ts par
to me
Cound
Eden the enement botenst, with his
emendalam correctione alle
HE-LOUIS-C-C-KRIEGER.
MYCOLOGICAL LIBRARY
AND-COLLECTIONS: GIFT OF
W HOWARD:A-KELLY.M.D.
r.
Front
VA
19
Over
.
X
TO THE UNIVERSITY HER-
BARIUM OF THE
UNIVERSI-
TY OF MICHIGAN. 1928.
T.C.Rijec.

Museum
Eden
boite femeilo
98
Sn
1830




ENGLISH BOTANY:
OR,
COLOURED FIGURES
OF
BRITISH PLANTS,
WITH THEIR
ESSENTIAL CHARACTERS, SYNONYMS, AND PLACES OF
GROWTH.
BY
SIR JAMES EDWARD SMITH, M.D. F.R.S.
PRESIDENT OF THE LINNÆAN SOCIETY, ETC. ETC.
THE FIGURES BY
JAMES SOWERBY, F.L.S. G.S., &c.
quos ipsa volentia rura
Sponte tulere sua...."
VIRGIL.
THE SECOND EDITION,
ARRANGED ACCORDING TO THE LINNÆAN METHOD, WITH THE DESCRIP-
TIONS SHORTENED, AND OCCASIONAL REMARKS ADDED.
VOL. I.
LONDON:
PRINTED BY RICHARD TAYLOR, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET,
FOR THE PROPRIETOR, C. E. SOWERBY,
3 MEAD PLACE, WESTMINSTER ROAD.
1832

COULD

- Museum
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17rals.
1-17.38
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NYMPHA.NUPHAR-PEONIA.
11
Genus CCLXXXV. NUPHAR/ Yellow Water-Lily.
Nat. Qrder. NYMPHEACEÆ.
GEN. Chak. Calyx 5- ok 6-leaved. Petals and Stamens/nu-
merous,
inserted
upon the receptacle. Fruit many-célled,
many-seeded, superior.
Nabít
, that of the preceding genus, from which it chiefly
differs in the almost total abortion of the disk, from which the
petals and stamens originate; this, elevated in Nymphæa
nearly as high as the apex of the ovarium, and rendering that
organ apparently half inférior, is here confounded with the re-
keptacle, and shows its actual relative position. The flowers
are uniformly yellow.
NUPHAR LUTEA. Common Yellow Water-Lily. Tab. 766.
Leaves cordate, the Yobes meeting each other; petioles 2-edged.
Calyx 5-leaved. Stigma expanded, with from 14 to 20 rays: the
border entire.
Nymphæa lutea/Linnæus. E. B. 159. Nuphar lutea, Smith XII. 15.
Lindley 15. Hooker ed. 2.260.ed. 3. 263.
Frequent in ponds, lakes and slow rivers throughout the kingdom,
flowering in July. Flowers large, deep yellow, with a st ong vinous
or brandy-like odour, which, with the bottle-shape of its capsules, has
obtained fof it the provincial name of Brandy-bottle.
NUPHAR PUMILA. Least Yellow Water-Lily.TAB. 767.
Leaves cordate, the lobes rather distant; petioles 2-edged. Calyx
5-leaved. Stigma toothed on the margin. Frhit furrowed upwards.
Nuphar minima, E. B.2292. N. Pumila, Smith III. 16. Lindley 15.
Hooker ed. 2. 260. ed/3. 263.
A native of the high_and lakes of Scotland, where it flowers in July
and August. It is scarcely possible to distinguish this species/by po-
sitive characters from the American N. Kalmiana, with which Pro-
fessor Hooker in his R. Scot. confounds it.
ORDER II. DI-PENTAGYNIA. voorde
GENUS CCLXXXVI. PÆONIA. Pæony.
Nat. Order. RANUNCULACEÆ.
Gen. Char. Calyx 5-leaved. Petals 5 to 10, concave, nearly
orbicular. Pericarps 2 to 5 many-seeded follicles, crowned
with the bilamellar stigmas.
C 2

12
POLYANDRIA DI-PENTAGYNIA.
Perennial plants with fascicled roots, natives of the tem-
perate parts of Europe and Asia. Their large showy flowers
presenting various shades of crimson, purple, and white, recom-
mended them at an early period to garden culture, and many
beautiful varieties of the more favoured species have rewarded
the skill of our florists. The most celebrated is the Tree Pæony,
or Moutan of the Chinese, which by long cultivation has almost
lost its herbaceous character, and become half shrubby: it oc-
cupies about the same rank in Chinese floriculture, as that of
the Rose in Western Europe, and its varieties are not less
highly prized. Our only native species of Pæonia can scarcely
be indigenous, being confined to a solitary island in the Se-
vern.
36
PÆONIA CORALLINA. Entire-leaved Peony. Tab. 768.
Leaves biternate, smooth ; segments ovate, undivided. Follicles
downy, recurved.
Pæonia corallina, E. B. 1513. Smith III. 29. Lindley 14. Hooker
ed. 2. 260. ed. 3. 264.
Discovered in 1803 by F. B. Wright, Esq. growing abundantly in
the rocky clefts of the island called Steep Holmes in the Severn, where
it flowers profusely in May and June, and seems to ripen its seed in
tolerable abundance. The common double Pæony of the gardens is
not a variety of this, but of the P. Officinalis of Linnæus, a very di-
stinct species.
GENUS CCLXXXVII. DELPHINIUM. Larkspur.
Nat. Order. RANUNCULACEÆ.
GEN. CHAR. Calyx coloured, irregular, deciduous; the up-
per leaf produced at the base in the form of a spur. Petals
4; the two upper ones elongated at the base into appenda-
ges contained within the
spur.
- An extensive genus of herbs, natives of the northern parts
of both continents. They have all divided leaves, and blue
flowers, rarely passing into pink and white. They are chiefly
valuable as garden ornaments; some, as D. Staphisagria, are
employed medicinally, but rarely as internal remedies on ac-
count of their acridity, which renders them even in small doses
dangerous. The active principle of the genus has been ob-
tained in the alkaloid form, and named Delphine.
DELPHINIUM CONSOLIDA. Field Larkspur. Tab. 769.
Stem erect, branched. Flowers in lax racemes Pedicles longer



DELPHINIUM.-ACONITUM.
13
than the bracteæ. Petals combined; inner spur of one piece. Fol-
licles smooth.
Delphinium consolida, E. B. 1839. Smith III.30. Lindley 13. Hooker
ed. 2. 260. ed. 3. 264.
This beautiful annual, the tall, branching Larkspur of the gardens,
abounds on the open chalky or sandy fields in some parts of Cambridge,
Suffolk, and Kent; varying in the colour of its flowers, which come
out in June and July ; they are occasionally red, pink, or white, but
generally of the brilliant blue that is their predominant tint under
cultivation. Stem upright, 2 to 3 feet high, with numerous slender,
alternate, spreading branches. Leaves sessile, downy, divided into
many linear segments. Flowers thinly set, in long terminal clusters.
Spur ascending, downy, as long as the petals. Capsule solitary,
smooth.
GENUS CCLXXXVIII. ACONITUM. Monk's-hood.
Wolf's-bane.
Nat. Order. RANUNCULACEÆ.
Gen. CHAR. Calyx petaloid, irregular; the upper leaf helmet-
shaped. The 2 upper petals (nectaries) with long claws,
expanding into a sac at the apex, and concealed beneath
the helmet.
Hardy herbaceous plants, natives of the northern hemi-
sphere. They have all palmate or pedatifid leaves, and
peren-
nial, fleshy roots. Flowers various shades of blue and purple,
sometimes passing into or variegated with white; in a few in-
stances only, pale yellow or cream colour. The
upwards of a hundred known species, all highly ornamental in
the garden and shrubbery, but of little economical utility :
some few are employed in medicine, but they are dangerous
remedies, the acrid and caustic properties of the Ranunculacea
being in no plants of the order more powerfully developed than
in the Aconites.
genus contains
ACONITUM NAPELLUS.
TAB. 769*.
Common Monk's-hood, or Wolf's-bane.
1344,
Helmet arched at the back. Lateral petals hairy on the inner side.
Follicles mostly 3, smooth. Leaves deeply 5-cleft, the lobes cut
into linear segments, furrowed above.
Aconitum napellus, E. B. Supp. 2730. Smith III. 31. Lindley 13.
Hoolcer ed. 2. 260. ed. 3. 264.
Naturalized in some parts of England, as on the banks of the Teme
in Herefordshire ; near Ford, Somersetshire; and below Staverton
Bridge, Devonshire. Stems from 3 to 5 feet high, flowering in June
and July. The whole plant is highly poisonous : a single dram of the
root has been known to prove fatal.

14
POLYANDRIA.--HEXAGYNIA.
GENUS CCLXXXIX. AQUILEGIA. Columbine.
Nat. Order. RANUNCULACEÆ.
GEN. CHAR. Calyx 5-leaved, petaloid, deciduous. Petals
5, gaping above, elongated downwards into a hollow, horn-
shaped spur, projecting between the leaves of the calyx.
Follicles 5.
Ornamental herbs with purple, blue, or white flowers, divi-
ded leaves, and fibrous perennial roots. The genus which is
small, containing about 15 known species, is confined to the
north temperate zone. The plants are less acrid than the rest
of their order, and the common Columbine has been employed
medicinally as an astringent, but instances are on record of
its proving fatal in overdoses.
32
AQUILEGIA VULGARIS. Common Columbine. TAB. 770.
Spur of the petals incurved. Follicles hairy. Stem leafy, many-flow-
ered, smooth. Leaves glabrous. Styles as long as the stamens.
Aquilegia vulgaris, E. B. 297. Smith III. 33. Lindley 13. Hooker
ed. 2. 261. ed. 3. 264.
Found wild in woods, thickets and pastures in many parts of En-
gland and Wales, though probably in its origin a wanderer from the
garden. Leaves mostly radical, on long petioles, twice ternate, ob-
tusely lobed ; more or less glaucous as well as the stem, which rises
a foot or 18 inches high, bearing a few sessile leaves, and several
drooping, purple, rarely rose-coloured or white, flowers. The inner
series of stamens is often abortive, in which case the filaments are
sometimes united, forming a plaited membrane around the
germens,
as shown in our figures. Flowers in June.
ORDER HI. HEXAGYNIA.
GENUS-EEXE. STRATIOTES. Water-Aloe.
Nat. Onder. HYDROCHARIDEÆ.
Gen. CĦAR. Sputhe, 2-leaved persistent, 1-fløwered. Calyx
superion 3-cléft. Corolla of 3 petals
. Styles bifid. Fruit
fleshy, taper-pointed, with sides and cells. Seeds many,
angular.
Water plants
with the foliage bf Bromelia or Aloe and the
fructification of Hydrocharis : groting submersed except du-
ring the short period of inflorescence.



AQUILEGIA.-STRATIOTES-THALICTRUM.
15
1
SONG
STRATIOTES-ALOIDES. Water-Atoe. Water-sotdier. TABUZZI)
Leaves sword-shaped, channelſed, with a prominent middle rib, and
sharp marginal prickles.
Stratiotes/aloidès, E. B. 379. Smith III. 34. Lindley 254. Hooker
ed. 2. 261. ed. 3. 265.
This singular plant appears to be indigenous to the
low eastern
counties of England, abøunding in lakes, ponds, and the deep ditches
of the fens of Lincolnshire, Cambridgeshire and Norfolk, sometimes
so/copiously as to occupy the surface to the exclusion of fall other
plants. In other parts of the island Xt is of rare occurrence, and has
probably been planted, as in the Scottish lochs,and in the pool on Wands-
worth Common, Surrey, in which latter place it was originally thrown
by the late My Dickson. The parent plant, rooted in the mud at the
bottom of the water after flowering, sends out leaf buds at the extre-
mity of long runners, which rise to the surface, protrude roots, blossom,
and then sink to the bottom, where they become fixed in the mud,
sometimes ripen their seeds, and always become in their turn the pá-
rents of another race of offsets, which rise to the surface in the xen-
suing year. Leaves kadical, forming a star-like tuft : they are rigid,
brittle and pellucid/with sharp teeth and points. Several scapes from
4 to 6 inches high arise from each tuft, each bearing a solitary, large,
white flower, proceeding from a compresșed 2-leaved spathe, and ex-
panding about Idoly, shortly after which the plant sinks. The flowers-
are sometimes-uni-sexual.
ORDER IV. POLYGYNIA.
GENUS CCXCI. THALICTRUM. Meadow-Rue.
Nat. Order.
RANUNCULACEÆ.
GEN. CHAR. Calyx 4- or 5-leaved, somewhat petaloid, cadu-
Corolla wanting. Pericarps (caryopsides) without
cous.
awnis.
Hardy herbaceous plants, natives of Europe, Asia, and
North America. They have yellow roots, compound leaves,
and yellow, greenish, or purplish, panicled flowers. All the
species are perennial.
ra
THALICTRUM ALPINUM. Alpine Meadow-Rue. Tab. 772.
Stem simple, nearly leafless. Raceme simple, terminal. Flowers droop-
ing:
Thalictrum alpinum, E. B. 262. Smith III. 40. Lindley 8. Hooker
ed. 2. 261. ed. 3. 265.
Frequent on the mountains of the north of England, Wales, and
Scotland, growing in the moist fissures of the rocks, and on the mar-
gins of rills. Stems creeping and rooting beneath the soil, sending
up a few biternate leaves on long purplish petioles ; leaflets round-

16
POLYANDRIA.-POLYGYNIA.
ish, crenate, or lobed, of a deep glossy green. Flower-stems erect,
naked, or bearing a single leaf about midway, and terminating in a
raceme of 8 or 10 flowers. The number of stamens varies from 8 to
12, that of the pistils from 2 to 4. Flowers in July.
3
THALICTRUM MINUS.
Lesser Meadow-Rue. TAB. 773.
Leaves doubly or triply pinnate; leaflets 3-cleft, glaucous on both
sides. Panicle diffuse, its branches alternate. Flowers drooping.
Thalictrum minus, E. B. 11. Smith III. 41. Lindley 9. Hooker ed.
2. 261. ed. 3. 265.
A native of chalky and limestone soils in several parts of England,
though chiefly in mountainous districts, or near the sea-coast. It is
an elegant species, well calculated for the decoration of rock-work,
being compact in its growth, and extremely endurant. Stem 9 inches
to a foot high, zigzag, generally glaucous as well as the foliage ; leaf-
lets small, rigid, tipped with purple Flowers in June and July.
4
THALICTRUM MAJUS.
Greater Meadow-Rue. TAB. 774.
Leaves tripinnate ; leaflets trifid, roundish, glaucous beneath. Bran-
ches of the panicle aggregate, somewhat umbellate.
Flowers
drooping.
Thalictrum majus, E. B. 611. Smith III. 42. Lindley 9. Hooker ed.
2. 261. ed. 3. 265.
It grows in similar situations with the last, but chiefly in the north-
ern counties and in Scotland. Its principal features of distinction
are the larger size, more luxuriant habit, and the dark-green, not
glaucous, hue of the upper surface of the leaves; with these excep-
tions, the characters of the present plant are not very dissimilar to
those of T. minus, of which it is by some botanists suspected to be
only a variety. Being only acquainted with the ordinary state of the
two, as figured in our plates, we consider them sufficiently distinct,
as cultivation does not alter either, even in plants raised from seed.
Mr. Christy, however, as quoted by Dr. Hooker, has seen numerous
specimens, showing all the intermediate stages between T. majus and
T. minus. Flowers in June and July. Stem 1 to 2 feet high.
THALICTRUM FLAVUM.
Common Meadow-Rue. TAB. 775.
er
Stem erect, branched, furrowed, leafy. Leaves bipinnate; leaflets
broadly obovate or wedge-shaped, trifid. Panicle compact, sub-
corymbose, Flowers erect.
Thalictrum flavum, E. B. 367. Smith III. 42. Linulley 9. Hooker ed.
2. 262. ed. 3. 266.
Frequent in ozier beds, wet meadows, and on the banks of rivers
and ditches, rising to the height of 2 or 3 feet, and flowering in June
and July. The leaflets vary in breadth, proportion and division, but
the species is obviously distinguished by its large, compact panicle
of upright flowers. It is more acrid than our other indigenous spe-



CLEMATIS. --ANEMONE.
17
cies, and a cataplasm made of the bruised leaves acts as a slight
blister.
GENUS CCXCII. CLEMATIS. Traveller's Joy. Virgin's
Bower.
Nat. Order. RANUNCULACEÆ.
GEN. CHAR. Calyx 4- to 8-leaved, coloured. Petals want-
ing. Pericarps (cariopsides) numerous, terminated by a
long, mostly bearded or feathery awn.
Climbing shrubs, or herbs with perennial roots. They have
opposite, generally divided leaves, and ornamental flowers
of various hues, but chiefly white or different shades of blue
and purple. Natives of most parts of the world.
CLEMATIS VITALBA. Common Traveller's Joy. Tab. 776.
Stem climbing. Leaves pinnate; leaflets oval heart-shaped, lobed
and cut. Petioles twining, permanent. Panicles forked, scarcely
longer than the leaves.
Clematis vitalba, E. B. 612. Smith III. 39. Lindley 8. Hooker ed.
2. 262. ed 3. 266.
This elegant climber is almost exclusively confined to districts
where the substratum is chalk or limestone. In such places it over-
runs the hedges and thickets in great abundance, often covers the
broken precipice with a rich mantling tapestry, or hangs in festoons
by the roadside, gratifying the traveller with the fragrance of its
white blossoms, which are produced about June and July. The per-
manence of the twining petiole, which acts as a tendril, is an admi-
rable contrivance for the support of the plant, whose long perennial
stems not unfrequently extend from 10 to 20 feet in the course of a
single summer. The fruit terminating in a long silvery plume is a
beautiful object in the autumn.
Genus CCXCIII. ANEMONE. Anemone. Wind-flower.
Nat. Order. RANUNCULACEÆ.
Gen. CHAR. Involucrum of 3 divided leaves, more or less
distant from the flower. Calyx coloured, confounded with
the corolla; sepals and petals 5 to 20 collectively. Pericarps
with or without awns.
Dwarf perennial herbs, with divided leaves and showy
flowers. The genus is distributed in greater or less profusion
over the temperate and colder regions of the earth, approach-
ing the tropics only in alpine districts. Plants all acrid.
ANEMONE PULSATILLA. Pasque-Flower. Tab. 777.
Leaves doubly pinnate, cut, with linear lobes. Invelucrum in deep
VOL. V.
D

18
POLYANDRIA POLYGYNIA.
8
linear segments. Flower solitary, nearly erect. Petals 6. Awns
of the fruit long, feathery.
Anemone Pulsatilla, E. D.51. Smith III. 35. Lindley 9. Hooker ed.
2. 262. ed. 3. 266.
Plentiful in high chalky pastures in several parts of England,
flowering in April and May. Flowers deep purple, large and hand-
some, rarely white. Petals clothed with long silky hairs externally.
Whole plant pubescent. The great beauty of its early flowers re-
commends it to cultivation, but it requires an open, dry situation,
and will not long exist near London and other smoky towns.
ANEMONE NEMOROSA.
Wood Anemone. Tab. 778.
Involucrum of 3 ternate, or quinate, stalked, lobed and cut leaves,
Flower solitary. Petals 6, elliptical, veined. Pericarps pointed,
awnless.
Anemone nemorosa, E. B. 355. Smith III. 36. Lindley 9. Hooker
ed. 2. 262. ed. 3. 266.
Common in woods, thickets, and moist heathy, alpine pastures
throughout the kingdom ; its bright white flowers tinged externally
with purple being one of the earliest harbingers of summer : they
expand only in bright weather, drooping, and closing their petals on
the approach of rain. The root, or rather underground stem, creeps
horizontally a few inches below the surface, branching in every di-
rection, and forms in alpine situations one of the many natural aids
that serve to retain the loose vegetable soil on hills and mountains,
and prevent it from being washed into the valleys. Flowers in April.
ANEMONE RANUNCULOIDES. Yellow Wood Anemone. Tab. 779.
Involucrum of 3 or 5 shortly stalked, cut and toothed leaves. Flowers
solitary or in pairs. Petals 5 or 6, elliptical. Pericarps awless.
Anemone Ranunculoides, E. B. 1484. Smith III. 38. Lindley 10.
Hooker ed. 2. 263. ed. 3. 266.
A rare species and probably naturalized. It was added to the
English Flora by Mr. Hudson, and has been met with in woods near
King's Langley, Herts, and Wrotham, Kent. In habit nearly re-
sembling A. nemorosa, but the flowers, which come out in April, are
of a bright golden yellow.
ANEMONE APENNINA.
Blue Mountain Anemone. TAB. 780.
Leaves triternate, segments lanceolate, cut and toothed. Involucrum
of 3 stalked, deeply cut, ternate leaves. Flower solitary. Petals
numerous, lanceolate. Pericarps pointed, awnless.
Anemone apennina, E. B. 1062. Smith III. 36. Lindley 9. Hooker
ed. 2. 263. ed. 3. 266.
This beautiful species is, like A. Ranunculoides, scarcely indigenous,
though met with apparently wild in several parts of England. In the
woods of Italy it supplies the place of our A. nemorosa, and the fine
sky-blue tint of its large flowers occasioned its early introduction to
our gardens, whence the seed has no doubt been occasionally distri-
buted in the neighbouring woods. Petals varying from 12 to 20, re-
curved, hairy on the outside. Flowers in April.
10.
9



