Voyage; which
being only extant in High Dutch, and that underſtood
by very few, I thought would do well in Engliſh, and
ſo borrowed it from the Royal Society: And Capt.
Hatton being deſirous of it likewiſe, we put it into
the Hands of Mr. Staphorſt, who has done it as you
fee, I think pretty clear; tho' the making it good
Language, and the Notes, are left wholly to you.
Some Paſſages are not to be well tranſlated, becauſe
of differing Cuſtoms and Proverbs; but I think ſo
far as the natural Hiſtory is concern'd it may be un-
derſtood. Authors make Mention of a fourth Part
of this Work printed the next Year, viz. in 1583,
which is very true; for ſome of the Plants of Rau-
wolfe mention'd by him, and deſcribed in this Jour-
nal, were engraven in Wood, and without any far-
ther Deſcriptions, only References in the Margin to
the Deſcriptions in the Pages of the Journal, make
up a fourth Book, or Part;
which, with a new Ti-
tle Page, was what made the ſecond Edition; the
Book in Pages, &c. without Cuts, and of the firſt
Edition in 1582, being exactly the ſame as with the
fourth Part, and Cuts, in 1583. The Compiler of
the Hiſtoria Lugdunenſis at the latter End, in an Ap-
pendix, takes all theſe Cuts, bating ſome few, which
had been graved in the Body of that Hiſtory; and ad-
ding the Deſcriptions out of the Journal to the Cuts,
makes that Appendix which we have at the latter
End of that Work. I think this Work a very curi-
ous one in ſeveral natural Remarks, as in the ſpiral cut-
ting of the Poppy-heads, in making Opium, &c. I
have likewiſe follicited hard to get one Martin's Book
of Greenland tranſlated and printed. It was done in-
to order from his Mouth by Martin Fogelius of Ham-
burgh, and there printed 1673 in 4to. with many
Cuts of Birds, Plants, &c. of thoſe Parts, and is not
extant that I hear of in any Language but Dutch. I
have ſeen two Plants from the Cape of Good-hope; they
I
2
arc

272 Sir Hans Sloane to Mr. Ray.
are both coniferous Trees, and one has a Seed pap>
pous, or rather feathered, like the Seeds of Viorna ;
but with thoſe Seeds of Feathers ſticking between the
Scales, it makes one of the lovelieſt Cones I ever be-
held, if you add that the Leaves are covered with
the longeſt, whiteſt, and thickeſt Tomentum I ever
faw, being elſe like to the Leaves of a Willow. The
other Cone has its Seed in the middle, and not be-
tween the Scales, but at top of the Cone together z.
and is alſo feathered.
Mr. Ray's Anſwer to Sir Hans Sloane.
Y.
SIR,
OU have done well in procuring Rauwolf's Iti-
nerary to be tranſlated and publiſhed in Engliſh.
I wonder indeed ſo good a Book hath lain ſo long
locked up in High Dutch. The Tranſlator hath done
his Part as well as could be expected from a Foreigner:
I have reviſed it, and alter'd the Phraſe and Language
where I thought it leſs Grammatical, or conſonant to
the Idiom of the Engliſh Tongue, or to the Words
approved now, by Uſe among the learned and civil
Part of the Nation. Annotations (either parallel or
additional out of other Writers, or corrective, or fig-
nificative of the partial Alterations of Cuſtoms and
Manners fince Rauwolf's Time, which, as Captain
Hatton fuggeſted to me well, muſt in all likelihood
have happen'd in the Space of above an hundred
Years) I have had no Leiſure to add, but have re-
ferred that Task to Dr. Robinſon, who I hope will
perform it well. A Catalogue of more rare Oriental
Plants growing in thoſe Parts where Rauwolf travel-
led, I have drawn up, to be added to the End of the
Work,

Mr. Ray to Sir Hans Sloane. 273
Work, referring ſuch as are found therein to the Page
where they are mentioned or deſcribed.
The Work you mention of Martin's, &c. muſt
needs be a curious Piece, if well done, and deſerves
to be tranſlated and publiſhed: If well done I ſay,
for if Martin did not take Notes from the Plants and
Animals lying before him, but dictated to Fogelius
from his Memory, his Deſcriptions cannot be exact.
The two Trees you mention from the Cape of
Good-hope are very curious, fingular and extraordi-
nary.
I am ſorry my Book wanted the Advantage your
Memoirs and Figures would have given it, in refe-
rence to the Earthquake at Jamaica : But my
Defcri-
ption and Notes concerning it were huddled up in
Hafte, (the Preſs ſtopping all that while) and ſent up
to London in looſe Papers, as you may perceive by
the Confuſedneſs of them; and truly you did not
then come into my Mind, elſe I ſhould have made
them ſtay a little longer, till I had written to you
concerning it. If ever the Book come to another
Impreſſion, they may then be added to it.
Black Notley, April 10. --93.
Mr. Lhwyd to Mr. Ray.
I
SIR,
Oxford, Dec. 12. 1693.
Obſerved near Kidwely in Caermardhinwire this
laſt Summer, that the Gryllo-Talpe live there in
the Sea-Lands that are covered every Tide. I brought
one of them with me, and cannot find that they difa
fer from thoſe of the Midland Countries. In Wales
they are called Rhing y Lês. q. d. Stridor æftivitatis.
I am, &c.
&
N n.
The

274
The Reverend Mr. Pafchal to Mr. Ray.
SIR
T
a
HERE ſeems to be throughout the Univerſe
a Mutual Contranitency between Parts Central
and Circumferential; thoſe emitting and propelling
outwards; theſe reſiſting and repelling inwards. Of
this I have three Inſtances now in my Thoughts.
1. In this, or any other Planetary Syſtem the Sun
ſends forth, chiefly by its Ecliptic Parts; and the
ambient fixed Stars in their reſpective Æthers, and ac-
cording to their Powers, give Bounds, and beat back,
from whence proceeds a Plenitude as abſolute and en-
tire, and cloſe, as the Nature of ſuch a Fluid can ad-
mit of.
2. In this, or any other Planet, the internal Solar
Matter incloſed in its Cortex, moving rapidly about
its own Axis, continually ſteams out moſt directly
and vigorouſly in the Equinoctial Parts: And the en-
compaffing Æther is always, according to its Power,
giving Limits to thoſe Steams, and driving them back.
3. In all thoſe particular mixed Bodies, made ſo as
to ſend outward, chiefly whatever Individuals in any
of the three Kingdoms of Nature, there is an internal
Principle, or Agent, cauſing Efluvia to come forth:
And in the Atmoſphere, in which they are, a Reſi-
ftance to theſe Motions outwards, ſuitable to the Na-
ture and Motions of its Parts, and the Determinations
belonging to thoſe Motions.
Sir, I fancy, but with Submiſſion to better Judg-
I
ments, that if theſe three were with Application and
Diligence look’d into, they might contribute ſome-
thing towards an Explication of lundry Phenomena in
Nature,

Mr. Paſchal to Mr. Ray.
275
a
Nature, ſuch as, firſt, Gravity, by which I under-
ſtand the Vis Centripeta in the Parts of a Planet, whe-
ther united, or to fome certain Diſtance ſeparated from
it. This ſeems to be a natural and neceffary Reſult
from ſuch a Plenitude as is named above. Secondly,
the Order, Diſtances, Motions, which their Regu-
larity in the Planetary Syſtem of the Planets, whe-
ther primary or ſecondary, being and moving therein.
Thirdly, thoſe Æftus Atmoſphäre, or Air-Tides, to
which
my laft referred, and thoſe fundry Variations
of the Air, and Effects conſidered in Meteorology,
which poſſibly may be found to owe their Original to,
and to depend upon, thoſe oppoſite Prefiures pro-
ceeding from Parts Central and Circumferential, act-
ing and re-acting upon one another. As for the Vis
gour I noted to attend the Diurnal Motion of the
Earth about its Axis, toward the Moon, in the South-
ing and Anti-Southing Senaries, I am by many Ob-
fervations inclined to think that it comes from the
terreſtrial Efluvia in thoſe Times at liberty to flow
forth more plentifully. And conſequently the Abate-
ment thereof in the Ebbing Senaries is from Advan-
tage then coming to the Circumferential Preſſures, at
liberty to repreſs theſe Efluxes from within the Earth.
Fourthly, Culinary and Vital Fires, both which
Kinds move à Centro ; particularly Life, as to its
Nature, Original, Progreſs, State Sane or morboſe,
Decay and Diffolution, may have ſome Light from a
nearer and accurate Inſpection into theſe. Sir, my
narrow, and but late Obſervation, and that much in-
terrupted, fupplies me with enough to make a Vo-
lume
upon
this noble Subject.
But if there be any thing worth Regard in what
I here offer, he to whom I write will ſee it without
large Diſcourſes. And if there be nothing, I have
in this already ſaid too much. I am, &c.
Chedſey, near Bridgwater, Jan. 20. 1697.
Nn 2
This
a

276 Mr. Paſchal to Mr. Ray.
P.S. Lately reading Mr. Leweng's Obſervation of
Scales in our Skin, it gives me occaſion to reflect up-
on the wiſdom of Nature, in providing for the regu-
lating of Tranſpiration. That the circumferential
preſſure may not hinder it too much, Fiſhes (in their
Elements need a ſtronger and larger Scale than we
do in ours.
This Hypotheſis its learned Author applies in his
following Letters to the Solution of divers Phäno-
mena, as Magnetiſm, the Variations of the Weather,
the Tides, and their Senaries, and the Things he ima-
gines to happen in them (of which ſee the Philof.
Tranf. No. 202.) Alſo to the repoſiting of Foſſile-
Shells in high Mountains, the Life and Health of Ani-
mals, and ſome other Matters. But becauſe the Let-
ters are long, (not to ſay tedious by reaſon the Hypo-
theſis is abſtruſe, and ſomewhat ſtrained) I have
thought they would take up too much Room, un-
leſs I could have been ſo happy as to have obtain'd
Mr. Ray's Anſwers, which no doubt were very con-
fiderable ; but that I could not do with my greateſt
Diligence.
W.D.
Mr. Ray to Dr. Robinſon.
SIR,
OU
are,
I
perceive, not as yet ſatisfied with
the Addition of Provincial Catalogues to Cam-
den : To which I reply, that I am not concerned for
the Beauty or Decorum of the Work; let the Un-
dertakers look to that. As for theſe Catalogues, I
have promiſed them, and they have accepted, and
I muſt be as good as my Word. I have already ſent
up thoſe from Cornwall to Kent, and have received
a Letter of Thanks from Mr. Gibſon, who manages
the whole Work for them, and ſeems by his writing
to be a good Scholar; and ingenious Perſon: So that
I perceive they have a great Opinion of my Contri-
butions, and better I think than they do deſerve. I
Y the
a
have

Mr. Ray to Dr. Robinſon. 277
have upon your Suggeſtion made more Additions to
Cornwall: As firſt, I have given them a general Ca-
talogue of all the Sea-Fiſh taken on thoſe Coafts with
Synonymes. 2. A Catalogue of the more rare Sea-
Fowl. 3. An Account of two or three Sorts of
Stones digged there. 4. A ſhort Account of the Im-
provement of the Soil by Sea-Sand. 5. 'A more full
Deſcription of ſome Antiquities, viz. the Hurlers, and
other Stones. 6. Something of the Manners and
Language of the preſent Inhabitants. As for other
Counties, I told them I had neither Will, nor Skill,
nor Leiſure, to do the like.
The Metals, Minerals, and other Foſſils, are many
of them taken notice of by Camden in the Places
where they are found: And as for the Plants, had he
known what had been rare and peculiar in every
County, I perceive, by what he hath done in ſome,
he would have mentioned them in the Places whereof
they are native. And now that I am ſpeaking of Lo-
cal or Provincial Plants, give me Leave to tell you
that I think you labour under a Miſtake, in thinking
I
and aſſerting, that few or no Plants are peculiar to
this or that Shire. Be pleaſed to reſolve me where
Calceolus Marie, Chriſtophoriana, Lyfimachia lutea
flore globoſo, Pentapbylloides fruticoſa, Polygonatum
floribus ex fingularibus pediculis, Pyrola folio mucrona-
to ſerrato. Pyrola Alfines flore Braſiliana, Ribes Alpi-
nus dulcis, Salix pumila montana folio rotundo, Sedum
Alpinum Ericoides cæruleum, Sideritis arvenſis latifolia
birſuta flo. luteo, Thlafpi foliis Globularia, Lunaria val-
culo ſublongo intorto, and Valeriana Græca grow wild
but in your own native Country of Yorkſhire. I could
give you as large a Catalogue of Peculiars in the lit-
tle County of Weſtmorland. But to inſtance no more
particular Shires ; I ſhall only add, that I know very
few Counties in England, wherein I could not in-
ſtance fome Peculiars. But I am come to the End
of my Paper
Mr.

278
Mr. Ray to Dr. Robinſon.
THI
SIR,
B. N. April 11.-94.
HERE are fome Things new in my Synopſ,
Av. & Piſcium. By new, I mean ſuch as were
not comprehended in Mr. Willughby's Works. Thoſe
are Hernandez's Mexican Birds. 2. Some Names and
Deſcriptions of Birds out of Nieuhoff. 3. Frid. Mar-
tens's Spitzberg Birds and Fiſhes. 4. Sir Robert Sib-
balds's Whales. 5. Dr. Sloane's Jamaica Birds and
Fiſhes. 6. Your Birds and Fiſhes taken out of the
Leyden Catalogue : And laſtly ſome few Things out of
Du Tertre. Thoſe Birds of Hernandez being ſhortly
deſcribed, and no Figures added, are very puzzling
and confounding : A little to illuſtrate them, and
make them eaſier to be compared with the Defcri-
ptions of other Authors, I have reduced them to a
kind of Method according to their Bigneſs.
2. I will not confidently affirm that there are in
this Iſland any Topical Plants ſo peculiar to one Place,
or Spot of Ground, as not to be found in any other.
Some Species, which for a long Time I thought to
be ſuch, I afterward found my ſelf miſtaken in; for
Example, Eryngium vulgare S. campeſtre, Rhamnus
ſecundus Cluſii, and Piſum Maritimum Aldeburgenſe;
to which I might add the Box-tree : Yet I am verily
perſuaded there are ſome fuch; as to name no more,
Periclymenum parvum Prutenicum Cluf. and Calceolus
Mariæ. But that there are ſome peculiar to a
County, and that few Counties of any Extent want
ſuch, is my preſent Opinion and Affertion. How-
ever, it is enough for my Purpoſe, and I pretend to
no more, than that there are ſome, for ought hath
yet

Mr. Ray to Dr. Robinſon.
279
yet been diſcovered peculiar to each County, Nay
in theſe Catalogues (added to Camden's Brit.] I pre-
tend not to ſo much, but have entitled them only
Catalogues of more rare Plants growing in this or that
County, not affirming them to be peculiars. You muſt
needs grant, that different Soils and different Climates,
and tempers of Air, produce different Species; and
conſequently the Mountainous and Northern Parts of
this Iſland differ from the more level, depreſſed and
Southern, not to confine our ſelves to Counties. But
enough of this.
Mr. Pafchall to Mr. Ray.
I
SIR,
Was lately thinking that this Globe in ſeveral parts,
and times, and ſtates of it, ſends forth various Ef-
fluvia, Sulphureous, Nitrous, Aqueous, &c. in grea-
ter abundance, one or other, or Compoſitions of them,
as Cauſes concur.
I have ſuſpected, that in this unuſual Conſtitution
of the Air we are now in, the fulphureous Steams
have abounded, partly from beautiful and promiſing
blowing of Fruit-trees, and from the warmth of the
Seaſon, and from the frequent Lightnings we have.
Laſt Night I noted in my own Orchard, in this
my low Countrey Habitation, what confirms me in
it, walking between two fair Codling Hedges I noted
ſomething to fall white upon my Hat: It felt clammy,
and taſted ſweet; I took it off with my Knife, the
white Grains ran into a clear Liquor, and in a ſhort
time I was able to get together a ſmall quantity in-
to a little Gally-pot that I keep ; upon ſhaking of any
Bough this would fall as a Mift doth. All Day in
theſe Hedges was a Noiſe as of a ſwarm of Bees. We
faw

280
Mr. Paſchal to Mr. Ray.
ſaw it lying upon the Leaves as well as Bloſſoms. I
have noted Honey Dews, which do much hurt to our
Corn; but never thus early, nor in this Form of
Manna. Taking ſome on a broad ſmooth Leather, 1
obferv'd they did not diffolve preſently, but run along
as ſmall round Seeds, upon the motion of the Lea-
ther
Chedſey, Apr. 24. 1694.
Mr. Paſchall to Mr. Ray.
SIR,
I
Was engag’d in a Journey when your laſt came;
and obſerv'd in both going out and coming home,
that taking in both the riſing Senaries I was much
leſs weary than I uſe to be if I travel in a falling Seo
nary. This holds with me generally, as I have many
times noted. I alſo noted, as I have done frequent-
ly, that in the Ebbs, the Mid-heaven about the Ze-
nith was clearer, and more free from Clouds in a
cloudy, and Nebule in a nebulous Seaſon, than the
Parts nearer the Horizon; and that it was vice versa
in the Tides.
I know one who commonly finds that if he take
but a very gentle Purgative in a riſing Senary, or the
former part of a Tide, it works not till the ebbing Senary
begins, and then doth very kindly. And he takes it
for a Rule, that in Tides the healthy are beft, and
the fickly worſt; but in Ebbs the contrary holds. He
alſo thinks, upon ſeveral tryals, that the Surface of a
wholſome Earth opened in a Tyde, emits Steams that
are more ſalutary and healing, and corroborating than
the ſame doth ſend forth in Ebbs. But I ſtop a ram-
bling Pen, and ever reft, &c.
Chedfey, May 25, 3694,
P.S.

Mr. Paſchal to Mr. Ray. 281
a
P.S. The miraculous Cure upon the French Maid
was in the midſt of a Tyding Senary; the Power that
effected it made uſe of a heighten'd Imagination, and
a vigorous Seaſon
Of theſe Senaries ſee Mr. Paſchall's Opinion in Phi-
lof. Tranfa&t. Nº 202.
W.D.
TH
.
Here are divers Letters of Mr. Llwyd's to Mr.
Ray, relating to this unuſual Fire here menti-
oned; which I omit publiſhing by reaſon there is an
Account of Mr. Lhwyd's and Mr. Jones's in Phil.
Tranſact. N° 208, 213. but this Letter having ſome
of Mr. Ldwyd's Thoughts about it, not there pub-
lifhd, I thought it convenient to entertain the Rea-
der with it.
W.D.
Mr. Lhwyd to Mr. Ray.
Y:
Honoured Sir,
Oxford, May 27, 1694
Our laſt was of January 22. ſince which time I
have not been able (tho' I have endeavour'd it ve-
ry much by ſending Queries to the Countrey) to give
you any farther and more accurate Account of that pro-
digious Fire I then alarm'd you with. I underſtand on-
ly in general, that it laſted at leaſt three or four Months;
nay ſome add that it ſtill continues, tho' not in the
fame Place; but appears up farther in the Countrey,
and that it has been alſo commonly ſeen on the Sea
Coaſt of Caernarvonſhire. The reaſon that induced
me at the beginning to think of the Locuſts, was on-
ly a random Gueſs, that ſo ſtrange and unheard of Ef-
fects muſt proceed from ſome Cauſe no leſs unuſual:
For if ever our Sea or Land had been capable of their
own Nature to produce ſuch a Meteor, I thould ex-
pect to find it recorded, that at one time or other,
оо

282 Mr. Lhwyd to Mr. Ray.
ven.
in the Revolutions of ſome Centuries, ſuch a thing
had happen'd.
You have probably feen, e'er this, the Phil. Tranſ.
of Febr. where there's all the Account I could give
of the Locuſts, but no Figure of the Animal; tho' I
fent it up, and Mr. Waller promis'd to have it Engra-
I have been inform’d ſince that many of them
have been ſeen amongſt the Sea Weeds at Lhyn in
Caernarvonſhire, and alſo in the Severn Sea in Mon-
mouthſhire. 'Twas my Suſpicion that the infectious
Exhalation of theſe dead Locuſts might kindle, &c.
For Pliny tells us that even whilſt they live, multa con-
tactu adurunt. There has been, and ſtill continues,
a great mortality of Cattel, Horſes, Sheep and Hogs,
about the place where the Fire happen'd; ſome fay
Cattel were wont to dye there formerly, others only
that 'twas no good thriving or feeding Place for
them : But all agree in that it never was Infectious
any thing comparably to what has happen'd this Year.
Theſe Locuſts, it ſeems, came alſo laſt Year into Ger-
many; and Job Ludolphus (as you find by the inclos’d)
deſigns a particular Treatiſe of them; wherein he'll
maintain that the Quails, wherewith the Children of
Ifrael were fed in the Wilderneſs, were no other than
thefe Creatures.
cada
out Mr. Pafchal to Mr. Ray.
SIRI
Lately receiv'd from a worthy Friend in Oxford,
in an eminent Station there, Propoſals for a Me-
ikhod of providing for the Widows and Children of poor
Glergymen; which took ſo in one County, that in a
,
bərt time, by the voluntary Subſcriptions of Clergy-
men, there was raiſed near an 100l. per Annum for
five

Mr. Paſchal to Mr. Ray.
283
five Years as an Eſſay, with expectation of much
more there. When a tryal was made here to ſee
how it would take in the Countrey, there was a be-
ginning made with great alacrity; and when it was
recommended to our Biſhop, and the Dean and Reſi-
dentiaries preſent in Wells, it receiv'd Encourage-
ment there from every one of them : And Dr. Jur-
den, your Neighbour, writes me word that he will
adviſe with the Biſhop of London, and the Arch-dea-
cons, and chief of the Clergy in Elſex about it, wilh-
ing his Endeavours may have good Succeſs. The thing
is particularly recommended to me by this Conſidera-
tion, that this well fettled may be as a Chanel into
which particular and private Charities may be deriv'd,
in which they may run to the named good Purpoſes,
and to ſtill higher and better, if under the divine
Bleſſing it ſhall go on and proſper. If you meet any
thing for or againſt it, you will oblige me by the
Communication.
Ch. Aug. 20, 1694.
Mr. Ray to Dr. Robinſon.
SIR,
+Dec. 20--94.
T
"Here are three particulars which I muſt beg In-
formation from you, concerning: Whether
there be ſufficient Authority, that the Blood of a lie
ving Hedge-hog is cold to the touch? Which Dr. Lifter
takes for granted : I never read of any but Segerus
who did affirm it, and do much doubt of the Truth
of it.
2. Whether the Blood flowing from the Arte-
ry of a living Fiſh, between the Heart and the Gills, be
of a florid Red, like the arterial Blood of 4peds, as
4
Dr. Lifter affirms? 3. Whether the venal Blood of
an Animal may by any artificial compreſſion or confirieti-
OO 2
+ The ong: not dated
By Wray.
0n
L

284 Mr. Ray to Dr. Robinſon.
on be changed into the Colour of the arterial? To
which I ſhall add a Queſtion more, viz. Whether in
the Chicken before excluſion there be any Faramen
ovale, or arterial Chanel for the Paſſage of the Blood,
while the Lungs lie vacant.
SI
Dr. Robinſon's Anſwer to Mr. Ray.
SIR,
London, Decemb. 20-94.
OME of your Queries I can Anſwer, as that re-
lating to the Blood of a Hedge-hog, which I found
to be warm to the touch when I was at Mr. Clut-
terbuck's in Elex; where I was particularly curious
to examine that particular, but I would not be quo-
ted againſt Dr. Liſter, left he ſhould take it ill.
I never obſerv'd the arterial Blood of a Fiſh, to be
as florid as that of Quadrupeds.
I do not think that the venal Blood of Animals
can by any artificial compreſſion, or conſtriction, be
changed into the Colour of the Arterial; I am ſure
that the Air immediately changes its colour and con-
ſiſtence upon Phlebotomy.
I cannot Anſwer that of the Chicken before ex-
cluſion, I wonder Aquapendente, Harvey, Malpighi and
others have not clear'd it.
Upon reading Dr. Liſter's Affertion of the Blood of
the Hedge-hog being cold, I tried the Experiment ef-
fectually with a nice Thermometer, upon Mar. 17.
1716. and found not only that Hedge-bogs (for I made
uſe of more than one) are warm, like other Animals,
but that their Blood running from an Artery upon
the Thermometer, raiſed the Spirits therein conſidera-
bly, as it doth when the Blood of other Animals is,
in the ſame Quantity, emitted from an Artery on the
Thermometer
W.D.
Mr.

