Verus semper JUŞ BOM E DRUM NOND DE ABBO UP UFQUE RANGE Kickweel Beuy Fs Museum QK 308 , 84 FLORA EDINENSIS: OR A DESCRIPTION OF PLANTS GROWING NEAR EDINBURGH, ARRANGED ACCORDING TO THE LINNEAN SYSTEM. WITH A CONCISE INTRODUCTION TO THE NATURAL ORDERS OF THE CLASS CRYPTOGAMIA, AND ILLUSTRATIVE PLATES. BY ROBERT KAYE GREVILLE, F.R.S. & F.A.S.E. MEMBER OF THE WERNERIAN NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF EDINBURGH; OF THE IMPERIAL ACADEMY NATURÆ CURIOSORUM; OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF LEIPZIG; CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF THE NA- TURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF PARIS; HONORARY MEMBER OF THE YORK- SHIRE PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY, OF THE LIVERPOOL BOTANICAL INSTI- TUTION, AND OF THE LYCEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY AT NEW YORK, &c. EDINBURGH: PRINTED FOR WILLIAM BLACKWOOD, EDINBURGH; AND T. CADELL, STRAND, LONDON. MDCCCXXIV. . 1824 Omnes species originem familiæ suæ primam ab ipsissima Omnipotentis Creatoris manu numerant; creatis enim speciebus æternam legem ge- nerationis et multiplicationis intra speciem propriam imposuit Naturæ Auctor rebus. LINN. Crit. Bot. P. Neill, Printer. TO 06-4-37 met ROBERT GRAHAM, M. D. F. R. S. E. M.W. s. PROFESSOR OF BOTANY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH, &c. &c. &c. THIS FLORA OF THE ENVIRONS OF THE SCOTTISH METROPOLIS IS DEDICATED, WITH EVERY FEELING OF ESTEEM AND REGARD, BY HIS FRIEND ROBERT KAYE GREVILLE. Museum ner-Howard a Kelly 6-2-37 ge PREFACE. a The utility of local Floras has been so universally acknowledged, that it must excite a considerable degree of surprise to find that no attempt prior to the present one has been made to describe, or even to enumerate the plants growing around the Metropolis of Scotland. This feeling cannot but increase, when we reflect that Edinburgh is the seat of a University far-famed for its Medical School, in which the study of Botany holds even a legal rank. a nist. The nature of the adjacent country is besides ad- mirably calculated to repay the labours of the bota- Its great variety of scenery produces a corre- sponding variety of plants. There is sufficient ele- vation in the range of the Pentland Hills to yield a vegetation characteristic of the approach to an alpine region. The shores of the Frith of Forth, a large arm of the sea, which rolls its waters within two miles of the city, contribute a vegetation equally distinct; while the waves themselves nourish a host of interesting and beautiful Algo or Sea-weeds. In this wide field, the active Student of the present age, from the general a vi PREFACE. advancement of Science, feels, with more energy, the want of some direction to its treasures, and some descrip- tion of them when acquired. This desideratum I have, during the last three years, been endeavouring to sup- ply, and the result is now submitted to the public. In regard to the authenticity of the species and sta- tions contained in the work, it is only necessary to state, that those gentlemen to whom I owe communications, invariably accompanied them with their names, which will be found in their respective places. At the same time, it may be observed, that I have, with very few ex- ceptions, verified their discoveries. In this place, I trust, it will be permitted me to state, that I commenced this undertaking under peculiar disadvantages, as no one had ever examined the surrounding country with a view to ascertain the extent of its botanical riches, except Sir ROBERT SIBBALD, who published a catalogue of plants growing in the King's Park, containing 381 species and varieties, as early as 1684; and Mr YALDEN, who com- municated one to LIGHTFOOT from the same district, containing 313 species, excluding varieties. The stations of most of the rarer Phanerogamous plants were indeed known, chiefly through the zeal of GEORGE Don, Mr PATRICK NEILL, and Mr R. MAUGHAN; but I had to make as full a catalogue as possible. Few Crypto- gamic vegetables had been detected, or even sought for; and among the Hypoxyla, Fungi, Gastromyci, Bys- soideæ, and Epiphytæ, scarcely half a dozen species were on record. In order, therefore, to produce a re- spectable Flora Edinensis, I was obliged to be con- stantly in the fields, or on the sea-shore. Many plants nevertheless remain, without doubt, to be added in a PREFACE. vii subsequent edition. In In collecting materials for the Mosses and the fresh-water Algæ, I was fortunately joined by Mr WALKER ARNOTT, and to his active re- searches I am indebted for several rare species. Cap- tain Wauch of Foxhall has an equal claim upon me for his liberal mycological contributions, and Dr RI- CHARDSON for some excellent marine Algæ. To other individuals who have kindly favoured me with commu- nications I present my grateful acknowledgments. As it was necessary to confine my researches within a certain extent of the surrounding country, I have deemed it, upon the whole, desirable to limit that ex- tent to the distance of ten miles. This rule has, with very few exceptions, been adhered to; so that almost every plant introduced is attainable by the student in a morning's walk. With a view to render the work as useful as possible, I have added a brief Introduction to the Class CRYP- TOGAMIA, and illustrated it by original figures. a The characters of the genera are arranged synopti- cally at the commencement of the work ; and a refe- rence will be found at the end of each character, to the page where the species are described in the body of the work. R. K. G. EDINBURGH, January 7. 1824. ) W INTRODUCTION TO THE CLASS CRYPTOGAMIA. - In the following Introduction, we can do nothing more than give a general view of the subjects it embraces,--sufficient, never- theless, it is hoped, to enable the Student to prosecute his re- searches with comparative facility and much additional plea- A more intimate knowledge, especially of the physiology of Cryptogamic Vegetation, must be sought in those works which treat the subject in detail. sure. Linnæus divided the Vegetable Kingdom into the following twenty-four Classes. I. MONANDRIA, the flowers of which contain a single stamen. II. DIANDRIA, 2 stamens. III. TRIANDRIA, 3 stamens. IV. TETRANDRIA, 4 stamens, (all of equal length). V. PENTANDRIA, 5 stamens, (the anthers not united). VI. HEXANDRIA, 6 stamens, (all of equal length). VII. HEPTANDRIA, 7 stamens. VIII. OCTANDRIA, 8 stamens. IX. ENNEANDRIA, 9 stamens. X. DECANDRIA, 10 stamens, (filaments not united). XI. DODECANDRIA, 12 or more stamens arising from the receptacle. XII. IcOSANDRIA, about 20 stamens arising from the calyx or corolla. XIII. POLYANDRIA, many stamens arising from the receptacle. XIV. DIDYNAMIA, 4 stamens, 2 being longer than the rest. (Never more than 1 pistil.) XV. TETRADYNAMIA, 6 stamens, 4 being longer than the rest. (Cruci. form flowers with 1 pistil.) XVI. MONADELPHIA, filaments more or less united. (The anthers free.) XVII. DIADELPHIA, filaments forming 2 sets. (Flowers always papiliona - ceous.) XVIII. POLYADELPHIA, filaments forming more than 2 sets. XIX. SYNGENESIA, 5 stamens, the anthers united. (Compound flowers.) XX. GYNANDRIA, stamens arising from the germen or style, as in the Orchidee. XXI. MONECIA, stamens and pistils in different flowers on the same plant. XXII. Diwcia, stamens and pistils distinct; the former confined to the flowers of one plant, the latter to those of another. XXIII. POLYGAMIA, stamens and pistils in the same flower, or stamens only or pistils only; the whole on one plant or on different plants. XXIV. CRYPTOGAMIA, plants in whose fructification stamens and pistils cannot be perceived, or very imperfectly. b. INTRODUCTION TO THE These Classes contain a number of Orders, founded on the following Characters. In the first 13 Classes, they solely depend on the num- , ber of pistils, and are named Monogynia, Digynia, Trigynia, Tetragynia, Pentagynia, Hexagynia, Heptagynia, Octogynia, Enneagynia, Decagynia, Dodecagynia, and Polygynia. In the 14th Class are two orders. 1. Gymnospermia ; the seeds naked, and usually 4, never more. 2. Angiospermia ; the seeds inclosed in a pericarp. In the 15th Class there are two Orders. 1. Siliculosu, the shape of the fruit being that of a Silicula or pouch. 2. Siliquosa, the fruit forming a long pod or Siliqua. In the 16th, 17th, and 18th Classes, the Orders are named from the number of stamens, and have the same names as the first 13 Classes. In the 19th Class the Orders are five. 1. Polygamia æqualis ; all the florets perfect, having stamens and a pistil. 2. Polygamia superflua ; florets of the disk perfect, those of the circumference with a pistil only. 3. Polygamia frustranea ; florets of the disk perfect, those of the circumfe- rence with an abortive pistil, or none at all. 4. Polygamia necessaria ; florets of the disk with stamens, those of the circum- ference with a pistil 5. Polygamia segregata ; “ several flowers, either simple or compound, but with united anthers and a proper calyx, all included in one common calyx.” Sm. In the 20th Class the Orders are named according to the number of stamens, Monandria, &c. So also are those of the 21st and 22d Classes, except when there is a union of the fila- ments; the Orders are then named Monadelphia, &c. In the 23d Class there are three Orders. 1. Monæcia ; two or all the flowers characteristic of the Class found on the same plant. 2. Diæcia; two or all the ffowers divided, and found on two separate plants. 3. Triæcia ; the three flowers on three separate plants. The Linnean Orders of the 24th Class are, 1. Filices. 2. Musci. 3. Alga. 4. Fungi. Two others have been added by modern Botanists, viz. Hepatica and Lichenes. These Orders form Natural Families, and have been farther subdivided by those who have made the natural affinities of plants their study. We shall now proceed to give a concise and general introduction to the Class Cryptogamia, and its Orders as adopted in the present work ;-taking each Order in succession. Cryptogamic plants differ from those of all the other Classes both in their structure and reproductive organs. In struc- CLASS CRYPTOGAMIA. ture they are simply cellular, with the exception of the Filices, the Lycopodineæ, the Marsiliaceæ ? and the Equisetaccæ ? Most of these certainly possess longitudinal vessels, and have been pla- ced by some authors in the Monocotyledonous Class of the Natu- ral System. In their reproductive organs, Cryptogamic plants differ in wanting stamens and pistils; and in their seeds being destitute of cotyledon, radicle, and plumule, but having the power of striking root indifferently from any part of their sur- face. Such seeds have received the name of sporules, (Spo- rula) Spora, Gongyla, &c. It does not seem to be completely established that Ferns are furnished with true monocotyledo- nous seeds, though De Candolle and others support that opinion. I. FILICES. Ferns. Ferns constitute an extensive family, bearing their fructifica- tion mostly on the back of a frond, which frond, when con- sidered in relation to the main stem, appears, in many cases, to be a true leaf. Some ferns have their fructification in spikes, (Pl. I. f. 8). Many ferns have a horizontal stem, creep- ing on the surface or beneath the soil, and throwing up the fronds, which, in most species, in the young state, are circi- nate, or rolled up in a beautiful manner; others have a large tuberous mass, more or less covered with chaffy scales and fibres, from which the stems or fronds arise. In some the stem is only a few lines long; but in certain exotic species sometimes 80 feet. There is nothing peculiar in the terms used to express the different kinds of ramification, form of the frond, &c. That portion of the stem of a fern, from the commencement of the leafy part to the apex, is called the Rachis. The sur- face of the stem may be Chaffy (paleaceus), when covered with dry membranaceous scales. Scaly (squamosus), when covered with foliaceous scales. Hairy, villose, naked, prickly, smooth, &c. ; these terms are used in the same sense as in other plants. The fructification of ferns is mostly on the inferior surface, which has gained the greater number the name of Dorsiferous ferns (Filices dorsifera). The groupes of capsules forming the fructification are called Sori, (Pl. I. f. 13), and are variously situated. Sori are either naked, or protected by a membranaceous cover called an Involucre or an Indusium, (Pl. I. f. 11, 12, 13). This is either Flat (planum), when lying flat upon the capsules, Pl. I, f. 12. 62 xii INTRODUCTION TO THE Peltate (peltatum), when more or less circular, and sup- ported on a small central pillar. Urceolate, (urceolatum), when resembling a cylindrical сир. Scale-like (squamiforme), when resembling scales. Bivalve (bivalve), when divided into two parts, (Pl. I. f. 11. a section shewing one of the valves). Continuous (continuum), when forming an uninterrupted line. The Involucre may burst outward (exterius dehiscens), in an opposite direction to the midrib: or burst inwards (interius dehiscens), towards the midrib. The Involucre may also be either single or double; the lat- ter signifying that there is a cover on each side the Sorus. The Capsules (thece of some authors), are furnished with an elastic ligamentous ring (Annulus), (Pl.. 1. f. 14.), which sur- rounds them, or are destitute of it, (Pl. I. f. 8. 9). Groups of ferns are accordingly termed Annulatæ or Exannulata. Those capsules possessed of the ligamentous ring, have their dehiscence produced by its elastic action, (Pl. I. f. 14). II. LYCOPODINEÆ. Club-Mosses. The plants which form this Order, are furnished with undi- vided small leaves, variously placed; no peculiar terms are em- ployed in their description. The fructification is either axillary (at the inner base of a leaf, Pl. I. f. 6.), or in spikes; it is very small, and composed of roundish capsules, (P. I. f. 6.) which are 1-3-celled and 1–3-valved. These capsules have been called Conceptacles (Conceptacula), and Coques: they are of two kinds; the one containing a minute pulverulent mass of gra- nules, (Pl. I. f. 7.), the other rather large corpuscules (Corpus- cula). Both kinds are sometimes found on the same plant, and De Candolle supposes that one may be the means of fertilizing the other III. MARSILIACE. Very few plants are found in this Order. Their vegetation is various: they are at most a few inches high, and are more or less aquatic. In Isoetes the leaves resemble those of Li- torella lacustris, or a young Rush. The fructification of these plants is situated at, or very near, the root, (Pl. I. f. 4. Pi- Tularia globulifera), and consists of a roundish involucre, not opening, and divided into 1-4 loculaments, (Pl. I. f. 5., In- CLASS CRYPTOGAMIA. xiij volucre of Pil. globulifera), containing small bodies, sometimes of different kinds. Some of these bodies have been called An- thers, and are superior ; the others are Capsules, and filled with sporules, sometimes intermixed with very minute granules. In Isoetes the fructification is quite concealed, and contained within the very base of the leaf or frond, which only betrays its contents by being somewhat swollen at that part. a IV. EQUISETACEÆ. Horse-tails. An Order, containing a single Genus, and which, as well as the two preceding Orders, were ranked by Linnæus among the Ferns. These plants have a remarkable vegetation, being regularly articulated both in the stem and branches, each arti- culation arising from a tubular sheath. The branches are re- gularly whorled, and wholly destitute of leaves. The fruc- tification is terminal, and forms an oblong spike, (Pl. I. f. 1.), on every side of which are arranged a number of peltate scales or disks, (Pl. I. f. 2.), with several sides or angles. From the inner surface of these scales, several wedge-shaped involucres project inwards, (Pl. I. f. 2. a), which burst longitudinally and discharge their contents. Each of these involucres was former- ly called a Horn-like indusium. Their contents are not yet well understood. A number of green roundish bodies, supposed to be germens, (Pl. I. f. 3.), are surrounded by minute granules, and furnished at their base with 4 elastic filaments, incrassated at their apex; when moist, the filaments are twisted spirally round the whole, but when dry, they unroll and extend then- selves. The incrassated extremities have been considered An- thers, and the minute granules Pollen by some, and naked Seeds by others. (Pl. I. f. 3., where the filaments are shown, and some of the granules adhering to them), a V. MUSCI. Mosses. The mosses are very numerous, and are chiefly characterised by their seed-vessel being furnished with a lid (Operculum, Pl. I. f. 17. a. et f. 23. a.), which is protected by a veil, (Calyptra, Pl. I. f. 23. 6.), in the manner of an extinguisher. The Roots of Mosses are simply fibrous, and offer nothing peculiar. The Stems (surculi), vary from less than a line to several feet in length, and are simple or branched, erect, creeping, pen- dulous, &c. The branches are variously arranged as in other plants, in a distichous, pinnate, bipinnate manner, &c. When a xiv INTRODUCTION TO THE the stem is irregularly divided or branched, it is said to be vage ramosus. When the fruit of a moss is naturally terminal, if the stem shoots past it, that shoot is called an innovation, and the fruit is then said to be lateral from innovation. The leaves are of two kinds, those of the stem called Cauline leaves, and those immediately surrounding the fructification, called Perichætial leaves, (Pl. I. f. 25. a). The leaves differ extremely in form, and frequent observa- tion alone will enable the student to perceive their gradation, and understand the compound terms frequently used to desig- nate them. In direction they are imbricated, patent, squarrose, (the apex somewhat curved downwards, or the leaves pointing both up- wards and downwards), or secund. They are mostly concave, sometimes carinate (when the sides are more or less folded together, and the back becomes sharp); sometimes plane. The margin is plane, convolute, involute, or revolute, re- (curved or incurved, and may be entire, ciliate, serrate, or (to- wards the apex only) laciniate. A leaf is said to be marginated when the margin is evidently thickened, as in Bryum punctatum. Leaves either possess or are destitute of a nerve. The nerve either reaches beyond the point (Nervo excurrente), to the point exactly (Nervo percur- rente), or stops short at a greater or less distance from it. When the nerve is short, there are sometimes 2, and the end of a single one is occasionally forked. In regard to insertion, leaves are bifarious, trifarious, &c., or equal on every side of the stem ; it may be added that they are always alternate and always sessile. The Seed-vessel of a moss is called a Theca or Capsule, (Pl. I. f. 16, 17, 23.), and is either sessile or supported on a fruit-stalk, (Seta). When the theca is in a very young state, it is enveloped in a membranaceous covering, which is at length divided trans- versely into two portions: the upper and larger portion pro- tects and partly covers the theca for a greater or less length of time, and is called the Veil (Calyptra, Pl. I. f. 23. 6.), and furnishes important generic characters. When there is a slit passing up one side, it is called a Dimidiate Calyptra, (Pl. I. f. 23. 6.); when entire at the base, or with several very short clefts, it is named a Mitriform Calyptra, (Pl. I. f. 24). The surface is either even, striate, sulcate, smooth or hairy. When the Calyptra is removed, the summit of the theca is eexposed, which (except in the genera Andræa, Phascum, (Pl. I. a CLASS CRYPTOGAMIA. XV f. 16. and Voitia) terminates in a deciduous lid (Operculum, (Pl. I. f. 17. a. and f. 23. a). This is of various forms, obtuse, mammillose, rostrate, obliquely rostrate, subulate, &c. After the lid has fallen, we perceive the mouth (Stoma) of the theca: this in some mosses is surrounded externally by an elastic ring, (Annulus, Pl. I. f. 22. a a). The mouth is either quite naked (Pl. I. f. 17.) or furnished with a single row of teeth (Pl. I. f. 19. 22.), variously formed and modified; this row is often accompanied by a second of slender membrana- ceous teeth (Pl. I. f. 21. 6), which have sometimes slender pro- cesses (Cilia) between them. In a few instances the mouth is provided with only a conical, plicate membrane, (Pl. I. f. 20.), and in a solitary case, with nothing but a profusion of capillary filaments. Sometimes there is a horizontal membrane closing the mouth, even when teeth are present, as in the genus Poly- trichum. When the theca is divided longitudinally, a little pillar is perceived passing up the centre, this is the Columella. The theca has, in many Mosses, a little swelling on one side at the base, which is named a Struma. When the theca is prolonged downwards (often also dilated), the appearance is termed an Apophysis ; it is remarkably evident in the whole of the genus Splachnum. As a general rule, it may be observed, that any prolongation of the theca below the portion which con- tains the seeds, and which is at the same time evident external- ly, becomes an Apophysis. The seeds of Mosses are called Sporules, (Pl. 1. f. 18). VI. HEPATICÆ. Liver-worts. Hepatic Mosses. Most of the plants of this Order have a considerable affinity with the true mosses. Their structure is similar, being a simple cellular tissue, and their vegetation equally humble. Seven genera constitute the Order, and they differ so much from each other, that we shall touch slightly upon all. 1. Jungermannia. This genus has the nearest resemblance to the true mosses. The stems are simple or branched, and as they are either furnished with leaves or form a continuous frond, the species are divided into frondose (Pl. I. f. 32.), and foliose (Pl. İ. f. 34.), Jungermanniæ. The leaves in almost all the species are largely reticulated, and more or less pellucid: they are always sessile, sometimes decurrent, and often semi-amplexicaul. In form they are ex- tremely various, being frequently many-cleft, and, what is more striking, often divided into two unequal lobes, which are con- xvi INTRODUCTION TO THE duplicate or folded together. Those which contain at their base the bodies called Anthers, are called Perigonial leaves ; those which surround the calyx, Perichætial leaves. In many species there are also minute leaves or leaf-like processes, arising from the inferior surface of the stem ; these are called Stipules. The seed-vessel (Theca) of the Jungermanniæ, which is des- titute of an Operculum, divides, when mature, into 4 longitudi- nal valves, (P1. 1. f. 32. e.), and is supported on a delicate mem- branaceous peduncle, (PÍ. I. f. 32. c). When very young, it is covered by a delicate veil, (Calyptra, Pl. I. f. 32. b.), the whole being protected in almost every species by a single or double Calyx, (Pl. I. f. 32. a.), which varies in form, and fur- nishes excellent specific characters. When the theca has attain- ed its full size, (Pl. I. f. 32. d.), it bursts the calyptra, which remains at the base, and issues from the calyx, which usually encloses the calyptra. Within the theca are the seeds (Sporules) intermixed with elastic spiral filaments, named Elateres, (Pl. I. f. 33.), which assist in their dispersion. In most species, minute, spherical, membranaceous, reticulated bodies, supported upon short, white peduncles, have been dis- covered ; they are situated in the axils of the perigonial leaves, (which do not differ from the rest in form), and are called An- thers, how properly we know not, but Dr Hooker, in his ela- borate Monograph, has kept up the name. 2. Monoclea, (Hook. Musc. Exot.) contains a single species, resembling at first sight a frondose Jungermannia. There is no calyx, unless the membranaceous sheath included in the frond be considered one. (Hooker mentions a calyx in his ge- neric character, but says Calyx nullus” in the description). The theca issues from an orifice towards the apex of the frond, and is supported on a peduncle ; it is of one valve. The spo- rules are mixed with spiral filaments (Elateres). -An exotic plant. 3. Targionia, contains one species, which is frondose and lobed. There is a roundish, coloured involucre which arises from beneath the frond at the apex, and opens by 2 valves, The seed-vessel (Theca) is concealed, and almost sessile with in the involucre, globose, bursting at the apex, and discharging its seeds (Sporules) mixed with spiral filaments (Elateres). 4. Marchantia. Frondose plants of a close opake texture, deeply divided or lobed, (Pl. I. f. 26). The fructification is seated on a pedunculated receptacle, called a Common Recep- tacle of the Fructification ; this receptacle is of two kinds ; the one peltate, (Pl. I. f. 26. a.), containing several capsules (The- cæ) on its under surface, (Pl. I. f. 26. 6.), the other peltate also, CLASS CRYPTOGAMIA. xvii plane on the upper surface, with oblong bodies imbedded verti- cally in the disk, and which are supposed to be Anthers. In one British species the latter receptacle is sessile. The theca (Pl. I. f. 27. b.) have very short peduncles, and are protected before maturity by a veil, (Calyptra, Pl. I. f. 27. a.), which they at length rupture, but are not much protruded. They contain seeds (Sporules) mixed with spiral filaments (Elateres). Besides the two receptacles above mentioned, there is a third kind in the form of little open cups, sessile on the upper sur- face of the frond, and containing minute, green bodies (Gemmæ), which have the power of producing new plants, as well as the sporules. 5. Anthoceros. Minute frondose plants, (Pl. I. f. 28). The seed-vessel (Theca) is linear, 2-valved, pedunculate, issuing from a calyx; when it bursts, the seeds (sporules) are seen at- tached to a central filament (Columella, Pl. I. f. 28. a, and f. 29.), and wholly unmixed with spiral filaments. On the frond are small cup-shaped receptacles, containing minute, spherical, pe- dunculated, reticulated bodies, which have been called An- thers. (!) 6. Sphærocarpus, contains a single species. The whole plant is minute, and consists of a roundish or ovate, delicate, mem- branaceous frond, bearing on its disk a cluster of obpyriform receptacles, in each of which a globose, transparent, finely mem- branaceous seed-vessel, lies filled with minute sporules unmixed with filaments. 7. Riccia, (Pl. I. f. 30.). Minute frondose plants, not well understood, growing on moist ground, or floating on water. Fructification has only been found on one British species, and appears to consist of simple, roundish seed-vessels (Theca) im- mersed in the frond, tipped with a slightly exserted style, and containing minute sporules, (Pl. I. f. 31). а a VII. CHARACEÆ. Charas. . A curious tribe composed of a single genus, wholly aquatic. Roots fibrous, fixed in the mud. Stems very slender, some- times articulated, and in a few species furnished with a calcare- ous crust beneath the epidermis. There are no leaves, but whorls of short, simple or compound branches resembling the stem. There are two kinds of fructification; the first kind is a Nucule, (Pl. II. f. 1. a.), which is sessile, oval, solitary, spi- rally striated, having a membranaceous covering (Involucre), and the summit indistinctly cleft into 5 segments, (the Calyx ?). xviii INTRODUCTION TO THE а The interior is filled with minute sporules. The few processes resembling short branchlets which accompany it, are named Bracteas, (Pl. II. f. 1. c). The second kind of fructification is a Globule, (Pl. II. f. 1. 6.), or minute round body, of a reddish colour, composed externally of a number of triangular (always ?) scales, which separate and produce its dehiscence. The inte- rior is filled with a mass of elastic, transversely undulate fila- ments. The scales are composed of radiating, hollow tubes, partly filled with minute, coloured, spherical granules, which freely escape when the tubes are injured: their nature is wholly unknown, and I believe hitherto unnoticed. dis- VII. ALGÆ. Flags. We can do nothing more than give a very general idea of the plants of this extensive Order. Most of them are aquatic, growing either in the sea or in fresh water. Their Roots are either fibrous, a mere fleshy or callous disk (a scutate Root), où altogether wanting. Some are wholly frondose, others sup- port their frond on a stem (Stipes). The fronds are either cy- lindrical or plane, often expanded, sometimes little more than a mere membrane : the cylindrical ones are often finer than a human hair, the plane ones often several feet long, and broad in proportion. Besides these there are others which possess tinct leaves, as far as they are considered in relation to the stem or branches, but, from their usual connection with the fructifica- tion, are still called Fronds. The seeds of these plants are named Sporules, sometimes Gra- nules, and are variously situated, as, for example, in distinct Capsules or Thecæ, (Pſ. II. f. 19, 20.), or in Tubercles, which are either free or imbedded in the frond, (Pl. II, f. 14, 15.), or in a leafy process of the frond, (Pl. II. f. 8). Sometimes the tubercles are imbedded in common receptacles, (Pl. II. f. 3. a). In a few instances there are naked granules sur- rounded by an open involucre, (Pl. II. f. 13). The seeds or granules are often naked, but immersed in the frond, (Pl. II. f. 7.); and it often happens that two kinds of fructifi- cation occur in the same species, viz. tubercles and naked seeds, but always on distinct plants. In several species the fructifica- tion assumes the form of a pod (Siliqua). A numerous tribe are tubular, and have their sporules scattered or arranged in some determinate manner in their interior, (Pl. II. f. 17, 18, 27, 28, 29). Many Algæ are articulated, (Pl. II. f. 26, 27, 28, 29.): the line of separation is then called a Joint, and the space between two joints an Articulation. CLASS CRYPTOGAMIA. xix Another Organ remains to be mentioned. Many species possess Vesicles of different forms. The most common are re- gular inflations of particular parts of the frond, filled with air. They are supposed to be of use in keeping the frond afloat, (Pl. II. f. 5). The substance of the Algæ has a wide range. Some are perfectly membranaceous and pellucid, some little more than a gelatinous frond, others wiry, corneous, and elastic, while others again are coriaceous and subligneous. Almost every gradation of colour is also to be found among them, but the predominant ones are green, red, and brown. IX. CHÆTOPHOROIDEÆ. Chetophoroids. Few genera are found in this Order, which is proposed, in this work, to include certain plants differing very materially from the Algæ. Some of them are found in the ocean, others in fresh water,—very few on moist ground, rocks, or trees. They are more or less gelatinous, almost all slippery to the touch, and generally more or less firm, some indeed very hard. They are chiefly of a roundish form, often solid, some with a central cavity; a few may be termed crustaceous. Within, most of the species possess simple or articulated filaments (Pl. II. f. 32. 6, and f. 31. b, 33. b.), either radiating from the centre to the cir- cumference (Pl. II. f. 32. b. 31. b.), or lying without order in a gelatinous nidus (Pl. II. f. 33). Some consist almost entirely of sporules (Pl. II. f. 34. 6). X. LICHENES. Lichens. An extensive Order, containing plants of a very humble growth, and widely remote from each other in habit. They are of various colours, wholly destitute of leaves, and of every inter- mediate substance between gelatinous and densely crustaceous. In form they are frequently determinate, a great number grow- ing in a radiate and circular manner. A few species are quite pulverulent, (Pl. III. f. 19). Many resemble mere thin crusts, inseparable from the rocks or trees on which they grow, (Pl. III. f. 1.); some have a granulated surface, (PI. III. f. 7. 8.); others are imbricated with foliaceous scales (Pl. III. f. 9.), or consist of free, lobed fronds (Pl. III. f. 4. 10.); while a consider- able number resemble shrubs or corallines in miniature, and grow erect on the ground, or pendent from the trunks of trees, (Pl. III. f. 12. 13. 16. 17. 18.) The fructification is usually in the form of shields (Scutella) or tubercles. XX INTRODUCTION TO THE In the description of the Lichens in this work, all terms have been as much as possible avoided, that might perplex the stu- dent. We shall here, however, give the principal part of the terminology established by Acharius, which is now universally used in Latin description. The main substance of a Lichen is named Frond, or Thal- lus, or Universal Receptacle, (Receptaculum universale). The partial receptacle (Receptaculum partiale) is the Apothecium, or the part which immediately incloses the fructification and spo- rules (Gongyba, Sporulæ, &c.), and, according to circumstances, is known by the common name of Scutella, Shield (PI. III. f. 8. a, f. 9. a), or Tubercle (Pl. III. f. 4. a, f. 18. a). The regular and uniform shields or tubercles are the Apothecia vera, or, simply speaking, Apothecia. Other ap- pearances, such as Pulvinuli, Soredia, &c. are named Secondary Apothecia (Apothecia accessoria). There is little doubt that the latter are capable of reproduction. Podetium is the name applied to those stalk-like processes of the thallus which bear the apothecia on their summit, (Plate III. f. 12. a, and f. 13.), as in the genus Cenomyce. The Podetia are often cup-bearing, or scyphiferous (dilated upwards into a cup, Scypha, Pl. III. f. 12. 6.) Cyphella are pale tubercle-like spots, on the under surface of the thallus; as in Sticta, (Pl. III. f. 10. a,) Lacunæ are small hollows or pits on the upper surface of the thallus, (Pl. III. f. 10.) Soredia are little heaps or collections of free pulverulent bo- dies, mostly of a whitish colour, occurring on various parts of the thallus. Pulvinuli are spongy, excrescence-like bodies, sometimes rising from the thallus, and often resembling minute trees, &c. as in Parmelia glomulifera. Nucleus proligerus is a distinct cartilaginous body coming out entire from the apothecia, and containing the sporules. Lamina proligera, a distinct body containing the sporules, separating from the apothecia, often very convex and variable in form, and mostly dissolving into a gelatinous mass, (Pl. III. f. 12. c, and f. 14. a.) The root-like fibres arising from the margin and under sur- face of many lichens, are termed Fibrilla. They are very striking in the genus Borrera. а XI. HYPOXYLA. This order was established by De Candolle, and includes se- veral genera of plants formerly referred to the Lichens, (they CLASS CRYPTOGAMIA. . XX1 are so still by some botanists), and a great number of plants which he separated from the Fungi. At one extremity the Lichens pass into the Hypoxyla through Endocarpon, and at the other into the Fungi, through the carnose species of Xyla- ria, which in habit resemble the Clavaria and Geoglossa. The Hypoxyla are divided into two sections; in the first of which the plants are mostly accompanied by a thin crust, like that of the Lichens, and do not discharge their sporuliferous pulp spontaneously, (Pl. III. f. 3.) In the second, there is no crust whatever, and the sporuliferous pulp is for the most part evidently discharged. The Hypoxyla are chiefly suberose or corneous, and, with a very few exceptions, of a black colour. By far the greater proportion grow on the dead trunks and branches of trees, of- ten bursting through, and partly concealed by the bark; a con- siderable number are found on the dead stalks of herbaceous plants, and living, dead, or dying leaves. A A very few belong to rocks or the bare ground. Almost all the Hypoxyla are furnished with spherules (Spha- rula), which contain the sporules and sporuliferous pulp. They are more or less of a roundish form (Pl. IV. f. 37. 40.), and are either free and constitute the entire plant (Pl. IV. f. 37.), or seated on the surface of a corneous mass (the Receptacle or Stroma), or contained within it (Pl. III. f. 5. a, and Pl. IV. When the spherules are furnished with an orifice, they are said to possess a Stoma or mouth. When there is no orifice, they are named Sphærulæ astoma or mouthless spherules, (PI. IV. f. 37.) The mouth is often elongated, and then takes the name of Ostiolum, (Pl. IV. f. 40.) When the spherules are destitute of a receptacle, they are often so much imbedded in or beneath the bark, that the summit of their orifices are alone visible, like mere dots. The Sporules are situated in the spherules, and are either naked or inclosed in slender hyaline tubes, called Thecæ by some authors, (Pl. IV. f. 38.); the whole mostly lying in a whitish gelatinous pulp. In the genus Xyloma, there are no spherules. The large confluent species have something like partial receptacles, burst- ing without regularity. They are in fact confluent Perithecia, as the smaller species, which have only one opening, have their covering so termed; though the name is not adopted by every In the genera Opegrapha (Pl. III. f. 3.), and Hysterium (Pl. IV. f. 43.), there is only one covering, and as it can f. 42.) one. xxii INTRODUCTION TO THE a not be called a spherule, on account of its form, which is ob- long or linear, it is also not improperly called a Perithecium. Their sporules are contained in slender hyaline tubes or theca, (PI. IV. f. 45.) The genus Stilbospora is an anomalous one. It appears like irregular, little, black, somewhat shapeless heaps, protruding through the bark of dead branches of trees, with a tendency to become effused. There are no spherules, but the sporules (spo- ridia ?) are naked, and intermixed with a black, minute sub- stance, which may be considered in the light of a receptacle. In Link's arrangement it is placed among the Epiphyta. XII. FUNGI. Funguses. An order of plants agreeing in fructification, though differ- ing much in habit. Their structure is floccose (minutely fila- mentous); in substance they are mostly carnose, though some are coriaceous, suberose, or almost woody ; in colour extreme- ly various, but very rarely green. They grow mostly on the ground, some on trunks of trees, rotten wood, dead leaves, &c. One or two are aquatic (at least have been found growing in water). The whole plant, in a general point of view, seems little more than a receptacle for the fructification. The character of the Order, as derived from the fructifica- tion, is defined by Link to be “ sporules disposed in a series in elongated tubular cells; the cells situated in some part of the external surface.” The surface in which the fructification is situated, is named the Hymenium, and is variously modified. We shall now describe the parts of a common Agaric, which is of more frequent occurrence than any other plant of the or- der, (Pl. IV. f. 22.) The hollow base a, represented in the Plate, from which the stem rises, is called a Wrapper (Volva). In the young state it envelopes the whole plant, and is so cha- racteristic as to separate Amanita from Agaricus. The stem of all Fungi is called Stipes, and, in the present case, supports a cap (Pileus, b). The pileus is provided on the inferior sur- face with thin radiating expansions, constituting the Hyme- nium: these expansions are termed Gills (Lamello, Pl. IV. f. 24. a), and are generally arranged in some determinate or- der, depending on their relative lengths. The lamellæ are adnate with the stipes, when the extremities next the stipes are united with it: when not united, they are said to be free. When they are not only adnate, but carried as it were more or less down the stipes, they become decur- a rent. CLASS CRYPTOGAMIA, xxiii The internal substance of the pileus and stipes is termed the Flesh. Many Agarics have a delicate fringe connecting the margin of the pileus, at a certain age, with the stipes (Pl. IV. f. 23.), or a ring-like collar surrounding the stipes (Annulus, Pl. IV. f. 22. c) : this is called a Veil (Velum), and is either a general veil (Velum universale), when it is adnate with the surface of the pileus, but becoming obsolete in age, or it is a partial veil (Velum partiale), extending only from the margin of the pileus to the stipes. The annulus is a kind of veil, which is sometimes fixed to the stipes, at others free, and capable of being moved upwards and downwards. The terms explained above are applicable to all Fungi which possess the parts so denominated. The principal modifications of the Hymenium require to be briefly noticed. In Merulius and Cantharellus it is composed of Veins or Ruga often anastomosing or running into each other. In Bo. letus (Pl. IV. f. 27.) it is formed of contiguous Tubes, sepa- rable from the pileus and from each other, (Pl. IV. f. 28.) In Polyporus, on the contrary (Pl. IV. f. 25.), it resides in mere Pores, not separable from the pileus or each other, (Pl. IV. f. 26.) In Hydnum (Pl. IV. f. 29.), the hymenium is constituted of conical or subulate carnose spines (Aculei) on the inferior sur- face. In some genera the pileus becomes a mere head (Capitulum, Pl. IV. f. 85.), and is nearly wholly occupied by the hyme- nium ; in others the whole plant is nothing more than a fili- form or clavate, simple or branched receptacle (Pl. IV. f. 30.), except a small portion at the base. In Peziza (Pl. IV. f. 31, 32, 33, 34.), the pileus is more or less cup-shaped (Cupuliform), always so when young, sessile- or stipitate, with the hymenium only on the upper surface or disk. In Thelephora the whole external surface, which is mostly smooth, is occupied by it. The genus Phallus is placed among the Fungi in this work, on account of its general habit ; the fructification, however, does not at all agree with the Order. with the Order. The pileus has a cellu- lose surface, the cells being filled with dark green slime abound- ing with naked sporules. Link has arranged it with the Gastro- myci, and considers the volva as a Sporangium, and the stipes as a Columella. This situation seems to be This situation seems to be equally erroneous. a xxiv INTRODUCTION TO THE XIII. GASTROMYCI. This Order contains plants whose sporules or sporidia (little bodies enclosing sporules) are included in one or more cover- ings (Peridia). The whole is termed by Link a Sporangium (Pl. IV. f. 17. 18. 21.); and it generally constitutes almost the entire plant. In the young state many Gastromyci are soft, or even semi- fluid. Some are exceedingly minute, as the genus Erysiphe (Pl. IV. f. 21.); others very small, as Ecidium (Pl. IV. f. 11. 12.), and Physarum (f. 16.), &c. In the genus Erineum (Pl. IV. f. 14. 