ADONIS, RANUNCULUS.
19
Genus CCXCIV. ADONIS. Pheasant's Eye.
Nat. Order. RANUNCULACEÆ.
Gen. Char. Calyx 5-leaved. Petals 5 to 15, the claw na-
ked. Pericarps tipped with the hardened style, but not
awned.
A
very
beautiful
genus of hardy caulescent annual or pe-
rennial herbs, with solitary yellow or red flowers and finely
divided leaves. Chiefly European.
ADONIS AUTUMNALIS. Corn Adonis, or Pheasant's Eye. Tab. A
781.
Stem branched. Petals about 8, obcordate, concave, connivent;
scarcely longer than the calyx. Pericarps collected into an ovate
head.
Adonis autumnalis, E. B. 308. Smith III. 43. Lindley 9. Hooker ed,
2. 263. ed. 3. 267.
Not very common, but found in many parts of the kingdom, gene-
rally among corn or clover, with the seed of which it may have been
originally imported, though, like the common flax and some other har-
dy exotics, long since naturalized. Stem striated, branched, about a
foot high. Leaves alternate, thrice compound, with linear segments.
Flowers solitary, terminating the branches ; petals bright scarlet ;
anthers crimson or purple. The generic name seems to have been
bestowed from this species, in allusion to the fate of Adonis, and to
the deep blood-red hue of its flowers. The French call the plant
“ Goutte de sang.” It is an annual, flowering throughout the summer
and autumn, and not as the trivial name imports in the latter only:
we have gathered it from the beginning of May to the end of Novem-
ber.
GENUS CCXCV. RANUNCULUS. Crowfoot. Buttercup.
Nat. Order. RANUNCULACEÆ.
GEN. CHAR. Calyx 5-leaved, rarely 3-leaved.
Petals 5,
rarely 8 to 12; with a nectariferous scale or pore at the base.
Pericarps without awns, more or less compressed, arranged
in a globular or cylindrical head.
An extensive genus of hardy herbaceous plants, natives of
temperate and cold regions throughout the world, but most
abundant in the northern hemisphere. Foliage various. Flow-
ers generally yellow, sometimes white; the latter hue rarely,
under cultivation, passing into crimson and various shades of
purple, as in R. asiaticus.
The type of a large and well-marked natural order remark-
able for powerful acrid and caustic properties.
D 2

20
POLYANDRIA POLYGYNIA.
13
&
12
* Leaves simple.
RANUNCULUS LINGUA. Great Spear-wort. Tab. 782.
Leaves lanceolate, pointed, sub-serrated, sessile, semiamplexicaul.
Stem erect. Root fibrous,
Ranunculus lingua, E. B. 100. Smith III. 46. Lindley 10. Hooker
ed. 2. 263. ed, 3. 267.
Far from common, though less rare than generally considered,
being met with in ditches and watery places in many parts of the
kingdom. It is well distinguished from the next species, R. flam-
mula, by its erect growth, sessile leaves, and larger flowers, which in-
deed exceed those of any other native species. Stem 1 to 3 feet high.
The bright yellow flowers come out in July. Perennial.
RANUNCULUS FLAMMULA. Lesser Spear-wort. TAB. 783.
Root-leaves ovato-lanceolate, sub-serrated; petiolate: those of the
stem linear-lanceolate. Stem declining and rooting toward the
base. Root fibrous.
Ranunculus flammula, E. B. 387. Smith. Ill. 45. Lindley 10. Hooker
ed. 2. 264. ed. 3. 267. R. reptans, Lightfoot Fl. Scot., is a small
creeping variety of this.
A perennial species, frequent in marshes and watery places through-
out the kingdom, flowering from June to September. Though pre-
senting numerous variations in habit and in the form of its leaves, it
is scarcely possible for the most superficial observer to confound this
with the preceding Flowers bright gold-colour; the nectariferous
pore at the base of the petals sometimes very minute.
RANUNCULUS GRAMINEUS. Grass-leaved Crowfoot. Tab. 784.
Leaves linear-lanceolate, striated, entire, sessile, stem erect, smooth;
few-flowered. Root fascicled. Nectariferous scale tubular.
Ranunculus gramineus, E. B. 2306. Smith III. 46. Lindley 10.
Hooker ed. 2. 264. ed. 3. 268.
Admitted into the British Flora by Dr. Withering, who mentions
having received specimens from North Wales through Mr. Pritchard.
Its natural situation is in dry, mountainous pastures. Stems slender,
about a foot high. Leaves mostly radical, glaucous, without serra-
ture, but mucronate at the extremity. Flowers larger than those of
R. flammula, bright yellow : they come out in May and June. Per-
ennial.
RANUNCULUS FICARIA. Pile-wort. Lesser Celandine. TAB. 785.
Leaves cordate, smooth, angular or crenate; petiolate. Calyx 3-
leaved. Petals numerous, elliptic-oblong. Root fascicled.
Ranunculus Ficaria, E. B. 584. Smith III. 46. Lindley 10. Hooker
ed. 2. 264. ed. 3. 268. Ficaria verna, Hudson. Ficaria ranuncu-
loides, Decand.
The glossy foliage and glistening, golden, starlike flowers of the
Pile-wort are among the earliest and most frequent decorations of
our groves, thickets, and shaded pastures in the spring. The root is
perennial, consisting of a bundle of long fleshy knobs, intermingled
14
15



RANUNCULUS.
21
with a few simple fibres. The leaves on long petioles, somewhat suc-
culent and brittle: Flowers erect, solitary ; terminating the stems,
which seldom rise more than a few inches. Calyx sometimes 5-leaved.
Petals 8, 10, or 12, rarely more.
** Leaves lobed, or divided. Pericarps smooth.
RANUNCULUS ALPESTRIS. Alpine White Crowfoot. Tab. 786. 18
Leaves very smooth; radical ones somewhat heart-shaped, obtuse,
in three deep, lobed segments; stem leaf lanceolate, entire. Flower
mostly solitary. Calyx smooth, bordered.
Ranunculus alpestris, E. B. 2390. Smith III. 49. Lindley 11. Hooker
ed. 2. 264. ed. 3. 268.
Gathered by Mr. G. Don by the sides of rills on the Clova moun-
tains, Angusshire, flowering sparingly in the month of May. Root
fibrous, perennial. Stem smooth, 2 to 6 inches high, generally bear-
ing a single flower, and 1, or at most 2, small linear-lanceolate leaves.
Root-leaves several, on long channelled petioles ; deeply divided
into 3 principal lobes, which are again deeply lobed and cut into
segments. Flower large, bright white. A frequent plant on the
Austrian Alps, where, according to Jacquin, it blooms immediately
after the melting of the snow. Haller informs us it is one of the most
acrid of its tribe, raising blisters on the skin; yet, he adds, the alpine
hunters chew it by way of refreshment.
RANUNCULUS SCELERATUS. Celery-leaved Crowfoot. Tab. 787. 17
Stem erect, hollow, branched. Leaves smooth ; lower ones on long
petioles, orbicular, reniform, or palmate, with 3 obtuse cut seg-
ments;
the upper ones fingered, in 3 linear, notched lobes. Fruit
forming an oblong or cylindrical head.
Ranunculus sceleratus, E. B.681. Smith III.48. Lindley 11. Hooker
ed. 2. 264. ed. 3. 268.
Common in watery places and by the sides of pools and ditches,
where it
may
be found in flower and seed throughout the summer and
autumn, varying in height from a few inches to 2 feet or more. Root
annual. The lower leaves, which come out in the spring, are broad,
almost orbicular, and have the appearance of being highly varnished.
Flowers very small, yellow. It is the most caustic of our native Ra-
nunculi; in childhood we have had our hands inflamed, and even
blistered, by carelessly gathering and carrying it in the wild bouquet
during hot weather. Strolling beggars are said sometimes to employ
it to ulcerate their feet, for the purpose of exciting compassion.
RANUNCULUS AURICOMUS. Wood Crowfoot. Goldilocks. Tab. 1 16
788.
Stem erect, many-flowered. Radical leaves reniform, 3-parted, the
lobes deeply cut and notched; those of the stem divided to the
base into linear segments. Calyx coloured. Petals with a naked
pore at the base.
Ranunculus auricomus, E. B. 624. Smith III. 47. Lindley 10. Hooker
ed. 2. 264. ed. 3. 268.

22
POLYANDRIA POLYGYNIA.
A native of dry woods and shady places, and not unfrequent, though
less common than R. acris and some other allied species with which
a novice would be liable to confound it; but from which it is well
distinguished by the absence of the little scale on the claw of the pe-
tals, and by wanting the acrid flavour that characters the rest of the
Crowfoots, whence it is sometimes called Sweet Wood Crowfoot. Per-
ennial. Stems about a foot high, round, slender Flowers from
April to June.
i
22
RANUNCULUS ACRIS. Upright Meadow Crowfoot. Butter-
flower. Buttercup. Tab. 789.
Stem erect, covered with close hairs. Leaves tripartite, their seg-
ments acutely trifid, cut and notched; those of the uppermost
linear, entire. Peduncles rounded. Calyx spreading. Petals
with a scale at the base.
Ranunculus acris, E. B. 652. Smith III.51. Lindley 11. Hooker-
ed. 2. 265. ed. 3. 268.
Very common in meadows and pastures, flowering in June and
July. Perennial. The scale at the base of the petal distinguishes it
from R. auricomus, the spreading calyx from R. bullosus and R. hir-
sutus; and the rounded peduncle from R. repens. The popular names
Butterflower and Buttercup were bestowed upon this and some
other species of Crowfoot, under the idea that the deeper colour of
butter made during their flowering season is derived from the cows
feeding upon their brilliant yellow flowers; but their acridity is ge-
nerally so great that neither cows nor horses will touch them, how-
ever bare the pasture may be of more grateful herbage.
21
RANUNCULUS REPENS. Creeping Crowfoot. Tab. 790.
Scions creeping. Leaves compound, with 3 petiolated leaflets, which
are trilobate and notched in the lower ones, in the uppermost en-
tire. Peduncles furrowed. Calyx spreading.
Ranunculus repens, E. B. 516. Smith III. 51. Lindley 11. Hooker
ed. 2. 265. ed. 3. 268.
Frequent in moist meadows and pastures, where it is the most
troublesome weed of its genus, its creeping scions destroying the
grass as they extend. This habit and the spreading calyx especially
distinguish it from R. bulbosus. Flowers from June to September.
Perennial.
19.
RANUNCULUS BULBOSUS. Bulbous Crowfoot. Buttercup. Tab.
791.
Root a knob. Stem upright, many-flowered. Leaves compound,
with 3 petiolated trilobate and cut leaflets. Peduncles furrowed.
Calyx reflexed.
Ranunculus bulbosus, E. B.515. Smith III. 49. Lindley 11. Hooker
ed. 2. 265. ed. 3. 269.
Equally common with the two preceding, from which its reflexed
calyx and fleshy bulblike root at once distinguish it. Stem about a



RANUNCULUS.
23
foot high, hairy, as well as the leaves, whose segments, especially
those of the uppermost, are always more or less tipped with purple.
Perennial. Flowers in May and June.
*** Leaves lobed or divided.' Pericarps tuberculated or mu-
ricated.
RANUNCULUS HIRSUTUS.
120
Pale Hairy Crowfoot. Tab. 792.
Root fibrous. Stem erect, many-flowered, hairy. Leaves trilobate
or tripartite, the lobes cut and divided. Calyx reflexed. Pericarps
margined and tuberculated.
Ranunculus hirsutus, E. B. 1504. Smith III. 50. Hooker ed. 2. 265.
ed. 3. 269.
R. Philonotis, Ehrh. Lindley 11. A small variety is R. parvulus, Linn.
Mant. 79. and Smith Fl. Brit.
Not unfrequent in meadows and waste ground, especially in a moist
soil, in places liable to be occasionally overflowed, or to have water
lie on them during the winter. In the low tracts about London it is
often abundant. An annual species. Flowers from June to Octo-
ber. Whole plant hairy. Fruit compressed, margined, rough on
both sides with small, irregular, prominent, sharp tubercles, by which,
and by the fibrous root, it is readily distinguished from R. bulbosus
with which it agrees in the reflexed calyx.
RANUNCULUS ARVENSIS. Corn Crowfoot. Tab. 793.
23.
Stem erect, much branched, many-flowered. Leaves once or twice
3-cleft, segments linear-lanceolate.
blate. Calyx spreading. Pericarps
rough with prominent points.
Ranunculus arvensis, E. B. 135. Smith III. 52. Lindley 1). Hooker
ed. 2. 265. ed. 3. 269.
An annual species, not unfrequent in corn-fields, especially in a
dry soil, flowering in June and July. Herb pale-coloured, slightly
hairy. Flowers small, pale yellow. Fruit compressed, armed on the
sides with strong, prominent prickles, that sometimes terminate in
a hook. It possesses the acrid quality of its genus in a high degree;
M. Brugnon, in Mém. de l'Acad. de Turin, vol. iv., relates its poisonous
effects on sheep, which eat it greedily, as do cows and horses. The
penchant of the two latter for so caustic a plant is doubtful, though
they might probably not be capable of avoiding. it in a pasture as
they do the other species, on account of its slender habit. With us
it generally grows where it is not accessible to cattle of
any
kind;
but the husbandman would do well to guard against it in fallow
fields and pastures in the vicinity of corn-land.
RANUNCULUS PARVIFLORUS. Small-flowered Crowfoot. Tab. 24
794.
Stem prostrate. Leaves roundish, hairy, 3-lobed, and sharply notch-
ed. Peduncles opposite the leaves. Calyx as long as the petals.
Pericarps rough with hooked tubercles.
Ranunculus parviflorus, E. B. 120. Smith III. 53. Lindley 11. Hooler
ed. 2. 265. ed. 3. 269.

24
POLYANDRIA POLYGYNIA.
26
An annual species, growing in corn-fields and in dry sandy or gra-
velly places in several parts of Great Britain and Ireland, ho ugh
more frequently in the southern counties. It flowers about May and
June. Herb prostrate, very hairy; the flowers small, yellow, with
narrow petals, one or more of which are generally wanting. Well
distinguished by the lateral position of its peduncles, which are always
opposite to the leaves.
**** Pericarps transversely wrinkled (smooth in R. panto-
thrix.). Petals white with yellow claws. Aquatic.
RANUNCULUS AQUATILIS. Water Crowfoot. Tab. 795.
Stem submersed. Lower leaves under water, in capillary segments ;
the upper ones floating, somewhat orbicular, 3-lobed; the lobes
notched and divided. Petals obovate, larger than the calyx. Fruit
hispid (or nearly glabrous ?).
Ranunculus aquatilis, E. B. 101. Smith III. 54. Lindley 12. Hooker
ed. 2. 263. ed. 3. 267.
One of the most frequent ornaments of our ponds, lakes, and slow
streams, whose surface in the height of the flowering season, May,
appears at a little distance as covered with a mantle of silver. It
varies in habit, and in the form and proportion of its leaves, accord-
ing to the depth and stillness of the water; occasionally presenting
almost every grade of transition between the capillary segments of
the lower and
the broad wedge-shaped lobes of the upper or floating
leaves, whose surface is often so much dilated as to give them a pel-
late appearance. Where the plants grow much crowded, and in shal-
low water, the broad leaves are sometimes wanting, but it cannot
under any circumstances be confounded with the next species. Per-
ennial.
RANUNCULUS PANTOTHRIX. Small-flowered Water Crou foot.
Stem submersed. Leaves all in capillary segments ; their general
outline orbicular. Petals small, scarcely longer than the calyx.
Fruit smooth.
Ranunculus pantothrix, Decand. Lindley 12. R. circinnatus, Sib-
thorpe. R. aquatilis, B? and y, Hooker ed. 2. 263. ed. 3. 267.
Less frequent than the preceding, a variety of which is commonly
mistaken for it; whence the difference of opinion between botanists
in regard to its specific identity. If it be a variety only, its derivation
must be sought from R. hederaceus, which it resembles in inflorescence,
not from R. aquatilis. We have observed it for many years both wild
in the same habitats, and under cultivation with the two latter,
without being able to detect any change of character that could be
regarded as indicative of transition between the three. Perennial.
Flowers from May to August. We have generally met with it in deep-
water ditches, where its densely matted leaves give almost an ap-
pearance of solidity to the surface.
A figure of this plant will be published shortly in the continuation



TROLLIUS. ---CALTHA.
25
of the Supplement to the original edition of English Botany, which is
now in progress.
RANUNCULUS HEDERACEUS. Ivy-leaved Crowfoot. TAB. 796. /25.
Stem creeping. Leaves smooth, roundish, kidney-shaped, with 3 or 5
rounded, entire lobes. Petals scarcely longer than the calyx. Sta-
mens 5 to 10, seldom more. Fruit roundish, wrinkled.
Ranunculus hederaceus, E. B. 2003. Smith III. 54. Lindley 11.
Hooker ed. 2. 263. ed. 3. 267.
A common plant in shallow ponds and rivulets, and in damp places
where water has stood through the winter. The whole herb is juicy,
smooth and shining. Leaves all floating, or spreading on the moist
ground, sometimes marked upon the upper surface with a brown spot.
Flowers small, produced from June to September. Perennial.
GENUS CCXCVI. TROLLIUS. Globe-Flower.
Nat. Order. RANUNCULACEÆ.
GEN. CHAR. Calyx petaloid, 5- to 15-leaved, deciduous.
Petals 5 to 15, small, linear, tubular at the base. Follicles
many-seeded.
A small genus of hardy herbaceous plants, natives of the
northern parts of Europe, Asia and America. They have all
palmate, multifid leaves, and yellow, or orange-coloured flow-
Roots fibrous and perennial.
ers.
27
TROLLIUS EUROPÆUS. Common Globe-flower. Locker Gowlans.
TAB. 797.
Calyx of about 15 concave, converging leaves. Petals nearly as long
as the stamens.
Trollius europæus, E. B. 28. Smith III. 56. Lindley 12. Hooker
ed. 2. 265. ed. 3. 269.
This common and beautiful garden plant is frequent among the
moist mountainous woods and thickets of the north of England, Wales,
Scotland, and Ireland, where it flowers about June and July. Stems
erect, 1 to 2 feet high. Leaves divided into 5 deep segments, vari-
ously cut and serrated. The flowers rarely expand sufficiently to
show the stamens.
GENUS CCXCVII. CALTHA. Marsh-Marigold.b
Nat. Order. RANUNCULACEÆ.
Gen. CHAR. Calyx 5-leaved, petaloid, deciduous. Petals
wanting. Follicles 5 to 15, compressed, spreading, many-
seeded.
VOL. V.

26
POLYANDRIA POLYGYNIA.
Perennial plants with smooth leaves and yellow or white
flowers; natives of marshy meadows and swamps in the
northern hemisphere. About 10 species only are known.
28.
CALTHA PALUSTRIS. Common Marsh-Marigold. Tab. 798.
Stem erect. Leaves heart-shaped, rounded, crenated. Calyx leaves
5 or 6, oval.
Caltha palustris, E. B. 506. Smith III. 59. Lindley 12. Hooker ed.
2. 266. ed. 3. 269.
Few of our wild plants are more showy and ornamental than this,
which grows upon almost every river-side and marshy spot through-
out the kingdom. Stem about 18 inches high, with alternate, nearly
sessile leaves. Lower leaves on long hollow footstalks, large, of a
deep shining green. Flowers axillary, solitary, coming out in April
and May; the calyx, stamens and pistils of a bright golden yellow.
The young buds are pickled as a substitute for capers, which they re-
semble in form, and are perhaps an equally good one as the berries
of Euphorbia Lathyris, which is cultivated in our gardens for a similar
purpose ; for both are highly acrid, and only rendered eatable by the
acid pickle.
29
CALTHA RADICANS. Creeping Marsh-Marigold. Tab. 799.
Stem reclining, creeping. Leaves triangular, somewhat heart-shaped,
very sharply crenate.
Caltha radicans, Forster. E. B. 2175. Smith III. 60. Lindley 12.
C. palustris ß. Hooker ed. 2. 266. ed. 3. 269.
The reclining stem rooting at the joints, triangular leaves, and
smaller flowers, distinguish this from the preceding, of which it is
often regarded as a mere accidental variety. In mountainous dis-
tricts in Scotland it is not uncommon, flowering in May and June,
GENUS CCXCVIII. HELLEBORUS. Hellebore.
Nat. Order. RANUNCULACEÆ.
GEN. CHAR. Calyx 5-leaved, often petaloid, persistent.
Petals 8 to 15, short, tubular, 2-lipped; nectariferous at
the base. Follicles 3 to 10, coriaceous, erect, many-seeded.
Seeds arranged in a double row, elliptical, umbilicated.
The
genus
which is small, is eminently European, and con-
sists of hardy perennial herbs, with divided, palmate, or pe-
datifid leaves, and white, dull purple, or greenish flowers. All
of the species are violent drastic purgatives, and H. niger, H.
foetidus, and H. orientalis, were once highly esteemed in me-
dicine ; the two former still have their places in our pharma-
copoeia as anthelmintics, but are rarely now prescribed, on
account of their dangerous operation. H. niger and H. fæti-