285
Mr. Burrell to Mr. Ray.
I
SIR,
. Jan. 1694
Have, Sir, in ſome of
my melancholick Hours:
been diverted by the Tract I have of yours, and
particularly your Synopſis Animalium, &c. wherein I
obſerve your Opinion ſettled againſt Æquivocal Gene-
rations, and fol. 17. confirm'd by many Arguments,
and great Authorities: Yet if I had leave I would ask
if the Species of Worms bred in humane Bodies, or
thoſe of Brutes, are at any time obſerv'd to be gene-
rated elſewhere? For I ſhould think it would be hard
to ſay their Eggs are convey'd out of one Man, or
one Horſe into another: And the Phthiriaſis, which
I ſuppoſe is where Worms are bred in the Fleſh, and
which happens to one ſingle Man in a Nation, and
that perhaps once in an hundred Years, will be more
difficultly anſwer'd, where that Species of Worms or
Lice, do all that time conceal and preſerve themſelves,
and at length light upon this ſingle perſon. But,
Sir, 'tis ſaid by ſome Body, Sequimur non quà veritas
fed quà Ratio trahit; whether that that be applicable
here or not, I pretend not to determine. I obſerve
likewiſe fol. 300, you ſay, Quod non veriſimile vide-
tur quodvis animal à naturâ ita factum eſſe, ut cibi de-
glutiti partem aliquem vomitu ſemper aut etiam frequen-
ter rejicere debeat. I ſhould here enquire whether the
Caſtings of Hawks, which you know conſtantly throw
up lumps of Flix, or Feathers, or Down, c. (the
wild as well as the reclaimed) bring any of the Food
up with 'em. In fol
. 309. I preſume there is an Error
I
in the Print, i. e. Hirundines for Hirudines. You ſee,
Sir, how confidently, not to ſay impudently, I trou-
ble you with what I my ſelf can't believe will deſerve
your

286 Mr. Burrell to Mr. Ray.
your conſidering; but however, this ſhews you I
read what you give (tho' not with that Advantage
which a Man of a wiſer Head would do ;) and 'tis an
Evidence likewiſe, that I rely very much upon your
Candor and Friendſhip to forgive ſuch Impertinen-
cies.
a
Mr. Lhwyd to Mr. Ray.
TH
Dear Sir,
Oxford, Aug. 28-95.
HE firſt of your Queries was, Whether the im-
preſſions be all of Leaves, or parts of Leaves ?
To which I Anſwer, That the Stone wherein theſe
mineral Leaves are exhibited, is generally lo brittle,
that when we endeavour to ſplit it, to get out a
Plant, it breaks alſo tranſverſly, ſo that for one whole
Fern-branch we find, we ſee twenty broken ones,
but for ſingle Leaves they are very common. More-
over, thoſe Stones are broken in ſuch ſmall pieces,
by the Workmen in the Pit, that we find few lumps
big enough for whole Plants; and indeed if they con-
tain'd whole ones, it ſeems impoſſible fo to ſplit them
as an entire Plant ſhould be expoſed to view. How-
beit it has not been my Fortune hitherto to meet
with any other parts of Plants than either ſingle
Leaves or Branches : Whether there be any Roots
or Flowers to be met with, I ſhall endeavour (God
willing) to be inform'd hereafter. Your other Que-
ſtions are, Whether they are found ſmooth or crum-
pled, and whether we meet with the impreſſions of
each ſide of a Leaf? To which I Anſwer, They are
always ſmooth and fair, and that I have ſeen both
fides of Leaves. Nay, lately (ſince the Date of my
laft) I have ſeen both ſides of the ſame numerical
Leaf, ſo that I can now confirm that Obſervation
of

Mr. Lhwyd to Mr. Ray. 287
ter.
of Dr. Woodward's, which I mention'd in that Let-
I have ſent you here a Figure of one theſe Cole
Plants, from which, and thoſe in Camden,you may make
fome Eſtimate of the reſt. I found it at a Cole-Pit
in the Foreſt of Dean, together with ſeveral others.
As ift, Hart's Tongue. 2dly, A kind of Trichomanes.
3dly, Lonchitis aſpera, call?d by the Workmen Vox
Vearn, i.e. Fox Fern. 4thly, A kind of Equiſetum,
which they call Cat's Tail. sthly, A ſmall Gallium,
or Mollugo, with ſome others which I know not whi-
ther to refer. This ſeems to reſemble partly the Of-
mund Royal, but to me the Leaves are too ſmall, too
thick ſet, and round pointed; but I leave you to
match it, who are beſt able.
>
100
co
no

288
Mr. Lhwyd to Mr. Ray.
Honoured SIR,
Oxford, Sept: 12-05
I
Receiv'd your Letter of the fourth; and that
you
may
have a truer Idea of theſe Subterraneous Plants,
than I can poſſibly give you by Correſpondence; I have
ſent this Day by the Carrier, a ſmall Box of them,
directed for you to be left with Mr. Smith. I had
brought a great Clod of them about half a Year ſince,
from the Foreſt of Dean, and had bury'd it in the
Ground here in a moiſt place, in hopes 'twould keep
the better, the Figures being very apt to diſappear after
fome Months keeping. This, at the taking of it up,
crumbld in pieces; however, I have ſent it you as it
is, and hope it may ſerve to give you as clear a No-
tion of the ſtate of theſe Fofil Leaves, as if you were
your felf at the Cole-pits. I have alſo added thoſe three
Specimens I have figur'd in Camden, tho'one of them
(I mean that which I ſuppoſe to be an undeſcrib'd
Plant ;) I was willing to venture only the one half,
not knowing whether I may ever meet with the like
again. Theſe three are much fairer than thoſe we
have from Gloceſterſhire and Somerſet, and lodged in
firmer Stone. When you have view'd them ſuffici-
ently, be pleas'd to take what you like out of the Glo-
cefterflaire Parcel, and return the reſt to me at your
leiſure. I heartily wiſh you may be able to ſatisfy
your ſelf upon ſight of them, whether they are ori-
ginal Productions, or the Remains of once real Plants :
For I muſt confeſs that at preſent I cannot acquieſce
in the Opinion of their having been once mere Plants
growing on the ſurface of the Earth. I have in my
Cuſtody a piece of native Silver, lodg’d in Spar,
brought four Years fince out of the Weſt Indies;
whereof

Mr. Ray to Sir Hans Sloane. 289
a
whereof ſome part appears out of the Stone, in the
form of ſmall ſpiral or twiſted Capreoli ; and another
part is a thin Plate, having ſuch a Superficies on each
fide, as if it had receiv'd an impreſſion from a piece of
fine Cloth. Now ſeeing that Foſils do naturally ſhoot
into theſe Forms, may we not reaſonably ſuſpect they
might alſo put on the ſhapes of Leaves and Shells ? I
have likewiſe ſeveral times feen ſomewhat like the
Form of a piece of fine Linen in Flint, which ſeems
to require no leſs Admiration than theſe Plants; tho'
we are the more affected with them, becauſe we find
the ſame natural things in the Bowels of the Earth as
we knew before in the Surface. However I am al-
moſt fully convinced (and have been ſo for ſeveral
Years,) that many of thoſe Vertebræ and Shells which
I have met with, are the Spoils of once living Ani-
mals; my chiefeſt reaſon for which, is, becauſe many
of the Vertebra and other Bones are of a mere bony +
Subſtance; and ſeveral Shells which we meet with,
are ſcarce diſtinguiſhable in conſiſtence from the ſame
Species on the Sea Shores.
Mr. Ray to Sir Hans Sloane.
A
SIR,
Black Notley, Aug. Igth -26.
S for the Method of Capillaries which I propoſed
in my Letter to Rivinus, I have not Skill enough
in that kind of Plants, as to make uſe of it, and ſo muſt
be conſtrained to adhere to my old Method, a little
altered : For whereas I did ſuppoſe that no Capilla-
ries were properly Cauliferous, but that their whole
Superficies adid conſiſt of mere Leaves, I am now
convinced of the contrary, and therefore intend not
to meddle with it any more, but to divide thoſe
Plants, whether Cauliférous or not Caulifero, accor-
Рp
ding

290
Dr. Vaughan and
ding to their Leaves, into ſuch as have a ſimple
Leaf, which I make to be either whole or laciniated,
and ſuch as have a compound Leaf. And theſe into
fuch whole Leaves are compounded of, 1. Single
Leaves, or Pinnule. 2. Surculi pinnati, or decompo-
fita. 3. Ramaſtri, divided into ſurculi and pinne ;
which Leaves Bauhine calls Ramoſe. But to render
things clear, I take it to be needful to define a com-
pound Leaf, which I ſhall do thus. A part of a
Plant which is made up of Pinnulæ, Surculi, or Ra-
maftri, connected on each ſide to a middle Rib, growing
gradually Morter and ſorter toward the top of the mid-
dle Rib, which alſo terminates in a Leaf, the Foot-ſtalk
and middle Rib having its ſupine Superficies different
from its prone, viz. either flat or chaneld. Thus
defining a compound Leaf, I exclude ſeveral ſorts of
compound or pinnate leaved Plants from being Phyl-
litudes or Hemionitides, &c.
Dr. Vaugian having given an Account of the fa-
tal conſequences of eight young Lads eating of Hem-
lock water Dropwort (publiſh'd in Phil. Traní. N° 238.)
proceeds thus.
W.D.
Dr. Vaughan and Dr. Woodto Mr. Ray.
SIR,
Clonmell, Auguſt 26, 1696.
ND now, Sir, I ſhall take the freedom to preſs
you to favour the learned World with the Icons
of the Plants deſcribed in your Hiſtory, which would ren-
der it the moſt compleat Work of the fort the whole
World affords; 'tis a Work which you in your Hi-
floria Plantarum expreſs an inclinableneſs to, and
which I am heartily forry you have not met with due
Encouragement to perform. Sir, I need not lay be
fore you the great Difficulties which the lovers of
Boianie are forced to encounter, by reaſon of the want
A
of

Dr. Wood to Mr. Ray. 291
of this moſt defirable Work; nor urge you how a-
greeable it would be to the Botanic World, but ef-
pecially to your curious Countreymen; neither need
I tell you, what without the leaſt ſuſpicion of Flatte-
ry, I juſtly may, that of all Men that ever were in
England, you are without diſpute allow'd to be the
moſt fit to perform ſuch a Work. Pray therefore,
Sir, think on ſome Expedient, by which we may be
enabled to reprint your Hiſtory, and render it com-
pleat by the addition of the Cuts, and another review,
which will make it much more correct. I queſtion not
but that I can procure at leaſt eighteen Subſcriptions
in this poor Kingdom, for the promotion of fo advan-
tagious a Work: But if you find that this will not
quit Coit, if you printed only the ſmall Icons of the
Plants, and their Names, in Quarto or Ostavo, I am
confident you would highly oblige all that have the
leaſt Curioſity to promote their knowledge in Buta-
nics. Sir, Dr. Wood, Dr. Mitchell and I have re-
ſolv'd to be as curious as our leiſures will permit, in
making a Collection of what Plants this Kingdom af-
fords: We have begun this Summer at Wexford,
where we caſually met to drink the medicinal Waters,
and in the Month we ſtaid there we made up a Cata-
logue of above 280 Plants, the which we have, and
deſign to augment, as opporunity offers to any of us.
Sir, I hope you will pardon this trouble, &C.
a
I
SIR,
Kilkenny, Aug. ult. 1696.
N your Synopſis you queſtion whether the Iriſh in
drying their Dullysk, do not add ſome Alcaline
Salt? I have enquired, and can aſſure you that they
add no kind of Salt, nor indeed any thing elſe. They
only pull it off the Rocks whereon it grows, and
ſpread it on the Graſs in the warm Sun to dry, or ra-
ther on a louſy green Mantle (as my Friend adds, who
gave me this Relation, and has ſeen much of it dryed
and eaten in Kerry, and elſewhere) while drying: It
PP 2
ſometimes

292 Sir Hans Sloane to Mr. Ray.
a
ſometimes appears froſted over with a Salt, which for
the moſt part falls off again in handling it, and is pro-
bably nothing elſe but the Particles of Salt remaining
after the Sun has exhal'd the Sea Water that ituck to
it. When throughly dry, 'tis fit for uſe, and may
be kept ſeven Years, if hung up in a Net or the like.
They eat it at all times when no other Food is to be
had, but chiefly in the Morning, and eſteem it good
againſt Worms and the Scurvy, and to cauſe a ſweet
Breath. And now, Sir, if it were neceſſary, I
I could muſter up ſeveral Arguments to preſs you to
what my ſelf, and Friend, and College has urg'd a-
bout the Icons, but you know well the neceflity and
uſefulneſs of ſuch a Work: I would therefore at pre-
ſent only hint one thing, that 'tis pity that ſo benefi-
cial a Work is not promoted by publick Authority;
and what if a Motion were made, and effectually
back’d, next Seſſion of Parliament, that it be carry'd
on at a publick Charge? If it be objected, that our
Treaſure is exhauſted by a War, 3c. I would anſwer,
that (not to mention the hopes we have of a general
Peace) the French King, notwithſtanding the tedious
and expenſive War he is engag'd in, thinks it yet fit
to encourage all Arts and Sciences. Fas eft & ab hofte
doccri.
a
Sir Hans Sloane to Mr. Ray.
I
SIR,
London, Sept. 11. 1696.
Have receiv'd, after much ſearch, three ſorts of
Beans from the North Weſt Iſlands of Scotland,
which are thrown up by the Sea from the North Weſt
grcat Ocean, and gather'd in plenty on thoſe North
We Shores, and are ſuch as grow in Jamaica, viz.
the Bean call'd there Cocoons, that call’d Horſe Eye
Bean,

Mr. Ray to Sir Hans Sloane. 293
a
Bean, and the All colour'd Nickar, or Bonduch. You
will find them all in my Catalogue, under thoſe vul-
gar Names, by the Index; there is alſo a fourth ſent
me thence, which is, I think, the Avellana quadrifi-
da. J.B. Where its natural Place is I know not; but
the others you may find their Countries by the Authors
which ſpeak of them, for they muſt come to Scot-
land by the currents of the Sea. I have heard of
ſome thrown up in England, and ſhould be glad to
have your thoughts of this matter. The ſmall Coral
in Falmouth Road you may ſee I found in England,
and had it from the Magellan Streights. I beg your
pardon for this trouble.
Mr. Ray's Anſwer to Sir Hans Sloane.
W
SIR,
B. N. 7 17–96.
HAT you write concerning the Fruits ga-
ther'd in plenty on the Shores of the North
Weſt Iſands of Scotland, is very ſtrange. I have for-
merly read ſomething of it in the Philoſophical Tranſ-
act. I think, but gave no great heed to it; but now
I ſee there was Truth in it. It is very unlikely to
me that they ſhould be brought ſo far by any Current
of the Sea: I fhould rather think they came from
Veſſels caſt away by Shipwrack near thoſe Parts. But
it is a thing very well deſerves to be farther and more
diligently enquired into, fith the matter of Fact is
certain
Mr.

294
Dr. Conner to Mr. Ray.
6.
D
a
SIR
London, Bow-fireet, or-96.
R. Sloane has been pleas'd to give me your inge-
nious and learned Diſſertation about Reſpiration,
to peruſe it, which I have done with a great deal of
Satisfaction and Improvement, finding in it a great
many ſolid Obſervations concerning the Reſpiration
of Fiſhes, Inſeats, and other Animals. I find that you
think that the Subſtance or Body of the Air paſſes
from the Bronchia and Lungs into the ſubſtance of
the Blood, and that, Pabuli inftar, it foments and
maintains the vital Flame which you ſuppoſe to be in
the ſulphureous Parts of the Blood, as the Air fo-
ments the common Flame of a Candle, and that the
Nitre has nothing to do in this effect.
You and I, Sir, agree in this, that the body of
the Air gets into the maſs of Blood, and that its Ni-
tre there is of no uſe or energy. We agree, like-
wiſe, that the uſe of Reſpiration is to rarify and vivi-
fy the Blood; we only differ in the manner how this
rarifaction is perform’d. I know that there are very
eminent Men which are of Opinion that the oily
Parts of the Blood do conſtantly entertain not only a
conſiderable Heat, but likewiſe a true Flame in the
whole Maſs: You add to them that the Air comes
to foment it. I was much of this Opinion my felf not
long ago, but you will be pleaſed to let me (with
ſubmiſſion to your Mind) to propoſe to you, in order
to be informed, the Difficulties I met with in this O-
pinion. I find that thoſe who eat moſt of Cheeſe,
Butter, fat Meat, and other fulphureous Aliments,
and thoſe that are very corpulent and fat themſelves,
have

Dr. Conner to Mr. Ray. 295
a
a
have generally lefſer heat in their Blood, and a flower
Circulation and Pulſe, and are leſs ſubject to Fevers,
than Perſons that are dry and lean, I mean the bilious.
I find that in moſt Chymical Fermentations Sulphur is
far from encreaſing motion and heat, it rather retards
it by involving the ſaline Principles, which are the
true cauſe of fermentation and heat. I conſider, like-
wiſe, that if there was any thing of the nature of a
Flame in the Blood, it would only be in the Lungs
where it meets the Air; but when once it would paſs
from the Lungs into the Heart, and into the narrow
paſſages of the Veins and Arteries, it could no more
flame than a lighted Candle paſs’d into the deep
mouth of a hollow Candleſtick. Beſides, I cannot
.
believe that the Air is an aliment to our common
Flame, no more than by its preſſure and elaſticity in
keeping and crouding together into a Vertex the ig-
neous Particles, as I have hinted in the Treatiſe De
Antris Lethiferis. For I cannot conceive how the
Air that comes to the mouth of an Oven can ſerve
for a Pabulum to the Flame which is in the bottom
of the Oven, for it cannot come near it; ſo that I
am apt to believe that the Candle goes out in the air
Pump, only becauſe the Air being exhauſted, there
remains nothing to keep together the flying parts of
the Candle, and ſo they foon vaniſh away; not be-
cauſe there wants a pabulum of Air or Nitre, ſince
the fulphureous parts of the Candle it ſelf are pabu-
lum enough
From theſe and ſeveral other Reaſons I have con-
cluded that the inteſtine Motion of the Blood is a true
fermentation ariſing from the ſtruggling of its faline
Parts, and mitigated by its fulphureous ones, like
the fermentation of Beer; Wine, or Syder, though
in a higher degree. This fermentation cauſes heat in
the Blood, this heat expands and rarifies the Air that
comes in by reſpiration: The expanded Air expands re-
ciprocally the Blood, and makes it frothy, thin and
florid :
a

296 Dr. Conner to Mr. Ray.
a
florid: So that Reſpiration if indiſpenſably neceſſary
for Life, to be a conſtant cauſe of the attenuation and
fubtilization of the Blood; though the fulphur of
the Blood is not ſuppoſed by me to be the cauſe of
this Heat, yet it is very neceſſary to bridle and to keep
together the faline Principles, and to hinder them
from evaporating too ſoon till new ones are ſupplied
by the Chyle; ſo by its pliable and limber oblong Par-
ticles it wraps up and keeps cloſe together the vo-
latile Principles of the Blood, that otherwiſe might
fly away. This is, Sir, in few Words, what I think
of this Subject, which I ſubmit entirely to your
better Judgment, contending for nothing elſe but
Truth.
Dr. Vaughan and Dr. Wood to Mr. Ray.
I
SIR,
Clonmell, April 24. 1697.
Shall add a few Obſervations concerning the Ti-
thymalus Hibernicus Aſcyron ſupinum villoſum palu-
stre, &c. I order'd an Iriſh Chirurgeon to make a de-
coction of the Root and a few Leaves of the Tithy-
malus Hibernicus, but its Exhalations were ſo very A-
crimonious, that he holding his Head two or three
times over the decoction, to ſee how it proceeded,
his Face and Hands were bliſter'd moſt fadly. Some
of the Iriſh uſe this Root boiled in Milk, as a Ca-
thartick, whoſe direful Effect there was a melancho-
lick Inſtance of, about three Years ago, eight Miles
hence. A brisk young Iriſhman, who complaining
of a dull Pain in his left Side, which, I ſuppoſe, was
an inveterate obſtruction of his Spleen; a Countrey,
man Quack of his gave him a Doſe of the above De-
coction, which occafion'd a violent Hypercatharſis,
dreadful Convulfions, and Death before ten a Clock
that
a
a

Dr. Vaughan and 297
that Night; but I believe that an Extract might be
prepar'd with the addition of Spiritus Vitrioli, which
might be of excellent uſe in chronick Diſtempers of
robuſt Bodies. I was by your Hiſtoria plantarum in-
duced to make an Extract of Trifolium paludoſum,
which I have found an excellent Remedy in vomitu,
imbecillitate ventriculi, cruditatibus acidis, Scorbuto,
Chlorofi, and queſtion not but that it is an extraordi-
nary univerſal deobítruent: I have ufed ſeveral Pounds
of it this laft Year, and thall make greater uſe of it
for the future. I have alſo uſed it as an Injection
.(in fordid Ulcers) diffolved in Fountain Water, and
think it has as good mundifying effe&ts, as Tincture of
Myrrh and Aloes; but then you muſt diffolve as much
of the Extract as the Water will well contain. I
much wonder that the Aſcyron tomentoſum palufire has
not been more taken notice of in Phyfick; for I look
upon it to be one of the beſt Balſamick aſtringent
Plants we have, the native Iriſh call it Birin Parraghy
which fignifies Herba dyſenterica, and uſe it in that
Diftemper with good ſucceſs, and have uſed it boi-
led in Milk with very good ſucceſs, Præmiſſis univer-
ſalibus, in Fluore albo. 'Tis doubtleſs an excellent
Vulnerary, and cffectual in all Fluxes beyond any
Herb I know
13515
Bli abor
bor
oso o 15 VIS
Worthy Sir,
Kilkenny, April 28. 1697.
S to Infets I am ſorry I have nothing by me
worth communicating, I had formerly made
leveral Obſervations on theſe Animalcula, but being
forced in the late Troubles for England, I left moſt of
what I was worth in Limerick, which Place holding
out longer than any other part of the Kingdom,
I there loſt moſt of my Books, and what I efteem
more, my Papers and Manuſcripts. At preſent I have
only to ſay, that Ian apt to think there are few Plants,
but if narrowly look'd into would be found to pro-
duce ſome kind or other of Inſect, not by way of e-
Qq
quivocal
9
A

298 Dr. Wood to Mr. Ray.
a
quivocal Generation, which Notion is now as univer-
ſally as deſervedly exploded; but by becoming fit Ma-
trices to cheriſh and maturate Eggs depoſited in or on
them. I have lately obſerved many Eggs in the com-
mon Ruſh, juncus lævis vulg. but I know not yet what
Animal they produce. One fort are little tranſparent
Bodies, in Shape ſomewhat like a Pear or a Retort,
lying within the Skin, upon or in the Medulla, juſt a-
gainſt a browniſh ſpot on the outſide of the Ruſh,
which is apparently the cicatrix of the Wound made
by the Fly when the put her Eggs there. Another
kind, I obſerve, which are much larger, and not fo.
tranſparent, of a long Oval, or rather cylindrical
Form ; fix, eight, or more of theſe lie commonly to-
gether acroſs the Ruſh, parallell to each other, like
the teeth of a Comb, and are as long as the breadth
of the Ruſh. Theſe, Sir, are only hints to be farther
improv'd by you, who being ſo converſant with Plants,
and deſigning a Treatiſe of Inſeets, may have oppor-
tunity of examining them more accurately. I can ſee
no reaſon in the fancy of ſome Men who would de-
duce all Diſtempers from Inſeets, yet I am perſuaded
they have more ſhare in the Production of ſome, than
many will imagine. In ſome ſorts of Scabs and Itch
I have ſeen very ſmall white Animals taken out with
a Needle, and to have been living, and very nimble
in their motion. Theſe often make viſible Paſſages
under the Skin from Scab to Scab, like a Mole under
the Earth. Add hereunto Animals taken out of the
Gums, and other Parts, mention' in the Philoſoph.
Tranſact. I wiſh a good Account could be given of
ſome Animals produc'd with of others, as the
+ Lumbrici lati in Men, and of Toads found living in
the middle of mafly Stones, &c.
-
SOVI
Mr.

299
Mr. Doody to Mr. Ray.
D?
SIR,
R. Woodward has ſhewed me Slates, wherein
there were not only Shades of Plants, as in the
Dendroides, but the real Body, and become very hard,
by imbibing in theſe ſtony Particles; in one Side of
the Slate a Cavity with the Impreſs of the Leaf, and
on the other Side it may be ſeen prominent, and in both
every little Lineament ſo exact, that I could not doubt
that they had once grown. I have not ſeen them ve-
ry lately, but I intend e're long; and then I ſhall be
able to give you a farther Account.
Tentzelius to Mr. Ray.
BE
VIR CELEBERRIME,
Tennium eft, ex quo controverſia agitur inter me
& Collegium Medicum Gethanum de prægrandibus
offibus terre effoflis, quæ ego ab Elephanto, Medici au-
tem purè foſſile eſſe contendunt. Epiftolam, quam
Magliabechio tunc infcripfi, primo ftatim menſe ad
illuftrem Societatem Regian miſi, unà cum offium
fragmentis, illiuſque judicio cuneta fubjeci. Verùm
non perveniffe ad manus veſtras, ex filentio colligo,
cùm fatìs ex adverfo mihi conftet, quâ humanitate
reſpondere foleatis Germanis, curioſa vobis dijudican-
da offerentibus. Opto igitur, ut hic faſciculus felicior
fit, quem curandum ſuſceperunt fratres Janſſonio-
Waesbergij, Bibliopole Amjtelodo menfes, cum quibus
his nundinis, celeberrimum Ludolfum viſitans, noti-
Qq2
tiam

300
Tentzelius to Mr. Ray.
tiam contraxi; iidemque reſponſum, fi quo beare me
volueris, huc tranſmittent. Enimvero ad te ſcriben-
di audaciam meam benignè interpretaberis, quæ non
folùm ex Synopſi Quadrupedum TU A hinc inde in
litteris meis allegata, oritur, verùm etiam ex Rivini
Lipſienſis aliorumq; exemplo, qui tuo confilio operaque
feliciter ufi funt. Quare fpe fuftentor optimâ, fore,
ut eandem mihi gratiam præftes, & epiftolam meam
Medicorumque Apologiam inter fe & cum fragmen-
tis offium additis conferas ; quorum bina ex dentibus
maximis proeminentibus fumta tubulos ftriaſque ma-
nifeftiffimè præbent conſpiciendas; tertium ex cranio
cùm alias ob cauffas, tum propterea notabile eſt, quod
continet particulas margæ craffiores ex fluore rema-
nentes & fubftantiam offis in lapidem convertentes,
co modo, quem docuit Bootig in epiftolâ meâ lauda-
tus. Huc
Huc ergo tendit votorum meorum, fumma, ut
vel tuo folùm, vel Illuftriffimæ etiam Societatis nomi-
ne de totâ controverfiâ liberrimè fententiam feras, &
quamprimum licuerit, ad me tranſcribas, cum debito
vobis elogio libello meo inſerendam, quem Medicorum
fimul Italorum, Gallorum & Germanorum judiciis ex-
ornabo. Denique fi vivit adhuc Moulinus, Anatomiæ
Elephantinæ auctor, nihil gratum magis acceptumq;
mihi foret, quàm ut illi quoque omnia, quæ mitto
exhibeantur, eum potiffimùm in finem, ut fe defen-
dar ab łyzaupati adverſariorum meorum, quafi perpe-
ram beitiæ applicuerit terminos Anatomicos foli ho-
mini proprios. Sed is indubiè habet fundamenta, quæ
cenforibus illis opponat. Vale & certus efto me ni-
hil prætermiffurum officiorum tibi præftandorum,
quod in meâ quidem poteftate fitum eft. Vale ite-
rum Francofurti ad Arvenum Cal. Maii CIO IOCIIC.
If the Reader hath a mind to it, he may find Tent-
* zelius's Account of thoſe ſubterraneous Bones in Phim
305, Tranfait. Nº. 234. W. D.
Dr.