15.), there is a near approach to the plants of the following order. Bovista, Scleroderma, Geastrum, Lyco- perdon (Pl. IV. f. 18.), &c. contain very large individuals. The Peridium varies in form and in dehiscence; is mostly membranaceous, sometimes coriaceous, carnose, rarely obso- lete. The genera Tremella and Tuber, which are solid, the one gelatinous, the other very firm, seem to want a peridium, or it must be considered as adnate with the substance of the plant ; yet the whole plant may be properly termed a Sporan- gium, as the sporules are contained in its substance. The sporangium is sometimes furnished with a Pedicel (Pl. IV. f. 17.), or a short stipes. In many Gastromyci, the interior is more or less filled with woolly filaments (Flocci), intermixed with the sporules; and some have also a small central pillar, named Columella ; others are destitute of both. When the sporangium contains distinct bodies inclosing Spo- ridia, the sporangium is said to contain Sporangiola. This occurs, according to Link, in Tuber, Endogene, Pisocarpium, and Cyathus, (Pl. IV. f. 19. and 20.), to which we may add Erysiphe (Pl. IV. f. 21). If, however, the Sporidia should prove to be mere sporules, the Sporangiola will then become the Sporidia. It remains to be mentioned, that the genera Uredo (Pl. IV. f. 9.), and Puccinia (f. 10.), will be found under this order in the present work, though they do not possess a true Peridium ; the epidermis of the leaves on which they grow only assumes the appearance of one. They could not, however, be well se- parated from Ecidium (Pl. IV. f. 11. 12.), which has a true peridium, but with which, in other respects, they have a very strong affinity 3 CLASS CRYPTOGAMIA. . XXV XIV. BYSSOIDEÆ. All the plants belonging to this Order are filamentous, whe- ther dark coloured and opake, or transparent and colourless, (Pl. IV. f. 3.-8.) The filaments (Flocci) are generally minute, simple, or branched, mostly tubular and articulated, and produce their fructification externally. The Flocci are generally more or less tufted, and are termed Thallus by Link. Thus, the thallus is said to consist of flocci of such and such a character. When the flocci are composed of a number of articulations, resembling a series of beads, it is called moniliform, (Pl. IV. f. 7.) The flocci sometimes are attached to, or clothe an elongated carriose body, as in the genera Isaria and Cephalotrichum. This body is called a Receptacle (Stroma). The Sporidia (little, mostly transparent bodies containing sporules) are either scattered among the flocci (Pl. IV. f. 4.), or attached to particular parts of them (Pl. IV. f. 5. 6.), or ar- ranged in a beaded series. They are generally round or oval, and very rarely divided into two or more dissepiments. Though they are called Sporidia, it rarely happens that the microscope is able to detect the included sporules; the student, therefore, must expect the sporidia to appear like mere spo- rules. In a few instances regular sporidia seem to be wanting, but the articulations of the flocci separate spontaneously at the joints, and supply their space. In a few other cases, neither sporidia nor any mode of reproduction have been discovered. XV. EPIPHYTÆ. Plants of the simplest structure, composed of nothing more than naked sporidia (Pl. IV. f. 1.), or sporidia mingled with a minute grumose or pulverulent mass. They grow on dead branches, or burst from the bark of trees or epidermis of leaves. The sporidia are sometimes divided into two or more dissepi- Link has brought Fusidium into this Order, but the flocci are so visible, that the plant resembles a minute Sporotrichum. He has also placed here Uredo and Puccinia, in which he is physiologically correct; but surely in error when he adds Æci- dium. ments. C UNIL OF MICH PLATE I. 2 . mm 8 تار 120 172 75 14 13 76 20 77 18 19 a 22 23 25 24 21 a 34 30 28 377 37 7 27 En En 33 29 32 26 RX brendle Esg" W. Lazar's sculp ( xxvii) EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. ( All the Figures are magnified except when the contrary is specified.) PLATE I. Fig. 1. A spike of Equisetum sylvaticum, nat. size.--2. One of the peltate scales removed. a, The wedge-shaped involucres.-3. One of the germens, with the elastic filaments. 4. A portion of a plant of Pilularia globulifera, nat. size, with involucres. -5. An involucre vertically divided, showing the anthers at the top, and the capsules beneath. 6. Bracteal leaves of Lycopodium selaginoides, with the receptacles or coques.--7. Granules. 8. A portion of the spike of Botrichium lunaria, nat. size.-9. Two of the capsules, one of which has discharged its contents. 10. A portion of the frond of Hymenophyllum Tunbrigiense, nat. size.--11. One of the 2-valved involucres vertically divided, shewing the cap- sules attached to a cylindrical receptacle. 12. One of the pinulæ of the frond of an Aspidium, with involucres or in- dusia.--13. An involucre removed with some of the capsules exhi- bited. 14. A capsule burst open by the force of the elastic ring, and its contents discharged. 15. The sporules. 16. Capsule of a Phasoum, shewing the union of the theca with the oper- culum. 17. Theca, illustrating the genera Anictangium and Gymnostomum; a, The lid or operculum.--18. The sporules. 19. Shews a single peristome. 20. The membranaceous, plicate peristome of Diphyscium. 21. A portion of a double peristome removed from the theca. a the outer, 6 the inner peristome. 22. Summit of the theca of a single-peristomed moss. a a, The Annulus, which occurs in some mosses. 23. Theca of a cylindrical form. a, The lid ; 6, The calyptra, which in this case is dimidiate, and smooth and even. 24. A mitriform calyptra, which in this case is sulcate and hairy. 25. A portion of the stem of a moss, with some cauline leaves. a, The perichætial leaves, from which the seta is seen to arise. 26. A portion of the frond of Marchantia conica, nat. size, with a fertile receptacle of fructification. a, The receptacle; b, The capsules or thecæ.--27. One of the capsules removed, with its calyptra. a, The calyptra ; b, The capsule discharging its sporules and spiral fila- ments. c 2 xxviii EXPLANATION OF PLATES. Fig. 28. A portion of a frond of an Anthoceros. a, The columella, or rather receptacle, to which the sporules are attached.-29. A small part of the receptacle with sporules. 30. A plant of Riccia glauca, nat. size.-31. Shews the manner in which the capsules are imbedded in the frond. 32. A plant of Jungermannia epiphylla, nat. size. a, Calyx; 6, Calyptra ; c, Peduncle; d, Theca ; e, Theca mature and burst.-33. Spiral filaments and sporules.-34. Plant of a foliaceous Jungermannia, J. bidentata, nat size. PLATE II. a, The recep- Fig. 1. Fructification of the genus Chara. a, The nucule; 6, The globule; c, The bracteas.--2. The nucule more highly magnified. 3. Segment of a frond of Fucus vesiculosus, nat. size. tacle in which the tubercles of the fructification are imbedded. -- 4. Granules and filaments contained in the tubercles.--5. The air-vesicles of the frond. 6. Segment of a frond of Delesseria alata, nat. size.--7. One kind of fruc- tification, consisting of naked granules.-8. The second kind, a tubercle containing sporules.-9. The sporules or granules. 10. Part of a frond of Sphærococcus membranifolius, nat. size.-11. The tubercles, which are either sessile on the frond, or shortly pedicel- late on the stipes or margin.--12. The granules. 13. Portion of a frond of Ptilota plumosa, shewing the fructification na- ked at the base of an involucre. 14. Summit of a frond of Gigartina subfusca, shewing the innate tu- bercles. 15. Segment of the frond of Gigartina purpurascens, with innate tubercles. 16. Portion of the frond of Ulva plantaginifolia, with granules. 17. Segment of the frond of a Gloionemas 18. Do. of that of Bangia Laminaria. 19. Portion of a filament of Polysiphonia urceolata, with fructification. 20. Do. of Polysiphonia Brodiæi with fructification. 21. Do. of Ceramium diaphanum, with fructification. 22. Do. of Callithamnion roseum, with fructification. 23. Do. of Ectocarpus littoralis, with immersed tubercles. 24. and 25. illustrate the vesicular fructification of the genus Vaucheria. 26. Filaments of an Oscillatoria. 27. Do. of Zygnema quininum ; two of the filaments united. 28. Filament of Conferva rivularis. 29. Do. of Conferva ericetorum. 30. Representation of Diatoma flocculosa. This genus, I conceive, with some other naturalists, to be of an animal nature. 31. Plant of Chatophora elegans ; a, nat. size. 6, The filaments of which it is composed. 32. Linkia natans ; a, nat. size. 6, Filaments of which it is chiefly com- posed. 33. Nostoc pruniforme, a, nat. size, small. 6, The moniliform filaments it contains. PLATE IT roya 16 3 ob 2 art 10 ✓ y 99 7 an I ( % 12 000 13 74 ඒ OT 77 75 78 16 19 21 22 23 20 29 Q000 24 26 25 27 28 0233 31 30 32 o 33 34 36 co 35 W.11. Lizars sculp! RI. Grerile Esq" del! OF なん​です ​CH UNIL OF nyt PLATE U OM 3 a 5 b 70 11 G MY 73 14 72 75 16 18 17 19 R.K. Greville Esq' del W.II Lizars roup EXPLANATION OF PLATES. xxix Fig. 34. Palmella rosea, a, nat. size. 6, The sporules. 35. Echinella fasciculata, described by some botanists as vegetables, but 36. Echinella paradoxa, S I believe them to have an animal structure. PLATE III. Fig. 1 Lecidea parasema, nat. size. a, The shields or apothecia. 2. Calicium claviculare, nat. size. a, A plant magnified. 3. Opegrapha scripta, nat. size. a, Portion of a perithecium removed and divided. 4. A plant of Endocarpon miniatum, nat. size. a, Shews the imbedded tubercles. 5. Portion of the thallus of Porina pertusa, nat. size. a, Exhibits a sec- , tion of the thallus, and an inclosed spherule. 6. Segment of the thallus of Variolaria amara, nat. size. a, A section of the apothecium and thallus. 7. Young and mature apothecia of Lecanora Perellus, with a small por- tion of the crust-like thallus. 8. Lecanora subfusca, nat. size. A portion magnified and divided. 9. Part of the foliaceous thallus of Parmelia herbacea, nat. size. a, A shield or apothecium divided. 10. Part of the frondose thallus of Sticta pulmonaria, nat. size. cyphellæ. 6, A shield divided. 11. Portion of the thallus of Peltidea canina, nat. size. 12. Cenomyce coccifera, nat. size. a, The podetium ; b, The cup or scypha ; c, The fructification, (Lamina proligera of Acharius). 13. Cenomyce uncialis, nat. size. 14. Bæomyces rufus, upper fig. nat. size. a, The podetium and fructifi- cation divided. 15. A portion of the crust of Isidium corallinum, nat. size. a, Part of the same, shewing the fructification. 16. Thallus of Sphærophoron fragile, nat. size, in fructification. 17. Thallus of Ramalina fraxinea, nat. size, in fructification. a, An apo. thecium divided. 18. A portion of the thallus of Usnea hirta, nat. size. a, represents a kind of tubercle, which is considered as fructification as well as the regular apothecia. 19. Lepraria flava. PLATE IV. Fig. 1. Illustrates the genus Cylindrosporium, which is composed of nothing but sporidia. 2. Fusidium flavo-virens, nat. size, on a leaf.-3. Filaments and sporidia. 4. Illustrates the genus Sporotrichum. 5. Do. that of Penicillium. . Do. that of Stachylidium. Do. that of Monilia. . Do. that of Helmisporium. . Do. that of Uredo. a, The sporidia. 6789 XXX EXPLANATION OF PLATES, Fig. 10. Illustrates that of Puccinia. a_d, Sporidia of different forms. 11. and 12. illustrate that of Æcidium. 13. The sporules. 14. and 15. illustrate that of Erineum. 16. Illustrates that of Physarum, nat. size.--17. The same; one of the sporangia bursting. 18. Exhibits a Lycoperdon, nat. size. 19. Cyathus crucibulum, nat. size.-20. One of the lenticular bodies re- moved (Sporangiola of Link). 21. Shews the genus Erysiphe. a, The sporangiola, or bodies containing sporidia (?). 22. Illustrates the genera Amanita and Agaricus, nat. size. a, Volva; 6, Pileus; c, Veil, which is here annular. 23. Shews the manner in which a fibrous veil attaches the margin of the pileus to the stipes. 24. A portion of the pileus divided vertically, to shew the gills or lamel- læ (a). 25. Illustrates the genus Polyporus.—26. A piece cut out, and turned up to shew the pores. 27. Illustrates that of Boletus, (smaller than nature).-28. Some of the tubes to shew that they separate from the pileus and from each other. 29. Illustrates that of Hydnum, (somewhat reduced). The section only of part of the pileus is given. 30. Illustrates that of Clavaria, nat. size. 31.-34. Illustrate that of Peziza, nat. size; many are much larger, many much smaller. 35. Leotia Mitrula, nat. size. 36. Explains the genus Sphæria, nat. size.—37. Spherules; one of them divided.-38. The tubular cells which contain the sporules. 39. Cryptosphæria acuta, nat. size, the epidermis under which the sphe- rules were concealed being removed.-40. A spherule magnified. 41. Stromatosphæria disciformis, nat. size.-42. A plant divided to shew the immersed spherules, some of which are filled with the gelati- nous sporuliferous pulp. 43. Hysterium Fraxini, nat. size.—44. A perithecium removed. 45. The tubular cells which contain the sporules. - PLATE co 8 10 qop qol sa Bul qu 72 14 16 15 17 To 20 78 79 26 GP 23 www.mm 24 37 30 28 33 32 SA 31 30 35 37 0000000 42 38 W. Blaars sowija R.K. Greville lig del pom -O ( xxxi) ARRANGEMENT OF THE GENERA. - I. MONANDRIA. 1. MONOGYNIA. 1. SALICONNIA. Perianth single, ventricose, entire. Stam. 1 or 2. Seed 1, included. - Page 1. 2. HIPPURIS. Calyx superior, forming a narrow margin to the germen. Coroll. 0. Seed 1.-P. 1. (Chara belongs to CRYYT.; Zostera to Monec.; Valeriana rubra to TRIAND.; Alchemilla arvensis to TETRAND.) II, DIGYNIA. (Callitriche belongs to MONĘCIA.) - II. DIANDRIA. I. MONOGYNIA. # Perianth double, inferior, monopetalous, regular. 3. LIGUSTRUM. Coroll. 4-cleft. Berry 4-seeded.-P. 2. ** Perianth double, inferior monopetalous, irregular. Seeds in a pericarp. 4. VERONICA. Coroll. rotate, 4-cleft, the lower segment nar- rower. Caps. 2-celled.-P. 8. 5. PINGUICULA: Coroll. ringent, spurred. Cal. 4-5-cleft. Caps. 1-celled.-P. 5. 6. UTRICULARIA. Coroll. ringent, spurred. Cal. 2-leaved. Caps. 1-celled.-P. 5. *** Perianth double, inferior, monopetalous, irregular. Seeds naked. 17. Salvia. Coroll. ringent. Cal. 2-lipped. Cal. 2-lipped. Filaments at- tached laterally to a pedicel.-P. 6. **** Perianth double, superior. 8. CIRCÆA. Coroll. 2-petalled. Cal. 2-leaved. Caps. 2-celled cells 1-seeded.-P. 2. - xxxii ARRANGEMENT OF THE GENERA. - ***** Perianth single, or none. 9. FRAXINUS. Cal. O or 4-cleft. Cor. O or 4-petalled. Caps. compressed, 2-seeded, with a foliaceous expansion. Flow- ers polygamous.—P. 2. 10. LEMNA. Perianth single, monophyllous, membranaceous, urceolate. Caps. 1-celled. Plants minute, frondose.—P. 6. (Salicornia belongs to MONAND.) II. DIGYNIA. 11. ANTHOXANTHUM. Cal. glume 2-valved, 1-flowered. Co- roll. glume double, each 2-valved, the external one awn- ed.-P. 7. - III. TRIANDRIA. I. MONOGYNIA. * Flowers superior. 12. VALERIANA. Cal. involute, unfolding into a feathery pap- pus. Coroll. monopetalous, 5-cleft, gibbous or spurred at the base. Seed 1.-P. 7. 13. FEDIA. Cal. toothed. Coroll. monopetalous, 5-cleft, gib- bous at the base. Fruit 3-celled, 2 mostly abortive.--P. 8. 14. Iris. Perianth single, 6-partite, the alternate petal-like segments reflexed. Stigma petaliform.-P. 9. ** Flowers inferior, glumaceous. 15. SCHENUS. Cal. glumes 1-valved, imbricated on all sides, the outer ones sterile. Coroll. 0. Seed naked or with bristles at its base.-P. 9. 16. Scirpus. Cal. glumes imbricated on all sides, 1-valved, 1-flowered, outermost one sometimes sterile. Coroll. O. Seed mostly with 6 bristles at the base.--P. 10. 17. ERIOFHORUM. Cal. glumes 1-valved, 1-flowered, imbrica- ted on all sides. Coroll. 0. Seed with long silky hairs, springing from the base.-P. 12. 18. NARDUS. Cal. 0. Glume of the coroll. 2-valved.-P. 13. II. DIGYNIA. * Calyx 1-flowered, (except in Arundo Phragmites). + Corolla 1-valved. 19. ALOPECURUS. Cal. 2-valved. Valves simple, and acute at the apex, united at the base. Coroll. awned at the base. P. 14, - ARRANGEMENT OF THE GENERA. xxxiii - ++ Corolla 2-valved. 20. PHLEUM. Cal. 2-valved, valves mucronate. Coroll, 2- valved, awnless, included. Seed free.-P. 15. 21. PHALARIS. Cal. 2-valved, valves subequal, carinate. Co- roll. double, included. Seed invested by the inner har- dened corolla.-P. 14. 22. MILIUM Cal. 2-valved, ventricose. Seed invested with the hardened permanent corolla.—P. 15. 23. AGROSTIS. Cal. 2-valved, valves acute, awnless, longer than the corolla. Coroll. slightly hairy at the base. Seed free.-P. 16. 24. ARUNDO. Cal. 2-valved, (in A. Phragmites many-flowered). Coroll. surrounded with long hairs. Seed free.-P. 17. 25. ROTTBOLLIA. Cal. 2-valved, valves lateral. Flowers al- ternate on a jointed rachis.--P. 33. 26. HORDEUM. Čal. in threes, 2-valved, valves lateral ; inter- mediate floret with stamens and pistils, lateral ones im- perfect. Coroll. 2-valved, awned.-P. 32. ** Calyx 2- or rarely 3-flowered. f Flowers perfect. 27. AIRA. Cal. 2-valved, unequal. Coroll. 2-valved, outer one mostly awned. Florets with no intermediate or im- perfect ones. Seed free.-P. 18. 28. MELICA. Cal, 2-valved, 2-flowered, with the rudiment of an intermediate third flower. Coroll. awnless. Seed co- vered by the hardened corolla.-P. 20. ++ Flowers polygamous. 29. Holcus. Cal. 2-valved, 2-flowered. Coroll. 2-valved, an- theriferous one awned. Seed free.-P. 18. *** Calyx many-flowered. + Calys 1-valved. 30. LOLIUM. Cal. lateral, fixed. Coroll. 2-valved, valves lan- ceolate.-P. 32. 十​十 ​++ Calyx 2-valved. 31. Poa. Coroll. 2-valved, valves ovate, subacute, awnless. Seed free, covered by the corolla.—P. 21. 32. BRIZA. Coroll. 2-valved, ventricose, valves cordate, ob- Seed adnate with the corolla.--P. 24. 33. DACTYLIS. Valves of the calyx unequal, the larger one keeled Coroll. 2-valved, awnless. Seed adnate with the hardened corolla.-P. 24. tuse. xxxiv ARRANGEMENT OF THE GENERA. 34. FESTUCA. Çal. valves opposite, unequal. Coroll . 2-valved, valves lanceolate, ext. one acuminate or awned.-P. 25. 35. TRITICUM. Cal. valves opposite, subequal. Coroll. 2- valved, ext. valve acuminate or awned. Rachis flexuose, toothed.-P. 31. 36. BROMUS. Coroll. 2-valved, valves lanceolate; ext. one, awned below the extremity; int. one fringed.-P. 27. 37. AVENA. Coroll. 2-valved, valves lanceolate, firmly inclo- sing the seed; ext. valve with a twisted awn on the back. -P. 30. 38. CYNOSURUS. Cal. 2-5-flowered, accompanied by a pecti- nate involucre (proper receptacle, Sm.). Valves of the coroll. linear-lanceolate.-P. 25. - III. TRIGYNIA. 39. ΜοΝΤΙΑ. Cal. 2-leaved. Coroll. 1-petalled. Caps. 3- valved, 3-seeded.-P. 33. IV. TETRANDRIA. I. MONOGYNIA. * Perianth double (both calyx and corolla). † Flowers monopetalous, superior, 1-seeded. 40. DIPSACUS. Involucre many-leaved. Cal. double, ext. one very minute; int. one cyathiform. Receptacle chaffy, spinous. Fruit angular, crowned with the calyx.-P. 34. 41. SCABIOSA. Involucre many-leaved. Cal. double, int. one feathery or bristly. Receptacle chaffy or naked. Fruit crowned with the enlarged calyx.-P. 34. ++ Flower's monopetalous, superior, 2-seeded. 42. GALIUM. Coroll. rotate, 4-cleft. Fruit a dry nut, crown- ed with the calyx.--P. 35. 43. ASPERULA. Coroll. infundibuliform. Fruit not crowned with the calyx.--P. 35. 44. SHERARDIA. Coroll . infundibuliform. Fruit crowned with the calyx.-P. 34. +++ Flowers monopetalous, inferior, 2- or many-seeded. 45. PLANTAGO. Coroll. 4-cleft, segments reflexed. Stam. very long. Caps. 2-celled, 2- or many seeded.-P. 37. A+++ Flowers with 4 petals. 46. EPIMEDIUM. Cal. 4-leaved, caducous. Pet. inferior, with ARRANGEMENT OF THE GENERA. xxxy - - an inflated nectary on the upper side. Pod 1-celled, many-seeded.-P. 38. 47. CORNUS. Cal. 4-toothed. Pet. superior, without a necta- ry. Nut of the Drupe 2-celled, 2-seeded.-P. 38. ** Perianth single. 48. PARIETARIA. Perianth 4-cleft, inferior. Filaments elas- tic. Fruit 1-seeded, inclosed in the enlarged perianth. A few florets only pistilliferous.-P. 39. 49. ALCHEMILLA. Perianth inferior, 8-cleft, 4 outermost seg- ments the smaller. Fruit 1-seeded, naked.--P. 39. II. DIGYNIA. (Cuscuta belongs to Pent. DIGYNIA) III. TETRAGYNIA. 50. ILEX. Coroll. rotate, 4-5-cleft. Stigmas sessile. Berry containing four 1-seeded nuts. Some flowers only anthe- riferous.-P. 40. 51. SAGINA. Cal. 4-leaved. Coroll. 4-petalled. Caps. 1- celled, 4-valved.-P. 42. 52. POTAMOGETON. Perianth single, 4-leaved. Anthers ses- sile. Seeds 4, naked, sessile.-P. 40. 53. RUPPIA. Perianth 0. Seeds (Drupes, Hook.) 4, pedicel- late. (Flowers 2 on a spadix.)-P. 42. (Cerastium semidecandrum belongs to DeCAND. PENTAG.) V. PENTANDRIA. I. MONOGYNIA. * Flowers monopetalous, inferior, with 4 naked 1-seeded nuts. + Orifice of the corolla naked. 54. ECHIUM. Coroll. irregular, orifice naked. Stigma bipar- tite.-P. 47. 55. PulmONARIA. Coroll. infundibuliform, orifice naked. Cal. prismatic.-P. 45. 56. LITHOSPERMUM. Coroll. infundibuliform, orifice naked. Cal. not prismatic.-P. 44. tt Orifice of the corolla closed with scales. + Nuts fixed to the bottom of the calyx. 57. BORAGO. Coroll. rotate, the orifice closed by five obtuse, emarginate teeth.-P. 46. 58. MYOSOTIS. Coroll. hypocrateriform, the segments very obtuse, the orifice closed with short connivent scales. P. 43 - - Xxxvi ARRANGEMENT OF THE GENERA. . - a - 59. LYCOPSIS. Coroll. infundibuliform, the tube curved, ori- fice closed with convex scales.-P. 47. 60. ANCHUSA. Coroll. infundibuliform, the orifice closed with convex scales. Nuts with a cavity at their base.-P. 45. 61. SYMPHYTUM. Coroll. ventricose, the orifice closed with subulate scales.-P. 45. + Nuts fixed to a central columella. 62. CYNOGLOSSUM. Coroll. shortly infundibuliform, the ori- fice closed with convex scales. Nuts fixed to the base of the style.-P. 45, 63. ASPERUGO. Coroll. shortly infundibuliform, the orifice closed with convex scales. Cal. segments unequal. Nuts covered with the compressed calyx.-P. 46. ** Flowers monopetalous, infcrior. Seeds in a capsule. 64. ANAGALLIS. Cal. 5-partite. Coroll. rotate. Stam. hairy. Caps. bursting transversely all round.-P. 49. 65. LYSIMACHIA. Cal. 5-partite. Coroll. rotate. Caps. 1- celled, 10-valved.-P. 48. 66. PRIMULA. Cal. 5-toothed. Cal. 5-toothed. Coroll. hypocrateriform, the tube cylindrical, orifice naked. Stigma globose. Caps. 1-celled, bursting at the apex, and 5-toothed.-P. 47. 67. MENYANTHES. Cal. 5-cleft. Coroll. hairy. Stigma 2- cleft. Caps. 1-celled, 2-valved.-P. 48. 68. HYOSCYAMUS. Cal. 5-cleft. Coroll. infundibuliform, the lobes obtuse. Stigma capitate. Caps. 2-celled, opercu- late.-P. 53. 69. VERBASCUM. Cal. 5-partite. Coroll. rotate, irregular, Stam. declined, mostly hairy. Caps. 1-celled, 2-valved.--- 2 P. 53. 70. ERYTHRÆA. Cal. 5-cleft. Coroll. infundibuliform, the limb short. Anthers, after flowering, spirally twisted. Style erect. Stigmas 2. Caps. linear, 2-celled. Br.-- P. 54. 71. ConvolvulUS. Cal. 5-cleft. Coroll. campanulate, plicate. Stigmas 2. Caps. 2–3-celled, 2–3-valved. Cells mostly 2-seeded. — P. 49. 72. POLEMONIUM. Coroll. rotate, 5-partite. Stam. inserted upon the five valves enclosing the orifice of the corolla. Caps. 3-celled, 3-valved.-P. 50. 73. VINCA. Coroll. hypocrateriform, twisted. Follicles 2, erect. Seeds naked, (destitute of seed-down).—P. 57. . 174. SOLANUM. Coroll. rotate. Anthers opening with two pores at the extremity. Berry 2-celled.-P. 54. 75. ATROPA. Coroli. campanulate. Stamens distant. Berry 2-celled.-P. 53. - - ARRANGEMENT OF THE GENERA. xxxvii - *** Flowers monopetalous, superior. 176. SAMOLUS. Coroll. hypocrateriform, 5-lobed ; lobes with small intermediate scales. Caps. half inferior, 1-celled, 5-valved towards the apex.-P. 55. 77. CAMPANULA. Coroll. campanulate. Filaments broader at the base. Stigma 3-cleft. Caps. 3–5-celled, laterally perforate.—P. 50. 178. LONICERA. Coroll. irregular. Berry 1–3-celled ; cells many-seeded.-P. 55. **** Flowers 5-petalled, inferior (often only 4 in Euonymus). 79. EUONYMUS. Cal. plane, 4-5-cleft. Caps. 5-angled, 5- celled, 5-valved. Seeds covered with an arillus, P. 55. 80. VIOLA. Cal. 5-cleft, the segments produced at the base. Coroll. irregular, the upper petal spurred at the base. Anthers connate. Caps. 1-celled, 3-valved.-P. 51. ***** Flowers 5-petalled, superior, 81. RIBES. Cal. 5-cleft, bearing the Petals and Stamens. Style bifid. Berry 1-celled, many-seeded.-P. 56. 82. HEDERA. Cal. 5-toothed. Petals broader at the base. Style simple. Berry 5-seeded, crowned by the calyx. — P. 56. ****** Flowers incomplete. (A single perianth.) 83. Glaux. Perianth single, inferior, coloured, 5-lobed. Caps. globose, 1-celled, 5-valved, 5-seeded.-P. 56. II. DIGYNIA. * Flowers monopetalous, inferior. 84. GENTIANA. Coroll. campanulate or infundibuliform, tu- bular at the base, without nectiferous pores. Caps. 1- celled, 2-valved.-P. 60. 85. Cuscuta. Coroll. campanulate, 4-5-lobed. Caps. burst- CUSCUTA . ing all round transversely at the base, 2-celled; cells 2- seeded.-P. 60. ** Flowers incomplete. (A single perianth.) 86. SALSOLA. “ Perianth single, inferior, 5-cleft, persistent, enveloping the fruit with its base, and crowning it with its broad scariose limb. Seed single, its cotyledon spi- ral.” Hook.-P. 59. 87. CHENOPODIUM. Perianth single, inferior, 5-cleft, persist- ent, partly covering the seed. Seed 1, roundish.-P. 57. 88. BETA. Perianth single, half-inferior, 5-cleft, persistent, - - - xxxviii ARRANGEMENT OF THE GENERA. . - - - ers. - Seed 1, reniform, imbedded in the fleshy base of the pe- rianth.-P. 59. 89. ULMUS. Perianth single, inferior, persistent, 4-5-cleft. Caps. membranous, compressed, 1-seeded.-P. 59. (Scleranthus belongs to DECAND. Digyn.) *** Flowers 5-petalled, superior, 2-seeded (UMBELLATX). A. Umbels irregular. Flowers forming a roundish head. 90. ERYNGIUM. Flowers capitate. Receptacle chaffy. Invo- lucre subspinose. Fruit bristly.-P. 61. 91. SANICULA. Umbellules capitate. Flowers polygamous. Fruit clothed with hooked bristles.-P. 61. 92. HYDROCOTYLE. Umbel imperfect, forming a head of flow- Petals entire, equal. Fruit roundish, laterally com- pressed, veined. Leaves roundish.-P. 61. B. Umbels regular. a. Fruit naked, (neither hairy nor bristly.) * Umbels with a general and partial involucre, (Enanthe and Sison often want a general one). 93. CRITHMUM. Cal. entire. Petals uniform, entire, broad- est at the base. Fruit oval, striate.-P. 62. 94. ENANTHE. Involucre sometimes wanting. Involucella many-leaved. Flowers radiate, polygamous. Fruit pris- matic, 5-ribbed, crowned with the calyx and styles. P. 62. 95. Sison. Involucre 1-4-leaved, (sometimes wanting). Fruit ovate, 3-ribbed on the back, the spaces between the ribs convex.-P. 62. 96. BUNIUM. Involucre rarely 1-leaved or wanting. Involu- cella many-leaved, setaceous. Petals subuniform. Fruit ovate-oblong, 5-ribbed. Ribs acute, the intervals be- tween them tuberculate.-P. 63. 97. CONIUM Involucella 3-leaved, all on one side. Petals subequal. Fruit ovate, 5-ribbed; Ribs obtuse, slight- ly crenulate, the intervals between them plane.-P. 63. 98. THYSSELLINUM. Involucres reflexed. Petals subequal Fruit plane, 3-ribbed on the back; Ribs obtuse. P. 63. 99. LIGUSTICUM. Involucres various. Petals mostly uniform. Fruit ovate-oblong, 5-ribbed ; Ribs acute, with the in- termediate spaces sulcate.-P. 64. 100. ANGELICA. Involucre sometimes wanting. Fruit sub- compressed, 3-ribbed ; Ribs acute, winged, the interme- diate spaces sulcate.-P. 64. - - - - - 2 ARRANGEMENT OF THE GENERA. xxxix - 101. SIUM. Involucre mostly many-leaved. Fruit oval, sub- prismatic, and somewhat laterally compressed, 5-ribbed ; Ribs obtuse, the intermediate spaces subconvex.-P. 64. 102. HERACLEUM. Involucres deciduous. Flowers radiate. Fruit compressed, with a membranaceous margin, 3- ribbed on the back; Ribs obtuse.-P. 65. ** Umbels with Partial Involucres only. 103. PHELLANDRIUM. Involucre 0. Involucre 0. Flowers all fertile, those of the disk smallest. Fruit ovate, smooth, crowned with the calyx and styles.--P. 66. 104. ÆTHUSA. Involucre 0. Involucella 3-leaved, deflexed, all on one side. Fruit ovate, with 5 acute ribs.-P. 66. 105. CICUTA. Involucre almost always 0. Fruit ovate, with 5 ribs; the intermediate spaces prominent.-P. 66. 106. IMPERATORIA. Involucre 0. Fruit roundish, compress- ed, with a winged border, 3-ribbed; Ribs obtuse, pro- minent, the intermediate spaces sulcate.-P. 67. 107. MYRRHIS. Involucre 0. Fruit beaked at the Fruit beaked at the apex, and crowned with the styles, 5-ribbed ; Ribs acute.-P.67. 108. CHÆROPHYLLUM. Involucre almost always 0. Fruit ob- long-conical, smooth, even, ribless.-P. 68. - - - *** Umbels wanting both general and partial involucres. (Carum has a general one, and Apium Petroselinum both.) 109. Apium. Involucres 0, (except in A. Petroselinum). Pe- tals uniform. Fruit ovate, 5-ribbed; Ribs obtuse, the intermediate spaces plane.-P. 68. 110. CARUM. Involucre 1-leaved. Petals subequal, obcor- date, emarginate. Fruit ovate-oblong, 3-ribbed on the back; Ribs obtuse, the intermediate spaces sulcate and striate.-P. 69. 111. PIMPINELLA. Involucres 0. Petals nearly equal, inflex- ed. Fruit ovate, glabrous, 5-ribbed; Ribs obtuse, the intermediate spaces subconvex. Stigmas globose. P. 69. 112. ÆGOPODIUM. Involucres 0. Petals unequal. Fruit ovate-oblong, 5-ribbed; spaces between the ribs sub- convex. Stigmas simple.-P. 70. 113. SMYRNIUM. Involucre O, or rarely 1-leaved. Fruit ovate- globose, with a black 3-ribbed coat. Seeds reniform, angular-P. 70. . xl ARRANGEMENT OF THE GENERA. - 6. Fruit hairy or bristly. * Umbels with a general and partial involucre. 114. Tonilis. Involucre sometimes obsolete. Flowers equal. Fruit ovate, ribbed, every where clothed with bristles. -P. 70. 115. Daucus. Involucre pinnatifid or pinnate. Flowers sub- radiate. Fruit oval or oblong, 5-ribbed; Ribs muri- cated, with intermediate bristles.-P. 71. ** Umbels with partial involucres only. 116. ANTHRISCUS. Involucre rarely present, Fruit ovate, muricate or hispid, with a short glabrous beak; the styles persistent.-P. 71. 117. SCANDIX. Involucre 0. Fruit oblong, 5-ribbed, ending in a very long scabrous beak.-P. 72. III. TRIGYNIA. 118. VIBURNUM. Cal. very short, 5-cleft. Coroll. monopeta- lous, 5-lobed, the filaments inserted into its base. Berry inferior, 1-seeded.-P. 72. 119. SAMBUCUS. Cal. with 5 minute teeth. Coroll. rotate, monopetalous, 5-lobed. Berry globose, inferior, 1-celled. 3-seeded.-P. 72. (Stellaria media belongs to DECAND. TRIGYNIA.) IV. TETRAGYNIA. 120. PARNASSIA. Petals 5. Nectaries 5, fringed with globu- lar-headed filaments. Caps 1-celled, 4-valved.-P. 73. V. PENTAGYNIA. 121. LINUM. Coroll. 5-petalled. Caps. globose, 10-valved, 10-celled, Seeds ovate, compressed.-P. 74. 122. STATICE. Cal infundibuliform, scariose, plicate, Coroll. 5-petalled. Seed 1, invested with the calyx.-P. 73. VI. HEXAGYNIA. 123. DROSERA. Coroll 5-petalled. Caps. 1-celled, 3-5-valved, many-seeded.-P. 14. - VI. HEXANDRIA. I. MONOGYNIA. * Flowers with a double perianth, (both calyx and corolla). 124. BERBERIS. Cal. 6-leaved, inferior. Coroll. 6-petalled. Berry 2-seeded.-P. 82. 3 ARRANGEMENT OF THE GENERA. xli - 125. PEPlis. Cal. 12-cleft, segments alternately smaller. Co- roll. 6-petalled, (sometimes absent). Caps. superior, 2- celled. —P. 82. ** Flowers issuing from a spatha. 126. GALANTHUS. Perianth superior, 6-leaved, the 3 inner ones shorter, emarginate.-P. 75. 127. NARCISSUS. Perianth superior, 6-leaved. Nectary cam- panulate, including the stamens.--P. 75. 128. ALLIUM. Perianth inferior, of 6 leaves, all ovate, sessile. (Flowers umbellate.)—P. 75. *** Flowers with a single corolla-like perianth. Not spa- thaceous. 129. CONVALLARIA. Perianth inferior, 6-cleft. Berry 3-cell- ed. Stigma trigonous.-P. 77. 130. HYACINTHUS. Perianth inferior, tubular, 6-cleft, or 6- partite. Stamens uniform. Caps. 3-celled.-P. 76. 131. ASPARAGUS. Perianth inferior, 6-partite. Berry 3-celled. Stigmas 3.-P. 77. 132. NARTHECIUM. Perianth inferior, of 6 patent leaves. Sta- mens hairy. Seeds appendiculate at each extremity. — . P. 77. 133. ORNITHOGALUM. Perianth inferior, 6-leaved. Stamens dilated at the base.-P. 76. **** Flowers with a single calyx-like perianth. Not spa- thaceous. 134. Juncus. Perianth 6-leaved, glumaceous. Caps supe- rior, 3-celled, 3-valved. Seeds many. (Leaves mostly rounded, glabrous.) P. 77. 135. LUZULA. Perianth 6-leaved, glumaceous. Caps. supe- rior, 3-celled, 3-valved ; cells 1-seeded. (Leaves plane, mostly pilose.)–P. 81. (Peplis Portula belongs to Div. * Several Polygona to OCTAND. Trigyn.) II. TRIGYNIA. 136. TRIGLOCHIN. Perianth single, of 6 deciduous leaves, three inserted above the rest. Caps. 3–6, united by a longitudinal receptacle.-P. 84. 137. Rumex. Perianth single, 6-leaved. Seed 1, triquetrous, covered by the three inner valviform leaves of the pe- rianth.-P. 82. III. POLYGYNIA. 138. ALISMA. Cal. 3. leaved. Coroll. 3-petalled. Caps. many, clustered, distinct, 1-seeded, indehiscent.-P. 85. d xlii ARRANGEMENT OF THE GENERA. - VIII. OCTANDRIA. I. MONOGYNIA. * Perianih double, (Calyx and corolla.) 139. ACER. Cal. 5-cleft, inferior. Coroll. 5-petalled. Caps. 2, each with a long membranous expansion, 1-celled, 1-seeded.-P. 88. 140. EPILOBIUM. Cal. 4-partite, superior, deciduous. Coroll. 4-petalled. Caps. elongated, 4-celled, 4-valved, many- seeded.-P. 85. 141. VACCINIUM. Cal. 4-toothed, superior. Coroll. campanu- late, monopetalous. Anthers with 2 pores. Berry 4- celled, many-seeded.-P. 87. 142. ERICA. Cal. 4-leaved. Coroll. monopetalous. Caps. 4-celled, 4-valved ; dissepiments from the middle of the valves.-P. 87. 143. CALLUNA. Cal. double, each 4-leaved, inner one co- loured. Caps. 4-celled, 4-valved; dissepiments oppo- site the margin of the valves.-P. 88. ** Perianth single, corolla-like. 144. DAPHNE. Perianth single, corolloid, inferior, 4-cleft. Berry 1-seeded.-P. 88. DIGYNIA. (Several Polygona occur, which belong to the following ORDER. Chrysosplenium and Scleranthus to DECAND. DIGYNIA.) II. TRIGYNIA. 145. POLYGONUM. Perianth single, corolloid, inferior, 5-par- tite. Fruit a 1-seeded nut.--P. 89. III. TETRAGYNIA. 146, AnoxA. Cal, half-inferior, 3-cleft. Coroll. superior, 4-5-cleft. Anthers terminal, l-celled. Berry 4-celled. -P. 91. 147. PARIS. Cal. 4-leaved. Coroll. 4-petalled. Berry 4-cell- ed, 4-seeded, superior.-P. 91. IX. ENNEANDRIA. I. HEXANDRIA. 148. Butomus. Perianth single, corolloid, 6-partite. Caps. 6, many-seeded.-P. 93. ARRANGEMENT OF THE GENERA. xliii . - X. DECANDRIA. I. MONOGYNIA. * Flowers polypetalous. 149. PYROLA. Cal. 5-cleft. Coroll. 5-petalled. Anth. open- ing with 2 pores. Caps. 5-celled, superior.-P. 92 * Flowers monopetalous. (Vaccinium Myrtillus and uliginosum belong to Oc- TAND MONOG.) II. DIGYNIA. 150. SCLERANTHUS. Perianth single, monophyllous, 5-cleft, with the stam. inserted upon it. Caps. 1-celled, covered by the perianth.-P. 94. 151. SAXIFRAGA. Cal. 5-partite. Coroll. 5-petalled. Caps with 2 beaks, 2-celled, many-seeded.-P. 93. 152. CHRYSOSPLENIUM. Perianth single, 4-5-cleft, subcor- rolloid. Caps. with 2 beaks, many-seeded.-P. 93. 153. SAPONARIA. Cal. monophyllous, tubular, 5-toothed, with- out scales at the base, Petals 5, clawed. Caps. oblong, . 1-celled.-P. 95. 154. DIANTHUS. Cal. monophyllous, tubular, 5-toothed, with imbricated scales at the base. Petals 5, clawed. Caps. cylindrical, 1-celled.-P. 95. III. TRIGYNIA. 155. ARENARIA. Cal. 5-leaved. Petals 5, undivided. Caps. 1-celled, many-seeded.-P. 98. 156. ADENARIUM. Cal. 5-leaved, urceolate at the base. Petals 5, undivided, inserted as well as the stam. into the base of the 1-celled Caps. Filaments with a gland on each side at the base.-P. 98. 157. STELLARIA. Cal. 5-leaved. Petals 5, deeply cloven. Caps. 1-celled, opening with 6 teeth, many-seeded.- P. 97. 158. SILENE. Cal. monophyllous, tubular, 5-toothed. Petals 5, clawed, limb mostly notched or bifid. Caps. 3-celled, 6-toothed, many-seeded.-P. 96. IV. PENTAGYNIA. 159. SEDUM. Cal. 4-7-cleft. Coroll. 5-petalled. Caps. 5, with a nectiferous scale at their base.-P. 100. 160. OXALIS. Cal. 5-partite. Coroll. 5-petalled. Caps. an- gled, 5-celled. Seeds with an elastic arillus.-P. 101. - a d 2 xliv ARRANGEMENT OF THE GENERA. - - 161. LYCHNIS. Cal. monophyllous, tubular, membranaceous, 5-toothed. Petals 5, clawed, the limb divided. Caps. 1-5-celled.-P. 102. 162. AGROSTEMMA. Cal. monophyllous, tubular, coriaceous, 5-cleft. Petals 5, clawed, the limb undivided. Caps. 1-celled.-P. 101. 163. CERASTIUM. Cal. 5-leaved. Petals 5, cloven. Caps. 1-celled, bursting at the summit with 5 or 10 teeth. - P. 102. 164. SPERGULA. Cal. 5-leaved. Petals 5, undivided. Caps. ovate, 5-celled, 5-valved.-P. 104. (Silene inflata, belongs to Ord. TRIGYNIA.) XI. DODECANDRIA. I. DIGYNIA. 165. AGRIMONIA. Cal. 5-cleft. Petals 5, inserted upon the calyx. Pericarps in the bottom of the calyx.-. P. 105. II. TRIGYNIA. 166. RESEDA. Cal. monophyllous, cleft.. Petals laciniate. Caps. 1-celled, open at the apex.-P. 105. 167. EUPHORBIA. Perianth single, monophyllous, inferior. Nectaries 4–5, 'inserted upon the perianth. Caps. pe- dicellate, 3-lobed.-P. 106. TETRAGYNIA. (Potentilla Tormentitla, belongs to Icosand. POLYG.) III. DODECAGYNIA. 168. SEMPERVIVUM. Cal. 12-partite. Coroll. 12-petalled. Caps. 12.-P. 107. - - XII. ICOSANDRIA. I. MONOGYNIA. 169. PuuNUS. Cal. inferior, 5-cleft. Coroll. 5-petalled. Nut of the Drupe with slightly prominent seams.-P. 107. (Cratagus Oxyacantha, belongs to Ord. PENTAGYNIA.) (Cratagus Oxyacantha, Pyrus Aucuparia, and Aria oc- cur sometimes with 2, 3, or 4 styles, but belong to ORD. PENTAGYNIA). ARRANGEMENT OF THE GENERA. Xly II. PENTAGYNIA. 170. CRATÆGUS. Cal. superior, 5-cleft. Coroll. of 5 patent round petals. Stýle glabrous. Fruit fleshy, closed, 5-celled, nuts bony, 2-seeded.-P. 109, 171. Pyrus. Cal. superior, 5-cleft. Coroll. of 5 roundish pe- tals. Fruit closed, 5-celled; cells 2-seeded.-P. 109. 172. SPIRÆA. Cal. inferior, 5-cleft. Coroll. 5-petalled. Peri- carps 3–12, 1-celled, 3-valved; cells 1-3-seeded. - P. 110. . III. POLYGYNIA. 173. Rosa. Cal. fleshy, urceolate, 5-cleft at its summit. Peri- carps many, hairy, included in the cal. Receptacle vil- lous.-P. 111. 174. Rubus. Cal. 5-cleft, inferior. Fruit a cluster of many 1-seeded juicy drupes. —P. 114. 175. FRAGARIA. Čal. 10-cleft, inferior, segments alternately smaller. Coroll. 5-petalled. Pericarps inserted upon a large pulpy juicy deciduous receptacle.-P. 115. 176. POTENTILLA. Čal. 8–10-cleft, inferior, segments alter- nately smaller. Coroll. 4–5-petalled. Pericarps roundish, fixed to a small dry receptacle.-P. 116. 177. GEUM. Cal. 10-cleft, inferior, alternate segments minute. Coroll. 5-petalled. Pericarps with a long geniculated awn. Receptacle oblong.-P. 118. 178. COMARUM. Cal. 10-cleft, inferior, segments alternately smaller. Pet. 5, less than the cal. Pericarps inserted on a large, permanent, spongy, villous receptacle.-P. 118. (Spiræa Filipendula and Ulmaria belong to Ord. Pen- TAGYNIA). - a - XIII. POLYANDRIA. I. MONOGYNIA. * Petals 4. 179. PAPAVER. Cal. 2-leaved, caducous. Pet. 4. Stigma radiate. Caps. superior, discharging its seeds by pores under the permanent stigma.-P. 119. 180. CHELIDONIUM. Cal. 2-leaved, caducous. Pet. 4. Stigma 2-lobed. Pod linear, 1-celled, 2 valved. Seeds nume- rous, crested, free.-P. 119. 181. GLAUCIUM. Cal. 2-leaved, caducous. Pet. 4. Stigma 2-lobed. Pod. linear, l-celled, 2-valved. Seeds many, - xlvi ARRANGEMENT OF THE GENERA. . - imbedded in a spongy substance, which fills the pod.-- P. 119. ** Petals 5. 182. HELIANTHEMUM. Cal. 5-leaved, 2 smaller than the rest. Coroll. 5-petalled. Caps. 1-celled, 3-valved.-P. 121. 183. TILIA. Cal. 5-partite, deciduous. Coroll. 5-petalled. Pericarp coriaceous or 5-celled ; cells 2-seeded, (rarely 1-celled and 1-seeded).-P. 121. * Petals numerous. 184. NYMPHÆA. Cal. 4-5-leaved. Pet. numerous, inserted upon the germen beneath the stamens. Berry many- celled, many-seeded.-P. 120. 185. NUPHAR. Cal. 5-6-leaved. Pet. numerous, inserted with the stamens upon the receptacle. Berry superior, many- . celled, many-seeded.-P. 120. II. PENTAGYNIA. (Styles 2-6). 186. AQUILEGIA. Cal. 5-leaved, deciduous, coloured. Pet. 5, terminating below in a spurred nectary.-P. 121. 187. STRATIOTES. Spatha 2-leaved. Cai. 3-cleft. Coroll. 3-petalled. Berry inferior, 6-celled, many-seeded. - P. 122. (Reseda Luteola belongs to DODECAND. Trig. Helle- borus to Ord. Polye.) III. POLYGYNIA. * Pericarps indehiscent, 1-seeded. 188. THALICTRUM. Perianth single, 4-5-leaved. Pericarps without awns.-P. 123. 189. CLEMATIS. Perianth single, 4-6-leaved. Pericarps with a long, mostly feathery awn.-P. 122. 190. ANEMONE. Involucre remote from the flower, of 3 di- vided leaves. Perianth single, petaloid, 5–9-leaved. P. 122. 191. RANUNCULUS. Cal. 5-leaved. Pet. 5, with a nectiferous pore at the base. Pericarps shortly mucronate.-P. 123. 192. FICARIA. Cal. 3-leaved, caducous. Pet. 9, with a nec- tiferous pore at the base. Pericarps Pericarps smooth, obtuse. P. 126. ** Pericarps dehiscent, many-seeded. 193. Caltha. Perianth single, 5-leaved, petaloid. Pericarps spreading.-P. 127. - - ARRANGEMENT OF THE GENERA. xlvii 194. TROLLIUS. Cal. 5 or many-leaved, petaloid. Pet. 5 or many, minute, tubular at the base. Pericarps cylindri- cal. (Hook).-P. 127. 195. HELLEBORUS. Cal. 5-leaved, subcoriaceous, persistent. Pet. 8–10, very small, tubular, nectiferous. Pericarps compressed, suberect. (Hook).-P. 127. XIV. DIDYNAMIA. I. GYMNOSPERMIA. * Calyx 5- or 10-cleft, subregular. 196. LEONURUS. Cal. 5-angled. Anthers sprinkled with shin- ing dots.-P. 133. 197. GLECHOMA. Upper lip of Coroll. bifid. Anthers ap- proaching in pairs, and forming a cross. -P. 130. 198. MENTHA. Coroll . subregular, 4-lobed. Stam. erect, dis- tant.-P. 128. 199. TEUCRIUM. Upper lip of Coroll. short, 2-partite. Stam. projecting through the cleft.-P. 128. 200. AJUGA. Upper lip of Coroll. very minute. Stam. ex- serted. Anth. reniform, 1-celled.-P. 128. 201. BETONICA. Upper lip of Coroll . plane, ascending, lower one 2-lobed; the tube cylindrical.-P. 131. 202. Lamium. Upper lip of Coroll . vaulted, entire, lower one 2-lobed, toothed on each side.--P. 130. 203. GALEOPSIS. Upper lip of Coroll. vaulted, notched, lower one 3-lobed, 2-dentate above.-P. 131. 204. STACHYS. Upper lip of Coroll. vaulted, lower one 3-lobed, the 2 lateral lobes reflexed. Stam. after flowering late- rally reflexed.-P. 132. 205. BALLOTA. Cal. 10-ribbed. Upper lip of Coroll. concave, notched.-P. 132. 206. MARRUBIUM. Cal. 10-ribbed. Upper lip of Coroll. li- near, straight, cloven.-P. 133. ** Calya 2-lipped. (Verbena belongs to Ord. Angiosp.) 207. SCUTELLARIA. Upper lip of the Cal. covering the fruit like an operculum.-P. 134. 208. THYMUS. 'Mouth of the Cal. closed with hairs. Coroll. 2-lipped.—P. 134. 209. PRUNELLA. Filaments forked at their apex, one of the points bearing the anther.-P. 134. 210. ORIGANUM. Calyces and Bracieas collected into a spiked cone. Upper lip of Coroll. straight, notched.-P. 153 - - - xlviii ARRANGEMENT OF THE GENERA. - - 211. CLINOPODIUM. Bracteas many, linear, under each Cal. Upper lip of Coroll. erect, emarginate.-P. 133. II. ANGIOSPERMIA. * Calya 4-cleft. 212. LATHRÆA. Coroll . tubular, 2-lipped. Germen with a gland at the base. Caps. 1-celled.-P. 135. 213. Bartsia. Coroll. ringent, upper lip concave, longest, en- tire. Caps. ovate, compressed, 2-celled. Seeds many, angular. — P. 134. 214. RHINANTHUS. Cal. inflated. Upper lip. of Coroll. late- rally compressed. Caps. 2-celled, compressed. Seeds. many, plane.-P. 135. 215. MELAMPYRUM. Upper lip of Coroll. compressed. Caps. oblong, 2-celled, 2-seeded. Seeds gibbous, smooth.- P. 135. 216. EUPHRASIA. Upper lip of Coroll. divided. Lobes of the anthers mucronate. Caps. ovate-oblong, 2-celled. Seeds striate.-P. 135. ** Calyx 5-cleft. 217. SCROPHULARIA. Coroll. very short ; limb shortly 2-lip- ped, with an internal intermediate scale. Caps. 2-celled. P. 137. 