HELLEBORUS.
27
dus are both common plants in our gardens, and prized on ac-
count of their early flowering; the former, a native of Austria,
is the Christmas Rose of the florists, whose large white calyxes
vie in brightness with the snow, above which they often peer,
changing however to pink, and subsequently to green as the
season advances.
HELLEBORUS VIRIDIS.
Green Hellebore. TAB. 800.
V 30.
Stem few-flowered, leafy. Leaves digitate, the lobes serrated towards
the extremity. Calyx spreading.
Helleborus viridis, E. B. 200. Smith Ill. 57. Lindley 12. Hooker
ed. 2. 266. ed. 3. 263.
Woods, thickets, and hedges in a chalky soil, not unfrequently pre-
sent this species, but in other districts its occurrence is rare. The
root-leaves come out early in the year on long petioles, and fade be-
fore the summer is over. The stem rises from 6 inches to a foot high,
bearing a few large leaves resembling those of the root in form, but
sessile towards the upper part, and a scanty number of largish green
expanded flowers. Styles seldom more than 3 or 4. The herb and
root are employed by rustic practitioners in the diseases of their cattle.
Flowers about April and May.
HELLEBORUS FETIDUS.
Setter-wort. TAB. S01.
Stinking Hellebore.
Bear’s-foot. 31.
Stem many-flowered, leafy. Leaves pedate. Calyx converging.
Helleborus fætidus, E. B. 613. Smith III. 58. Lindley 13. Hooker
ed. 2. 266. ed. 3. 264.
A handsome evergreen plant, more common than H. viridis, though
still very partially distributed. It affects
, like that a chalky soil, and
though more frequent on the borders of woods and thickets, springing
rapidly from seed, it sometimes extends into more exposed places, and
is found on hedge-banks, balks, and even open pastures. Stem 1
to 2 feet high, branched, round, smooth, as is the whole herb.
Leaves spreading, of a very dark glossy green colour, pedate with
lanceolate lobes, which are more or less serrated towards the tips.
Infloresence paniculate, terminating the branches in their second year,
large and ornamental. Flowers pale yellowish green, the calyx al-
ways closed and tipped externally with purple : petals (nectaries)
toothed in the margin, secreting abundance of honey: styles 3 to 5,
seldom more numerous, hence in a British Flora the genus will be
often referred to the preceding order. The whole herb is foetid, acrid,
and violently cathartic. Flowers from January to April. Few plants
afford more beautiful illustration of the modern theory respecting the
formation of the flower, the petioles gradually dilating the proportion
of their breadth, tracing from the base of the infloresence upwards,
as the lamina becomes abortive, and assuming at length the appear-
E 2

28
DIDYNAMIA GYMNOSPERMIA.
ance of lanceolote bracteæ, between the uppermost of which, and the
broad concave leaves of the calyx, the transition must be evident to
the least critical observer.
CLASS XIV.
DIDYNAMIA.
ORDER I. GYMNOSPERMIA.
All of the plants of this order belong to the
Nate Order. LABIATÆ.
They have square stems, opposite Heaves, and irregular lipped
flowers, disposed in sessile, opposite cymes, so as to be appa-
reptly whorled. The calyx is permanent and includes the 4-
lebed
germen, whose coats are so closely attached to the 4.
seeds that these latter appeav at first sight to be destitute of
çover ; hence the Linnæan' title, Gymnospermia, literally, na-
ked-seeded. The order, which under the natural arrangement,
includes Salvia, Lycopus, and several exotic genéra of the class
Diandrid, is one of the most uniform throughout the vegeta-
ble kingdom, the plaňts agreeing in properties as well as ge-
neral structure, aly contain more or less of a volatile oil se-
creted in minute glands, upon the leaves and other parts, con-
joined with a bitter principle, which render them tonic, cor-
dial, and stomachic: none-are deleterious. The study of the
genera is muck facilitated by their association under the fol-
lowing tribes an arrangement for which botany is indebted to
Mr. Bentham.
TRIBE I. MENTHOIDEÆ.
Tube of the corolla scarcely lønger than the calo; Ats limb
4 or 5-cleft, and nearly regular. Stamens distan)
GENUS COXCIX. MENTHA. Mirt.
Gen. CHAR. Calyx equal, 5-toothed ; its mouth naked, rarely
villous. Corolla nearly regular, 4-cleft, the broadest seg-
ment notched; tube very short. Stamens distant; exserted,
är included. Filaments naked. Anthers with 2 parallel /
cells.
Aromatic perennials, flourishing in damp situations. Some
species are met with in various parts of the world, but their



DROSERA.-MYOSURUS.
43
more than the 4 valves /of the capsule, as both features occur occa-
sionally in D. longifolia. The different texture of the seed-coatis
important, if permanent, which some of Qur specimens incline us to
doubt It flowers in July and August. All the species of Drosera
are acrid, and their juice is sometimes employed to destroy warts and
corns. They have the reputation of occasioning the rot in sheep,
whence the name of Red-rot applied to them indiscriminately in some
parts of the kingdom, but without foundation, the disease in question
arising from the unwholesome nature of the swamps in which they
grow.
ORDER VII. POLYGYNIA.
GENUS CXCI. MYOSURUS. Mousetail.
Nat. Order. RANUNCULACEÆ.
GEN. CHAR. Calyx 5-leaved, spurred at the base. Petals 5,
with filiform, tubular claws, Capsules indehiscent, 1-seeded,
inserted in a spiked form upon an elongated, columnar re-
ceptacle.
A single species only is known of this very remarkable
genus.
MYOSURUS MINIMUS. Common Mouse-tail. TAB. 461.
Scapes about the length of the leaves. Spurs of the calyx leafy.
Myosurus minimus, E. B. 435. Smith II. 124. Lindley 10. Hooker
ed. 2. 149. ed. 3. 152.
This little plant, the singular habit of whose flowers renders it an
object of interest to the young botanist, is met with in gravelly corn-
fields and neglected pastures in several parts of the kingdom, and is
probably more frequent than generally imagined, its small size ren-
dering it liable to be overlooked. It is an annual, flowering in May,
after which it soon sheds its seeds and withers away. The height of
the scape, which bears a single flower only, varies from 2 to 6 or 7
inches, according to the richness of the soil. The leaves are some-
what fleshy, linear, erect, and of a pale green colour. The flowers
are remarkable for the great length of the receptacle, which, as the
seeds approach maturity, often extends to 3 inches, and resembles a
mouse's tail; and likewise for the enormous disproportion that the
number of pistils (sometimes 200 or 300) bears to that of the stamens,
which though far from constant rarely amounts to 20, and is seldom
more than 5. The practical botanist can scarcely overlook the close
affinity between this genus and Ranunculus, evinced in the spurs of
the calyx, tubular claws of the petals, and even the elongated recep-
tacle of the former, when contrasted with the concave, almost saccate
sepals, nectariferous pores, and numerous pistils of the latter. Indeed
when the indefinite stamens and other circumstances of their mutual
G 2

44
HEXANDRIA MONOGYNIA.
structure are regarded, their separation, however admissible in an
artificial, is totally at variance with the laws of a natural arrange-
ment.
CLASS VI. HEXANDRIA.
ORDER I. MONOGYNIA.
GENUS CXCII. BERBERIŞ. Barberry.
Nat. Order. BERBERI DEÆ.
Gen. Char./ Calymo inferior, 6-leaved, deciduous, coloured,
with external scales. Petals 6, each with two glands at the
base (abortive stamens?). Befry 2- or 3-seeded.
Ornamental shrubs with sping stems and leaves, and
yellow
racemose inflorescence. Their general properties are acidity
and astringency. Several species are employed as/dyes.
BERBERIS VULGARIS. Common Barberry.
Common Barberry. Tab/462.
Racemes pendulouş. Spines 3-cleft. Leaves oblong-obovate, their
serratures ending in soft spines.
Berberis vulgaris, E. B. 49. Smith II. 184. Lindley 14. Hooker
ed. 2. 153. ed. 3. 157.
The Barberry is common in hedges and cøpses, though chiefly in
calcareous soils, flowering in June. Its bright red berries are very
conspicuous through the autumn, and on account of their grateful
acidity are much employed for pickles and preserves. The root yields
à yellow dye, and the bark is a powerful astringent. The flowers af-
ford a remarkable instance of vegetable irritability. On touching the
bases of the filaments, the stamens spring forward and strike against
the stigma, the petals closing over them at the same tima: if the
anthers be ripe this act discharges the pollen, otherwise the parts soon
return to their original position, and the experiment may be repeated
several times consecutively with the same flower. This shrub has the
repute of being injurious to corn, wheat in particular, the ears of which
are said never to fill in its vicinity: the influence/ís questioned, but
deserves the consideration of those whom it máy interest, our own
observation, though limited, being in favour of its existence.
GENUS CXCIII. FRANKENIA. Sea-heath.
Nat. Order. FRANKENIACEÆ.
Gen. CHAR. Calyx inferior, tubular, (mostly) 5-cleft. Petals
(mostly) 5, with appendages at their base. Stigmas 3.

.
Berry scelled..
numerous,
and
as
Actea - Bane Berry
Not: Order. Somnnculacea.
Gen: Chan: -lalyx inferim, to leaved deciduous
Petals 4
I celled – Seeds
flat.
Perennial herbs, with alternator, compound
leaves & white flowers . Natures of Europe,
Ni America'.
tetas Soficata. Heat Christopher. Talo: 7446.
Raceme erect, dlougated . Pitalo us long
the otambus. Pedicel of the fruit ikeuder.
testea Spicata . E. B-908- Smith ill – 3 Findlay
14- Hooles edidi- 257. 2d 1-e6l.
Pares. nortuinons wordof thicket,
inn is finesteras districts of forkakire
Bleish Woods, Scotland, where it
flowers
in May. * Sane' Pot webing. Stem
szet for store pet high Searr (didata,
3 ternate; leaflets wate, deeply
at se sastated.. Merries pruuplisha Hack,
jnegg they are feated
foetid
. naucano
both in
smell & taste, 7 as well as as
the whole herb,
refutest to be foisonous
and
turice a
oo






Order. IL
Berburidea
Vent.


37
49.
462.
Berberis
vulgaris.
9

SNiG
hagian

38
2
226.
Epimedium alpinum.
Povin1797 Publisher by "Sowerby Losedong

CIN

Genus excl. Berberis. Murberry
Not: Order. Berberided.
.
Ges: Char: - Calye inferior, Oleaced, deciderno,
colored, with external scales. Petals 6, each
with two glaszews at His hace (abortone Stamce?)
Berry
spiny stammt
inflorescence. Thein
general fueperties occidity * uztungoney. Several
species employed dyes.
Berberis Vulgaris. lasceno Jarbasy.
2 a 3-seeded.
Ornamental hubo with
& leaves y ellow
racenose
are
are
.
as
37.
Tab: 462.
in
The Barberry
is
common in и
Nacemis pendulou. Spines s eleft, Leaves
oblong, obwvate, their seuatures ending ight
sprimer.
Berberis Dalgaris. E. B. 44
Vulgares. E. B.Ay. Smith 1.154
Sindley 14
Hooker ed: 2- 153 - ed 3. 157-
hadges & copas
though chilfly in calcareous soils, flowering in
hune - Its bright red berries
through
the hutumn
prateful acidity are much em felayed fi pickler
& prese
The
root yields a yellow dye , & the
back is
powerful estringent. The flowns
afford de remarkable instante, ma vege
the bases of the
filammeat the stanemo spring forward tetike
are
very conspicuous
of their
account
sernet
.
negetables
irritale
On touching

orner
against the
ل
the parts
t ste
atigue, the petal clezing
them at the same time, if the authers be
sife, this act discharger the pollen; therwise
som return to their original position,
& the experiment be repeated several times
+ consecetinly with the same
This shrub has the repute of being
inejeriow to corn, wheat ia partirlar the
й.
lars
are said
.
never
of which
n
to
sicerkity: the influence is questined, bet
deera's the conzisteration of those whom
observations though
limited , being in favor of its existence
interest
Jau pwm

Gen: Chare
turce
Genus LXXY! Epimedium. Warremwat
Not: Order. Berberidea.
Celge of 4 caduceus valves. Petal 4.
fupozito the values of the calyze, inferioa. Nutaries
4. inflated - Pod of I cell 2-valved. Seeds
many
The reseakables formen is efficientat auce
to distinganh this
genus.
bfirmedium Alfinura. Athine Darsen-wat hab 3:26. 381
at the rost . Leaf on the stem solitary
ternate
Epimedium tlpinum E.B.6458 - Smith
Lindley
15. Hooker 68-ed 2-yo-
hout presencial deurdan urfing. Stand
severtel , tanks, camaly a post highe, aufe
enerulent, with scaleí' at the baée. It vers
early in the spring, after which its lares
imwacz, ja awake, but toow wither away,
I has been found rovely in woods in the
& in Scotland.
- كه ر -/.
North of England




Order. III.
Nijmphæaceae.
Дес.


છે
"6).
' જ ' કુણી કહે છે. આ એક
----
Nymphæa alba.

09
SCH

15 g.
1966:
Nuphar lutea

TINS

41
2292
767
Nuphar pumila.
face 1 139 published by far Iwerky Louden.

CH

Gu:
Char: 4
numerous,
that
الم
celled
m
ми
seeded
Nyruphea. Watow lily
Not
: Onder. Nymphoaca
Calys of 4 a 5 leaves. Petals & Stamens
incerted upon a fleshy diek ubick
surrounds the ovarium and adheres to it, os
they appear to arise persa
the latter. Filaments
pelaloid. Init
many
cafoule.
Perennial huche growing, in quiet wete
in every part of the world. They have floatings
flaby, cordate, a peltate leaves, & correfiruong
white blue
flowers. The Rhizoma
erceping flechy stems, & the seeds of mang
species,
same countries, bet
the farinaceous matter which abruds in
the
former veguirer sipeated washings to
free it from a bitter, astringent , principle
that ainders them uv palataite in a recent
red
a or
eaten in
cul
state.
39
Nym/-hau tiba - Mhite Watu
lily -
Tab
765.
Leaves gordate, então, f'tats lliftie- ebong.
Rays oftio Stigma 16, einzed upwards.
Nowphia Alla E.B-160. Smith 111.14 Findby
15. Hooker ed: 2 - 2,59 – ed 3.263.
This beautiful coquetes, which decorates
with almust Indian mognificence the placed
eneface of the lakes & clowe streams of Northern

Its
а a
Europe', abords in it wild tato in the
more sequeatured part of the Kingdan
floreets, which expand in Saue y fuely, pureut
highly interesting example to the Stadent
# Norgetables Morffestoquy in the yeadual
hansition between the floul enveloppes and
tarent, which intensably kop into me
arrother, illustrative of the production of
deulle forven by culture. et small flowered
variety is sometimes met with which offrosinates
this species to N. O dorata f N. America. The
floraes Moses towards night and sink belorus
the surface of the water, arising
-aparding again at the surface.
and

Yellora
Mau
nang celled,
رم
the apex of
ad
are
Nuphasa Water Boty
Not Onder. Nyrupheaca
Gen: Chor: bulge sub parted. Setel. Staniews
numerous, inverted upon the receftacles, Fruit
celled, many seeded, superior.
Habit, that of
the preceding genus, from
which it chiefly differs in the almost total
abortion of the diek', from which the petals
and stawiew originate; this, elevated in
Nyruphea nearly w high
the Ovarium, and rendering
that
org
affiarently iz inferior, is here confounded with
the
receptacle, and shews to actual relative
position. The flowers uniformly yellow
Nuphar Lutia Comoros Hellao Watan. Ut Tab: 766.
Leares cordate, the lobes meeting each ther,
petides 2 edged. Calyx slaved Iliqua expanded
with from 14 to 20 rays; the border entire.
Lyruphea Sutra Lion EB-1.59 - Naphew Lates
Smith u.15
15 Findley 15- Hooker ed. 2. 261-cd0-363.
Frequent in fonde, lakes, shoa siroes
thaer gherit thu Aingdoon, flowering in Telaga
Flower large, deep yellow, with a strang vinous
like odour; which, with the bottle
- shape of its capsudes, has obtained for it. the
Provincial
Nuphar Basila. Luet gold- Water Filter Tak.767. 4
Leaves cordate, the lobes rather distant;
brandy al
02
name
of brandy-bottle.

the
Smith
II. 15.
is. Hooker ed: 2-260ed: 3.263.
petides ledged; Calyqu s loured. Stigma teelhed
margin:
Fruit fueraced upwards
Nufhái ilizima E B.239.2. - . Survila.
Findley
A native of the highest lakes op Satland,
where it flowers in July
searcely. Refills to distinguish this species
by positive characters from the trian
Ni Kalimiana , with skich Profefoon Hesker
in his Fle: Sest: coufounds it.
and
August. It is



Order. IV
Papaveraceae
JUSS:


42
43
753.
مال
2
E
Papaver hybridum.
Í donnale ta Tart 1702

!
43

643.
152.
Papaver Argemone.
Por 11799 Pistiche by Simons de

بار الان
ر#
S. Midicaule
44

2687.
February 7st7897.

UNE
OF
(
4.3

644
154
Papaver dubium.


46
645
Papaver Rhæas.
Od 11799 Sublished by lonciby toddleton

UNIL
1410

47
2145
1956.
Papaver somniferum.
May. 1 1 610 published by Jufuwverby London

UNIO
buch
48

06.
a
Meconopsis
Cambrica
0

17

449
CS
1440
8
Glaucium luteum.
1. Sowerby dell'117.91.


1433
1949.
Glaucium phaniceum,
Marchi 1805. Publired by Toner Sowerby hondoni


201
150
Glaucium
violaceum.
I Soverty del' Sept" 1794

MICH

1581
174417.
Chelidonium majus.
Ap'2.1306. Publiſhed by Jos" Sowerby, London,

OF


SNT
OP

GE
ENGLISH BOTANY.
CLASS XIII.
POLYANDRIA.
ORDER I. MONOGYNIA.
GENUS CCLXXVII. ACTÆA. Bane-berry.
Nat. Order. RANUNCULACEÆ.
GEN. CHAR. Calyx inferior, 4-leaved, deciduous. Petals 4.
Berry 1-celled. Seeds numerous, flat.
Perennial herbs, with alternate compound leaves, and white
flowers. Natives of Europe and North America.
ACTÆA /SPICATA. Herb Christopher. Tab. 746.
Raceme erect, elongated. Petals as long as the stamers. Pedicels
of the fruit slender.
Actæa spicata, E. B. 918. Snfith NI. 3. Lindley 14/ Hooker ed. 2.
257. ed. 3. 261.
Rare. In mountainous woods and thickets, in the limestone di-
stricts of Yorkshire, and Cyeish woods, Scotland, where it flowers in
May and June. Root creeping. Stem erect/ 1 to 2 feet high.
Leaves petiolate, twice or thrice ternate; leaflets ovate, deeply cut
and serrated. Berries purplish-black, juicy; they are færd and
nauseous both in smell and taste, and, as well as the whole herb, are
reputed to be poisonous.
GENUS CCLXXVIII. CHELIDONIUM. Celandine.
Nat. Order. PAPAVERACEÆ.
GEN. CHAR. Calyx inferior, 2-leaved, deciduous. Petals 4.
Stigma 2-lobed. Pod long, linear, 1-celled, 2-valved; the
valves opening upwards. Seeds numerous, crested.
Perennial herbs, with tender pinnatifid leaves, and an acrid
yellow juice.
VOL. V.
B

2
POLYANDRIA MONOGYNIA.
CHELIDONIUM MAJUS. Common Celandine. TAB. 747.
Peduncles umbellate. Leaf-wings decurrent, bluntly lobed and
toothed. Petals roundish, entire.
Chelidonium majus, E. B. 1581. Smith III. 4. Lindley 18. Hooker
ed. 2. 257. ed. 3. 260.
Frequent in shady situations about towns and villages, chiefly on
old walls, among calcareous rubbish, or where the soil is chalky, its
bright yellow flowers gaily contrasting with the glaucous leaves in
the months of May and June. The deep yellow juice is highly acri-
monious, but is sometimes employed in domestic medicine diluted
with milk to remove white specks from the eye, and as a remedial
application in ringworm and other cutaneous eruptions.
C. laciniatum of Miller, Lindley 18, is probably a variety of this,
with the segments of the leaves more deeply divided into linear,
acute lobes. sommer
49
GENUS CCLXXIX. GLAUCIUM. Horned-Poppy.
.
Nat. Order. PAPAVERACEÆ.
GEN. CHAR. Calyx inferior, 2-leaved, deciduous. Petals 4.
Stigma 2-lobed.
Pod long, linear, mostly 2-celled and
2-valved. Seeds numerous, dotted, destitute of crest.
Annual or biennial herbs, with rough, pinnatifid, glaucous
leaves, and yellow, red, or purple fugitive flowers. Juice yel-
low, nauseous. Natives of Europe and northern Asia.
grobosanola, em out
GLAUCIUM LUTEUM. Yellow Horned-Poppy. Tab. 748.
1
Stem smooth. Upper leaves - sinuate, embracing the stem. Pod
minutely tuberculated; dissepiment spongy.
Chelidonium Glaucium, Linn. E. B. 8. Glaucium luteum, Smith
III. 6. Lindley 17. Hooker ed. 2. 257. ed. 3. 260.
Abundant on sandy sea-shores, growing often within reach of the
A large and widely spreading plant, sending out numerous
branched stems 1 to 3 feet high. The whole herb is exceedingly
glaucous, with scabrous leaves, which toward the root are deeply la-
ciniated, jagged, and curled. Flowers very large, of a bright golden
yellow, fugitive, but coming out in succession through the summer :
they are succeeded by pods 10 or 12 inches in length.
MUMONT на
GLAUCIUM PHÆNICIUM. Scarlet Horned- Poppy. Tab. 749.
Stem hairy. Cauline leaves pinnatifid, cut. Pod rough with upright
bristles; dissepiment spongy.
Glaucium phænicium, E. B. 1433. Smith III.7. Hooker ed. 2. 257.
ed. 3. 260. G. corniculatum, Lindley 18. Chelidonium cornicu-
latum, Linnæus.
A native of sandy fields and sea-shores, said to have been found in
Norfolk and in the island of Portland, but very doubtfully indigenous,
waves.
.وك