301
In Mr. T. Steward's Letter from Debenham in Suffolk
to Mr. Ray, prid. Calend. Dec. 1698.
H
a
Aving related how grievouſly his Wife was af-
Aicted in the Small-Pox with a fore Throat, he
faith this Medicine did her great Service, viz. Bo Che-
lidon. major. Manip. parvum modicè tuſum. In Vini al-
bi ſemipintâ decoq. ad dimidii conſumptionem. Cap.cochl.
2
2 vel 3 quâlibet bord. Medicamentum hoc fimplex &
facilè parabile (utut vile videatur) efficaciſſimum eſſe ad
exulcerationem prædistan comprobavi.
Multos ſanè
morti proximos ſanavit; Puſulas ita diſſolvit, ut ci-
bum & potum fine ullo cruciatu æger deglutiat, &c.
I
Mr. Lhwyd to Mr. Ray.
Dear SIR,
Dól Gelbey, Jan. 21.-28.
Know not whether I ever mention’d to you (tho'
you have probably frequently obſerv'd it your
felf) in what Manner the Bats are lodg’d in the Caves
during Winter. The Caves of this Countrey (to men-
tion that by the By) are always (I ſpeak of the In-
land Caves) in Lime-ſtone ; and in ſuch Places only
are all our Subterraneous Brooks, which in Wales are
no great Rarity. In theſe Caves the Bats chuſe the
drieſt Apartments, where planting their Talons to the
Roof, they cover their Bodies with their Wings; and
ſo hanging perpendicularly in great Numbers, (but
fo as they touch not each other) they fleep for ſome
Months.
Sir

302
Sir Hans Sloane to Mr. Ray.
TH
SIR,
London, March 9. 169%
THIS Day a large Tyger was baited by 3 Bear-
Dogs, one after another. The firſt Dog he
kill'd; the ſecond was a Match for him, and fome-
times he had the better, ſometimes the Dog; but the
Battle was at laſt drawn, and neither car'd for enga-
ging any farther. The third Dog had likewiſe fome-
times the better, and ſometimes the worſe of it; and
it came alſo to a drawn Battle. But the wiſeft Dog
of all was a fourth, that neither by fair Means, nor
foul, could be brought to go within reach of the Ty-
ger, who was chain'd in the Middle of a large Cock-
pit. The Owner got about 300 l. for this Show, the
beſt Seats being a Guinea, and the worſt 5 s. The
Tyger uſed his Paws very much to cuff his Adverſa-
ries with, and ſometimes would exert bis Claws, but
not often; uſing his Jaws moft, and aiming at under,
or upper Sides of the Neck, where Wounds are dan-
gerous. He had a Fowl given him alive; which, by
means of his Feet and Mouth, he very artfully firit
pluck’d, and then eat; the Feathers, ſuch as got in-
to his Mouth, being troubleſome. The Remainders
of his Drink, in which he has lapp'd, is ſaid by his
Keeper to kill Dogs, and other Animals, that drink
after him, being by his Fome made poiſonous and
ropy. I hope you will pardon this tedious Narration,
becauſe I am apt to think ’tis very rare that ſuch a
Battle happens, or ſuch a fine Tyger is ſeen here,
I am, &c.
Mr.

303
8
II
Mr. Ray's Anſwer.
SIR,
March 14. --99
Thank you for your Account of the Tyger's Com-
bat with the Dogs. That Creature was very rarely
feen at Rome it felf. I wonder how they got it: Sure
ly it is no true Aſiatick, but American Tyger.
Sir Hans Sloane to Mr. Ray.
SIR,
London, Nov. 25. 1699.
Saw this Day the ſtrong Kentiſh Man; he lifted
up
about 2000 l. Weight, broke a Rope that
would lift up about 3000 l. and kept himſelf from
being pulled out of his Place by a very ſtrong Dray-
Horſe. He has nothing appears outwardly to give
him ſuch Force.
You
IS
PP
Dr. Wood to Mr. Ray.
Honoured SIR, Kilkenny, July 18. 1700.
Runella is a Plant eſteem'd, by all Authors and
Practitioners that I have met with, to be a Vul-
nerary, and us’d only in that Caſe, and the Diſtem-
per whence it takes its Name, wherein it is effectual
on the fame Account: But the Natives of this Coun-
trey, who pretend to great Skill in Herbs, give it fre-
quently (boil'd in Poffet-Drink) in all Sorts of com-
mon continual Fevers, I mean all but malignant ones,
and expect great Matters from it. And ſome give it
alſo in intermitting Fevers : But I have not been able
to judge whether it be ſo effectual as they pretend, or
no, becauſe commonly other Medicines are alſo gi-
I am credibly informn'd that 'tis usd in the ſame
Caſe in ſeveral Parts of Wales, where they call it by
the
ven.

304
Dr. Wood to Mr. Ray.
the ſame Name with the Iriſhy Cannavdn Beg. I
would gladly be inform'd whether you have known
it made uſe of to this Purpoſe, and with what Suc-
ceſs.
An ingenious Friend of mine frequently troubled
with the Gout, has ſometimes found Eaſe by applying
Bardana to the Part affected. Being lately afflicted
with this Diftemper in his Foot, he was deſirous to
make uſe of the fame Remedy; but by a Miſtake he
applied a Leaf of Petaſitis inſtead of Bardana, and
being ſomewhat ſhort-lighted, did not preſently per-
ceive the Miſtake, until Morning he was ſurpriz'd
with a ſpeedier Cure than he expected. For whereas
the Bardana was wont to give him Eaſe in 3 or 4
Days time, the Petafitis had in one Night wonder-
fully relieved him, inſomuch that the Pain and Inflam-
mation were wholly gone, and the Tumor in a great
Meaſure abated. Since that Time he has been very
free from this Diftemper, but does almoſt long for
another Fit, that he might have the Opportunity of
repeating this Experiment. I have not ſince he gave
me this Account had an opportunity of making uſe
of this Plant in this caſe, but queſtion not I foon
ſhall, phe Gout being of late Years become very com-
mon in this Countrey; and if I find it any way ſuceef-
ful, you may expect to hear from me.
+
th
Father Camel to Mr. Ray.
Erudite Doctiſime ac Colendiſfime Domine, Domine
Foanne Raye.
Iteras tuas Notleie in Elexiâ 19 Januarii Anni
datas accepi
Anni, in quibus refcribis accepiſſe plantas illas Luzo-
nis quas mittebam. Reliquarum Iconas mifi Januario
Anni
t I should
imagine the Orig
was 1979ived
Saturdayoy
:

Father Camel to Mr. Ray. 305
Anni 98: Sed navis à Piratis intercepta fuit, & pro-
babiliter periêre. Mifi poftea denuo Icones planta-
rum humilium unà cum deſcriptionibus Januario An-
ni 99. Verùm ob mortem D. Samuelis Brauwne,
quò devenerint me latet, fcripfi D. Edwardo Bulkleyo
Meliaporum ut ea requireret, ac fimul literas tunc pro
te expeditas. Miraris me fcripfiffe Indigenas Philip-
pinarum domeftica faſtidire, & negligere, peregrinis
verò inhiare; fed hoc non fit ob defectum Medica-
minum domefticorum, verùm ob cognitionis, ut fcri-
bebam, defectum : Et ſi Europam Thomas Bartholi-
nus exoticis non indigere ſentit, multò minùs meâ
ſententiâ opus habet India Europæis
. Nucem Vomicam
Off. Fungum appellavi cum Cæſalpino, & Chinenſibus,
non tamen pro tali habebam,cùm fimile femen, (quam-
vis minus) invenerim Plantæ Volubilis, & poftea priùs
maceratam diffecuerim, facilè in duas placentulas dif-
peſcuerim, & dividuum feminale corculum in eâ in-
venerim. Pſeudo-Amomum quorundam, feu Caryo-
phyllon Plinianum Clufii ſuſpicabar eſſe unam Fagare,
verùm paulò pòft certior factus fui in Luzone, & ad-
jacentibus Fagaram adoleſcere utramque.
& cum præſentibus plura de Plantis non mitto, quia
rogatus à D. Doctore Wilhelmo ten Rhyne, ei omnia,
quæ de Plantis adnotata affervabam Bataviam miſi,
qui utrùm ea, vel aliqua ex iis, fortè unà cum Plan-
tis quas ipſe Have obſervavit, typis mandare cogitet,
ignoro; certiorem te faciam ubi reſponſorias nactus
fuero à D. ten Rhyne. Mitto hâc occafione D. Jaco-
bo Petiver (quia te morbis provectæ ſenectutis mole-
ſtari conſidero) paucula de Inſettis quibuſdam, qui ut
ſpero ea tecum communicavit, plura dabo occaſione
proximâ. Interim vive diu felix, & annis ſenectutis
placidâ falute comitatis, quàm dulciffimè fruere in an-
nos plurimos ut ex animo precatur,
Georgius Joſephus Camelus,
Pro nunc,
Dabam Manila 28 Octobris, Anni 1700.
Rr
Mr.

306
Mr. Ray's Anſwer to Father Camelli.
I pot
Reverende Pater, Amice Colendiſſime
Iteras tuas noviſſimas accepi ſuperiori æftate, &
dimidii anni expectationem deſcriptiones &
icones Stirpium Luzonicarum : pro quarum magnifico
fanè & gratiſſimo munere me tibi valde obnoxium &
obæratum effe lubens agnofco, & plurimas gratias ago.
Opportunè admodum advenere: nam Supplementum
Hiſtoriæ meæ Botanicæ prelo aptatum eft, & jamjam
imprimi cæptum, cui deſcriptiones tuas & hiſtorias
Luzonicarum adjiciendas curabo, omnes unà, eodem
quo diſpofitæ funt ordine, præfixo nomine tuo cum
debito elogio, nè fi eas diftraherem, ſuiſq; locis fe-
cundùm methodum noſtram Supplemento infererem,
opus extenuarem, illud in tot particulas diſcerpendo,
& longiùs à ſe invicem removendo. Reliquas Scan-
dentium & Arborum hiftorias, quas adeò generosè aliâ
vice te miffurum promittis, ut quàm potes celerrimè
expedias oro, ut antè opus noftrum integrum abfo-
lutum huc appellant, fuúmq; in eo locum inveniant.
Icones pulcherrimas, & lucem publicam (fi ita loqui
liceat) videre digniffimas, quæ defcriptiones mirificè
illuſtrant, à Typographis & Bibliopolis noftris ob
fumptus in Calchographis faciendis, ut impenfis fuis
imprimant ægrè, ut vereor, impetrabo. Conabor ta-
men quantum in me ell) ut id effectum reddam.
D. Petiver à te efflagitat,ut ramulos Stirpium deſcri-
ptarum & depictarum in Schedis ad nos tranſmiſſis, ex-
ficcatos tranſmittere digneris, ità enim certius judicium
de eis fieri pofle, conferendo cum Plantis quas ab Indiis
exficcatas amici plurimas tranſmiſerunt, an fcil. nove
& nondum à fe vilæ fuerint. Exſiccari autem poffe
extenſas

Mr. Ray's Anſwer to F. Camelli. 307
extenſas cùm noviter decerptæ funt inter chartas bi-
bulas ſeu emporeticas reponendo, & fubinde antequam
putreſcant mutando, donec exaruerint.
Valeas, celeberrime vir, Hiftoriæ Botanicæ promo-
venda nate, immortali laude digniffime, & opus in
quod tantum temporis ftudii & laboris impendiſti
, to-
tam nimirum Philippinarum infularum Hiftoriam na-
turalem, feliciter abſolvas, ità precatur.
Mr. J. Morton, Rector of Oxendon in
Northamptonſhire, to Mr. Ray Nov.
23. 1700.
Mongſt the many Requeſts which are made to
A
you by the learned World, permit me to men-
tion
one, that is, That you would enrich the Publick
with the Hiſtory of the Scripture Plants; a Work,
which, altho' attempted by ſome, is certainly one of
the Deſiderata ſtill; and all do agree you the fitteſt
Perſon in the World for it.
Another Letter of Jan. 15. 1700.
WH
HAT are your Thoughts of the Origine of
of that Concrete Juice [Manna] collected
from the Leaves of the Calabrian Aſh? Is it not an
Exudation, occaſioned by InſeEts opening Orifices in
the Leaves with their Terebellæ ? The Exudations of
the Leaves of Oaks, Aſhes, and other Plants in Eng-
land, I think I can fhew are frequently occafioned by
theſe Means. Of which, ſee Mr. Morton's Nat. Hifi,
of Northamptonſhire,
Rrz

308
Dr. Preſton to Mr. Ray.
SI
SIR,
nce my Arrival in Scotland I have been ſo much
diverted by Buſineſs, that I have got but little
ipare Time to mind any thing of Curioſity, (ſave
this laſt Summer that I made ſome few Obſervations
on Plants) which has been the Occaſion of my long
Silence. Beſides, I cou'd not perform my Promiſe
in giving you the Synonyme of ſuch Plants as were
enter'd in the Elementa Bot. under a new Name, and
as Non-deſcripts, and yet were old Plants; for I want-
ed the Elementa Bot. And having Advice from Pa-
ris of his (Tournefort's] publiſhing the Latin Edition
with all Expedition, made me ſomething remifs; for
I knew he would ſave us that Trouble: Therefore I
hope you will excuſe my Silence, and I ſhall recom-
penſe it by tranſmitting to you from time to time fuch
Obſervations as I had Occaſion to make. I do not
propoſe any Order or Method in doing it, but give
them you, ſuch as they are, as they come to hand.
,
I confeſs Tournefort in his Elem. Bot.hath treated both
you and my Countreyman Moriſon very indiſcreetly,for
which I did reprove him while at Paris, and deſir'd
him to correct that, as well as other things, in the
Latin Edition, which he promis’d to do; and accord-
ingly I find all along in his Characters he has omitted
what he ſaid in the other Edition againſt you. In this
Latin Edition he gives a very good Account of the
Riſe and Progreſs of Botany, and of the ſeveral Wri-
ters thereof, from Hippocrates's Time to our Days ;
among whom Gefner, Ceſalpinus, and Fabius Columna,
were the firſt who layed down any folid and ratio-
nal

Dr. Preſton to Mr. Ray 309
nal Principles of Method, and for conſtituting the
Genders of Plants; and as Turnefort ſays very well,
Inſtit. Rei Herbarie. Eaq; in tenebris adhuc jaceret niſi
Robertus Moriſonus Scotus eam quaſi ab herbariis abali-
enatum renovaſjet inſtaurálſet & primus ad ufus quotie
dianos adjunxiſſet. After him you have been the great
Reſtorer of Method, and Ornament of Botany by
your ſeveral learned Writings. Dr. Herman, whoſe
Memory is to be lamented, was a great Promoter
and Follower of the fame Method, and deſigned to
publiſh a ſhort Compend of it for the Uſe of his
Scholars, if an untimely Death had not prevented
him, as may be ſeen in the Flora Batava non edita.
Rivinus has a fingular Method, and eſtabliſhes the
Character from the Number of Petala in a Flower.
Laſt of all is Tournefort, who finding ſo many learn-
ed Men had writ before him, and that he could not
propoſe to make great Advances in following the ſame
Method; therefore, to gain a Name to himſelf, be-
thought on this new Method, of claſſing the Plants
by their Similitude in Flowers, and diſtinguiſhing them
into ſeveral Genus's by their Seeds and Seed-Veſels,
not knowing whether the Method would take or not:
But it is no more than the other Method inverted;
and fince he has once publiſhed it, he is obliged to
maintain and defend it whatever Inconſiſtencies there
may be in it. Tournefort indeed is a moft indefati-
gable and nice Obſerver of Nature; but I do not
think that either his Method is to be accounted the
beſt, or only infallible : For it may be made appear,
that his Method is as liable to Objections, and he as
ſubject to Miſtakes, as others. We are certainly o-
bliged to the Writings of thoſe learned Men, and
every one of them deſerveth juſt Praiſes ; but I think
it may be done without detracting from the Merit of
others. I confeſs I judge it a very difficult Matter to
lay down ſuch Principles of Method as will compre-
hend even the Species of Plants already known, and
far

310
Dr. Preſton to Mr. Ray.
a
far leſs thoſe that are yet undiſcovered, or that will
not be ſubject to change, or admit of Alteration; for
I find by the few Obſervations that I made this Year,
that a Plant muſt be viewed in all the Seaſons of it
before one can venture to give a true and exact Cha-
racter of it: And it is not one fingle Obſervation that
is ſufficient to conſtitute the Character of a Plant, for
that may eſcape our Sight or Memory at one time,
which we may diſcover at another. Beſides a Plant
ap-
pears under ſeveral Diſguiſes' or Shapes before its
Fruit come to Maturity; therefore it muſt be from
repeated Obſervations in all the Seaſons of it, for I
have found, that after having viewed a Plant with all
the Niceneſs and Exactneſs imaginable at one Seaſon,
yet on a ſecond Review I have been oblig'd to alter
my Thoughts; for inſtance, in the Herniaria. Nei-
ther is it to be thought that Botany alone is come
to that height of Perfection, as to need no Help or
Correction, or that it is leſs capable of Improvement
than other Sciences are ; for how many new Species
have been diſcover'd of late Years both in Eaſt and
Weſt-Indies never known in the World before, and
how many lie hid to this Day. Has not Botany
made more Advances, and is more improved in our
Days by the ſeveral learned Men and Writers thereof,
than for ſome Ages paft; and I think we owe no leſs
Obligation to the Revivers and Reſtorers of Method,
than to the firft Inventor. Anatomy is a Science
which it's thought might have come to its height of
Perfection long ago, by the many and frequent Dif-
ſections on human Bodies of learned and curious Men;
and yet we find ſeveral Things have eſcaped even the
Knife of the moſt curious Diſſectors for fome Ages
paſt, and are only diſcover'd in our Days. So it is
as to Botany.
Now, Sir, I ſhall ſubjoin a few of theſe Obſerva-
tions that I have had Occaſion to make: And firſt
I begin with ſome of thoſe in the former Queries,
where

Dr. Preſton to Mr. Ray. 311
nentem.
where Anſwers were not ſo diſtinct or poſitive, or
where I have ſince found my ſelf to have been in an
Error.
Alſine Scandens Baccifera C. B. P. Cucubalum Plin.
Lugd. Turnef. has a Pentapetalous Flower, flore caryo-
phyllo petalis bifidis calice pelviformi vel inftar Lychni-
dis cujus piſtillus mutatur in baccam vel capſulam ovalem
femina plurima Reniformia Placentæ adhærentia conti-
The Reaſon it appears to be capſular, be-
cauſe it is not juicy. Turnf. Inft. R. H. places it in-
ter Herbas flore Caryophyllio cujus piſtillum abit in
fructum after Lychnidis Species, and neareſt to the
Lini Species: By reaſon of the Flower and Calix, it
is well enough placed, but by the Fruit it ought ra-
ther to be placed amongſt the Bacciferous Plants.
Pimpinella Sanguiſorba minor lævis C. B. P. has a
Monopetalous Flower, divided into four Segments ad
Centrum ufq; whoſe Calix becomes a Quadrangular
Capſule, in which are ordinarily contained two oval
Seeds, or Kernels, ſharp at one End. Turnef. in his
Elem. Bot. gave them Flores Pelviformes; but in his
Inft. R. H. places them inter Herbas flore monopetalo
roſato cujus calix abit in fructum after Mofchatellina,
and I think very improperly; for the Fruit of Mof-
chatellina is reckon'd Bacciferous : But I could never
as yet find the Fruit come to any Perfection. There
are ſeveral of the Pimpinella Species that ſeldom come
to Maturity; therefore it is difficult to make Obſer-
vations on them to purpoſe.
Ageratum vulg. foliis ferratis I find conſtantly, with
a radiat Flower, and is ſo placed by Turnef. Inft. R.
Herb. ſo that he has corrected himſelf in this parti-
cular.
I have been miſtaken in my former Account I gave
you of Herniaria, following too much the Faith of
Dr. Turnefort, not having examined it nicely enough
my ſelf: Therefore what I have diſcover'd ſince is as
follows. Herniaria Ger. J. B. has a tetrapetalous and
berbaceous

312
Dr. Preſton to Mr. Ray.
a
berbaceous Flower, whoſe Piſtill becomes a round
membranaidous carinulate, or ftriat Capſule, like the
Fruit of the Linum Catharticum, divided into eight
Loculaments, in each of which is contained one
ſmall Seed Ovato-acuminatum. Beſides the four her-
baceous Petala, that are green without and white
within: It has alſo ſeveral Stamina; but thoſe Peta-
la never become the Involucra Seminis. This is what
I have found on repeated Obſervations. Turnef. Inft.
R. H. places it inter berbas flore ſtamineo cujus piſtil-
tum abit in ſemen calice obvolutum ; and in the parti-
cular Note ſays, Quoad piſtillum deinde abit in ſemen in
capſula oblongå & Jiriatâ, que calix floris fuit, recondi-
tum. But this Plant cannot properly be called Sta-
mineous; for the Petala, or Calix, never become the
Capſule, or Involucra Seminis; but they have a di-
ftinct thin membranaceous Capſule, as above deſcribed.
You have alſo given it a Stamineous Flower, confift-
ing of four Herbaceous Petala, and placed it amongſt
the Polygonums; but whether it can be properly cal-
led Stamineous for the Reaſons above, I leave it for
you to determine.
Quære if Herniaria Ger. J.B. (Pag. 69 Synopſeos)
be a diſtinct Genus from Millegrana minima Ger.
(Syn. pag. 207.) The laſt is placed amongſt the Vaf-
culiferous Plants, with a Pentapetalous Flower; but
more particularly amongſt the Alfines Species Anomala
flore tetrapetalo. This Note ſeems to agree even to
the Herniaria Ger. J. B. in that it is vaſculiferous, and
has a Tetra petalous Flower; the other placed amongſt
the Polygonums, and you have given it a Stamineous,
but Tetrapetalous Flower: So that they ſeem not
much to differ in Flower. The Reaſon of my Que-
ry is, becauſe in all thoſe I had occaſion to meet with,
both in Ericetis, on Lee-grounds, and in Corn-fields,
I could never obſerve any Difference in the Characte-
riſtick, but only as to the Growth. I ſhall not que-
ſtion but there may be two diſtinct Genus's under
that

Dr. Preſton to Mr. Ray 313
that Name, but I ſhould be glad to know if it is of
your own Obſervation.
Eruca maritima Anglica filiqua fungosâ Moriſoni plan-
te genus flore & calice tetrápetalo, cujus piſtillus mutatur
in fructum oblongum fungoſum geniculatum & in duas
tapſulas diviſum in quibus fingulis unicum continetur fe-
men oblongum. Turnef. Inft. R. H. pag. 212. makes this
Plant a Species Crambes, under the Name of Crambe
maritima foliis Eruc. latioribus fructu haſtiformi;
but it does not agree to the Character of Crambe ;
and therefore I think Dr. Herman was rather in the
right, who ſays it has capſulam Dyſpermam.
Anthyllis maritima lentifolia C. B. P. is placed in
your Syn. amongft the Pentapetalous and Vaſculife-
rous Plants, next the Alfines Species, and I think
with very good Reaſon; for by obſerving the Plant,
I find it to have a Pentapetalous Flower, and Calix
petalis ut plurimum bifidis cujus piſtillus mutatur in
capſulam ſubrotundam & acuminatum in cujus cavitate
femina plurima rotunda & alba continentur, ſo that it
may very well enter that Tribe. I cannot find where
Turnef
. has placed it, except it be under the Name of
Al fine maritima supina villoſa foliis lanceolatis in
appendic. Inft. R. H. pag. 665.
Equiſetum foetidum ſub aquis repens.
As for the
Flowers of this Plant, I could never obſerve it with
any, fed femina profert rotunda, ad fingulos nodos fou
liolis adhærentia, foliis rigidis & afperioribus & bre-
vioribus, odor gravis.
Equiſetum non fætens fub aquis repens. Caules emit-
tit graciles glabros, intus cavos & fucco viridi repletos,
ad fingulos nodos etiam femina profert minuta rotunda
foliolis adhærentia, eodem modo ut in altera ſpecie que fa-
tida eft.
Equiſeti fotidi ſub aquis repens ſecunda Species. This
Plant has longer, more ſlender, and ſmaller Leaves
than the former, ad Spithame unius longitudinem cref-
centia, more greenith, & non tam rigida ut in altera
Si
Species

314
Dr. Preſton to Mr. Ray.
Specie, ſed ſemina profert minuta rotunda rubeſcentia ad
fingulos nodos foliolis adhærentia ut in priori ſpecie, odor
graviſſimum. I know not if theſe two laft Species
be deſcribed.
Kali Spinofum cochleatum, plantæ genus flore ſtamineo
vel apetalo, cujus calix è s foliis acuminatis componitur,
5
quæ fimul juncta capſulam conftituunt quaſi echinatam,
in quá unicum continetur femen ſubrotundum Spire in
modum convolutum vel cochleæ ad inftar. Turnef. Inft.
R. H. pag. 247. places this Plant inter herbas flore ro-
faceo cujus piſtillum aut calix abit in fructum unicap-
ſularem : After the Funci Species, and next the Te-
lephii Species, in the particular Note he ſays, Quod
piſtillum deinde abit in fructum fere globoſum membra-
naceum fingulari ſemine fætum,cochleæ ad inftar intorto &
plerumq; petalis florum obvolutum. On very ſtrict
Obſervation in all the Seaſons of it, I could never diſ-
cover any Petala, but only Stamina; ſo that I fee no
Reaſon for your giving it a roſaceous Flower, except
one would take thoſe Echinac Leaves of the Calix for
the Petalo of the Flower, which I think ſcarce any
Botaniſt would do, and if it were ſo, it would be
ftill a Stamineous Flower, even according to his own
Senſe of Stamineous, if the Petala become the In-
volucra Seminis, as he ſays they do for the moſt part
in this. In his Elem. Bot. he has given it alſo a ro-
faceous Flower, but wanting a Calix, whoſe Piſtill
becomes a round and membranaceous Fruit, in which
one Seed is contained Spire in modum convolutum ; but
neither of theſe Characters agrees to this Plant: For
I found it conſtantly as above deſcribed. So that
Turnefort muſt either be very far miſtaken, or the
Plant muſt vary in different places.
Kali minus album ſemine ſplendente C. B. P. has a
Stamineous Flower, whoſe Calix conſiſts of five
Leaves, and together compoſe a round Capſule, in
which one round and ſhining Seed is contained. You
have placed it amongſt the Blita, but it does not a-
gree