218. DIGITALIS. Cal. 5-partite. Coroll. tubulato-campanu- late, ventricose beneath. Caps. ovate, 2-celled, many- seeded. — P. 138. 219. ANTIRRHINUM. Cal. 5-partite. Coroll. personate, with a prominent or spurred nectary at the base. Caps 2- celled.-P. 136. 220. PEDICULARIS. Cal. inflated. Upper lip of Coroll. arched, laterally compressed. Caps. compressed, 2-celled. Seeds angular.—P. 136. 221. VERBENA. Coroll. infundibuliform ; limb 5-cleft, unequal. Stam 2–4. Seeds 2-4, enclosed in a thin evanescent pericarp. (Hook).-P. 138. *** Calyx 2-leaved. 222. OROBANCHE. Cal. of 2 lobed leaves. Coroll. ringent. Caps. 1-celled, 2.valved, many-seeded.-P. 138. - - - ARRANGEMENT OF THE GENERA. xlix - XV. TETRADYNAMIA *. I. SILICULOSA. 223. CAKILE. Pouch of 2 single-seeded articulations ; upper one with an erect sessile seed ; lower one with a pendu- lous seed, (sometimes abortive).-P. 139. 224. CORONOPUS. Pouch 2-lobed, without valves, wingless; cells 1-seeded. Cotyledons incumbent, linear.-P. 139. 225. Thlaspi. Pouch compressed, emarginate; the valves ca- ; rinate, (often winged), many-seeded. Filaments with- out teeth, distinct. Cal. unequal in its insertion.-P. 139. 226. LEPIDIUM. Pouch with 1-seeded cells, their valves cari- nate. Petals equal.—P. 140. 227. COCHLEARIA. Pouch subovate, many-seeded, the valves turgid. Seeds not margined, their cotyledons accum- bent. The shorter filaments without teeth. Cal. pa- tent. — P. 140. 228. SUBULARIA. Pouch oval, pointless, many-seeded; valves turgid. Cotyledons incumbent, linear, bipartite.-P. 141. 229. DrABA. Pouch entire, oval; valves plane or slightly con- vex; cells many-seeded. Seeds not margined ; cotyledons accumbent. Filaments without teeth.-P. 141. 230. CAMELINA. Pouch subovate, many-seeded; the valves turgid. Cotyledons incumbent. Filaments without teeth. -P. 142. II. SILIQUOSA. 231. CARDAMINE. Pod linear, with the margins truncated ; valves plane, nerveless (often bursting elastically), nar- rower than the dissepiment.—P. 142. 232. ARABIS. Pod linear, crowned with the nearly sessile stig- ma; valves veined or nerved. Seeds in 1 row. Coty- ledons accumbent. Cal. erect.-P. 143. 233. BARBAREA. Pod 4-edged. Cotyledons accumbent, Seeds in 1 row. Cal. erect. Shorter filaments with interme- diate glands.-P. 143. 234. NASTURTIUM. Pod rounded, (sometimes short); valves concave, nerveless, not carinate. Cotyledons accumbent. Cal. patent.-P. 144. - * The characters of the genera of this Class are those of Mr R. Brown. The terms used cannot be better explained than in the words of Dr Hooker. “The embryo being surrounded by no albumen, offers itself to examination immediately upon breaking open the external coat of the seed, and the dis- tinction between accumbent and incumbent cotyledons will be apparent. In the former case, the back of one of the cotyledons is applied to the curved radicle ; in the latter, the edges or margins of the cotyledons are applied to it. 1 ARRANGEMENT OF THE GENERA. 235. SISYMBRIUM. Pod rounded or angular. Cotyledons in- cumbent (sometimes obliquely), plane. Cal. patent, some- times suberect.-P. 145. 236. ERYSIMUM. Pod 4-sided. Seeds not margined. Coty- ledons incumbent. Stigma capitate, sometimes notched, with the lobes patent. Cal. closed. -* 237. CHEIRANTHUS. Pod compressed or 2-edged. Cotyledons accumbent. Cal. closed; opposite leaflets saccate at the base. Stigma on a style, 2-lobed, the lobes patent or capitate.-P. 145. 238. HESPERIS. Pod 4-sided or 2-edged. Stigma subsessile, the lobes connivent. Cotyledons incumbent, plane. Cal. closed.-P. 146. 239. BRASSICA. Pod 2-valved, (with an abortive or 1-seeded beak). Cotyledons conduplicate. Cal. closed.-P. 146. ) 240. Sinapis. Pod 2-valved, (sometimes of 2 articulations, of which the upper one is valveless). Cotyledons condu- plicate. Seeds subglobose in a single series. Cal. pa- tent.-P. 147. 241. DIPLOTAXIS. (De Candolle). Pod 2-valved, compressed ; valves with a nerve in the middle. Cotyledons condu- plicate. Seeds ovate, in a double row, (sometimes ( part- ly in 1 row, from abortion).-P. 147. 242. RAPHANUS. Pod valveless. Cotyledons conduplicate. Cal. closed.-P. 148. XVI. MONADELPHIA. I. PENTANDRIA. 243. ERODIUM. Monogynous. Stam. 5, perfect, alternating with 5 imperfect filaments. Fruit beaked, separating into 5, 1-seeded capsules, each with a spiral awn, beard- ed on the inside. P. 148. (Linum belongs to PENT. PENTAG. Geranium pusillum to ORD. DECAND). - * The only plant of this genus growing near Edinburgh, was unaccount- ably omitted in the body of the work. It is 1. E. Alliaria, leaves cordate, petiolate, dentato-crenate. Lightf. p. 356. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 708. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 202. E. B. t. 796. Haz. Hedge-banks and waste places, frequent. May-July. . Plant with a smell like garlic when bruised ; 1-3 feet high, erect, smooth, а somewhat shining. Leaves large, veined. Flowers white. Pods narrow, long. The stem is often tinged with purple. ARRANGEMENT OF THE GENERA. li II. DECANDRIA. 244. GERANIUM. Monogynous. Fruit beaked, separating into 5 1-seeded capsules, each with a long naked simple awn.-P. 149. (Oxalis belongs to DECAND. PENTAG.) III. POLYANDRIA. 245. LAVATERA. Polygynous. Cal, double, external one 3- cleft. Caps. many, circularly arranged, 1-seeded. - P. 153. 246. Malva. Polygynous. Cal. double, external one 8-leav- MALVA , ed. Caps. many, circularly arranged, 1-seeded.-P. 152. . - - XVII. DIADELPHIA. I. HEXANDRIA. 247. FUMARIA. Cal. 2-leaved. Pet. 4. Pouch ovate or glo- bose, indehiscent, 1-seeded.-P. 153. 248. CORYDALIS. Cal. 2-leaved. Pet. 4. Pod 2-valved, com- pressed, dehiscent, oblong or linear.-P. 153. II. OCTANDRIA. 249. POLYGALA. Cal. 5-leaved, two of them wing-shaped and coloured. Caps. compressed, obcordate.-P. 154. III. DECANDRIA. (Papilionaceous Flowers). * Stamens all connected or monadelphous, the tube often cleft above. 250. GENISTA. Cal. 2-lipped; upper one with 2, lower one with 3 teeth. Standard reflexed.-P. 154. 251. ULEX. Cal. 2-leaved, with 2 scales at the base. Legume turgid, scarcely longer than the calyx.-P. 155. 252. ANTHYLLIS. Cal. inflated, inclosing the roundish 1-3- seeded legume.--P. 155. 253. ONONIS. Cal. 5-partite. Standard of Coroll. striate. . Legume turgid, sessile.-P. 155. ** Stamens diadelphous, 9 united and 1 free. + Style more or less pubescent beneath the stigma. 254. OROBUS. Style linear, cylindrical, downy above. Cal. obtuse at the base. — P. 156. 255. LATHYRUS. Style plane, downy above, dilated upwards. Cal. with 2 upper segments shortest.-P. 156. 256. VICIA. Style bearded beneath the stigma.-P. 157. - - lii ARRANGEMENT OF THE GENERA, - 257. Ervum. Stigma capitate, every where pubescent.-P. 158. ++ Style glabrous. * Legume more or less completely 2-celled. 258. AsTRAGALUS. Legume 2-celled, more or less gibbous. Style glabrous.-P. 159. ** Legume somewhat articulated. 259. ORNITHOPUS. Legume jointed, curved, cylindrical. — P. 158. *** Legume 1-celled, 1- or many-seeded, not jointed. 260. MEDICAGO. Legume falcate or spirally twisted, compres- sed, membranaceous.-P. 163. 261, TRIFOLIUM. Legume mostly shorter than the cal., 1- or many-seeded, indehiscent, deciduous. Flowers mostly capitate.-P. 159. 262. LOTUS. Legume cylindrical, straight. Wings of the coroll. cohering by their upper edge.-P. 162. - XVIII. POLYADELPHIA. I. POLYANDRIA. 263. HYPERICOM. Cal. 5-partite, inferior. Coroll. 5-petalled. Filaments many, united at the base in 3-5 bundles. Caps. many-seeded.-P. 163. - XIX. SYNGENESIA. I. POLYGAMIA ÆQUALIS. * Corollas all ligulate. SEMIFLOSCULOSI. 264. HYPOCHÆRIS. Involucre oblong, imbricated. Receptacle chaffy. Pappus feathery, stipitate or sessile.-P. 170. 265. CICHORIUM. Involucre surrounded with foliose scales. Receptacle naked or slightly hairy. Pappus sessile, shorter than the pericarp.-P. 171. 266. CREPIS. Involucre surrounded with deciduous scales, and at length torulose. Receptacle roughish. Pappus ses- sile.-P. 170. 267. HIERACIUM. Involucre ovate, imbricated. Receptacle nearly naked, dotted. Pappus simple, sessile.—P. 167. 268. APARGIA. Involucre imbricated, with scales at the base. Receptacle naked, dotted. Pappus feathery, sessile, un , equal.-P. 167. - ARRANGEMENT OF THE GENERAliii . . -- - 269. TRAGOPOGON. Involucre simple, many-leaved. Recep- tacle naked. Pappus feathery, stipitate. “ Pericarps longitudinally striate.”—P. 165. 270. LEONTODON. Involucre imbricated with somewhat lax scales. Receptacle naked. Pappus simple, stipitate.- P. 166. 271. LACTUCA. Involucre imbricated, cylindrical ; its scales membranaceous at their margins. Receptacle naked. Pappus simple, stipitate.-P. 166. 272. SONCHUS. Involucre imbricated, swelling at the base. Receptacle naked. Pappus simple, sessile.—P. 165. 273. LAPSANA. Involucre with scales at the base, its inner leaves equal, channelled. Receptacle naked. Pappus 0. -P. 170. ** Corollas all tubular, and forming a hemispherical head. CAPITATÆ. 274. ARCTIUM. Involucre globose, the scales hooked at their extremity. Receptacle chaffy. Pappus simple.-P. 171. 275. CARDUUS. Involucre ventricose, imbricated with spinous scales. Receptacle hairy. Pappus deciduous, roughish. —P. 171. 276. CNICUS. Involucre ventricose, imbricated with spinous scales. Receptacle hairy. Pappus deciduous, feathery. -P. 172. 277. ONOFORDON. Involucre ventricose, imbricated with spread- ing spinous scales. Receptacle pitted. Pappus decidu- ous, rough.-P. 174. (Centaurea Jacea belongs to Polyg. FRUSTRANEA.) *** Corollas all tubular, erect, forming nearly a level top. DISCOIDEI. 278. EUPATORIUM. Involucre imbricated, oblong. Florets few. Receptacle naked. Pappus rough.-P. 174. 279. BIDENS. Involucre many-leaved, bracteated at the base. Receptacle chaffy. Coroll. sometimes radiate. Pappus: rough with deflexed bristles.-P. 174. II. POLYGAMIA SUPERFLUA. * Ray of the Corolla obsolete. DiscoidEI. 280. GNAPHALIUM. Involucre imbricated, the scales scariose, and often coloured. Receptacle naked. Florets of the radius subulate. Pappus rough.—P. 176. 281. ARTEMISIA. Involucre ovate, imbricated. Receptacle naked or villose. Florets of the ray subulate. 66 Peri- carps crowned with a membranaceous pappus.”—P. 175. - - -- liv ARRANGEMENT OF THE GENERA. - a - (Tussilago Farfara and Petasites belong to Sect. **). * Corollas of the ray ligulate. RADIATI. 282. BELLIS. Involucre hemispherical, the scales equal. Re- ceptacle naked, conical. Pappus 0:-P. 182. 0.-P. 283. MATRICARIA. Involucre hemispherical or nearly plane, imbricated ; scales with membranaceous margins. Re- ceptacle naked, subcylindrical. Pappus 0.— P. 181. 284. CHRYSANTHEMUM. Involucre hemispherical, imbricated; scales with membranaceous margins. Receptacle naked. Pappus 0.-P. 180. 285. PYRETHRUM. Involucre hemispherical, imbricated; scales with membranaceous margins. Receptacle naked. Peri- carps crowned with a membranaceous border.-P. 180. 286. DORONICUM. Scales of the involucre in 2 equal rows, longer than the disk. Receptacle naked. Pericarps of the ray without a pappus.-P. 179. 287. SOLIDAGO. Involucre imbricated, the scales connivent. Receptacle naked. Florets about 5, uniform in colour. Pappus rough.-P. 179. 288. ASTER. Involucre imbricated, lowest scales spreading, (except in A. Tripolium). Receptacle naked. Florets of the ray more than 10. Pappus simple—P. 179. 289. SENECIO. Involucre subcylindrical, equal, scaly below; scales withered at the apex. Receptacle naked. Pappus simple. — P. 178. 290. TUSSILAGO. Involucre simple, equal, submembranaceous, swelling. Receptacle naked. Pappus simple.-P. 177. 291. ANTHEMIS. Involucre hemispherical; scales nearly equal, with scariose margins. Receptacle convex, chaffy. Peri- carps crowned with a membranaceous border.-P. 181. 292. AchilLEA. Involucre ovate, imbricated, unequal. Re- ceptacle plane, chaffy. Florets of the ray 5–10, round- ish-obcordate. Pericarps without pappus or border. P. 182. (Bidens cernua belongs to Ord. 1. Sect. ***). III. POLYGAMIA FRUSTRANEA. 293. CENTAUREA. Involucre scaly. Receptacle bristly. Co- rollas of the ray infundibuliform, irregular, longer than , those of the disk. Pappus simple.-P. 182. - - ARRANGEMENT OF THE GENERA. ly - XX. GYNANDRIA* I. MONANDRIA. * Anther adnate, nearly terminal, persistent. Pollen- mass composed of angular granules elastically coher- ing, fixed by its base. 294. Orchis. Coroll. ringent. Lip spurred at the base be- neath. Glands of the stalks of the pollen-mass contain- ed in one common little pouch.-P. 183. 295. GYMNADENIA. Coroll. ringent. Lip spurred at the base beneath. Glands of the stalks of the pollen-mass naked, approximate.-P. 184. 296. HABENARIA. Coroll. ringent. Lip spurred at the base beneath. Glands of the stalks of the pollen-mass naked, distinct, the cells of the stalks adnate or separated. P. 185. ** Anther parallel with the stigma. Pollen-mass farina- ceous, or composed of angular granules, fixed to the stigma by its extremity. 297. LISTERA. Coroll. irregular. Lip 2-lobed. Column wing- less. Anther fixed by its base. Pollen farinaceous. P. 186. *** Anther terminal, (persistent in Epipactis, deciduous in Corallorrhiza.) 298. EPIPACTIS. Lip ventricose below, undivided or 3-lobed ; middle lobe the largest, connected as it were by a joint. Pollen farinaceous.-P. 186. 299. CORALLORRHIZA. Lip produced behind, adnate with the spur, or free. Column free. Masses of Pollen 4, ob- lique.-P. 187. - - XXI. MONECIA. I. MONANDRIA. 300. ZANNICHELLIA. Barren Fl. Perianth 0.-Fertile Fic Perianth single, 1-leaved. Germ. 4 or more. Style 1. Stigma peltate.-P. 187. 301. CALLITRICHE. Barren Fl. Perianth single, 2-leaved. Anther 1-celled-Fertile Fl. Styles 2. Pericarp of 4 deep compressed lobes ; cells l-seeded.-P. 188. - * The characters of the Orchideous genera are those established by Mr R. Brown, and also given in Hooker's Fl. Scotica. lyi ARRANGEMENT OF THE GENERA. - 302. Zostera. Fructification in 2 rows on one side of a spa- dix. Spatha foliaceous. Anthers ovate, sessile, alter- nating with the germens. Germens with a bifid style. Drupe 1-seeded. (Hook).—P. 188. (Chara belongs to CRYPTOG. CHARACEÆ.) II. TRIANDRIA. 303. SPARGANIUM. Flowers in spherical heads. Barren FI. Perianth single, 3-leaved-Fertile Fl. Perianth single, 3-leaved, Drupe dry, 1-seeded.-P. 189. 304. Carex. Flowers with an involucre at their base of 1 glu- maceous scale, forming an imbricated catkin. Barren Fi. Perianth 0.-- Fertile Fl. Perianth simple, urceolate, ventricose, persistent, including a triquetrous nut. Stig- mas 2-3--P. 189. 305. TYPHA. Flowers forming cylindrical dense spikes. Re- ceptacle with pappus-like hairs. Barren Fl. Perianth 0. Stam. 3, united below into 1 filament. Fertile Fl. Peri- anth 0. Pericarp pedicellate.-P. 188. III. TETRANDRIA. 306. LITTORELLA. Barren Fl. Cal. 4-leaved. Coroll. 4-cleft. Stam. very long.–Fertile Fl. Cal. O. Coroll. 3-cleft. Style long. Nut 1-seeded.-P. 200. 307. URTICA. Barren Fl. Perianth single, 4-leaved. Fertile Fi. Perianth single, 2-leaved. Pericarp 1-seeded, shin- ing—P. 201. 308. ALNUS. Flowers forming an imbricated catkin. Barren Fi. Scales of the Catkin 3-lobed, 3-flowered. Perianth single, 4-partite. Fertile Fl. Scale 2-flowered. , Peri- anth 0. Styles 2. Fruit compressed.-P. 201. PENTANDRIA. (Fagus sylvaticus, and Quercus, belong to Ord. Poly- AND.) (Atriplex portulacoides, to PoLYGAMIA.) HEXANDRIA. (Quercus belongs to Ord. POLYAND.) IV. POLYANDRIA. 309. MYRIOPHYLLUM. Barren Fl. Cal. 4-leaved. Coroll. 4- petalled. Stam. 8.-Fertile Fl. Cal. and Coroll., each of 4 leaves. Stigmas 4, sessile. Nuts 4, 1-seeded. -- P. 202. - - - - ARRANGEMENT OF THE GENERA. lvii a - 310. CERATOPHYLLUM. Barren Fl. Perianth multipartite. Stam. 16-20.-Fertile Fl. Perianth multipartite. Stigm. subsessile. Nut 1-seeded. —P. 201. 311. Fagus. Barren Fl. in a globose catkin. Perianth single, 1-leaved, campanulate, 6-cleft. Stam. 5-12.Fertile Fl. 2 Involucre 4-lobed, prickly. Perianth single, , 4-5 cleft. Styles 3. Nuts 1-seeded, invested with the enlarged involucre.-P. 203. 312. CASTANEA. Burren Fl. in a long cylindrical catkin. Perianth single, 1-leaved, 6-cleft. Stam. 5-20.-Fertile Fl. 3. Involucre 4-lobed, thickly muricate. Perianth single, 5–6-lobed. Styles 6. Nut 1-2-seeded, invested , with the enlarged involucre.—P. 203. 313. QUERCUS. Barren Fl. in a lax catkin. Perianth single, sub-5-cleft. Stam. 5-10.-Fertile Fl. Involucre cup- shaped, scaly. Perianth single, 6-lobed. Style 1. Stig- mas 3. Nut 1-celled, 1-seeded, surrounded at the base with the enlarged involucre.-P. 202. 314. CORYLUS. Barren Fl. in a cylindrical catkin, its scales 3-cleft. Perianth 0. Stam. 8. Anth. 1-celled.-Fer- tile Fl. Perianth obsolete. Germens several. Stigm. 2. Nut 1-seeded, ovate, more or less surrounded with the enlarged, coriaceous, scaly involucre.-P. 204. 315. CARPINUS. Barren Fl. in a cylindrical catkin; its scales ciliate at the base. Stam. 8-20.--Fertile Fl. in a lax catkin ; its scales large, 3-lobed, 1-flowered. Perianth single, 1-leaved, 6-dentate. Styles 2. Styles 2. Nut ovate, stri- ate, 1-seeded.-P. 203. 316. BETULA. Barren Fl. in a cylindrical catkin, its scales 3-flowered. Perianth 0. Stam. 10-12.-Fertile Fl. Scales of the catkin 3-flowered. Perianth 0. Styles 2. Nuts compressed, with a membranaceous margin, 1- seeded.-P. 203. 317. Anum. Spatha 1-leaved, convolute at the base. Peri- anth 0. Spadix naked above, bearing sessile anthers below the middle, and germens at the base. Berry 1- celled, 1-seeded.--P. 202. - - - V. MONADELPHIA. 318. Pinus. Barren Fl. in a catkin ; its scales peltate. Anth. 2, sessile, 1-celled. Perianth 0.-Fertile Fl. in an ovate catkin; scales closely imbricated, 2-flowered. Perianth 0. Pericarp 1-seeded, with a winged expansion, covered by the scales which form a cone.-P. 204. (Typha belongs to Ord. TRIANDRIA). с lviii ARRANGEMENT OF THE GENERA. - XXII. DIECIA. MONANDRIA. (Salin Lambertiana belongs to Ord. DIANDRIA.) I. DIANDRIA. 319. SALIX. Barren Fl. Scales of the Catkin 1-flowered, with a nectariferous gland at the base. Perianth 0. Stam 1-5. -Fertile Fl. Scales 1-flowered. Perianth 0. Stigm. 2. Caps. l-celled, 2-valved, many-seeded. Seeds carnose -P. 204. II. TRIANDRIA. 320. EMPETRUM. Barren Fl. Cal. 3-partite. Coroll. 3-pe- talled. Stam. 3.-Fertile Fl. Cal. 3-partite. Coroll . 3-petalled. Stigma 6-9-rayed. Berry superior, glo- bose, 6-9-seeded.-P. 209. Valeriana dioica belongs to TRIANDRIA; Salix trian- dra to Ord. DIAND.) TETRANDRIA. (Urtica dioica belongs to MONĘCIA.) III. PENTANDRIA. 321. HUMULUS. Barren Barren Fl. Perianth single, 5-leaved. Anth. with 2 pores. - Fertile Fl. Scales of the catkin large, concave, entire, oblique, 1-flowered. Perianth 0. Styles 2. Seed 1.-P. 209. (Salix pentandra belongs to Ord. DIAND.) IV. OCTANDRIA. 322. POPULUS. Barren Fl. Scales of the catkin laciniate. Anth. 8-30. Perianth single, oblique, turbinate, entire.- Fertile Fl. Scales laciniate. Perianth turbinate, entire. Stigmas 4. Caps. superior, 2-celled, 2-valved, many- seeded. Seeds comose.-P. 210. - V. ENNEANDRIA. 323. MERCURIALIS. Barren Fl. Perianth single, 3-partite. Stam. 9–12. Anth. globose, 2-lobed.—Fertile Fl. Pe- rianth single, 3-partite. Styles 2. Caps. 2-celled; cells 1-seeded.-P. 210. 324. HYDROCHARIS. Barren Fi. Barren Fl. Cal. 3-partite. Coroll. 3- petalled. -- Fertile Fl. Cal. 3-partite. Coroll. 3-petalled. Styles 6. Caps. inferior, 6-celled, many-seeded.-P. 211 (Empetrum belongs to Ord. TRIAND.) ARRANGEMENT OF THE GENERA. . lix DECANDRIA. (Lychnis dioica belongs to DECAND. PENTAG.) ICOSANDRIA. (Rubus Chamamorus belongs to ICOSAND. POLYAND.) POLYANDRIA. (Stratiotes aloides belongs to POLYAND. PENTAG. ; Popu- lus nigra to Ord. OCTAND.) VI. MONADELPHIA. 325. JUNIPERUS. Barren Fl. Scales of the catkin subpeltate. Perianth 0. Stam. 4-8, 1-celled.-Fertile Fl. Scales few, at length fleshy, united and surrounding the 3- seeded berry.-P. 211. XXIII. POLYGAMIA. I. MONOECIA. 326. ATRIPLEX. Perfect Fl. Perianth single, 5-partite, infe- rior. Stam. 5. Style 2-partite. Fruit depressed, 1- seeded, covered by the calyx.—Pistilliferous Fl. Peri- anth single, 2-partite. Stam. (.-P. 211. XXIV. CRYPTOGAMIA. I. EQUISETACEÆ. CHAR.–Fructification in terminal spikes, composed of peltate, several-sided scales, producing on their under surface 4–7 elongated involucres, containing the seeds. 327. EQUISETUM.—Obs. The only genus in this Order ; a re- petition of character, is therefore unnecessary, All the species are destitute of leaves, the stems rigid, joint- ed, each articulation arising from a sheath. Branches whorled.-P. 213. II. MARSILIACEÆ. CHAR.-Fructification radical. Seeds contained in round- ish, 1- or many-celled, indehiscent involucres. Plants aquatic. 328 PilulARIA. Involucres solitary, globose, nearly sessile, 4-celled.-P. 215. a - e 2 lx ARRANGEMENT OF THE GENERA. III. LYCOPODINEÆ. Char.-Fructification axillary or spiked, composed of two kinds of 1-3-celled, 2–3-valved capsules, some containing minute granules, others a few larger cor- puscules. Stems herbaceous or woody, simple or branched, erect or creeping. Leaves undivided, small, numerous. 329. LYCOPODIUM. Capsules 1-celled, axillary, sessile ; some- times 2-valved, filled with a farinaceous substance ; others 3-valved, containing 1-6 globose corpuscules. Br. -P. 215. IV. FILICES. CHAR.- Fructification uniform. Capsules mostly in clusters on the back of a frond, sometimes spiked or racemed ; naked, or protected by a membranaceous in- volucre. Fronds mostly furnished with a stem, circi- nate when young, simple or variously branched and divided. Div. I. Capsules without a ring. Fructification raised on a peduncle. 330. OPHIOGLOSSUM. Stem 1-leaved, produced above into an elongated peduncle. Capsules on a distichous spike, connate, opening transversely.-P. 217. 331. BotRYCHIUM. Fructification pedunculate. Capsules sub- globose, distinct, adnate with the compound rachis, opening transversely.-P. 217. Div. II. Capsules furnished with an elastic ring, and produced on the back of the frond. * Sori linear. 332. BLECHNUM. Sori linear, longitudinal, continuous, on each side the main rib. Involucre continuous, opening inte- riorly.--P. 217. 333. PTERIS. Sori linear, continuous, marginal. Involucre formed by the inflexed margin of the frond.-P. 218. 334. SCOLOPENDRIUM. Sori linear, transverse, scattered. In- volucre double, one on each side the sorus.-P. 218. 335. ASPLENIUM. Sori linear, transverse, scattered. Invo- lucre opening towards the midrib.-P. 219. ** Sori in round clusters. 336. ASPIDIUM. Sori roundish, scattered. Involucres umbi- licated or opening on one side.-P. 220. 337. POLYPODIUM. Sori roundish. Involucres 0.-P. 222. - ARRANGEMENT OF THE GENERA. lxi - - - - V. MUSCI. CHAR. --Fructification double ; either capsules (theca) furnished with a mostly deciduous lid, which is pro- tected for a greater or less length of time by a deci- duous membranaceous calyptra ;—or minute spherical, pedicellated bodies, concealed in the axils of some of the leaves (Anthers ? ?). Div. I. Peristome 0. * Lid persistent. 338. ANDRÆA. Theca 4-valved ; valves cohering at the apex, and adnate with the persistent lid.—P. 223. 339. PHASCUM. Theca entire, adnate with the persistent lid. Calyptra shorter than the theca.—P. 225. ** Lid deciduous. 340. SPHAGNUM. Receptacle of the theca pedunculated. Pe- duncle resembling a seta. Theca sessile on the recep- tacle. Mouth naked.-P. 223. 341. GYMNOSTOMUM. Seta terminal Calyptra dimidiate. Mouth of the theca naked.-P. 226. 342. ANICTANGIUM. Seta terminal. Calyptra mitriform. Mouth of the theca naked.-P. 229. Div. II. Mouth of the theca furnished with a peristome. A. Peristome single. * Calyptra mitriform. (In Splachnum at length dimi- diate.) 343. TETRAPHIS. Seta terminal. Seta terminal. Peristome of 4 erect teeth. -P. 230. 344. SPLACHNUM. Seta terminal. Peristome single, of 8 . ge- minate teeth. Theca with an evident apophysis. Colu- mella exserted, capitate. Calyptra mitriform.-P. 231. 345. ENCALYPTA. Seta terminal. Peristome single, of 16 teeth. Calyptra cylindrico-campanulate, wholly con- cealing the mature theca.-P. 233. 346. GRIMMIA. Seta terminal. Peristome single, of 16 en- tire or perforated, rarely cleft, equidistant teeth. Calyp- tra mitriform.-P. 234. 347. TRICHOSTOMUM. Seta terminal. Peristome single, of 16 equal teeth divided to the base, or 32 in pairs. Ca- lyptra mitriform.-P. 242. 348. CINCLIDOTUS. Seta terminal. Peristome single, of 32 filiform twisted teeth, anastomosing at their base. Ca- lyptra mitriform.-P. 231. - - lxii ARRANGEMENT OF THE GENERA. - ** Calyptra dimidiate. 349. TORTULA. Seta terminal. Peristome single, of 32 fili- form, twisted teeth, nearly free, or more or less united by a tubiform membrane. Calyptra dimidiate.-P. 231. 350. DIDYMODON. Seta terminal. Peristome single, of 16 teeth or 32 in pairs, or united at the base. Calyptra dimidiate.-P. 244. 351. DICRANUM. Seta terminal, (except in D. adiantoides and D. taxifolium). Peristome single, of 16 bifid, equidis- tant teeth. Calyptra dimidiate.-P. 238. 352. WEISSIA. Seta terminal. Seta terminal . Peristome single, of 16 entire, equidistant teeth. Calyptra dimidiate.--P. 236. 353. PTEROGONIUM. Seta lateral. Peristome single, of 16 entire, equidistant teeth. Calyptra dimidiate.-P. 236. B. Peristome double. * Seta terminal. 354. POLYTRICHUM. Seta terminal. Peristome double ; outer one of 32 or 64 equidistant incurved teeth ; inner one of a dense horizontal membrane, connected with the outer teeth. Calyptra dimidiate.-P. 245. 355. BUXBAUMIA. Stem none. Theca oblique, gibbous. Pe- ristome double ; outer one of many filiform torulose pro- cesses; inner cne of a conical, plicate membrane. Ca- lyptra mitriform. ---P. 251. 356. FUNARIA. Seta terminal. Peristome double, oblique ; outer and inner ones each of 16 teeth, opposite to each other.-P. 247. 357. ORTHOTRICHUM. Seta terminal. Peristome mostly double; outer one of 16 teeth, approaching in pairs ; inner one of 8–16 ciliary processes or none. Calyptra mitriform. Columella not capitate.--P. 247. 358. BARTRAMIA. Seta terminal. Theca subglobose. Peri- stome double; outer one of 16 teeth ; inner one of a membrane cleft into 16 bifid segments. Calyptra dimi- diate.-P. 252. 359. Bryum. Seta terminal. Peristome double; outer one of 16 teeth ; inner one of a membrane cut into 16 equal segments, with filiform processes often placed between them. Calyptra dimidiate.-P. 265. ** Seta lateral. 360. HYPNUM. Seta lateral. Peristome double ; outer one of 16 teeth ; inner one of a membrane cut into 16 equal segments, with filiform processes often between them. Calyptra dimidiate.-P. 253. - - ARRANGEMENT OF THE GENERA. lxiii a 361. HOOKERIA. Seta lateral. Seta lateral. Peristome double ; outer one of 16 teeth ; inner one of a membrane cut into 16 entire segments. Calyptra mitriform.-P. 253. 362. FONTINALIS. Seta lateral. Peristome double; outer ; one of 16 teeth ; inner one of 16 ciliary processes, form- ed by transverse bars into a reticulated cone. Calyptra mitriform.-P. 251. 363. ANOMODON. Seta lateral. Peristome double; the first of 16 teeth; the second of 16 ciliary processes, arising from the teeth. Calyptra dimidiate.-P. 250. 364. NECKERA. Seta lateral. Peristome double ; outer one of 16 teeth ; inner one of 16 ciliary processes, connected only at the base by a short membrane. Calyptra dimi- diate.-P. 251. VI. HEPATICÆ. CHAR.- Plants of a cellulose texture, opake or transpa- rent. Fructification double ; 1st, Capsules without a lid, either naked, and sessile and enclosed in a de- hiscent involucre, sessile or imbedded in the frond with a terminal pore: or furnished with a veil, which they rupture at the apex, and through which they are more or less protruded on a peduncle. Sporules naked or mixed with spiral filaments. 2dly, Very minute, roundish or oblong, reticulated, free or immersed bo- dies variously situated. (Anthers ?).—Jungermannia has a 4-valved theca. Monoclea a 1-valved, pedun- culate theca. Targionia a 2-valved sessile involucre, Marchantia several thecæ in a common pedunculated receptacle. Anthoceros a linear, 2-valved theca. Spha- rocarpus obpyriform, sessile receptacles. Riccia im- mersed roundish thecæ. 365. JUNGERMANNIA. Theca 4-valved, supported on a pe- duncle longer than the calyx; valves free.--P. 270. 366. MARCHANTIA. Theca on the under surface of a common, peltate, pedunculate receptacle. Anthers imbedded in the disk of distinct, peltate, pedunculate or sessile recep- tacles.-P. 279. 367. RICCIA. Theca “ spherical, immersed in the frond (not opening?), crowned with the style, which is alone pro- truded.” Hook.-P. 280. a lxiv ARRANGEMENT OF THE GENERA. VII, CHARACEÆ. CHAR.--Plants aquatic, leafless, filiform; branches whorl- ed. Fructification double : a minute, sessile, solitary, spirally striated nucule, enveloped in a delicate mem- brane, obsoletely 5-cleft at the apex, and filled with sporules ? ;-and a solitary inferior globose globule, whose coat is composed of scales fitted to each other, and which ultimately separate, the interior filled with elastic whitish filaments. 368. CHARA.— The only genus in this Order. Stems some- times articulated ? ; in certain species incrusted with a calcareous matter, which renders the plant very fragile. VIII. ALGÆ. CHAR.—Plants frondose, almost all aquatic, either float- ing free in the water, or attached by a fibrous or scu- tate base. Fronds cylindrical or plane, of every in- termediate substance between gelatinous and lignoso- coriaceous, and equally variable in colour. Fructifi- cation, granules or sporules, naked and immersed in the frond, or in capsules or tubercles variously situated, and sometimes in a common receptacle. A. Frond not articulated. Div. I. Plants marine, cylindrical or expanded, mostly olive-green or reddish brown, becoming black on expo- sure to air, of a coriaceous or cartilaginous substance. Fructification naked sporules immersed in the frond, or sporules in tuberculated receptacles. FUCOIDEÆ. 369. LAMINARIA. Root fibrous. Stipes dilated into a plane frond. Fructification naked granules immersed, and forming irregular groups in the frond.-P. 282. - 370. Fucus. Root scutate. Frond plane or compressed, (rare- ly filiform), dichotomous. Fructification, tubercles con- tained in a common mucose receptacle, and filled with sporules and filaments.-P. 283. 371. HIMANTHALIA. Root scutate. Frond linear, compressed, dichotomous, arising from a cyathiform base. Fructifi- cation, tubercles imbedded in the whole length of the frond.-P. 285. 372. CYSTOSEIRA. Root scutate. Stipes cylindrical. Lower leaves plane ; upper ones filiform, furnished with innate vesicles. Fructification, tubercles in common receptacles, the receptacles with several loculaments.-P. 285. ARRANGEMENT OF THE GENERA. Ixv - 373. LICHINA. Fronds minute, tufted, greenish black when growing. Fructification, solitary tubercles, with a pore, at length scutelliform.—P. 286. 374. FURCELLARIA. Frond cylindrical. Fructification con- cealed in the swollen extremities of the frond; capsules in the centre (Agardh), and pyriform granules in the circumference.-P. 286. 275. SPONGIOCARPUS. Root scutate. Frond filiform. Fruc- tification, naked, spongy warts, composed of radiating filaments, among which are the sporules.-P. 286. 376. SPOROCHNUS. Root mostly scutate. Frond plane, with distichous branches, bearing in most instances delicate, pencil-like, deciduous tufts of confervoid filaments. (“Re- ceptacles composed of concentric, clavate, articulated cor- puscules.” Agardh).-P. 287. 377. SCYTOSIPHON. Root scutate. Frond filiform, tubular, subcoriaceous. Fructification, naked, pyriform gra- . nules covering the whole frond.-P. 288. 378. CHORDARIA. Root scutate. Frond filiform, of an olive colour, and cartilaginous substance. Fructification, cla- vate or pyriform concentric filaments, constituting the whole frond.-P. 288. -- Div. II. Plants marine, cylindrical or plane, of a pur- plish, reddish, or fine rose-colour, becoming more bril- liant on exposure to air. Substance gelatinous, mem- branaceous, or cartilaginous. Root scutate. Root scutate. Fructi- fication, tubercles or naked immersed granules, often both in the same species, but on distinct individuals. FLORIDEA. 379. GIGARTINA. Root scutate. Frond filiform, much branch- ed. Fructification double ; capsules and innate clusters of sporules in pod-shaped ramuli.—P. 289. 380. CHONDRIA. Frond continuous, gelatinoso-cartilaginous. Fructification double ; naked granules immersed in the substance of the ramuli and external tubercles.-P. 290. 381. DELESSERIA. Root scutate. Frond plane, membrana- ceous, with or without ribs. Fructification double ; tubercles and clusters of naked immersed granules. — P. 292. 382. SPHÆROCOCCUS. Root scutate. Frond submembrana- ceous, or cartilaginous. Fructification uniform, tu- bercles or capsules.-P. 294. 383. ODONTHALIA. Root scutate. Frond linear, membrana- ceous, toothed. Fructification double ; marginal slen- lxvi ARRANGEMENT OF THE GENERA. a - der pods, containing a double row of granules, and axil- lary clusters of pedicellate, urceolate capsules.-P. 296. 384. PTILOTA. Root scutate. Fronds compressed or plane, pinnate. Fructification a cluster of naked granules, sur- rounded by a linear-cleft involucre.-P. 297. Div. III. Plants chiefly marine, some, however, growing in fresh water, and on moist rocks. Fronds plane, or tubular and continuous, gelatinous, membranaceous or subcoriaceous. Colour mostly green or purplish, annular, some red or brown. Fructification internal granules, or granules naked and immersed in the sub- stance of the frond, or adnate tubercles. ULVOIDEA. * Fronds plane. 385. ZONARIA. Root downy. Frond plane, ribless, flabelli- form or wedge-shaped, or linear and dichotomous. Fruc- tification adnate tubercles, collected into parallel lines on the frond.-P. 297. 386. ULVA. Root scutate. Frond plane, (rarely bullate and crisped), membranaceous, rarely coriaceous. Fructifi- cation naked immersed granules, distributed in fours throughout the frond. - P. 298. ** Fronds tubular. + Fronds not appearing beaded or jointed internally. 387. FISTULARIA. Root scutate. Frond green, simple or branched, tubular, membranaceous. Fructification na- ked immersed granules distributed in fours throughout the frond.-P. 300. 388. NODULARIA. Root scutate. Fronds filiform, mostly , simple, torulose externally as if regularly jointed. Fructi- fication oblong granules contained in the tubular frond. -- P. 300. 389. GLOIONEMA. Filaments capillary, Filaments capillary, tubular, continuous, branched. Fructification, granules disposed without order in the gelatinous interior.-P. 301. 390. BANGIA. Filaments capillary, mostly simple, tubular, continuous. Fructification, granules disposed in regu- lar transverse series or strata.-P. 301. ++ Filaments appearing to be beaded, or more or less divided internally by false articulations. 391. SCYTONEMA. Plant not gelatinous, coriaceous. Fila- ments short, forming dark, dense tufts; beaded inter- nally, or filled with annular transverse bodies.--P. 302. 392. OSCILLATORIA. Plant gelatinous. Filaments simple, ARRANGEMENT OF THE GENERA. Ixvii continuous, membranaceous, filled internally with trans- verse parallel striæ.-P. 303. 393. VAGINARIA. Plant gelatinous. Filaments of two kinds; the larger ones sheathing a number of smaller ones which radiate as soon as protruded from the sheath. Interior with obsolete, or no transverse striæ.-P. 305. Div. IV. Plants marine, fresh water or terrestrial. Fronds capillary, tubular, continuous, membranaceous, of a green colour. Fructification very minute sporules, diffused in an internal gelatinous mass, or external viviparous (?) vesicles. VAUCHERIDEE. 394. VAUCHERIA. Filaments dichotomous or irregularly branch- ed, somewhat rigid. Fructification, a granulated mass within the frond, and external dark green vesicles va- riously situated.-P. 305. 395. BRYOPSIS. Root minutely scutate. Filaments tubular, continuous, aggregated, branched, pinnate or imbrica- ted upwards with branchlets. Fructification a dark in- ternal granular mass ().-P. 307. B. Fronds filiform articulated. Div. V. Plants marine, with few exceptions. Frond fili- form or capillary, membranaceous or subcoriaceous, mostly of an olive-green or fine red colour. Fructifi- cation external tubercles or capsules, and occasionally innate ones at the ends of the ramuli. ECTOCARPOI- DEÆ. * Fronds more or less of a red colour. 396. ASFEROCAULON. Frond much branched, the main stem hirsute, opake, inarticulate. Branches jointed. Fruc- tification double ; capsules and lanceolate pods contain- ing rows of granules.-P. 307. 397. POLYSIPHONIA. Filaments jointed, longitudinally striated with internal parallel tubes. Fructifiation double ; ovate capsules and granules in swollen branchlets.—P. 308. 398. CERAMIUM. Filaments jointed, subdichotomous, red ; ar- ticulations veined or diaphanous. Fructification, cap- sules with an involucre of short ramuli.-P. 310. 399. CalliTHAMNION. Filaments jointed, rose-red, branched. , , Articulations marked with one broad tube-like line, the joints pellucid. Fructification pedunculated capsules on the ramuli.--P. 311. 400. GRIFFITHSIA. Filaments jointed, fine red, branched. Fructification granules, surrounded with a gelatinous lxviii ARRANGEMENT OF THE GENERA. - cous. - limbus, and protected by a filamentous involucre.- P. 312. ** Fronds olive-green or brownish. 401. CLADOSTEPHUS. Plant olivaceous. Main filaments opake, inarticulate ; branches jointed, mostly whorled with ra- muli. Fructification, capsules.--P. 312. 402. SPHACELLARIA. Filaments jointed, branched, olivaceous, distichous or dichotomous ; apex of the branches spha- cellate or hyaline, abrupt. Fructification, granules in the sphacellated apex or capsules.-P. 313. 403. ECTOCARPUS. Filaments jointed, much branched, fus- Fructification, lanceolate pods or ovate capsules, solitary or racemose.-P. 314. Div. VI. Marine and fresh water plants of various colours, mostly green. Filaments jointed, simple or branched, tubular, membranaceous or gelatinous. Fruc- tification very minute sporules within the articula- tions. CONFERVOIDEÆ. 404. CONFERVA. Filaments uniform, jointed, membranaceous, simple or branched, mostly green. Fructification, gra- nules scattered in the articulations.-P. 315. 405. ZYGNEMA. Filaments jointed, at length forming lateral unions by short tubes, passing from one to another. Fructification minute internal granules, assuming some determinate form or arrangement.-P. 320. 406. FRAGILLARIA. Filaments jointed, simple, gelatinous, compressed, fragile, separating at the joints.-P. 321. 407. DRAPARNALDIA. Filaments green, jointed, very gelati- Ramuli penicellate, fascicled. Fructification a granular mass in the articulations of the main filaments. -P. 321. IX. CHÆTOPHOROIDEÆ. CHAR.-Plants growing in the sea, fresh water or on rocks, moist ground, &c. Chiefly of a roundish form, some few almost crustaceous; solid, or with a central cavity, slippery to the touch, mostly very firm. Interior more or less gelatinous, and containing simple or branched, somewhat continuous or articulated fila- ments, either radiating from the centre to the circum- ference, or disposed without order ; rarely granules only. 408. CHÆTOPHORA. Plant elongated or globose, gelatinous ; substance composed of branched articulated filaments. -P. 321. - nous. a - ARRANGEMENT OF THE GENERA. lxix --- 409. LINKIA. Plant elongate or globose, gelatinous; sub- stance composed of straight, radiating, simple acuminate filaments.-P. 322. 410. Nostoc. Plant roundish or shapeless, gelatinous ; sub- stance composed of curved moniliform simple filaments, lying irregularly in a gelatinous nidus.-P. 322. 411. PALMELLA. Minute or small, somewhat diaphanous, ge- latinous plants filled with solitary granules, unmixed with filaments.-P. 323. - - X. LICHENES. CHAR. -Small or minute rootless plants, growing on the trunks of trees, or on the ground; of various colours and forms, either merely pulverulent, crus- taceous, membranaceous, frondose, or branched and shrub-like. The whole may be considered as a gene- ral receptacle of the fructification, which consists of very minute sporules, enclosed in a partial recep- tacle (shield, tubercle, &c.), or scattered in powdery masses on the surface. Substance friable, corneous, coriaceous, membranaceous, or gelatinous. Div. I. Apothecia differing in colour from the rest of the plant, and formed of a distinct substance. Idio- THALAMI. Sect. I. Apothecia simple, entirely formed of a subuni- form, pulverulent or cartilaginous substance. Ho- MOGENII. * Apothecia destitute of a raised margin. 412. SPILOMA. Plant crustaceous, spreading, plane, adnate uniform. Apothecia composed of minute bodies, collect- ed into a compact, homogeneous, subpulverulent, naked and shapeless coloured mass.-P. 324. ** Apothecia with a raised border. 413. LECIDEA. Plant various ; crustaceous, spreading, adnate and uniform, or foliaceous. Apothecia scutelliform, sessile, surrounded by a cartilaginous membrane, the disk of the same nature as the raised border.-P. 324. 414. Calicium. Plant crustaceous, plane, Plant crustaceous, plane, spreading, adnate uniform. Apothecia cup-shaped, sessile or stipitate, cartilaginous, containing a compact pulverulent mass, plane or convex, and forming a naked disk.-P. 328. 1 lxx ARRANGEMENT OF THE GENERA. - 415. GYROPHORA. Plant foliaceous, coriaceous or cartilagi- nous, peltate, mostly monophyllous, free beneath. Apo- thecia subscutelliform, sessile or adnate, covered with a black cartilaginous membrane, the disk warty or plaited in circles, and bordered.-P. 328. SECT. II. Apothecia subsimple, included, formed of a single covering, containing a capsular body or nu- cleus. HETEROGENII. 416. ENDOCARPON. Plant crustaceous, adnate, of some deter- minate figure, or foliaceous and peltate. Apothecia glo-- bose, concealed in the substance of the plant, surrounded by a thin membrane, furnished with a slightly promi- nent orifice, and containing a nucleus.-P. 329. Div. II. Apothecia partly formed from the substance of the plant. CÆNOTHALAMI. SECT. I. Apothecia included in wart-like processes form- ed from the substance of the plant. PHYMATOIDEI. 417. THELOTREMA. Plant crustaceous, cartilaginous, plane, spreading, adnate, uniform, with wart-like receptacles, furnished with a wide pore, and bordered. Apothecia included, and containing a nucleus within a double covering.-P. 330. 418. VARIOLARIA. Plant crustaceous, plane, spreading, ad- nate, uniform. Apothecia wart-like, formed from the crust, (resembling soredia), submarginate, white, in- cluding a naked nucleus.-P. 330. SECT. II. Apothecia scutelliform, subsessile, the disk of a peculiar colour, different from the border which is formed from the crust. DISCOIDEI. 419. URCEOLARIA. Plant crustaceous, spreading, adnate, uni- form. Apothecia shield-like, the disk concave, coloured, immersed in the crust, border formed from the crust, and the same colour.-P. 330. 420. LECANORA. Plant crustaceous, spreading, adnate, plane, uniform. Apothecia shield-like, thick, adnate and ses- sile, the disk plano-convex, coloured, border thickish, somewhat free, formed from the crust and the same colour.-P. 331. 