CHELIDONIUM.--GLAUCIUM.-MECONOPSIS.
3
57.
An annual, flowering in June and July. Petals obovate, scarlet, with
a dark spot at the base of each. o ini melono ad sened
de las Stolat
GLAUCIUM vioLACEUM. Violet Horned-Poppy. Tab. 750.
Stem glabrous. Leaves tripinnatifia, with linear segments. Pod
3-valved; dissepiments membranous.
Chelidonium hybridum, Linn. E. B. 201. Römeria hybrida, Decand.
Lindley 13. Glaucium violaceum, Smith III. 7. Hooker ed. 2. 257.
ed. 3. 260.
A very local plant, and probably introduced, being found only in
cornfields in Norfolk and Cambridgeshire, and there not very
fre-
quent. It is an annual, flowering about the middle of May. Petals
very fugacious, of a purple-violet hue, with a dark red spot at the
base of each. Pods usually with a few hairs towards the
.
Bostadbaddonosowny obuze
Genus CCLXXX. MECONOPSIS. Welsh Poppy.
upper end
Nat. Order. PAPAVERACEÆ.
Gen. CHAR. Calyx inferior, 2-leaved, deciduous. Petals 4.
Style short. Stigma 4–6-rayed. Capsule l-celled, open-
ing at the top by 4-6 valves. Receptacles of the seeds
filiform. dags adele rol
Perennial herbs, with yellow flowers; originally confounded
with the next genus, from which, however, they essentially
differ in the structure of the ovarium, the presence of a style,
and the yellow colour of their juices.
MECONOPSIS Cambrica. Common Welsh Poppy. Tab. 751. 148
Capsule smooth. Leaves mostly petiolate, pinnate; the segments
jagged and divided. Las
Papaver Cambricum, Linn. E. B. 66. Smith III. 16. Meconopsis
Cambrica, Lindley 17. Hooker ed. 2. 257. ed. 3. 260.
1 A native only of rocky and alpine districts ; not unfrequent in
North Wales, but met with likewise in other parts of the kingdom,
chiefly in shady places about cascades and waterfalls. An elegant
and delicate-looking plant of a somewhat succulent habit. Flowers
in July and August.
Genus CCLXXXI. PAPAVER. Poppy.
203 Nat. Order.
Nat. Order. PAPAVERACEÆ.
GEN. CHAR. Calyx inferior, 2-leaved, deciduous. Petals 4.
Stigma radiated, sessile on the top of the ovarium. Capsule
1-celled. Seeds numerous, on parietal receptacles project-
B 2

4
POLYANDRIA MONOGYNIA.
ing towards the centre of the cavity, and escaping by pores
beneath the projecting rim of the stigma.
Herbs with wing-cleft, alternate leaves, and solitary inflo-
rescence. The flowers, on long peduncles deflexed before
expansion, are of various shades of red, or purple, yellow, and
white, but never blue. All of the species are narcotic, and
secrete a white milk-like juice in which that property resides :
in its inspissated form this is the Opium of commerce. Eu-
rope and the central parts of Asia seem to be the chief stations
of the
genus.
* Capsules bristly.
43
PAPAVER ARGEMONE. Long-prickly-headed Poppy. Tab. 752.
Capsule clavate; ribbed, bristly. Stem leafy, many-flowered. Leaves
bipinnatifid.
Papaver Argemone, E. B. 643. Smith III. 10. Lindley 16. Hooker
ed. 2.256. ed. 3. 259.
A native of cornfields and waste ground, where it is not unfrequent
on a gravelly or sandy soil. Annual. The flowers, which
appear
in
June, are of a dull scarlet colour passing into orange, and are smaller
than in any other native species, those of P. hybridum excepted. The
long slightly swelling capsule is only bristled towards the upper ex-
tremity.
042
PAPAVER HYBRIDUM. Round-rough-headed Poppy. Mongrel V
Poppy. Tab. 753.
Capsule nearly globular, furrowed, bristly. Calyx very hairy. Stem
leafy, many-flowered. Leaves doubly pinnatifid.
Papaver hybridum, E. B. 43. Smith III. 9. Lindley 16. Hooker
ed. 2. 256. ed. 3. 259.
Occasionally met with in sandy and chalky fields, in cultivated
districts throughout the kingdom, but chiefly in the southern counties
of England, where however it may be regarded as somewhat rare. It
is an annual, with small, deep crimson or purplish flowers, which
come out in July
++
PAPAVER NUDICAULE, Naked-stalked yellow Poppy. Tab. 753*.
Capsule hispid, obovate, 4—6-ribbed. Scapes single-flowered. Leaves
pinnatifid; their lobes toothed or cut, acute.
Papaver nudicaule, Linn. E. B. Supp. 2681. Lindley 17. Hooker
ed. 2. 256.
This
gem of the Arctic regions was found by Professor Giesecké of
Dublin growing singly among rocks and glens in the hills at Achil-
head, in the North-west of Ireland. A perennial species, flowering
in July and August. Whole plant, the corolla and stamens excepted,
clothed with a tawny pubescence.
<
SCORE



PAPAVER.
5
** Capsules smooth.
PAPAVER DUBIUM. Long-smooth-headed Poppy. Tab. 754.
Capsules smooth, oblong, angular. Stem many-flowered, hairy.
Bristles of the flower-stalks closely adpressed. Leaves bipinna-
tifid.
Papaver dubium, E. B. 644. Smith III. 10. Lindley 17. Hooker
ed. 2. 256. ed. 3. 259.
Not unfrequent in cultivated fields, especially where the soil is
light or sandy. An annual, growing to the height of 1 or 2 feet, and
producing its large, pale scarlet flowers in July. The hairs upon the
stem spread horizontally, but those of the flower-stalks are always
closely pressed upwards, giving them a silky appearance, which is the
most unequivocal point of distinction between this and the following
species.
46
PAPAVER Rueas. Corn Poppy. Common red Poppy. Tab. 755.
Capsule smooth, nearly globular. Stem many-flowered, bristly.
Bristles of the flower-stalks spreading like those of the stem.
Leaves pinnatifid, cut.
Papaver Rhæas, E. B. 645. Smith III. 11. Lindley 17. Hooker
ed. 2. 256. ed. 3. 259.
One of the most troublesome weeds of the cornfield in all soils
and situations, but claiming, from the rich and vivid scarlet of its
large petals, to rank among the most beautiful of our wild flowers.
An annual, flowering in June and July, well distinguished from
P. dubium by the wide spreading hairs of the flower-stalks, shorter
capsule, and many-rayed stigma. The red syrup of poppies, so well
known as a gentle opiate for children, is prepared from the petals of
this species.
147
PAPAVER SOMNIFERUM. White Poppy. Tab. 756.
Glabrous. Capsule nearly globular. Stigma many-rayed, deflexed
at the margin. Leaves glaucous, stem clasping, unequally notched
and divided.
Papaver somniferum, E. B.2145. Smith III. 11. Lindley 17. Hooker
ed. 2. 256. ed. 3. 259.
Having been long cultivated for medicinal purposes, the White
Poppy has become so far naturalized as to be met with apparently
wild in several parts of the kingdom. It is an annual, growing to
the height of 3 or 4 feet, and flowers in July and August. Number-
less varieties as to the colour and doubling of the petals are to be met
with in gardens, of which they constitute some of the most glaring
ornaments ; but the large “poppy heads” of the druggists and herb-
alists are the produce of the more simple and natural form of the
plant when the petals are white or but faintly tinged, and in general
have a purple spot at the base, as represented in our figure. Opium
is the inspissated juice obtained by wounding the unripe capsules of
this species, which is very largely cultivated in the warm climates of

6
POLYANDRIA MONOGYNIA.
the East for the purpose. Numerous experiments have been made
with a view of supplying our markets with this valuable drug from
poppies of our own growth; but although English opium has been
obtained in every respect equal, if not indeed superior in quality, to
that imported from India or the Levant, the high value of land and
expense of manual labour in this country are obstacles that will pro-
bably ever preclude its production here in sufficient quantity to su-
persede the necessity of a foreign supply. The seeds, of which each
capsule contains from 30,000 to 40,000, are very pretty miéroscopic
objects: they are destitute of the narcotic quality of the rest of the
plant, and yield by expression a mild oil, nearly resembling that of
olives, which is often adulterated with it. In some parts of Europe
the Opium Poppy is grown in considerable quantities for this latter
purpose, as well as for medicine, and cattle and poultry are fed and
fattened on the solid portion that remains after expression.
Genus CCLXXXII. HELIANTHEMUM. Sun-Cistus,
or Rock-Rose.
Ho Nat. Order. CistineÆ.
Gen. Chak. Calyx of 3 equal leaves, with occasionally 2
smaller/external ones. Petals/5. Stigma capitale. Cap-
sule 3/valved.
An extensive genus, consisting chiefly of small, Arailing,
evergreen shrubs, a very small number only being berbaceous
and even annual. They Have entire, mostly opposite leaves,
witý or without stipules;
and yellow, or more rarely white, or
red fugitive flowers, in terminal unilateral racemes. They are
destitute of active properties, but are very generally admired
in cultivation for the beauty and delicacy of their fragile and/
short-lived flowers, and well adapted for ornamenting rock-
work, especially where much exposed to the sun. The genus
is eminently European.is
* Shrubby ; réthout stiproles.
HELIANTHEMUM canus/ Hoary Sun-Cidelis Tys
. 757.
Shrubby. Leaves opposite, &xstipulate, petiolate; ovate or oblong,
flat, hoxry beneath. Ragémes terminal, bracteatex Calyx-leaves
5, the inner 4-ribbed. Style twisted at the base /reflexed, at the
apex inflexed. Seeds blackish."
Cistus marifolius, E. B/396. Smith III. 23. Helianthemurhçanum,
Lindley 36. Hooker ed. 2. 258. ed. 3. 261. Cistus Anglicus, Lin-
naus.
A rare species, found hitherto only on alpine rocks in the North of
England, and in Wales. We have met with it in tolerable abundance ,









Order. V.
Fumariaceae
Dec.


1471
983
Corydalis
solida
Truly Z7805
Publifheel by Josh Sowerby, London,

UNIL
OF
Michi
54

984
Corydalis
lutea.


55
103
985.
.
Corydalis
claviculata.

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56
589
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ENGLISH BOTANY .
CLASS XVII. DIADELPHIA.
ORDER I. HEXANDRIA.
Genus CCCLXX. CORYDALIS. Corydalis.
Nat. Order. FUMARIACEÆ.
.3 می
GEN. CHAR. Calyo 2-leaved, deciduous. Petals 4, one of
them with a spur at the base or saccate. Silique 2-valved,
compressed, many-seeded.
Herbs of temperate and cold climates. They have often
tuberous roots. The leaves, usually alternate, are more or
less divided in a ternate manner, and frequently cirrhose.
Flowers irregular, ringent, mostly purple or yellowish. Ra-
cemes axillary and terminal. The genus was originally con-
founded with Fumaria, from which it differs in the dehiscent
and polyspermous fruit.
CORYDALIS SOLIDA. Solid Bulbous Corydalis. TAB. 983.
Root a solid tuber. Stem simple, erect, with a scale below the lower
leaf. Leaves 3 or 4, biternate, with cuneate segments. Bracteas
palmate.
Fumaria solida, Linn. E. B. 1471. Smith III. 253. Corydalis
bulbosa, DeCand. Lindley 19. Macreight Man. Brit. Bot. 11. C.
solida, Hooker ed. 2. 315. ed. 3. 319.
This beautiful spring flower has been found in several parts of the
kingdom, but under circumstances that will scarcely warrant its being
considered indigenous or even naturalized. In old gardens it is not
uncommon, increasing quickly by the multiplication of its bulb-like
tubers, but seldom by seed. Stem 1 from each root, about a span
high, somewhat zigzag, smooth, declining at first, but always erect
when in flower; hearing 1 or 2 lanceolate scales toward the lower
part. Leaves 2 to 4, glaucous, smooth, biternate, cut. Raceme ter-
minal, bearing many comparatively large, purple flowers, each with
a palmate bractea at the base of its pedicel. Perennial. Flowers
in April and May.
The tubers abound in fecula and form a part of the winter provi-
sion of the Kalmucs.
VOL. VI.
B

2
DIADELPHIA HEXANDRIA.
54.
CORYDALIS LUTEA.
Yellow Corydalis. Tab. 984.
Root fibrous. Stems angular, erect. Leaves bipinnate; the leaflets
somewhat cuneate, mostly trifid. Bracteas minute. Spur short,
rounded. Siliques nearly cylindrical, shorter than the pedicels.
Fumaria lutea, Linn. E. B. 588. Smith III. 253. Corydalis lutea,
Lindley 19. Hooker ed. 2. 315. ed. 3. 319. C. capnoides, De-
Cand. Macreight Man. Brit. Bot. 11.
Found on old walls in various places, though probably an original
emigrant from the garden. Root fibrous and tufted, strongly fixed
between the stones and crevices. Herb very brittle, smooth and
glaucous. Stems about 6 inches high, reddish, branched, tufted.
Leaves thrice ternate, the ultimate segments 3-cleft. Racemes ter-
minal. Flowers bright yellow. An elegant plant, well adapted to
the decoration of the fancy garden, especially on rock-work, grotto,
or to relieve the blank of an old wall or building, whether in shade
or sunshine. Perennial. Flowers in May and June. A troublesome
weed in the dry parterre, springing rapidly from seed which it perfects
in
great abundance.
55
CORYDALIS CLAVICULATA.
985.
White Climbing Corydalis. Tab.
Stem branched, climbing. Leaves pinnate; leaflets stalked, pedate
or ternate, the segments ovate, entire : principal petioles termina-
ting in tendrils. Pedicels very short. Bracteas minute.
Fumaria claviculata, Linn. E. B. 103. Smith III. 254. Coryda-
lis claviculata, DeCand. Lindley 19. Hooker ed. 2. 315. ed. 3.
319. Macreight Man. Brit. Bot. 11.
A delicate little climbing species, not unfrequent in woods and
shady places in a sandy or gravelly soil, but sometimes overlooked
amidst the exuberant vegetation that often fosters it. Dr. Hooker
observes it “ most abundant on walls and roofs of houses in Scotland,
especially in the Highlands.” Stems very weak and slender, flatten-
ed on one side. Leaves glaucous ; segments very entire, sharp-
pointed. Tendrils branched. Flowers pale yellow or white. Siliques
2- or 3-seeded. Annual Flowers in June and July.
GENUS CCCLXXI. FUMARIA. Fumitory.
Nat. Order.
FUMARJACEÆ.
GEN. CHAR. Calyx 2-leaved, deciduous. Petals 4, one of
them saccate or with a spur at the base. Fruit blunt, the
style being deciduous; 1-seeded, indehiscent.
The indehiscent, 1-seeded fruit forms the only character
of importance in distinguishing between this genus and Cory-
dalis. The natural order of which it is the type, seems an in-
termediate grade between Papaveracea and Crucifera, and is
highly interesting in a philosophic view of natural arrange-
ment. The species of Fumaria are annual; they have all



CORYDALIS.--FUMARIA.
3
56
compound leaves and pink or purplish flowers, and, though
generally regarded as weeds, our native species are possessed
of far more beauty than many of the imported annuals that
encumber the modern parterre.
FUMARIA OFFICINALIS. Common Fumitory. Tab. 986.
Stem spreading. Leaves glaucous ; segments of the leaflets lanceo-
late, obtuse. Calyx-leaves not longer than the globose, smooth
fruit.
Fumaria officinalis, E. B.589. Smith III. 255. Lindley 19. Hooker
ed. 2. 315. ed. 3. 320. Macreight Man. Brit. Bot. 12.
Var. ß. Stems diffuse or climbing. Leaves not glaucous ; leaflets
broader. Arnott in Hooker ed. 2. 316. ed. 3. 320. F. media, De-
Cand.
Common in dry cultivated ground and on road sides, flowering
throughout the summer. Stem very much branched, angular. Whole
herb very smooth and glaucous. Racemes opposite to the leaves,
many-flowered, lax. Bracteas very much shorter than the pedicels
of the fruit. Petals rose-coloured, with a green keel to the upper
and under ones; deep red at the summit.
The variety ß. may possibly be intermediate between this and the
following species : the broader and greener foliage and occasionally
twining petioles resemble F. capreolata, but the inflorescence is that
of F. officinalis.
FUMARIA CAPREOLATA. Ramping Fumitory. TAB. 987.
Stem climbing. Petioles twining. Leaflets wedge-shaped, lobed.
Calyx-leaves twice as long as the globose fruit.
Fumaria capreolata, E. B. 943. Smith III. 256. Lindley 19.
Hooker ed. 2. 315. ed. 3. 319. Macreight 12.
Not unfrequent in corn-fields and gardens, but varying much in
habit, and in stature from 6 or 8 inches to 3 or 4 feet. In its smaller
form liable to be passed over as F. officinalis, but the foliage is always
broader and of a brighter green, and the flowers nearly twice as large;
by which, and especially the large leaves of the calyx, it may be at
once distinguished, although the petioles in dwarfed plants sometimes
want the tendril-like curves which render the habit of the species in
general so remarkable. Flowers usually paler than in the common
Fumitory, appearing in succession through the summer.
58 .
51
FUMARIA PARVIFLORA. Small-flowered Fumitory. Tab. 988.
Stem spreading. Segments of the leaflets linear, channelled, Calyx-
leaves very minute. Fruit globose, somewhat pointed.
Fumaria parviflora, E. B. 590. Smith III. 256. Lindley 19. Hook-
er ed. 2. 316. ed. 3. 320. Macreight 12.
Somewhat rare on dry chalky or sandy fields in Kent, Surrey, &c.
The habit is that of F. officinalis, but it seems well distinguished by
the slender, almost capillary segments of the leaves, smaller flowers,
and pointed fruit. Two varieties have been noticed, but they differ
B 2

4
DIADELPHIA OCTANDRIA.
only in the hue of the petals and in the leaves being more or less
glaucous. Flowers in August and September.
ORDER HI. OETANDRIA.
.
GENUS CCCLXXII. POLYGALA.
Milkwort.
Nat. Order. POLYGALEÆ.
GEN. CHAD Calyx permanent, 5-leaved, the 2 outer leaves
coloured. \Petals combined by their claws with the fila-
ments; the lower one carinate. Capsule compressed, ellip-
tical or obcordate. Seeds pendulous, downy, crested at the
hilum.
An extensive genys consisting of shtubs and herbs with en-
tire, generally alternate leaves, and blue or pink, move rarely
white or yellow, racemose flowers. Many, of the shrubby
species especially, are dery showy plants, of which Southern
Africa has supplied our green-houses with most, kf not all, of
the species at present knolyn in culfivation. of the herba-
ceous kinds North America presents the chief proportion; the
rest are widely distributed, but a single species belongs to our
Flora, one of the most beautiful ornaments of our heaths.
The juice is milky, whence probably tho generic name, and
very bitter. P. senega, the rattlesnake root of the United
States, has lost much of its fame as an antidote, but is employ-
ed in medicine as a stimulant.
POLYGALA VULGARIS.
Commov Millawort. TAB. 989.
Stems herbaceous, simple, ascending. Leaves linear-lanceolate.
Flowers in a terminal racemt. Wings of the calyx ovate.
Keel
crested.
Polygala vulgaris, E. B. 76Smith III 259. Lindley 39. Hooker
ed. 2. 316. ed. 3. 320. Macreight 27
This pretty plant often abounds on heaths and dry hilly pastures,
putting forth its elegantly crested flowers nearly throughout the
summer. Stems procumbent, 4 to 8 inches long, ascending when
in flower, numerous, simple. Leaves mostly alternate, and linear-
lanceolate, but varying in breadth and dbtuseness. Corolla various
shades of blae, purple, rose-colour, or white. The 2 large lateral
leaves of the calyx, which are of the same hue with the petals, and
form the most conspicuous part of the flower, become green afterwards,
and completely conceal the flat, cordate, 2-seeded capsule. Perennial.
1. amara, of Mr. D. Don, figured in the Supplement to the original
edition of E. Bot. tab. 2764, differs very widely from the continental
species so called, and can scarcely be regarded even as a fixed vari-
ety of the common plant. It is met with on chalky soils, and its







Order. VI
Crucifera.com










59
1935
947
Matthiola incana.
Odt2,2808. Amblishd by Ja" Sowerby London.


60
462
k
948. .
Matthiola
sinuata.
Morch i" 1798 Inblushier by / Sowerby denim

UNIL
MICH

61
1934
946.
Cheiranthus
fruticulosus.
Sept. 1.1808. Iblisha by Ja: Sorrbai London.


855.
995.
Po
Nasturtium officinale.

JINS

63
2324
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Eu
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Nasturtium sylvestre.
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UNIL
OF
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64
7747
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Nasturtium
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Nasturtium amphibrum,
Jan,1.1808. Publisha bu Ja? Sowohy London .

66

ber
4:45
933.
Barbarea
vulgaris.
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web

67
2120
934.
Barbarea
praecox
Feb 1803 Pullimed by ra. Sowerby London


68
7 77
932.
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Turritis
giabra.


67
901
942.
Sacac
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Sisymbrium
thatianum.
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70
614.
927
Arabis stricta.

RID

7/
409
228.
Arabis petræa.
0


72
1740
929.
Arabis ciliata.
May 1,1807. Publisha ww Ja: Soverby London.


73
58/
930 .
V
Arabis hirsuta.
Hey172ütkili 19 minds are

oling

74
Arabis Iurrita.
I Powerby del May i 1794


75
2355
922.
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Cardamine hellidifolia.
Due to pusblished by for Sowerby London,

76

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དུ་ཆེ་བ་
Cardamine
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77
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924
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Cardamine hirsuta.
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776.
925.
Cardamine
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309
221
N
Dentaria
bulbifera.
Närch shingo Published by Jo Powerly London


1729
El
(Glyce).
Koman
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Apr.2,1807. Publishi by Ja: Sowerby London.


2277
915.
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Draba aizoides.
Feb. 2. 1804. Published by Jaco Sowerby, London,


1338
916
Draha rupestris.
Torty 1 7804. Published By Tom Sowerby. London

مر
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388.
917
♡
♡
Draba incana.
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BACH

85
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Draba muralis.
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ONT

586. .
Draba verna.
May 1.1799 Sublishi, by ft Sewerty Laden.

ho

Yo
551
908.
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Cochlearia officinalis.
Feb 17 90 Jablothie byt fewerly London.