Dr. Preſton to Mr. Ray. 315
a
gree to Turnefort's Character of the Blita. He has
excluded it from the Kali Species, but where he has
reduc'd it I cannot find.
Lichen vulg. I could never obſerve it to have
any Flower, but there ariſes from the middle of the
Leaves a long, ſlender, and white Pedicule, aliquan-
do ad digiti unius longitudinem aſurgens. It is hollow
and pellucid; on the top of which there is a round
black Head, or Capſule, fitted with a farinaceous and
greeniſh Subſtance, quod reverà locum feminis ſupplet;
or the Seed it ſelf, as obſerv’d by Turnefort with the help
of a Microſcope, and is ſubrotunda. This Capſule being
ſo very ſlender, foon opens, or breaks, by the Heat
of the Sun, and then it appears of the Figure as in
Turnefort's Character, but is conſtantly round, (ante
rupturam) ſo that it would appear Turnefort has not
obſerved them in all Seaſons : For early in the Spring
it is eaſy to obſerve them as above deſcribed, but they
are not able to endure Heat, and ſo quickly vaniſh.
Alfine rotundifol. ſeu Portulaca aq. minima Serpylli-
.
fol. This Plant was paſt the Flower : The Piſtill
of it becomes a round Capſule opening into two Parts,
horizontaliter, & pyxidis in modum, in whoſe Cavity
are contained many round and ſmall Seeds. Calix
tetrapetalus. It riſeth about an Inch high; the Leaves
reſemble thoſe of Serpyllum vulg. and the Capſules
thoſe of Anagallis fl. Phæniceo, but differs in this from
Anagallis, quod capſulæ in alis foliorum pofitæ ſunt &
pediculis carent.
Afphodelus paluſtris Scoticus minimus, plantæ genus
flore hexapetalo rofaceo, calice carente, cujus piftillum
mutatur in capſulam oblongam acuminatam & in 3 lo-
3
culamenta diviſam, in quibus fingulis ſemina plurima
continentur ariſtata. You have placed it inter bulboſis
affines, without any particular Note of Flower or
Seed-Veſſel. Where Turnefort has claſſed it I cannot
find, for his Book is deficient in a good Index,
$%
This

316
Dr. Preſton to Mr. Ray.
This Letter being fufficiently charged I ſhall re-
ferve what other Obſervations I have made till ano-
ther occaſion. I doubt not but your Supplement to
your Hiſtory will be near compleated by this time;
and as for your Methodus Emendata it is what I ſhall
expect with impatience.
Edinburgh, Jan. 13. 1701.
Dr. Sherard to Mr. Ray.
I Porte
SIR,
London, June 11. 1702.
laft to anſwer your Query about Co-
I rymbiferous Plants. Mr. Bobart told me Dr.
Tournefort's making Bidens a diſtinct Genus, was a
falle Notion; for the Seeds of thoſe Plants (as of ma-
ny others of the Corymbifere) had each four Spinula,
though two of them generally fell off before they
were ripe. He ſays all thoſe that have Quadrangular
Seeds have four Spinule, which in many Plants fall
all off, in others only two remain.
Mr. Ray's Anſwer to the Editor's Letter
of June 24. 1702. printed in Ray's
Hilt. Infect.
P: 262.
I
SIR,
Find that you have been very curious in obſerving
the Generation of Gnats, to which I muit needs
own myſelf to be a great Stranger, having never ſeen
any Girelie of that Inſect but thoſe with Club-heads,
whence I fuppofe our moſt common Gnat comes.
OE

Mr. Ray to the Editor.
317
Of the Vermiculi or Nymphe, previous to theſe Aure-
liæ, I knew nothing; and now I perceive that the
change of one of theſe into the other is not inſtanta-
neous, by the caſting of a Skin, as the change of the
Aurelia into a Gnat, but gradual; fo that this ſeems
to be a different fort of Generation from the reſt of
this kind.
I think you need not doubt but that the perfect
Gnat lays the Eggs in all theſe kinds, and that thoſe
that are fæcund, are render'd ſo by the coition of
the Male and Female; for this is agreeable to the
proceſs of Nature in the Generation of all Inſects,
none ever generating till they have run through all
their changes. As for the ſuddenneſs of laying their
Eggs after their leaving the Aurelia-ftate, that needs not
ſtartle you ; for 'tis uſual for many of them to couple
and lay their Eggs ſo ſoon as ever they are come out ;
the Females alſo may drop their Eggs without any
coit, if there be no Male near.
From theſe different forts of Vermiculi and Aureliæ
doubtleſs do proceed various kinds of Gnats, notwith-
ſtanding I find but two deſcribed in Authors. How-
beit I think you miſtake in charging Swammerdam
with that Error; for I find in my French Copy of
him theſe Words, Car nous en trouvons deſpluſieurs
fortes. You will deſerve well of thoſe who apply
themſelves to the Hiſtory of Inſects, if you ſhall find
out, deſcribe and diſtinguiſh theſe Species.
For my part I am now almoſt threeſcore and fif-
teen Years of Age, ſo that it is time for me to give
over theſe Studies and Enquiries; and beſides I am
fo
lame, and almoſt continually afflicted with Pain, that
I cannot attend any Study, being diverted by Pain.
'Tis true of late Years I have diverted my ſelf by
ſearching out the various Species of Inſeets to be found
hereabouts, but I have confined myſelf chiefly to two
or three forts, viz. Papilios diurnal, and nocturnal,
Beetles, Bees and Spiders. Of the firſt of theſe I have
found

318
Mr. Ray to the Editor.
found about 300 kinds, and there are ſtill remaining
many more undiſcover'd by me, and all within the
compaſs of a few Miles. How many then may we
reaſonably conjecture are to be found in England, in
Europe, in the Eaſt and Weſt-Indies, in the whole
World. The Beetles are a Tribe near as numerous as
theſe, and the Flies of all ſorts, not fewer. I have
now given over my Inquiſition, by reaſon of
my
dil-
ability to proſecute, and my approaching End, which
I pray
God fit me for. You that have more time
before you, may profitably beſtow ſome of your ſpare
Hours upon ſuch Enquiries, and may probably make
uſeful Diſcoveries, at leaſt may reap a great deal of
Pleaſure and fatisfaction in finding out and bringing
to light ſome of the Works of God not before taken
notice of. So I heartily bid
you farewel.
Black Notley, June 30. 1702.
At the time when this Letter was written, I was
but a Novice in the Hiſtory of Inſects, particularly
of Gnats, having begun my itrict Obſervations of them
but the foregoing Spring. In order to the Diſcovery
of the proceſs of their Generation, I ſhut up in Glaſſes
divers Nymphe, and Aurelia of Gnats, with the Wa-
ter in which they were produced; and after all the
Aurelie were become Gnats, and the Nymphe, Aure-
lie, I found there were other Nymphe ſucceeded;
and not having ſeen any Eggs in the Water, I very
inadvertently concluded that thoſe Nymphe, or at
leaſt the Aurelie (which I thought might be more
perfect Animals than I afterwards found them) might
lay Eggs, and be the Parents of thoſe fucceeding Nym-
phe. But I ſoon found my Error, and that what my
Friend Mr. Ray faith in this Letter was true, and al-
ſo diſcover'd the whole proceſs of the Generation of
Gnats, and that this Tribe of Inſects is much larger
than was ever imagin'd: For in the Parts only near
Upminter in Elex (where I then lived) I diſcovered
a
above

Mr. Ray to Sir Hans Sloane. 319
above 30 diſtinct Species of them, both Male and
Female moſt of them, and ſaw many of them in their
Coit, how they repoſite their Eggs, &c.
Mr. Ray to Sir Hans Sloane.
A
SIR,
Black Notley, Dec. 16. 1702.
Bout the beginning of this Seſſion of Parlia-
ment, I received a very courteous and oblig-
ing Letter from my Lord Biſhop of London, wherein
among other things he deſired me to ſend one of
my
Friends to treat with him about the deſign of procu-
ring Figures for my Hiſtory of Plants. Whereupon I
wrote to Dr. Sherard, to deſire him to attend upon
his Lordſhip for that purpoſe; but he being one of
the Commiſſioners for fick and wounded Soldiers,
was ſent to Portſmouth, where he ſtill reſides, ſo that
he could not fulfil my requeſt. Yet I cannot excuſe
him, for deferring thus long to give me notice there-
of, the Buſineſs requiring hafte; and my Lord advi-
ſing that what is done would beſt be done while the
Town was full of Nobility and Gentry during the ſit-
ting of the Parliament.
Now, Sir, underſtanding that you are acquainted
with the Biſhop, I muſt beg the favour of you to at-
tend his Lordſhip, and to do that which I requeſted
of Dr. Sherard, that is, to give him your Opinion
whether the thing be feaſible, and what Difficulties
are likely to occur in it, and what is the beſt Method
to proceed in. I conceive the great Difficulties will be
in procuring Gravers, and Superviſors, to make choice
of the beſt Patterns of Plants that are already publiſh-
ed, and get ſuch delineated as they can procure Spe-
cimens of; and to ſuperintend the Gravers, to ſee they
do

320 Mr. Ray to Sir Hans Sloane.
do their Work well, and to put Titles to the ſeveral
Sculps, &c. Such Superviſors I doubt it will be
difficult to find, and Penfions or Salaries muſt be al-
lowed them; I was loth to give you any trouble a-
bout this Affair, becauſe I know you to be full of
Buſineſs, and to have but little time to ſpare: But I
am conſtrained, Dr. Robinſon excuſing himſelf, for
not being acquainted with the Biſhop.
Sir Hans Sloane's Anſwer to Mr. Ray.
I
SIR,
London, Jan. 14. 1702.
Receiv'd yours, and have ſpoken to the Biſloop of
London about the Graving the Plates for your Hi-
ftory. He ſeems to be in very good earneſt about it,
and without queſtion will be able to do very
confide-
Table Matters in it; but I find Dr. Sherard and others
think it impoſſible to be effected. I will enquire a
little farther into it, and talk with Dr. Sherard, Dr.
Robinſon, and Mr. Petiver, &c. and then again diſ-
courſe his Lordſhip about it. I imagine it would be
beft done by Sections.
Mr. Ray to Sir Hans Sloane.
M
SIR,
R. Dale tells me that ſome of my Friends at
ine
London talk of impoſing a new Task upon
nie, that is of deſcribing ſuch exotick Inſeats, as are
found in the Muſeum's of the Virtuoſi about Lon-
don; which if there be no more able and better qua-
lified Perſon living in or near the City, for ſuch an
under-

Mr. Ray to Sir Hans Sloane. 321
undertaking I ſhould not be much averſe from, if it
pleaſe God to continue me any tolerable meaſure of
Health and Eaſe; for that I may do ſitting, and with-
out much motion, but then they muſt be ſent down
to me by Parcels. As for our Engliſh Inſects, I think
I may, without Vanity, fay, that I have taken more
pains about ſome Tribes of them, than any Engliſh-
man before me. If I were to publiſh a Hiſtory of In-
ſeets in each Tribe, I would firſt place the Engliſia
ones by themſelves, and then the Exoticks.
I have by me a Hiſtory of our Diurnal Engliſh Pa-
pilios of my own knowledge, which I drew
up
fome
Years ſince, they are in number about 40. I under-
ſtand that Mr. Petiver hath ſeveral new ones ſent
him out of Cornwal, which I ſuppoſe he will ſhortly
publiſh. In caſe you think fit to employ me in this
Service, I would begin with the Tribe of Papilios;
becauſe therein I have taken the moſt pains, though
that be far from the firſt Tribe. For I divide Inſeets
into Apoda and Pedata. And Pedata into Pedata
tantùm, and Pedata & Alata fimul, and theſe laſt I
would divide according to Swammerdam's Method.
Black Notley, Febr. 23. 1702.
Mr. Thoresby to Mr. Ray.
T
Honoured SIR,
THIS additional Liſt of Local Words is larger
than I expected, and therein you will quickly
oblerve ſeveral Words already inſerted in your very
curious and accurate Collection, but then 'tis either
when the fame Word has a different Signification,
(which is not uncommon) or pronounced after ſo
different a Manner, as conſiderably to alter the Or-
thography: Or laſtly, when the Etymology has fal-
len
Tt

3 2 2
Mr. Thoresby to Mr. Ray.
len in my way in the Peruſal of ſome of our Saxon
Authors, as Wheelocks, Bede, Somner, Spelman, Hicks,
&c.
I am tempted to think the Germain Silk-tail, re-
gifter'd in the Philoſophic. Tranſ. Nº. 175. is become
natural to us, there being no leſs than 3 kill'd nigh
this Town the laſt Winter.
Leeds, Ap. 27. 1703.
A.
A
a
Lack for Alas.
Alas-a-day. } Alas, a Form of pitying.
.
Alas-at-ever
After-maths, q. After-mowings, the Graſs in the
Meadows, that grows after the mowing the Ed-
dish; Roughings we take for that rough courſe
Graſs the Cattle will not eat.
Arls or Earls, earneſt.
An Arvil, a Funeral Treat; the Word and Practice
retained in the Vicarige of Hallifax. I was at one
for an ancient Miniſter a few Months ago.
As or Ale, Aſhes, var. dial.
As tite, as ſoon; titter, ſooner.
An Afboler Wall, Free-ſtone hewed with a Maſon's
Ax into Smoothneſs, q. Axtler.
.
Aud-farand, out of Faſhion when applied to elder Per-
fons; and witry above their Age, when to Children.
Aukardly, oppoſite to towardly.
An Awmofs, Almes, from French Aumoſnes.
Aun, own, var. dial. As agen.
B.
ackus, Bakehouſe.
Very Bain about one, officious, ready to help.
Bang his Banes, beat his Bones.
Bawks,
B , ,

Mr. Thoresby to Mr. Ray. 323
Bawks, the large Timber Beams that ſupport the
Roof by Sign-trees, under the Side-wavers, and a
Prick-poft under the Rig-tree, Summers or Sum-
mer-trees are never contiguous to the Roof, but
only the main Beams in a Chamber-Floor.
Bannock, &c. Tharfe Cakes.
A Barn, a Child, S. bearn, ii. Math. 18.
A Barn, a Garner, S. Math. iii. 12.
A Barr, a Gate of a Town or City, Mickelgate
from, S. mýcel, not St. Michael.
Bawt, without. A Bawl, Bowl.
Beiling, Matter mix'd with Blood running out of a
Sore.
Benefon, Benediction.
A Benkit, a ſmall Wood Veffel with a Cover that's
looſe, and fitted with Notches to two prominent
Lags that have a String thro' them to carry it by.
To Bezle, waſte, embezle.
To Bid or Bead, to pray, from S. beade oratio.
To Blare, to put out the Tongue.
To Blate or Bleit, proper to a Calf's or Sheep's
Voice.
Bleak, expoſed to the Weather, it ſtands bleak.
A Binding, a Hazel Rod, or Thorn, 2 or 3 Yards
long, ſo called, becauſe uſed for binding the Hedge-
tops.
Blew Milk, skimm'd Milk.
Blind-mans-buffe, a Play.
Bloa, black and blue.
A Blowſe or Blawze, proper to Women; a Blof-
fom, a wild riniſh Girl, proud light Skirts.
A Bloated Look, a bloa, dusky, dark Countenance,
cauſed by Intemperance moſtly.
To Boken, to nauſeate, ready to vomit,
The Booght of the Elbow.
Boons or Booyns, Foul and ſometimes Labour, to be
given to the Landlord, over and above the Rent,
from the French Boon.
Tız
The

324 Mr. Thoresby to Mr. Ray.
The Boyl of a Tree.
A Booyſe, or Buyſe, fame as Booſe or Stall.
Brakons, Fern, Brakes.
A Brandred or Rid, a Trivet, or Iron.
You Braid of the Miller's Dog.
Bown, as whither art thou bown, i. e.going or bound.
A Breid, a Shelf, or Board, var. dial.
.
To Breiden, to ſpread or make broad.
A Brock, a Badger.
A Bridle«fty, a Way for Horſe only, not Cart or Car-
riages in common.
A Broych, a ſmall Spike of Iron or Wood to put
Coppins on.
To Broych, or broach, as Maſons an Atchler, when
with the ſmall Point of their Ax, they make it
full of little Pits, or ſmall Holes.
To Bruzzle, to make a great Ado, or Stir.
A Bumper, a Glaſs or Mug brim-full.
A Bur-tree, an Elder or Dog-tree.
A Burk-tree, or Rods, Birch, var. dial.
Bytte (Warwickſhire) a Bottle or Flagon, ab S.
býtte uter, dolium.
C.
TO
Cadge, a term in making Bone-lace.
A Cankerd Cart, or froward Fellow.
To Cape a Wall, to crown it.
A Carding of Wool.
A Caw, Cow, var. dial.
A Cawl, or Coul, a Lump riſing in the Head thro' a
Knock
To Caure down, to ruck down.
To Cast or Keft, to vomit.
A Caup, as a muck Caup.
A Chare, or Char-woman, one hired by Day (not a
fixed Servant) to waſh.
Chaffer, to chaffer, exchange,
To

Mr. Thoresby to Mr. Ray 325
a
To Chaſe a Laughter.
Chid, rebuked, S. ciose.
Chizzel, Wheat-bran.
To Clatter, make a Noiſe, talk faſt and loud.
A Clawt, a tatter'd Cloth, or Rag,
Cleam'd, dawb'd on as with a Trowel.
Clem'd, or clam’d, pined, hungered.
Clinch, or clunch-fifted, covetous.
I'th' Clout, drunk.
A Clughe, a Valley between two ſteep Hills.
Clumps, bungling
Clukes, Clutches.
Clots, Clods, var. dial.
A Clumpft Fellow, i. e. plain-dealing, that ſpeaks at
the Mouth, Prov.
A Clunter, an unnimble Stumbler.
Coap, Fight.
Cobby, Sawcy
Coits, Coats, var. dial. Thou’rt a Lad i' Coits, ſpo-
ken to Men ludicrouſly.
Coddy, joyn'd with little, to diminiſh, as a little
Coddy Lamb, Bird, Fly --- is exceeding little, per-
,
haps but a var. dial. for Conny.
Cokend, choaked.
Gom, came, S. com Mat. ii. 21.
To Con. i. é. ply a Leſſon as School-boys.
A Coppin of Yarn.
A Cottrel, a piece of Iron with a Hole in to faften.
A Cragg, a ſtony rocky Bank, &c.
A Diſh Cratch, ſame with the Cradle.
Crawſe, Jolly, Brisk.
To Creak as a Door.
Creed Wheat, hulld and boyld.
To Crinkle, to crouch, to yield ſneakingly.
Cowks, or Cinders, Coals burnt in common Fire, not
charr'd.
a
a
To

326 Mr. Thoresby to Mr. Ray.
D.
T Days work is over
, at 2 d. an Hour
.
10 Daker, to work for Hire after the common
,
To Darne, i. e. fow up Holes, ſo as not to pucker,
but fill them up.
A great Deal or dele, S. Sælar Parts, Mat. ii. 22.
To Deeght Ing, ſpread Mole-hills.
To Dither, to quiver with Cold.
A Dingthrift, a Spendall, Prodigal.
To Dizen, to be curious and look big, to fit in State,
as if great.
Dodges on, keeps poorly doing.
Dog-tree, Elder.
A Dole, Dool, or Doal, a Share or Part in a Town-
field; alſo Money or Bread diſtributed at a Fune-
ral to the Poor.
To Drée, to be able to go thro' to the End of the
Journey.
A Dribble, an Iron-pin that Carpenters uſe to drive
out wooden Pins.
Drigh, long, tedious.
A Dubler, a Platter.
A Dub, a Puddle, or Plaſh of Water.
The Dule, Devil, var. dial.
He Dung, or Dang it down, threw it down.
To Durſe is to dreſs, to durſe the Houſe, Horſes.
To Durſe the Ing, to ſpread the Mole-hills and Dung
that's in Fields.
E.
M
ine Ean, my Uncle, S. eam'e avunculus
For Eance (once) and uſe it not.
An Eapns, hands full.
Earnder, Forenoon drinking.
Edge you Brethren, make room, give way.
Een

Mr. Thoresby to Mr. Ray. -327
Eeen for Eyes
To Eek, enlarge, S. ican augmentare.
Een for even, var. dial.
To Elt, to beat in the Dough with more Meal and
Yeaft.
Murk i'th' Eemin, dark in the Evening,
Een, Evening, per Aphæreſin.
F.
T
a
Fawn }foul, dirty
THE Fag End, the hinder or latter End.
I'Fake, Faith, (an Oath).
Far, for farther, as the far Bank.
Faftne's een, the Tueſday before the Dies Cinerum,
or Aſhwedneſday
Fat (in Compoſition) Veſſel, as in Guile Fat ab S.
fat vas.
Faugh, Fallow Ground.
To Faugh, to plow, and let it lie fallow a Summer
or Winter
,
,.
Feard, frighted, afraid, S. afares.
Feer, or Fere, Wife, S. gefera ſocia.
To Feft, i. e. put out Apprentice.
To Fitter, to kick ſmartly with the Feet, as Chil-
dren do when pettiſh, metaphorically to be in a
Paffion, a pelting Chafe.
To break or tear all to Fitters, is to reduce to the
ſmalleſt Bits.
A Filly-foal, from S. Fýtian to follow the Mare.
A Flacket, a Wood or Leather Veffel.
A Flask for Water to waſh in, ab S. Fater flaxan.
To Fling, to throw.
To Flire, or Flear, laugh ſcornfully,
Flaughter'd, affrighted.
A Fleyk, a Hurdle made of Hazel, or other Wands
radled,
a

328 Mr. Thoresby to Mr. Ray.
radled, for the Clothiers to ſwing, or beat their Wool
upon.
He Float me, chid or ſcolded.
Flue-full, brim-full, flowing full.
A Flurts, a light Houſe-wife.
Yau’r Mains Fluſh, full-handed, prodigal, waſteful.
To Fodder, i. e. give Hay or Straw to Cattle.
Fogg, or Ediſh, is the ſecond Growth of Graſs (after
mowing
To Forebeight, predetermine
A Fodder of Lead.
Forſpoken, bewitched, foreſpoken
Frayn, (Lanc.) ask, S. befran interrogare.
Freem, handſome.
A Frosk, Frog
A Fruggan, applied to ſtirring Women.
To Fruſt, truſt for a time.
Fulfum, nafty, foul.
Fur, far, var. dial.
A Fur, or Foor, a Furrow.
a
G.
S. gang;
Т.
a
a
Gang, to go,
Gant, lufty, hearty and healthful.
Gar’em ken us Ale, prodigious ſtrong, make them
know us.
A Garſom, a Foregift at entring a Farm, a Godf-
penny.
To Gaup, to ſtare about with open Mouth.
A Gauffer, a hearty loud Laughter.
A Gawd, a Guiſe, Cuſtom, Faſhion.
Gawk Hand Left Hand.
Gallock Hand
Gawa, go we, let us go
Geen, given.
Gemean

Mr. Thoresby to Mr. Ray. 329
а.
Gemean Mather, the common Sort, S. gemæne,
Matth. viii. 29. from whence the preſent Dutch
Gemeyn, common, vulgar.
Geſtings, q. Geeft lings, young Geefe.
Gif, if, S. gif, fi.
Do you Gawm me, underſtand, or mind me.
A Gladden is a void. Place, free from Incumbrances.
To Glawm, to look fad.
To Glee, to look afquint Yorkſh. as well as Linc.
To Glizzen, gliſter or ſparkle, as Stars in Froſt, it
freezes hard, and een glizzens, in which Senſe a-
lone 'tis uſed.)
Gloppend, furprized.
To Glore, to look ftaringly.
Goyts of Mills, where the Stream paſſes out.
To Graw before the Ague Fit.
Graut, Wort, ſweet Drink, Ale before it be wrought
with Barm.
Greeſe, or Greece, Stairs.
The Groyn of a Swine, the Snout.
NA
A Groop, the hinder part of the Myſtall
, where the
Cattle dung.
Griefly, ugly, grilled..
Guizend, odly and fluttiſhly habited.
A Gyfte for Cattle, to be paftured.
J:
H.
A
Hackflaver, safty ſlovenly Fellow, both in
Habit and Deed; but it has a peculiar Reſpect
to ſpeaking ill, naturally or morally.
To Haggle, to cut irregularly.
A Haking Fellow, an idle Loiterer.
Hala, baſhful, nicely modeft.
Hame, home, S. ham.
Happens, perhaps.
Hard, for covetous, and in ſome Places for half drunk.
Harenut, Earthnut.
Uu
Harns

330 Mr. Thoresby to Mr. Ray.
Harns, Brains, Yorkſhire,
Havers, Manners.
To Heald, to lean to one Side.
A Hebble, a narrow, ſhort, Plank-bridge.
The Heck is ordinarily but half a Door, the lower
half.
Hen-harrow, a Kind of Kite Harrier.
To Hent, to catch a flying Ball.
Height, called, &c.
To Height, to threaten.
To Higle, to loiter long in buying.
Hineberrys, Raſpberrys.
Hippins, Steppings, large Stones ſet in a ſhallow Wa-
ter at a Steps diſtance from each other, to paſs c-
ver by
Hitter, eager, keen.
Hoaſt, Cough, à S. Hposta.
A Hoppet, a Seed Basket; alſo that in the Mill in
which the Corn is put to grind.
A Hooyze, a half Cough, proper to Cattle.
A Hoſt, a Cough.
A Hullet, (a Howlet) an Owl.
To Hype, to gird at, to caſt out difgraceful Words.
A Holt, a Wood, S. Holt fylva.
DO
a
I.
A
N Ing, a plain even Ground (moſtly Meadows)
by the Water-ſide.
To dreſs the Ing, that is the Mole-hills, and Dung,
which is durft or dreft, i. e. fpread abroad with an
Ing-rake.
An Inkling, an Intimation, or Notice.
An Ize-bone, the Huckle-bone, the Coxa.
A Junket, a Wicker-long Wisket to catch Fifh.
То