421. PARMELIA. Plant foliaceous, between coriaceous and membranaceous, spreading, appressed, orbicular, lobed and stellate, variously divided, fibrous beneath. Apo- thecia shield-like, attached by a central point, the disk a - - 2 ARRANGEMENT OF THE GENERA. lxxi - - concave, coloured, with a border formed from the crust. P. 335. 422. BORRERA. Plant cartilaginous, branched and laciniate, the segments free, channelled beneath, and ciliate at the margin. Apothecia shield-like, with a coloured disk, the border formed from the frond.-P. 339. 423. CETRARIA. Plant cartilagineo-membranaceous, ascend- ing or spreading, lobed, smooth and naked on both sides. Apothecia shield-like, obliquely adnate with the margin, the disk coloured, plano-concave, border in- flexed, derived from the frond.-P. 340. 424. STICTA. Plant foliaceous, coriaceo-cartilaginous, spread- ing, lobed, free and pubescent beneath, with little cavi- ties or hollow spots. Apothecia shield-like, fixed by a central point, the disk coloured, plane, border formed from the crust.-P. 340. 425. PELTIDEA. Plant foliaceous, coriaceous, spreading, subad- nate, lobed, with woolly veins beneath. Apothecia orbi- cular, adnate, on produced portions of the frond, the disk coloured, border very thin, formed from the frond.- P. 341. 426. EVERNIA. Plant branched, laciniate, angular or com- pressed, suberect or pendulous, with a central filament within. Apothecia shield-like, sessile, the disk concave, coloured, border formed from the frond.-P. 342. Sect. III. Apothecia subglobose, terminating the bran- ches or podetia, or scattered, sessile and immarginate. CEPHALOIDEI. * Apothecia covered by the mass of fructification. 427. CENOMYCE. General receptacle subcartilaginous, foliace- ous, laciniate, subimbricated, free, (rarely adnate, uni, form or wanting). Apothecia on podetiu, orbicular im- marginate, at length capituliform, bearing thick coloured masses of fructification.-P. 342. 428. BEOMYCES. Plant crustaceous, spreading, plane, adnate. Apothecia on short, soft, solid, simple podetia, capituli- form, solid, immarginate, coloured, convex, reflexed at the margin.--P. 346. 429. ISIDIUM. Plant crustaceous, plane, spreading, adnate, uniform. Apothecia on very short, solid podetia, orbi- cular, convex, solid, terminal, the disk subimmersed, having a border formed from the substance of the pode- tia.-P. 346. 430. STEREOCAULON. Plant shrubby, cartilaginous, branched. Apothecia turbinate, sessile, solid, plane above, at length lxxii ARRANGEMENT OF THE GENERA. -- a subglobose, with a border formed from the frond. - P. 347. - rous. - ** Apothecia clothed with the substance of the frond, and containing a pulverulent mass. 431. SPHÆROPHORON. Plant cartilaginous, fibrous within, near- ly solid, shrubby, branched. Apothecia sessile, terminal, subglobose, bursting irregularly, and containing a black, globular, pulverulent mass.-P. 347. Div. III. Apothecia entirely formed of the substance of the frond, and of a similar colour. HOMOTHALAMI. 432. ALECTORIA. Plant cartilaginous, subfiliform, fibrous and somewhat fistulose within, branched, prostrate or pendu- lous. Apothecia shield-like, thick, sessile, bordered, wholly formed from the frond.-P. 348. 433. RAMALINA. Plant cartilaginous, fibrous and nearly solid within, branched, somewhat shrubby, mostly soredife- Apothecia shield-like, thick, subpedicellate and subpeltate, plane, bordered, wholly formed from the substance of the frond.-P. 348. 434. CORNICULARIA. Plant cartilaginous, fibrous and nearly solid within, branched, shrubby. Apothecia orbicular, , terminal, obliquely peltate, at length convex, somewhat inflated, the border dentate.-P. 349. 435. USNEA. Plant much branched, filiform, mostly pendu- lous, furnished within with a bundle of elastic fibres. Apothecia orbicular, terminal, peltate, often ciliate at the border.-P. 349. 436. COLLEMA. Plant subgelatinous, homogeneous, crusti- form, foliaceous, or somewhat branched, membranaceous or cartilaginous when dry. Apothecia shield-like, bor- dered, formed from the substance of the frond, the disk sometimes differing in colour when dried.-P. 350. Div. IV. Lichens destitute of Apothecia, and whose fruc- tification is unknown. ATHALAMI. 437. LEPRARIA. Whole plant crustaceo-pulverulent, spread- ing, adnate, uniform. Apothecia unknown.-P. 351. XI. HYPOXYLA. CHAR.–Plants whose fructification is enclosed in peri- thecia or spherules, of an oblong, globular, or subir- regular form, mostly of a corneous substance and black colour, solitary or imbedded in a receptacle, in - ARRANGEMENT OF THE GENERA. lxxiii a - - a few genera only, accompanied by a lichenoid crust. Sporules mostly in slender tubular cells, lying in a gelatinous pulp; the whole in most instances sponta- rieously discharged by a pore at the apex. Div. I. Plants accompanied by a crust. Fructification enclosed in perithecia of a black colour. Sporuliferous pulp nut spontaneously emitted. PSEUDO-LICHENES. 438. OPEGRAPHA. Receptacle crustaceous, thin, adnate. Peri- thecia oblong or linear, black, sessile, or somewhat im- mersed, having a longitudinal disk-like cleft.-P. 352. 439. VERRUCARIA. Receptacle crustaceous, thin, adnate. Peri- thecia globoso-hemispherical, somewhat immersed, fur- nished with a minute prominent orifice. —P. 353. 440. PORINA. Receptacle cartilaginous, olivaceous or greyish, adnate, tuberculated. Spherules immersed in the tu- bercles, with pore-like orifices.-P. 354. Div. II. Plants destitute of a crust. Sporuliferous mass evident, mostly escaping spontaneously. PSEUDO- Fungi, De Cand., rather PSEUDO-GASTROMYCI. Spherules or perithecia with a stipitate, simple or branched receptacle. 441. RHIZOMORPHA. Receptacle much branched, elongated, coriaceous or ligneous. Perithecia arising from the branches, mostly clavate, dehiscent at the apex.-P. 354. 442. XYLARIA. Receptacles stipitate, carnose or suberose. Spherules immersed in the receptacle, and containing a gelatinous sporuliferous mass.-P. 355. ** Spherules or perithecia with a sessile receptacle, or naked and sessile. 443. STROMATOSPHÆRIA. Receptacle sessile, free or bursting from beneath the bark of dead wood. Spherules im- mersed.-P. 355. 444. CUCURBITARIA. Spherules tufted, free, fixed on a recep- tacle, rarely at first included. Receptacle bursting through the bark. ---P. 359. 445. CRYPTOSPHÆRIA. Receptacle 0. Spherules scattered or aggregate, lying beneath the epidermis or bark, orifice various, more or less exserted.-P. 359. 446. SPHERIA. Receptacle 0. Spherules sessile on the sur- face, or slightly immersed.-P. 363. 447. POLYSTIGMA. Receptacle thin, subcarnose, (orange), epi- phyllous, the surface dotted. Spherules immersed, very minute.-P. 365. - f Ixxiy ARRANGEMENT OF THE GENERA. - - - 448. NEMASPORA. Receptacle 0. Spherules obvious or some- what obsolete, discharging a sporuliferous pulp through the bark in the form of tendrils.-P. 365. 449. PHACIDIUM. Receptacle 0. Perithecia sessile, depressed, bursting from the centre towards the circumference in several acute segments. Sporuliferous cells elongated, fixed.-P. 366. 450. STILBOSPORA. Black. Receptacle 0 ? or a pulverulent mass, intermixed with naked sporidia, the whole burst- ing through the bark, in the manner of a Stromatos- phæria.-P. 366. 451. HYSTERIUM. Peritheciu mostly oblong, black, corneous, bursting by a longitudinal slit. Sporuliferous tubes erect. (Crust none).-P. 366. 452. XYLOMA. Black, corneous. Perithecia single, solitary and minute, or united and confluent, irregularly de- , hiscent.-P. 369. 453. ASTEROMA. Black, minute, epiphyllous. Receptacle ra- diate, filamentous, very adnate, at length tuberculated here and there.-P. 368. XII. FUNGI. CHAR.–Plants whose fructification consists of sporules arranged in a series in tubular cells, placed in some part of the external surface, thence termed the hymenium. Substance various, mostly carnose. Hymenium chief- ly in the form of lamellæ, tubes, pores, veins, subu- late processes, a cellular head, a concave disk, or covering a clavate receptacle.—Growing mostly on the ground or on trunks of trees. Div. I. Plants with a pileus or cap. Hymenium com- posed of straight radiating lamella. AGARICOIDE Æ. 454. AMANITA. Pileus with a central stipes and volva. Stipes with an annular veil, or naked.-P. 369. 455. AGARICUS. Pileus with a stipes, or fixed by its side. . Volva 0.-P. 369. Div. II. Pileus stipitate, sessile, resupinate or effused. Hymenium obtuse, subparallel veins, or irregular, sä- nuous folds. CANTHARELLIDEÆ. 456. CANTHARELLUS. Hymenium veined. Veins dichotom mous, subparallel ; sometimes anastomosing.–P. 396. 457. MERULIUS. Hymenium veined. Hymenium veined. Veins flexuose or form- ing very irregular pores. Plants sessile, resupinate or effused, P. 397. - - ARRANGEMENT OF THE GENERA. lxxv - Div. III. Pileus stipitate or sessile. Hymenium sinu- ous : either irregular sinuosities of the same sub- stance as the pileus, or anastomosing lamella, forming elongated and very flexuose pores. 458. DÆDALEA. Hymenium sinuous, composed of anastomos- ing lamellæ or flexuose, elongated pores.-P. 398. Div. IV. Hymenium more or less regularly tubular or porous. BOLETOIDEA. 459. POLYPORUS. Hymenium porous, not separable from the substance of the pileus nor the pores from each other. Pores sometimes lacerating in age. Pileus very rarely with a central stipes. —P. 398. 460. BOLETUS. Hymenium tubular. Tubes separable from the substance of the pileus and from each other. Pileus always with a central stipes.-P. 403. Div. V. Hymenium composed of interrupted, tooth-like lamella, 461. SISTOTREMA. Pileus carnose, irregularly stipitate. Hy- menium composed of dentate, interrupted lamella- P. 405. Div. VI. Plants stipitate, sessile or resupinate. Hy- menium consisting of soft, subulate spines. 462. HYDNUM.-Character the same as that of the division. Div. VII. Plants effuso-reflexed or resupinate, rarely somewhat stipitate and laciniate. Hymenium an ex- panded, warty or papillose, smooth or minutely hairy surface. 463. THELEPHORA. Plant, with very few exceptions, more or less adnate, thin, coriaceous, very rarely infundibuli- form. Hymenium covering the outer surface.-P. 406. 464. MERISMA. Sessile or substipitate, compressed, coriaceous, branched, laciniate, apex often pilose. Hymenium on both surfaces, confluent with the stipes or base.-P. 411. Div. VIII. Plants erect, filiform or clavate, simple or branched, carnose. Hymenium, smooth, ocçupying mostly more or less of the whole surface. 465. CLAVARIA. Plants carnose, cylindrical, simple or branch- ed. Hymenium smooth, occupying almost the whole surface, confluent with the stipes.-P. 412. - lxxvi ARRANGEMENT OF THE GENERA. 466. PHACORHIZA. Hymenium clavate or filiform, cylindri- cal, more or less confluent with the stipes. Stipes aris- ing from a radicular tuber.-P. 415. 467. GEOGLOSSUM. Hymenium short, club-shaped, mostly com- pressed, stipitate. Stipes elongate, smooth or hairy. Plants black or dull green.-P. 416. Div. IX. Pileus and stipes distinct. Hymenium on the outer surface of the pileus, which is either even, undu- lated, or furnished with large cells. HelveLLOIDEÆ. 468. LEOTIA. Pileus ovate-conical or orbicular, wholly occu- pied by the hymenium ; the margin free but closely embracing the stipes.—P. 416. 469. HELVELLA. Pileus submembranaceous, irregular, smooth on each surface, deflexed at the sides. Hymenium oc- cupying the whole outer surface.-P. 417. 470. MORCHELLA. Pileus lacunose, confluent with the stipes either at the margin or a little above it. Hymenium oc- cupying the whole outer surface.-P. 417. 471. PHALLUS. Stipes issuing from a volva. Pileus furnish- . ed with large cells, filled with a sporuliferous slimy sub- stance.-P. 418, Div. X. Plants of various sizes, sessile or stipitate, more or less cup-shaped, (always so when young). Hymenium occupying the superior surface or disk. 472. Peziza. Pileus mostly carnose, sessile or stipitate, more or less cup-shaped, at length sometimes plane. Hyme- nium occupying the disk. —P. 418. 473. AscoBOLUS. Pileus carnose, cup-shaped or hemispheri- cal. Sporuliferous cells in the disk forming prominent points, filled with a fluid intermixed with the 8 sporules. - P. 426. XIII. GASTROMYCI. CHAR.- Plants whose sporules are protected by one or more, mostly membranaceous or coriaceous cover- ings, forming a sporangium, which frequently consti- tutes the entire plant. In a young state often soft and pulpy. Form mostly roundish or oblong; ses- sile or stipitate. Obs. In Tremella, Tuber, Sclerotium, and Tubercula- ria, the covering or peridium is indistinct or obsolete, but the sporules are enclosed in the plant ; and in Uredo and Puccinia, the epidermis of the leaf forms a pseudo-peridium ARRANGEMENT OF THE GENERA. lxxvii - Div. I. Plants of a soft gelatinous substance, mostly uni- form, solid, even or variously folded. Sporules imbed- ded throughout the substance or towards the surface. 474. TREMELLA.—The only genus in the division, the charac- ter of which will suffice. Div. II. Parasitic plants produced under the epidermis of vegetables (chiefly the leaves), and bursting through it. Sporidia never mixed with filaments. 475. Puccinia. Epidermis of the leaf forming a pseudo-pe- ridium. Sporidia fixed by a pedicel, one or many..cel- led.-P. 428. 476. UREDO. Epidermis of the leaf forming a pseudo-peri- dium. Sporidia 1-celled, free, mostly globose.-P. 434. 477. ÆCIDIUM. Peridium membranaceous, bursting through the epidermis, and dehiscent at the apex, with a dentate or lacerate orifice. Sporidia free.-P. 444. Div. III. Plants sessile or pedicellate, all minute, more or less globular (except in Erineum), membranaceous or gelatinous. Sporidia not mixed with filaments. 478. STILBUM. Minute. Stipes slender, bearing a little round solid head, which is pellucid and semifluid at first, at length more dense and opake.-P. 448. 479. PILOBOLUS. Stipes or receptacle pellucid, watery. Peri- dium a roundish vesicle, bursting elastically, placed on the apex of the receptacle.—P. 448. . 480. AsCOPHORA. Peridium membranaceous, stipitate, burst- ing, at length turned inside out, convex and subpersis- Pedicel simple or branched, tubular, pellucid, ar- ticulated.-P. 448. 481. Mucor. Peridium membranaceous, globose, stipitate, pellucid, at length opake. Pedicel simple or branched, tubular, articulated.-P. 448. 482. ERINEUM. Peridia flocciform, subdiaphanous, various, subsimple, aggregato-cæspitose, parasitic on living leaves. Sporules sometimes, but rarely, evident.-P. 449. 483. LICEA. Peridium membranaceous, sessile, fragile, en- closing a pulverulent mass of sporules, unmixed with filaments. (No subjacent membrane).-P. 451 - tent. - --- Ixxviii ARRANGEMENT OF THE GENERA. . - - Div. IV. Plants sometimes of an indeterminate form, but generally globose or oval. Sessile or stipitate. Peridium membranaceous or coriaceous. Sporules intermixed with filaments. * Minute or small plants. Peridium delicate in most instances, and generally fugacious. 484. SPUMANIA. Form irregular, roundish, effused. Peri- dium soft, at length membranaceous, fragile. Sporules contained in the folds of branched, elongated, membra- naceous, persistent processes. —P. 452. 485. RETICULARIA. Pulpy when young, effused, irregular ; at , length with a subfibrous, uneven surface. Interior mem- branaceous, crowded with fragile cells, containing a pro- fusion of minute sporules.---P. 452. 486. LYCOGOLA. Sessile, globose or subirregular, pulpy when young Peridium single, fragile, variously dehiscent. Sporules mixed with a few filaments.-P. 452. 487. DIDERMA. Minute, subglobose. Peridium double, the outer one fragile and fugitive. Sporules mixed with a few filaments, and surrounding a roundish columella.— P. 453. 488. LEOCARPUS. Minute. Peridium single? fragile, burst- ing, sessile or substipitate, containing a black mass of sporules mixed with a few filaments. Columella 0.- P. 453. 489. PAYSARUM. Sporangium minute, mostly stipitate, sub- globose. Peridium single, membranaceous, bursting and deciduous in distinct portions. Sporules mixed with a mass of filaments.-P. 453. 490. Trichia. Minute, subglobose or irregular. Peridium single, membranaceous, bursting. Filaments involute, attached to the base, and expanding elastically.---P. 454. 491. LEANGIUM. Minute, subglobose. Peridium single, mem- branaceous, bursting into subregular, persistent, expand- ing segments. Filaments attached at the base, and sur- rounding a columella.-P. 455. 492. ARSCYRIA. Mostly cylindrical. Peridium fugacious, ex- cept a small portion at the base. Filaments abundant, reticulated, fixed at the base ; sporules intermixed. — P. 455. 493. STEMONITES. Cylindrical or subglobose. Peridium fu- gacious. Filaments forming a reticulated mass, perfo- rated by the stipes to which they are attached ; sporules intermixed.-P. 455. - ARRANGEMENT OF THE GENERA. . lxxix - - 494. CRATERIUM. Peridium oblong, stipitate, operculate, con- taining a cellulose, filamentous, sporuliferous mass. — P. 456. ** Plants large. Peridium thicker, between membranace- ous and coriaceous, more durable, often warty. 495. LYCOPERDON. Sporangium globose. Peridium single, membranaceous, scaly with warts or soft spines, bursting irregularly at the apex, and containing a mass of sporules and filaments.-P. 456. 496. SCLERODERMA. Sporangium globose or prolonged into a stipes. Peridium single, coriaceous, mostly warty, bursting at the apex or subindehiscent. Sporules col- lected into little contiguous distinct globules, mixed with filaments.-P. 457. 497. Bovista. Sporangium globose. Peridium double, the outer one adnate, cracking, somewhat fugacious; inner one bursting at the apex, and containing a mass of fila- ments and pedicellated sporules.-P. 458. Div. V. Sporangium cyathiform, or very minute and globular. Peridium carnose or coriaceous, enclosing lenticular or oval bodies. 498. CYATHUS. Cyathiform, at first closed, at length open, and containing lenticular, corneous bodies which enclose the sporules.-P. 459. 499. Erysiphe. Sporangium epiphyllous, very minute, glo- bose, furnished with white, radiating, subjacent fila- ments, and containing sporuliferous bodies.—P. 459. Div. VI. Sporangium solid, carnose or corneous, unac- . companied by filaments. Sporules distributed through- out the mass, or not perceptible. 500. SCLEROTIUM. Sporangium (3) subglobose or without re- gular form, within homogeneous, vesiculose, carnose or corneous. Sporules unknown.-P. 461. 501. TUBERCULARIA. Sporangium subglobose, sessile or some- what stipitate, carnoso-vesiculose, (not gelatinous). Spo- ridia towards the circumference. (Colour mostly red.) -- P. 463. XIV. BYSSOIDEÆ. CHAR.—Plants filamentous, for the most part tufted, mi- nute, delicate and fugacious; either subopake, coloured and continuous, or pellucid, tubular, mostly colourless, and jointed. Sporidia in some genera unknown, but when present, produced externally, dispersed among the filaments, or attached to particular parts of them. - - 1xxx ARRANGEMENT OF THE GENERA. . Div. I. Filaments minute, pellucid, jointed. Sporidia free, lying in the centre of the thallus or scattered. 502. FUSIDIUM. Thallus plane, effused. Filaments short, branched. Sporidia fusiform, scattered.-P. 464. 503. SPOROTRICHUM. Thallus minute, tufted or expanded. Sporidia scattered among the branched, tubular, jointed filaments.-P. 464. 504. TRICHODERMA. Sporidia collected in the centre, free; the filaments woven into a web-like covering, at length opening at the apex, and discharging the globose spori- dia.-P. 465. 505. TRICHOTHECIUM. Filaments minute, branched, forming a tufted thallus. Sporidia scattered, subglobose, didy- mous.-P. 465. 506. SEPEDONIUM. Thallus formed of entangled filaments spreading within putrefying fungi. Sporidia scattered, globose. (Bright yellow.) —P. 466. Div. II. Filaments minute, mostly pellucid, jointed. Spo- rules attached to the filaments. 507. ISARIA. Filaments minute and pellucid, attached to an elongated, simple or branched, clavate, carnose recep- tacle.-P. 466. 508. CERATIUM. Filaments very short, pellucid, simple, mi- nute, attached to a membranaceous, plicate, simple or branched, filiform receptacle.-P. 466. 509. STACHYLIDIUM. Thallus composed of tufted, pellucid filaments; sterile ones procumbent, simple; fertile ones erect, whorled with ramuli near the top, among which the sporidia are collected. —P. 466. 510. PENICILLIUM. Thallus composed of tufted, pellucid fi- laments; sterile ones procumbent; fertile ones erect, bearing a terminal, pencil-like tuft of erect ramuli, to which the sporidia are attached.-P. 467. 511. ASPERGILLUS. Thallus composed of minute, pellucid, scattered or tufted filaments; apex of the main filament mostly clavate, on which is a head of (often beaded) spo- ridia.-P. 467. 512. BOTRYTIS. Thallus composed of pellucid, erect, fila- ments, with mostly spreading branches. Sporidia pedi- cellate, disposed in a corymbose or racemose manner to- wards the summits of the branches.-P. 468. 513. ACREMONIUM. Thallus composed of decumbent, en- tangled, branched, pellucid filaments. Sporidia glo- bose, solitary, pedicellate.-P. 468. - -- - - ARRANGEMENT OF THE GENERA. lxxxi - 514. CLADOSPORIUM. Thallus composed of erect, rigid, sub- opake, jointed, simple or branched, aggregate filaments. Sporules ovate, attached in a series to the filaments, de- ciduous.-P. 469. Div. III. Filaments beaded. . 515. ACROSPORIUM. Thallus composed of minute, tufted, pel- lucid, moniliform, simple filaments, the uppermost joints (sporidia ?) separating spontaneously.-P. 469. Div. IV. Sporidia obscure or wanting. Filaments most- ly jointless. 516. TORULA. Thallus composed of branched, rigid, fragile, moniliform, subopake filaments; the articulations mi- nute, globose.-P. 469. 517. RACCODIUM. Thallus composed of branched, decumbent, interwoven, jointless, persistent, subopake filaments; among which are sometimes granules of moniliform fila- ments.-P. 470. 518. OZONIUM. Thallus composed of decumbent, branched, entangled filaments; primary ones thick, irregular ; ulti- mate ones fine, jointed.-P. 470. 519. HIMANTIA. Thallus composed of creeping, slender, uni- form filaments, often fasciculated, but diverging in & plumose manner towards the apex.-P. 470. XV. EPIPHYTÆ. Char.–Very simple plants, composed merely of aggre- gated, naked sporidia, or of sporidia mingled with a minute, pulverulent mass. * Plants naked, on the surface of living leaves. 520. CYLINDROS PORIUM. Very minute, parasitic on the sur- face of living leaves. Sporidia pellucid, cylindrical, truncate, free, not divided.-P. 471. ** Plants bursting through the epidermis of vegetables, (not pulverulent) 521. FUSARIUM. Minute, subglobose, naked, almost wholly formed of fusiform, free, jointless sporidia.-P. 471. - & FLORA EDINENSIS. CL. I. MONANDRIA. . ORD. I. MONOGYNIA. 1. SALICORNIA. (Nat. Ord. CHENOPODEÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 209.) 1. S. herbacea, stem herbaceous, mostly erect, compressed, and somewhat thickened upwards between each articulation, notched; spikes cylindrical, slightly tapering at the extremity. Lightf. p. 69. Smith, Fl. Brit . p. 2. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 1. S. annua. E. B. t. 415. et S. procumbens, t. 2475. HAB. Sea coast. Aberlady Bay, Dr Parsons, in Lightfoot. Inverkeith- ing Bay, Mr Neill. Morison's Haven, Dr Graham and Mr D. Steuart. September. O Jointed Glasswort.- Plants destitute of leaves. Stem much branched, joint- ed, procumbent at the base, then becoming erect ; smooth, succulent, 4–10 inches high. Spaces between the joints thickening upwards, and notched at the top. Spikes lateral and terminal, somewhat more than 1 inch long, very shortly jointed. Flowers clustered 3 together, opposite between the notches, inclosed in the fleshy, green perianth, which ap- pears to be pierced by the stamen and stigma. When 2 stamens occur, they appear in succession. 2. HIPPURIS. (Nat. Ord. HALORAGEÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 257.) 1. H. vulgaris, leaves whorled linear. Lightf. p. 70. Smith, . Fl. Brit. p. 4. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 2. E. B. t. 763. HAB. Ditches, pools, and slow streams. Lochend, and east end of Dud- dingston Loch, Mr Neill. May and June. 4. Mares-tail.—About 12–18 inches high. Stem simple erect. Whorls of about eight leaves. Flowers at the base of the upper whorls, one to each leaf, sessile. The leaves are sometimes, when immersed in the water, very long, and the whorls crowded ; a variety not depending on the season, as Sir J. E. Smith suspects in E. B., as I have observed it in the autumn. А 2 LIGUSTRUM DIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. II. DIANDRIA. I. MONOGYNIA. a 1. LIGUSTRUM. (Nat. Ord. OLEINEÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 229.) 1. L. vulgare, leaves elliptico-lanceolate, somewhat acute; panicle compact. Lightf. p. 12. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 12. Hook. Fl. Scot. P. 3. E. B. t. 764. HAB. Hedges, rare. Private road to the sea side from near Muttonhole, Mr Neill. June July. h. Privet.—A nearly evergreen somewhat bushy shrub a few feet high. Leaves dark green, opposite, glabrous, entire, with a small point. Panicles dense, terminal. Flowers white, small, changing to reddish brown before they fall, odorous. Corolla 4-cleft. Stamens inserted in the corolla. Berries purplish-black.-In mild winters only, evergreen. 2. FRAXINUS. (Nat. Ord. OLEINEÆ, Hook, Scot. 2. p. 229.) 1. F. excelsior, leaflets serrate, lanceolate, flowers destitute of a perianth. Lightf. p. 641. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 12. p Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 3. E. B. t. 1692. Hab. Woods and hedges, especially in limestone districts. April and May. h. Common Ash.—A well-known tree. Young trees and the branches of old ones, clothed with a smooth grey bark. Leaves pinnate, with an odd one. Leaflets about 5 pair. Flowers clustered, and appearing before the leaves. Capsules flat, 2-seeded. Fraxinus heterophylla of authors (E. B. t. 2476.) I conceive with Dr Hooker to be only a variety. 3. CIRCÆA. (Nat. Ord. ONAGRARIÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 258.) 1. C. Lutetiana, stem erect, leaves ovato-cordate, toothed, downy. Lightf. p. 80. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 13. . Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 4. 4. E. B. t. 1056. B. alpina, leaves cordate, shining, glabrous. C. alpina, Lightf. p. 80. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 14. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 4. E. B. 4, t. 1057. HAB. Woods and brakes. Newbattle woods, Dr Graham. Rosslyn and Auchindenny woods. Granton woods. Corstorphine Hill. B. On the west side of Arthur's Seat, Mr Neill. Enchanter's Nightshade.—Plant 1-2 feet high. Leaves opposite, on foot- stalks, lower ones nearly cordate. Racemes long, branched. Flowers 2-petalled, white, or pinkish. Germens deflexed, hispid. In var. B, the plant is less than a foot high, the stems are scarcely erect, and the leaves cordate, glabrous, and more shining. I do not conceive there is sufficient specific difference in B, to make it a species: it has been noticed by Dr Graham, that, in the Edinburgh Botanic Garden, the two species pass VERONICA. DIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. into each other, which a minute examination has confirmed. The plant a figured in Fl. Dan. (t. 256.) is abundant in the highland woods, and is ex- actly intermediate in specific character, though often larger than C. lute- tiana in every part, and with delicate large leaves. I have also received this variety from Canada, through the kindness of Dr Holmes of Mon- treal. In Engl. Bot. the figures are very inaccurate, and at variance with the descriptions. I have never seen C. intermedia of Ehrhart, but suspect it is also nothing more than a variety. Another remarkable va- riety I have seen in the possession of Dr Graham, supposed to come from North America : the whole plant is more firm and rigid than the common appearance of C. lutetiana, the leaves are very small, almost quite entire, and hirsute. a 4. VERONICA. (Nat. Ord. SCROPHULARINÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 220.) * Spikes or Racemes terminal (plants perennial). 1. V. serpyllifolia, flowers in a spike; leaves ovate, slightly crenate; capsule obcordate. Lightf. p. 73. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 19. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 4. E. B. t. 1075. HAB. Road-sides, pastures, neglected gardens, &c. Not unfrequent about Edinburgh. King's Park, Dr Graham. June, July. 4. Thyme-leaved or Smooth Speedwell.—Stems procumbent, radicating, 3–5 inches long, rarely suberect. Leaves nearly sessile, 3-nerved, varying, as Smith correctly observes, from smooth to downy, as the plant grows in moist or dry places. Spike rather long, furnished with bractex. Flowers small, pale blue. ** Spikes or Racemes axillary (plants perennial). 2. V. scutellata, racemes alternate, pedicels divaricate; leaves linear dentato-serrate. Lightf. p. 74. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 21. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 5. E. B. t. 782. HAB. In marshes and bogs. Duddingston Loch, Maughan. Braid Hill marshes, Dr Graham. Marshes near North Queensferry, Mr Neill. Marsh Speedwell.—Stems 6–12 inches long, erect, weak. Leaves toothed or nearly entire. Racemes mostly simple, but sometimes compound, with the divisions divaricate, like the pedicels of the flowers. Pedicels after flowering, deflexed. Flowers flesh-colour, streaked with blue lines. 3. V. Anagallis, racemes opposite; leaves lanceolate, serrate; stem erect. Lightf. p. 73. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 20. 20. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 6. E. B. t. 781. HAB. Ditches and moist places. South side of Duddingston Loch, Brown. King's Park, and ditches at Muttonhole, Maughan. Ditch by the farm-house of Blackford, Mr Neill. Burntisland, Mr Arnott. June August. 4. Water Speedwell.–Stem erect, not weak as in V. scutellata, 1-2 feet high, with a creeping root. Leaves lanceolate, sometimes acuminate, rarely con- nate. Racemes long, many-flowered. Pedicels shorter than in the pre- ceding, and never deflexed. Flowers blue. 4. V. Beccabunga, racemes opposite ; leaves elliptical, ob- tuse, subserrate; stem procumbent. Lightf. p. 72. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 20. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 6. E. B. t. 655. HAB. Ditches and streams, extremely common. June-August. 4. p A 2 4 VERONICA. DIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. p.-6. 6. Brooklime.-Stems 1 foot long or more, decumbent, radicating, branched, round, succulent. Leaves, as well as the whole plant, smooth and shining. Racemes longer than the leaves, many-flowered. Flowers bright blue. It is often found along with water-cresses. 5. V. officinalis, flowers in spikes ; leaves ovate, shortly pe- tiolate, rough, pubescent, stem procumbent, very pubescent. Lightf. p. 72. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 16. Hook. Fl. Scot. E. B. t. 765. Hab. Pastures, hedgebanks, woods very common. King's Park. Bank at the east end of Duddingston Loch. June-July. 4. Common Speedwell.—Stems 3-9 inches long, procumbent, radicating, firm, very pubescent. Leaves broadly ovate, serrate, roughly pubescent, on very short petiols. Spikes pedunculate, erect. Flowers pale blue, streaked with darker lines. 6. V. montana, racemes few-flowered : leaves cordato-ovate, petiolate, serrate; stem hairy on all sides. Lightf. p. 74. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 21. Hook. Fl. Scot. p E. B. t. 766. Hab. Woods. Rather rare. Arniston and Lugton woods about Rosslyn, Maughan. Newbattle woods, abundant, Dr Graham. Mavisbank, Mr D. Steuart. By the river side, about 1} miles above Lasswade. Mountain Speedwell.—Stems 5-12 inches long, ascending, weak. Leaves large, hairy. Racemes lax and few-flowered. Flowers very pale blue, veined. Capsules large, “ of two orbicular lobes.” 7. V. Chamædrys, flowers spiked, at length racemed ; leaves broadly ovate, sessile, inciso-serrate; hairs on the stem forming two opposite longitudinal lines. Lightf. p. 74. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 22. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 7. E. B. t. 623. HAB. Woods, hedgebanks, pastures, very abundant. May, June. 4. Germander Speedwell.—Stem procumbent or somewhat ascending, a foot long, with a hairy line on each side. Leaves large, sessile, spreading, hairy and wrinkled. Racemes many-flowered, elongated. Flowers large, of a bright beautiful blue, rarely purple, lilac or whitish. Capsule shorter than the calyx. *** Flowers axillary, solitary, (plants annual). 8. V. agrestis, leaves shortly petiolate, cordato-ovate, deeply serrate; segments of the calyx ovato-lanceolate; stem procum- bent. Lightf. p. 75. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 23. Hook. F'I. Scot. p. 7. E. B. t. 783. HAB. Fields, waste places, neglected gardens. Extremely common. April to September. O Procumbent Speedwell.—Stems 3-9 inches long, round, hairy, mostly un- branched. Leaves either opposite or scattered, somewhat hairy. Flowers on pedicels which are rather longer than the leaves, and recurved when in fruit. Flowers small bright blue or whitish. Segments of the Calyx ovato-lanceolate. Capsule of two roundish turgid lobes. 9. V. arvensis, leaves ovate, deeply serrate, floral ones lan- ceolate; segments of the calyx lanceolate; stem nearly erect. Lightf. p. 75. Smith, Fi, Brit. P. 24. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 7. E. B. t. 734. PINGUICULA. DIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. 5 p. 7. - HAB. Fields, waste places, and on wall-tops. Extremely common on the walls by the road-sides on every side of Edinburgh. April to July. O. Wall Speedwell. -Stem 3-6 inches high, somewhat branched at the base, but the central stem almost always the tallest, and most erect. Leaves op- posite, hairy, the lowest on short petiols. Flowers nearly sessile, very small, pale blue. Segments of the Calyx lanceolate. Capsule compressed and ciliated. 10. V. hederifolia, leaves cordato-ovate, mostly 5-lobed, pe- tiolate; segments of the calyx cordate, ciliated; stem procum- bent. Lightf. p. 76. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 24. Hook. Fl. Scot. E. B. t. 784. HAB. Fields, hedgebanks, and road sides, very common. Fields about Merchiston Castle and Craiglockhart, abundant. April to August. O. Ivy-leaved Speedwell.—Stems 6–15 inches long, weak, unbranched. Leaves roundish, cordate, mostly 5-lobed, but rather irregular, the middle lobe by much the largest, flat, all petiolate, slightly hairy. Flower-stalks some- what longer than the leaves, recurved when in fruit. Flowers pale blue, small. Segments of the Calyx heart-shaped. Capsule 2-lobed, turgid. Seeds large, 2 in each cell. 5. PINGUICULA. (Nat. Ord. LENTIBULARIÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 213.) 1. P. vulgaris, spur cylindrical-acute, as long as the veinless petal, upper lip 2-lobed, lower one in three unequal obtuse seg- ments, (Hook). Lightf. p. 76. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 27. Hook. p Fl. Scot. p. 8. E. B. t. 70. Hab. Bogs and marshy meadows. Hunter's Bog in the King's Park. Pentland Hills. June. 4. Common Butterwort.Plant about 5 inches high, “ covered with minute crystalline raised points,” (Hook). Leaves radical, ovate, obtuse, fleshy, with the margin involute, pale green, remarkably unctuous on the upper surface. Scape single-flowered. Flower drooping, purple, with a hairy palate. Capsule ovate, 1-celled. 6. UTRICULARIA. (Nat. Ord. LENTIBULARIÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 212.) 1. U. vulgaris, spur of the corolla conical, upper lip as long as the projecting palate; margin of the leaves bristly. Lightf. p. 77. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 28. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 8. E. B. t. 253. HAB. Ditches and pools. Guillon Loch, abundant, Dr Parsons in Light- foot; and recently, Dr Graham. June, July. 4. Greater-hooded Milfoil.–Root very much branched. Stems submersed, fur- nished with bladdery vesicles, as well as the root; and bearing small ca- pillary or setaceous multifid leaves, which are minutely bristly at their margin, and intermixed with vesicles. Scape about 6 inches high, 4-8 flowered, with a lanceolate bractea at the base of each peduncle. Flowers bright yellow, large, the palate projecting, and closing the mouth, the spur bent downwards. 2. U. minor, spur very short and obtuse, keeled ; upper lip of the corolla as long as the palate. Lightf. p. 78. Smith, Fl. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 9. E. B. t. 254. Brit. p. p. 28. 6 DIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. LEMNA. HAB. Ditches and pools, rare. Peat pits in the moss at Ravelrig toll, Maughan. Pentland Hills SW. of Currie, Dr Graham. June, July. 4. Lesser-hooded Milfoil.—The smallest of the three British species, and suf- ficiently distinguished by its extremely short, blunt and keel-shaped nectary. Stems floating in the water, and supplied like the two other na- tive species with numerous reticulated hollow vesicles or bladder-like bodies, which are also attached to the leaves. Leaves irregularly tripar- tite, linear, dichotomous, smooth. Flowers pale yellow, few, the upper lip not closing the palate. 7. SALVIA. (Nat. Ord. LABIATÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 214. 1. S. verbenaca, leaves serrate, sinuate, rugose; corolla nar- rower than the calyx. Lightf. p. 79. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 31. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 10. E. B. t. 154. HAB. Pastures and waste places, rare. Salisbury Craigs, and banks en- tering Kirkcaldy from Dysart, Lightfoot. Burntisland, and near Pet- tycur, Maughan. Corstorphin Hill, Mr Neill. The part of Salisbury Craigs where it is most abundant, is on the steep bank formed from the debris of the quarries on the south-west side. June, July. 4. Wild English Clary.- Plant 1-2 feet in height. Stem strong, 4-angled, branched. Lower leaves on long petiols, ovate, crenato-serrate, strongly veined; upper leaves sessile, deeply serrate. Bracteas entire, heart-shaped acute. Segments of the Calyx mucronate. Corolla purple, small, rin- gent. Upper lip concave-compressed. Lower lip 3-lobed, the middle one the largest a 8. LEMNA. (Nat. Ord. AROIDEÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 191.) 1. L. trisulca, fronds thin elliptico-lanceolate, caudate at one extremity, at the other serrate; roots solitary. Lightf. p. 537. . Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 956. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 10. et Fl. Lond. p new series, p. 119. E. B. t. 926. HAB. Ditches and ponds, very rare in flower. Duddingston Loch, Dr Parsons in Lightfoot. At Lochend, abundant. June, July. O. Ivy-leaved Duckweed.–Fronds about half an inch in length, or somewhat more, thin, especially at the margin, which is pellucid. Young plants or fronds are produced from marginal and lateral clefts, mostly at right angles with the old plants, and of the same form; these in their turn be- come proliferous, so that a frond, as Dr Hooker observes, “ may be seen to be triply pinnate with its offspring.” The flower is very minute, and, as in the rest of the genus, arises from a lateral cleft, and consists of a pistil and two stamens, enclosed within a delicate, membranaceous, ur- ceolate, monophyllous perianth, through the opening of which the stigma is barely protruded. 2. L. minor, fronds nearly ovate, compressed ; roots solitary. Lightf. p. 537. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 957. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. p. 11. et Fl. Lond. new series, t. 120. E. B. t. 1095. HAB. Ditches and ponds, very rare in flower; otherwise extremely com- Duddingston Loch, Lochend, &c. June, July. O. Lesser Duckweed. The smallest of the genus. Fronds about a line and a half long, plane above, slightly convex beneath,.somewhat fleshy; gene- rally much crowded, from its rapid increase by gemmæ (the young fronds), a ANTIOXANTHUM. DIANDRIA. DIGYNIA. 7 so as often to completely cover the surface of stagnant water, Flower resembling that of the preceding species. 3. L. gibba, fronds broadly ovate, almost plane above, hemi- spherical, and pale beneath; roots solitary. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 11. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 957. E. B. t. 1233. HAB. Ditches and pools, rare; especially so in flower. Lochend and Duddingston Loch, Maughan. June, July. O. Gibbous Duckweed.-Fronds seldom covering a large surface, but generally in clusters, sometimes purplish, well marked by being pale and hemisphe- rical beneath, and appearing reticulated, from its pellucid structure. II. DIGYNIA. 9. ANTHOXANTHUM. (Nat. Ord. GRÁMINEÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 162.) 1. A. odoratum, panicle spiked, oblong, flowers upon short footstalks, and longer than the awn. Lightf. p. 81. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. . 31. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 11. E. B. t. 647. HAB Hab. Meadows and pastures. Common. May, June. 4. 27 Sweet-scented vernal Grass.-Almost the only species of British grass that has two stamens. Plant fragrant, chiefly giving the sweet smell to new- made hay; about a foot high. Culm sulcate and glabrous. Leaves plane, rather short and acuminate, those on the stem very short, with a long, somewhat swelling sheath. Panicle erect, rather acute, becoming yellow in age. “ Flowers lanceolate; valves of the Calyx unequal, very sharp-pointed, slightly pubescent; valves of the ext. corolla as long as the smaller valve of the calyx, very obtuse, hairy, brown; one with a straight awn from the back, the other with a twisted awn from near the base; int. corolla, very small; valves membranaceous, obtuse equal.”—Hook. III. TRIANDRIA. I. MONOGYNIA. 1. VALERIANA. (Nat. Ord. VALERIANEÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 245.) * Corolla with 1 stamen. 1. V. rubra, leaves ovato-lanceolate; flowers with a spur. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 14. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 37. E. B. t. 1531. Hab. Old walls, buildings, and waste places. Old walls at Inverleith, Mr E. Maughan. July, August. 4. Red Valerian.- Whole plant glabrous, 12-18 inches high, erect. Stems nu- merous, round, and slightly branched. Leaves opposite, rather glaucous, mostly entire. Flowers very numerous, in a corymb, dense at first, but becoming more lax before the flowering is past; rose-colour, slender, spurred at the base, and with a single stamen, bearing a large dark an- ther. ** Corolla with 3 stamens. 2. V. officinalis, leaves all pinnate, leaflets lanceolate, serrate, 8 TRIANDRIA, MONOGYNIA. FEDIA, p. 15. nearly uniform. Lightf. p. 85. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 38. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 15. E. B. t. 698. HAB. Banks of streams, moist meadows, and waste places. Near St Ber- nard's Well, and Figget Whins, Mr Neill. Salisbury Craigs, on the debris facing St Leonard's Hill. June, July. 4. Great wild Valerian.