2 403
909
Cochlearia Grenlandica.
Ay!, 1812 fuldesheed lay flo' Siwedly Buendit.


89
552.
910.
Cochlearia
Anglica.
Tedy 1794 Sublishio by]fowerby forumas

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911
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25

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2323
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Cochlearia
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92
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897. .
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Thlaspi arvense.
Oct.2.7806.Publisha by Ja. Sowerby, London.

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93
23.54
898.
Thlaspi
perfoliatum
Dec va falletetly fra Scooby
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IND

9.4
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Thlaspi alpestre.


95
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IND
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Cahile maritima.
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May 1:1000 lizblished piy tud segerby na reestr.


100
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939.
Sisymbrium
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Sisymbrium Trio,
dum.1.13306 Publishd by Tar Sowerby, Lonžon.


102
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941.
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Sisymbrium Sophia.
Pret 1.3 Biblühia by Spark cat.


10
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944.
Erysimum Alliaria.
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19.
Erysimum
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Oct, 1. 1801. Putlined by la "f***in, London.

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Erysimum
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Oct 1.1807. Publish'a hu Ja“ Sowerhe London

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106
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Dec? 1.1803. Publifhed by Jam" Sowerby. I ondon,

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107
1660
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Coronopus Ruellii.
Oct.21806 Publisha by Ja Sowerby, London.

UNIL
MIC

108
248.
894.
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May i 1795 Rollibed by]+towerly London

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109
1485
900.
Capsella Bursa-Pastoris.
fayt 2 2805. Publifres by Jay" Sowerby. Zondon,


182
904
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2683.

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112
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May 1, 2806. Prebliſhed by Jam Sowerby, Zonson.

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Lepidium campestre.
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114
1803
9017
.
Lepidium Smithii.
Oct.2.1807. Publisha by Jar" Sowerby London .


97
895. .
• Detergen
Isatis tinctoria.
presentation
tt


116
2140
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Braſsica Napus.
An 14eto publiced by f Powerly London.

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July 115.10 hebliled by Soxer by London.

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UNIT
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June 1.1807. Publisha by Ja! Sowerby London.


122
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126
1442
896.
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April 2. 1805 Published by Joy Sowerby, London,

OF
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127
924
892
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EINS


pod called
u
a.
102 an
are
more rare
A
Class. xv. Tetradynania
This laf is synonimono with the Nit, Poder Erecifra
so namred from the constant arrangement of Henry, fotele
in the form of a cross. The fruit is is either a short
Silicle, or
elongated me Filiqua
by which arbitrary distinction the two Onesters
haracterized: it is generally de called, wittel rahe
separating from the membranous difparfimerit,
the thickoned wergie of which hears the seeds;
nately, reelled, without values Hindehiscent.
very inefrortant feature in the Gerario characters
is derived from the structure of the embryo,
which is
always curved, but presents several
modes of relative disposition between the radicle
cotyledons, which are thus expressed ostean
for
the radicle, ll on a
for the cotyledons.
The
cotyledon are
the
margins of
They are styled in anukent
when the radicle is effelied to the lack fave only on.
etred the latter position is sometiinex maried by the
incurabe sit cotyledord being longitudinally folded Hewando
the sadicke, so as mor a bf to enelow it, when they
said to be conduplicate
eduplicate 02.
these
Leatwes suwy affeau -ferficial view, the difficulty
.
is readily
turmmutable
bay little practice, the
encleus of the seed in all the bruciferous plants
and
said to be accumbent when
are turned towards the
both
radicle o.
с.
Obscure
as
an de
consisting

CAKILE.
73
solely of the embryo, and a simple section showing in most
instances the character required. Let the tyro once carefully
dissect the seeds of the Wallflower, the common Rocket, and
the Mustard, and he will be at no loss to recognise the above
symbols, or to apply his knowledge of the characters they ex-
press in the investigation of any other British genus of the
class.
No natural group throughout the vegetable kingdom is more
remarkable for uniformity of properties than this. Not a sin-
gle instance is known of a poisonous species: the acridity which
is met with in greater or less degree throughout all the plants
of the class, is not associated with any deleterious principle;
hence where sufficiently succulent and palatable they are em-
ployed as food, and even the most acrid form agreeable condi-
ments. They are generally regarded as antiscorbutic. Their
seeds yield by expression a quantity of fixed oil, employed for
various oeconomical purposes. The principle called azote or
nitrogen, so rare in vegetables that its absence was once ac-
counted a leading distinction between them and animals,
abounds in most of the Cruciferæ : hence the peculiar fetid
scent given out by the cabbage, turnip, and others during de-
composition.
Order I. SILICULOSA.
Genus CCCXXXV. CAKILE. Sea-Rocket.
Gen. Char. Silicle angular, compressed, with 2 indehiscent
joints; the upper joint deciduous. Seeds solitary in each
joint; that of the upper one erect, of the lower one (some-
times abortive) pendulous. Cotyledons flat, accumbent.
Succulent herbs with purple or white flowers. Annual.
CAKILE MARITIMA.
Common Sea-Rocket. TAB. 891.
98.
Leaves fleshy, pinnatifid, somewhat toothed. Joints of the silicle
smooth, 2-edged; the upper one arrow-shaped.
Bunias Cakile, Linn. E. B. 231. Cakile maritima, Smith III. 183.
Lindley 28. Hooker ed. 2. 293. ed. 3. 297.
A common plant on sandy sea-shores, flowering from June to Sep-
tember, and very ornamental. Stem very much branched and bushy;
the branches spreading, sinuous, or zigzag. Leaves alternate, the
segments obtuse ; smooth, as is the whole plant, and somewhat glau-
Flowers in corymbus-like racemes, purple, sometimes white.
cous.
S.
VOL. V.
L

74
TETRADYNAMIA SILICULOSA.
GENUS CCCXXXVI. CRAMBE. Kale.
Gen. Char. Silicle coriaceous, 2-jointed; the upper joint
globose, indehiscent, deciduous, l-seeded; the lower joint
abortive, resembling a short pedicle. Cotyledons condupli-
cate.
Annual or perennial herbs, or under shrubs, with white
flowers.
127.
CRAMBE MARITIMA.
Sea Kale. TAB. 892.
Leaves roundish, sinuated, waved, toothed, glaucous, very smooth, as
well as the stem. Longer filaments forked.
Crambe maritima, E. B. 924. Smith III. 184. Lindley 34. Hooker
ed. 2. 293. ed. 3. 297.
Abundant on sandy or stony sea-shores in several parts of the king-
dom, but rather a local than common plant. The root or underground
stem is thick and fleshy, sending up many smooth, succulent, spread-
ing branches, which terminate in large, showy panicles of white flow-
Leaves large, petiolate, alternate, oblong or roundish, and va-
riously waved and toothed. Whole herb very smooth and glaucous.
This highly ornamental plant is well known in garden culture, the
young shoots, which sprout forth very early in the spring, being when
blanched scarcely inferior to Asparagus as a vegetable, and very nu-
tritious. Flowers in June. Perennial.
ers.
GENUS CCCXXXVII. CORONOPUS. Wart-cress.
cent.
Gen. CHAR. Silicle double, compressed, bilocular, indehis-
Seeds 1 in each cell. Cotyledons flat, linear, incum-
bent.
Annual weeds, with pinnatifid, alternate leaves, and incon-
spicuous white flowers growing in racemes generally opposite
to the leaves.
CORONOPUS RUELLII. Common Wart-cress. Swine's-cress.
495 .
TAB. 893.
107. Stems prostrate, smooth. Leaves pinnatifid ; the segments mostly
pectinate. Silicle entire, crested with little sharp points. Style
prominent.
Coronopus Ruellii, E. B. 1660. Lindley 30. Hooker ed. 2. 294.
ed. 3. 297. Senebiera Coronopus, De Cand. Smith III, 179. Coch-
learia Coronopus, Linn.
A very frequent plant on waste ground, by road sides, and among
rubbish, throughout England, but, as Dr. Hooker informs us, rare in
Scotland, unless in the vicinity of Edinburgh. Stems quite prostrate,



CRAMBE.-CORONOPUS.-ISATIS.
75
branched, and spreading in a circular manner from the root. Leaves
bipinnatifid, with linear segments. Racemes very short and corym-
bose when in flower, elongating as the fruit enlarges. Silicle com-
pressed, laterally dilated; transversely plaited, the plaits extended
into little marginal teeth forming a very curious crest; its summit
entire, crowned with the short style. Flowers from June to Septem-
ber.
CORONOPUS DIDYMA.
Lesser Wart-cress. TAB. 894.
108
Stems procumbent, hairy. Leaves pinnatifid. Silicle cloven, of 2
roundish, wrinkled lobes. Style very short.
Lepidium didymum, Linn. E. B. 248. Senebiera pinnatifida, De Cand.
S. didyma, Smith III. 180. Coronopus didyma, Lindley 30. Hook-
er ed. 2. 294. ed. 3. 298.
Found only on waste ground near the sea in the south and south-
west of England, Wales, and the south of Ireland. Stems alternately
branched. Leaves with the segments more or less notched on the
upper margin, but not pectinated as in the foregoing species. Ra-
cemes many-flowered. Flowers minute, often only diandrous or at
most tetrandrous. Silicles very distinctly lobed, wrinkled, but not
crested. Flowers about July and August.
GENUS CCCXXXVIII. ISATIS. Woad.
.
GEN. CHAR. Silicle elliptical, l-celled, 1-seeded, laterally
compressed; the valves keeled, eventually separating. Seed
pendulous, oblong. Cotyledons incumbent.
Caulescent annual or biennial, rarely perennial, herbs, with
alternate, entire leaves and yellow flowers. Natives of Europe
and Asia.
2
2 1152
ISATIS TINCTORIA. Dyer's Woad. Tab. 895.
Radical leaves oblong, crenate, petiolate ; those of the stem acutely
sagittate, sessile. Silicle linear-oblong, obtuse, smooth.
Isatis tinctoria, E. B. 97. Smith III. 182. Lindley 32. Hooker ed. 2.
294. ed. 3. 298. Glastum sativum, Ray, Syn. 307.
Occasionally met with on balks, hedge-banks, and the borders of
fields in several parts of the kingdom, having been formerly much
cultivated as a dye. Glastonbury in Somersetshire is said to have
received its name from the fields of Woad (originally called Glastum
from the Celtic, glas, blue) in its vicinity. Prior to the introduction
of indigo, the dye obtained by fermentation from the leaves of this
plant was the staple blue of the European dyers, and prejudice long
upheld the interest of its cultivators against the substitution of its
inore brilliant foreign rival. It is supposed to be the plant with which
the ancient Britons are said to have stained their bodies. Stem 2 to
L 2

76
TETRADYNAMIA SILICULOSA.
3 feet high. Leaves succulent. Flowers small, golden yellow, ter-
minating the stem in a branched panicle. Silicle dark-brown, thrice
as long as it is broad. Biennial Flowers in July.
GENUS CCCXXXIX. VELLA.
Cress-Rocket.
Gen. CHAR. Silicle elliptical, terminating in a dilated, flat,
ovate, winged style, twice as long as the valves. Cotyledons
conduplicate.
Natives of southern Europe. The most marked feature of
the
genus
is the foliaceous style. Not more than 2 or 3 spe-
cies are known, and these according to some botanists form so
many
distinct genera. Flowers yellow or white.
126.
VELLA ANNUA.
Annual Cress- Rocket. TAB. 896.
Leaves bipinnatifid. Fruit pendulous.
Vella annua, Linn. E. B. 1442. Smith III. 156. Hooker ed. 2. 294.
ed. 3. 298. Carrichtera Vellæ, De Cand. Lindley 33. Macreight
Man. Brit. Bot. 22.
Open sandy fields and pastures are its natural habitats, but its
claim to a place in the British Flora is extremely doubtful, and seems
to rest only upon the authority of Ray, in whose time it was found by
Mr. Lawson on Salisbury Plain, near Stonehenge. The plant varies
in height and luxuriance under cultivation, and likewise in the colour
of its flowers, the petals of which, however, whether yellow or white,
are curiously veined with deep purple. Peduncles erect at first, cur-
ving downward as the fruit swells. Flowers in the garden about June
and July. Annual.
GENUS CCCXL.
THLASPI. Penny-cress.
Gen. CHAR. Calyx equal at the base. Petals equal, entire.
Silicle laterally compressed, emarginate: valves winged at
the back. Cells many- (rarely 2-) seeded. Cotyledons ac-
cumbent.
Weeds of the northern hemisphere, with inconspicuous white
flowers. Our native species are but sparingly distributed.
)
92
THLASPI ARVENSE. Penny-cress. Mithridate Mustard. TAB. 897.
Leaves smooth, oblong, arrow-shaped, toothed. Silicle orbicular,
nearly fat: wings very broad. Seeds concentrically striated.
Thlaspi arvense, E. B. 1659. Smith III. 171. Lindley 27. Hooker
ed. 2. 294. ed. 3. 298.
Occasionally met with about cultivated fields and road-sides, in va-



VELLA.-THLASPI.-CAPSELLA.
77.
rious parts of the kingdom, but far from frequent. Whole plant
smooth. Stem erect, about a foot high, branched and angular in the
upper part. Leaves alternate, sessile. Flowers in terminal racemes.
Silicle erect, and including its dilated wings almost circular. Style
in the notch, very short. Annual Flowers in June and July.
193.
THLASPI PERFOLIATUM. Perfoliate Penny-cress. Tab. 898.
Stem-leaves cordate, slightly toothed, sessile, clasping at the base.
Silicle obcordate, style included within the notch. Seeds not stri-
ated.
Thlaspi perfoliatum, E. B.2354. Smith III. 172. Lindley 27. Hooker
ed. 2. 294. ed. 3. 298.
This must be regarded as a rare plant, being only met with in the
limestone district of Oxfordshire, and chiefly in the stone-pits about
Burford. Stem 4 to 6 inches high, usually branched from the base.
Leaves glaucous; the radical ones petiolate, ovate; the cauline ones
heart-shaped and stem-clasping. Racemes rather short, corymbose
when in flower, which occurs in April and May. Annual.
194.
THLASPI ALPESTRE. Alpine Penny-cress. TAB. 899. .
Leaves glaucous, sagittate, slightly dentated, sessile ; radical ones
ovate, petiolate. Stamens as long as the petals. Silicle obovate,
retuse; crowned by the exserted style.
Thlaspi alpestre, E. B. 81. Smith III. 172. Lindley 28. Hooker ed.
2. 295. ed. 3. 298.
Frequent on the limestone rocks of the north of England, and met
with likewise in North Wales and Scotland. Root-leaves forming a
tuft, from which arises a central stem, and subsequently several lateral
ones, usually but not always simple. The whole herb has a glaucous
hue, and is somewhat succulent. Perennial. Flowers in June and July.
GENUS CCCXLI. CAPSELLA. Shepherd's Purse.
GEN. Char. Calyx equal. Petals entire. Silicle laterally
compressed, obcordate, cuneate at the base: valves sharply
carinate on the back, but not winged. Cells 8- or 10-seeded.
Cotyledons incumbent.
The only known species of this genus was long included in
Thlaspi, from which it differs in the absence of the foliaceous
border to the silicle, and more importantly in the structure of
the embryo.
CAPSELLA BURSA-PASTORIs. Commor Shepherd's Purse. Tab. 109,
Thlaspi Bursa-Pastoris, Linn. E. B. 1435. Smith III. 173. Cap-
sella Bursa-Pastoris, Lindley 31. Hooker ed. 2. 295. ed. 3. 298.
900.

78
TETRADYNAMIA SILICULOSA.
One of the most common weeds in almost all soils and situations,
but exceedingly variable in habit, and in the form of its leaves, which
are either pinnatifid or entire according to the richness or poverty of
the soil in which it vegetates. Herb generally rough, with prominent
hairs. Stem from 3 or 4 inches to 1 or 2 feet high, more or less
branched, or simple. Root-leaves mostly pinnatifid, the segments
notched; those of the stem entire, serrated, sagittate at the base.
Flowers small, white. Silicle smooth, crowned with the very short
style. Seeds pendent. Annual. Flowers from March to Novem-
ber, and in mild winters through the year. Small birds feed on the
seed-vessels and flower-buds.
GENUS CCCXLII. HUTCHINSIA. Hutchinsia.
Gen. CHAR. Calyx erect, equal. Petals equal, entire. Fila-
ments simple. Silicle elliptical, entire: valves carinate at
the back, wingless. Seeds 2 or more in each cell, pendu-
lous. Cotyledons accumbent.
Herbs annual or perennial, with entire or pinnately-lobed
leaves, and white or pinkish flowers. Natives of Europe and
northern Asia.
95
HUTCHINSIA PETRÆA. Rock Hutchinsia. TAB, 901.
Leaves pinnate, the lobes entire. Petals the length of the calyx.
Silicle obtuse at both extremities. Stigma sessile. Seeds 2 in
each cell.
Lepidium petræum, Linn. E. B. 111. Smith III. 168. Hutchinsia
petræa, Brown. Lindley 28. Hooker ed. 2. 295. ed. 3. 299.
This pretty little plant is met with on limestone rocks in several
parts of England, though chiefly in the western counties ; likewise
on old walls, as about Eltham, Kent. Stems branched, spreading, 2
or 3 inches high. Leaves pinnate, with a terminal lobe, smooth. Ra-
cemes corymbus-like while in flower. Calyx and corolla spreading :
petals white. Silicle oval, flat. Annual. Flowers in March and April
.
GENUS CCCXLIII. TEESDALIA. Teesdalia.
Gen. CHAR. Calyx deciduous. Petals entire, equal or un-
equal. Stamens with a scale at the base. Silicle oval, de-
pressed, emarginate at the apex: valves carinate. Cells 2-
seeded. Cotyledons accumbent.
Small annual herbs with white flowers. Natives of Europe.
TEESDALIA NUDICAULIS. Naked-stalked Teesdalia. TAB. 902.
.
Petals unequal.
96.



HUTCHINSIA.—TEESDALIA.—IBERIS.-LEPIDIUM. 79
Iberis nudicaulis, Linn. E. B. 327. Teesdalia nudicaulis, Smith III.
170. Hooker ed. 2. 295. ed. 3. 299. T. Iberis, De Cund. Lindley
28. Macreight Man. Brit. Bot. 18.
Not unfrequent on sandy or gravelly banks, heaths, and pastures.
Stems simple, 2 to 4 inches high, naked, or with 1 or 2 minute, en-
tire, rarely cut leaves. Radical leaves lyrato-pinnatifid, spreading in a
circle close to the ground. Raceme corymbiform when in flower. Two
outer petals twice as long as the inner. Stamens with a small petal-
like appendage at the base. Annual Flowers in May and June.
GENUS CCCXLIV. IBERIS. Candy-tuft.
Gen. CHAR. Calyx equal at the base. Petals unequal, 2
exterior ones larger. Silicle much depressed, emarginate:
valves carinate, winged. Cells 1-seeded. Seeds ovate, pen-
dulous. Cotyledons accumbent.
Annual herbs or evergreen under-shrubs, with ornamental
white or purple flowers: chiefly indigenous to southern Europe
and the adjoining countries of Asia bordering upon the basin
of the Mediterranean. Many of the species are cultivated for
their beauty as hardy garden plants, especially I. sempervirens,
I. umbellata, and I. amara. The flavour of some is intensely
bitter, but it does not appear to have recommended them at
any period to medicinal purposes.
V97
IBERIS AMARA. Bitter Candy-tuft. Tab. 903.
Stem herbaceous. Leaves lanceolate, acute, somewhat toothed, smooth.
Flowers racemose.
Iberis amara, E. B. 52. Smith III. 181. Lindley 28. Hooker ed.
2. 295. ed. 3. 299.
Common in chalky fields in some parts of Oxfordshire and Berk-
shire, but rare elsewhere, and probably a wanderer from the garden.
Stem with spreading branches, 6 inches to a foot in height. Leaves
alternate, very variable in breadth and toothing. Flowers very con-
spicuous, owing to the pure white of the petals ; hence their intro-
duction to the parterre, where they are often seen in contrast with
the purple I. umbellata. Annual. Flowers in July.
GENUS CCCXLV. LEPIDIUM. Pepper-wort.
Gen. CHAR. Petals equal. Silicle ovate or cordate; valves
carinate. Seeds 1 in each cell, pendulous. Cotyledons in-
cumbent, rarely accumbent.
Annual or perennial herbs, or under-shrubs, distributed