Mr. Thoresby to Mr. Ray. 331
K.
T
70 Keive a Cart, whelm on one side.
A Keiver, a Bumper, or Brimmer of Liquor.
A Kitt, a Milking or Water-pale, with one or two
Ears, with or without a Cover.
A Kiting, a Term of Reproach.
It ſtands Kittle, i.e. tickliſhly, ready to fall.
Knogs, Nine-pins.
A Konny thing, a little, as well as a fine thing
A Kivver, or Kimlin, a Powdering Tub.
a
L.
TO
10 Lag, to come laft behind, as if tired, flag .
Laird, (Scotice) Lord, S. blafons.
To Lake, play, Goth. Anns, ludere,
Lang, long var. dial. S lang.
Langholds, Spaniels upon Horſes Feet, faſtned with a
Horſe-lock to keep them from leaping wrong.
To Lane nothing, to conceal nothing.
To Lant Ale, to put Urin into it.
Laughter, laying as a Hen lays her Laughter, that is
all the Eggs ſhe will lay that time.
To Lawk, i. e. weed Corn.
Laſs-a-day, (alas) an Expreſſion of Condolence,
I'd as Leive do ſo, as willingly, 'tis equal to me,
Leathwake, limber, pliable.
Leaſing, Lying, à S. Leasung, mendacium.
Leath, Eaſe or Reft.
Lear, laugh deridingly, flear,
Leet you, pretend.
Ley, fallow Ground.
To Leyſe, to pick the Slain and Trucks out of Wheat,
A Libhorn, a Sow-gelder.
To Litt, to colour or dye, whence the Name Lifter,
or Litſter
Uu2
Lifiring

332 Mr. Thoresby to Mr. Ray.
Liftring, thickening, Yorkſhire, as well as Chef.
To Loup, or Laup, to leap.
To Lug, to pull one by the Hair, or Ears, lugs.
A huge Lunbin of Bread, a large Piece.
M.
M4
,
Aine, as by Might and Main, S. mægen.
To Maine, to lame.
A Malkin, a Cloth at the End of a Poll, where with
wetting it, they cleanſe the Bottom of the Oven,
applied to a Slut.
Mare, more, var. dial. S. mare.
Mate, Match.
My Maugh, my Brother-in-law.
A Mawkin, a dirty Frow.
Mawm, tender, fryable, ſhort, mellow.
A Maz'd Goose, applied to a Perſon aſtoniſhed, ama-
zed per Aphæreſin.
Meedleſs, without Meafure.
Juft Meet, exact.
Meeterly, indifferently, meeterly, as Megge Rylay
danc'd.
Mensfull, neat and clean.
Menya, a Family, a Houſe Menya, S. Menio, Mat.
V111. I.
A Midge, no Gnat, but the ſmalleſt of all Flies.
Millums, watry Places about a Mill-dam.
A Minſtre, Cathedral, S. Mýntre Chri.
Miſcryed, diſcovered.
It Mizzles, rains ſmall, like the falling of a Mift.
To Mobb, to dreſs awkardly.
A Moofin, a Wheat Cake, bak'd upon a Bake-ſtone
over the Fire, as Oat-cakes.
Moolter, Toll of a Mill.
A Miln and Milner, for a Mill and Miller.
Welnee Moyder'd, almoſt diſtracted.
To Mooyſen, i, e. wonder, from muſeing.
Macky
a

Mr. Thoresby to Mr. Ray. 333
Mucky, dirty, as the Streets in rainy Weather ; Muck,
Towagate Mire, as well as Dung.
It Muggles, rains ſmall, Mift like.
Munſworn, forſworn.
Munt, hint, as I know your Meaning by your mun-
ting.
Myftall, Mewſtall for Cattle, Oxen and Cows.
N.
, -
AR, nearer.
A Nawt-heard, Neat-heard.
Nawt-foot-fame, the Oyl or Greaſe that is boiled out
of a Neat's-foot.
A Neave, a Fift.
I did not neigh it, came not nigh it.
My Neame, or Neme, my Uncle.
To Net, to waſh Cloaths, give them a Net.
A Nether, or Nedder, an Adder, à S. nestra
Mat. 3. 7.
Nifles, are Glandules, Kernels, which being hid
and cover'd with fat, perhaps might either be de-
nominated from, or denominate covert and ſecret
filching of things, Nifling, Nifle.
Niſe, ftrange, niſe Work, ſtrang.
Niſe, apply'd to a Perſon, is preciſe, oppoſite to fres
and hearty.
He Nim'd it, took it, S. nım, St. Matth. 2. 20.
Nogs, Shank-bones, hence playing at Nogs, or Nine-
pins, becauſe the Bones of the Shanks of Cattle are
uſed therein.
0.
ON'scruplesny Onters, Pretences, Alledgments »
An Oskin of Land, an Oxgang contains 1o Acres in
fome Places, in others 16, 18, 24, and so in ſome
part of Bradford Pariſh,
Ofell,

334 Mr. Thoresby to Mr. Ray.
Ofell, perhaps.
Ounfel, a Title of Reproach, ſometimes apply'd (as
by Mr. Garbut, in his Demonſtration of the Reſur-
rection of Chriſt) to the Devil.
Ournder, Afternoon drinkings.
An Ows, an Ox, Gothicè & Cimbricè ANIKAN,
Dr. Hicks's Grammar, p. 6.
An Ox-Boyfe, an Ox-itall, à S. bosih, præfepe, a
Boofe.
P.
A A
Paddock, or Parrock, a ſmall narrow Cloſe,
that is an Appendix to a greater, for the moſt
part.
Pan, that deſcribed as the Pan in a Building, is pro-
perly the Wall-plate, the Pan is that piece of Tim-
ber in wooden Houſes, that lies upon the top of
the Pofts, and upon which the Balks reft, and the
Spar-foot alſo.
Parriſht, ſtarved with Cold, qu. periſht.
Paſh, I'll paſh thy Harns out.
Pat, fit, proper, pat to the purpoſe.
To Pee, is alſo look near and narrowly.
Peel the Pot, (cool it) with the Ladle, taking out
and pouring in again.
Peil, ftir, what a Peil keep you?
Perepoint, a perepoint Wall made of a thinner ſort of
hewn Stone, fet upon the edge.
A Pigtail Candle, the leaſt, put in to make weight,
A Piat, a Place.
Pock-arr'd, marked with the Small-Pox.
To Poyt the Cloaths off.
A Fire Poit, an Iron to ſtir up the Fire with.
A Prigge, a little Braſs Skellet.
To Pucker, to draw up like a Purſe, unevenly.
A Puddle, a fat Body.
Q. Quite,

Mr. Thoresby to Mr. Ray. 335
Q.
Q
Uite for wholy is general, for Quit Northern,
'twill not quit coſt.
R.
R
e
a
Adlings, Hazel, or other Boughs, put within the
ftuds of a Wall, to be cover'd with Lime or
Mortar.
A Rdwp, a Hoarſneſs.
To Raume, to reach.
The Reefe, the Itch, reefy, itchy.
To Reek, to ſmoke, à S. pec, ſmoke.
here
You make a nife rent. }i. e. work, mad work,
Riniſh, wild, jolly, unruly, rude.
sov
A Riggald, abuſively, apply'd to Men as well as to
Cattel.
Roky, miſty.
དང་ ནས་ ། དེ་
To Rooyſe, to extol.
A Roup, a Hoarſneſs.
Sno
Rudd, red Stone.
A Rudle, a Ridle.
Ryndta, uſed to Cows to make them give way, and
ſtand in their Stalls or Booyſes.
30
S.
TATO
34
I hene
Sagh, I ſaw.
Samme Milk, Butter in the Churn, after the Milk
breaks into Butter, à S. samman conglobare.
Saur, Sour, Mend like four Milk in Summer, Prov.
Sawl, Soul, var. dial. S. sagel.
I'll Saul him, beat him.
To Sawce, Ruftic. pro fowce, box the Ears.
To Scream, cry aloud,
Scruby,

336 Mr. Thoresby to Mr. Ray.
Scruby-Graſs, var. dial. for Scurvy-Grafs.
Scug of a Hill, the declivity or ſide.
Seaves, pillid Rulhes, of which they make Seay Can-
dles.
Sel, Seln, ſelf.
Sere, ſeveral, ſere ways, ſeveral ways.
A Setle, a Seat, à S. setl.
To Shaffle, a Shaffies, a Bungler.
To Shale, (proper to the Feet) in with the Heels and
out with the Toes.
No Sheds, no difference.
To Shill, as Peaſe, to take them out of the Swads.
A Shive of Bread, cut off the Loaf.
Shoe, or She, illa, She, var. dial.
Shooen, or Shune, Shoes.
Shool, Shovel, var. dial.
Shooyts, Shovel-board, where the Shillings are directe
ed as at a Mark in ſhooting.
Cow Sharn, or Dung.
Shrogs, a company of Buſhes, of Hazel, Thorns, bri-
The Sile, uſed in ſtraining Milk.
It Siles, i.e. rains faſt.
To Sipe, to let all the Water or Liquor out, which
cleaves to the ſides of a Veſſel, after the main is
pour'd out
Skath or Scath, Loſs, à S. Scade nocumentum, as the
Scath came in at his own Fence, Prov.
A Skeel, a Kit or Milking-pail.
Skeller'd, warpt-Yorkſhire as well Darbyſh.
Skeer the Effe, vide Effe.
Skanskback, eaſily knowable, having ſome ſpecial
mark.
To Skimmer, ſhine, look bright.
A Slamtraſh, a ſlovenly dirty Perſon.
To Slap one, i. e. beat, à sono verborum, vox óvouche
ers.
TOT.
To Slart, to plaſh with dirt.
Te

Mr. Thoresby to Mr. Ray. 337
a
To Slap out the Tongue.
To Sleat a Dog
Slim, fometimes fignifies crafty, knavilh, a flim Cu-
ftomer.
To Slive, to clear, to rive.
A Sliving, a lazy Fellow.
To Slot the Door, to bolt it when ſhut.
A Slough, a watry boggiſh Place, item the caft Skin
of a Snake.
A Sluſh, waftful.
To Sluſls thro' work, to do much, but ſlimly, care-
lefly.
A Smithy, a Smiths Shop.
To Smoar, to ſmother per contrac.
To Snaffle, to ſpeak through the Noſe.
A Snaffle-Bridle or Bit, ſnape Bit.
A Snap, a Lad or Servant, now moſtly uſed ludia
crouſly, à S. Snapa, puer, Matth. 8. 13.
To Snattle, to linger, delay, magno conatu nihil agere.
To Sndvle, Snivle, ſpeak through the Noſe.
Snever, ſlender, ſmooth.
To Snift, to draw the wind ſmartly up the Noſe.
A Snicket, one that pincheth all to nought.
To Snite, is to blow the Noſe, to wipe is to dry it
A Sod, a Turf, is thin and round, or oval, taken from
the ſurface of the Earth ; a Sod thick and ſquare;
or oblong moſtly.
Soncy, cunning.
To Sonter, to loiter, a fantering or fontring Body, one
that ſquanders the time in going idly about.
To Soſe, proper to Dogs.
To Souſe or ſawſe on the Ears, i. t. box.
Snuffers for the Noſe, or Noſtrils..
A Spaniel. Qu. If not the S. name for N. Langholds,
we have in theſe Parts no other name but Cow-ty.
To Sparkle away, diſperſe, ſpend, waſte.
To Speer, enquire the Road, à S. Spynian ſcrutari.
X X
А

338 Mr. Thoresby to Mr. Ray.
A Spelk, a wooden Splinter tied on, to keep a broken
Bone from bending or unſetting again.
Spick and ſpan new, that has never been worn.
To be Spurr’d, is to have the Banns of Marriage ask'd.
To Squat down, to cour down ſuddenly.
A Stawk, i. e. Stalk of Plants.
Stark, ftiff; weary, alſo covetous.
Staupings, winter Steps, the holes made by the Feet
of Horſes and Cattel in miry Highways and other
Places.
Stavers, Hedge-ſtavers, i.e. Stakes.
Stav’d, Stawv'd, as a Hedge that is cut.
To Steim, to beſpeak a thing.
Stevon, a ſtrong founding Voice, à S. Stefn.
A Stiddy, an Anvil.
A Stigh, a Ladder.
Storcks Bill
, to ſtorken, proper to fat growing cold,
and ſo hard.
Stowd, cropt as Horſes Ears.
Stradling, frutting and ftriding.
Strea, Straw.
To Streik, ſtretch out the Limbs.
A Stroak of Corn with us is but half a Buſhel, or two
Pecks.
A Stroom, Stratunt, the Inſtrument to keep the Malt
in the Fat, that it run not out with the Liquor.
Strunted, cut off ſhort.
A Swaithe, the row of Graſs cut down with the Scythe.
Laid o'th' Swaithe bauk, is ſpread abroad.
Swamoiss, Modeft.
A Swamp, a boggy bottom, a ſoft ruſhy Piece.
A Swatch, a fhread of Cloth.
To Sweal, as a Candle with the Wind.
A Swine-Coat, Hogs-ſtye, à S. Cote, domuncula.
To Swinge, Scourge, à S. Spingan, to threſh.
To Switch a Hedge, i.e. to cut off all the outlying
Boughs.
To Swither, to finge
Taplaſh,
a

Mr. Thoresby to Mr. Ray.
339
T.
T4
Aplaſh, ſmall Beer, or thin Drink.
A Tarrant (forte pro Tyrant) a crabbed froward
Fellow.
A Tavern, a Cellar.
To Tawr with the Hand.
A water Tawv, a ſwooning Fit.
A Teathy body, peeviſh, crabbed.
A Teeming-woman, i.e. Child-bearing-woman,
A Tether, Tedder, var. dial.
Thar-Cake, or Hearth-Cake.
Tharms, Pudding-skins.
Thaw, thou, var. dial.
To Thoyi, afford.
To Thraw, to turn Wood with a Tool.
A Threave of Straw, a Burden of it.
A Thwang for a Shoe, the Latchet, S. Spang, a
Thong.
To Tifle, to ftifle, over-ſet.
A Tified Horſe, when broken above the Loyns.
To Tipe over, fall, or over-turn.
Tiper-down, Itrong Drink, for tiping over.
Tipſy, almoſt drunk, from tipling.
Titter and better, ſooner.
To Topple down, fall.
Toota well, very well, too too well.
A Tooming, Wool taken off the Cards.
Topſy-turvy, upſide-down.
Trawth, as Faith and Trawth, S. Theopfe, Fides,
A Trippet, a quarter of a Pound.
To Truſh, to run through all the dirt, à ſono ivou.
To keep Tutch, to be as good as the Promiſe.
Tuta, too too; thou’rt tuta earneſt, clamorous, co-
vetous, importunate, unſatisfyable,
Turlings, Coals about a fifts bigneſs.
Twills, Quills
X x 2
Uncontb
a

340 Mr. Thoresby to Mr. Ray.
U.
Uncertain ftrange, uncommon, unuſual, à S. un-
cos, unknown
An Urchion, a Hedge-hog, Urchin.
Uvver, for upper, or over, var. dial.
Varſall
, univerſal
W.
A
W dag, a Leaver.
To Wade the Water.
Wač ft heart, a condolence to the fame purport with
Wae's me, Woe is the Heart, & c.
To Waite, to blame.
Walker's Earth for ſcowring the Cloth.
A Waugh-mill, Fulling-mill.
Waugh, 'infipid, unſalted, and ſo unſavory.
The Wawks, or corners of the Muſtachios's.
Wamb, Womb, var. dial. S. Pamb.
Wane, decline, the Moon is in the Wane, S. Pani-
an, minuere.
War, ſtand afide, give way, beware.
Warld, i'th' varſal Warld, univerſal World.
Warſe, worſe, var. dial.
To Wax, grow, S. Peaxan, creſcere.
A Wee-bit, a tiny wee-bit, a ſmall piece, (a pure
Yorkſhiriſm).
Weet, i. e. wot, know, I weet full well.
Weeting, Urine,
Weiky, moiſt.
To Ween, think, à S. Penan, opinari.
Welling, boiling
To Welt, to totter.
To Welt or Wolt, overturn Cart or Wain.
Wellaneering, alas.
Wel nee, well-nigh, it's wel-nee Night, almoft.
Wet

Mr. Thoresby to Mr. Ray 341
}
Wejh, or waſh, Urine.
To Whakker, tremble, ſhake every joint.
Wbaint, ftrange, odd, implying naughtyneſs, whaint
wark.
A Whamire, a Quagmire, var. dial.
Whawm,
Whelm,
overwhelm, is whawmed over,
A Whein, a Quean.
A Wheel-pit, Whirl-pool.
Wheemly, neatly
Whak’t, for quaked, whence
Whakers, for Quakers, le Trembleurs.
Whart, Quart, meit m'a Whart o Doyl, i.e. mea-
ſure me a Quart of Oyl.
Whilk, which, S. phılc,
Whilkin, whether.
White, for quit, it will not white coſt.
To White, to cut Sticks with a Knife, and make
them white.
Wbiskin or Whisking, adjectively is great, applied to
almoſt any thing, as Floods, Fire, Winds.
Whisking is alſo ſwitching; there will be whisking
foi't, alſo beating, ſwinging, whipping.
Wbreak, to ſpeak in gutture, and whiningly.
AWby, an Heifer.
Wight, ſwift.
Wind-raw, Graſs or Hay rak'd into long rows for
drying.
Wine-berries, not Grapes, but Gooſeberries, Pin-be-
pian, Matt. vii. 16.
A Wither, ſtrong Fellow.
A Wogh, any Partition, whether of Boards or mud
Walls, or Laths and Lime; as a Boardihed-woagh,
ftudded wogh.
A Woggin, a narrow Paſſage between two Houſes.
To Wolter; (as welter.)
Wormſtall, ſhelter for Cattel in hot Weather.
Wote, know
Το

342 Mr. Thoresby to Mr. Ray.
Y.
ТО
Yall, and to Yawl, or Yowl; the latter appro-
priated to Dogs, the former to Bawlers, in
yall the a ſounds as in that, in yawl as in the ruſtick
Caw for Cow.
A Yawd, a Horſe.
Yeaft, Barme.
To Yeather, to beat with a long Hazel, Thorn, &c.
Yeeke, Itch.
Yield, i.e. Reward.
The Yeender, or Earnder, the Forenoon, Hallifax in
Yorkſbire.
Yew, you, var. dial. S. gep.
Yews for Ews.
Yooyle, Yule, de Yule, vide Mareſchalli Obſerv. in Ver-
fion. Anglo-Sax. Evang. p. 520.
Mr. Ray to the Editor.
YOURS
SIR,
OURS of Auguſt 28 came to hand, for which
I return Thanks. I am ſorry you cannot as yet
perfect your Hiſtory of Gnats, of which I admire you
ſhould diſcover ſo many diſtinct Species, indeed that
there ſhould be ſo many in rerum natura.
As for the Cimices they may eaſily be compaſſed;
but to find out, deſcribe and methodize all the Species
of Flies and Beetles of England alone, is the work of
a Man's life.
The Phalænæ are ſo numerous, that ſhould I live
20 Years longer, and were in condition to ſearch
them out, yet I ſhould deſpair of coming to an end
of

Mr. Ray to the Editor.
343
of them, much leſs of diſcovering the ſeveral changes
they go through, from the Egg to the Papilio, and
deſcribing the Erucæ and Aurelie of each.
I am of Opinion that the number of Beetles is equal
to, if it doth not exceed that of Papilios, and they all
,
undergo the like changes with them; of which I
know no Man hath given us any tolerable Account.
The name of Muſca I know not how far to extend,
but if we make it to comprehend all the diptere, then
it will take in Gnats and Tipule; and if them only,
where ſhall we place the Muſcæ Papilioniformes and
Formiciformes, &C.
I ſhould refer all flying Inſeats with four membra-
naceous Wings, and a fting in their Tails, to the Bee-
kind : But then I muſt draw under that Tribe the
Formice, which have Bodies too unlike.
The Work which I have now entred upon is in-
deed too great a Task for me; I am very crazy and
infirm, and God knows whether I ſhall over-live
this Winter. Cold Weather is very grievous to me;
beſides, I have not beſtow'd fufficient time and pains
in the queſt of any Tribe of Inſects, except Papilio's,
and I have told how far ſhort I am of perfection in
that. I rely chiefly on Mr. Willughby's Diſcoveries,
and the Contributions of Friends, Mr. Petiver, Mr.
Dandridge, Dr. Sloane, Mr. Morton, Mr. Stoneſtreet.
As for my own Papers on this Subject they are not
worth the preſerving; and Mr. Willughby's muſt be
return'd to his Son Sir Tho. Willughby, from whom I
had them, with promiſe to return them if I did
not make uſe of them.
Black Notley, Sept. 6. 1704.
3
Mr.

344
Mr. Ray of the Number of Plants.
T:
anon.
determine preciſely what Number of Plants
there are in the World, is a thing, if not ab-
ſolutely, at leaſt morally impoſſible, as we ſhall prove
But before we make any conjecture about
their Number, it will be requiſite to debate theſe
two Queſtions. 1. Whether there have been or are
yearly any new Species produced beſides what were
at firſt created ? 2. Whether there have been, or
may be any Species loft or deſtroyed? For if either
of theſe be affirmed, in vain would it be to enquire
the number of the Plants; it being uncertain, and
variable every Year, and that poſſibly to a very great
exceſs, or defect. For the cauſes of theſe Deſtructi-
ons and Productions being accidental, there is no
reaſon why one ſhould exactly, or in any near pro-
portion, balance and compenſate the other.
Of the firſt Queſtion, thoſe that hold the affirma-
tive for proof of their Opinion, alledge common Ex-
perience: For doth not every new Year afford us new
forts of Flowers and Fruits? And conſequently new
forts of Plants? Are not our Gardens and Orchards
yearly enriched with new forts, for example, of Ju-
ly Flowers, Tulips, and Anemonies, of Apples and
Pears? Do not our Gardeners fell us theſe for di-
ſtinct Species? And do not Herbarifts generally enu-
merate and deſcribe them for ſuch? What Herbal
doth not make, for inſtance, Caryophyllus, or Viola,
Paralyſis, with a double Flower, different kinds from
thoſe with a ſingle ? I Anſwer, It is true, they do
fo; but if we examine and conſider wherein their
Differences confift, we ſhall find reaſon to doubt
whether they be ſpecifically diſtinct or no; nay ra-
ther

Mr. Ray of the Number of Plants. 345
a
ther to conclude, they are not. Firſt, as for Flow-
ers. The main, if not only difference between theſe
pretended new Species and the old, we ſhall find to
confift either in the colour of the Flower, or the
multiplicity of its Leaves. Now that neither of theſe
is fufficient to infer a ſpecifical Difference, is, I think,
evident, unleſs we will admit that an European, and
an Ethiopian, are two Species of Men, becauſe one
is black and the other white; or an European and an
Indian, becauſe the one hath a thick Beard, and the
other none at all, or but a few ftraggling Hairs in-
ſtead of it: The whole diverſity being induced by
the Climate, or Soil, or Nouriſhment, as in other
Animals, is manifeft. Firſt, what effect the plenty
and diverſity of Food, and different manner of Living
hath, appears in domeſtick Animals, ex.gr. Swine,
Ducks, Geeſe, E3c. which do frequently vary their
Colours; whereas the wild of thoſe kinds retain con-
ftantly the ſame; and not their Colours only, but
the taſtes of their Fleih, it requiring no very critical
Palate to diſtinguiſh between the Fleſh of tame and
wild Beaſts, or Fowl. As for the Colour, though
wild Animals taken and brought up tame, do not u-
ſually themſelves in individuo change their Colours,
but after two or three Generations their Breed; yet
ſometimes they do, as I myſelf have ſeen a Bull-finch,
I
which kept in a Cage, after ſome Years, from the
ufual Colour of that Bird, turn'd to be Cole black.
2. What influence the diverſity of Soil and Climate
hath upon divers Animals, as to the altering their Co-
lour, and other Accidents, appears in divers Inſtances.
From the difference of Climate, or conſtant inſpecti-
on of Snow, it proceeds that in the Alps and other
high Mountains, and alſo in thoſe cold Northern
Countries where the Earth, for more than half the
Year, is continually cover'd with Snow, there are
found many Animals white of thoſe forts, which are
uſually and naturally of another Colour; as for Ex-
ample,
Ty

346 Mr. Ray of the Number of Plants.
ample, white Bears, white Foxes, white Hares, white
Ravens, white Black-birds; and many others, as I my
felf have ſeen in Italy. That Hares upon the Alps,
and in the cold Northern Regions, do in the Win-
ter time, change their Colour to White, and in the
Summer again return to their uſual and natural Co-
lour, though I find it deliver'd by good Authors, and
atteſted by credible Perfons, I dare not peremptorily
affert : But that the influence of the Soil and Climate
is great, appears farther in our Lancaſhire and Sulex
Beaſts; of which the former have fair, large, and
well-fpread Horns, the latter ſmall and crooked; and
if into Suſſex you tranſlate theſe Cattel out of Lanca-
Mire, their Race by degrees will degenerate, and
come to the Shape of the Natives. So we ſee the
Horſes in Flanders have large and hairy Paſterns, which
the Engliſh Breed have not. And it is reported for a
Truth, that there is a Paſture upon a Hill callid Ha-
Selbedge, in the Peak of Derbyſhire, near little Huck-
low, which will turn the Hair of Kine that feed there-
upon, to a grey Colour in three Years ſpace. Now
if diverſity of Soil, Food, Climate, or other exter-
nal Circumſtances, breed ſuch variety and difference
among Animals of the fame Species, much more then
may it among Plants, which are leſs free in the choice
of their Nouriſhment, and conſtantly afix'd to the
Place where they chance to ſpring up.
Two ways there are of getting or producing theſe
Differences. First, by ſowing the Seed of that Plant,
whereof you deſire a new kind, in a rich Soil, or in
a Soil different from its natural, or that where it grew
before. So if you fow the Seed (for Example) of a
fingle July Flower in good Ground, among many that
bear ſingle, it ſhall give you ſome Roots that bear
double Flowers, and ſome of different colours from
their Mother Plant, which you may propagate by
the flip. The Plants that are moſt apt to be thus di-
verſifyed by fowing, are July Flowers ; Anemonies,
Lark-