-Stem 3-4 feet high, erect, furrowed. Leaves all pin- nate, with an odd leaflet, dull green, often tinged with pink, lower ones long; with numerous leaflets; upper ones slightly narrower. Flowers flesh- colour, collected into a broad, dense, branched head, and containing both stamens and pistils, whereby it may, independent of other marks, be dis- tinguished from the much smaller V. dioica. 3. V. pyrenaica, leaves large, cordate, petiolate; the upper ones with about two pair of small leaflets. Hook. Fl. Scot. . 15. E. B. t. 1591. HAB. Woods. . Collington Woods, G. Don. Abercorn woods, Maughan. July. 4. Heart-leaved Valerian.—Plant as large as the preceding, erect; well marked by the large cordate petiolate leaves, which are also acute, toothed, serrated, and smooth. Flowers deep flesh-colour, collected into a large branched corymb. Seed furrowed. I have no doubt that this and V. rubra are not entitled to be ranked as indigenous species, but they are now too generally introduced into our floras to exclude them; besides, they are in reality, especially the pre- sent species, become pretty common in uncultivated places; in fact, more so than some of our undoubted indigenous rarities. 4. V. dioica, flowers diæcious; radical leaves simple ovate, cauline ones pinnatifid. Lightf. p. 85. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 37. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 15. E. B. 628. Hab. Bogs and moist meadows, not common near Edinburgh. Bogs to the westward of Borthwick, Neill. Maughan. Linlithgow, Miss Baird. Pentland Hills, near Currie, Messrs Arnott and Greville. June, July. 4. Small Marsh Valerian.-Stem 6–8 inches high, striated, generally pinkish. Leaves on the stem, opposite, pinnatifid, entire, or slightly serrate accord- ing to Smith. Flowers cymose, pale flesh-colour, densely crowded. Those plants furnished with stamens only, are always the smallest and weakest. 2. FEDIA. (Nat. Ord. VALERIANE Æ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 246.) 1. F. olitoria, “fruit tridentate, ovato-rotundate, inflated, gla- brous; flowers capitate.” Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 15. Valeriana Locusta, Lightf. p. 85. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 39. E. B. t. 811. HAB. Cornfields. Frequent about Edinburgh. May to July. O. Corn-salad or Lamb's Lettuce.—Stem about 1 foot high, dichotomous, slightly scabrous, spreading. Leaves opposite, more or less obovate, sometimes oblong, somewhat but irregularly toothed ; radical ones spathulate. Flowers pale blue, in small dense, terminal heads, with an involucre beneath, of oblong bracteas. 2. F. dentata, “5 fruit sub-tridentate, obpyriform, glabrous, flowers corymbose, with a single flower between the upper di- visions of the stems." Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 15. Val. dentata. E. B. t. 1370. IRIS. 9 TRIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. HAB. Cornfields, especially in a sandy soil. Near Crossgate toll, 3 miles south of Musselburgh, Maughan. Water of Leith, and near Kirkaldy, Mr S. Stewart. Fields between Newhaven and Caroline Park, and elsewhere. June, July. O. Narrow-fruited Corn-sallad.—Stem 9-18 inches high, dichotomous, widely spreading, having single flowers in the axils. Leaves oblongo-lanceolate, somewhat obtuse, more or less deeply toothed at the base. Flowers not capitate, but in wide and loose corymbs, with the bracteas few, narrow, and not arranged in the form of a regular involucre. Fruit narrow, 5- ribbed, with three terminal teeth, which are sometimes almost foliaceous. p. 3. IRIS. (Nat. Ord. IRIDEÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 186.) 1. I. Pseudacorus, perianth beardless, the narrow segments smaller than the stigma ; leaves sword-shaped. Lightf. p. 86. Smith, Fl. Brit. 41. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 16. . . E. B. t. 578. HAB. Ditches, pond-sides and marshy places. Rosslyn woods, by the river side, midway to Lasswade. South end of Lochend. Dudding- ston Loch. July. 4. Yellow Water-Iris.—Roots large, fleshy, horizontal. Stem erect, 3-4 feet high, round, smooth, firm. Leaves erect, long, somewhat glaucous, stria- ted and acuminate. Flowers 3-6 lemon yellow, streaked with purple lines; the larger segments of the perianth rounded, deflexed; the smaller ones erect, and smaller than the stigmas, which are petal-like, arched and fringed or laciniate. The anthers lie under the stigmas. 4. SCHOENUS. (Nat. Ord. CYPERACEÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 173.) 1. S. nigricans, culm naked, rounded; flowers in a capitate cluster ; involucre 2-leaved, outer one subulate, longer than the flowers. Lightf. p. 86. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 43. Fl. Brit. p. 43. Hook, Fl. Scot. P. 16. E. B. t. 1121. HAB. Boggy moors. Bog near the sea-shore east of Anstruther, Dr Graham. June, July. 2. Black-headed Bog-rush. Culms about a foot high, firm and rigid, sheathed at the base by the remains of old leaves. Leaves setaceous, rigid, rough- ish, dark and shining at the base, shorter than the culms. Head of flowers somewhat ovate, formed of several very dark purplish, black, or brown spikelets. Interior involucre, small and membranaceous. 2. S. compressus, culm naked, roundish ; spike distichous, shorter than the single involucre; spikelets many-flowered ; leaves plane. Lightf. p. 87. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 44. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 16. E. B. t. 791. HAB. Bogs, rare. Near Borthwick Castle, Maughan. June, July. 4. Compressed Bog-rush.-Root creeping, fibrous. Culm 6–8 inches high, gla- brous, striated, covered by the sheathing bases of the leaves for about one-third upwards, the rest naked. Leaves mostly radical, linear and plane, rather shorter than the culm. Spike bright chesnut-brown. Spike- lets 5-10, distichous. “ Glumes all but the lower one fertile, so that this is perhaps as well as S. rufus, rather a scirpus than a schoenus.” Hook. 3. S. rufus, culm naked, roundish ; spike distichous, larger than the single involucre; spikelets few-flowered ; leaves se- 10 TRIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. SCIIRUS. taceous, channelled. Hook, Fl. Scot. p. 17. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 45. E. B. t. 1010. S. ferrugineus, S. ferrugineus, Lightf. p. 86. S. compressus. var. Lightf. loc. cit. et t. 24. HAB. Bogs and marshes. Dunbar, Mr Mackay. On the coast 2 miles east of South Queensferry, Maughan. Moist downs, Aberlady Bay. July. 4. Brown Bog-rush.—Root creeping. Culm 5-7 inches high, glabrous, naked, furnished at the base with a few sheathing setaceous leaves canaliculate above, and much shorter than in the preceding species. Spikes dark brown. Spikelets 5-6 distichous, 2-4 flowered. Glumes obtuse. Some- what resembling the last species, but attention to the above characters will resolve every difficulty. 5. SCIRPUS. (Nat. Ord. CYPERACEÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 173.) * Spikes solitary. + Čulms simple. 1. Sc. cæspitosus, culm rounded, striated, sheathing at the base ; two outer glumes foliaceous at the apex, as long as the spike; stigmas three. Lightf. p. 87. Smith, Fl. Brit. p 49. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 17. E. B. t. 1029. Hab. Bogs and moors, very common. King's Park. Braid Hill. Pent- land Hills. Ravelrig-toll Moss, &c. July. 4. Scaly-stalked Club-rush.- Plant in dense tufts, and very firmly rooted. Stems 3-6 inches high, simple, slender, glabrous, unequal in height, arising from a sheathing, squamose and tough base, and terminating, in what Dr Hooker considers as rudiments of leaves; namely, the 2 outer glumes, which have a foliaceous apex. Spikes small, ovate, terminal, reddish- brown. Fruit elliptical, surrounded by about 6 bristles. This most abundant species frequently forms almost the entire turf of moist barren moors. 2. Sc. pauciflorus, culm round, sheathed at the base ; spike ovate, few-flowered, outer glumes the largest, but shorter than the spike; stigmas three. Lightf. p. 87. Smith, Fl. Brit. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 17. E. B. t. 1122. HAB. Bogs, moors, and heaths. Leith Links, Mr Mackay. Hunters' Bog, Mr Bainbridge. Pentland Hills. July, August. 4. Chocolate-headed Club-rush.—Plant tufted, more slender in general than the preceding. Root blackish. Stems simple, smooth, erect, less numerous than in Sc. cæspitosus, and not surrounded at the base by such a mass of scales. Spike dark brown of 3 or 4 flowers. Glumes far more obtuse than in the preceding. Stigmas 3. Fruit surrounded by a few bristles. 3. Sc. palustris *, culm naked, round, with leafless sheaths at the base ; spike naked, oblongo-ovate; stigmas two. Lightf p. 87. 87. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 48. 48. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 18. E. B. t. 131. p. 50. * This and Sc. acicularis belong to the genus Eleocharis of Mr Brown. Kunth unites it to the Scirpus of Mr Brown, with the character “ Spiculæ multiflora. Gluma undique imbricata, vix nullæ vacuü. Semen lenticu- lare aut triquetrum. Setæ plerumque sex.” As the subject is not decided, it is better in a local Flora to continue them as original Scirpi. SCIIRUS. TRIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. 11 B minor, smaller, spikes fewer-flowered, glumes deeper brown. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 18. Sc. multicaulis, Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 48. E. B. t. 1187. HAB. Ditches, marshes, sides of streams, common. Lochend and Dud- dingston Loch. Braid Hill. Pentland Hills. B Pentland Hills, G. Don. July, August. 4. Marsh Club-rush.—Plant tufted with numerous both fertile and barren stems. Stems 6–15 inches high, very smooth, cylindrical, having closely- embracing simple entire sheaths at the base, the lowest ones reddish, and shorter. Spike almost oblong, brownish, many--flowered. Glumes ob- tuse, especially the two outer ones, with a scariose margin. Fruit sur- rounded by 4 or 5 bristles. The most robust species of this section. 4. Sc. acicularis, culm grooved, closely sheathed at the base ; spike small ovate, acute, naked ; glumes acuminate ; stigmas three. Lightf. p. 88. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 51. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 18. E. B. t. 749. HAB. Marshes and the sandy sides of Lakes, rare. About a mile NW. from Lasswade, Dr Parsons in Lightfoot. July, August. 4. Least Club-rush.—Plant slender, delicate and tufted. Stems numerous, 2-4 . inches high, setaceous obtusely 4 angled, especially when dry, barren stems, bearing a large proportion to the fertile ones ; sheath at the base tight, leafless. Spikes small, brown, 4-5 flowered. Glumes keeled, acu- minate; the keel green. “ Fruit oblong, beautifully impressed with points in lines, tipped with the sphærical base of the style.” * Hook. ++ Culms branched. Sc. fluitans, culm rounded, weak, furnished with sheathing leaves; stigmas two. Lightf. p. 88. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 51. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 18. E. B. t. 216. Isolepis fluitans, Br. Prod * HAB. Ditches and shallow pools. Ravelrig-toll moss, Messrs Arnott and Greville. Braid Hill marshes, G. Don. Marsh on Dunearn Hill, Mr Neill. July, August. 4. Floating Club-rush.—Plants long, weak, branching, growing in the water. Roots creeping and producing numerous stems, 6-18 inches long, which take root at the joints, and are clothed with alternate, patent, short, and sheathing leaves, many of which float on the surface of the water. Culm naked for about 2 inches below the small, pale, 2-4 flowered spike. Glumes greenish, with a whitish membranaceous margin, the two lower ones the largest ** Spikes with two or many spikelets. | Culms rounded. 6. Sc. lacustris, upper sheaths leafy ; panicle terminal, twice compound; involucre 2-leaved ; spikelets ovate. Lightf. p. 88. Smith, Fl. Brit. P. 52. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 18. E. B. t. 666. * In this genus of Mr Brown, there are no bristles accompanying the fruit. M. Kunth, however, has united Isolepis with Fimbristylin and Echinoly- trum, in Humboldt et Bonpland Nov. Gen. I have not adopted the opinions of either author, for the reason given in the note to Sc. palustris. 12 ERIOPHORUM. TRIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Hab. Sides of streams and ponds. Marsh and old willow grounds, half- way between Duddingston and Portobello, Mr Macnab. Lochend, Mr Neill. July. 4. Bull-rush.—Roots creeping, strong. Culms 3-8 feet high, round, attenuated upwards, very smooth, sheathed at the base, some of the upper sheaths ending in a linear acute leaf, about 4 inches long. Involucres very vari- ous in length, the longest often reaching a little above the panicle, but often much shorter ; beneath the clusters of spikelets are also small in- volucres, and several inner ones at the base of the peduncles. Glumes brown, concave, fringed, carinate. Fruit surrounded by about 6 bristles. Plant used in making chair-bottoms, matts, &c. 17. Sc. setaceus, culms setaceous, terminating in a single in- volucre; spikelets two. Lightf. p. 88. Smith, Fl. Brit. pp. 54. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 19. E. B. t. 1693. HAB. Moist gravelly places, rare. King's Park, G. Don. By the re- servoir on the Pentland Hills. July, August. O. Setaceous Club-rush._Plants tufted. Culms 2-5 inches high, ascending, slender, numerous, glabrous, striated. Spikelets mostly geminate, but some- times single, or even three, apparently lateral, as the single involucre seems to be an actual elongation of the culm. Glumes broad, very short- ly acute, reddish-brown, with a green margin and keel. Fruit striated. ++ Culms triangular. 8. Sc. maritimus, culm leafy ; spikelets sessile and peduncu- late, in a terminal cluster; involucres many, foliaceous; glumes notched, mucronate. Lightf. p. 89. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 56. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 19. E. B. t. 542. HAB. Ditches and marshes near the sea. Stream-side near Luffness, Dr Graham. July 4. Salt-marsh Club-rush.-Root creeping. Culms leafy triangular, 2-3 feet high, tufted, rough at the angles. Leaves long, linear, acute, mostly longer than the culms. Involucres several, two usually longer than the terminal cluster. Spikelets large, ovate, reddish-brown. Glumes notched or sub-laciniate at the end, with a long mucronate termination of the keel. Fruit accompanied by 2–4 bristles. Sc. sylvaticus, culm leafy; spikelets in a repeatedly com- pound cyme, furnished with an involucre of several foliaceous leaflets; glume entire. Lightf. p. 89. Smith, Fl. Brit. Hook. Fl. Scot. 19. E. B. t. 919. W HAB. Moist woods and banks of streams. Near Rosslyn Castle, Dr Parsons in Lightfoot. Between Lasswade and Rosslyn, Messrs Arnott and Greville. July 4. Wood Club-rush.—Culm 2-3 feet high, very leafy, erect. Leaves nearly linear, broad, acuminate, ribbed, scabrous at the margin, and very long. Involucre, having one of its 3-4 leaflets longer than the cyme. Cyme spreading; the divisions various in their direction, and having at the base of each a lanceolate bractea. Spikelets small, ovate, somewhat clus- tered. Glumes ovate, greenish. Stigmas 3. Fruit roundish, surrounded by 6-8 bristles. 6. ERIOPHORUM. (Nat. Ord. CYPERACEÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 172.) Spike solitary. 1. E. vaginatum, culm triangular above, sheathed; the up- p. 57. p. 19. Nardus. TRIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. 13 permost sheath leafless, obtuse ; spike ovate. Lightf. p. 20. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 58. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 20. E. B. t. 873. HAB. Bogs, moors and heaths. Pentland Hills. Dalmahoy Hill, and the moss at its base, Maughan. Very abundant on the Pentlands near Currie, and west of Habbie's How. April to June 4. Hares-tail Cotton-grass.—Plant densely tufted. Culm erect, shorter than the leaves when in flower, much longer when in fruit, being then 12-18 inches high, sheathed with the bases of the straight, channelled setaceous leaves ; the upper sheaths have gradually shorter leaves, and the two last are naked, ventricose, and membranaceous. Spike large, somewhat acu- minate. Glumes scariose, membranaceous, dark blueish-grey. This and all the other species are beautiful objects when in seed, from the abundance of the long silky hairs which spring from the base of the fruit, and makes the whole resemble a tuft of the finest white silk or cotton. ** Spikes many, pedunculated. 2. E. angustifolium, culms indistinctly triangular ; leaves li- near grooved triangular at the end; involucre longer than the flowering spikes. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 21. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 59. E. B. t. 564. E. polystachion, Lightf. p. 89. HAB. Moors. Pentland Hills. May, June. 4. Common Cotton-grass.--Plant tufted. Culm 12–18 inches high, rounded be- low, subtriangular above, smooth. Leaves a little shorter than the culm, channelled, smooth, narrow and sheathing the stem at their base. Invo- lucre 2-3-leaved unequal, plane, linear, acuminate. Spikes 3-5, ovate on simple peduncles of different lengths. Glumes lanceolate, brown, with a pale scariose margin. Silky hair of the fruit most abundant in this spe- cíes, which renders it eminently conspicuous during the summer. 3. E. polystachion, culms obtusely triangular ; leaves linear, plane; involucre longer than the flowering spikes ; spikes droop- ing when in fruit. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 21. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 59. E. B. t. 563. HAB. Moors and bogs. Pentland Hills, G. Don. May, June. 4. Broad-leaved Cotton-grass.—Tufted. Culm 1-2 feet high, trigonous, smooth, leafy. Leaves much shorter than the culm, plane, broadly linear, acute. Involucre 2-4-leaved; acute, dilated at their base. Spikes on simple or branched peduncles, ovate, 5-8, drooping when in fruit with the length- ened peduncles. Glumes lanceolate, scariose, greenish-brown. Silky hairs of the fruit more compact, and much shorter than in the preceding. 17. NARDUS. (Nat. Ord. GRAMINEÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 163.) 1. N. stricta, spike erect, slender, the florets all pointing one way. Lightf. p. 90. Smith, Fl. Brit. . 90. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 61. Hook. Fl. Scot. E. B. t. 290. HAB. Moors and heaths, excessively common. On some parts of the Pentland Hills it forms the principal turf. June, July. 4. Mat-grass.- Plant much tufted, and stiff and rugged at the base with the remains of old stems and leaves. Culms numerous, 3-9 inches high, wiry, smooth. Leaves setaceous, rigid, very numerous. Spike terminal, erect, with the florets placed alternately in two rows, all pointing in one direc- tion. Valves of the calyx unequal, the outer one purplish, awned. Style undivided p. 21. 14 PHALARIS TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. 66 awn II. DIGYNIA. 8. ALOPECUKUS. (Nat. Ord. GRAMINEÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 163.) 1. A. pratensis, culm erect, glabrous; spike cylindrical, ob- tuse; glumes of the calyx connate at the base, hairy ; twice the length of the corolla.” Lightf. p. 9. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 72. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 22. E. B. t. 759. HAB. Meadows and pastures, very common. May to July. 4. Meadow Foxtail-grass.-Culm 1-3 feet high, erect, leafy. Leaves nearly smooth, somewhat pubescent, linear. Stipules very short. Spike 1 to 2 inches long, dense, many-flowered, silky with the down of the glumes, yellowish-green. Glumes all nearly equal, and ciliated. Anthers remark- ably conspicuous. One of the most early and useful agricultural grasses. 2. A. geniculatus, culm ascending, bent at the joints ; spike cylindrical , obtuse ; glumes of the calyx very obtuse ; awn twice as long as the corolla. Lightf. p. 92. Smith. Fl. Brit. p. 74. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 22. E. B. t. 1250. Hab. Ditches, wet meadows, and marshes, very common. King's Park by the ditch facing Sampson's Ribs. June, July. 4. Floating Foxtail-grass.--Culms 12–18 inches long, floating or prostrate on the wet soil, radicating at the joints, and ascending towards the ends, branch- ed, smooth. Leaves short, rather broad, nearly smooth, the uppermost one with a tumid sheath. Stipules white and delicate, oblong. Spike about one inch and a quarter long, often purplish. Glumes of the corolla as obtuse as those of the calyx, varying in the length of the awn. An- thers yellow, and, if Dr Hooker is correct in thinking A. fulvus (E. B. t. 1467.) the same species, they are also brown. Host and Gaudin de- scribe them as such in A. geniculatus. 9. PHALARIS. (Nat. Ord. GRAMINEÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 163.) 1. Ph. canariensis, panicle forming an obtuse spike; caly- cine glumes boat-shaped, entire at the point; corolla of four valves. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 23. Smith, Fl. Brit. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 62. E. B. t. 1310. HAB. Waste places. Certainly not indigenous, but sometimes met with about Edinburgh ; of course in no fixed station. June, July. O. Manured Canary-grass.-Culms 1-2 feet high, leafy, with brown joints. Leaves broad, lanceolate, soft, slightly pubescent, with a long sheathing, inflated base, and obtuse stipule. Glumes of the calyx streaked with green lines, and furnished with a remarkably deep and acute keel, which in- creases towards the apex, when it becomes rather suddenly acuminated. Ext. valves of the corolla much smaller and more acute than the inner ones. Seed ovate, shining, yellowish ; well known as the food of canary birds in this country. 2. Ph. arundinacea, “ panicle erect, branches patent; florets clustered, secund; ext. corolla of two very minute hairy valves,” Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 23. Lightf. p. 90. E. B. t. 402. and t. . 2160. f. 2. Arundo colorata, Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 147. 2 PHALARIS. 15 TRIANDRIA. DIGYNIA HAB. Sides of lakes and streams. Duddingston Loch. July, August. 4. Reed Canary-grass.-Culms 3-5 feet in height, strong, erect, smooth, leafy, joints several. Leaves spreading, broad, lanceolate, acuminate, smooth, with a long sheathing base and very short stipule. Spiked panicle 6-8 inches long, branches rough, the florets in secund clusters, mostly tinged with pink or purple. Calycine glumes lanceolate. Int. glumes nearly as long as the calyx, unequal and lanceolate. 10. PHLEUM. (Nat. Ord. GRAMINEÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 164.) 1. P. pratense, spike long, cylindrical ; calycine glumes trun- cate, ciliated at the back ; awn shorter than the glumes. Lightf. p. 91. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 68. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 23. E. B. t. 1076. HAB. Meadows and pastures, common. June, July. 4. Common Cat's-tail-grass.-Culms 1-3 feet high, erect, leafy, a large portion, however, naked above the uppermost leaf. Leaves roughish, plane, li- near-lanceolate, with very long cylindrical sheathes. Stipules short, obtuse. Spikes very long, 2–5 inches, cylindrical, dense, with very many flowers, often purplish. Calycine glumes pale, membranaceous, with a firm green keel or dorsal nerve, ciliated at the back, and passing into a short, slight- ly spreading awn. Glumes of the corolla very small, unequal, obtuse, ribbed with green. This plant is liable to vary in size from situation. The root also, owing to this cause, is sometimes bulbous, when it becomes the Phl. nodosum of Linn. ? 2. P. arenarium, spike oblongo-ovate ; calycine glumes acute- ly lanceolate, ciliated at the back. Lightf. p. 1080. . Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 24. Phalaris arenaria, Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 62. E. B. t. 222. HAB. Sandy banks on the sea-shore. Near Prestonpans, Mr Neill. Near Burntisland, Mr Arnott. Between Pettycur and Kirkaldy. Rare near Edinburgh on the south side of the Frith. July. O. Sea-side Cat's-tail-grass.-Culms 3-6 inches high, nearly erect, 3-5 from a single root, leafy. Leaves lanceolate, slightly glaucous, rough at the edges, inclosing the culm with somewhat inflated and long sheaths. Spike half to one inch long, rigid, green, many-flowered. Glumes of the corolla very short and broad, obtuse, crenate, membranaceous, and ornamented with green striæ. 11. MILIUM. (Nat. Ord. GRAMINEÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 164.) 1. M.effusum, flowers loosely panicled, awnless. Lightfp. 92. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 75. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 24. E. B. t. 1106. HAB. Moist woods. Newbattle woods, abundant, Dr Graham. Rosslyn woods, Messrs Arnott and Greville. June. 4. Spreading Millet-grass.-Culms slender, 3-4 feet high, erect, smooth, leafy. Leaves broad, plane, with a roughish margin. Panicle very elegant, dif- fuse, lax, branches capillary, several springing from the same point. Calyx glumes equal, elliptical, concave, green, nearly smooth. Glumes of the corolla cartilaginous, very concave, persistent, and embracing the seed. The panicle of this beautiful grass is often a foot long and eight inches wide. 16 AGROSTIS. TRIANDRIA. DIGYNIA. p. 24. 12. AGROSTIS. (Nat Ord. GRAMINEÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 164.) * Outer valve of the corolla arned. 1. Ag. Spica-venti, calycine glumes unequal, lanceolate, rough at the back'; valves of the corolla subequal; the outer one with a long straight awn inserted below the summit. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 77. E. B. t. 951. t HAB. Moist sandy places. Rosslyn woods, Mr Bainbridge. June, July. 4. Silky Bent-grass.-Culms 2-3 feet high, slender, somewhat geniculate at the base, glabrous. Leaves rather broad, slightly pubescent above, rough and ribbed beneath. Stipules rather long. Panicle 3-12 inches in length. spreading, much branched ; branches filiform scabrous. Flowers very numerous, green or tinged with purple, well marked by the external valve of the corolla, being furnished with a very long, straight awn, inserted a little below the apex, and which gives a silvery appearance to the pa- nicle. 2. Ag. canina, calycine valves somewhat unequal, lanceolate, rough at the back ; valves of the corolla very unequal, the one very minute, the other with a dorsal awn from below the middle. Lightf. p. 93. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 78. Hook. F1, Scot. E. B. t. 1856. HAB. Pastures, heathy places, very common. Abundant in the King's Park. June, July. 4. Brown Bent-grass.-Culms tufted, 1 to near 3 feet high, slender, “creeping and prostrate, except the flowering part, which grows ascending or erect. Leaves linear, narrow, rough on both sides. Panicle erect, lax, slender, the branches long, erecto-patent. Calycine glumes ovato-lanceolate, a little unequal, divaricate, purplish. Larger valve of the corolla striated with 4 nerves. The flowers are commonly purple, but they vary, though rarely, to straw- colour and pale green. The awn is also apt to vary in length, sometimes , not reaching to the apex of the valve, at others equal to it in length. Dr Hooker describes a minute tuft of hairs, as occupying the place of the second valve of the corolla ; in all my specimens, however, there is a true lanceolate valve, though minute. ** Corolla awnless (rarely otherwise). 3. Ag. vulgaris, branchlets of the panicle diverging ; caly- cine valves equal ; outer valve of the corolla 3-nerved, twice as long as the inner bifid one; stipule short, obtuse. Lightf. p. 93. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 79. Hook. Fl. Scot. p 79. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 25. E. B. t. 1671. B. Outer valve of the corolla awned, (Ag. canina, With.) y. Very dwarf; 3-5 inches high, (Ag. pumila, Lightf.) Hab. Meadows, pastures, moors, common. B. Pentland Hills, Maughan. 7. Pentland Hills, Lightfoot. Burntsfield Links and N. Queensferry, Neill. June, July. 4. Fine Bent-grass.—Root creeping. Culm erect, 1-2 feet high, glabrous. Leaves shortish, linear acuminate, roughish. Panicle erect, with patent branches. Rachis smooth, branches and branchlets rough, sometimes 1 ARUNDO. TRIANDRIA. DIGYNIA. 17 nearly smooth, and variously divided. Flowers purplish. Calyx-glumes with a white scariose margin, ovato-lanceolate, smooth, rough at the back. Corolla of two unequal membranaceous greenish-white valves, the inner one 2-nerved, with a bifid apex. Anthers as long as the corolla. The branches of the panicle are arranged in a subverticillate manner; a single branch commonly stands out on one side, while the rest are in a sort of fascicle on the other; this arrangement, however, is alternate to the top of the panicle. 4. Ag. alba, branches of the panicle hispid ; branchlets pa- tent; outer valve of the corolla 5-nerved ; ligule oblong. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 25. Smith, Fl. Brit. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 81. Lightf. p. 93. E. B. . t. 1189. Schrad. Germ. p. 209. Ag. stolonifera, Lightf. p. 93. . p Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 80. E. B. t. 1532. HAB. Fields and road-sides. Braid Hill, G. Don About Edinburgh, Mr Neill. Near Newhaven. July. 22. Marsh Bent-grass.-Plant stouter than the last, and generally larger. Culms ascending, often rooting at the base, and throwing out runners. Panicle rather contracted, pale green or purplish, branchlets patent. Calyx-glumes as in Ag. vulgaris, as are those of the corolla, but the outer valves have 5 nerves, and as many teeth, and the inner one is only faintly 2 or 3 nerved at the base, nearly entire and obtuse at the extremity. In some indivi- duals, but I know not if they are found in Scotland, there is a short awn at the base of the outer valve of the corolla. The character of this species, and the whole of the description, I have given in Dr Hooker's own words. Vid. Fl. Scot. That eminent botanist has bestowed much labour on it, and has been enabled to compare a greater number of authentic specimens together, than I could do, were I dis- posed to dissent from him. It would repay any one the trouble of accu- rately investigating Ag. vulgaris, alba, and stolonifera. 13. ARUNDO. (Nat. Ord. GRAMINEÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 164.) 1. A. arenaria, calyx one-flowered; panicle spiked ; leaves involute, pungent. Lightf. p. 107. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 148. p. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 27. E. B. t. 107. HAB. Sandy banks on the sea-shore. Between Caroline Park and Cra- mond. Between Burntisland and Pettycur. Portobello and Mussel- burgh July. 4. . Sea-side Reed.—Root creeping, very long jointed. Culms 2–3 feet high, erect, very rigid, cylindrical, smooth. Leaves slightly spreading, very long, in- volute, rigid, glaucous, with a very sharp point. Flowers in a compact spike swelling in the middle, 3-4 inches long, pale greenish. Calycine glumes lanceolate, with a rough keel; those of the corolla shorter and more rigid. Downy hairs at the base very short. Anthers purple.- Very useful in binding the loose sand on the sea-shore. 2. A. Phragmites, calyx containing about five florets; pa- nicle very lax. Lightf. p. 106. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 144. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 27. E. B. t. 401. HAB. Sides of streams and ponds, abundant. Lochend and Duddingston Loch. July. 4. Common Reed.—Root creeping. Culms erect, 5-7 feet high, strong, very leafy, with numerous joints. Leaves broad, lanceolate, acuminate, spread- ing, rough at the margin, very smooth and somewhat glaucous beneath, B 18 TRIANDRIA. DIGYNIA. . a Holcus. sheaths very long. Panicle sub-erect, lax, the branches long, capillary. Calycine glumes very unequal, acute, and smooth, the longer one 3-nerved. Florets surrounded by a tuft of silky hairs as long as the glumes.—Plant used for thatching and fences ; also by artists for making reed-pens for sketching 14. HOLCUS. (Nat. Ord. GRAMINEÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 165.) 1. H. avenaceus, calycine glumes unequal ; perfect foret su- perior, imperfect one with a long jointed awn; root knotted. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 90. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. . 28. E. B. t. 813. Avena elatior, Lightf. p. 105. Hab. Hedges, pastures, and waste places, very common. July. 4. Oat-like Soft-grass._Root composed of 2-5 knots, placed one above the other, the smaller ones being uppermost. Culms erect, about 3 feet high, simple, glabrous. Leaves dull green, plane, spreading, rough on the up- per surface. Panicle long, lax, tapering upwards ; branches rather short, semi-verticillate, rough, becoming patent when in flower. Calycine glumes unequal, lanceolate, acute, shorter than the corolla, greenish-brown, as well as the glumes of the corolla, the outer one of which is nerved, striated and ciliated at the back.—Plant with the habit of an Avena. 2. H. mollis, calycine glumes subequal ; perfect floret infe- rior and awnless, imperfect one with a bent awn, reaching be- yond the calyx; root creeping. Lightf. p. 631. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 89. . . Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 28. E. B. t. 1170. . HAB. Fields, hedges, waste places, rare. The Meadows, Mr Neill. My specimens were gathered on the waste ground near Canonmills Loch, July. 4. Creeping Soft-grass.—Roots creeping, long. Culms 1-2 feet high, ascending. Leaves linear-lanceolate, acute, having long inflated sheaths; rather smooth, indeed the whole plant is but slightly pubescent compared with the following species. Panicle erect, broad for its length ; branches spreading. Spikelets ovate, very pale, tinged with dull purple. Calycine glumes ovato-lanceolate, compressed, much longer than the corollas, and inclosing them. “ Both florets often destitute of pistil;" Hook. Princi- pally distinguished from the following by the protruded awn and creep- ing roots. 3. H. lanatus, calycine glumes equal , perfect floret inferior and awnless, imperfect one with a curved awn not protruded ; root fibrous. Lightf. p. 631. Smith, Fl. Brit. Fl. Brit. p. 89. Hook. Fl. Scot. P. 28. E. B. t. 1169. HAB. Meadows and pastures, very common. June, July. 4. Meadow Soft-grass.—Root not creeping. Culms numerous, erect, villose, 1-2 feet high. Leaves plane, linear-lanceolate, villose on both sides. Panicle erect, about 3 inches long, lax, soft, pale, purplish ; branches fre- quently divided, capillary, erect before flowering, afterwards patent. Flowers much the same as in the preceding species, with the exception of the curved and unprotruded awn. 15. AIRA. (Nat. Ord. GRAMINEÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 166.) * Corolla arnless. 1. A. cristata, panicle spiked ; florets longer than the calyx ; AIRA TRIANDRIA. DIGYNIA. 19 P. 89. leaves hairy. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 29. Smith, Fl. Brit. , . E, B. t. 648. Poa cristata, Lightf: p. 98. HAB. Mountainous pastures and rocky places. Calton Hill, Dr Graham. Summit of Corstorphine Hill. Debris of Salisbury Craigs, Mr Neill. June, July. 4. Crested Hair-grass.--Plant tufted. Culms 6-8 inches high, simple, erect, foliaceous towards the base, smooth. Leaves linear, smooth, short, rather rigid. Panicle densely spiked, shining, oblong, sometimes acute. Spike- lets ovato-lanceolate. Calyx-glumes unequal, slightly downy, lanceolate, acute, nerved and with a roughish keel, containing 2-3 flowers. Inner valves of the corolla white, membranaceous. 2. A. aquatica, panicle spreading; glumes all obtuse ; flo- rets longer than the calyx ; leaves plane. Lightf. p. 94. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 84. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 29. E. B. t. 1557. HAB. Ditches and pond sides, rather rare. Ditches in the Meadows, Edinburgh ; especially in that on the east side of the centre walk. Ditch on the west side of Lochend, and at the margin of the Loch it- self. June. 4. Water Hair-grass.-Root creeping. Culms, if growing in water, partly floating, if not, prostrate towards the base, rooting at the joints, the rest ascending, 1-3 feet long, branched, very leafy, smooth. Leaves li- near, plane, obtuse, often floating, deep pleasant green. Panicle large, erect, smooth, branches patent, beginning to flower before the lower part is quite emerged from the sheath of the uppermost leaf. Spikelets ob- long, rich reddish-brown. Calycine glumes small, unequal, very broad, obtuse, 2-3 nerved. Florets much longer than the calyx, “ upper ones pedunculated, their valves concave, brown, with green ribs, diaphanous at the point ;" Hook.--Mr Neill has seen this grass in Restalrig meadow with decumbent culms of above 2 yards in length. ** Corolla awned. 3. A. cæspitosa, “ panicle diffuse, branches scabrous; florets villous at the base, rather longer than the calyx, the awn straight, inserted near the base of, and not exceeding, the corolla ; leaves plane." Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 29. Lightf. p. 94. Smith, p Fl. Brit. p. 84. 84. E. B. t. 1453. Hab. Marshes, moist places, damp woods, very common. July, Au- gust. 21. Turfy Hair-grass.—Plant forming great tufts, 2-3 feet in circumference. Culms 2-4 feet high, sub-erect, leafy, with a long naked space above the last leaf. Leaves long, linear, narrow, plane, somewhat rigid, smooth be- neath, rough at the margin, acuminate. Panicle very large, lax, diffuse, elegant, erect-inclined, shining silvery brown-grey, sometimes very pale, much branched. Spikelets small, very numerous. Calycine glumes sub- equal, but varying, ovato-lanceolate, roughish at the back. Upper floret pedunculate. Valves of the florets ovate, very obtuse.--A large very graceful grass. It is viviparous sometimes on the banks of rivers, as by the river-side at Pitcaithly, where abundance was discovered in that state by Mr Neill in July 1822. 4. A. flexuosa, “ panicle (when flowering) diffuse ; florets villous at the base, as long as the calyx; awn jointed, inserted near the base, much longer than the corolla ; leaves setaceous.” B2 20 TRIANDRIA. DIGYNIA. MELICA. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 30. Lightf. p. 95. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 85. E. B. t. 1519. HAB. Moors, heaths, hilly pastures, common. King's Park Black- ford, Braid, and Pentland Hills, &c. July, August. 4. Waved Hair-grass.-Culms erect, 12–18 inches high, naked except at the base, smooth, mostly purplish, with one joint or knot near the base. Leaves short, setaceous, rough at the margin, mostly radical. Panicle lax, rather few-flowered, with forked, flexuose, rough, capillary branches. Spikelets shining, purplish or pinkish brown. Calycine glumes rather un- equal, ovato-lanceolate. Valves of the corolla as long as the shorter glume of the calyx. Far more diffuse in the panicle when flowering than be- fore.- Often covering moorish pasture to a great extent. 5. A. caryophyllea, " panicle divaricate ; florets scarcely vil- lous at the base, shorter than the calyx, awn inserted below the middle, jointed, longer than the calyx ; leaves setaceous.” Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 30. Lightf. p. 95. Smith, Fl. Brit. p p. 88. E. B. t. 812. HAB. Gravelly hills and waste places. Debris on the south-west side of Salisbury Craigs, Mr Neill. June, July. 4. Silver Hair-grass-Culms slender, erect, 3-8 inches high, smooth, leafy. Leaves few, short, linear, the radical ones quickly withering. Panicle tri- chotomous, with capillary, smooth, divaricate branches. Spikelets not very numerous, silvery, and often purplish grey, small, ovate. Calycine glumes lanceolate, equal, rough at the back, white and scariose at the apex. Valves of the corolla whitish, scariose, slightly unequal, half the . length of the awn. 6. A. præcox, panicle somewhat spiked, all the glumes sub- equal ; awn arising from near the base, and longer than the ca- lyx; leaves setaceous. Lightf. p. 95. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 87. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 30. 30. E. B. t. 1296. HAB. Sandy hills, pastures, wall tops. South-west side of Salisbury Craigs, towards the bottom of the debris. May, June. O. Early Hair-grass.-Culms 2-5 from the same root, erect, about 3 inches high, leafy, smooth. Leaves short, smooth, the radical ones soon fading ; the cauline ones furnished with long, angular, tumid sheaths, Panicle somewhat compact, half to one inch long, silvery and greenish. Spikelets not numerous. Calycine glumes lanceolate, roughish at the back. Valves of the corolla narrower, acute, with a bifid apex, the awn about half as long again as the valves. 16. MELICA. (Nat. Ord. GRAMINEÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 166.) 1. M. nutans, panicle racemed ; spikelets drooping; calyx containing two flowers. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 31. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 92. E. B. t. 1059. Mel. nutans var. Lightf. p. 96. Hab. Woods, rare. Rosslyn woods by the path-side, plentiful. May, June. 4. Nodding or Mountain Melic-grass.-Culms 12-20 inches high, scarcely erect, slender, simple, leafy. Leaves plane, linear, acute, the lower cauline ones much shorter than the upper ones, with a rough margin. Panicle about 3 inches long, the spikelets secund on short drooping peduncles. Calycine glumes nearly equal, ovate, very concave, deep purple-brown; РоА. TRIANDRIA. DIGYNIA. 21 those of the corolla very unequal, rigid, nerved. There is besides the two perfect florets, an imperfect one which is very minute. 2. M. uniflora, panicle branched, inclined, few-flowered ; spikelets erect, with one perfect floret. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 31. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 91. 91. E. B. t. 1058. Mel. nutans, Lightf p. 96. HAB. Woods, rare. Rosslyn woods, opposite Hawthornden, plentiful. Mr Neill. June, July. 4. Wood Melic-grass.-Culms erect, 12-20 inches high, slender, leafy. Leaves linear, plane, acuminate, broader than in the preceding species. Panicle slightly drooping, the branches somewhat secúnd, filiform, few, the two lowermost arising together. Spikelets ovate, purple-brown, erect. Caly- cine glumes unequal, ovate, rather obtuse, containing a single perfect flo- ret, and the rudiments of at least one more. 3. M. cærulea, panicle and its branches erect, subcoarctate ; spikelets erect, oblongo-cylindrical. Lightf. p. 96. Smith, Fl. . Brit. p. 93. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 31. E. B. t. 750. HAB. Moors and heaths, common. Pentland Hills. Ravelrig-toll moss. August. 4. Purple Melic-grass.