80
TETRADYNAMIA SILICULOSA.
over various parts of the globe, where from their pungent fla-
vour they are frequently employed as salads and condiments.
The juice of L. Piscidium is used by the natives of the Society
Islands for stupifying fish and rendering their capture more
easy. L. sativum, a native of Persia, is well known as the
common Garden-Cress; and L. oleraceum is cultivated in New
Zealand as a pot-herb. The flowers of all the species are
white, small, and inconspicuous.
110
LEPIDIUM LATIFOLIUM. Broad-leaved Pepper-wort. Tab. 904.
Leaves ovato-lanceolate, undivided, serrated. Silicle oval, entire.
Lepidium latifolium, E. B. 182. Smith III. 165. Lindley 31, Hooker
ed. 2. 296. ed. 3. 299.
It inhabits salt-marshes and wet shady places near the sea, in seve-
ral parts of the kingdom, chiefly along the eastern coast.
Stem erect,
2 or 3 feet high, branched, round, smooth, panicled at the top, with
numerous little racemes of small white flowers. Leaves large, alter-
nate, attenuated toward the base and summit, serrated in the middle,
glaucous. Herb very acrid and pungent; it was formerly used at
table in the way of Horse-radish, and is still occasionally employed
as a pot-hierb; hence its provincial name, “ Poor man's Pepper.” An
infusion is said by Dr. Withering to be emetic. Perennial. Flowers
in July.
112.
LEPIDIUM RUDERALE. Narrow-leaved Pepper-wort. Tab. 905.
Lower leaves pinnatifid; upper ones linear, entire. Flowers without
petals ; diandrous. Silicle notched.
Lepidium ruderale, E. B. 1595. Smith III. 165. Hooker ed. 2. 296.
ed. 3. 300. Lindley 31.
Chiefly met with on waste ground near the sea, where the soil is
muddy, or among calcareous rubbish. Variable in luxuriance, often
a foot high, with a branched, round, hoary stem. Leaves alternate,
smooth, rather fleshy, glaucous. Flowers terminating the branches
in racemes, very small; the calyx white-edged. Herb fetid and pun-
gent. Flowers in June. Annual.
113
LEPIDIUM CAMPESTRE. Common Mithridate Pepper-wort. Tab.
906.13
Stem-leaves arrow-shaped, toothed. Silicle roundish, emarginate,
winged at the upper part; rough with minute scales. Style very
short.
Thlaspi campestre, Linn. E. B. 1385. Lepidium campestre, Smith
III. 166. Lindley 31. Hooker ed. 2. 296. ed. 3. 300.
Not an uncommon plant on the borders of corn-fields, and on cul-
tivated ground generally, where the soil is dry and gravelly. Stem
solitary, branched above, round, 10 inches to a foot in height. Lower
leaves spathulate, tapering into a footstalk; upper ones sharply sa-
gittate, sessile. Flowers small, white, in terminal racemes. The



COCHLEARIA.
81
little, glossy scales with which the silicle is beset, and the shortness
of the style, distinguish this species from the following. Herb hoary
with a short pubescence. Annual. Flowers in July.
LEPIDIUM SMITHII. Smooth-fruited Field Pepper-wort. Tab. Wobe.
907.
Stem-leaves arrow-shaped, toothed. Silicle oblong, emarginate, wing-
ed, mostly smooth. Style exserted far beyond the notch.
Thlaspi hirtum, E. B. 1803. (not of Linn.) Lepidium hirtum, Smith
III. 167. Lindley 31. L. Smithii, Hooker ed. 2. 296. ed. 3.300.
Macreight Man. Brit. Bot. 21.
Borders of fields, balks, and hedges in Norfolk and Suffolk, fre-
quently present this equivocal species, but it seems at least rare in
other parts of England. In Scotland Dr. Hooker informs us it is
plentiful, and it has been found in North Wales and Ireland. Whole
herb clothed with a hoary pubescence. Stems sometimes several from
the same root, 6 or 8 inches high. Silicle mostly smooth, but occa-
sionally hairy or even scaly, though in a less degree than that of L.
campestre, which this plant resembles very closely. The greater length
of the style is but an uncertain character of distinction in the eye of
the vegetable morphologist; and the biennial or perennial habit, even
admitting it to be the latter, loses much of its importance, when the
contingencies which limit or extend the duration of other plants simi-
larly circumstanced are taken into consideration. These observations
are made with deference, but they are founded upon careful compa-
rison of the two plants in question, and a long experience of the effects
produced by difference of soil and aspect upon the proportions and
development of the reproductive organs. Perennial Flowers in
June and July
IN
LEPIDIUM DRABA. Whitlow Pepper-wort. Tab. 907 *.
Leaves amplexicaul, broadly oblong or lanceolate, entire or toothed.
Silicle cordate, crowned with a style about its own length.
Lepidium Draba, E. B. Supp. 2683. Hooker ed. 2. 296. ed. 3. 299.
Macreight Man. Brit. Bot. 21. Cochlearia Draba, Linn.
Rare, and as suggested by Dr. Hooker, in the “ Supplement to
English Botany,” probably introduced with agricultural seeds from
the continent. Stem 8 to 12 inches high, branched. Leaves distant,
the lower ones stalked, the upper sessile and cordate at the base.
Perennial. Flowers in June.
Genus CCCXLVI. COCHLEARIA. Scurvy-grass.
GEN. CHAR. Calyx patent, the segments concave.
Petals
entire, obovate. Filaments simple. Silicle globose or ovate:
valves turgid. Cells many-seeded, (rarely 2-seeded). Seeds
not bordered. Cotyledons accumbent.
VOL. V.
M

82
TETRADYNAMIA SILICULOSA.
Annual or perennial herbs with, generally, fleshy leaves and
white flowers. Chiefly distributed in alpine or maritime dis-
tricts over Europe and northern Asia.
87-
COCHLEARIA OFFICINALIS. Common Scurvy-grass. Tab.908.
Radical leaves roundish, nearly entire, petiolate: cauline ones sessile,
oblong, sinuated and toothed. Silicle globose.
Cochlearia officinalis, E. B.551. Smith III. 174. Lindley 27. Hooker
ed. 2. 297. ed. 3. 300.
Abundant on the sea-coast in muddy situations and among the
rocks, also in elevated alpine districts in the interior, but varying
greatly in size and luxuriance. Herb smooth and rather succulent.
Stems angular, branched. Cauline leaves half embracing the stem,
always more or less toothed. This species was once in high repute
as an antiscorbutic, hence the popular name; but like many other
remedies of the olden time, its virtues were greatly overrated. The
leaves are sometimes eaten as salad, but they are far less grateful than
those of the Water-cress, and are not much superior in their altera-
tive effects. Annual. Flowers in May and June.
88.
COCHLEARIA GRÆNLANDICA. Greenland Scurvy-grass. TAB.
909.
Leaves kidney-shaped or cordate, fleshy, entire ; upper ones ovate or
oblong. Silicle globose.
Cochlearia Groenlandica, E. B. 2403. Smith III. 175. Lindley 27.
Hooker ed. 2. 297. ed. 3. 301. C. officinalis, var. Hooker Fl. Scot.
1. 195.
Met with occasionally on the sea-shore, more frequently on the
Highland mountains. So nearly resembling the preceding species
that it is very doubtful whether it be distinct, or a mere dwarfed va-
riety. Petals white, with a purple tinge. Flowers in June and July.
Annual.
u
COCHLEARIA ANGLICA, English Scurvy-grass. Tas. 910.
Radical leaves ovate or cordate, entire, petiolate ; those of the stem
lanceolate, toothed, mostly sessile. Silicle elliptical, strongly re-
ticulated with veins.
Cochlearia Anglica, E. B. 552. Smith III. 176. Lindley 27. Hooker
ed. 2. 297. ed. 3. 301.
Frequent on muddy sea-shores, and on the margins of tide rivers,
and like other maritime plants met with likewise on the rocky sum-
mits of mountains. The oval figure of the curiously veined silicle
distinguishes this at once from the two preceding; the foliage is too
variable in all of the annual or biennial species of Cochlearia to ad-
mit of much dependence being placed upon the characters it pre-
Annual. Its lively white flowers are conspicuous in May
and June.
sents.



SUBULARIA.
83
190
COCHLEARIA DANICA. Danish Scurvy-grass. Tab. 911.
Leaves all triangular, petiolate. Silicles elliptical, reticulated with
veins.
Cochlearia Danica, E. B. 696. Smith III. 177. Lindley 27. Hooker
ed. 2. 297. ed. 3. 301.
Common on the sea-coast and in salt marshes. A small species
with spreading stems, and trilobate, ivy-like leaves, all of which are
petiolate. Flowers and silicles much less than those of C. Anglica,
and the habit of the plants altogether different. Annual. Flowers
in May and June.
COCHLEARIA ARMORACIA.
Horse-radish. TAB. 912.
911
Radical leaves oblong, wrinkled, crenate, on long footstalks ; those
of the stem lanceolate, serrate or entire. Silicle oblong; stigma
dilated, nearly sessile.
Cochlearia Armoracia, E. B. 2323. Smith III. 177. Lindley 27. Hooker
ed. 2.297. ed. 3. 301.
The root of this plant is so well known as the condiment to our
national dish, that it is scarcely possible to think of roast-beef without
the Horse-radish following as a matter of course; but however inse-
parable from or indigenous with the popular character of Englishmen
and English habits may be the former, there is much cause to doubt
whether the latter can lay any claim to hereditary connexion with the
soil, even so far back as the establishment of our Saxon ancestors.
We probably owe its introduction to the same source with many other
of the continental luxuries of our gardens, viz. the foundation of mo-
nastic institutions. It is met with in various places as the outcast of
gardens, especially where the soil is deep and moist; but whether ob-
viously so on the banks of the Thames, or more truly wild in the
mountain moors of the northern counties, it still so far retains the
character of an imperfectly naturalized plant, as rarely to ripen its
fruit. Stems 2 to 3 feet high. Radical leaves very large, sometimes
pinnatifid, especially at the lower part. Flowers numerous, very
small, white, in terminal and axillary racemes; they come out in May
and June. Perennial. A troublesome weed where once established,
GENUS CCCXLVII. SUBULARIA. Awl-wort.
GEN. CHAR. Silicle oval, pointless: valves turgid. Cells 4-
seeded. Cotyledons incumbent, linear, curved.
Only one species is known, which somewhat resembles
Draba in the inflorescence, but differs from it in the curvature
of the embryo.
SUBULARIA AQUATICA.
Awl-wort. TAB. 913.
Subularia aquatica, E. B. 732. Smith III. 157. Lindley 34. Hooker
ed. 2. 298. ed. 3. 301.
M 2

84
TETRADYNAMIA SILICULOSA.
This little plant is frequent near the margins of alpine lakes, espe-
cially in Scotland and Ireland, and is often wholly submersed, even
during the flowering season. Root annual, consisting of many long,
simple fibres. Leaves few, all radical, awl-shaped with a recurved
point, 1 to 3 inches long. Scape 2 or 3 inches high; bearing a few
minute white flowers, the petals of which seem not to expand when
the inflorescence takes place under water. Flowers in July
GENUS CCCXLVIII. DRABA. Whitlow-grass.
Gen. CHAR. Calyx equal. Petals mostly entire, or scarcely
emarginate. Filaments simple. Silicle entire, oval or ob-
long: valves plane or slightly convex.
Seeds numerous,
not margined. Cotyledons accumbent.
Herbaceous plants of the northern hemisphere, chiefly in
high latitudes and alpine districts. Flowers yellow or white.
86
* Petals deeply cloven.
DRABA VERNA. Common Whitlow-grass. Tab. 914.
Leaves lanceolate, hairy, slightly toothed. Scapes naked. Petals
deeply cloven.
Draba verna, E. B. 586. Smith III. 158. Hooker ed. 2. 298. ed. 3.
302. Erophila vulgaris, DeCand. Lindley 26. Macreight Man.
Brit. Bot. 17.
One of the earliest of our spring flowers, and abundant everywhere
on the tops of walls, dry banks, and barren pastures. Leaves all
radical, toothed toward the apex, rarely entire. Scapes 2 to 4 inches
high, terminating in a zig-zag raceme, which is corymbiform when
in flower, Calyx spreading. Petals white, cloven about half-way
down. Silicle flat (inflated in a variety mentioned by Hooker). An-
nual. Flowers in March and April, and withers away soon after the
seed is scattered: the dry scapes supporting the membranous dissepi-
ments of the silicles remaining, however, nearly through the summer.
82
** Petals entire, or only subemarginate.
DRABA AIZOIDES. Yellow alpine Whitlow-grass. Tab. 915.
Leaves tufted, lanceolate, rigid, keeled, strongly ciliated. Flower-
stalks terminal, naked ; raceme corymbiform. Petals slightly
notched, twice the length of the calyx. Silicle with a long style.
Draba aizoides, E. B. 1271. Smith III. 158. Lindley 26. Hooker ed.
2. 298. ed. 3. 302.
This beautiful little rock-plant is met with wild on walls and rocks
near Swansea, South Wales. Plant branched from the root, forming
dense, moss-like tufts. Leaves crowded in round clusters; they are
linear-lanceolate, very rigid, glossy, keeled on the under side, and



DRABA.
85
regularly ciliated on the margin with white shining bristles. Flower-
stalks 1 to 2 inches high, smooth ; springing from the centre or apex
of the tuft of leaves terminating each branch, and ending in an ab-
breviated raceme or corymbus of bright yellow flowers. Silicle flat,
elliptical, acute, crowned with a longish style. Perennial. Flowers
in March and April. The rich golden hue of the petals, and the re-
markably fringed evergreen leaves, render it an interesting ornament
to the alpine garden, fancy rock-work, or ruin.
&3
DRABA RUPESTRIS. Rock Whitlow-grass. Tab. 916.
Leaves in radical tufts, plane, lanceolate, obscurely toothed, hairy.
Flower-stems (mostly) naked. Petals entire. Silicle oblong-oval,
tipped with the short style.
Draba hirta, E. B. 1338. Smith III. 159. (not of Linn.)? Draba rupes-
tris, Brown. Lindley 26. Hooker ed. 2. 298. ed. 3. 302. Macreight
Man. Brit. Bot. 17.
A rare inhabitant of the summits of the Highland mountains in
Scotland. Somewhat resembling D. aizoides in habit, but the leaves
are very dissimilar, more spreading, and less conspicuously fringed.
Whole plant pubescent, the hairs mostly simple, but sometimes forked
or even stellated. Flower-stalks 1 to 2 inches high. Petals white.
Perennial Flowers in May and June.
18
DRABA INCANA. Twisted-podded Whitlow-grass. TAB. 917.
Stem-leaves lanceolate, toothed, hoary with a close starry pubescence.
Silicles oblong, obliquely twisted; longer than the pedicles.
Draba incana, E. B. 388. Smith III. 160. Lindley 26. Hooker ed. 2.
299. ed. 3. 302. D. contorta, De Cand. Macreight Man. Brit.
Bot. 17.
Grows on limestone rocks in the mountainous districts of the north
of England, Wales, and Scotland, varying greatly in aspect according
to situation : our figure represents a more luxuriant form than that
under which it usually occurs. According to Professor Hooker, “small
starved specimens, with only 1 or 2 leaves on the stem, come very
near D. rupestris.” Stem from a few inches to more than a foot in
height ; in the taller plants branched alternately. Radical leaves
forming a tuft, often entire; cauline ones always toothed very deeply,
or even laciniated. Flowers small, white. Silicles curiously twisted.
Biennial or annual. Flowers in May and June.
DRABA MURALIS. Speedwell-leaved Whitlow-grass. Tab. 918. 65
Stem branched. Leaves cordate, toothed, hairy. Silicles elliptical,
obtuse, flat; shorter than the pedicles.
Draba muralis, E. B.912. Smith III. 161. Lindley 26. Hooker ed. 2.
299. ed. 3. 303.
Wild on limestone rocks and mountains in several parts of the
kingdom. Sometimes met with on walls in the vicinity of botanic
gardens. Herb pubescent, the hairs generally branched or stellate.

86
TETRADYNAMIA SILICULOSA.
Stem 6 inches to a foot high. Leaves rather obtusely heart-shaped ;
the uppermost ovate and amplexicaul. Flowers small, white. Silicle
blunt, smooth. Annual. Flowers in April and May.
Genus CCCXLIX. KONIGA. Koniga.
GEN. CHAR. Calyx spreading. Petals entire, Filaments
simple. Hypogynous glands 8. Silicle subovate: valves
nearly plane. Cells one-seeded; seed-stalks with their
base adhering to the dissepiment. Seeds usually margined.
Cotyledons accumbent.
The genus probably consists of a single species only, a
native of the sea-shores of Southern Europe.
8.
KONIGA MARITIMA.
919.
Sea-side Koniga. Sweet Alyssum. Tab.
Alyssum maritimum, E. B. 1729. Smith III. 162. Macreight Man.
Brit. Bot. 17. A. minimum, Linn. A. halamifolium, Bot. Mag.
Glyce Maritima, Lindley 26. Clypeola maritima, Linn. Koniga
maritima, Brown. Hooker ed. 2. 299. ed. 3. 303.
This well-known garden plant, whose synonyms have been so mul-
tiplied and confused that we are at a loss to select, is naturalized on
cliffs and stony places near the sea in several parts of our island, as
near Aberdeen in Scotland, Devonshire, and Mount's Bay, Cornwall.
Though generally treated as an annual under cultivation, it is really
suffruticose, the branched, spreading stem being woody and perennial
at the lower part. Leares alternate, linear-lanceolate, hoary with
close-pressed, silvery hairs, which are mostly forked. Flowers white,
in long, close racemes; very fragrant: they continue to bloom from
July to September.
Genus CCCL. CAMELINA. Gold of Pleasure.
GEN. CHAR. Filaments simple. Silicle subovate: valves ven-
tricose, dehiscing with part of the style. Cells many-seeded.
Seeds not margined.
European herbs with small yellow flowers, which are too
inconspicuous to warrant the pompous English name of the
naturalized species. The seeds contain a large proportion of
fixed oil.
106.
CAMELINA SATIVA. Common Gold of Pleasure. Tab. 920.
Leaves lanceolate, sagittate at the base. Silicle obovate, margined.
Style conic. Stigma simple.
Alyssum sativum, E. B. 1254. Camelina sativa, Smith III. 164.



KONIGA.-CAMELINA.-DENTARIA.
87
Lindley 30. Hooker ed. 2. 299. ed. 3. 303. Myagrum sativum,
Linn.
Occasionally met with in cultivated fields, especially among flax,
with the seeds of which it is probably imported. In Germany and
some other parts of Europe it is cultivated for the sake of the oil,
which is expressed from its seeds and used by the inhabitants for va-
rious economical purposes. Stem erect, round, leafy, 2 or 3 feet high ;
panicled above. Leaves lance-arrow-shaped, nearly entire, the angles
acute. Flowers very small. Silicles comparatively large, on long
stalks. Seeds pendulous from the margin of the septum. Annual.
Flowers about June or July.
ORDER II. SILIQUOSA.
GENUS CCCLI. DENTARIA. Coral-root.
GEN. CHAR. Silique narrow-lanceolate, tapering: valves flat,
ribless, generally separating elastically. "Seed-stalks broad.
Seeds ovate, not bordered, in one row. Cotyledons accum-
bent.
An elegant genus of perennial herbs, natives chiefly of
Europe and North America. They have fleshy, tuberous or
toothed surculi (underground or radical stems), compound or
divided petiolate leaves, and showy purple, rarely yellow or
white, flowers. Their flavour is pungent, and D. diphylla is
used as a condiment instead of mustard in the United States,
where it is known by the name of Pepper-root.
1
DENTARIA BULBIFERA. Bulbiferous Coral-root. Tab. 921.
Stem simple. Lower leaves pinnated; upper ones simple, with ax-
illary bulbs.
Dentaria bulbifera, E. B. 309. Smith III. 186. Lindley 25. Hooker
ed. 2. 300. ed. 3. 303.
A rare inhabitant of woods and shady places, though from its
creeping and bulb-bearing habit soon becoming abundant where once
established. The surculi spread horizontally, bearing many thick
fleshy scales or tooth-like processes, whence the generic name. Stems
erect, terminating the branches of the surculus, 1 to 2 feet high,
naked in the lower part, leafy from the middle upwards. Leaves al-
ternate, the 2 or 3 lowermost pinnate, with 5 lanceolate, more or
less serrated leaflets; the uppermost simple: mostly bearing an oval,
scaly, dark purple bulb in their axils, which drops off eventually, and
vegetates to propagate the plant, whose seed is rarely matured. These
bulbs are analogous to the branches of the radical stem or surculus,
whose scales represent undeveloped leaves bearing those branches in
their axils. Flowers nearly as large as those of the common Garden-

88
TETRADYNAMIA SILIQUOSA.
Stock, reddish-purple; they appear in April and May. An orna-
mental plant; but, like the rest of its genus requiring a peculiar soil,
rarely seen in cultivation, unless in the botanic garden.
GENUS CCCLII. CARDAMINE. Lady's Smock.
Bitter-cress.
Gen. CHAR. Silique linear: valves flat, ribless, generally se-
parating elastically. Seed-stalks slender. Seeds ovate, not
bordered. Cotyledons accumbent.
Herbs of temperate climates, chiefly found in the northern
hemisphere, and either alpine, or inhabiting marshy situations.
Leaves rarely entire or simply lobate, mostly pinnated.
Flowers generally white, or pale purple. Flavour pungent;
they may be eaten as salad; and some species have the repute
of being diuretic and antiscorbutic, but the dose must be large
and frequently renewed to produce any very sensible effect.
* Leaves simple.
CARDAMINE BELLIDIFOLIA. Daisy-leaved Lady's Smock. Tab.
75
V
922.
Leaves simple, ovate, entire; on rather long petioles.
Cardamine bellidifolia, E. B. 2355. Smith III. 187. Lindley 25.
Hooker ed. 2. 301. ed. 3. 304.
A
very doubtful native. Introduced to our Flora by Dr. Withering,
on the authority of specimens sent to him from Scotland by Mr. Milne,
formerly curator of the Oxford Botanic Garden. It is said likewise
to have been found more recently in the county of Clare, Ireland. On
the Alps of Switzerland and Savoy this pretty species of Cardamine
is met with abundantly upon the margins of mountain-rills, and in the
moist crevices of the rocks. Whole plant smooth. Stems tufted,
seldom more than 2 inches high, naked, or with 1 or 2 leaves. Leaves
ovate, tapering into the usually very long foot-stalk ; the margin
slightly waved, but never notched. Flowers small, forming a ter-
minal corymbus. Petals erect, white; twice as long as the calyx.
Silique linear, obtuse, transversely wrinkled. Perennial Flowers
from July to September.
ز
36
** Leaves pinnate.
CARDAMINE IMPATIENS.
Narrow-leaved Bitter-cress. TAB.
923.
Leaves pinnate ; leaflets lanceolate, mostly cut. Stipules ciliated.
Petals linear, often wanting. So
Cardamine impatiens, E. B. 80. Smith III. 187. Lindley 25. Hooker
ed. 2. 300, ed. 3. 304.