Mr. Ray of the Number of Plants. 347
Lark-Spurs, Columbines, Bears-ears, Stocks, and Wall
Flowers, Primroſes and Cowſlips, Crocuſes, Blewbottles,
Daiſies, Hepaticas, Violets. And this is the uſual, if
not the only way, of getting double Flowers of all
forts. Molt red and purple Flowers, and ſome yellow
ones too, by fowing themſelves in a Garden, will give
you ſome of white and different Colours, as I found
by my own Experience in many, v. g. Valeriana ru-
bra Dod. Mothmullein, Blewbottle, Primroſe, Goats-
rue, &c. Nay in the Fields we find ſcarce any red,
purple, or blew flower'd Plant, but one where or 0-
ther it will vary, and come with a white or different-
ly colourd Flower. Plants that bear a yellow Flower
feldom vary in the Fields. Secondly, the other way
to diverſify Plants, is by frequent removals. So Sir
Hugh Plat tells us we may advance Plants from ſingle
to be double-flower'd, which ſeems probable; be-
cauſe Plants, by long itanding in one place, will by
degrees degenerate, and become of double ſingle-
flower'd, or turn from rare to common Colours. But
becauſe my trials of this kind ſucceeded not to pro-
duce ſuch an effect, and I never yet met with any
intelligent and credible Perſon who could atteſt it
upon his own Experience, I ſhall leave it to farther
Examination.
But to return to our Subject. That theſe varie-
ties of Plants we have been diſcourſing of, are not
to be accounted diſtinct Species, but only accidental
Differences, may be farther confirmed; both becauſe
that if they ſtand long in the fame Place without cul-
ture, they will (as we hinted before), degenerate, lo-
ſing the beauty of their Colours, and ot double be-
coming fingle; and alſo becauſe that by the Seed
they will not propagate their Species, but give you
ſingle Plants, and of the common Colour; I mean if
they be fown in their proper natural Place and Soil.
The only ſure way to propagate them being by off-
ſets from the Root, if they be bulbous Plants; or by
Xyz
Nips

348 Mr. Ray of the Number of Plants.
Nips and branches, if others. To this I might add,
that from the fame item of a Stock Fuly Flower, I
have ſometimes ſeen fome Branches bearing double,
others fingle Flowers. By the by, let me note, that
I have by Experience found the vulgar miſtaken in
that Opinion current among them, that the Seed of
thoſe Flowers which have more than the uſual and juſt
number of Leaves, will produce Plants bearing dou-
ble Flowers; for from the Seed of the Stock July Flow-
er, fucceeding Flowers that were of five and fix Leaves
apiece (whereas the uſual number in that Plant is but
four) I had not one double flower'd Plant ſprung.
Secondly, as for Fruit-trees, we may obſerve that
the main difference between theſe pretended diſtinct
Species, conſiſts in the figure and taſte of the Fruit,
or Pericarpium; which accidents are alſo wholly to
be attributed to the difference of the Soil, and the va-
rious ways of Inſition. For the means, and I fuf-
pect the only means, to get new Fruits, is by fowing
the Seeds or Kernels of Apples and Pears in good
Ground, which will give you wildings of a different
figure and taſte from their mother Fruits, whoſe
tafies may be mended and improv'd by Inſition. But
that by Inſition new ſorts of Pears or Apples (I mean
different both as to figure, colour, magnitude and
tafte) may be produced, is to me ſcarce credible; be-
cauſe I have hitherto embraced for an univerſal and
undoubted Maxim, That the Fruit follows the Cyon.
As for Plants of ſtriped or variegated Leaves, viz.
gilded Box, Holly, Alaternus, Roſemary, Bitter-
Sweetz Mugwort, Hylop, Mint, Thyme, &c. there is
leſs reaſon to allow them to be different Species, than
either the forementioned Flowers and Fruits; becauſe
that by ſeveral applications to the Roots of thoſe
Plants, they may be ſo alter'd from the ordinary Co.
fo
lours: Theſe Marks being but the ſymptoms of a
morbid Conſtitution of the Plant, induced by the fore-
ſaid applications. And, as we obſerved in Flowers,
the

Mr. Ray of the Number of Plants. 349
a
the Seed will give you a Plant void of thoſe Marks,
which are propagated in the Slip or Branch.
I am not ignorant that ſome do make the differen-
ces of great and little fingly, to be ſufficient notes
whereon to ground a diſtinction of Species. So in
Parkinſon and Gerard's Herbals, we find many Plants
put down for diſtinct Species, which the Authors
themſelves confeſs to differ in no other point, than in
being in all parts leſs the one than the other. Now
though I grant there are certain bounds and mea-
ſures of littleneſs, and greatneſs, which both Plants
and Animals cannot exceed or fall ſhort of: As for
Example, a Sheep will never come to be ſo big as an
Elephant, nor ſo little as a Mouſe; nor a Gooſe-berry-
buſh ſo tall as an Oak, or ſo low and ſmall as Adian-
thum aureum minus, when grown to its ſtature, be it
in what Countrey you pleaſe; yet is there a very great
Latitude in this particular between many Plants of the
ſame Species, the difference of ten, nay twenty to
one being only in magnitude: Which difference is
yet wholly to be imputed either to the richneſs or
poverty of the Soil, the moiſtneſs or drought of the
Seaſon, the coldneſs or heat of the Climate, or ſome
other Accident; which is evident in that if
you
take
the Seed of the ſmalleſt and pooreſt Plant in its kind,
provided it will admit culture; and fow it in a rich
Soil well water'd, you ſhall foon get an Ofspring ten
times as great as their mother Plants. Nay take a
root of a perennial, and removable Plant, from off a
cold barren Mountain, and plant it in a fat warm
Garden, and it ſhall attain twice the ſtature or di-
menſions it would have gotten, had it remained in
its native Place. The like is obſerved in Animals, we
having here in England of Sheep, from five to fifty
Pound a Score; and of Beaſts, from three to twenty
Pound apiece. This is all I have to ſay to the firit
Queftion.
The

350 Mr. Ray of the Number of Plants.
The ſecond Queſtion is, Whether there have been,
or may be, any Species loſt or deſtroyed? To which I
Anſwer, 1. That though it is abſolutely, and phyſi-
cally poſſible, yet it is highly improbable, that any
Species ſhould be loft.
2. Though fome Species
ſhould be deſtroyed, yet it is impoſſible morally that
any Man ſhould be ſure thereof. Firſt I ſay that it is
highly improbable, becauſe that I can hardly perfuade
my ſelf that there is any one local Species of Plants in
the World; I mean lo proper and peculiar to one
individual Place as not to be found elſewhere. I am
induced ſo to think, becauſe I have not obſerved in
England any one Plant fo proper to one Place, but
,
that I have found the fame either beyond Sea, or at
leaft in ſeveral Places of this Iſland; and I doubt not
but whatever grows naturally here may be found in
divers Places of the fame Latitude, or Temper, be-
yond the Seas. I am not ignorant that Herbariſts
make fundry Plants proper and particular to fome one
Place. As for Example, the Balſam to Judæo, &C.
But from theſe I muſt crave leave to diffent, till they
have more than a negative Argument to prove what
they affirm. Yet ſuppoſing there be ſuch local Plants
(unleſs you place them in Iſlands that ſhall be whol-
ly overwhelmed and ſwallowed up by the Sea) though
they were at preſent utterly extirpated by the Hand
of Man, or any Accident, yet the Seed, or at leaſt
feminal Tinctures remaining in their original and na-
tive Soil, when the prefent obſtruction is remo-
ved, the Earth will be apt to put forth the ſame
Plant again ; ſo that if Balſam were at firſt native of
Judæa, and not imported from abroad, though it
were all tranſlated into Egypt, or elſewhere, I am
perſuaded the natural Earth would have again produ-
ced it, unleſs the Temper of it were much altered by
ſome accidental or ſupernatural Cauſe. Secon
ly, tho
ſome Species ſhould be deſtroyed, it is morally impof-
fible that any Man fhould be ſure thereof. For firſt,
no

Mr. Ray of the Number of Plants. 351
no Man can be ſure that there is any one local Plant
in the World, unleſs either he himſelf hath viſited
every little ſpot of the whole Earth, or have informa-
tion from intelligent Perſons, that know all Plants,
in all Countries, both which are utterly impoſſible:
But if there be no local Plants, as I am confidently
perſuaded there are not, then it is next to impoffible
that Cauſes ſhould concur to deſtroy any one Species
out of the World; or if they did, that any Man in ſo
fo
vaſt a Place as the Earth is, ſo great a part of it alſo
Defart, or inhabited by barbarous Nations who mind
not theſe things, ſhould ever get Advice, or come to
the knowledge of it.
a
In a Paper of Tho. Williſel's be names
theſe following Trees on which he found
Miffeltoe growing, viz.
AK.
O O
Aſh.
Lime-Tree.
Elm.
Hazel.
Willow
White Beam.
Purging Thorn.
Quicken-Tree.
Apple-Tree.
Crab-Tree.
White-Thorn.
Mr.

352
Mr. Fr. Willughby's Obſervations on di-
vers Animals, as I found them ſcatter'd
among Mr. Ray's Papers, and are not
publiſk'd elſewhere.
I. Of ROOKS.
THEY fight often, and he that gets the better
throws down the other's Neft. One of them
always ſtays at home and tends the Neft.
TH
2. Of the BUZZARD.
A Cock-Buzzard breeds the young ones if the Hen
be killed. Three Buzzards have been killed from
the ſame Neft.
3. Of the Fat of BEASTS.
Vaccis, ovibus & omnibus Ruminantibus, Adeps du-
rior eft, quàm Porcis, Equis, Canibus, &c. Hinc offa
Equorum & Porcorum fracta, difficillimè cohærent.
4. Of the Garge, or Garget in SWINE.
This Diſtemper makes them firſt hoarſe, then leave
their Meat. When they are dead, they have great
red Spot's upon their Legs and Bellies. Within
their Bodies the Liver and Spleen are ſofter than or-
dinary, and eaſily broken, with much coagulated
Blood about the Spleen; but eſpecially the Lungs are
very

Mr. Willughby's Obſervations, &c. 353
very rotten, and ſtuffed with a white, purulent Mat-
ter, which is the Cauſe of their Hoarſeneſs.
In other Hogs that died of this Diſeaſe, the Li-
ver grew to the Midriff, and the Lungs were free
from that purulent Matter.
To prevent this Diftemper, they make a long Hole
under the Skin, about the middle of the outſide of
the Ear, and thruſt therein a little Bit of Hellebore
Root ſharpened. [In Elex they do it on the Inſide
[
of the Ear, and thruſt in a ſmall piece of the Stalk
of Bears-foot, or the Black Hellebore doubled, which
will eat an Hole through the Ear, and make it run a
Pus in a large Quantity, like an Iffue.]
a
5. Of the BAT.
Verſpertilione, penis & teſtes magni: Veſica ut in
quadrupedibus: Renes magni; finiſter major, & po-
dici propior: Fecur magnum non dextro latere ſed
medio fitum: Coſte 11 aut 12 Diaphragma ut in qua-
drupedibus : Inteſtina cæca nulla: Pulmones ut in
quadr. ſcil. non coſtis fixi: Dentes caninos habet: Mola-
res acutiores quàm in aliis: inter caninos ſuperiores
inciſores funt numero fex; inter inferiores octo: in
medio inter fuperiores inciſores Lobus carneus.
Avibus convenit, 1. Sterno, 2. Pofitione Hepatis:
Cum quadrupedibus, 1. Renibus, 2. Velicâ, 3. Den-
tibus, 4. Pene & teſticulis, 5. Diaphragmate, 6. Pul-
monibus.
6. Of the HARE.
Leporibus mammæ per totam ventris longitudi-
nem extenduntur, incipientes à iterni fere principio,
deſinentes non procul ab offe pubis ; papillæ 3 in utro-
que latere ; quarum una medio fere ventris, extrema-
rum una juxta anteriorem pedem altera juxta poite-
riorem.
1. Juxta
z z

354 Mr. Willughby's Obſervations, &c.
Anatomia Leporis Gravide.
1. Juxta podicem 2 glandulæ fætidæ : in quarum
mediis foramina ſeu vafa excretoria, materiâ nigrâ.
2. Cellulæ ex unâ tantùm coli parte.
3. Ligamenta rotundis ligamentis Fæminarum ana-
loga.
4. Clitoris ingens, & peni ſimilis, duobus auribus
offi pubis affixa.
si Collum uteri longum, ita ut impoſſibile eft in
hoc, & multis aliis animalibus ut penis extremitas ad
os uteri pertingeret.
6. A collo uteri non unus tantùm meatus in ute-
rum, ut in multis, fed duo; unus à quolibet cornu.
Hinc fuperfætationis caufa, uno cornu femen accipi-
ente una vice, & altero alterâ. Hoc unum cornu Fætu
gravidum crat : Alterum nuperæ excluſionis figna
inanifesta habuit.
7. Placenta uteri ingens & unica, fed eâ parte quâ
utcro adhærebat, albida ; eâ quâ membranis Fætûs fan-
guinea. Pars albida à fanguineâ facilè erat ſeparabilis.
8. Inflatis uteri cornibus aer nullâ vi in vafa defe-
sentia intrudi potuit. Contrà facillimè per deferen-
tia in uterum: ut & femen albidum quo turgida erant
deferentia.
9. Umbilicalia fex: duo meſenterica: duo arteriæ :
I Vena & Urachus.
10. Fatûs Ventriculus limpidâ aquâ plenus, qualis
in Amnio reperiri folet. Prima membrana, Chorion,
undique vaſis con perſa. Q. an in 2 partes diſcidi
poflit in centro? Majores rami ex multis minoribus
conflati : Umbilicalibus juncta poftea Meſenterica
funt. Hæc pulcherrimè apparent, fi membrana in-
fletur. Sub hâc Amnium quo natat fætus: dein alia
tunica, quâ Umbilicalia à Placentâ fufpenditur; quâ
etiam humor. An Allantoides? An 3 diſtincti hu-
mores. An ex hâc Allantoide in Veſicam humor,
& poftea in Amnium tranfire poteft? An ulla vaſa
è Placentâ ad Chorion & Meſenterica.
An

355
nik
Α Ν
APPENDIX
TO THE
Foregoing PAPERS.
CONTAINING
LETTERS written to Fr. Willughby
Eſq; by Mr. Ray, and other learned
Men.
a
Mr. Ray to Fr. Willughby Eſq;
SIR,
HAVE herewithal ſent you one of my
Books, which you had receiv'd a Week
ſooner, had not the Book-binder dem
ceived me. I need ſay nothing either
to commend or diſparage it; you know
what it is as well as my ſelf. Since I fully diſpatch'd
it, one or two other Deſigris came into my Head,
IS
Z z z
which

356 Mr. Ray to Mr. Willughby.
which you being concerned in, (I mean in my
Intentis
ons)I ſhall communicate to you, and deſire firſt yourSen-
tence and Opinion concerning the whole; and then
in caſe of Approbation, your particular Directions as
to the Management and carrying on.
You remem-
ber that we lately, out of Gerard, Parkinſon, and
Phytologia Britannica, made a Collection of rare
Plants, whoſe Places are therein mentioned, and rank-
ed them under the ſeveral Counties. My Intention
now is to carry on and perfect that Deſign; to which
Purpoſe I am now writing to all my Friends and
Acquaintance who are skilful in Herbary, to re-
queſt them this next Summer each to ſearch diligent-
ly his Countrey for Plants, and to ſend me a Catalogue
of ſuch as they find, together with the Places where
they grow. In divers Counties I have ſuch as are
skilful and induſtrious. For Warwickſhire and Not-
tinghamſhire I muſt beg your Aſſiſtance, which I hope,
and am confident, you will be willing to contribute.
After that, partly by my own Search, partly by the
mention’d Afittance, I ſhall have got as much Informa-
tion and Knowledge of the Plants of each Countrey
as I can, (which will require ſome Years) I do deſign
to put forth a compleat P. B. which I hope to bring
into as narrow a Compaſs as this Book. Firſt I ſhall
give the Names of all Plants that are or ſhall then be
found growing in England in an Alphabetical Order ;
together with their Synonyma, excepting ſuch as are
mention'd in this Catalogue, whoſe Synonyma I ſhall
omit, ſetting down only one Name, and referring for
the reſt to Cat. Cant. I ſhall alſo put a full Index An-
I
glicolatinus after the Manner of that in this Catalogue.
Then I ſhall put in the Counties, with the ſeveral rare
Plants in them marſhalled alphabetically. Inſtead
of putting the particular Places to each Plant in the
firſt Catalogue, I ſhall only refer to this : As ſuppoſe
at Sedum Tridactylités Alpinum, after I have given the
feveral Synonyma, and the Engliſh Name; inſtead of
adding

Mr. Ray to Mr. Willughby. 357
adding the Place, I will ſay Vide Carnarvonſhire, &C.
My ſecond Deſign is to make another Catalogue,
which I will call Horti Anglie. I intend to write to
all the noted Gardens to procure a Catalogue of each;
Oxford Garden and Tradeſcants I have already. Then
I ſhall out of my own Garden; and all theſe make up
one Catalogue. Herein I ſhall give the Synonyma of
each Plant; and thoſe that are not in my Garden, I
ſhall name in what Places they are; as ſuppoſe Olea
Sativa, after I have put down his Synonyma and Eng-
liſh Name, I ſhall add Tradeſcants Garden, and ſo of
the reſt. Into this Catalogue I ſhall not admit any
that
grow wild in England, left it ſwell too big. To
this alſo I ſhall add a compleat Index Anglicolatinus.
You have my Deſigns, and I deſire your Judgment of
them. I would not be flattered, I am not ſo fond
of my own Conceits : If prudent Men think they will
be of no uſe to the Publick, I am not ſo fooliſh to
trouble
my
felf and Friends to no End but to trou-
ble others. I ſhall be very glad, Sir, to hear from you;
and as I have heretofore received abundance of Plea-
fure and Contentment from your Friendſhip and So-
ciety, fo would it ſtill be fome Comfort to me to
know that I retain a Place in your Thoughts and
a
Eſteem, though the meaneſt. I am, &c.
Coll. Trin. Feb, 25. 1659.
Mr. Courthope to Fr. Willughby Eſq;
SIR,
C
Onſtantinus Rodocanalis falutes you. Yeſterday
he brought his Materials into the Combination,
and ſhew'd the Experiment of the Tree, which ſud-
denly aroſe, and within leſs than an hour reached the
top

358 Mr. Courthope to Mr. Willughby.
top of the Liquor : Man eſpecially was of a quick
Growth, which ſent forth a long Shoot above the
Liquor, which was much bigger at the the top than
the bottom, that the Weight of it brake it off. The
Reaſon it did not fucceed with us in ſo ſhort a time,
was only becauſe the Metals were not put into the
Liquor as ſoon as they were evaporated. This Morn-
ing he was at my Chamber, and gave me a Tafie of
a Tincture of Antimony, which had no Acrimony at
all, yet deep and ftrong, which he prizes much: He
only told me it was prepared of the Glaſs of Antim.
but how I know not yet.
Trin. Coll. Camb, March 17. 1659.
Mr. Ray to Mr. Williſel.
0
SIR,
N Saturday Night laſt, the sth Inſtant, Mr.
Skippon and my ſelf arrived at Cambridge from a
long Northern Expedition ; wherein for the moſt part
we followed your Footſteps, proceeding juſt ſo far
as Sterling, and returning by Glaſgow. I gave you
in a former Letter an account of our Deſign and In-
tention, which whether you received or not I know
not. In all this Journey I met with but four Plants which
I had not formerly obſerved, and in Scotland not one.
Thoſe are Pneumonanthe, which hath, a beautiful
blew Flower, and is perpetual: It grows plentifully in
many heathy and moiſt Grounds in Lincolnſhire, and
the Eaſtern ſide of Yorkſhire, and Flowers about the
latter end of Auguſt. Sedi Alpini parva Species, which
I have not yet fearched out. It hath a yellow Flow-
er, and flowers about the beginning of Auguſt. This
I found only in one ſmall ſpot of Ground about Shap
in Weſtmorland. Chryſanthemum majus folio valdè la-
ciniato,

Mr. Ray to Mr. Williſel.
359
a
ciniato, flore croceo. 7. B. as I judge. This I found
in a Bank near to the River Tees, in the Biſhoprick of
Durham. Lapathum folio acuto flore aureo. C.B. which
I had before taken fome notice of, when I was lefs
careful and curious in diftinguiſhing of Plants. I
found likewiſe near Huntingdon a Plant which the
the laſt Year I obſerved not far from St. Neot's com:
ing to wait upon you, which puzzles me fore. It's
between a Graſs and a Caryophyllus, I know not what
to call it, unleſs it be Polygono anguftiffimo folio affinis
C. B. but I cannot find that deſcribed any where.
I have ſent you a little Branch of it for your Judg-
ment about it. The feed Veſſel is large, and per-
fectly to be ſeen. The Flower is a very ſmall yellow-
iſh one. You mention a Box which you intend
for all ſorts of Fruits and Seeds. It muſt have almoſt
infinite Cells and Diviſions to contain all the varieties
of Seeds and Fruits. Concerning the Order and Me-
thod of it you need not my Advice, for I can give
you none but what is very obvious, viz. to put thoſe
of the ſame Tribe near together. As for Inſtance,
to have a Drawer with ſeveral Cells or Boxes for
Nuts, another for Cones, &c. for the reſt of Fruits
which may be reduced to ſeveral Heads; and then
one for Exoticks, which cannot be conveniently re-
ferred. In like manner for Herbs, to have a Drawer
with ſeveral Boxes or Diviſions for Legumina, ano-
ther the like for Cerealia, &c. only thoſe Boxes muſt
be more numerous than thoſe for Fruits. By a Drawer
with ſeveral Boxes, I mean ſuch a thing as the Prin-
put
their Letters in. There hath been, and ſtill
continues to be here, an epidemical Sickneſs, in the
nature of a Fever; which cuts off many old Perſons
;
and Children, but thoſe of middle Age it ſpares.
Some of my fmall Company are grievouſly affected
with it. In the North of England, and in Scotland,
we heard of no ſuch thing.
Coll, Trin. Sept. 14. 1661.
Mr.
a
ters
a

360
Mr. Barrow to Mr. Willughby.
Y.
Moſt dearly Honoured Sir,
OUR Obſervation concerning the ſpiral Line,
ſufficiently evinces the invalidity of that demon-
ftration concerning its equality with the Semi-periphe-
ry; but to remove all doubt, 'tis ſaid that Mons. Ro-
bervell hath demonſtrated that the ſpiral Line is equal
to the parabolical Line AMNOZ, whoſe Axis AY is
equal to the ſemi-periphery, and YZ (ordinately ap-
ply’d) equal to the Radius. I have not time and ſpace
to preſent you my Thoughts concerning the Bufi-
neſs; only ſuppoſing EZ parallel to AY be divided
into equal parts, EF, FG, GH, HZ; and AE into
as many equal Parts, and through the points of the
diviſion of EF from Vertex A be drawn Lines AF,
AG, AH, AZ; and through the points of the divi-
D C B A
fion of AE, parallels BZ, CZ,
E
DZ, &c. to AY. The inter-
ſections M, N, O, Z, are in the
parabolical Line; (as appears by
I
the sth of Archim. de Quadra.
Parabole) and MZ, NZ, OZ,
HZ are in Arithmetical pro-
portion, as the Arches of Circles
inſcribed in the Spiral ; from
whence appears the great Ana-
H
logy between theſe two Lines,
Sc. which I leave to your Con-
fideration. Upon occaſion of Le-
Etures I intend upon Archim.de
2
y Æquipond. I have had ſeveral
Thoughts about theſe Matters, which I ſhould be
glad to communicate with you.
BE
Trin. Col. March 26. 1662.
Mr.
M:
12
N

361
Mr. Skippen to Mr. Willughby.
SHA
to
SIR,
Meſina, June 5, S.V. 1664.
INCE we left you and Mr. Bacon at Naples, we
have ſeen Meſſina and Malta : At Meſina we vi-
ſited Dr. Petrus Corvinus, Nephew to Dr. Petrus Ca-
ftellus, who left the MS. about Inſects; the Nephew
Thewed it to us, and told us he wiſh'd it printed, but
conceſs'd himſelf not in a Capacity; and beſides, de-
clared his Reſolution not to part with the Original,
yet offer'd free liberty to any one that would ſpend
his time in tranſcribing it; which we thought would
be too great a Labour, the MS. conſiſting of two
large 410's. Then we asked him if he would venture
it into a Foreign Countrey on good Security, which
he ſeemed to liſten to; but fear he will ſet too great
a Sum that muſt be engaged for the ſafe return of the
Original into his Hands. You may give what Infor-
mation you pleaſe to thoſe at London, and if they
think it worth their Charge, they may have converſe
with the Dr. by the means of ſome Engliſh Merchants
in Melina, who do all underſtand that Affair; their
Names are, Mr. Nich. Mead, Mr. Jonathan Perker,
Mr. Lawrence Trelle, and Mr. Martin Wilkinſon. The
encloſed Paper diſcovers the Deſign of the MS. and
very probably the Contents anſwer their Titles; the
ſhort view we had of it gave us fatisfaction enough
that it deſerves the publiſhing. It is fairly written,
and the InſeEts painted by Caftellus's own Hand.
P.S. Something to this Purpoſe I have mention'd
to Mr. Horfnell, leit this ſhould miſcarry.
Ааа
Dr.