—Plant much tufted. Culms 6-18 inches high, nume- rous, ascending or erect, rigid, glabrous, having a single joint at the base. Leaves nearly erect, long, linear, acuminate, roughish. Panicle 2–5 inches long, branched, not spreading, purple. Calycine glumes nearly equal, lan- ceolate, keeled. Florets much longer than the calyx, 2 generally perfect, 3 imperfect. Anthers and stigmas deep purple.-In shaded places, it varies with a pale panicle, according to Lightfoot's herbarium, as quoted by Smith. This, I suppose, is Mr D. Don's M. alpina. 17. POA. (Nat. Ord. GRAMINEÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 167.) * Spikelets linear (in P. aquatica and compressa linear-ovate.) 1. P. aquatica, panicle erect, large, very much branched; outer valves of the florets obtuse, 7-ribbed ; leaves very broad. Lightf. p. 1083. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 95. Hook. Fl. Scot. . p. 32. E. B. t. 1315. HAB. Banks of streams, ditches, wet meadows. At Bonnington Bridge, on the banks of the Water of Leith, Maughan. By the same stream, about a quarter of a mile below Canonmills Bridge. July, August. 4. Reed Meadow-grass.-Roots creeping. Culms erect, 3-6 feet high, smooth, leafy, fibrous roots issuing from the lowest joints in a whorled manner. Leaves very long, sword-shaped, erect, very broad, rough at the margin and keel. Panicle very large, 6–12 inches long, rather lax, the branches rough. Calyx-valves much smaller than the corolla, ovate, obtuse, with whitish scariose margins, and containing about 6 florets. Inner valves of the corolla narrowest, bifid. 2. P. fluitans, panicle forming a very long, lax spike, sub- erect; spikelets linear, appressed, 8-12 flowered; root creep- ing. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 32. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 95. E. B. t. 1520. Festuca fluitans, Lightf. p. 103. Hab. Ditches, slow streams, and ponds, very common. King's Park. The Meadows. July, August. 4. 22 TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. POA. Floating Meadow-grass.-Root long, creeping. Culms rooting at the base, and partly prostrate, the upper part ascending, 1-3 feet long, smooth, succulent, somewhat flaccid. Leaves plane, linear-lanceolate, acute, the lower ones floating, all with long smooth sheaths. Panicle slightly curved, slender, branched, 6–12 inches long ; branches mostly erect, but the lower ones more or less spreading. Spikelets alternate, on short peduncles, completely linear, many-flowered. Calycine valves unequal, small, ovate, and obtuse. Valves of the corolla ovato-oblong, the outer roughish, 7-rib- bed, with shorter intermediate ones at the base ; the inner ones notched. The Manna seed of the shops is the seed of this plant. 3. P. maritima, panicle straight, subcoarctate; spikelets about ; 5-flowered, the outer valves of which are 5-nerved, obtuse; leaves involute; root creeping. Lightf. p. 98. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 97. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 33. E. B. t. 1140. Hab. Banks on the sea-shore. Sea-side at Caroline Park; and forming nearly the whole pasture in the salt marshes at Aberlady Bay, Mr Neill. About Kirkcaldy, at the west end near the bridge. July. 4. Creeping Sea Meadow-grass.—Plant tufted, rather rigid, glaucous. Culms numerous, about a foot long, ascending, smooth, leafy. Leaves involute, acute, rather pungent, furnished with long sheaths. Panicle about 3 or 4 inches long, purplish and glaucous, with the rough branches more or less spreading when in flower, but at all other times erect and coarctate. Spikelets linear-acute, about 5-flowered, with 5 obtuse ribs. Calycine glumes unequal, lanceolate, acute, keeled, nearly as long as those of the florets. 4. P. rigida, panicle very rigid, lanceolate, distichous and se- cund; spikelets about 7-flowered; forets ribless; root fibrous. Lightf. p. 1084. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 99. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 33. E. B. t. 1371. Hab. Banks, walls, and stony places, generally near the sea. Salisbury Craigs, and rocks in the King's Park, Lightfoot. Road-side from Edinburgh to Haddington near Drummore, and on walls, Burntisland, plentiful, Maughan. "Blackford Hill, Mr Neill. Coast of Fife, Mr Arnott. June. O. Hard Meadow-grass.-- Whole plant rigid and wiry. Culms 1-6 from the same root, 2-6 inches long, ascending, smooth, reddish or greenish, shining, with 2 or 3 cauline leaves. Leaves short, acute, sometimes involute, smooth below, rough above, mostly arising from the base. Panicle re- markably stiff, bearing the spikelets in a direction between distichous and secund. Spikelets linear, sessile, or on short peduncles, 4-8 flowered. Calycine valves slightly unequal, lanceolate, keeled; those of the florets rather obtuse, oblong, smooth, ribless, without a keel, and somewhat dis- tant. a 5. P. compressa, panicle slightly secund, coarctate before and after flowering ; spikelets linear-oblong, of about 6 web-connected florets; culm compressed; root creeping. Lightf. p. 97. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 99. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 34. E. B. t. 365. HAB. Walls, waste places, pastures. Walls about the King's Park, Maughan. Common about Edinburgh, Mr Arnott. On the walls at St Leonard's, and among the debris of Salisbury Craigs. July, Au- gust. 4. Creeping Meadow-grass.-Culms ascending, and geniculate at the very base, the rest quite erect, leafy below, above naked, striated, very compressed. Poa. 23 TRIANDRIA. DIGYNIA. Leaves smooth, plane, linear, acute, slightly glaucous in some situations ; sheaths long, rather tumid. Panicle varying much in size, according to situation, from 1-4 inches long, and from being very compact to much branched; while flowering the branches are spreading. Calyx-valves ovato- acute, ribbed, containing, as the plant grows on dry walls or elsewhere, from 3 to 11 florets; outer valve of the corolla scarcely nerved; those of the lower florets connected by a delicate webbed substance. ** Spikelets exactly ovate. 6. P. trivialis, panicle spreading, spikelets of three flowers, the outer glumes of which are 5-nerved, and webbed at the base; culms roughish; ligule oblong; root fibrous. Lightf. p. 97. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 103. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 35. E. B. t. 1072. p HAB. Meadows and pastures, common. June, July. 4. Roughish Meadow-grass.-Culms 1-2 feet high, rather decumbent at the base, the rest erect, simple, leafy, sometimes purplish. Leaves spread- ing, flaccid, roughish beneath, and at the margin sheathed. Ligule ob- long, acute. Panicle rather large, erect, much branched, diffuse; the branches rough, patent. Calycine glumes rough at the back, equal, con- taining about 3 flowers. Glumes of the corolla connected by a web. 7. P. pratensis, panicle spreading, spikelets of about four flowers, with the outer glumes 5-nerved, webbed at the base ; culm smooth; ligule short; root creeping: Lightf. p. 97. ; Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 104. 104. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 35. E. B. t. 1073. B. minor, much smaller, subglaucous, panicle fewer-flowered. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 35. P. subcærulea, E. B. t. 1004. ? HAB. Meadows and pastures, common. B. On wall-tops, sandy-banks, and hilly pastures. Walls all around Edinburgh. Sea-shore near Kirk- caldy. June, July. 4. Smooth-stalked Meadow-grass.--Root stoloniferous, creeping. Culms nume- rous, 1-2 feet high, simple, smooth, leafy. Leaves spreading, somewhat obtuse, occasionally glaucous, sheathing. Ligule very short, obtuse. Pa- nicle rather large, much branched; the branches patent, less rough than the preceding. Spikelets about 4-flowered, greenish or purplish. Calycine valves somewhat unequal, acute, 3-nerved; those of the florets scariose at the margin and apex, the outer ones 5-nerved, all connected at the base by a long villous web. 8. P. annua, panicle slightly secund, divaricate ; spikelets of about 5 subremote flowers, the outer valves 5-ribbed, webless; culm compressed, root fibrous. Lightf. p. 97. Smith, Fl. Brit. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 35. E. B. t. 1141. Hab. Meadows, pastures, road-sides, &c. ; the most common British grass. Spring to Autumn. Annual Meadow-grass.-Culms numerous, ascending, smooth, branching at the base, and rooting at the joints. Leaves linear-bluntish, plane, some- times waved, bright green, sheathing; ligule oblong acute. Panicle erect, pale green, with smooth, spreading, nearly simple branches. Calycine valves unequal, ovato-lanceolate, nerved, containing about 5 florets. Keel and base of the external valves of the corolla hairy. 9. P. nemoralis, panicle slender, somewhat drooping, very lax; spikelats of about 3 subdistant florets; culms and sheaths p. 105. 24 TRIANDRIA. DIGYNIA. BRIZA, smooth; root slightly creeping Lightf. p. 98. Smith, FI. Brit. p. 106. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 35. E. B. t. 1265. Hab. Woods and thickets, frequent. Rosslyn woods. June and July. 4. Wood Meadow-grass.-Root slightly creeping. Culms 1-3 feet high, erect, very slender, glabrous. Leaves principally cauline, narrow, acuminate. Panicle varying in size, very weak, with the branches rough; capillary, erecto-patent or somewhat drooping. Spikelets not very numerous, pale green. Calyx-valves unequal, ovato-lanceolate, rough at the back, ob- scurely ribbed. External valve of the corolla lanceolate, hairy at the base, keeled. Dr Hooker thinks that P. glauca, E. B. t. 1720. and P. cæsia, E. B. t. 1719. are only varieties of this species. Of the former there can, I think, be no sort of doubt; but the latter is not so clearly a variety. 10. P. decumbens, panicle nearly simple, few-flowered; calyx as long as the four-flowered spikelet. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 36. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 107. E. B. t. 792. p Festuca decumbens, Lightf. p. 102. HAB. Pastures and moorish places. Near Burntisland, Mr Neill. Ar- thur's Seat, and coast of Fife, Mr Arnott. Braid and Pentland Hills. July. 4. Decumbent Meadow-grass.-Culms numerous, ascending, 6-12 inches long, somewhat rigid, smooth. Leaves linear, straight, hairy, rough at the hack towards the apex. Ligule a small tuft of hairs. Panicle generally simple, 5-12 flowered, rachis and peduncles rough. Spikelets ovate, acute, often tinged with a dull blueish-purple. Calycine glumes lanceolate, equal, with a roughish keel.“ External valve of the corolla ovate, nerved or ribbed, having a small tuft of hairs on each side the base ; apex with 3 teeth: interior valve obtuse, entire at the point, ciliated at the angles of the fold;" Hook. 18. BRIZA. (Nat. Ord. GRAMINEÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 168.) 1. B. media, panicle diffuse, tremulous ; spikelets broadly ovate, about 7-flowered ; calyx shorter than the florets. Lightf. p. 99. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 109. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 37. E. B. t. 340. HAB. Meadows and pastures. June. 4. Common Quaking-grass.-Culms about 1 foot high, slender, erect, very smooth. Leaves linear-acuminate, short, plane, roughish. Panicle much branched, erect ; branches somewhat flexuose, divaricate, very slender, purple. Spikelets tremulous, shining, purple, edges of the florets green. Calycine valves very concave and obtuse. Inner valves of the corolla mi- nute. 19. DACTYLIS. (Nat. Ord. GRAMINEÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 169.) 1. D. glomerata, panicle crowded, secund; leaves plane, sca- brous. Lightf. p. 99. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 111. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 37. E. B. t. 335. HAB. Meadows, hedges, waste places, very common. July, August. 4. Rough Cock's Foot-grass.-- Plant tufted. Culms erect, 1-3 feet high, firm, rough. Leaves spreading, linear, acute, plane, deep green, rough. Pa- DACTYLIS. 25 TRIANDRIA. DIGYNIA. nicle branched alternately; the branches very rough, the lowest most patent and the longest. Spikelets crowded, clustered on each branch, 3-4-flowered. Calycine glumes unequal, keeled. External glume of the co- rolla lanceolate, much compressed, scabrous, ciliated at the keel, and shortly awned. Internal glume bifid.—A very coarse grass. 20. CYNOSURUS. (Nat. Ord. GRAMINEÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 172.) 1. C. cristatus, spike linear, secund; spikelets alternate, with a pectinate involucre; florets shortly awned. Lightf. p. 100. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 111. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 37. E. B. t. 316. HAR. Pastures, very common. July. 2. Crested Dog's-tail-grass.-Culms tufted, numerous, erect, about a foot high, smooth, naked above. Leaves smooth, linear acute. Spike about an inch and a half long, the rachis regularly flexuose. Spikelets subsessile, 3-5- flowered. Calycine valves acutely lanceolate, with a rough keel, as long as the florets. External valve of the corolla green, with a scabrous keel, terminated by a rough, short awn; the internal one white, bifid. 21. FESTUCA. (Nat. Ord. GRAMINEÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 169.) 1. F. ovina, “ panicle subsecund, subcoarctate; spikelets ob- long, of about 4-5 flowers, with short awns; culms square up- wards; leaves setaceous.” Hook. Fl. Scot. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 38. Lightf. p. 101. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 113. E. B. t. 585. F. cæsia, E. B. t. 1917. B. vivipara, plant taller, leaves capillary; panicle viviparous. Hook. FÎ. Scot. p. 38. F. ovina, B. Lightf. p. 101. F. vivi- para, E. B. t. 1355. Hab. Abundant in dry elevated pastures. B. On Arthur's Seat, Mr Bainbridge. June, July. 4. Sheep's Fescue-grass.—“Leaves short, often curved, smooth or slightly sca- brous, much tufted, and affording excellent feed for sheep. Ligule very short, projecting on each side. Culms 4–8 inches high, in the upper part more or less square. Calycine valves much shorter than the corolla, acute, subglabrous. Outer valve of the corolla more or less glabrous, sometimes pubescent upward, or even hairy, terminated by an awn, which, though varying in size, at the utmost does not exceed half the length of the valve. Whole plant more or less glaucous, with a purple tint in the spikelets.” Hook. 2. F. duriuscula, “ panicle subsecund, subcoarctate ; spike- lets oblong, of about six flowers, with short awns; stem leaves nearly plane, radical ones subsetaceous ;" Hook. Fl. Scot. Lightf. p. 101. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 115. E. B. t. 470. p. B. root creeping. F. glabra, F. glabra, Lightf. p. 1085. F. rubra, E. B. t. 2056. Hab. Pastures and waste grounds, very common. B. Shores and islands of the Frith of Forth, plentiful, D. Don. Hard Fescue-grass. This species, Dr Hooker observes, “is generally twice or thrice the size of the preceding; the spikelets large, but varying as well as the pedicels in roughness and pubescence, often smooth. The lower leaves are complicate, the upper ones more or less plane. The colour of the plant is generally glaucous green, the spikelets more or less tinged p.38. 26 TRIANDRIA. DIGYNIA. FESTUCA. p. 102, with red.” The plant is 1-2 feet high. The characters of the above two difficult species are taken from Dr Hooker, as well as the descrip- tions. 3. F. bromoides, panicle erect, secund, racemose; florets much shorter than the awn, monandrous; culm leafy above. Lightf. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 39. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 117. E. B. t. 1411. HAB. Walls and dry pastures, rare. Wall-top north of Ravelston, plen- tifully, Mr Neill. Frequent on walls about Edinburgh, Dr Yule. On the wall by the road side about half a mile west of Slateford. June. O. Barren Fescue-grass.-Culms numerous, 3-12 inches high, erect, smooth, leafy towards the base. Leaves linear, setaceous,angular, acute, shorter than their sheaths. Panicle 1-3 inches long, sometimes a little branched at the base. Spikelets few, secund, but not drooping. Calycine glumes unequal, lanceo- late, acute, with a rough keel, containing about 6 florets. External valve of the corolla linear-lanceolate, terminating in an awn twice its own length. - Plant with the habit of a Bromus. 4. F. myurus, panicle secund, elongate, somewhat drooping, contracted, “ flowers shorter than the awn, monandrous; culm leafy in its upper part;" Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 39. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 118. E. B. t. 1412. HAB. Walls and barren places. Near N. Queensferry, on the hill by the read leading to Inverkeithing, Mr Neill. June.O. Wall Fescue-grass.—Very similar to the preceding, but taller, and the pa- nicle much longer, and more drooping. Ĉulms numerous, 12-16 inches high, slender. Leaves somewhat broader than the last, and often clothing the whole culm to the very base of the panicle. Panicle 3-6 inches long, narrow, lax, branched. The awns of the florets longer. 5. F. gigantea, panicle large, branched, spreading, drooping towards one side; spikelets compressed, 3-6-flowered; flowers shorter than the awn; leaves lanceolate ribbed. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 39. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 120, 120. E. B. t. 1820. Bromus giganteus, Lightf. p. 104. HAB. Shady woods. Rosslyn woods, Mr Bainbridge. July, August. 4. Tall Fescue-grass.-Culm 3-4 feet high, erect, glabrous, leafy. Leaves broad, erect, rough above and at the margin, somewhat shining beneath, sheaths long. Panicle loose, branched, branches drooping to one side. Spikelets ovate or oblong. Calycine valves very unequal, acute, largest with 3 ribs. Outer valve of the corolla obscurely ribbed, terminating in a long awn; the inner one cleft at the apex, and not ciliated as in Bromus. -Habit that of a Bromus. 6. F. loliacea, spikelets arranged in an elongated, distichous spike; spikelets alternate, linear, sessile, many-flowered. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 40. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 122. E. B. t. 1821. HAB. Meadows and hedges. At the back of Edinburgh Castle, Mr Neill. Marshy meadow at the foot of Salisbury Craigs, Dr Yule. Hope Park, Mr Greene. It grows on each side of the walk, on the south side, upper division or west end. June, July. 4. Spiked Fescue-grass.-Culms unbranched, erect, 1-2 feet high, glabrous and leafy. Leaves smooth, linear, acute, not long. Spike 3-8 inches long; rachis flexuose. Spikelets about 6-flowered. Calycine valves unequal, BROMUS. TRIANDRIA. DIGYNIA. 27 acute.—Plant very like Lolium perenne, but distinguished from it by ha- ving a calyx of 2 valves; and from Poa fluitans by the nerveless and subacute glumes. 17. F. pratensis, panicle nearly erect, branched, spreading ; spikelets linear, many-flowered; florets cylindrical, awnless ; root fibrous. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 40. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 123. E. B. t. 1592. HAL. Moist meadows and pastures, common. June, July. 4. Meadow Fescue-grass.-Culms many, erect, 1-2 feet high, glabrous, leafy. Leaves spreading, linear, acuminate, cauline ones rough on both sides. Panicle somewhat inclined one way, the branches mostly simple, rough, subracemose. Spikelets linear-oblong, compressed, on short pedicels, not very numerous. Calycine glumes unequal, acute, keeled, glabrous. Outer valves of the corolle acute, the inner ones pubescent at the margin.—The branched panicle is alone sufficient to distinguish this from the last. 8. F. elatior, panicle large, patent, much branched, somewhat drooping ; spikelets ovato-lanceolate, many-flowered; florets subaristate ; root creeping. Lightf. p. 102. Smith, Fl. Brit. . . p. 124. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 40. E. B. t. 1593. HAB. Moist meadows. River bank at Rosslyn, Mr Neill. Caroline Park, Mr Arnott. June, July. 4. Tall Fescue-grass.-Root creeping. Culms 3-4 feet high, erect, firm, gla- brous, leafy. Leaves broader and longer than in the preceding species, smooth, the margin roughish. Panicle slightly drooping or suberect, much larger than the preceding, more branched, and with more spikelets. Outer value of the corolla generally with a very short awn. 22. BROMUS. (Nat. Ord. GRAMINEÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 170.) * Flowers in a spike. 1. B. pinnatus, spikelets linear, erect, sessile, forming a dis- tichous sub-erect spike; florets longer than the awn, not cili- ated at the margin. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 137. E. B. t. 730. HAB. Waste fields and heathy places. Near North Queensferry, Mr Neill. July. 4. Spiked Heath Brome-grass.-Culms near 2 feet high, erect, smooth, leafy, simple. Leaves somewhat erect, linear-lanceolate, acuminate, sub-rigid, roughish, and mostly destitute of hairs. Sheaths quite smooth. Spike erect, distichous. Spikelets 6-10 long, linear, erect, 8–12 flowered. Flo- rets closely imbricate. Calycine glumes unequal, ovato-lanceolate, sub- aristate, nerved. Outer valve of the corolla obovato-acute, with an awn shorter than itself, often scarcely any. Differs at first sight from the fol- lowing, in the erect spike, longer and more numerous spikelets, the smooth sheaths of the leaves and stem, and in the leaves themselves being less hairy, often quite naked. 2. Br. sylvaticus, spikelets linear, erect, sessile, forming a dis- tichous rather drooping spike; awn longer than the florets. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 40. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 136. E. B. t. 729. Festuca sylvatica, Lightf. p. 103. Hab. Woods and hedges, common. Corstorphine Hill. Rosslyn Woods, July. 4. 28 BROMUS. TRIANDRIA. DIGYNIA. 66 Slender Wood Brome-grass.-Culms 1-3 feet high, glabrous, slender, erect. Leaves rather broad, spreading, rough, hairy. Spike racemed, simple, drooping, 2-6 inches long. Spikelets 5-8 alternate, linear, pubescent. Calycine valves unequal, acuminate or shortly awned, nerved.Outer valve of the corolla nerved, scabrous, acute. Inner one truncate. ** Flowers in a branched panicle. 8. B. secalinus, panicle spreading ; peduncles but little bran- ched ; spikelets oblongo-ovate, compressed, of about ten sub- cylindrical, glabrous, rather remote flowers, longer than the awn. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 41. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 125. E. B. t. 1171. HAB. Cornfields. Near Rosslyn, Mr Neill. July, August. O. Smooth Rye Brome-grass.—Culm 2-3 feet high, erect, simple, smooth. Leaves long, rather hairy, rough at the margin, and beneath ribbed. Panicle spreading, slightly branched; the spikelets suberect at first, but droop- ing when in seed. Calycine valves ovate, obtuse. Outer valve of the corolla ovate, nerved; the awn arising just below the summit, shorter than the valve, straight, rough. 4. Br. velutinus, panicle spreading, peduncles but little branched ; spikelets oblongo-lanceolate, compressed, of about 12 cylindrical pubescent subimbricated florets, awns longer than the glume, (at length patent, Schrad.).” Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 41. Schrad. Fl. Germ. p. 349. Br. seculinus, Lightf. p. 1026. . Br. multiflorus, Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 126. E. B. t. 1884. HAB. Cornfields, rare. Fields behind the Botanic Garden, Mr Yal- den in Lightfoot. Between Edinburgh and Newhaven, Smith in Fl. Brit. and E. B. June, July. O. Downy Rye Brome-grass.-Culm glabrous. Leaves towards the base naked underneath, above subpilose at the margin ; the upper ones clothed with a downy pubescence on the lower surface, and hairy above, all rough at the margin. Panicle large, patent; the branches rough, mostly simple and 1-flowered. Spikelets near an inch long, ovato-lanceolate, compressed 12-16 flowered; florets at length sub-remote. All the glumes softly pu- bescent, rarely smooth. The description of this species I have taken from Smith, as I have never succeeded in finding it, and do not possess specimens. 5. Br. mollis, panicle erect, branched, close ; spikelets sub- compressed, imbricated, pubescent ; “ awn straight, about as long as the glume,” (Hook.) ; leaves very downy. Lightf. p. 103. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 126. Hook. Fl. Scot. р 41. E. B. t. 1078. . Hab. Fields, banks, walls, roadsides. June. . Soft Brome-grass.Culms erect, 1-2 feet high, smooth or pubescent, the joints swelling and very downy. Leaves linear, very soft, and pubescent. Panicle compound, 3-4 inches long, the branches somewhat erect, pu- bescent. Spikelets oblongo-ovate, nearly erect, 5-10 flowered. Calycine glumes unequal, acute, carinate, villose, nerved; those of the corolla about the same length. 6. Br. racemosus, panicle erect; spikelets few, on simple peduncles, ovate, subcompressed; florets imbricate, smooth; BROMUS. TRIANDRIA. DIGYNIA. 29 awn as long as the glume ; leaves slightly hairy. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 41. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 228. E. B. t. 1079. HAB. Fields, road-sides. North of Edinburgh, Dr Graham. Caroline Park, Messrs Arnott, and Greville. June, July. O. Smooth Brome-grass.-Culms glabrous, erect, 1-2 feet high. Leaves linear, acuminate, slightly hairy. Panicle nearly erect, about three inches long. Spikelets smooth, in which, and in the more simple panicle, it principally differs from the preceding species. 7. Br. erectus, panicle erect, slightly compound; “ spikelets linear-lanceolate, compressed; florets subcylindrical, remote, gla- brous, longer than the straight awn; radical leaves very nar- row, ciliated.” Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 42. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 132. E. B. t. 471. HAB. Fields, banks, waste places. King's Park, Mr G. Anderson. Be- low Salisbury Craigs. Between Pettycur and Kirkcaldy, frequent. July. 4. Upright Brome-grass.—Root perennial. Culms erect, rather slender, 2-3 feet high, leafy. Leaves; radical ones numerous, narrow, rough; those of the stem broader and less hairy. Panicle slightly branched, 3-5 inches long; the branches rough. Spikelets erect, 5-9 flowered; the florets spreading when in flower. Calycine glumes acute. Outer valves of the corolle ner- ved, scabrous at the back, and tapering into the very straight awn.- Habit of the whole plant that of a festuca. 8. Br. asper, panicle branched, drooping; spikelets linear- lanceolate, compressed; florets remote, hairy, longer than the straight awn; leaves uniform, the lower ones hairy. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 42. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 133. E. B, t. 1172. . Br. racemosus, Lightf. p. 1087. HAB. Moist woods. Rosslyn Woods, Mr Neill and Mr Bainbridge. June, July. ? Hairy Wood Brome-grass.-Culms 4_6 feet high, erect, slender, leafy, smooth upwards. Leaves broad and spreading, rough, hairy ; sheaths long, hairy with deflexed hairs. Panicle very lax, widely spreading, drooping to one side, slightly branched. Spikelets about 8 or 9-flowered. Calycine glumes very unequal, scabrous. Awn of the outer valve of the corolla inserted a little below the summit, rough, and shorter than the valve. 9. Br. sterilis, panicle drooping, scarcely branched; spikelets linear-lanceolate on long peduncles ; florets rather remote, short- er than the straight awn ; leaves downy. Lightf. p. 104. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 134. 134. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 43. E. B. t. 1030. HAB. Fields, waste places, road-sides, very common. June, July. O. Barren Brome-grass.-Culms often ascending at the base, erect above, slen- der, leafy even to the panicle. Leaves spreading, acuminate, plane, rather flaccid and very downy. Panicle very large, drooping gracefully, widely spreading; the branches rough, elongated, slender, almost always simple. Spikelets nodding, rough, 6-8 flowered.—A very common but highly ele- gant grass. 10. Br. diandrus, panicle erect; spikelets ovato-lanceolate on rather short, subpatent, rarely branched peduncles ; florets re- 30 AVENA TRIANDRIA. DIGYNIA. p. mote, about as long as the straight awn; stamens mostly 2; leaves nearly smooth. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 43. Smith, Fl. Brit. p 135. E. B. t. 1006. HAB. Walls and waste places. About Edinburgh, not common, Mr Arnott June, July. O. Upright annual Brome-grass.-Culms 12–18 inches high, erect, glabrous. Leaves very slightly downy or quite smooth. Panicle about 3 inches long, erect, the branches stiff, somewhat patent, short, roughish, simple. Spikelets rough, often pinkish or brownish, about 7-flowered. Calycine glumes unequal, very acute. Florets diandrous. 23. AVENA. (Nat. Ord. GRAMINEÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 171.) 1. A. strigosa, panicle spreading, somewhat compact, point- ing one way: calyx containing 2 florets, the outer valves of each having a long dorsal awn, and 2 terminal shorter ones. E. B. t. 1266. HAB. Cornfields. Meadowbank, Mr Neill. July. O. Bristle-pointed Oat.Much resembling, as Smith justly observes, the com- mon oat in habit and size. Culms 2-3 feet high, erect, naked as well as the leaves. Panicle not much branched ; branches slender, secund. Calycine glumes a little unequal, white and membranaceous at the margin, containing 2 florets, rarely 3 or 4. Outer valve of the corolla with a long awn inserted about the middle, and twice the length of the valve, tipped besides with 2 smaller awns or bristles, which are very characteristic. 2. A. pubescens, panicle erect, nearly simple ; spikelets 3- flowered , pedicels of the florets villous ; leaves plane, downy, with smooth margins. Lightf. p. 105. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 140. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 43. E. B. t. 1640. HAB. Pastures, woods, brakes, waste stony places. Arthur's Seat ; Salisbury Craigs, Mr Neill. Shores of the Frith, Mr Arnott. Very abundant about North Queensferry a little to the eastward. Very fine on the debris of Salisbury Craigs. June, July. 4. Downy Oat-grass.—Root somewhat creeping. Culms 1-3 feet high, erect, glabrous, leafy. Leaves spreading, short, obtuse. Panicle erect, sub- spicate, somewhat inclined to one side. Spikelets erect, spreading when in flower. Calycine glumes very unequal. External valve of the corolla oblong, jagged at the apex, which in all, is white, scariose and silvery. Apex of the inner valve bifid. Awn long, rough, brown, twisted, in- serted about the middle. 3. A. pratensis, raceme erect, simple; spikelets about 5-flower- ed, longer than the calyx; leaves glabrous, rough at the mar- gin, the lower ones involute. Lightf. p. 105. Smith, Fl. Brit. 141. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 44. E. B. t. 1204. HAB. Hilly pastures and stony waste places. King's Park; Salisbury Craigs, Mr Neill, 1797, and North Queensferry. July. 4. Narrow-leaved Oat-grass.-Culms tufted, 12–18 inches high, erect, simple. Leaves ; radical or lower ones long, linear, involute, acute; those of the stem deeply striated, with long sheaths; all are smooth on each side, and finely serrate at the margin. Spikelets erect, on short simple peduncles; the uppermost are nearly sessile. Florets with their pedicels or recep- p. 141. 2 TRITICUM. TRIANDRIA. DIGYNIA. 31 tacles scarcely at all villous. Awn inserted above the middle of the exter- nal valve, and is about twice its length.—Somewhat of the habit of the preceding 4. A. flavescens, panicle lax, patent, branched ; spikelets 3- flowered, longer than the calyx ; awn inserted a little below the apex; root creeping. Lightf. p. 106. Smith, Fl. Brit. . P. 142. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 44. E. B. t. 952. HAB. Pastures and sunny banks. Calton Hill, abundant, Mr Neill. De- bris below Salisbury Craigs, abundant. July. 4. Yellow Oat-grass.-Culms erect, numerous, about 1 foot high. Leaves short, plane, linear-acute, slightly downy. Panicle shining, erect, 2-3 inches long, of a subpyramidal form, the branches patent, flexuose, rough. Caly- cine valves unequal, acute, keeled. Pedicels or receptacles of the florets villous. Outer valve of the corolla 5-nerved, with 5 very short, acute points. Awn about twice the length of the valve.---The smallest British species of oat. 24. TRITICUM. (Nat. Ord. GRAMINEÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 170.) * Spike distichous. 1. T. junceum, valves of the calyx obtuse, ribbed; spikelets of 4-5 awnless florets ; leaves involute pungent; root creeping. Lightf. p. 109. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 157. Hook. Fl. Scot. 144. E. B. t. 814. HAB. Sandy banks by the sea-shore, frequent. At Granton. Between Burntisland and Pettycur. Near Portobello and Musselburgh. July. 4. Sea rushy Wheat-grass.—Plant very glaucous. Roots creeping, long, tena- cious. Culms erect, very smooth, 1-2 feet high, often purplish at the base. Leaves suberect; linear, involute striated, very smooth beneath, but rough between the striæ on the upper surface. Spike 3-5 inches long. Spikelets compressed, sessile, alternate, erect, distichous, very smooth, obtuse, 4-6 flowered. Outer valves of the corolla 5-nerved. 2. T. repens, valves of the calyx lanceolato-subulate, many- nerved ; florets 4–8 sub-awned ; leaves plane; roots creeping. Lightf. p. 109. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 158. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 44. E. B. t. 909. HAB. Fields, hedges, waste places, very common. June to Septem- ber. 4. Creeping Wheat-grass. Couch or Quitch Grass.-Root creeping, and rapid in growth. Culms 2-3 feet high, erect, leafy. Leaves spreading, plane, linear-acuminate, rough on the upper surface. Spike erect, 3-4 inches long. Spikelets sessile, smaller, less compressed, and more numerous than in the preceding. All the glumes lanceolato-subulate; the external ones of the corolla 5-nerved, and terminating in a sharp point, which is fre- quently long enough to be called an awn. Near the sea-shore it becomes glaucous, but cannot be confounded with T. junceum, though in some out- ward respects similar. It is far more difficult to distinguish it from the following 3. T. caninum, valves of the calyx very acute, about 5-ner- ved; florets about 4, awned ; leaves plane; root fibrous. Hook. p. 144. 32 TRIANDRIA. DIGYNIA. LOLIUM. Fl. Scot. p. 44. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 159. E. B. t. 1372. Ely- mus caninus, Lightf. p. 108. HAB. Woods and hedges, common about Edinburgh. Between Caroline Park and Cramond. Borders of fields between Edinburgh and the coast, both east and west. July. 4. Bearded Wheat-grass.—The habit of this plant is so much that of the last, that it is unnecessary to detail its characters. The difference resides in the present species having a fibrous instead of a creeping root; the spike being in general longer and more slender; and in the florets having much longer awns. The root is the best criterion. * * Spike secund. 4. T. loliaceum, culms rigid, branched; spikes compressed ; calyx-glumes obtuse, containing many awnless florets; root fi- brous, annual. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 45. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 159. E. B. t. 221. HAB. Walls and rocky waste places near the sea. Walls of Caroline Park, Maughan. Shores at Portobello, common, Mr Neill. Rocks east of Granton, and west pier of Burntisland, Mr Arnott. Pettycur. It is now scarcely to be found at Caroline Park. June, July. O. Spiked Sea-Wheat-grass.-- Whole plant remarkably rigid, and not more than 3-4 inches high. Culms many, ascending, branched, smooth. Leaves soon withering at the base, linear, roughish at the back. Spike about an inch long or more, straight, distichous, secund. Spikelets ovate, alternate, subsessile. Florets on a partial rachis; the valves nearly equal to those of the calyx, obtuse, and wholly awnless.-Much resembling Poa rigide in habit. 25. LOLIUM. (Nat. Ord. GRAMINEÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 167.) 1. L. perenne, spikelets much longer than the calyx, com- pressed ; florets awnless. Lightf. p. 107. Smith, Fl. Brit. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 45. E. B. t. 315. HAB. Fields, pastures, road-sides, very common. June, July. 4. Perennial Darnel or Rye-grass.-Culms ascending and geniculate at the base, then erect, 1-2 feet high, glabrous. Leaves linear, smooth. Spike 2-6 inches long, simple; in very rich soil sometimes branched. Spikelets erect, sessile, subacute; alternate, either distant or crowded, many- flowered. 26. HORDEUM. (Nat. Ord. GRAMINEÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 165.) 1. H. murinum, calycine valves of the intermediate floret linear-lanceolate, ciliated, those of the lateral florets setaceous, scabrous. p Lightf. p. 108. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 155. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 46. E. B. t. 1971. HAB. Walls, waste places, road-sides, very common. Everywhere about Edinburgh. June, July. O Wall Barley.-Culms about a foot high, numerous, decumbent at the base, then erect, spreading, glabrous, very leafy. Leaves spreading, acute, rough. Spike 2 or 3 inches long, inclined. Spikelets distichous, imbri. Florets in threes, the two lateral ones the smallest ; all the calyx- glumes with rough, long awns. Inner valve of the corolla awnless. p. 148. 1 ROTBOLLIA. TRIANDRIA. TRIGYNIA. 33 2. H. pratense, all the glumes setaceous, scabrous. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 46. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 156. E. B. t. 409. HAB. Meadows and pastures. East point of Salisbury Craigs, Mr J. , Neill. June. Meadow Barley.—Culms erect, 12–18 inches high, glabrous, leafy below. Leaves linear, acuminate, roughish. Spike erect, rather longer and more slender than in the preceding Well marked by all the glumes being rough and setaceous. Awns not so long as in the last species. 27. ROTBOLLIA. (Nat. Ord. GRAMINEÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 165.) 1. R. incurvata, spike round, filiform, somewhat incurved ; calyx 2-valved. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 46. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 151. E. B. t. 760. Ægilops incurvata, Lightf. p. 632. B. more slender, spike nearly erect. R. filiformis, Roth. G. Don, Herb, Brit. No. 178. HAB. On the sea-shore. B. salt-marshes near Aberlady Bay, G. Don. July, August. O. Sea Hard-grass.-Culms slightly decumbent at the base, erect, 2-8 inches high, very smooth, leafy. Leaves spreading, linear, short, acute, rough on the upper surface. Spikes 1-2 inches long, round, having the calyx and single, alternate, remote florets, closely adpressed into small hollows in the rachis, except when in flower. Calycine glumes acutely lanceolate. Valves of the corolla whitish and membranaceous.-The florets are so elosely imbedded in the alternate hollows of the rachis, that the spike, except when in flower, seems a continuation of the culm *. III. TRIGYNIA. 28. MONTIA. (Nat. Ord. PORTULACE, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 283.) 1. M. fontana. Lightf. p. 110. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 161. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 47. E. B. t. 1206. HAB. In wet places, common. On the summit of Salisbury Craigs, and on the whole bank from the summit. In the Hunters' Bog at the base of Arthur's Seat. June, July. O. Water Chickweed or Blinks.—Plant smooth and succulent, varying in height according to situation, from 1 to 4 inches long. Stems prostrate, radica- ting, the upper part often erect. Leaves opposite, spathulate. Flowers minute, white, on short peduncles drooping before flowering. Stamens inserted on the corolla. Capsule erect, containing 3 reniform dotted seeds. -Plant generally of a pale, and often yellowish green. * In order to admit this and a few other rare plants, I have passed over my usual boundary ; Aberlady Bay being 15 miles from Edinburgh. с 34 TETRANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. DIPSACUS. IV. TETRANDRIA. I. MONOGYNIA. 1. DIPSACUS. (Nat. Ord. DIPSACEÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 245.) 1. D. sylvestris, leaves opposite, rarely connate; the many- leaved involucre curved upwards; scales of the receptacle straight. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 49. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 168. E. B. t. 1032. HAB. Waste places. Inchcolm, Maughan. South side of Duddingston Loch, Mr Neill. July. 7. Wild Teasel.—Stem 3-5 feet high, erect, strong, angular, prickly. Leaves ; radical ones crenate; cauline ones opposite, unequally serrated, sometimes but rarely connate. Involucre composed of many linear, acuminate leaves prickly at the margin, and curved upwards, generally as long or somewhat longer than the head of flowers. Flowers purple, dense, “each accompanied by a long, prominent, straight, pungent, linear-lanceolate, scale of the receptacle," which, with the upward-curved involucre, and scarcely ever connate leaves, are the chief distinguishing characters from D. fullonum, a plant not to be found near Edinburgh. 2. SCABIOSA. (Nat. Ord. DIPSACEÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 245.) 1. S. succisa, corollas cleft into 4 equal segments; none of the leaves pinnatifid ; heads of flowers nearly globose. Lightf. p. 114. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 170. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 49. E. B. t. 878. Hab. Meadows, pastures, and waste places, common. July, August. 4. Devil's-bit Scabious.—Root premorse (abruptly broken off), dark coloured. Stem 12–18 inches high, nearly simple. Leaves ; radical ones ovate, peti- olate ; cauline ones oblong, sessile, or shortly petiolate; all hairy, slightly and unequally toothed, never pinnatifid. Flowers blue, purple, or flesh- colour. 2. S. arvensis, corollas unequally 4-cleft, radiating; stem hispid, branched; stem-leaves pinnatifid. Lightf. p. 114. Smith. Fl. Brit. p. 170. 170. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 49. E. B. t. 659. HAB. Meadows, corn-fields, waste places, frequent. Debris, Salisbury Craigs. Corn-fields about Newhaven and Caroline Park, abundant. July. 4. Field Scabious.—Root fusiform. Stem 2-3 feet high, branched, erect, rough with hairs. Leaves ; radical ones long, lanceolate, serrated; cauline ones pinnatifid; pinnæ distant, often cut. Heads of flowers on simple pe- duncles, purplish or flesh colour ; the outer florets by much the largest, cleft into 4 segments, of which 3 are larger, and disposed in a radiated manner round the head. 3. SHERARDIA. (Nat. Ord. RUBIACEÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 247.) 1. S. arvensis, leaves about 6 in a whorl; flowers terminal, ASPERULA. TETRANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. 35 sessile. Lightf. p. 114. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 171. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 50. E. B. t. 891. HAB. Dry waste places, fallow-fields and road-sides. Very abundant in the King's Park, by the Duddingston road-side. Salisbury Craigs. The whole summer. Blue Sherardia.