CARDAMINE.
89
Moist, shady, rocky places, in Derbyshire, Westmoreland, and
Cumberland present this species, which, though occasionally found,
is very rare in other parts of the kingdom. Stem erect, angular,
hollow, branched, from 12 to 18 inches high. Leaves pale green,
smooth; the lobes for the most part irregularly cut and notched.
Stipules narrow, acute, finely ciliated. Flowers very minute; the
petals white, but generally wanting. Valves of the silique recurving
upwards and scattering the seeds with great force when touched,
whence the specific name. Annual Flowers in May and June.
f97
CARDAMINE HIRSUTA. Hairy Bitter-Cress. TAB. 924.
Leaves pinnate, without stipules : leaflets petiolate, roundish or ob-
long, notched.
Cardamine hirsuta, E. B. 492. Smith III. 188. Lindley 25. Hooker
ed. 2. 300. ed. 3. 304.
Moist and rather shaded spots seem its natural habitats, but it is
capable of accommodating itself to all soils and situations, and like
other plants similarly circumstanced is exceedingly variable in ap-
pearance. Stems 2 or 3 inches to a foot high, simple or branched,
angular. Leaves pinnated; the pinnæ of the lower ones roundish
oval, those of the upper lanceolate; all more or less notched or
toothed, and distinctly petiolate. No stipules. Flowers small, white.
Two of the stamens often abortive. Herb generally hairy, but not
always so much so as to warrant the specific name. Annual or bien-
nial. Flowers from March to June.
CARDAMINE PRATENSIS. Common Lady's Smock. Tab. 925. 1789
Leaves pinnate, without stipules : leaflets of the radical leaves round-
ish and toothed; those of the cauline ones linear-lanceolate, entire.
Petals with a tooth on the claw. Style straight. Stigma capitate.
(Anthers yellow.)
Cardamine pratensis, E. B. 776. Smith III. 189. Lindley 25. Hooker
ed. 2. 300. ed. 3. 304.
Few of our native plants are better known than this, which pro-
claims in almost every moist mead and pasture the presence of the
most joyous month throughout the year. Stem simple, about a foot
high. Leaves pinnate ; the leaflets of the radical ones roundish or
heart-shaped, more or less angled or toothed, and on short petioles ;
those of the upper or stem-leaves generally entire or but sparingly
notched, lanceolate or linear, tapering at the base, sessile. Inflores-
cence corymbose at first, afterwards lengthening into a raceme. The
large, pale lilac or blush-coloured flowers look white in the distance,
and where growing profusely resemble linen laid to bleach, hence
the vulgar name. Herb smooth. The leaflets are sometimes proli-
ferous, rooting where they come in contact with the soil, and pro-
ducing new plants: this is not unfrequently the case with a double-
flowered and therefore seedless variety cultivated in the flower-garden.
Perennial Flowers in May. The flowering tops have been recom-
VOL. V.
N

90
TETRADYNAMIA SILIQUOSA.
mended in hysteria and epilepsy, but their efficacy is very
doubtful.
The herb may be used as salad, but it is less grateful than the Water-
cress, Nasturtium officinale.
79.
CARDAMINE AMARA. Bitter-Cress. Bitter Lady's Smock. Tab.
926.
Stem rooting at the base. Leaves pinnate, without stipules ; leaflets
of the lowermost roundish; of the rest toothed and angular.
Style oblique. Stigma rather acute. (Anthers purple.)
Cardamine amara, E. B. 1000. Smith III. 190. Lindley 25.
Hooker ed. 2. 300. ed. 3. 304.
Less frequent than the last, but far from being uncommon as it was
once considered. In habit it is more aquatic than C. pratensis, sel-
dom intruding into the open meadow unless the soil be swampy, but
preferring the margins of brooks, pools, and ditches, A careless bo-
tanist would be apt to confound the two, but the broad and deeply
toothed leaflets of the upper leaves, the yellowish, rather than purple
hue of the large petals, and the deep violet colour of the anthers,
distinguish this species at a glance." Perennial. Flowers in April
and May.
GENUS CCCLIII. ARABIS.
Rock-Cress.
Wall-Cress.
GEN. CHAR. Calyx erect. Silique linear, crowned with the
subsessile stigma : valves flat, veined, with a linear septum.
Seeds in one row. Cotyledons flat, accumbent.
Herbs of the northern hemisphere, chiefly attached to dry
situations, rocks, or walls. They are seldom seen in cultiva-
tion, A. albida, the common White Alyssum of the gardens,
excepted, though several of the species are ornamental, espe-
cially to the artificial rock and ruin. Flowers white, very
rarely yellowish or purple.
70
.
ARABIS STRICTA. Bristol Rock-Cress. Tab. 927.
Stems hairy. Leaves toothed, obtuse, hispid; radical ones some-
what lyrate. Petals and siliques erect.
Arabis stricta, E. B. 614. Smith III. 210. Lindley 24. Hooker
ed. 2. 301. ed. 3. 304.
A rare plant, being only met with on St. Vincent's Rocks and a
few other places in the neighbourhood of Bristol. Stems several, a
little branched, leafy, about 6 inches high. Leaves very deeply
toothed or gashed, rough with hairs, of a deep, rather glossy green
above, often purple beneath; those of the stem small, seldom more
than 2 or 3. Flowers few, racemose. Petals cream-coloured, twice
as long as the erect calyx, scarcely expanding. Perennial. Flowers
in March.



ARABIS.
91
ๆ qli
ARABIS PETRÆA. Alpine Rock-Cress. TAB. 928.
Radical leaves hastate or lyrato-pinnatifid, stalked, tufted; those of
the stem lanceolate, entire, sessile. Petals and siliques spreading.
Cardamine hastulata, E. B. 469. Arabis hispida, Linn. Smith III.
211. Lindley 24. A. Petræa, Hooker ed. 2. 301. ed. 3. 305.
Macreight Man. Brit. Bot. 15.
Frequent on moist alpine rocks in North Wales and Scotland,
especially in the latter. Herb nearly smooth, sometimes hairy. Tufts
branching from the crown of the root. Stems erect, slender, with a
few lanceolate-scattered leaves, 4 or 5 inches high. Leaves rather
fleshy Flowers somewhat panicled. Petals purplish, patent. A
pretty little species well worthy of a place in the alpine garden. Per-
ennial Flowers about June and July.
V 72
ARABIS CILIATA. Fringed Rock-Cress. TAB. 929.
Stem simple. Leaves somewhat toothed, oval, smooth on both sides,
distantly fringed or ciliated; radical ones nearly sessile, obtuse ;
those of the stem semi-amplexicaule.
Turritis alpina, Linn. E. B. 1746. Arabis ciliata, Smith III. 212.
Lindley 24. Hooker ed. 2.301. ed. 3. 305.
Rare; on rocks by the sea-side, Cunnamara, Ireland, and near
Loch Lea, Scotland. Stems slender, with few leaves, 3 or 4 inches
high. Root-leaves tufted, oblong-obovate, tapering below. Flowers
small, white, in a terminal corymbus. Siliques long, linear, nearly
erect. Biennial. Flowers in July.
13
ARABIS HIRSUTA. Hairy Wall-Cress. Tab. 930.
Stem rough, with simple, spreading hairs. Leaves hispid, dentate,
Siliques straight; the valves slightly keeled.
Turritis hirsuta, Linn. E. B. 587. Arabis hirsuta, Smith III. 213.
Lindley 24. Hooker ed. 2. 301. ed. 3. 305.
Rather local than frequent, but met with on rocks, walls, and dry
banks in many parts of England and Scotland. Stems branched
from the base, erect, round, densely set with spreading hairs except
on the upper part; about a foot high ; very leafy. Leaves all toothed
and hairy; the radical ones rather obovate, tapering at the base ; cau-
line ones sessile, oval-lanceolate. Flowers small, white, in terminal
Siliques very numerous, erect. Biennial. Flowers in
June.
racemes.
ARABIS TURRITA, Tower Wall-Cress. TAB. 931.
Leaves toothed, stem-clasping. Bracteas foliaceous. Siliques flat,
linear, recurved, the margins incrassated.
Arabis turrita, E. B. 178. Smith III. 214. Lindley 24. Hooker ed.
2. 301. ed. 3. 305.
Long naturalized on the walls of Trinity and St. John's Colleges,
Cambridge, and Magdalen College, Oxford, and probably escaped
N 2

92
TETRADYNAMIA SILIQUOSA.
from the Botanic gardens. Stems simple, erect, about a foot high.
Leaves pale green, toothed, rather rough, the radical ones ovate,
lengthened at their base into short petioles ; cauline ones lanceolate,
stem-clasping. Raceme terminal, leafy. Flowers pale sulphur-colour.
Siliques very long, curving outwards. Biennial." Flowers in May.
GENUS CCCLIV. TURRITIS.
Tower-Mustard.
Gen. CHAR. Calyx lax. Silique elongated, 2-edged: valves
flat, nerved or keeled. Seeds in a double row, numerous.
Cotyledons accumbent.
A small genus of uninteresting weeds nearly allied to Ara-
bis. The species are caulescent annuals, with white flowers.
Natives of the northern parts of both continents.
TURRITIS GLABRA. Smooth long-podded Tower-Mustard. Tab.
932.
Radical leaves toothed, hairy; cauline ones entire, smooth, stem-
clasping.
Turritis glabra, E. B. 777. Smith III. 215. Lindley 24. Hooker
ed. 2. 302. ed. 3. 305.
Not unfrequent on banks and road-sides in Norfolk and Suffolk,
but rare in other parts of the kingdom. Stems 1 to 3 feet high, very
erect and straight, round, leafy; in the larger plants throwing out a
few upright flowering branches towards the top. Root-leaves lan-
ceolate, broadly toothed or sinuated at the lower part, rough on both
sides with rigid hairs: cauline ones numerous, sessile, sagittate, acute,
erect, smooth. Flowers small. Petals pale sulphur-colour, entire.
Siliques very long, erect. Whole herb glaucous, especially the upper
or cauline leaves. Annual. Flowers in May and June.
GENUS CCCLV. BARBAREA. Winter-Cress. .
GEN. CHAR. Calyx erect. Silique 4-angled, somewhat 2-
edged: valves concave, keeled, not pointed at the apex.
Seeds in a single row. Cotyledons accumbent.
Perennial herbs with smooth leaves and yellow flowers.
Some species are cultivated as salads.
66
BARBAREA VULGARIS.
Bitter Winter-Cress. TAB. 933.
Lower leaves lyrate, the terminal lobe rounded; upper ones obovate,
toothed; often pinnatifid at the base. Siliques linear, acuminate,
rather bluntly quadrangular.
Erysimum barbarea, Linn. E. B. 443. Barbarea vulgaris, Smith III.
198. Lindley 23. Hooker ed. 2. 302, ed. 3. 306.



TURRITIS.-BARBAREA.-NASTURTIUM.
93
Common throughout the kingdom, on hedge-banks, road-sides, and
waste ground, but varying greatly in luxuriance. Stem 1 to 3 feet
high, angular and furrowed, generally branched, smooth and glossy.
Leaves of a very dark shining green, strongly veined. Flowers in
dense corymbus-like racemes. Petals bright golden-yellow. A double-
flowered variety is the Yellow Rocket of the gardens. Perennial.
Flowers from May to September.
67
BARBAREA PRÆCOX. Early Winter-Cress. Tab. 934.
Lower leaves lyrate ; upper ones deeply pinnatifid, their segments
linear, oblong, entire. Siliques linear, obtuse, compressed.
Erysimum præcox, E. B. 1129. Barbarea præcox, Smith III. 199.
Lindley 23. Hooker ed. 2. 302, ed. 3. 306. Erysimum barbarea,
B, Linn.
Found wild occasionally on the sides of ditches and in waste ground,
but probably a wanderer from the kitchen-garden, having long been
cultivated as a spring salad. A very different plant both in flavour and
habit from B. vulgaris. Well charactered by its slender stems,
deeply pinnatifid cauline leaves, smaller flowers, and very long si-
liques. Perennial Flowers from April to October.
GENUS CCCLVI. NASTURTIUM. Cress.
GEN. CHAR. Calyx spreading, equal. Stigma bilobate. Silique
nearly cylindrical, (sometimes very short or silicle-like):
valves concave, without veins or keel. Cotyledons accum-
bent.
Herbs of the northern hemisphere, chiefly growing in watery
places, ponds, or slow streams. They have divided, sometimes
pinnate leaves, and yellow or white flowers. Some exotic
spe-
cies are apetalous. The well-known Water-Cress is the only
economical plant of its genus, the rest are regarded as mere
weeds.
NASTURTIUM OFFICINALE.
Water Cress. TAB. 935.
162
Leaves pinnate; leaflets ovate, subcordate, sinuate.
Sisymbrium Nasturtium, Linn. E. B. 855. Nasturtium officinale,
Smith III. 192. Lindley 23. Hooker ed. 2. 302. ed. 3. 306.
Frequent in clear shallow waters. Few native plants are more ge-
nerally known than this wholesome and much-esteemed salad. Stems
spreading and rooting, or floating where the water is of sufficient
depth, angular and branched. Leaves pinnate; the segments oppo-
site and more or less rounded, waved and toothed, the terminal one
always larger than the others, and the pinnæ decreasing in size to-
ward the base of the leaf, giving it a somewhat lyrate appearance.

94
TETRADYNAMIA SILIQUOSA.
The
upper
surface of the leaves of the Water Cress, like those of other
aquatics of similar habit, is of an oily smoothness which repels moist-
ure, especially when the plants grow floating, their natural and most
luxuriant state. Flowers small, white. Siliques spreading ; recurved
upwards from horizontal fruit-stalks. Perennial. Flowers in July
and August.
63
NASTURTIUM SYLVESTRE. Creeping Cress. Tab. 936.
Root creeping, leaves pinnate; leaflets lanceolate, cut; those of the
uppermost leaves entire, linear.
Sisymbrium sylvestre, Linn. E. B. 2324. Nasturtium sylvestre,
Smith III. 193. Lindley 23. Hooker ed. 2. 302. ed. 3. 306.
In a wet gravelly soil, and about the margins of pools, ditches and
rivers this species sometimes abounds ; but though frequent in the
vicinity of the metropolis, it must be regarded a local plant. The
creeping habit, pinnated leaves, and zig-zag racemes, (the latter fea-
ture is most obvious in an advanced stage of flowering,) distinguish
it at a glance from the two following. Stem erect, angular, branched,
a foot or more in height. Flowers numerous, bright yellow, conspi-
cuous: petals much longer than the calyx. Siliques short, spread-
ing, curving a little upwards. Seeds not often matured. Perennial.
Flowers in July and August.
NASTURTIUM TERRESTRE.
Marsh Cress. TAB. 937.
64
Root tapering. Leaves lyrato-pinnatifid, unequally toothed. Petals
not longer than the calyx.
Sisymbrium terrestre, E. B. 1747. Nasturtium terrestre, Smith III.
193. Lindley 23. Hooker ed. 2. 303. ed. 3. 306. N. palustre,
De Cand. Macreight Man. Brit. Bot. 14. Sisymbrium amphibium,
var. Linn.
Similar in its habitats to N. sylvestre, which it often accompanies,
but is perhaps more generally distributed. The great difference in
their foliage, together with the small flowers and more turgid siliques
of the present species, renders it impossible to confound them. Petals
minute, yellow, inconspicuous. Annual. Flowers from June to Sep-
tember.
65
NASTURTIUM AMPHIBIUM. Amphibious Cress. Tab. 938.
Root fibrous. Leaves oblong, pinnatifid or serrated. Petals longer
than the calyx.
Sisymbrium amphibium, Linn. E. B. 1840. Nasturtium amphibium,
Smith III. 195. Lindley 23. Hooker ed. 2. 303. ed. 3.307.
A common plant in watery places, especially in rivers and ditches,
growing to a much larger size than either of the preceding. In wet
meadows and in shallow water the stems are erect, 2 or 3 three feet
high and branched: in deeper water they are often floating, throwing
out pendent root-fibres from every joint like the Water Cress, the
leaves which are below the surface being deeply pinnatifid, with nar-



NASTURTIUM.SISYMBRIUM.
95
row, pectinated segments. Flowers yellow. Siliques very short,
turgid when ripe, but often abortive. Perennial. Flowers from June
to August.
Genus CCCLVII. SISYMBRIUM. Hedge-Mustard.
GEN. CHAR. Calyx equal. Silique rounded or angular: valves
concave. Stigmas 2, distinct or united into a capitulum. Co-
tyledons incumbent, sometimes oblique, flat.
An extensive and widely distributed genus consisting chiefly
of annual or biennial herbs, some of which are found in most
parts of the world, though they are most abundant in tempe-
rate regions. Leaves generally more or less divided ; flowers
small, yellow, very rarely white or purple. However valuable,
as their numbers testify them to be, in the economy of nature,
in that of man they rank as mere weeds.
100-
SISYMBRIUM OFFICINALE. Common Hedge-Mustard. TAB. 939.
Stem rough with reflexed bristles. Leaves lyrate, somewhat runci-
nate, hairy. Siliques subulate, pubescent, close pressed to the
main stalk.
Erysimum officinale, Linn. E. B. 735. Sisymbrium officinale, Smith III.
196. Lindley 29. Hooker ed. 2. 303. ed. 3.307.
Very common in almost all soils and situations, and readily distin-
guished throughout the summer by its long spreading branches,
densely set with closely-pressed siliques, and terminating in a little
cluster of small lemon-coloured flowers. Herb dull, hoary green,
rather hairy. Stems 1 to 2 feet high. Leaves wing-cleft, the terminal
lobe very large; segments all more or less irregularly cut or serrated,
often runcinate or curved backward, especially in the upper leaves.
Annual. Flowers from June to August. The Hedge-Mustard was
once in repute as an expectorant in asthma, and otherwise valued as
a stimulant medicine, hence the specific name officinalis.
SISYMBRIUM IR10. London Rocket. TAB. 940.
101.
tos
Leaves runcinate, toothed, smooth as well as the stem. Siliques
nearly erect.
Sisymbrium Irio, E. B. 1631. Smith III. 197. Lindley 29. Hooker
ed. 2. 303. ed. 3. 307.
This is a very local plant, and exceedingly rare except in London
and its neighbourhood ; after the memorable fire of 1666 it is recorded
to have sprung up in such profusion as to cover the site and ruins of
the great city, in which, amid all the renovations and improvements
that have since taken place, we still not unfrequently find it flourishing,
especially where a breezy nook or old wall is left long undisturbed in
the vicinity of the Thames. Stems branched, round, 1 to 2 feet high.