362
Dr. Barrow to Mr. Willughby.
YS
Mof Honoured Sir, Trin. Col. Oct. 5. 1665.
OUR Diſcourſe inferring the Solidity of the
Sphere from the Surface, by comparing the
Concentrical Surfaces of the Sphere with the Parallel
Circles of the Cone, is very ingenious and folid. I did
formerly uſe ſomewhat a like Method, thus:
a
4
L
19
Dividing the Radius in-
to equal Parts indefinitely,
and ſupoſing equal Sur-
faces concentrical through
the Diviſions, they will
proceed increaſing as the
Squares of their Radii ('tis
the Property of all like Sur-
faces) that is as 1, 499, &c.
Wherefore if the greateſt
be S, the Sum of all will
be rS = Sphere, and if S = 4 greater Circles = 27p.
T
the Sphere will be rrp. but rip is a Cylindre, ,
whoſe Baſis rp, altitude 2r.
altitude zr. By the fame Method
3
3
2
you may find the Solidity of a Spherical Sector, fup-
poſing its Spherical Superficies known, and conſe-
quently of the Portion it contains.
, eft Radios.
p. eft Peripheria,
Your

Dr. Barrow to Mr. Willughby. 363
Your Obſervation concerning the Equality of the
Annuli with Spherical Portions is alſo true, and inge-
niouſly proved, but may be more briefly by plain In-
diviſibles, thus. Cir-
culus radio HE æqua-
B
tur circulo, cujus ra-
dius A H minùs cir-
culo cujus radius AE,
vel EF. Item annu-
lus cx circumducta CF
æquatur circulo cujus
radius EC (vel AH)
minus circulo cujus radius E F. ac fic ubique ; ergo, &c.
&
As to your laſt thing, driving as I underſtand to
the finding of a Spherical Portion by Indiviſibles, the
ſhorteſt and cleareſt way of ſatisfying that Attempt is
I think this.
C
H
a
Call ZA=1ZB=21 ZC=}a.
A
&c. ZD = n. ZXq = da.
B
AX='a-da.
y
BXq=2da---4aa. X
U
CXq=3da-9aa.
DXq=dnnn.
у
Summ. dnn—13. eſt ſumma quadratorum ex radiis.
MUA
3
Tr. rp - dnn -- n3. nnb
n3b. ergo sinp
n3p.
2
2 3 2
30
2
3d
hoc eft Cylindrus
baſe np, alt. n—nn
Eft portio XZU.
2
3d
Ааа 2
As

364 Dr. Barrow to Mr. Willughby.
As to the Lines en perle, having no time to think
more, I will exſcribe what I writ haſtily in a Paper-
Book when I read Detonville.
А
Mentionem facit Detonvilius de
Perlis, quas D. Sluſius in ordines dif-
poſuit. De illis quid fit neſcio, ſed
tales fuiſſe conjicio.
barns
NNNNN
N
1. Dividatur AB æqualiter in Z, &
habeant fe ordinatæ ZY ſicut AZ x ZB
ubique: ut fi AB=r, & AZ= , 22,
3a, &c. fit ordo; 0, ramaa, 282-4ad,
310- gaa, &C.
2. Habeant ſeſe ZY ut AZq ZB; raama
ut fit talis ſeries
graa-27a &c
B
4rag-8a3
3. Series 0, ra-----4, 8ra3--16a, 27ra:_8196, &c.
Maxima ordinatarum prout augetur dimenſionum
numerus, eo propius accedit ad B. hinc Perle no-
men, ex figuræ fimilitudine. Hæc memoriæ causâ ;
quæ poliantur.
As for your Statical Queſtion, I remember not to
have read concerning it, and Mathematicians gene-
rally ſuppoſe the contrary, or that in all Poftures equal
Weights at equal Diſtances do equiponderate : The Ef
fect perhaps may depend on Cauſes barely Phyſical.
I have no Leiſure to write about it now, yet I will
propound one Aníwer, tho' perhaps little fatisfactory,
(and which indeed does not pleaſe my ſelf.)
Let

Dr. Barrow to Mr. Willughby. 365
S
O
P
Let MN, OP, be
H IK
perpendicular to the
Horizon, and OZ,
n n
MR, touch the Cir-
cie. 'Tis evident that
R
B
the Angle POQ=
A N
Ang. NMR. Now
if the Point O de-
ſcend, it muſt recede
from the Perpendi-
Z
cular OP by the An-
gle POZ; but if P
M deſcend, it re-
cedes from MN by
the Angle NMB,
which is leſs than the Angle POZ by 2 Ang. QOZ,
or 2 BMR. Therefore M will more eaſily deſcend
than O, and hath the more advantagious Situation
for the Exerciſe of its natural Propenſion, &c. Like-
wiſe if M aſcend, it muſt recede farther from the Per-
pendicular MK, &c.
You may alſo conſider whether O ſtriving to
move, and not being able both to overcome the
Reſiſtance of M to aſcend, and its endeavour to
deſcend, doth therefore being in Motion) ſomewhat
recoil, and ſo continues till both come into a Hori-
zontal Poſition.
I have no more concerning theſe things, but yet
I am ever, &C.
I might add, that if the
M
Prop. have any Latitude,
.
it falls to the Advantage
Ο Α
of the upper Weight C
for the Line MO will reft
upon the Point Q, and
MQ is greater than OQ,
whence the Weight M will exceed, &c. I ſuppoſe
the more exactly the Scales are made, the leſs the
Billbop
a
-B
Effect will appear.

366
1
a
Biſhop Wilkins to Mr. Willughby.
SIR,
OEZ. 20. 1666.
Venture this Letter not without fome doubt whe-
ther it be like to find you at home or not. I
thought it fitting to inform you, that the late Fire
hath deftroyed all the Impreſſion that was wrought
off, viz. 42 Sheets of the Book I was printing a, ex-
cepting only one Copy of each Sheet, which was ſent
to me from the Preſs, which I had with me in the
Countrey, beſides the written Copy of the whole fe-
cond Book, and the Dictionary from the beginning
of the Letter R, which I had likewiſe ſent entire to
the Preſs; the renewing of which will be no ſmall
Trouble and Difficulty to me. But I am not hereby
diſcouraged from the Thoughts of beginning again:
Only, before I ſet about it, I muſt deſire your beſt
Affiítance for the regular Enumeration and defining
of the Families of Plants and Animals. I thought
to have found great Benefit in this Kind by Dr. Mer-
ret's late Book, but it hath not anſwer'd my Expe-
Station; nor do I know any Perſon in this Nation
who is ſo well able to aſſiſt in ſuch Matters as your
ſelf, eſpecially if we could procure Mr. Ray's Com-
pany to join in it. I would fain know whether you
are like to come up to Town for any Time this Win-
ter, and when, that I may farther conſult with you
here: If not, I would be willing to wait upon you
in the Countrey, where I ſuppoſe you have all the
Books neceſſary for ſuch Enquiries; but then I would
earneſtly defire that we might have Mr. Ray's Com-
pany and Help, if you can contrive it. If I could
fully ſatisfy my ſelf in the methodical Enumeration
of ſuch things, I would put out the next Edition in
Folio, with handſome Cuts of all ſuch things as are fit
a This Book was bis Real Character.
to

Biſhop Wilkins to Mr. Willughby. 367
to be repreſented in Figure. If you can afford me
any of your Time at preſent for the digeſting of
theſe Matters, I will get what I have done tranſcrib'd,
and ſent down to you, that you may add to, or alter
it as you think fit. I hope at your next Opportunity
to hear from you. I am, &c.
&.
Mr. Jeffop to Mr. Willughby.
I
a
SIR,
Have packed up the Skins in a Box. There is
the two Moorgame, a Cock and an Hen; the
Cock is pretty perfect, but the Hen hath a Wing
ſhot off. There is alſo a Bird that I take for a Ber-
nacle, a Colymbus major, and an borned Owl, with a
black-legg'd Linet in a little Paper; a Friend of mine
kept it in a Cage till it dyd ; and ſo it lay neglected,
till I found it by chance dried, as you have it. Altho
.
it be ſomething like the ordinary Kind, yet they dif-
fer in Bigneſs, (this being leſs ;) but much more in
Voice, this ſinging more ſhrilly, and with a harſher
Tone than the ordinary one. The Beak alſo in ſome
that I have ſeen alive is much greener than you ſee
it in this. The Moor-cock is certainly none of the
Gallina Corylorum; and whether it be the Grygallus
which Geſner deſcribes, I alſo doubt, having com-
pared theſe with both his Cut and Deſcription: It
agrees with it in many Particulars, but differs from it
in ſome. The Feet are not like thoſe of the Urogallus
minor, but nearer reſembling thoſe of the Lagopus,
being feather'd all over. The Veſtitrices alſo wholly
cover the Tail, contrary to his Cut, which he
pretends to be very exact, as being taken from a live
Bird, which was brought him. The reſt of his De-
ſcription may agree with this, and for ought I know
many
:

368 Mr. Jeſſop to Mr. Willughby.
many other Birds, being fo general as it is; and the
Cut doth ſomething reſemble it, altho' not exactly.
I have been labouring all this Day to ſend you the
Problem you ſpeak of, but find it too long and difficult
to diſpatch it fo foon ; for I had committed very lit-
tle of it to writing, and am not ſo confident of the
Succeſs of it, that I dare ſend it thus imperfect; there
being a great many Propofitions to be demonſtrated
before I can come to the thing I aim at. All that I
can certainly promiſe is this, altho' I have been a little
more bold than wiſe:
a
a
Si conus re&tus fecetur à plano axi parallelo, & dea
mittantur duæ rectæ à vertice ejuſdem coni, ad termines
baſis hyperbolæ per eam ſectionem factæ , invenire quadra-
tum æquale ſuperficiei conice à lineâ hyperbolicâ & iiſdem
rečtis terminate. And after this to find a conical Su-
perficies equal to an Hyperbole, which ſhall cut the
Axis of a Cone; and another conical Superficies (all
of them fomething after the fame Manner) equal to a
Triangle, leſs by an Hyperbole. And I fancy that
I have found out the Ratio that ſome of theſe ſeveral
Sorts of conical Superficies have one to another.
Whether theſe things are ordinary or no, I know not :
But however the main Deſign ſucceed, I find this,
which is a little ſurprizing unto one who is not much
verſed in theſe Matters, that it is poſſible to find a
plain Figure equal to any part of the Superficies of a
Cone cut off after any manner by Planes: It is alſo
poſſible a plane Figure being given, however termi-
nated after any manner by thoſe ordinary Lines uſed
by Geometricians, to find a part of the Superficies
of a Cone equal to it. You may alſo find in a Cone
cut by an Ellipfis an Ungula, to which you may find
a Pyramide equal, as well as in the Cylinder, beſides
a great many other Portions of a Cone, to which the
like may be done more eaſily; but that which I moſt
take notice of is this, viz.
Sir

Mr. Ray to Mr. Willughby. 369
Si data byperbola inveniri poteſt circulus æqualis,
poſibile eft exhibere quadratum æquale tam date hyper-
bolæ quàm circulo.
Lan. 5. 1bbb.
Mr. Ray to Mr. Willughby.
Demira
,
1996
runt.
D. Franciſco Willughby 7. Wray. S. D.
E mirâ plantarum è ſemine enatarum metamor-
phofi, & evariatione à nativâ matrum figurâ,
ne dicam Specie, tum Bobertus junior, tum D. Brown
experimenta aliquot à ſe facta mihi retulerunt; adeò ut
à
jam penè perſuaſus fim plantas degenerare poffe & in-
tra latitudinem generis ſeu tribûs fuæ fpeciem mutare.
De Nymphæâ albá & luteâ minoribus, jam planè deſpea
ro, nihil ejuſmodi à ſe unquam vifum in fluviis circa
aut propè Öxonium affirmat D. Brown. Semina nul-
la collegi, nec enim præter Croci ulla tum maturuc-
de
Croci femen in hortulo D. Brown non antea a
me conſpectum copiofum vidi, fed neſcio quâ incogi-
tantiâ illud omiſi & neglexi. Die Lunæ Cawſhamum
vicum uno circiter milliari Readingå remotum perrexi,
illinc non longè in colle cretaceo qui Thamefi immi-
net Orchin anthropophoron ex inftinetu D. Brown in-
veni, non tamen copiosè. Eandemmet pridem circa
Genevam inveneram; 7. Baubino Orchis galeâ & alis
ferè cinereis dicitur. Et hic, quod ad plantas ſponta-
neas attinet, folus hujus itineris fructus erat. Die Mar-
tis huc veni ubi brevi unius diei quiete interpofitâ ut
Morgani hortum luftrarem. Dic Jovis pedes in Canti-
im progreffus fum ufq; ad collem Rough-bill dictum,
à Darfordia non longè, ut ibi invenirem Hellebori-
men albam & Florem Adonidis, quas fe illic loci inve-
niſſe T. Williſellus afferuit. Sed quamvis non indili-
gens ſcrutinium adhibuerim, neutra mihi confpecta eft
Bbb
A

370 Mr. Ray to Mr. Willughby.
At neq; quicquam de Flore Adonidis in arvis illis cre-
fcente, à rufticâ turbâ quam ſciſcitabar, inaudire potui.
Inveni quidem Chamæpityn & Perfoliatam copiose, &
præterea novam Gerani Columbini foliis magis difféctis
fpeciem, quam à fe in agris collectam cùm Oxonii ef-
fem mihi monftravit Jacobus Bobertus filius.
Mr. Oldenburgh to Mr. Willughby.
I
SIR,
London, May 17–70.
Have received from Dr. Long an account of the
Spider and Toad-duel, which I am engaged by pro-
miſe to impart to you; which I ſhall do in his own
Words, viz.
I reſolved this Day (May 10.) to have taken one of
the Spectators of the Combat betwixt the Toad and Spi-
der, fought ai Hetcorne near Sittinghurſt in Kent,
and to have made him go along with me to the place of
Battel; and there, after a pun&tual examination of all
Circumſtances, to have taken up a Spider of the ſame
Kind or Species, and the ſame bigneſs, and ſent two of
them incloſed in a pair of Wallnut-shells, one for Mr.
Willughby, and the other for your ſelf : But ſome Af-
fairs of the two Neighbour-pariſies, and other indiſpen-
Fable Occaſions debarr'd me from the opportunity of gi-
ving you the ſatisfaction according to my deſire, till the
next Carrier. And I find not by my Enquiry and Ob-
fervation, that the common black Field-ſpiders (for ſuch
are theſe Aggreſſors) are any of them as yet of ſufficient
Bulk and Strength to encounter a great Toad : For ſhe
muſt be near as big as the end of a Man's Thumb, and have
720t only her Body fully fraught with Poyſon, but the ex-
treme part thereof boary (white); whether with Age
or Poyfon, the relators are not competent Judges; but
ſuppose

Mr. Oldenburgh to Mr. Willughby. 371
ſuppoſe it to be with Poyſon, becauſe, after the Combat,
when ſhe went away lank and empty of ber Poyfon, her
whiteneſs alſo diſappeard. The latter end of May is the
right Seaſon for ſuch Spiders, and it ſeems to me not
only a rhetorical Flouriſh, but a philoſophical Truth,
that the ſame May-flowers-dew fills the Spider, with
Poyſon, and the Bee with Honey.
To this the ſame Dr. adds theſe Particulars.
I brought home (faith he) Yeſterday many hundred
ſeedling Beeches in my Glove, and planted them, where
they grow very kindly; and this Day many more feeds
of Elm (a rare Timber in this part of Kent). But what
Trees are thoſe, Sir, I alſo brought bome by hundreds
in a ſmall Basket, and planted on Saturday laſt in my
Nurſery, which bear ripe ſweet Nuts at or under fix
Months growth? And of thoſe Nuts ſome are ſo large,
that half the weight of it is borne up on high by one
Tree, and the other half by another, and appears a
Sufficient load to them both. And what Fruit or Seed
is that, and of what Tree, which being ſet or lown
at Michaelmas, and baving lain in the Earih till now,
and ſhot out from it two fair Trees, is as found, entire
and ſweet, as the Barley-Grain when malted and gently
dried in the Sun? And if you know what it is, why
may it not be malted and brew'd, the Spirits of it being
Po quick and Balſamick, that it not only recovers the life
of dead Barley-drink, but prolongs it when recover'd;
which the Chymical Balſamick Oil of Sulphur cannot so
perform.
So far he. This I thought fit to communicate to
you, and fhall be very glad to receive your Thoughts
on all.
Bbb 2
In

372
In another Letter of Mr. Oldenburgh to
Mr. Willoughby, of Aug. 5. 1670.
Find this Obſervation from Dr. Tonge, That he
I
hath found by Experience, Toad's Piſs to be ſo hot,
that it will ſcorch a Glove whereon it falleth, as a live
Coal would do if laid thereon.
LEA
WUNDE
The

373
The laſt LETTER which Mr. Ray
wrote, which was to Sir Hans Sloane,
and bears the Marks of a dying Hand
in every Letter.
TI
Dear Sir,
HE beſt of Friends: Theſe are to take a final
Leave of you as to this World. I look upon
my ſelf as a Dying-Man. God requite your Kindneſs
expreſſed any ways towards me an Hundred-Fold:
Bleſs you with a Confluence of all good things in this
World, and eternal Life and Happineſs hereafter.
Grant us an happy meeting in Heaven. I am,
SIR,
Black-Notley,
Jan. 7. 1704.
Eternally Yours,
JOHN RAY.
POSTSCRIPT.
When you happen to write to my ſingular Friend
Dr. Hotton, I pray tell him I received his moſt o-
bliging and affectionate Letter, for which I return
Thanks, and acquaint him that I was not able to an-
ſwer it; or - His Strength failing, as I perceive by
his writing, (which was ſcarce legible in this Poft ſcript)
he was forced to break off abruptly.
Mr.

374
Mr. Ray's Dying-Words, and Behavi-
our, before the Reverend Mr. Pyke,
Rector of Black-Notley, and Preben-
dary of Norwich.
a
me.
Am a Prieſt of the Church of England, ordained
by Dr. Sanderſon, then Biſhop of Lincoln. That
I did not follow the peculiar Duties of my Function
more, is now the greateſt Concern and Trouble to
I do here profeſs, that as I have lived, ſo I de-
fire, and, by the Grace of God, reſolve to die in the
Communion of the Catholick Church of Chriſt, and
a true, tho' unworthy Son of the Church by Law
eſtabliſh'd in this Kingdom. I do think, from the
bottom of my Heart, that its Doctrine is pure, its
Worſhip decent, and agreeable to the word of God; and
in the moſt material Points of both conformable to
the Faith and Practice of the godly Churches of
Chriſt in the Primitive and Purer Times. I am not
led to this perſuaſion ſo much from force of Cuſtom
and Education, as upon the clear evidence of Truth
and Reaſon. And after a ſerious and impartial Exa-
mination of the Grounds thereof, I am fully perſua-
ded, that the Scruples Men raiſe againſt joining in
Communion with it, are unreaſonable and groundleſs;
and that the Separation which is made may very juſtly
be charged upon the Diffenters themſelves, as the
blame-worthy Authors of it.
He then deſired me to read to him the Prayers of
the Church, which in the Viſitation of the Sick are
appointed to be uſed by us, and the Abſolution in
particular he requeſted me to read: Which I having
pronounced to luch a true Penitent, Devout and
,
Humble

Mr. Ray's Dying-Words. 375
Humble Soul, I could not but have theſe comforta-
ble Thoughts, that what was thus declared remitted
upon Earth, would be remitted in Heaven alſo.
After this I gave him the Sacrament of the Lord's
I
Supper, which as it is Men's Duty often to receive
in the time of Health, ſo at the Hour of Death, he
ſaid, it was a neceſſary Viaticum he thought for the
great Journey he was now a going.
Note concerning Kermes and Vegetable
Excreſcences, Pag. 109, 116, 152.
I I
Have with great Care endeavoured to hatch the
Kermes, and moft of the Vegetable Excreſcences
which I have met with about Upminſter, and have
conſtantly found that they were the Production of
fome or other of the Ichneumon-Flies. In my Phyſico-
Theology, Book 8. Ch. 6. I have given divers Exam-
ples of the Production of the Vegetable Excreſcences.
And as to theſe artificial and curious Thecce on the
Branches of Trees, old Ropes, &c. called Kermes,
all that I have met with I have always found to be the
Cells of a ſmall Ichneumon-Flie, compoſed of ſome
Gums, or glutinous Matter, wrought with incompa-
rable Curioſity, to cover over and ſecure their Eggs :
In which one thing is admirable; and that is their
great Sagacity in making their Cells, or Caſes, of the
fame Colour with the thing on which they are fix'd ;
by which means they ſo dodge the Spectator's Eye,
that it is not eaſy to diſcover the Kermes, without a
very ſtrict Inſpection.
Note

376
Note concerning the Boiling Springs,
Pag. 151.
T:
a
HE Boiling Fountain at Peroul being not occa-
fion'd by a warm, inflammable Vapour, like
that of Wigan in Lancaſhire, I am inclined to think is
of the fame Nature with ſome Boiling Waters I have
met with, whole Cauſe is manifeft. One is near Lit-
tle Thurrock, in the Road between Grays, and Chad-
well, in Efex; where, in a Ditch at the bottom of a
a
pretty high Gravelly-Hill, there are many Springs,
which bubble and boil up in large Quantities, like
the boiling of Water over a vehement Fire. But I
foon perceiv'd that this was no other than the Cur-
rents of Water deſcending plentifully through ſome
ſubterraneous Paſſages of the Hill: Which Currents
breaking out at the bottom (inſtead of the sides of
the Hill) cauſed this Repreſentation of Boiling in di-
vers Parts of the bottom of the Ditch, which car-
ried up with it the ſmall Sticks and Dirt to the top of
the Water.
Another Boiling Water I have met with, is one
called the Boiling Well, by, the Road fide, on the
Deſcent of the Hill above Sudley-Cafile, near Winch-
comb in Gloceſterſhire, where the Water breaks out,
and runs into a ſmall Bafon, with a gutling bubbling
Noiſe, which gives the Appearance of boiling in the
Baſon for a ſhort time, and then ceaſes for a little
while, and runs again as before. But this is occaſi-
on'd only from a Breach in, or Parting of fome Pipes
carrying Water from the Conduit, near the top of
the Hill, to Sudley-Caſtle at the bottom, and is the
fame Phænomenon as the pouring Water out of a
Bottle with a long Neck,
Τ Η Ε
a

THE
IN DE X
I N
A
A.
Page
Page
Bies, the forts of it. 233 Chymically diſtilled. 41
Abfynthium inodorum. 96 Apis Sylveſtris.
33, 72, 81
Abrus.
173 Apples.
3.48
Acid Spirits.
74, 75, 86,90. Aqueducts.
I 2
Acid Ferment an error. 133 Arbor aquam fundens.
205
Adder.
242, 263 Archangel.
227
Adianthum aureum.
53
Ariftoftle's natural Hiſtory. 15,
Adwa, the African little Deer.
29
132 Arithmetick.
241
Agate, a Pebble:
II Armorica.
238
Ageratum.
311 Afarum.
136, 245
Albert.
15, 29
Aſclepias flore albo. 148
Alialis.
75, 79, 84 Afcyron tomentofum. 297
Alchimilla vulgaris.
18. A ſelli.
130
Aldrovand.
15, 29 Aſhmole.
265
Aloe.
173 Aſparagus aculeatus.
245
Alfine. 67, 68,231, 240, 244, Afphodelus.
315
311, 315 Aſtroites.
262
Amaranthus rare.
173 Aſtronomy.
241
Amber found after Storms. 55, Atriplex maritima. 202, 203
57, 59
Attractylis lutea.
148
Ambergriſe.
209 Mr. Aubrey.
251
Amethyſts dug up
Aurum fulminans. 183
Amphiſbana.
243
B.
Anagallis aquatica.
Aculi Sti Pauli.
235
Anchovies.
Bp. Bancroft's Picture. 251
Androſace.
31 Bangue.
174, 234
Animal Seeds.
210 Bark ſining.
210
Anthyll s maritima. 313 -With Prickles.
II
229 B
202
38, 41, 42
Bat.
353
Сс с
Вар
Ant Stings.