- Plant more or less rough. Stems procumbent, branched, 3-6 inches long, the summit erect. Leaves obovate, acute. Flowers minute, pale blue, in a sort of terminal umbel. Fruit 2-lobed, each lobe crowned with a trifid portion of the calyx.-This slender little plant is of a dark green, and has much the habit of a Galium. 4. ASPERULA. (Nat. Ord. RUBIACEÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 247.) 1. A. odorata, leaves about 8 in a whorl, oblongo-lanceolate ; flowers paniculate, on peduncles. Lightf. p. 115. Smith, Fl. Brit. P. 172. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 50. E. B. t. 755. Hab. Woods and shady places. Debris below Salisbury Craigs, Mr Neill. Rosslyn and Auchindenny Woods, abundant. Colinton Woods. Braid Hermitage. May and June. 4. Sweet Woodruff.—Root creeping, slender. Stems 6–12 inches high, unbranch- ed, except sometimes at the very base, angular, smooth, clothed at short intervals with whorls of lanceolate leaves (about 8 in a whorl), rough at the edges. Flowers very white, on rather long peduncles branched in a panicled manner. Fruit hispid.--Whole plant, while drying, and af- terwards, very fragrant. 5. GALIUM. (Nat. Ord. RUBIACEA, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 247.) * Fruit glabrous, flowers yellow. 1. G. verum, leaves about 8 in a whorl, linear, grooved, en- tire ; flowers in dense panicles. Lightf. p. 116. Smith, FI. Brit. p. 178. 178. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 50. E. B. t. 660. HAB. Dry banks, borders of fields and waste places. Calton Hill, abun- dant, Mr Neill. Road-side, about 200 yards on the Edinburgh side of Braid Hermitage gate, and about Blackford and Braid Hill. Yellow Bed-straw._Root creeping, reddish. Stems erect, 9-18 inches high, angular, branched at the base, very slender. Leaves whorled, linear, de- flexed, roughish. Flowers yellow, in a much branched panicle; the branches clustered with the flowers in a corymbose manner. Fruit smooth. 2. G. cruciatum, leaves 4 in a whorl, hairy, ovate ; flowers lateral, on shortly pedunculate, branched clusters; peduncles 2-leaved. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 51. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 173. E. B. t. 143. Valantia cruciata, Lightf. p. 633. . HAB. Hedge-banks, sunny coppices and waste places, frequent. King's Park, Dr Parsons in Lightfoot. It is still abundant on the right-hand side of the foot-road to Duddingston. May, June. 4. Crosswort.-Stems 9-18 inches high, branched at the base, weak, simple above, angular. Leaves light green, broad, ovate, softish. Flowers axil- lary, opposite, in little corymbs, which are more obvious some time after the commencement of flowering, as the peduncles and branchlets elon- gate. Fertile flowers intermixed with others bearing only anthers. c2 36 TETRANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. GALIUM ** Fruit glabrous, flowers white. 3. G. palustre, leaves 4–6 in a whorl, oblongo-lanceolate, ob- tuse, unequal in size; stem weak, spreading, branched ; branches patent. Lightf. p. 115. . Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 174. Hook. Fl. Scot. . p. 51. E. B. t. 1857. HAB. Watery places, sides of lakes. Duddingston Loch. Lochend. Pentland Hills. July. 4. White Water Bed-straw.—Stems weak, long, straggling, widely branched. Leaves with the margin and keel roughish. Peduncles of the flowers ter- minal, patent, arranged in ternate panicles, having a 2-leaved involucre at the base of each ternate division. Segments of the corolla broad, sub- acute. Fruit obscurely dotted, smoothish. 4. G. saxatile, leaves 6 in a whorl, obovate, mucronate ; stem procumbent, much branched, smooth. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 51. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 175. E. B. t. 815.-G. montanum Huds. (supposed by Lightfoot to be a variety of G. uliginosum, a p. 115. Hab. Dry banks in wooded and heathy situations, frequent. About rocky spots in the Pentland Hills, copiously. Rosslyn Woods. King's Park. Braid Hill, abundant. The whole summer. 4. Smooth Heath Bed-straw._Root very creeping. Stems much branched, very slender at the base, smooth. Margin of the leaves sometimes rough, ac- cording to Smith. Flowers very abundant, pinkish while in the bud, when expanded, very white ; primary peduncles simple, supporting a ter- nate corymb. Fruit, according to Smith, granulated. 5. G. erectum, leaves about 8 in a whorl, lanceolate, mucro- nate, their margins rough with prickles pointing forwards ; panicle trichotomous ; stems weak, glabrous. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 51. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 176. E. B. t. 2067. HAB. Hedges, moist places. Fish-wives' Causeway near Portobello, Maughan. July. 4. Upright Bed-straw._Stems erect, lax, much branched, smooth, sometimes roughish at the angles, (Smith.) Leaves remarkable from the prickly ser- ratures pointing forwards. Panicle terminal and lateral, much branched, yet not very diffuse, many-flowered ; branchlets slender and smooth Segments of the corolla acuminate. 6. G. pusillum, leaves about 8 in a whorl, linear-lanceolate, mucronate, hairy ; “ fruit very smooth,” (Sm.); flowers mostly ternate. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 52, Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 177. %. B. t. 74. HAB. Rocky and moist alpine situations. Habbie's How in the Pent- land Hills, G. Don and Maughan. August. 4. Least Bed-straw.—Stems many, about 8 inches long, suberect, branched, either “ hispid with short patent hairs,” or smooth (in my specimens the former). Leaves entire, lanceolate, very acute, subrevolute, more or less hairy. Panicle lateral and terminal, the branchlets or primary peduncles quite smooth, the secondary ones ternate. “ Fruit very smooth," Smith. My specimens from the Pentland Hills agree perfectly with Smith's de- scription ; the leaves in mine are more or less pilose, even to the upper- most whorl ; but the stem is completely smooth. The whorls are crowded at the base, and the leaves small and obovate. I have never seen the fruit. PLANTAGO. TETRANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. 37 17. G. Mollugo, leaves about 8 in a whorl, oblong, very obtuse below, shortly mucronate, very rough at the margin; flowers in very large loosely branched panicles. Lightf. p. 116. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 178. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 53. E. B. t. 1673. HAB. Hedges and waste shady places, rare. By the road-side at Four- mile Hill, between Corstorphine and Kirkliston, Maughan. This sta- tion is confined, but abundant, especially on the field-side of the hedge in which it grows. July, August. 4. Great Hedge Bed-straw.—Stems according to situation 1-4 feet high, weak, procumbent at the base, branched in a straggling manner, swoln at the upper whorls, smoothish. Leaves elliptical above, and more mucronate than in the lower whorls, where they are extremely obtuse almost ob- longo-spathulate, and with a very short sudden point. Panicle much branched, commencing often half way down the stem ; irregularly sub- divided. Flowers very numerous, white; segments of the corolla mucro- nate. Fruit hispid. 8. G. Aparine, leaves 6–8 in a whorl, linear-lanceolate, with the keel and margin rough with reflexed prickles ; stem weak, armed with similar prickles. Lightf. p. 117. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 180. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 53. E. B. t. 816. HAB. Hedges and waste grounds, extremely common. June, July. O. Goose-grass or Cleavers.-Stem very long, weak, straggling, angular, branch- ed; the angles very rough. Leaves exceedingly hispid, mucronate, en- tire. Flowering peduncles lateral and terminal. Flower's minute, white. Fruit hispid with bristles, the bristles hooked. 6. PLANTAGO. (Nat. Ord. PLANTAGINEÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 209.) * Leaves ovate. 1. Pl. major, leaves on longish foot-stalks ; spikes cylindrical, very long; cells of the capsule many-seeded. Lightf. p. 117. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 182. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. p p 53. E. B. t. 1558. Hab. Pastures and road-sides, common. June, July. 4. Greater Plantain.—Leaves all radical, large, often toothed, most of them spreading, 7-nerved, nearly smooth. Scapes, including the spike, 6–12 inches high, erect, firm, rounded. Spike very long, dense, a few flowers at the base, distant. Calyx of 4 minute leaflets. " At the base of each flower a concave bractea ;" Hook. The many-seeded cells of the capsule is a striking distinction between this and the following, with which it can alone be confounded. 2. Pl. media, leaves ovate on very short foot-stalks; spike cylindrical; cells of the capsule 1-seeded. Lightf. p. 118. Smith, Fl. Brit. 183. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 53. E. B. t. 1559. . HAB. Pastures and banks, rare near Edinburgh. Roman Camp above Newbattle, plentiful. Road-side between Inveresk and Pathhead, 9 miles SE. from Edinburgh, Maughan. June, July. 4. Hoary Plantain.-Root large and woody. Leaves all radical, spreading, ap- pearing sessile, but having very short footstalks, mostly pubescent, 7-9 p. 38 TETRANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. EPIMEDIUM nerved. Scape shorter than the last, rounded, bearing a spike about an inch and a half, or two inches long. Flowers very dense. Cells of the capsule 1-seeded. * * Leaves lanceolate or linear. 3. Pl. lanceolata, scape angular ; spike ovate. Lightf. p. 118. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 184. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 54. E. B. t. 507. Hab. Meadows and pastures, common. June, July 4. Ribwort Plantain. Leaves erect, 3-5 nerved, attenuated at each extremity, deep green. Scape 6-12 inches high, angular. Spike ovate or oblong, very dense. Bracteas blackish, one to each flower, which gives the whole spike a black aspect, especially when not in flower. 4. Pl. maritima, leaves lirear, grooved, fleshy; scape round- ed; spike cylindrical. Lightf. p. 118. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 184. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 54. E. B. t. 175. HAB. Marshes, banks, and waste grounds on the sea-coast. Between Pettycur and Kirkcaldy. Caroline Park. Cramond Island, and the other islands of the Frith. July, August. 4. Sea-side Plantain.—Leaves deep green and fleshy, mostly entire, but often toothed. Spike dense, narrow. Flowers minute.-Plant varies much in size according to situation, 2-12 inches high. 5. Pl. Coronopus, leaves linear, pinnatifid; scape rounded ; capsule of 4 1-seeded cells. Lightf. p. 118. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 185. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 54. . E. B. t. 892. HAB. Chiefly on the sea-coast, in dry rocky spots and on walls. June, July. O Buck's Horn Plantain.—Leaves spreading, generally close to the ground in a radiated manner, more or less pinnate and pubescent. Scape rounded, more or less pilose. Spike cylindrical or oblong. Flowers dense, small. Capsule 4-celled, with 1 seed in each.—Plant varies much in size, but is usually 3-6 inches high. 7. EPIMEDIUM. (Nat. Ord. BERBERIDEÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 293.) 1. E. alpinum. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 55. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 187. E. B. t. 438. . HAB. Woods and coppices, rare. Hunters' Tryste, Dr Hastings. May, June. 4. Barren-wort.—Root creeping. Stems “ erect, simple, bearing a compound triternate leaf; base of the petiols swollen ; leaflets heart-shaped, ex- tremely delicate, ciliate at the margin, hairy beneath, cordate, serrate, lateral ones unequilateral ;" Hook. Flower-panicle pedunculate; the pe- duncle arising from the same point as the leaf: the part is swollen, and is the base of the petiol; below this part is the proper stem ; the panicle is somewhat branched and shorter than the leaf. Flowers nodding, red, furnished with a curious inflated, membranaceous, whitish nectary. An- thers remarkable, 2-celled, with 2 valves resembling lids, which, opening and springing back, give exit to the pollen. 8. CORNUS. (Nat. Ord. CAPRIFOLIACEÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 249.) .. 1. C. sanguinea, arborescent, branches straight ; leave ovate, PARIETARIA. TETRANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. 39 green on both sides; cymes without involucre. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 55. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 188. E. B. t. 249. Hab. Woods and hedges. Woods near Ravelrig-toll, Maughan. June, July. h Wild Cornel-tree or Dogwood.—A shrub 3-5 feet high. Branches smooth, red. Leaves opposite, petiolate, entire, glabrous, strongly veined, chan- ging to a red colour before falling off. Cymes terminal, flattish, white, with a heavy smell. Fruit dark purple, globular, bitter berries. 2. C. suecica, herbaceous, leaves ovate, sessile ; flowers small, few, umbellate, surrounded by a 4-leaved, whitish, large invo- lucre. Lightf. p. 119. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 188. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 55. E. B. t. 310. HAB. Moist alpine pastures and declivities. Pentland Hills, Dr Hope. It has never been found since, and is a prize well worth searching for in this neighbourhood. In the Highlands “it is not unfrequent.” July, August. 2. Dwarf Cornel.—Root creeping. Stems erect, 3-6 inches high, angular. Leaves opposite, ovate, acute, ribbed. Umbel of flowers situated in the axil of 2 little branches which terminate the stem, shortly pedunculate, and having a showy 4-leaved involucre, which completely surrounds it. Fruit a few red Drupes of a sweetish taste. 9. PARIETARIA, (Nat. Ord. URTICEÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 202.) 1. P. officinalis, leaves ovato-lanceolate, alternate; involucre of many ovate leaflets. Lightf. p. 634. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 189. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 56. E. B. t. 879. HAB. Walls and waste places among ruins. Burntisland, Lightfoot. Ruins of Inchcolm and of Craigmillar Castle, Mr Neill. Walls by the Water of Leith near Canonmills. The whole summer. 4. Pellitory of the Wall.—Stems numerous, leafy, branched, angular, reddish, 12–20 inches high. Leaves dark green, entire, hairy, petiolate. Flowers axillary, in threes; central one having a pistil only. Filaments of the stamens curiously jointed and elastic, by which property the pollen is more completely discharged. 10. ALCHEMILLA, (Nat. Ord. ROSACEÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 264.) 1. A. vulgaris, leaves many-lobed, plaited, serrate. Lightf. p. p. 120. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 189. Hook, Fl. Scot. p. 56. E. B. t. 597. Hab. Pastures, woods and brakes, road-sides, abundant. June, July. 4. Common Lady's Mantle.—Plant 6-14 inches high, bright pleasant green. Stems partly procumbent, erect, round, hairy, branched. Radical leaves elegant, on long petiols, large, roundish, lobed, more or less hairy ; stem leaves small, nearly sessile, with 2 deeply-toothed connate stipules. Flowers numerous, in lax, but not weak corymbose clusters, yellowish- green. 2. A. arvensis, leaves 3-lobed, pubescent, the lobes irregu- larly and deeply cut; flowers sessile, axillary. Hook. Fl. Scot. 40 TETRANDRIA. TETRAGYNIA. ILEX. p. 56. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 190. E. B. t. 1011. Aphanes ar- vensis, Lightf. p. 121. HAB. Fallow fields, road-sides, waste places, plentiful. May, June. O Field Lady's Mantle or Parsley Piert.-Stems more or less prostrate, much branched, about 6 inches long, very leafy. Leaves alternate, shortly pe- tiolate, not plaited. Stipules partly arising from the petiol, deeply cleft. Flowers green, insignificant. Calyx very hairy. II. TETRAGYNIA. 11. ILEX. (Nat. Ord. CELASTRINÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 271.) 1. I. aquifolia, leaves ovate, acute, spinous. Lightf. p. 121, Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 192. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 57. E. B. t. 496. Hab. Woods and hedges. Road leading from Craigleith quarries, Mr Neill. Rosslyn woods. June, July. h. Common Holly.—A very ornamental evergreen tree, with a smooth bark. Leaves rigid, petiolate, dark on the upper surface, paler beneath, the mar- gin cartilaginous, and divided into spinous lobes ; the upper leaves some- times entire. Flowers white, in axillary clusters. Fruit numerous, bright scarlet berries. 12. POTAMOGETON. (Nat. Ord. FLUVIALES, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 193.) * Upper leaves floating. 1. P. natans, upper leaves oblong-ovate, petiolate; lower , , ones, membranaceous, gradually petiolate. Lightf. p. 121. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 193. 193. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 57. E. B. t. 1822. HAB. Ponds, lakes, slow streams. Water-pits at Corstorphine Hill. July. 4. Broad-leaved Pond-weed.—Stems varying in length, sometimes many feet, round, leafy. Upper leaves floating, coriaceous, veined, on long petioles, green or tinged with brown; lower leaves linear-lanceolate, submersed, tapering gradually into a foot-stalk, in which this differs from the follow- ing species. Stipules large, pale, membranaceous, concave, nearly as long as the petiols. Flower-peduncles with a similar appendage, thick and succulent. Spikes 1-2 inches long, rising above the water. 2. P. fluitans, upper leaves ovato-lanceolate, obtuse, shortly petiolate, lower ones lanceolate, long, sessile. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 58. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 1391. E. B. t. 1286. HAB. Ditches and ponds. Ditches in the Pentland Hills. August, September. 4. Long-leaved Floating Pond-Weed.-Stems often very long, branched, leafy. Upper leaves somewhat coriaceous, subelliptic, finely veined, reddish, on short footstalks ; lower leaves very long, membranaceous and sessile. Sti- pules broadly lanceolate. Peduncles short. Spikes an inch long, almost submersed. ** Leaves all submersed. 3. P. densum, leaves ovato-acuminate, opposite, sessile, crowd- ed; spike about 4-flowered on very short peduncles. Lightf. a POTAMOGETON. TETRANDRIA. TETRAGYNIA. 41 p. 122. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 194. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 58. E. B. t. 397. HAB. Pools and ditches. Corstorphine Hill, Dr Parsons in Lightfoot. (It is there still.) Ditches in the King's Park, Maughan. June, July. 4. Close-leaved Pond-weed.-Stems dichotomous, varying in length, densely clothed with leaves of a bright green colour, especially towards the sum- a mits of the branches. Spike of flowers very small, and on an extreme- ly short peduncle. 4. P. lucens, leaves ovato-lanceolate, petiolate ; spike crowd- ed with flowers. Lightf. p. 122. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 194. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 58. E. B. t. 376. HAB. Rivers and lakes. Bogsmill, Slateford, Maughan. Lochend, abundant, Mr Neill. July. 4. Shining Pond-weed.—Stems long, wholly submersed, nearly simple. Leaves alternate, entire, plane, or slightly waved, ribbed, pellucid, remarkably shining, on short petiols. Stipules as long as the portion of the stem be- tween each leaf, large, rather obtuse. Spike 1-2 inches long, dark green, much crowded with flowers, and rising above the surface about midsum- mer.—The leaves are sometimes ovate, and then forms the var. 2. of Withering, which is also that figured in E. B. 5. P. crispum, leaves oblong-lanceolate, alternate, sessile, much waved, serrate. Lightf. p. 122. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 195. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 58. E. B. t. 1012. HAB. Ditches and ponds. Lochend and Duddingston Loch, abundant. June, July. 4. Curled Pond-weed.—Stems long, much branched, very leafy upwards. Leaves sometimes opposite at the top, obtuse, pellucid, dark green, and crisp to the touch, as well as to the eye. Peduncles as long as the leaves, bear- ing a small spike of 6-10 brownish flowers. A common but handsome species. 6. P. pusillum, “ leaves linear, opposite and alternate, dis- tinct, spreading from the base ; stem cylindrical ;" Sm. Lightf. p. 124. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 197. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 59. E. B. t. 215. HAB. Ditches and pools. Ditch by the Flintmill, Musselburgh, Maughan. July. 4. Small Pond-weed.—Stems alternately branched, slender. Leaves very nar- row, patent, not sheathing the stem, opposite only under every flower- stalk. Stipules amplexicaul, much broader than the leaves. Peduncles axillary, short, terminal, at length lateral by the stem shooting past them. Spikes ovate, small, dense, few-flowered.-Character and descrip- tion from Smith. I am not more fortunate than Dr Hooker in possess- ing specimens ; indeed never saw the plant. 7. P. pectinatum, leaves setaceous, sheathing, distichous. Lightf. p. 123. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 197. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 59. p E. B. t. 323. P. marinum, Lightf. p. 124. HAB. Lakes and salt-water ditches. Lochend, Mr Neill. Duddingston Loch, not plentiful. July. 4. Fennel-leaved Pond-weed.--Root arising from a sort of small tuber, creeping. Stems long, branched, very slender, flexuose. Leaves plane, very seta- 42 RUPPIA. TETRANDRIA. TETRAGYNIA. ceous, alternate, regularly distichous, with long sheaths. Stipules closely attached to the leaves, small, membranaceous. Spike interrupted, few- flowered. Flowers olivaceous. 13. RUPPIA. (Nat. Ord. FLUVIALES, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 192.) 1. R. maritima. Lightf. p. 124. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 198. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 59. E. B. t. 136. HAB. Ditches and stagnant waters by the sea-side. Guillon Links, Aberlady Bay, in salt-water pools, Maughan. July, August. 4. Sea-Ruppia.-Stems very slender, filiform, flexuose, branched, leafy. Leaves long, setaceous, sheathing. Spadix very short at first, and included in the sheaths. " The flowers, both from their minuteness and situation, are not easily to be seen, being half concealed by the sheathing base of the leaves, which thus fulfils the office of a spathe. The anthers are very large ; eight of them are placed in fours without any true perianth to se- parate them. In the centre of each set of anthers are placed the 4 ova- ries, small, and resembling tubercles. The whole fructification is of one uniform pale green colour. No sooner have the anthers fallen away, than the ovaries swell into a pericarp, which becomes lengthened at the base, and by the time it is fully formed, terminates a fruit-stalk of an inch or more in length. The spadix seems equally endowed with this curious power of elongation ; for during the flowering of the plant, I have always observed this to be very short, but when bearing capsules, to be more or less lengthened out and spirally twisted, in order that the fruit may always be level with the surface of the water, a phenomenon which is well known to exist in a remarkable degree in the Vallisneria spiralis ;" (Hooker's admirable illustrations in Flora Londinensis.) 14. SAGINA. (Nat. Ord. CARYOPHYLLEÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 279.) 1. S. procumbens, stems procumbent, smooth ; leaves shortly mucronate; petals very small. Lightf. p. 125. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 199. Hook. Fl. Scot, p. 59. E. B. t. 880. HAB. Sandy and gravelly places, common. June, July. 4. Procumbent Pearlwort.—Stems many, 2-4 inches long, glabrous, radicating at the joints. Leaves linear, subulate, connate, convex beneath, plane . above, smooth. Flowers drooping before flowering, axillary, on slender peduncles, which are longer than the leaves. Petals white, half the length of the 4-leaved calyx. Capsule ovate, longer than the calyx. 2. S. maritima, stems sub-erect, smooth ; leaves fleshy, ob- tuse; petals none; capsule not longer than the calyx. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 60. 60. Don's Fasc. 7. No. 155. E. B. t. 2195. HAB. On the sea-coast. Queensferry, and near Edinburgh, G. Don. May to August. O. Sea-Pearlwort.—Stems numerous, branched, 2-4 inches high, somewhat de- cumbent at the base, divaricate, often reddish. Leaves very short, fleshy, obtuse, connate and membranaceous at the base. Flowers on lateral and axillary cr terminal peduncles, half an inch or more in length, slender. Calyx-leaves broad, ovate, obtuse, with a white membranaceous margin. Capsule not longer than the calyx, thus differing from every other with which it might be confounded. MYOSOTIS. 43 PENTANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. V. PENTANDRIA. I. MONOGYNIA. 1. MYOSOTIS. (Nat. Ord. BORAGINEÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 224.) 1. M. sylvatica, “ leaves oblongo-lanceolate, with soft hairs ; racemes very long, lax, pedicels (in fruit) divergent-patent, longer than the 5-cleft connivent calyx ; limb of the corolla ex- panded, longer than the tube." Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 66. Lehm. Asperif. p. 85. M. scorpioides y, Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 212. HAB. Woods and coppices, common. Summer. 4. Wood Scorpion-grass.—Perennial. Stems 12–18 inches high, rather lax, with soft spreading hairs. Leaves ; radical ones spathulate ; cauline ones rather broad, oblong, obtuse. Racemes very long. Pedicels short while in flower, afterwards elongate and patent, at length erecto-patent, twice as long as the calyx. Hairs of the calyx patent, and hooked, the uppermost longer and erect. Flowers large, bright pale blue. 2. M. palustris, “ leaves oblongo-lanceolate, rough with short, mostly appressed hairs ; racemes rather short ; peduncles (in fruit) divergent, twice as long as the 5-cleft patent calyx ; limb of the corolla expanded, longer than the tube.” Hook. Fl. Scot. P. 67. E. B. t. 1973. M. scorp. d, Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 212. HAB. Banks of ditches and rivers, marshes, very common. King's Park. Duddingston Loch. Hope Park, &c. Summer. 4. Water Scorpion-grass.-Root creeping. Stems 12–20 inches high, thickish, and succulent, often drawn up by growing among tall herbs, when it be- comes weak and straggling. Leaves often numerous. Racemes not so long as in the preceding, and the flowers more crowded. Hairs of the calyx erect, straight; those of stem and leaves mostly appressed. Flowers very large, pale blue. 3. M. arvensis, “ leaves oblong-lanceolate, hairy ; racemes very long ; pedicels (in fruit) patent, twice as long as the 5- cleft and closed calyx; limb of the corolla erecto-patent, about as long as the tube.” Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 67. E. B. t. 2558. (not the figure.) M. scorp. d, Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 212. Hab. Fields, waste places, road-sides, common. June, July. O Field Scorpion-grass.—Stems 6-18 inches high, hairy with patent sub-rigid hairs, branched ; branches divaricate. Cauline leaves in small specimens ovate ; in larger ones oblong, rough with hairs. Racemes (in fruit) long. Pedicels twice as long as the closed calyx. Hairs of the calyx hooked. The pedicels when in fruit are much longer in this than in the following species. E. B. t. 2558. is certainly M. versicolor. The character and de- cription would serve equally well for either. 4. M. versicolor, “ leaves oblong-lanceolate, hairy; racemes very long; pedicels (in fruit) erect-patent, shorter or as long as the 5-cleft acute closed calyx; limb of the corolla patent, 44 MONOGYNIA. LITHOSPERMUM. PENTANDRIA. shorter than the tube.” Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 67. E. B. t. 480. f. 1. M. scorp. ß. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 212. M. arvensis, E. B. t. 2558. (The figure at least.) HAB. Dry banks and pastures, sometimes in bogs, frequent. Abundant in the King's Park, especially on the bank at the left-hand side going towards Duddingston from St Leonard's. Side of Duddingston Loch, very large. June, July. O. Yellow and Blue Scorpion-grass.—Stems rather rigid, 1-18 inches high, ac- cording to situation on a dry bank, or drawn up in a weedy marsh, branched; the branches very divaricate. Leaves by no means numerous, except in the smaller specimens. Racemes very long, slender. Pedicels never longer than the calyx, the hairs of which are patent and hooked. Flowers very small, yellow and blue, retaining, according to Lehman, their respective colours. The chief distinguishing mark is the short pe- dicels. The length of the calyx is not to be depended upon.-At Dud- dingston Loch this plant is extremely branched, 18 inches high, and the racemes themselves often 8 inches. 2. LITHOSPERMUM. (Nat. Ord. BORAGINEÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 224.) 1. L. officinale, stem erect, branched ; leaves lanceolate, hairy beneath; tube of the corolla as long as the calyx; fruit smooth. Lightf. p. 132. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 213. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 68. E. B. t. 134. HAB. Fields and waste places, rare. Under the west side of Salisbury Craigs, and at Rosslyn, Dr Parsons. Arniston woods, Maughan. June. 4. Common Gromwell.-Stems erect, 1-2 feet high, roundish, covered with ri- gid appressed hairs. Leaves alternate, broadly lanceolate, entire, very rough on the upper surface. Flowers pale yellow, in a leafy obtuse, re- curved spike, which becomes erect when in fruit. Fruit (nuts) whitish- brown, ovate, polished, rarely more than two coming to maturity. 2. L. arvense, stem erect; leaves lanceolate ; tube of the corolla a little longer than the calyx, the segments of which ex- pand when in fruit; fruit rugose. Lightf. p. 133. Smith, Fl. p. 213. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 68. E. B. t. 123. HAB. Corn-fields. About Edinburgh, but in no fixed station. May, June. O Corn Gromwell.—Root reddish, staining. Stems branched, rough. Leaves rather obtuse, rough, hairy, rigid. Flowers white, solitary in the axilla of the leaves, the lower ones becoming remote as the plant advances in growth. Calycine segments linear-lanceolate, hispid, at length patent. Fruit (nuts) brown, rugose. 3. L. maritimum, glabrous, stem procumbent; leaves ovate, glaucous, fleshy; flowers on longish peduncles. Hook. Fl. Scot . p. 68. Lehm. Asperif. p. 291. Pulmonaria maritima, Lightf. p. 134. t. 7. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 218. E. B. t. 368. HAB. Sea-coast among stones, rare in this neighbourhood. Near Seafield Tower, Fifeshire, Messrs Somerville and E. Maughan. July, Au- gust. 4. Sea Gromwell._Stems much branched. Leaves ovate, waved, very glau- Brit. p. ANCHUSA. PENTANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. 45 p. cous, the lower ones acute. Corolla with a short thick tube; the limb very shortly and obtusely 5-cleft, pinkish-blue. Fruit (nuts) smooth.- Plant strongly resembling oysters in taste; turning black in drying. 3. ANCHUSA. (Nat. Ord. BORAGINEÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 224.) 1. A. sempervirens, leaves ovate, the lower ones petiolate ; small clusters of flowers, on axillary peduncles, accompanied by 2 leaves. Lightf. p. 133. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 215. : Hook. FI. Scot. p. 68. E. B. t. 45. HAB. Waste place. Deanbank, near the village of the Water of Leith, Maughan. Craigmillar Castle, Mr Neill, 1799. May, June. 4. Evergreen Alkanet.—Root fusiform. Stems rough and hairy, 1-2 feet high, erect, angular, branched. Leaves acute, deep, dark green. Corolla splen- did blue, almost salver-shaped, cleft into 5 rounded lobes; the centre closed by valves, from which a white line passes to each lobe. This species approaches Myosotis, in the corolla being more salver-shaped than infundibuliform, as Smith observes in E. B. 4. CYNOGLOSSUM. (Nat. Ord. BORAGINEJE, Hook, Scot. 2. p. 225.) 1. C. officinale, fætid ; leaves lanceolate, attenuate at the base, sessile, pubescent; stamens shorter than the corolla. Lightf 133. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 216. 216. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 69. E. B. t. 1642. HAB. Banks and waste places. Burntisland and Kinghorn, Lightfoot. Rosslyn Castle; and on Inchcolm, Mr Neill. Guillon Links abun- dant, and at Gosford more sparingly, Dr Graham. It occurs on the rough bank by the sea-shore midway between Burntisland and Petty- cur. June, July. o. Common Hound's-tongue.—Plant soft and downy. Stems 1-2 feet high or more, erect, round. Leaves; the radical ones large, petiolate; the stem ones subamplexicaul, entire, flexuose. Flowers in terminal branched re- curved racemes, shortly pedicellate, dull red, cleft into 5 round lobes. Fruit rough with hooked prickles.—Plant smelling strongly like mice. 5. PULMONARIA. (Nat. Ord. BORAGINEÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 225.) 1. P. officinalis, leaves scabrous, the superior ones of the stem sessile, ovate; radical ones ovato-cordate, acuminate. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 69. . 69. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 217. E. B. t. 118. HAB. Woods. Arniston woods, abundant; banks of the N. Esk, near Kevockmill, Maughan. May. 4. Common Lungwort.—Stem about a foot high, erect, somewhat angular, simple, very rough. Leaves rough, harsh ; radical ones on long petiols; cauline ones shortly petiolate below, and lanceolate above, ovate, sessile ; they are frequently variegated with whitish-green spots. Racemes two, terminal, shortly clustered. Calyx hairy. Flowers flesh-coloured, changing as soon as expanded to purplish-blue; the tube a little longer than the calyx. 6. SYMPHYTUM. (Nat. Ord. BORAGINEÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 225.) 1. S. officinale, leaves ovato-lanceolate, very decurrent, and , - 46 PENTANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. BORAGO. winging the upper part of the stem. Lightf. p. 134. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 218. Hook. Fl. Scot. . p. 69. E. B. t. 817. HAB. Moist woods and banks of streams. Water of Leith, opposite St Bernard's Well, Dr Parsons. Craigcrook, Mr D. Steuart. May, June. 4. Common Comfrey.-Root blackish Stems 1-3 feet high, succulent, hispid with deflexed hairs, very leafy, and winged, especially above. Leaves ; radical ones on long petiols, rough. Cauline ones ovato-lanceolate below, lanceolate above, sessile, subamplexicaule, very decurrent, more or less flexuose at the margin. Flowers in 2 branched clusters, yellowish-white, or purple. 2. S. tuberosum, leaves ovato-oblong, attenuated at the base, upper ones very slightly decurrent. Lightf. p. Lightf. p. 1091. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 219. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 69. E. B. t. 1502. HAB. In the same situations as the last. Opposite the New Well at the Water of Leith, Mr Yalden * Colinton woods; Woodhall; banks of the N. and S. Esk, Maughan. Slateford, Mr Bainbridge. Banks of the river about a mile above Lasswade. July. 4. Tuberous-rooted Comfrey.—Root whitish. Stems shorter than the preceding. Uppermost leaves mostly opposite. Flowers yellowish-white, in a branched subraceme-like cluster, terminal, divided at its base into 2 main branches, rough. Calycine segments more linear, and longer than the last.–Plant with the same habit as the last, but distinguished easily by the above descrip- tion. 17. BORAGO. (Nat. Ord. BORAGINEÆ, Hool. Scot. 2. p. 225.) 1. B. officinalis, very hispid ; lower leaves obovate, attenuated at the base ; segments of the calyx and corolla spreading. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 70. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 219. E. B. t. 36. HAB. Rubbish and waste places. Burntisland, Maughan. Debris of Salisbury Craigs, Mr Bainbridge. June, July. : Common Borage.—Whole plant very hispid. Stems much branched, very divaricate, succulent. Cauline leaves more or less toothed, all alternate, the upper ones sessile, amplexicaul. Flowers large, fine blue; the petal acute. p. 70. 8. ASPERUGO. (Nat. Ord. BORAGINEÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 225.) 1. As. procumbens. Lightf. p. 135. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 220. Hook. Fl. Scot. E. B. t. 661. HAB. Waste places, rare. Guillon Links, Messrs Arnott and Stewart. June, July German Madwort.—Stems procumbent, angular, straggling, very rough, with short hooked prickles. Leaves oblong-lanceolate acute, opposite, or in threes or even fours, the lower ones petiolate; hispid with prickles point- ing forwards. Flowers small, axillary, purple, on very short peduncles, * St Bernard's Well and the New Well are synonymous, and I fear Dr Parsons's plant may be Mr Yalden's, or vice versa, 2 LYCOPSIS. PENTANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. 47 which are curved downwards when in fruit. Calyx becoming much larger after flowering 9. LYCOPSIS. (Nat. Ord. BORAGINEÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 225.) 1. L. arvensis, leaves lanceolate, repando-denticulate, very hispid ; calyx erect while in flower, shorter than the tube of the corolla. Lightf. p. 135. Smith, Fl. Brit. 135. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 221. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 70. E. B. t. 938. Har. Corn-fields and waste places, very common. June, July. O. Small Bugloss.-Stem erect, 12-18 inches high, bristly, branched; branches erect. Leaves ; radical ones, and those on the lower part of the stem, pe- tiolate; the superior ones sessile, subamplexicaul. Racemes two, termi- nal, leafy, obtuse. Flowers rather small, bright blue, with a white centre. Fruit tuberculate, rugose. 10. ECHIUM. (Nat. Ord BORAGINEÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 225.) 1. E. vulgare, stem bristly and tuberculate; leaves lanceo- late, very hispid; flowers in lateral spikes; stamens longer than the corolla. Lightf. p. 136. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 222. 222. Hook Fl. Scot. p. 70. E. B. t. 181. HAB. Road-sides, and waste rugged places. Kirkcaldy and Kinghorn, and under Arthur's Seat, Lightfoot. Very abundant on the east side of Lochend, and on the debris of Salisbury Craigs. June, July. . Common Viper's Bugloss.-Stem thickish, firm, very erect, round, 1-3 feet high, pyramidal, and crowded with spikes. Leaves ; radical ones petio- late, spreading, long. Spikes very numerous, from the axils of the stem leaves, recurved, but gradually becoming erect as the flowering proceeds. Flowers large, red in the bud, a fine blue when expanded, densely crowded on the spike. — The whole plant excessively hispid, even bristly. It is one of our most splendid vegetables, and no painting can do justice to its colours. 11. PRIMULA. (Nat. Ord. PRIMULACEÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 211.) 1. P. vulgaris, leaves dentate, rugose; scape one-flowered ; limb of the corolla plane. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 71. Smith, Fl. . , Brit. p. 222. E. B. t. 4. P. veris, 7. Lightf. p. 136. HAB. Woods and brakes, hedgebanks, abundant. King's Park, Mr Bain- bridge. Granton woods; Rosslyn and Auchindenny woods. Braid Hermitage. April, May. 4. Common Primrose.—Leaves all radical, ovate, gradually tapering to a petiol, rugose and dark green above, very veiny and pale beneath, (margin den- ticulate. Scapes 4-7 inches high, numerous, slender. Flowers large, pale yellow, 5-lobed; the lobes obcordate.A variety is sometimes found with pale purplish flowers. 2. P. veris, leaves dentate, rugose, contracted below the middle: scape umbellate; flowers drooping ; limb of the co- rolla concave. Lightf. p. 136. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 223. Hook. , Fl. Scot. p. 71. E. B. t. 5. Hab. Pastures and woods. King's Park, and Caroline Park, Mr Neill. By no means common near Edinburgh. May. 2. 48 PENTANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. MENYANTHES. Common Cowslip.-Leaves obovate, all radical, very rugose, bright green above, beneath venose and pale. Scape 3-7 inches high, erect, bearing a many-flowered umbel. Flowers on slender drooping peduncles. Corolla small, tawny yellow, the limb concave, paler beneath ; segments shortly obcordate. 3. P. elatior, leaves dentate, rugose; scape many-flowered ; limb of the corolla plane. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 71. Smith, Fl. Brit. P. 223. E. B. t. 513. P. Veris, B. Lightf. p. 136. HAB. Woods and hedgebanks. Colinton ; sea-coast between Queensferry and Inverkeithing; woods about Starley Burn, near Burntisland, in great abundance, Maughan. April, May. 4. Oxlip.—Leaves the same as the last, except being often contracted below the middle, which is however not constant. Scapes few, erect, 1-6 inches high. Flowers smaller than the preceding, umbellate, pedicellate; the pedicels filiform, of different lengths, some often drooping.–Supposed by many botanists to be a hybrid between P. vulgaris and P. Veris. 4. P. farinosa, “ leaves obovate-lanceolate, farinose, crenu- late; calyx oblong-ovate; limb of the corolla plane, the orifice of the tube scarcely glandular ; segments obcordate, attenuated at the base, distant;" (Hook. in Fl. Lond. under P. Scotica), Fl. Scot. p. 71. Lightf. p. 137. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 224. E. B. t. 6. Hab. Moist pastures and bogs, rare. Boggy ground above Woodhouse- lee, Maughan. Bird's-eye Primrose.—Leaves, the outermost sometimes almost roundish; numerous, veiny beneath, and farinose. Scape 6–12 inches high, erect, farinose, umbellate. Flowers red, pale beneath, the segments obcordate and distant, the orifice furnished with much smaller glands than P. Sco- tica of Hooker, the character of which is, “ calyx ventricose; limb of the corolla plane, the orifice glandulose ; segments broadly obcordate, ap- proximate." No part of the latter plant is so farinose as P. farinosa, it seldom exceeds 2 or 3 inches; the flowers are purple, and the umbel fewer-flowered, and more dense. The stamens in P. farinosa are at the very mouth of the tube ; in P. Scotica lower down. The latter is pro- bably only to be found in the extreme north of Scotland, and was long taken for the other. 12. MENYANTHES. (Nat. Ord. GENTIANE E, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 228.) 1. M. trifoliata, leaves ternate. Lightf. p. 137. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 225. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 71. E. B. t. 495. HAB. Shallow pools, marshes and bogs, common. Duddingston Loch ; Braid Hills; Pentland Hills. June, July. 4. Common Buckbean.