96
TETRADYNAMIA SILIQUOSA.
Leaves pinnatifid, the lobes recurved (runcinate). Flowers rather
small, yellow. Siliques numerous, very long, erect. The whole plant
has the flavour of Mustard. Annual. Flowers in July and August.
162.
SISYMBRIUM SOPHIA. Flix-weed. TAB. 941.
69
Leaves doubly pinnatifid, slightly hairy; the lobes linear or oval.
Petals smaller than the calyx.
Sisymbrium Sophia, E. B.963. Smith III. 197. Lindley 29. Hooker
ed. 2.303. ed. 3.307.
Not unfrequent among rubbish and in waste places, but more ge-
nerally where the soil is calcareous. A highly elegant plant growing
to the height of 2 feet, with a rather slender, round, branched stem.
The beauty of its finely divided feather-like foliage fully compensates
for the inconspicuous character of the inflorescence. Petals very
small, pale yellow. Racemies very long when in fruit. Siliques slender,
erect, on rather spreading peduncles. Annual. Flowers in July and
August. The herb was formerly employed as a remedy in hysteria
and dysentery; from its efficacy in restraining the latter originated
the popular name. “ The pulverized seeds mixed with gunpowder
are said to increase its explosive force.”
SISYMBRIUM THALIANUM. Common Thale-Cress. TAB. 942.
Stem branched. Leaves hairy, more or less toothed ; radical ones
oblong, subpetiolate. Siliques ascending.
Arabis thaliana, Linn. E. B. 901. Smith III. 209. Lindley 24.
Macreight Man. Brit. Bot. 15. and 19. Sisymbrium thalianum,
Hooker ed. 2. 303. ed. 3. 307.
A very common plant on walls, cottage roofs, and dry gravelly soils.
Stem erect, from 2 to 6 or 8 inches in height, solitary, a little branched,
rising from the centre of a star-like tuft of radical leaves, which are
sometimes entire. Stem-leaves few, distant. Flowers very small,
white. Siliques linear, nearly erect, on long, spreading peduncles.
The habit of the plant is that of an Arabis, but the cotyledons are in-
cumbent instead of accumbent, characters of so much importance in
the generic distinctions of this order, that we do not hesitate to follow
Professor Hooker in his dissent from its ordinary allotment. Annual.
Flowers in April and May.
و
GENUS CCCLVIII. ERYSIMUM. Treacle-Mustard.
GEN. CHAR. Calys erect, equal at the base. Silique tetra-
gonal: valves carinate. Style very short. Stigma capitate,
or emarginate with the lobes patent. Cotyledons oblong,
flat, incumbent.
Caulescent annual or biennial herbs with yellow, rarely
white flowers. They abound throughout the northern hemi-



ERYSIMUM.
97
type of a
sphere; a few of the species are ornamental, but they are ge-
nerally regarded as weeds, are too acrid to be used as food,
and have rarely been employed for oeconomical purposes.
E. Alliaria is by some botanists considered as the
separate genus.
ERYSIMUM CHEIRANTHOIDES.
Worm-seed. Treacle-Mustard. 104 -
TAB. 943
Leaves lanceolate, obscurely toothed ; clothed with close stellate or
forked hairs. Siliques nearly erect, on spreading peduncles. Stigma
undivided, nearly sessile.
Erysimum cheiranthoides, E. B. 942. Smith III. 200. Lindley 30.
Hooker ed. 2. 304. ed. 3. 307.
Not uncommon in cultivated ground, waste places, and osier-holts,
varying greatly in size, according to situation; the stem sometimes so
much branched as to form a considerable bush, at others nearly simple.
Flowers very numerous, small, yellow; they open in succession from
May to the end of autumn. Biennial. The seeds are sometimes ad-
ministered in rustic medicine to destroy worms, and the herb was an
ingredient in the once-famed Venice Treacle, whence the English
names.
ERYSIMUM ALLIARIA. Garlic Treacle-Mustard, Jack-by-the- 103.
hedge, Sauce-alone. Tab. 944.
Leaves heart-shaped, petiolate, sinuato-dentate. Calyx lax.
Erysimum Alliaria, Linn. E. B.796. Smith III. 201. Hooker ed. 2.
304. ed. 3. 308. Alliaria officinalis, De Cand. Lindley 29. Mac-
reight Man. Brit. Bot. 19.
Few plants are more common on hedge-banks, borders of fields, and
waste spots, especially where the soil is rather moist and shaded, than
the Sauce-alone, its most common provincial name, whose broad, bright
green foliage and corymbi of small but pure white flowers render it
conspicuous even amidst the exuberant vegetation of the joyous
month of May. Stems 2 or 3 feet high, little branched. Leaves
large, stalked, deeply veined, and toothed. Siliques half-erect or
forming an obtuse angle with the spreading fruit-stalks. The herb
is readily known by its strong garlic-like taste and odour. It is some-
times used as a condiment by country people. Biennial.
ERYSIMUM ORIENTALE. Hare's-ear Treacle-Mustard. TAB.945. los.
Leaves elliptic-heart-shaped, obtuse, stem-clasping ; the radical ones
obovate; all smooth, glaucous, entire.
Brassica orientalis, Linn. E. B. 1804. Erysimum orientale, Smith III.
202. Lindley 30. Hooker ed. 2. 304. ed. 3. 308. Macreight Man.
Brit. Bot. 20.
Occasionally met with in fields and on cliffs near the sea in the
eastern and southern counties of England. Stem mostly simple, i
to 2 feet high, round, smooth, and glaucous, as is the whole plant.
VOL, V.
O

98
TETRADYNAMIA SILIQUOSA.
Flowers small, cream-coloured. Siliques very long, linear, strictly
tetragonal. Annual. Flowers in June.
GENUS CCCLIX. CHEIRANTHUS. Wall-flower.
GEN. CHAR. Calyx erect, 2 opposite segments saccate at the
base. Silique compressed or 2-edged. Stigma placed on a
style, 2-lobed, the lobes patent or capitate. Cotyledons ac-
cumbent.
Under-shrubs with ornamental flowers, which are often
sweet-scented; their petals present various shades of yellow,
orange-red, and rarely purple or white. Chiefly indigenous
to Southern Europe and the Atlantic Isles.
61
CHEIRANTHUS CHEIRI. Common Wall-flower. Tab. 946.
Stem shrubby: branches angular. Leaves lanceolate, acute, hoary
beneath with simple or bipartite appressed hairs. Siliques linear.
Lobes of the stigma patent.
Cheiranthus fruticulosus, Linn. Mant. E. B. 1934. Smith III. 203.
Cheiranthus Cheiri, Linn. Sp. 924. Lindley 22. Hooker ed. 2. 304.
ed. 3. 303. Macreight Man. Brit. Bot. 14.
This well-known and delightfully fragrant flower, though probably
introduced originally from the continent, has long since established
its claim to a place in our Flora, by the luxuriance with which it ve-
getates on the ruins of the ancient castles and monasteries whose
gardens it was brought to adorn. The cultivated varieties chiefly differ
from the wild plant in the petals being more flaccid, and in the sub-
stitution of deeper and variegated hues for the uniform yellow of the
original. Flowers in April and May.
GENUS CCCLX. MATTHIOLA. Stock.
Gen. CHAR. Calyx erect, 2 opposite segments saccate at the
base. Longer filaments dilated. Silique rounded or com-
pressed, crowned with the connivent bilobate stigma, the
lobes of which are either thickened at the back, when the
cotyledons are incumbent; or with a point at the base, when
the cotyledons are accumbent.
A genus of ornamental maritime plants, chiefly distributed
in Southern Europe and around the basin of the Mediterra-
nean. They are either annuals, biennials, or half-shrubs,
with glaucous foliage and showy purple, red, or white flowers,
which are generally fragrant, especially in the evening. Our
native species have unquestionably either migrated from the
continent or escaped the confinement of the garden.



CHEIRANTHUS.-MATTHIOLA.-HESPERIS.
99
947.
59
MATTHIOLA INCANA. Hoary Shrubby Stock. Tab. 947.
Stem shrubby, upright, branched. Leaves lanceolate, obtuse, entire,
hoary. Siliques cylindrical, without glands.
Cheiranthus incanus, Linn. E. B. 1935. Matthiola incana, Smith
III. 205. Lindley 22. Hooker ed. 2. 304. ed. 3. 308.
First noticed by Mr. Turner and Mr. W. Borrer in 1806, growing
on the most inaccessible parts of the cliffs near Hastings, Sussex,
where, as in some other places on the southern coast, it may still be
found, undoubtedly wild in its present propagation, although perhaps
originating from seeds designedly scattered, as the occasionally semi-
double character of the flowers seems to indicate. This species is the
common Stock or Gillyflower, properly July-flower, of our gardens,
where, notwithstanding its shrubby character, it can scarcely be re-
garded as more than biennial. Whole plant hoary with a starry pu-
bescence. Inflorescence corymbose. Petals reddish-purple, with
pale green claws. Siliques long, cylindrical, hoary. Flowers very
fragrant, expanding from May to July.
60.
MATTHIOLA SINUATA. Great Sea-stock. TAB. 948.
Stem herbaceous, spreading. Leaves downy, glandular, obtuse, si-
nuated; those of the branches entire. Siliques compressed, rough
with prominent glands.
Cheiranthus sinuatus, Linn. E. B. 462. Matthiola sinuata, Smith
III. 206. Lindley 22. Hooker ed. 2. 304. ed. 3. 308.
Long naturalized on the sandy sea-shores of Wales and Cornwall,
though probably not indigenous. A native likewise of the Norman
Isles. A large, spreading plant, rising to the height of 2 feet or more,
and clothed with a dense, hoary, stellated pubescence. Leaves rather
succulent, oblong, blunt; the lower ones with 2 or 3 large sinuous
indentations on each side, the uppermost entire. Flowers large, red-
dish-purple or lilac, much resembling those of the preceding, but
only fragrant at night. Two outer stamens very short. Lobes of the
stigma notched. Siliques very long, thickly set with glandular hairs.
Seeds flat, with a membranous border. Biennial. Flowers from May
to August.
GENUS CCCLXI. HESPERIS. Rocket. Dame's Violet.
GEN. CHAR. Calyx erect, 2 opposite segments saccate at the
base. Silique subtetragonal, or 2-edged. Stigmas 2, erect,
nearly sessile, connivent. Seeds oblong, somewhat triangu-
lar. Cotyledons flat, incumbent.
Plants generally ornamental, with purple, red, or white,
often fragrant flowers. Chiefly indigenous to Europe and the
northern and central parts of Asia, .
02

100
TETRADYNAMIA SILIQUOSA.
99-
HESPERIS MATRONALIS. Dame's Violet. Tab. 949.
Stem erect. Leaves ovato-lanceolate, toothed. Siliques smooth,
irregularly tumid, their margins not thickened.
H. inodora, Linn. E. B.731. H. matronalis, Smith III. 207. Lindley
29. Hooker ed. 2.305. ed. 3. 308.
Rare on moist hilly pastures ; more frequent in waste places as
a wanderer from the garden. Whole herb more or less pubescent,
2 or 3 feet high. Lower leaves sometimes hastate at the base.
Flowers pale rose-colour or purple, fragrant after sunset; they ap-
pear in May and June. Perennial.
GENUS CCCLXII. BRASSICA. Cabbage, Turnip, Rape.
116-
Gen. CHAR. Calyx erect. Silique bivalvular, with either a
sterile, one-, or many-seeded beak. Cotyledons conduplicate.
Herbs, annual or biennial, rarely perennial, generally indi-
genous to Europe and central Asia.
Flowers mostly yellow,
seldom white or purple. In an economical point of view the
most valuable
genus
of its order.
BRASSICA Napus. Wild Navew, Rape, Cole-Seed. Tab. 950.
Root fusiform. Leaves smooth ; upper ones cordato-lanceolate, stem-
clasping; lower ones lyrate, toothed.
Brassica Napus, E. B. 2146. Smith III. 217. Lindley 32. Hooker
ed. 2. 305. ed. 3. 309.
Frequent on hedge-banks, corn-fields, and waste ground, rising to
the height of 1 or 2 feet, with a smooth, round, slightly striated stem.
Leaves pale green, the lower ones with crenated lobes, the uppermost
entire ; the deeply cloven, lyrate radical ones generally disappear as
the stem shoots up to flower. Petals bright yellow. Whole herb
glaucous. Biennial. Flowers in May and June. Cultivated for the
oil produced from its seeds, the cakes of which formed by expression
are employed for feeding cattle, and often as manure.
117
BRASSICA RAPA. Common or Wild Turnip. Tab. 951.
Root orbicular, depressed, fleshy. Radical leaves lyrate, rough ; those
of the stem nearly entire, smooth.
Brassica Rapa, E. B. 2176. Smith III. 217. Lindley 32. Hooker
ed. 2. 305. ed. 3.309.
A frequent plant on the borders of fields, but probably only natu-
ralized through long cultivation. Root generally orbicular (in poor
soils sometimes tapering), acrid and woody when truly wild. Stem
erect, 1 to 2 feet high, branched above, smooth. Lower leaves lyrate
and jagged, dark green, rough; upper ones nearly entire, heart-
shaped at the base and stem-clasping, rather glaucous. Flowers
in terminal corymbi, bright yellow, larger than in B. Napus. Siliques
cylindrical, veiny, smooth. Biennial Flowers in April and May.
Pro



BRASSICA.
101
The species of Brassica, like some other plants which have been long
under cultivation, are rather confused by cross impregnation; but
this, if a distinct species à priori, may be regarded as the origin of
most of the common kinds of Turnip. Notwithstanding their very
general application as food both for man and cattle, Turnips are founa
to contain but a small proportion of really nutritious matter ; accord-
ing to the experiments of Sir H. Davy little more than 4 parts in the
100.
119.
BRASSICA OLERACEA. Cabbage, Sea Cabbage. Tab. 952.
Root cylindrical, fleshy. Leaves smooth, glaucous, waved and lobed,
partly lyrate. Beak of the silique abbreviated.
Brassica oleracea, E. B. 637. Smith III. 219. Lindley 32. Hooker
ed. 2. 305. ed. 3. 309.
This species, the origin of all the cultivated varieties of Cabbage,
is found native in its wild state on maritime rocks and cliffs in various
parts of the kingdom. Stem cylindrical, 6 or 8 inches to 1 or 2 feet
high. Lower leaves large, various in outline, but always more or less
divided, waved, or sinuated; upper ones oblong, obtuse, toothed, ses-
sile, but not stem-clasping. Flowers large, lemon-coloured. Siliques
smooth, unequally turgid. Seeds large, globular. Biennial. Flowers
in May and June. Beside the common garden Cabbages, the Kales
and Kohls, the Savoys, Cauliflowers, and Broccoli, in almost countless
variety, are the lineal descendants of this species, cultivated from
time immemorial by the northern and central nations of Europe. The
most remarkable variety is the Cæsarean Cow Cabbage or Tree Kale
lately introduced to this country: in La Vendée its palm-like stem is
said often to reach the height of 15 or 20 feet.
BRASSICA Monensis. Isle of Man Cabbage. Tab. 953. 120,
Stems simple, smooth, nearly leafless. Leaves glaucous, deeply pin-
natifid; the lobes oblong, unequally toothed. Siliques obscurely
quadrangular, smooth ;'beaks 1-, rarely 2- or 3-seeded.
Sisymbrium Monense, Linn. E. B. 962. Brassica Monensis, Smith
III. 220. Lindley 32. Hooker ed. 2. 305. ed. 3. 309. Diplotaxis
saxatilis, De Cand. Macreight Man. Brit. Bot. 22.
Found on the sandy sea-shores of the Isle of Man and the opposite
coasts of Ireland and Scotland, rare elsewhere. Stems several from
the same root, 6 inches to a foot in length, partly prostrate, spread-
ing, smooth, or slightly hispid. Leaves mostly radical, somewhat fleshy,
on long petioles; the deep, narrow lobes unequally toothed, and partly
runcinate. Flowers large, yellow. Whole plant glaucous and nearly
smooth. Perennial. Flowers in June and July. Hooker observes
that the herh is greedily eaten by cattle and sheep, and is probably
deserving of cultivation as fodder.
BRASSICA CAMPESTRIS. Field Cabbage, Wild Navew. TAB. 954. 118
Root tapering. Radical leaves lyrate, toothed, rough ; those of the
stem smooth, amplexicaule, partly pinnatifid.

102
TETRADYNAMIA SILIQUOSA.
Brassica campestris, E. B. 2234. Smith III. 218. Lindley 32.
Hooker ed. 2. 305. ed. 3. 309.
Not very uncommon by the sides of rivers and ditches, and some-
times met with in cultivated ground. Stem erect, branched, hispid
toward the lower part with scattered bristles, which are glandular at
the base, as are sometimes those upon the radical leaves. Flowers
yellow. Siliques nearly cylindrical, veiny; seeds forming slight pro-
minences; beak awl-shaped, striated, square at the base. Herb
more or less glaucous. Annual. Flowers from June to August.
Several varieties of this plant are found in cultivation, of which the
most valuable is the Swedish Turnip; others are grown in some parts
of the continent as fodder for sheep and cattle, and likewise for the
sake of the expressed oil; but the seeds yield the latter in less quan-
tity than those of the true Rape, B. Napus.
GENUS CCCLXIII. SINAPIS. Mustard.
t
121
GEN. CHAR. Calyx spreading. Silique bivalvular; the beak
sometimes bearing seeds, without valves. Cotyledons con-
duplicate.
Herbs, mostly annual, with yellow flowers. The genus re-
sembles Brassica except in the spreading calyx : it is distri-
buted over various parts of the eastern hemisphere, Europe,
central Asia, North and South Africa, and Australia, present-
ing each its indigenous species.
SINAPIS ARVENSIS. Wild Mustard. Charlock. TAB. 955.
.
Leaves toothed, partly lyrate or hastate. Siliques multangular, tur-
gid and knotty, longer than the 2-edged beak.
Sinapis arvensis, E. B. 1748. Smith III. 221. Lindley 33. Hooker
ed. 2. 306. ed. 3. 309.
One of the most frequent and troublesome weeds in corn-fields and
moist arable land in general ; common likewise on waste ground,
hedge-banks, &c., especially where the soil has been recently dis-
turbed. A rough-looking plant 1 or 2 feet high, more or less covered
with sharp, recurved bristles. Petals bright yellow. Siliques nearly
upright, suboctangular, about twice as long as the beak. Annual.
Flowers in May and June.
122
SINAPIS ALBA.
White Mustard. TAB. 956.
Leaves pinnatifid. Siliques spreading, bristly, turgid, knotty, shorter
than the flat, 2-edged beak.
Sinapis alba, E. B. 1677. Smith III. 222.
Smith III. 222. Lindley 33. Hooker
ed. 2. 306. ed. 3. 310.
Frequent on road-sides, waste ground, hedge-banks and cultivated
fields, where it grows to the height of a foot or more, with a hairy,
branched and somewhat spreading stem. The leaves are variable,

1


SINAPIS.
103
but mostly pinnatifid or partaking of a lyrate form, the segments jagged
and toothed. The spreading pods, scarcely equalling in length their
flattened 2-edged beak, form the chief character of distinction in this
species. Flowers yellow. The seed-leaves of the White Mustard
are well known as one of our most common salads, and the companion
at table of the Cress, Lepidium sativum. Annual. Flowers in July.
SINAPIS NIGRA.
Common Mustard. Tab. 957.
& 123.
Lower leaves lyrate, rough; upper ones linear-lanceolate, entire,
smooth. Siliques adpressed to the stem, quadrangular, smooth ;
beak very short.
Sinapis nigra, E. B.969. Smith III. 222. Lindley 33. Hoolcer ed.
2. 306. ed. 3. 310.
About as common as the last in similar situations, but a much
larger and more busly plant. The round, nearly smooth stem rises
to the height of 3 or 4 feet. Lower leaves large, rough, variously
lobed and toothed; the upper ones quite entire and smooth. Flow-
ers bright yellow. Siliques short, erect, and closely pressed to the
stem; tipped with the short, square, permanent, but scarcely beak-
like style. Annual. Flowers in June. This is the species whose
seeds furnish the mustard of our tables.
4:24.
SINAPIS TENUIFOLIA. Fine-leaved Mustard. Wall Rocket. TAB.
958.
Stem smooth. Leaves lanceolate, very acute, pinnatifid or bipinna-
tifid. Peduncles spreading. Siliques erect, smooth; the beak very
short.
Sisymbrium tenuifolium, Linn. E. B.525. Diplotaxis tenuifolium,
De Cund. Lindley 33. Macreight Man. Brit. Bot. 22. Sinapis
tenuifolium, Smith III. 223. Hooker ed. 2. 206. ed. 3. 210.
Not uncommon on the walls of old towns and cities, especially in
the southern and maritime counties of England : about London it is
frequent, and grew so abundantly upon the balustrades and cornices
of the old bridge, as when in flower to overpower the various mer-
cantile and manufacturing odours that greeted the pedestrian who
crossed it on a still summer's evening. Stem a foot to 18 inches high,
branched, nearly smooth. Leaves glaucous, rather fleshy; the seg-
ments entire or obscurely notched. Flowers palish yellow, with a
strong scent, which is very disagreeable when close, but at a little
distance partakes somewhat of that of the Wall-flower, Cheiranthus.
Perennial Flowers from July to September.
125
SINAPIS MURALIS.
Sand Mustard. Sand Rocket. TAB. 959.
Stem spreading, hairy. Leaves smooth, toothed or lyrate. Peduncles
spreading. Siliques ascending, smooth ; the beak very short.
Sisymbrium murale, Linn. E. B. 1090. Diplotaxis muralis, De Cand.
Lindley 33. Macreight Man. Brit. Bot. 22. Sinapis muralis, Smith
III. 224. Hooker ed. 2. 306. ed. 3. 310.

104
TETRADYNAMIA SILIQUOSA.
Grows in barren, sandy ground near the sea in the south and south-
west of England; in the Isle of Thanet it is abundant. So near S.
tenuifolium that it might readily be taken for a variety of that species :
the annual root, hairy and spreading stem, and smaller flowers form
the chief distinctions. The seeds of both these latter plants and
some exotic species of Sinapis are arranged in double rows, contrary
to their ordinary disposition in this genus, hence their separation by
De Candolle under the title of Diplotaxis. Flowers in August and
September.
GENUS CCCLXIV. RAPHANUS. Radish.
Gen. Char. Calyx erect. Silique without valves; separating
transversely in one- or few-seeded joints. Seeds in a single
row, globose, pendulous. Cotyledons conduplicate.
Herbs of the eastern hemisphere with yellow, white, or pur-
plish flowers. Annual or biennial,
128.
Wild Radish. Jointed Charlock.
RAPHANUS RAPHANISTRUM.
Tab. 960.
1 i
Leaves simply lyrate. Siliques one-celled, moniliform, striated;
joints one-seeded.
Raphanus Raphanistrum, E. B. 856. Smith III. 256. Lindley 34.
Hooker ed. 2. 306. ed. 3.310.
Equally frequent and troublesome as a weed with Sinapis arvensis,
which is its general companion in arable land, and liable to be con-
founded with it by the inexperienced eye: the closed calyx, however,
and deeply-veined petals sufficiently distinguish this, even previous to
the production of the siliques, which render the generic character too
obvious to be mistaken. Flowers mostly yellow with deep purple
veins, changing to white in maturity, and in some soils always so.
Annual. Flowers in June and July.
129-
RAPHANUS MARITIMUS. Sea-Side Radish. Tab. 961.
Radical leaves interruptedly lyrate. Siliques one-celled, moniliform,
deeply furrowed ; joints one-seeded.
Raphanus maritimus, E. B. 1643. Smith III. 226. Lindley 34.
Hooker ed. 2. 307. ed. 3.310.
Met with on the sea-coast in several places in the kingdom, but
far from common. The root is large and succulent, and at least bi-
ennial. Stem 3 or 4 feet high, stout, rough with prickles, especially
toward the base. Leaves all rough and sharply crenated; the radi-
cal ones interruptedly lobed and pinnatifid. Petals deep yellow,
smaller, and less veined than those of R. Raphanistrum, and the
siliques more truly moniliform and deeply striated than in that species.
Cattle are very fond of the foliage, and the roots have somewhat the
flavour of Horse-radish, as observed on the authority of Dr. Walker
in the first edition of English Botany, but in our limited experience

do not seem
a
ao a
sufficiently purgent in a
wild state to be employed
Melstilul
fa .
that condinreut. Flowers in fuoriet farly,




1












UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
3 9015 06346 7206
HERBARIUM