INDEX
202
135
CA
Page
Page
Bat in Winter.
301 LordBrouncker's Quadrature.39
Lazarus Bayfius.
24 Bruiſes cured.Osgos
250
Beans in the Scotiſh Seas. 292 Buccinum turned to a Pyrites.
Bee wild.
33, 72, 73, 81, 88%
-Meat, and Maggots. 109 Buckbeans,
297
Beech-nuts.
371 Bunting
Beetles.
343 Burdock
304
Poyfonous and their Stings. Burnet. .
13
257
43 Burſa Paſtoris rarior. 31, 63
3
Bernacle.
121 Butterbur. Son 304
Black Beads of Foffil Salt. II Butter Fiſh.clou al 143
Bidens.
316 Butterflies. 32 I
Birds from Yorkſhire. 38, 108, Buzzard. 56, 57, 59, 352
DOS
I2I, 367
C... O
That ſongs like a Graſs- Alceolus Maria, tot 30
bopper.
108 Callico what made of. 174,
of Summer why briſker. 8
ouro 175
Stok 122 Cambden, Mr. Ray's additions..
-Eaſt-Indian. 126, 131 208
adus si 276
Hiſtory. 134, 136 Camelopardus. 5.60030260
To tame.
To tame.de 135
135 Camphire Tree.
that bo 176
Palmipedes tridactyle. 149, Cannabis ſativa, sint 984234
set 163 Caprimulgus.
- Migratory. cu 198 Cardan,
- Added in Synopſ. Av. o Carduus Benedictus, decoction,
154 ante io76
Biſtorta Alpina. 148, 150-Lycographus. o 00229
-Minor. 20
30, 31 Caryophyllus.690 espe53
Bittour.
Caryophyllon Plinianum.
305
Water Black Birds. 269 Caſalius.
Blind Horſes.
28 Caſtel.
30
Blood transfuſed.
27, 28 Caterpillar horned.videvo69
Of Negroes.
- Maggots in them. Ion
101
Venal and Arterial, &c. Catalogue of Engliſh Plants. 54,
.
284, 295
OTS
59, 61, 73, 138, 139
Bloody Flux cured. CASE
251
Cats, rare.
237
Catfheads.
Boccarel and Boccaret. 113 Cattel changed by Climates.
Boſphorus,
252, 259
casa o urobiya 346
Botany, it sHiſtory. 308 Cedar of Libanus.
Branlin Fiſh.
198 Chamedrys repens. * 148
२२९५
Bret.
de 106
106 Chamaciſtus plantag. folio. 148
Briſtle-ftones.
)
236 Chamepitys. o strogosta 370
Britains.
238 Chamomile.
2100 226
Britiſh Words in Catalonia. Chickens, Foramen Ovale. 214
19019 254 Children numerous.
Broomtree, large.
China, Longitude. 206
Chrifto-
29-032
215, 29
Pisc.
27808
730
(34993122
JATO 24
136.
Booby.
1128
1:|༣ པ༽ དུ ད »༢（235
176
guilla 238
SIOZ
. Ο δε ΙΙΣ
sod

INDEX
D
108
76
260
98
80, 104
Chanzo neroz Page
LEI Page
Chriſtophoriana. 30 Currents contrary in the sea.
Chronology. 241
241
252, 259
Chryſanthemum majus. 258 Cutaneous Diſtempers. 152
Chryſalides how gilt 82, 87,90 St. Cuthbert's Beads.
113
Chymical Analyſis of Vegetables. Cyclamens.
173
181 Cypreſs Powder.
152
Trees.
0358
D.
Cicada, Se
192 Ab-fiſh.
IO7
Cichorium pratenſe.
pratenſe. 146
Daws white.
Cicindela volans. 19
Dead Bodies hardened.
II
Cicuta aquatica. 191 Decoctions of Plants, pretty Ex-
Cimex.
342 periments.
-On Henbane.
Deer.
Cinamon. il 176 Dentes Serpentum. 236
. Ciftus. napos
26 Diffiliation of Ants and other
Clergymen's Widows. 282
Animals.
75
Cnicus
... M
228 Digeſtion not by acid Ferment,
Cochinele what.
205 &c.
133
Cocoon Beans. engole te 292 Diſcoveries a gift of God. 142
Cod. fiſh. Tsd. 130 Diſeaſes ſtubborn cured. 157
Coffee Fruit. Vid 207 Diſſolvent.
Cole-fiſh.
ag » 1 30 Dolphin of the Ancients. 45
Colicks.
Dropſy cured.
Colours of Animals changed. 345
162
Ò Conick meaſures.
368 Dellyk.
Conſumptions de you! 75
Dan-diver.
i 165
Conyza Canadenſis. 148, 150, Durſley Coyns.
9
200
citi solo 160
Ібо Dyſentery
Coral,
120, 293
E.
ang
Fiſhing
, 138,
Corinthian Braß.
195
ToCork-tree.
15.6
273
Cornelian a Pebble.
Cornua Ammonis, 210, 224, Echinites.
TE
Echium marinum. Molde
237, 265
68
Corymbiferous Plants. 316 Eeles breeding
Millefol. umbel.
246 Eggs.
Cotyledonis nova Species. 3I
Elements.
181, 182
Hirſuta. In
232
Elephant.
261
8 Coyns dug up.
9, 102
Bones dug up. 299
8 --Molds dug up.
84 Elizabeth, y, Pudfery.
Crateogonon non defcript. 31 Elm-feeds.
Crocus Martis.
2220 22 2475
Enamelling
70
* Croſs from Heaven.
Entrochi.
so Croſs-bill or Snap-apple... 9 Equiſetum fætidum. 313
vo Crow white.
Equivocal Generation, 285
Ceca
寫​变形​金海
​136
84
Ducks. 2
1291
103297
لله
II
Earthquake 34: Jamaica
Echinus marinus.
Om II
258
Na
238
A
143
domis. 261
246
Eggs.
69
371
5:12
223
108

INDEX
Page
288, 299
F4
106
G
155, 150
108
31
Page
Eruca horned.
69 196, 223, 224, 235, 237,
-Maritima.
3 13 252, 262, 265, 269, 286,
Euphraſia lutea.
245
Excreſcences on Vegetables.98,100 Fountains boyling 46, 151,
F.
23 187, 188, 189
TAt Perſons.
294 Fruits collected.
359
Of Beaſts.
352 Fuci
T 33
Feathers white in divers Birds. ---- Spongioſus. hool 202
108 Seeds.
203, 212
Fetu in Africa.
131 Fulminating Powder. 140, 141
Fever from Flies.
Fungus campariformis. 172
-Epidemical.
359 --Piperatus. 112, 140, 141
•Intermitting cured.
157,
G.
160, 250, 303
Allium cruciatum. 31
Ficus Indica.
Garget or Garge in Swine,
Fieldfare rare.
Garrulus Bohemicus. 198, 200
Filix pumilla.
Gazell.
260
Fire, a very ſtrange one in Generation of Animals. 261,263,
Wales.
281
285
Fiſhes.
130
Gentleman's Recreation Author.
-Hiſtory
179
136, 139
-Certilaginous. 253, 258 Geography.
br 241
-Cetaceous.
253, 278
Geometry.
241
Which have no Air-bladder. Geranium columbinum rare, 370.
253, 259 Germans why continent. 58
Blood.
283, 284 Ghoff that diſcovered.
38
-Spawn.
261 Glaſs diſſolved. 104, 110
-Center of Gravity. 190 Gloffopetra. 167, 224, 236
Structure. in
71
Glow-worm.
190, 263
Flayre-filh.
20, 117, 119 Glyder mountain.
Flints figured, &c. 289 Gnaphalium.
229
Flos Adonidis.
369 Gnats.
316, 342
Flowers how to alter.
Goedart.
17
---What moſt ſubject to alte- Goſſipium.
158
ration.
346 Gout cured.
2 250, 304
Fluke or Flounder.
107 Gramen venti ſpica. 9
Fluor albus.
297 Gravity.
275
Fly-blows.
110, 112 Greenhouſe artificial. 172, 176
Flying Fiſh.
129 Grew, Dr.
ΙΙΟ
Fænum Burgundicum. 148 Grygallus.
32
Fole, the Milt it firſt ſneezes Gryllo-talpa,
273
out.
143 Gymnocrithen.
240
Food, obſervations about it. 23,
H.
Air of Kine changed by
Formice
33
346
Foſſil Shells, Plants, &c. 107,
-Worm.
109
113, 116, 120, 155, 165,
Halibuto a
107
Hare,
256
1 346
67
285 H Apafures.

INDE X.
298
260
37, 60
135
58
KAH
K4
122
190, 261
Hills.
Page
Page
Hare.
353 Cauſe of the Itch particu-
Hawks.os 113, 134, 285
larly.
Moth.
0338 Poor John.
Head, Wounds therein hurt by Iriſh Plants.
291
eating Strawberries. 251 Fulus.
go
Health and Sickneſs. 280 Juncus parvus.
232
Heath Throftle.
137, 140 Juices of Plants.
Hedgehogs Blood. 283, 284 Preſerved.
76,80
Hedge-Sparrow.
Indications of their Virtues.
Hellebore. shu
IOI
Car 76
Helleborine alba. 096, 369 Change red. 74, 77, 78,90
Hellefpont.
252 Of Inſects.
90
Hemlock.
191
Нетр.
K.
Heracantha.
228
Ali.
314, 202
Herniaria.
311
Kermes. 97, 109, 116,
Heron.
152, 205
Herrings.
Kings-Evil cured.
251
Heſperis.
53 Kircher.
17, 29, 59
Hieracium re&tum rigidum. 18
255
L.
Hillyard.
251
Hippopotamus,
262 Abyrinth in Water - fowl.
Hiſtory natural.
241
LA
163
Hogſdon Earth. 27, 193 Laccą to preſerve Bodies. 158
Dr. Hook's Watches.
Language.
241
Horbeam vegetable and Lacca, Lanthorn-fiſh.
107
191 Lapachum folio acuto, oC. 359
Horſe-Ants.
33 Lapides Judaici.
235
Hyperbola Squared. 368 Larks white.
108
Hypociſtis.
26 Leaf compound defined. 290
To take the figure of 106
J.
Learning ancient and modern.
240
Acea nigra.
III Leucoium luteum.
229
Purpurea. 146 Lichen.
IIO, 315
Jaſper.
12 Lime-trees.
250
Faundice cured.
97
Limonium minus.
227
Ichneumons.
100 Lincolnſhire.
19
Mr. Jeffop.
30, 31 Linet.
367
Fefuits Bark.
207 Lipſius,
24
Fer.
55, 59
Locuſts
281
Inſects Hiſtory
321 London and Paris compared.
Caftellus's Obſervations. 361
206
Generation. 298, 317
298,317 Lotus.
Beneficial in Phyfick. 122 Lychnis. 2 63
Cauſe of Diſtempers, 298 ??
Macreuſe.
28, 29
26, 52

INDE X.
ogs
El 2013 M.
M Acreuſe 145, 147, 149; me
N
IO2
2010
149, 206
136
936
las - Page 2 o peilio Page
QoS ODE AN
Mummies.
lsd
Muſca,
343
Muſceline made of Nettles. 174
5 175
150, 160, 161 Muſcus Denticulatus. sual 224
Madneſs cured.
106
Lycopod. ' 140, 141
Dogs bite. 110, 208, 250 Mufaum famous.
IT
Maggot poiſonous and ſtings. 43 Muſick. und Wo 241
Of great Size.ro
IIO Myrtillus grandis. T 68
Magnetick Experiment. 28 Muſhrooms that bleed. 112,140
Malpighi.
III, 155
N.
Manchinel Tree. 205, 209 Autfrancon. bend 255
Mandeville, Sir John.
Narbonne,
Mandioca.
209 Narhual.
tva 237
Dr. Mangole.
Naſturtium H 31, 63
Manna 9,178, 192,279, 307 Nautilus. 252, 258, 266
Maple yields Sugar. 177, 180
Negroes Blood.
Maps of Plants, Stones, Metals, Negropont.
Sipi 252
Birds.
144, 145 Newts Payson and Stings. 43
Mr. Marchand.
149, 154 Nutmegs.
207
Martin's Voyages. bog 271
Nux vomica. de 305
Mathematicks.
241
0. Sa
Mault from Trees.
371
Al-balls.
for
Maids or Thornback.
20, 117 Ophiomorphites. 168, 197
Mediterranean-Sea. 252, 259 Opium. So
26, 58,271
Mentaſtrum.
53 Orange-Peel, a noble Altera-
Menſtruum. 80, 104, 110
Merganſer.
163 Oratory aggor balio 141
Merula.
Orchis Anthropoph.
369
Metals mixed, their weight. 29 Orobus Sylvaticus.
68
Meteor ſtrange.
281 Oxford Mufæum. 251, 265
Method of plants. 308, 311 Oxytriphyllum.
26
Migratory Birds.
198
P.
Millegrana.
312
Ain eaſed.
90
Minerals.
Painting.
241
Miſſeltoe.
67, 351 Palfies.co
Mole-cricket.
273
Paris and London compared.206
Moor humourſome Will. IOZ Mr. Pafchal.
81 84, 274
Dr. Henry More.
29
Paſtils of the Juice of Plants.
Cock.
367
Morality.
241 Patella Fluviatilis.
Dr. Moriſon.
47, 223 St. Paul's Baſtoons. 120
Moſs of Holywell. 253, 270
Pearl-lines.
364
-----Other Moſes. 49, 53,243
Pettinites.
238
Moufet.
Pectunculi.
252, 253
Mountains.
255 Pentaphylloides.
68
Mouſe-ear. 63,231,240 Perfoliata.
370
O
tive.
157, 160
32
28, 59
P4
136
57, 60
124, 128
16, 29
Perox

INDEX
Page
23
358
21
75
229
175
Page
Peroul Boiling Fountain. ISI
Whether any new Species.
Petrified Shells.
107, 105
344, 346, 369
EE
Vid. Fofil. ---Whether any Species loft. 350
Petroleum. At sa 10 -How fériped. 348
Peyer.
259 ----- Speedy Growth chymically
Phalana.nat 25
342
357
Philippine Iſlanders. 305 Plague from Inſects. To6
Plants. 305, 306 Pliny's Natural Hiſtory. 15)
The old phyſicians.
KOVO
24, 54.
Pic Tenariffe. bog iz
12 Dr. Plukenet's obfervations or
on
Pigeons from Eaſt-India. 126, Mr. Ray.
226
111
131 ----Mr. Ray's on him. 244
Pilchards.com
I 90 Pneumonanthe.
Piles. 5.1250 1.0
158 Poetry.
ndo
241
Pillars in Nantphrancon Hill. 257 Poker.
301
Pilot-fiſh.
133
Pole.
0
107
Pimpinella Sanguiſorba. 311
Polemoniun,
54, 63, 67
Pink.
MODE
67 Politicks.
241
Pintail.
21 Polygala.
228
Piſmires Spirit 74, 75, 83, 86 Polygonatum.
31
Salts.
Polygonum.
Piſum arboreſcens. 173 Polypodium plumoſum.
Pitch made.
12 Poppy-heads, the matrix of Ich-
Plaiſe.
107 neumons.
Plants rare, 31, 49, 171, 201 Porpeſſe deſcribed.
45
203, 213,259 Principles of Bodies. 181 to 186
Indications of their Vir- Proverbs unmannerly.
76, 77, 204 Mr. Ray's Book. 41, 63,
Boiled together, purge. 77
81, 87, 90, 92
Their Trachea, MIO
Additional,
Periſtaltick Motion. 110 Prunella. Tot
303
Specifick Difference. 131 Pſeudomomum. 03
305
Maps for Houſes. 144, Pſeudoſphece.
211 Pſyllium erectum. Og
148
The French Hiſtory. 154) Pudſey Shillings. gali
156 Puffin.
134
Other Hiſtories. 156,158 Pulmonaria maculoſa.
148
Mr. Ray's. 159, 174,
Pumice-ſtone black.
IO
A 175, 178, 206, 290, 292, Purfane.
,
136
SES
Pyrola. ya H.
30, 31, 68
-Poiſonous.
who
-Provincial. 277, 278, 350
TOM
COM
Method of Capillary. 2898
-Scriptural. 2000
307
Uadrature of the Hyper-
Number
344
IOI
56
Oitues.
98
L81
IO2
San
306, 319
164, 191
Q.
Q
1903
Putails
ore
ON3880
e bolas
39, 368

INDEX
R
152
148
I20
5.7
Page
Page
Quails eaten by the Ifraelites. Petre indicated. 269
282
Salts. 182, 183, 184, 185
Queen-fiſh.
107
Sand ſcreiter
107
R.
Sap, its motion.
44, 61, 67,
Attle-ſnake.
243
73, 82, 87, 90, 91, 93
Ranwolf. 266,271,272 Sardina and Sardona.
156
Mr. Ray's Abſtemiouſneſs. 22
22 Scabs cured
--- Search after plants. 30, 356 Scandiaca. .
227
Notes of Germany loft. 181 Scorpions.
153
- Leaving W out of his Name. Securidaca dumetorum.
72, 73
Sedums.
23 I, 232
-Unjuſtly cenſur’d by Tour- Arboreſcens.
173
nefort.
368 Ericoides.
31, 231
Figures for his Hiſt. pl. 319 - Alpinum.
358
Hiſtory of Inſects. 321 Seeds of Plants.
131, 259
-Catalogues of Plants. 356 Collected.
359
Reſeda Criſpa.
148 Senaries of the 24
hours. 275,
Reſpiration.
294.
280
Rhinocerot.
262
Serpents.
242, 253
Robin-red-breaft.
135 Seſamoides.
146, 152, 209
Rock plants.
Seſeli pratenſe. 146, 152
Rome deſcribed.
24 Shark-fiſh.
-
132
Rooks.
Shaveweed.
250
Roſes.
53 Sheldin-fowl,
4.
-Excreſcences. 101 Shells taken for Bernacles what
-Canina e marina.
26
Site
Ι2Ι
Roſin made.
Sideritis hirſuta.
Royal-Society Houſe.
スナー
​Signatures of Plants.
204
Hiſtory.
Silver native.
10
288
Lectures.
bu 126 Skate-fifo.com
130
Rudde-fiſh.
18
Skunk, or Stonck.
1
237
Ruſh-In
ſeits.
298 Slate-plants.
299
Rye,an Ear taken out of a Child's Smew.
side.
251, 254, 270
224, 225
S.
-With a contrary turn. 26,
37
, Species. 113,123,127,140
and Experiments upon it. 75, Snipes, an Error about them. 44
86 Soap how made.
II4
Salix pumila.
68 Soddering.
70
Salmaſius.
54
Soland-Geeſe.
Salmon's Age, Names and Food, Sole-Fiſh.
og 352
121
Canina en
12
28
28
21
Snail rare.
S Saccharum Saturni made
,
198
107
142 Solitary-Sparrow.
137
sal foſſilis.
II Sore Throat in the small-Pox
_Of Piſmires.
75 cured.
And Soaps of Plants, 156 Sparrows white.
Spawn
301
108

INDE X.
Page
75
45, 48
181, 183
203, 209,
Page
Spawn of Fiſh.
261 Tiger baited.
302
Spheres Solidity.
362 Tincture aftringent and aperient.
Portions.
363
Spiders Poiſon.
89 Tithymalus Hibernicus. 296
-Species. 34, 57, 60, 62, Toads poyfon and ſtings. 43,
67, 73, 81
Caft their Threads. 34,
Stones.
235, 265
36, 40, 64, 69, 88, 93
In Stone.
254, 298
Sail on thoſe Threads, &c. Duel with a Spider. 370
37, 42, 64, 69, 87, 93, 95 Piſs.
372
Eaten.
135 Torquata.
32
Fighting a Toad.
370 Monf. Tournefort. 148
Webs that will hold Birds.
His Method.
309.
40 Tranſmutation of Principles.
Portions.
363
Spiral Line.
360 Trees obſerved.
49
Spirits acid.
74, 75, 83, 86
Wounds and Bleeding.
Of Wine from Vinegar. 105 44, 61, 82, 87, 90, 91,93,94
Sprats.
26
-- North-ſide, how known. 105.
Squatmere Herb.
250 From Cape of Good-hope.
Star of the Earth.
272
250 Trefoil at Legorn.
146
Star-ftones.
116, 236
-Pumilum, &c. 229
Statical Gaſes,
365
Paludoſum.
297
Statutes of Joan of Arles, etc. Triangular piece of wood ſwim,
13 ming.
71
Stoechas citrina.
146 Tribes of Animals, bow diftin-
Stones precious, how bred.
guiſhed,
80
-Figured. 107, 113, 116, Tropick-Bird.
129
120, 190, 210, 235, 239, 262 Trouts.
261, 268
That ſmell of Violets. 253 Turbos.
107
Storks.
198 Turkiſh Government.
Strawberries hurtful to Wounds. War in 1658. 6
251 Turmerick.
19 Γ'
Strong Man.
303 Turritis minor.
Sugar Canes and Mills.
I 2 Turtles of Barbadoes. 123
From Maple, 177,180 Twigs cut and held up, bleed.
Swallow.
135, 198
91, 93, 94
Swine, the Garget.
352
Sword-fijn.
V.
237
Synopſis of Animals, Foſſils, &c. Aleriana Graca, 31, 64,
236
71
T.
Venery excited and deſtroyed.
Ar made.
12, 152
234
Thlaſpi. 30, 31, 52 Venus, her diurnal Motion. 27
Thomafinus.
24 Verdigreaſe.
86
Thornback, 20, 117, 119, 130
Veronica eretta.
148
Dad
A rare
IL
4
148
VA
V
T

10
WE INDE X. IATAON
Page
Bp. Wilkins. Como T. 199
IOZ
Page
A rare Species of it. 96 Widgeon.ts: 104
21
Virtues of Plants, pretty Expe- Wigan Boiling fountain.
152
riments.
B01 10
76,204 Wildgreeſe.
Vinegar.
74, 78, 105
35,41
- From Ladies Bedſtraw. His Real Character. 2
27, 41,
SO
139, 141 47, 62, 70, 144, 145, 366
Violet Stones.
Willows dropping.
DOW
253
205
Viper.
242, 263
Without Bark. 67,96
Vitis idea.
68 Will, an humorfome one.
GLA
Vizir Azem's Character.
4 Mr. Willughby's Papers. 114,
Unicorn
178, 267 II6, 121, 130, 134, 141,
Urine, an Indication of Diſeaſes.
DO
178, 343, 355
76 Woman with a Belly unuſually
Urogallas.
367 ſwelld.
14
W.
Woodcocks.
Sud
199
Atches improv'd by Dr. Wood-cracker.
qouve 163
Hook.
Wootton.
Waters falling cauſing Wind. Ir
X
Weapons of Animals.
43 Ylon. 158
Whales caught.
abod
eis a otrolio
Whitethroat Bird,
108
.goo
00
bobo mwili cobortsM Igonya
EDI8 Tons
mutu sisi idilli bon
08 Soxo Stivalaquil isgib
ம்.
colodott blog
OF IN I S. 30T
Tashi
W4
28, 29
ME 16, 29
folge
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I 2
Moto
Hallo alloa
stadig moso
Suborada
TOP
ATS
Soup
och
Matonya
3515
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DO
Sibibbermo
008

A CATALOGUE of Mr. Ray's Works,
9
-
Iſtoria Plantarum, Species hactenus editas aliáſque inſuper
multas noviter inventas & defcriptas complectens. Tomi
duo. Fol. 1686,
.
Ejuſd. Tomus tertius, qui eſt Supplementum duorum præce-
dentium ; cum acceſiionibus Camelli & Tournefortii, 1704.
Catalogus Plantarum circa Cantabrigiam naſcentium. Ostavo,
Cantab. 166o. cum Appendice.
2362
Catalogus Plantarum Angliæ, c. 8vo. 1670, & 1677.
Faſciculus Stirp. Britann. poft editum Catal, præd. 1688.
Catalogus Stirpium in ext. region, obſervat. 1673.
.
Methodus Plantarum nova cum Tabulis, 1682, 1703.
Eadem Methodus emendata & aucta. 8vo.
1703
Synopſis Methodica Stirp. Britann, in quâ tum Notæ Gene-
rum Characteriſticæ traduntur, tum Species fingulæ breviter de-
fcribuntur, &c. 1690.
Ead. Synop. multis Stirpibus & obferv, curiofis paffim inſer-
tis, cum Mufcorum Methodo & Hiftoria pieniore, &c. 1696.
Epiftola ad D. Rivinum de Methodo Plantarum in qua Ele.
menta Botanica D. Tournefort tanguntur, 8vo. 1696.
Diſſertatio de variis Plantarum Methodis, 8vo. 1696.
Stirpium Europ. extra Britannias nafcentium Sylloge, Svo.
1694.
Synopf. Methodica Animalium Quadrupedum & Serpentini
Generis, 8vo. 1693.
Franciſci Willughbeii Hiſtoria Piſcium cum Fig. recognovit,
digeffit, fupplevit Fo. Raius, Oxon. Fol. 1686.
Ejuſd. Ornithologia cum Fig. edente eod. Fol. 1676.
The ſame much enlarged, in Englith, Fol. 1678.
Obſervations Topographical, Moral, and Phyſiological, made in
A Journey thro' ſeveral Parts of Europe, 8vo. 1673.
Collection of unuſual or local Engliſh Words, 120, 1674, 1691.
Collection of Engliſh and other Proverbs. Camb. 1678.rs
Methodus Inſectorum, 8vo. 1705.
Hiſtoria Inſectorum. Opus Pofthumum. Lond. 1710. 410.
A Perfuafive to a Holy Life, 1700.
The Wiſdom of God manifefied in the Works of the Creation.
In two parts. To which are added, Anſwers to fome Objections.
8vo. The 7th Edition. 1717.
Three Phyfico-Theological Diſcourſes, &c. With Practical In-
ferences. 1713. The 3d Edition,
Dictionariolum Trilingue, 8vo. 1672, 1689, 1696.
Synopſis Methodica Avium & Piſcium, opus poſthumum, quod
vivus recenfuit, & perfecit ipfe infigniſfimus Author ; in quo,
multas ſpecies, in ipfius Ornithologiâ & Ichthyologiâ defidera-
tas, adjecit, Methodúmque fuam Piſcium naturæ magis conve-
nientem reddidit. Cum Appendice & Iconibus. Edente W. Der-
ham, 8vo. 1713.

SOOKS printed for WILLIAM and
JOHN INNYS.
P"
Hyfico-Theology : Or, a Demonſtration of the Being and
Attributes of God, from his Works of Creation, with
large Notes, and many curious Obſervations. By William Der-
ham, Rector of Upminſter in Eſſex, Canon of Windfor, and
F. R. S. The Fourth Edition, 8vo. 1716.
Aftro-Theology: Or, a Demonſtration of the Being and At-
tributes of God, from a Survey of the Heavens. Illuſtrated
with Copper-Plates. The ſecond Edition, 8vo. By the ſame
Author, 1715.
Opticks : Or, a Treatiſe of the Reflections, Refractions, In:
flections and Colours of Light. By Sir Iſaac Newton, Knt. The
ſecond Edition with Additions, svo. 1717.
A Treatiſe of Algebra, in two Books: The firſt treating of
the Arithmetical, and the ſecond of the Geometrical Part. By
Philip Ronayne, Gent. 8vo. 1717.
The Lives of the French, Italian, and German Philoſophers,
late Members of the Royal Academy of Sciences in Paris. To-
gether with Abſtracts of the choiceft Pieces communicated by
them to that illuftrious Society. To which is added the Pre-
face of the ingenious Monfieur Fontenelle, Secretary and Au-
thor of the Hiſtory of the ſaid Academy, 8vo. 1717.
Tractatus de Fætu Nutrito: Or, a Diſcourſe concerning the
Nutrition of the Fætus in the Womb. demonſtrated to be by
Ways hitherto unknown. In which is likewiſe diſcover'd the
Uſe of the Gland Thymus; with an Appendix, containing fome
practical Animadverſions on the Food of Children newly born,
and the Management of the Milk of Women. By F. Bellinger,
of the College of Phyficians.
Philoſophical Tranſactions, giving ſome Account of the pre-
fent Undertakings, Studies, and Labours of the Ingenious, in
many confiderable Parts of the World. Continued and publiſh-
ed by Edm. Halley, J. V. D. Savilian Profeſſor of Geom. Oxon.
and Reg. Soc. Secr. 4to. Where may be had complete Sets, or
fingle Numbers.
Hippocrates de Morbis Popularibus Liber primus tertius Gr.
Lar. His accommodavit novem de Febribus Commentarios Joan-
nes Freind, M. D. Coll. Med. Londin. Societatis Reg. Socius,
4to. 1717.
Emmenologia : in quâ Fluxús muliebris menſtrui Phenomena,
Periodi, Vitia, cum medendi methodo, ad Rationes Mechanicas
exiguntur, Authore Joh. Freind, M. D. Coll. Med. Londin,
S. Reg. Soco Syo. Edit. 2. 1717.



Ray, John,
Museum
QH
31
Philosophical letter
• R2
th
A34
...1718
RaRBARIUM
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5/25
HERBARIUM
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Wheldont
7
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