-Roots long, creeping, passing into the stems, which are very succulent, round, leafy, branched, procumbent, ascending at the summit. Leaves sheathing, petiolate, very smooth. Flower-stalk about 6 or 8 inches high, round and succulent. Flowers 5-cleft, spiked, shortly pedicellate, beautifully and densely fimbriated on their upper surface, pinkish-white. 13. LYSIMACHIA. (Nat. Ord. PRIMULACEÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 209.) 1. L. thyrsiflora, flowers in pedunculate lateral racemes ; 1 ANAGALLIS. PENTANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. 49 leaves opposite, lanceolate. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 72. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 228. E. B. t. 176. HAB. Watery places, rare. Duddingston Loch, D. Don. July. 4. Tufted Loosestrife.—Root creeping. Stems erect, 1-2 feet high, simple. Leaves sessile, acute, smooth, entire. Racemes erect, spiked, axillary, opposite. Corolla fine yellow, spotted with orange, deeply cleft into lan- ceolate segments.--I do not know how long ago Mr D. Don found this species in the annexed station : at present I suspect it scarcely exists there, as I have searched in vain for it, and no other botanist has been more fortunate. 2. L. Nemorum, leaves ovate, acute, petiolate; stem creep- ing; flowers on solitary peduncles; calycine segments linear-su- bulate. Lightf. p. 138. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 228. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 72. E. B. t. 527. HAB. Woods and shaded moist banks, frequent. Rosslyn and Auchin- denny woods. The whole summer. 4. Yellow Pimpernel, or Wood Loosestrife.-Stem branched, creeping, radica- ting, reddish, 6-14 inches long, slender, angular. Leaves bright green, entire. Peduncles slender, wiry, flexuose, 1-flowered. Corolla lively yel- low, cleft into 5 ovate-acute lobes. Stamens smooth.-(In L. nummu- laria they are glandulose). 66 14. ANAGALLIS. (Nat. Ord. PRIMULACEÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 211.) 1. A. arvensis, leaves ovate, sessile, dotted beneath ; mar- gin of the corolla broadly and very obtusely crenate, piloso- glandulose.” Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 72. Lightf p. 139. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 230. E. B. t. 529. HAB. Corn-fields, common. June, July. O. Scarlet Pimpernel.—Stems much branched, square, smooth. Leaves entire, longitudinally veined. Flowers bright scarlet, on solitary, axillary pe- duncles. Capsule globose. 2. A. tenella, stem creeping, filform ; leaves roundish-ovate, petiolate ; filaments covered with a white down. Lightf. p. 139. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 230. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 73. E. B. t. 530. p HAB. Bogs. Marshy ground on the banks of the Esk, near Inveresk, and Guillon Links, Maughan. Queensferry, Mr Stewart. Hunters' Bog, King's Park, Mr Bainbridge. July, August. 2. Bog Pimpernel.-Stems branched, radicating, very slender, 2-3 inches long. Leaves opposite, subacute, very shortly petiolate and very small. Peduncles axillary, 1-flowered. Flowers rather large, very beautiful and delicate pink, finely veined, deeply 5-cleft; the segments ovate, subacute. Cap- sule globose. 15. CONVOLVULUS. (Nat. Ord. CONVOLVULACEÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 226.) 1. C. arvensis, leaves sagittate, with acute lobes ; bracteas one pair, minute, remote from the flower. Lightf. p. 140. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 232. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 73. E. B. t. 312. HAB. Corn-fields, dry banks, road-sides, frequent. Piershill Barracks, D 50 POLEMONIUM. PENTANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. and near Lochend, Mr Neill. Kirkcaldy abundant, especially towards the sea-shore, Mr Arnott. Fields about Leith Links, Mr Bainbridge. River-side below Canonmills, Mr D. Steuart. Road-side east from Canonmills. Road-sides about Newhaven. June, July. 4. Small Bind-weed.—Root creeping. Stems 1-3 feet long, climbing, often prostrate from the absence of any support, slender, angular, twisted. Leaves alternate, petiolate, smoothish. Peduncles axillary, mostly 1-flower- ed, longish, bearing the minute bracteas a little above the middle. Flowers about an inch broad, pale rose-colour, varied with white.--It propagates prodigiously fast by the roots. Seeds are seldom perfected. 2. C. Sepium, leaves sagittate, with the lobes truncate; brac- teas one pair, large, cordate, close to the flower. Lightf. p. 140. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 233. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 74. E. B. t. 313. HAB. Hedges and woods, rare. Hedge by the road-side leading from the Abbeyhill to Leith, Dr Yule. Road to Newhaven by Pilrig, Mr D. Steuart. July, August. 4. Great Bindweed.—Root creeping. Stems climbing, extending to many feet, angular, twisted, branched. Leaves large, alternate, petiolate, smooth. Flowers large, handsome, 2 inches broad, white, on 4-sided, 1-flowered, simple peduncles. Calyx-leaves lanceolate, smaller than the bracteas. 16. POLEMONIUM. (Nat. Ord. POLEMONIACEÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 227.) 1. P. cæruleum, leaves pinnate ; flowers erect, calyx longer than the tube of the corolla. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 74. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 234. E. B. t. 14. HAB. Moist woods. Sea-coast two miles east of S. Queensferry, growing with Arundo arenaria, Maughan. Arniston woods, Mr Arnott. Black- ford Hill, Mr Bainbridge. July. 4. Jacob's Ladder._.Plant wholly smooth. Stems erect, 1-2 feet high. Leaves alternate ; leaflets numerous, elliptic-lanceolate, deep green. Flowers in a terminal, somewhat compact panicle, large, blue, campanulate, deeply and broadly 5-lobed. 17. CAMPANULA. (Nat. Ord. CAMPANULACEÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 233.) 1. C. rotundifolia, glabrous, radical leaves rotundo-cordate, crenate or cut; cauline ones linear, entire. Lightf. p. 141. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 235. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 74. Ž. B. t. 866. HAB. Pastures and waste places, very common. August, September. 4. Round-leaved Bell-flower.–Root rather woody. Stems erect, slender, round, branched, about a foot high. Leaves; the radical ones on long slender petiols, soon withering, which the student should be aware of'; cauline ones sessile, alternate. Flowers in a sort of lax panicle, drooping. Calyx- segments lanceolato-subulate, entire, spreading. The corolla is sometimes white. 2. C. latifolia, leaves ovate-lanceolate, scabrous, toothed ; stem round, simple; flowers solitary, pedunculate ; fruit droop- ing. Lightf. p. 141. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 236. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 75. E. B. t. 302. HAB. Woods and hedges, stream-sides. Colinton and Rosslyn woods, Maughan. August. 4. , VIOLA. 51 PENTANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Spreading Bell-flower.—Stem erect, 2-4 feet high, slightly hairy. Leaves alternate, subpetiolate, large. Peduncles 1-Howered, axillary from the upper leaves. Flowers large, purple, the lobes somewhat reflexed. Calyx deeply cleft; segments lanceolate, serrate. 3. C. rapunculoides, leaves cordate-lanceolate, scabrous, cre- nate; stem branched; flowers solitary, axillary, drooping ; ca- lycine segments patent. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 75. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 237. 237. E. B. t. 1369. HAB. Woods and fields, rare. Corn-fields two miles NW. from Kirk- caldy, Mr Chalmers. July, August. 4. Creeping Bell-flower.-Root creeping. Stem erect, 1-2 feet high, round, ra- ther hispid with defiexed hairs. Leaves ; radical ones petiolate; cauline ones sessile, becoming narrower upwards. Flowers large, on very short peduncles. Segments of the calyx linear, patent-reflexed, entire, rough. 4. C. glomerata, stem angular, simple ; leaves scabrous, cre- nate, cauline ones ovato-lanceolate, sessile, semiamplexicaul; flowers sessile, forming a terminal cluster. Lightf. p. 142. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 238. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 75. E. B. t. 90. HAB. Dry pastures and banks, rare. Hills behind Pettycur, Mr Neill. Links near Gosford, Maughan. Steep banks on the sea-shore between Pettycur and Kinghorn, but nearest the latter. July, August. 4. Clustered Bell-flower.—Stem simple, 4-12 inches high, roughish. Leaves ; radical ones oblong-lanceolate, sometimes subcordate, petiolate. Flowers mostly quite terminal in a dense cluster, moderate size, deep purple. Calycine segments lanceolate, often hairy. 18. VIOLA. (Nat. Ord. VIOLACEÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 284.) * Stipules undivided. 1. V. hirta, stemless ; leaves cordate, rough as well as the petiols with hairs; calyx obtuse. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 76. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 244. E. B. t. 894. HAB. Woods, pastures, moist banks. Bank near the toll, North Queens- ferry, Mr Neill. Blackford Hills, and Links between Cockenzie and Gosford, Maughan. Guillon Links, Mr Arnott. Auchtertoul Linn, Fifeshire. Hairy Violet.—Stem none. Stolons short, prostrate, not taking root. Leaves on long hairy petiols, serrate, hairy on both sides. Stipules radical, lan- ceolate, unequally serrate. Peduncles longer than the leaves, 3-5 inches, smoothish, having below the middle a pair of smooth lanceolate bracteas. Flower pale blue, scentless. Capsule roundish, hairy. 2. V. odorata, stemless; stoloniferous ; leaves cordate, smooth as well as the petiols ; calyx obtuse. Lightf. p. 507. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 245. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 77. E. B. t. 619. . Hab. Hedges and banks, rare about Edinburgh. Bank near Slateford aqueduct, Mr Sivright. Colinton woods. March, April. 4. Sweet Violet.–Stolons long, leafy, taking root. Leaves broadly heart-shaped, on long, erect, petiols, serrate. Stipules very pale, lanceolate, serrate. Peduncle 2-4 inches high, bearing above the middle a pair of lanceolate Flower fine purple or white, very sweet. Capsule oblong. D 2 52 VIOLA. PENTANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. 3. V. palustris, stemless; leaves reniform, smooth. Lightf. p. 506. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 246. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 77. E. B. t. 444. Hab. Bogs and marshy grounds. Ravelrig toll moss, Mr Arnott. Pent- land Hills; Rosslyn woods, Mr Neill. King's Park. May, June. 4. Marsh Violet.—Root creeping. Leaves acute, or quite obtuse, sometimes very small, but increasing much in size and height after flowering, veiny, sometimes purplish beneath. Stipules lanceolate, almost entire, purplish. Peduncles 2-3 inches high, with a pair of small, lanceolate bracteas about the middle. Flowers very pale blue, marked with dark, branched streaks, scentless. Spur of the corolla very short, obtuse. 4. V. canina, stem at length ascending, channelled ; leaves cordate, somewhat acute; stipules dentato-ciliate; calyx acute. Lightf. p. 508. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 246. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 77. E. B. t. 620. HAB. Woods, hedge-banks, &c.; very common. April, May. 4. Dog's Violet.—Root straggling, woody. Stem gradually evolved, rather weak, grooved, branched. Leaves on footstalks, varying much in size, crenate. Peduncles axillary, obtusely 4-sided, 2 or 3 inches high, bearing towards the summit a pair of acute bracteas. Flowers blue, scentless. Capsule oblong.-One of our most common species, rendering our banks brilliant, after the sweet violet has passed away. ** Stipules deeply divided. 5. V. tricolor, stem angular, branched, spreading ; leaves oblong, deeply crenate; stipules lyrate, pinnatifid. Lightf: p. 509. Smită, Fl. Brit. p. 248. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 77. E. B. t. 1287. HAB. Corn-fields, waste places, very common. The whole summer. Pansy Violet, or Heart's-ease.—Root very small. Stem weak, 3-10 inches high, very leafy. Leaves alternate, varying in shape from ovate to oblong or oblong-lanceolate, petiolate, more or less slightly hairy. Stipules in pairs at the base of each leaf, connate, pinnatifid, with a large terminal, crenate lobe. Flowers vary much in size and colours, on long peduncles, bearing very minute bracteas. Lower petal of the corolla mostly yellow or whitish, the others some shade of purple. 6. V. lutea, stem simple, erect, angular ; leaves ovate-oblong, crenate or toothed; stipules deeply lobed, palmate. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 77. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 248. E. B. t. 721. V. gran- diflora, Lightf. p. 508. HAB. Hilly pastures. Arthur's Seat, Mr Neill. Corstorphine and Pentland Hills, Maughan. Braid and Blackford Hills. June to Sep- tember. 4 ? Yellow Mountain Violet.—Stem 3-5 inches high, bearing seldom more than 2 or 3 flowers, on long axillary peduncles from the upper leaves. Leaves similar in form to the preceding, “ finely fringed,” (Sm.) Stipules large, palmate, segments 5, linear-oblong. Flowers large, showy, all yellow or partly purple, sometimes wholly so. Calyx toothed at the base.--In the other parts it resembles the preceding, of which it is perhaps nothing more than a variety. VERBASCUM. 53 PENTANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. 19. VERBASCUM. (Nat. Ord. SOLANEÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 222.) 1. V. Thapsus, leaves decurrent, woolly on both sides ; stem simple. Lightf. p. 143. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 249. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 78. p 78. E. B. t. 549. Hab. Dry waste places. Blackford Hill, Maughan. Between E. and W. Weems, Fifeshire (18 miles from Edinburgh), Lightfoot. July. . Great Mullein.-Stem erect, 3-5 feet high, leafy, winged, tomentose. Leaves very woolly, alternate, ovato-oblong. Spike long, terminal, erect, very dense. Flowers bright yellow. Stamens unequal in length, yellow, hairy. 2. V. nigrum, leaves oblong-cordate, petiolate, irregularly crenate subpubescent. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 78. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 251. E. B. t. 59. HAB. Waste places, road-sides. Near Boglehill, east of Cockenzie, Mr Neill. Links between Seaton and Gosford, Dr Yule. Banks of the river Esk opposite Coal-pits, and at Borthwick Castle, Maughan. July, August. 4. Dark Mullein.-Stem erect, 3-4 feet high, angular, striated, branched. Leaves very veiny, nearly glabrous, dark green, the radical ones on very long petiols; those of the stem becoming less and less petiolate upwards. Spike long, mostly solitary, somewhat lax, erect. Flowers golden-yellow. in small clusters, pedicellate. Stamens covered with fine purple hairs. Anthers orange. 20. HYOSCYAMUS. (Nat. Ord. SOLANEÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 223.) H. niger, leaves sinuate, amplexicaul; flowers sessile. Lightf. p. 144. Smith, Fl. Brit. P. 254. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 78. E. B. t. 591. HAB. Waste places. East side of Lochend. South-east end of the de- bris of Salisbury Craigs, Mr Neill. June. o. Common Henbane.—Root fusiform. Stem round, firm, 12–16 inches high, very leafy. Leaves large, alternate, broadly oblong. Spike terminal, re- curved, obtuse, leafy. Flowers, few open at once, deeply 5-lobed, erect, yellow, finely marked with numerous dark purple veins. Calyx 5-cleft, veined, persistent.--Whole plant viscid ; powerfully narcotic. p 21. ATROPA. (Nat. Ord. SOLANEÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 223.) 1. A. Belladonna, stem herbaceous; leaves ovate, undivided. Lightf. p. 144. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 255. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 78. E. B. t. 592. HAB. Hedges and waste places. Sea-side immediately west of the wag- gon road from Limekilns. On Inchcolm, and near the ruins of Borthwick Castle, Mr Neill and Maughan. June, July. 4. Dwale, or Deadly Nightshade.---Root very thick and fleshy. Stems 2-4 feet high, rounded, branched and numerous. Leaves lateral, in pairs, one al- ways smaller than the other, petiolate, dull dark green. Peduncles soli- tary, axillary, 1-flowered, rather short. Flowers lurid purple, large, drooping. Calyx viscous. Fruit shining black, as large as a small cherry, 2-celled.--Highly poisonous. 54 PENTANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. . . ERYTHRÆA. 22. SOLANUM. (Nat. Ord. SOLANEÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 223.) 1. S. Dulcamara, stem shrubby, thornless, somewhat’climbing ; upper leaves irregularly hastate; corymbs opposite to the leaves, drooping Lightf. p. 145. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 256. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 79. E. B. t. 565. HAB Har. Moist hedges. At the end of Dalkeith nearest to Edinburgh, Dr Parsons. Banks of the Esk above Musselburgh, and by the Water of Leith near Gorgie, Maughan. Between Burntisland and Starley- burn, Mr D. Steuart. June, July. h. Woody Nightshade, or Bitter-sweet.— Root woody. Stems shrubby, slender, straggling, several feet high. Leaves smooth, alternate, petiolate; the lower ones cordate, in shady places often very large. Flowers in very lax, divaricate, branched corymbs, purple, deeply 5-cleft, the segments reflexed with two green tubercles at the base of each. Anthers large, yellow, united into a sort of long cone. Berries bright red, oyal.-Very poisonous. 23. ERYTHRÆA. (Nat. Ord. GENTIANEÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 228.) 1. E. Centaurium, stem somewhat branched ; leaves all ovate- oblong; flowers nearly quite sessile ; calyx much shorter than the tube of the corolla. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 79. Gentiana Centaurium, Lightf. p. 152. Chironia Cent., Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 257. E. B. t. 417. Hab. Dry pastures. Black Jock's Hill, near Burntisland ; Dalhousie Castle; Dunearn Hill, Mr Neill. Hill at North Queensferry, plen- tiful, Mr D. Steuart. July, August. O. Common Centaury.—Stem 3-12 inches high, often simple, angular, erect. Leaves ; radical ones spreading, rather broader than the cauline ones, all ovate-oblong, with three main nerves. Flowers in a branched, lax, irre- gular, fasciculated corymb, pink. Limb of the corolla cleft into 5 ovate segments, patent in sunny weather, but closing in bad weather, and al- most immediately after gathering. Calya as in the two other British spe- cies, deeply cleft, with linear-lanceolate erect segments, which in the pre- sent species are usually about half the length of the tube of the corolla. 2. E. pulchella, dwarfish ; stem much branched ; leaves ovate-oblong; flower pedicellate, in lax corymbose panicles; calyx nearly as long as the tube of the corolla. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 179. Chironia pulchella, Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 258. E. B. t. 458. HAB. Sandy pastures near the sea. Near Guillon Links, D. Don. Au- gust, September. O. Dwarf-branched Erythræa.-Whole plant 1-4 inches high. Stem angular, very short, branched from the base, dichotomous, slender, spreading, “ a single flower-stalk between the branches ;" Hook. Flowers slenderer and smaller than the preceding. 3. E. littoralis, stem mostly simple; cauline leaves linear-ob- tuse, and somewhat obovate. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 80. Chiro- nia litt. E. B. t. 2305. Ch. pulchella, Don's Fasc. 1. LONICERA. PENTANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. 55 Hab. Sea-coast. Guillon Links, Maughan. June. O. Dwarf Sea-side Erythræa.-Stem simple or branched, 2-3 inches high, leafy, angular. Radical leaves ovate-oblong Flowers in a rather dense termi- nal corymbose head, sessile, large, the segments obtuse. I have specimens gathered by Mr Maughan in the above-mentioned sta- tion. The most striking character seems to be the form of the stem- leaves, which, besides being linear, have a decided tendency to become obovate. The margin of the stem-leaves I have observed in this species to be very minutely dentato-ciliate, and even the nerves on the back to be slightly rough. Specimens from the coast of Northumberland, and kindly sent to me by Mr Winch, possess the same characters. 24. SAMOLUS. (Nat. Ord. PRIMULACEÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 212.) 1. S. Valerandi, leaves obtuse ; racemes many-flowered ; pe- dicels bearing a minute bractea about the middle. Lightf. p. 142. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 259. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 80. E. B. t. 703. Hab. Watery places, especially near the sea. Limekilns, Fifeshire, and Guillon Links, Maughan. South Queensferry, Mr Neill. Links near St Germains, Mr D. Steuart. July. 4. Brook-weed or Water Pimpernel.--Stems 6-10 inches high, erect, round, slightly branched towards the summit. Leaves alternate, glabrous, en- tire, ovate, subpetiolate. Racemes erect. Pedicels bent upwards at an obtuse angle from the bracteas. Flowers very small, white; the limb pa- tent, cleft into 5 round segments, with a small scale between each. Ca. lyx campanulate. Capsule 5-valved, dehiscent at the apex. 25. LONICERA. (Nat. Ord. CAPRIFOLIACEÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 248.) 1. L. Caprifolium, flowers ringent, whorled, sessile ; upper leaves connate-perfoliate. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 80. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 260. 260. E. B. t. 799. HAB. Woods. Colinton woods, Messrs Maughan and Weatherhead. Corstorphine Hill, Maughan. June. h Pale Perfoliate Honeysuckle.—Stems climbing, several feet high, much branched in a somewhat opposite manner. Leaves opposite, entire, smooth, glaucous beneath. Flowers yellowish; the tube reddish. Berries orange, quite smooth. 2. L. Periclymenum, flowers ringent, capitate, terminal; leaves all distinct. Lightf. p. 80. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 260. Hook. Fi, Scot. p. 80. E. B. t. 800. HAB. Woods and hedges, frequent. July. h. Common Honeysuckle, or Woodbine.—Stems several feet high, climbing, branches opposite. Leaves broadly ovate, opposite, mostly sessile, or slightly petiolate, entire, more or less hairy, rarely smooth, pale beneath., Flowers pale yellowish, or reddish. Berries red, sometimes roughish. 26. EUONYMUS. (Nat. Ord. CELASTRINÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 271.) 1. E, europæus, 66 flowers often tetrandrous ; peduncles compressed, many-flowered ; leaves ovato-lanceolate, on short 56 PENTANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. RIBES. p. - - foot-stalks; branches smooth.” Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 81. Lightf. p. 145. Smith, Fl. Brit. 262. E. B. t. 766. HAB. Woods and hedges. King's Park near St Anthony's Well, and near Craigmillar Castle, Maughan. May. h. Spindle-tree.-A shrub 3-5 feet high, with a smooth green bark and nume- rous, straight, divaricating branches. Leaves opposite, serrated, smooth. Flowers in small, axillary, pedunculate, panicled clusters, white; ac- cording to Smith, the first that open are pentandrous, and have 5 petals, the others mostly tetrandous and with 4 petals. Petals small. Capsule 5-angled, pinkish red, 5-celled ; each cell containing 1 seed.—Poisonous. 27. RIBES. (Nat. Ord. GROSSULARIÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 257.) 1. R. nigrum, thornless ; racemes pubescent, lax, pendulous, , with a simple flower-stalk at their base ; leaves punctato-glan- dulose beneath. Lightf. p. 146. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 265. Hook. p. Fl. Scot. p. 82. E. B. t. 1291. HAB. Damp woods. Auchindenny woods, Messrs Shuter and Maughan. May. h. Black Currant.-About 3 or 4 feet high. Leaves large, alternate, 5-lobed, - serrate, petiolate, having, as well as the whole plant, a strong peculiar smell. Pedicels rather long, with a very short bractea at their base. Ber- ries large, black 2. R. Grossularia, branches prickly ; peduncles of the leaves 3 hairy ; pedicels single-flowered, with a pair of minute bracteas ; fruit hairy. Hook. Fl. Scot. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 82. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 266. E. B. t. 1292. HAB. Woods and waste grounds. King's Park, Mr Bainbridge. April, May. 4. Rough Gooseberry.—A low bushy shrub, with erect prickly stems and branches. Leaves rounded, lobed, serrate. Flowers drooping, brownish green. Berries pendulous, hispid, rarely smooth.—Scarcely indigenous. 28. HEDERA. (Nat. Ord. CAPRIFOLIACEÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 249.) 1. H. Helix, leaves 5-lobed, the lobes angular ; floral leaves ovate. Lightf. p. 146. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 267. Fl. Brit. p. 267. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 82. 82. E. B. t. 1267. HAB. Rocks and trunks of trees, common. October, November. h. Common Ivy.—Stems very long, creeping, adhering by short and numerous root-like processes to rocks or trees; the superior branches free, much divid- ed, and bearing a prodigious number of dark green, veined, and very shining leaves. Flower in a compact, roundish umbel, small, pale green, the petals reflexed. Peduncles downy. Stamens fully as long as the petals. Berries globular, purple-black; mealy within. 29. GLAUX. (Nat. Ord. PRIMULACEÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 212.) 1. G. maritima. Lightf. p. 147. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 268. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 82. E. B. t. 1267. 3 CHENOPODIUM. PENTANDRIA. DIGYNIA. 57 HAB. Sea-shore, among stones, and in muddy places. Shores of the Frith. North Queensferry, and Musselburgh Links, Mr Neill. About Burntisland and Pettycur. July. 4. Black Salt-wort.—Stems procumbent or sub-erect, 2-5 inches long, slightly branched, round, very leafy. Leaves opposite, ovato-oblong, smooth, en- tire, succulent. Flowers pinkish, sessile, solitary, numerous. Corolla 5-lobed, obtuse.—Plant salt to the taste. 30. VINCA. (Nat. Ord. APOCINEÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 228.) 1. V. minor, stems procumbent ; leaves elliptico-lanceolate, margin glabrous; calycine segments lanceolate, glabrous. Lightf. p. 147. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 270. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 82. E. B. . t. 917. HAB. Woods. Auchindenny and Colinton woods, Mr Arnott. May, June. 4. Lesser Periwinkle.—Root creeping. Stems round, smooth, long. Leaves petiolate, shining, remaining green throughout the winter. Flowers axil- lary, solitary, pedunculate, erect, violet. 2. V. major, stems ascending; leaves subcordate, the margin ciliated ; calycine segments long, setaceous. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 83. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 270. E. B. t. 514. HAB. Woods. Dundas Hill, Mr Neill. Colinton woods, Maughan. May. 4. Greater Periwinkle.—Larger than the last in all its parts. Stems sub-erect, afterwards taking root at the extremities. Leaves broad, very shining, minutely scabrous at the margin. Flowers purple, similar to the pre- ceding, but twice the size. p. II. DIGYNIA. 31. CHENOPODIUM. (Nat. Ord. CHENOPODEÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 207.) * Leaves semicylindrical, fleshy. 1. Ch. maritimum, leaves subulate, semicylindrical ; flowers axillary, sessile. Lightf. p. 150. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 278. Hook. . Fl. Scot. 83. E. B. t. 633. Hab. Sea-shore. Inverkeithing, Mr Neill. Aberlady Bay, Mr Arnott. August, September. O. Sea-side Goosefoot.—Stem 9-18 inches high, erect, much branched, roundish, and very leafy, Leaves fleshy, smooth, nearly an inch long. Flowers in small axillary clusters, greenish, accompanied by a pair of bracteas. Sta- mens shorter than the petals. ** Leaves plane, undivided, entire. 2. Ch. olidum, leaves ovate-rhomboid, entire ; flowers in dense clustered spikes ; stems spreading. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 83. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 277. E. B. t. 1034. Ch. Vulvaria, Lightf. p. 149. 58 CHENOPODIUM- PENTANDRIA. DIGYNIA. - HAB. Waste places, especially near the sea. Fisherrow Links and Race- course, Musselburgh, Maughan. August. O. Stinking Goosefoot.—Stems diffuse, more or less decumbent at the base, 9-12 inches long, branched and spreading. Leaves small, covered with a greasy pulverulent or mealy substance, which stinks most abominably on being touched ; alternate, petiolate, dull glaucous green. Flowers forming axil- lary or terminal, obtusely spiked clusters. Seeds dotted. *** Leaves plane, toothed, or lobed. 3. Ch. Bonus Henricus, leaves triangular, sagittate, entire; spikes compound, terminal and axillary, leafless. Lightf: p. 147. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 272. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 83. E. B. t. 1033. t HAB. Waste places and road-sides, common. Road-side near Merchis- ton Castle. August. 4 Perennial Goosefoot, or Good King Henry-Stem a foot high or more, stout, somewhat crooked, erect, striated, branched at the base. Leaves large, very numerous, dark green, varying somewhat in form, but more or less hastate or sagittate. Spikes of flowers pedunculate, crowded, terminal, or axillary; the uppermost ones forming a dense pyramidal generally leafless spike. Styles 2-3.—Leaves used in the same manner as spinach. 4. Ch. urbicum, leaves triangular, toothed ; spiked clusters, elongated, approaching the stem, nearly leafless; seeds rather large. Lightf. p. 148. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 273. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 83. E. B. t. 717. HAB. Rubbish and waste places near towns. August. O. Upright Goosefoot.-Stem 1-2 feet high, erect, angular, mostly simple or slightly branched. Leaves broad, irregularly and deeply toothed, usually of a paler green than the following Flowers in terminal and axillary spikes, which are mostly simple, and in the course of flowering elongate, and become long racemes, erect, and leafless, except at the base. Seeds five times as large as in the following ; being as big as rape-seed, ac- cording to Curtis and Smith. 5. Ch. rubrum, leaves rhomboid-triangular, deeply toothed and sinuate; flowers in a number of small oblong, obtuse, clustered, axillary and terminal spikes ; seeds very minute. Lightf. p. 148. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 274. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 84. E. B. t. 1721. HAB. Rubbish and waste places, very frequent. Restalrig, Mr Neill. August, September. O. Red Goosefoot.—Stem erect, 1-2 feet high, stout, branched, reddish. Leaves not so broad at the base as the preceding, and somewhat attenuate, dark green. Flowers in very compound spikes or racemes, intermixed with small leaves. Seeds so minute as to be compared by Curtis to grains of sand. 6. Ch. hybridum, leaves cordate, angulato-dentate, acute ; clusters much branched in a somewhat cymose manner, divari- cate, leafless. Lightf. p. 149. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 275. 275. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 84. E. B. t. 1919. Hab. Waste places and cultivated fields. About Edinburgh, G. Don. August. O BETA. PENTANDRIA. DIGYNIA. 59 Maple-leaved Goose foot. Stems slender, erect, branched. Leaves bright green, large and spreading, with prominent patent angles towards the base, which is not lengthened out. Panicle slender, terminal and axillary. Smell rather foetid. 7. Ch. album, leaves ovate, inclining to rhomboid, jagged, entire at the base; upper ones perfectly so; flowers in dense, spiked, leafy clusters. Lightf. p. 148. Smith, Fl. Brit. p 275. p Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 84. E. B. t. 1723. HAB. Waste places, dunghills, &c., common. July, August. O. White Goosefoot.—Stems erect, much branched, angular, sometimes streak- ed with red. red. Leaves on rather long foot-stalks, covered with a mealy substance. Clusters of flowers obtuse, erect, with small leaves between the clusters. Seeds very smooth. When the plant is greener, the leaves more entire, and the clusters of flowers more elongated, it becomes the Ch. viride of Linnæus. 32. BETA. (Nat. Ord. CHENOPODEÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 208.) 1. B. maritima, stems procumbent at the base ; flowers most- ly in pairs ; calycine segments entire. Lightf. p. 150. Smith, FI, Brit. p. 279. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 84. E. B. t. 285. Hab. Sea-coast in muddy places. Opposite Gosford Gate, Mr Neill. Sea-shore near Kirkcaldy, Messrs Maughan and Sommerville. Near Cramond, Dr Willis. August. 4. Sea-side Beet.—Root perennial, thick, fleshy. Stems several, branched, tall, angular. Leaves ovate, smooth; radical ones large, spreading, succulent, petiolate; cauline ones subsessile, alternate, undulate. Spike long, com- pound, erect, terminal ; the lower branches axillary; a small leaf is at the base of each little cluster of flowers. 33. SALSOLA. (Nat. Ord. CHENOPODEÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 208.) 1. S. Kali, stem herbaceous, procumbent ; leaves subulate, spinous, scabrous; segments of the axillary perianth with a scariose margin. Lightf. p. 151. 151. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 280. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 83. E. B. t. 634. Hab. Sandy sea-shores, frequent. Inchcolm, Mr Neill. About Mussel- burgh. July. O. Prickly Saltwort.—Stems much branched, rigid, angled, hairy. Leaves al- ternate, grooved, patent, fleshy, very spinous. Flowers solitary, axillary, sessile, with three leaf-like bracteas at the base of each. Fruit inclosed by the perianth ; the cotyledons large, and forming a curious and obvious spiral. 34. ULMUS. (Nat. Ord. ULMACEÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 201.) 1. U. campestris, “ leaves doubly serrate, scabrous, un- equal at the base ; flowers nearly sessile, 4-cleft, with 4 sta- - mens; fruit oblong, naked;" (Sm.) Lightf. p. 151. Smith, Fl. Brit. P. 281. Hook. Fl. Scot. P. 85. E. B. t. 1886. Hab. Woods and hedges, common. Hedges and plantations about Edin- burgh, Lightfoot. April. h. 60 PENTANDRIA. DIGYNIA. GENTIANA. p. 282. Common Elm.—A large tree with rugged bark and crooked trunk. Leaves rhomboid-ovate, alternate, shortly petiolate, rough on both sides, 2-3 inches long. Flowers almost sessile, arising from distinct buds, in little dense clusters, each furnished with a small ciliated bractea. Segments of the single perianth 4, very obtuse, spreading, reddish. Anthers purple. 2. U. montana, “ leaves doubly serrate, pointed, rough, unequal at the base; flowers on short stalks, 5 or 6-cleft, with 5 or 6 stamens; fruit roundish, naked ;" (Sm.) Hook, Fl. 6 Scot. p. 85. Smith, Fl. Brit. 282. E. B. t. 1887. Hab. Woods and hedges, common. Abundant in Scotland, Lightfoot in Append., under U. campestris, p. 1094. The Meadow-Walks. April. h Broad-leaved or Wych Elm.—A large tree with spreading branches, which are often even curved or pendulous, especially when young. Leaves large, rhomboid-ovate, acuminate, 2-4 inches long. Flowers in less dense , clusters than the preceding, and on longish peduncles. Single perianth, 4 or 6-cleft, the segments ovato-elliptical, reddish. Anthers purple, 4-6. 35. CUSCUTA. (Nat. Ord. ConvoLVULACEÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 226.) 1. C. europæa, flowers sessile, corolla without scales at the base of the stamens; stigmas simple. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 86. . Smith, Fl. Brit. 282. E. B. t. 378. HAB. Parasitic on flax, nettles, and other plants, rare. On flax in a field near Musselburgh, Mr Neill. August, September. O. Greater Dodder.-—Roots quickly dying, as soon as the stems have attached themselves to other plants. Stems filiform, climbing, reddish, smooth, de- riving nourishment from the herbaceous stems of plants, round which they entwine themselves, by means of small radicular tubercles. none. Flowers pale pinkish, in sessile clusters. Calyx ventricose, cam- panulate, 5-cleft. Corolla, cleft into 4 or 5 patent segments. 36. GENTIANA. (Nat. Ord. GENTIANEÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 227.) 1. G. amarella, corolla 5-cleft ; hypocrateriform, bearded in - the orifice ; calyx 5-cleft, the segments equal. Lightf. p. 152. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 287. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 86. E. B. t. 236. Hab. Dry pastures, rare. Links to the eastward of Cockenzie, Maughan. East side of Arthur's Seat, Mr Neill. Guillon Links, Mr Arnott. August. 0. Autumnal Gentian.-Stem 6–10 inches high, erect, quadrangular, purplish- green. Leaves opposite, ovate-lanceolate, mostly 3-nerved, dark green. Flowers pale purple, axillary from nearly the very base, and terminal, pedunculate; the peduncles often forked. Tube of the corolla twice as long as the calyx. 2. G. campestris, corolla 4-cleſt, bearded in the orifice; calyx of four leaflets, the outer one very large. Lightf. p. 152. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 288. 288. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 86. E. B. t. 237. Has. Pastures, frequent. Hills between Pettycur and Burntisland ; and King's Park, Maughan. Pentland Hills, Mr Arnott. Septem- ber, October. O. HYDROCOTYLE. PENTANDRIA. DIGYNIA. 61 Field Gentian.-Stems square, 3-8 inches high, often branched from the base. Leaves much the same as last. Flowers on longer peduncles than in the preceding, and the peduncles themselves more branched. In general habit the plant is very similar to the last, but is well marked by the spe. cific character.---All the gentians are bitter. Umbellate plants ; flowers superior, of 5 petals, 2-seeded. A. Umbels irregular. Flowers forming roundish heads. 37. ERYNGIUM. (Nat. Ord. UMBELLIFERÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 250.) 1. E. maritimum, radical leaves roundish, plaited, spinous ; flowers capitate; scales of the receptacle 3-cleft. Lightf. p. 153. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 288. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 87. E. B. t. 718. Hab. Sandy sea-coasts. Musselburgh and Largo Bay, Lightfoot. July, August. 4. Sea-side Eryngo.—Root creeping. Stem about a foot high, round, stiff, leafy. Leaves smooth, glaucous, variegated with whitish veins, lobed, deeply and widely dentate; teeth spinous and rigid ; radical leaves petio- late. Flowers blue, densely capitate, intermixed with chaffy scales. Involucre immediately under the flowers, similar to the leaves. The whole plant is remarkably glaucous, and rigid. 38. HYDROCOTYLE. (Nat. Ord. U MBELLIFERÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 250.) 1. H. vulgaris, leaves peltate, orbicular, crenate; umbellate head, 5–8 flowered. Lightf. p. 154. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 290. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 87. E. B. t. 751. Hab. Bogs and wet meadows, frequent. King's Park. Duddingston Loch; Lochend; Braid and Pentland Hills, &c. June. 4. Marsh Penny-wort. White-rot.-Stems very creeping, filiform, radicating at each joint, and producing from the same point a tuft of leaves and flowers. Leaves bright green, shining, smooth, horizontal, petiolate; the petiols slender, 2-4 long, simple from the base. Flowers on simple pe duncles, scarcely an inch long, and therefore easily overlooked; whitish or reddish, with 2 minute bracteas at their base. Petals broadly lanceo- late. Fruit orbicular, striated. 39. SANICULA. (Nat. Ord. UMBELLIFERÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 251.) 1. S. europæa, lower leaves palmate; the lobes trifid; flowers all sessile, in little pedunculate heads. Lightf. p. 154. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 291. 291. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 87. E. B. t. 98. . HAB. Woods, common. Rosslyn and Auchindenny and Arniston Woods. Braid Hermitage ; Corstorphine Hill; King's Park ; Granton Woods, &c. May, June. 4. Wood Sanicle.-Stem 9-18 inches high, erect, rather branched, somewhat spreading, smooth, channelled. Leaves almost all radical, petiolate, shi- ning, paler beneath, very smooth, deeply 5–7-lobed ; lobes mostly trifid, or irregularly cut, finely serrate, and slightly ciliate. General Umbel un- equal, as well as the partial one. General involucre of 2 foliaceous pinna- tifid leaves ; Partial one, of several lanceolate leaves. Heads of flowers whitish. Fruit ovate, rough, with erect scale-like hooked processes. 2 - 62 CRITHMUM. PENTANDRIA. DIGYNIA. B. Umbels regular. a. Fruit naked, (neither hairy nor bristly.) * Umbels with a general and partial involucre. 40. CRITHMUM. (Nat. Ord. UMBELLIFERÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 252.) 1. C. maritimum, leaves lanceolate, fleshy. Lightf. p. 158. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 306. 306. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 89. E. B. t. 819. HAB. Rocks by the sea-side. Said to grow on the Islands in the Frith of Forth, but not now to be found. August. 4. Samphire.—Stems 6–12 inches high, suberect, round, leafy. Leaves bi- or tri- ternate ; the leaflets entire, linear-lanceolate, smooth, glaucous. Umbels rather crowded; the rays short. General and partial involucres of small ovate-lanceolate leaves; the former mostly of 5, the latter of 7. Petals entire, broad at the base, inflexed, yellowish or greenish white. Fruit oval, spongy.--Whole plant very succulent and fleshy. Used to make pickle. 41. ENANTHE. (Nat. Ord. UMBELLIFERÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 253.) 1. C. fistulosa, root creeping, stoloniferous; stem-leaves pinnate, the main petiol cylindrical, tubular. Lightf. p. 161. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 317. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 91. E. B. t. 363. HAB. Ditches and stream-sides, rare. Between Inverkeithing and North Queensferry, Lightfoot. July, August. 4. Common Water-Dropwort.—Stems erect, 2-3 feet high, smooth, hollow as if inflated, glaucous, branched. Leaves ; radical ones, bi-pinnate, the leaf- lets plane, often lobed ; cauline ones, alternate, pinnate; the pinnæ con- fined to the extremity. Umbels alternate, towards the summit, on long peduncles; primary rays 3–5. General involucre often wanting, often 1-leaved; the partial one of several lanceolate leaflets. Flowers pinkish white. Petals obcordate, radiating. Calycine segments very acute. Fruit ovate-truncate. 3. E. crocata, all the leaflets wedge-shaped, cut, nearly equal ; involucre many-leaved, either linear, or broad and folia- ceous. Lightf. p. 162. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 319. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 92. E. B. t. 2313. HAB. Ditches and stream-sides. Near Limekilns, Mr Neill. River- bank near Lasswade. July. 4. Hemlock Water-Dropwort.-Stems erect, 3-5 feet high, branched, furrowed, leafy. Leaves bi-pinnate, deep green, upper ones sessile ; leaflets mostly all alike, opposite, sessile, smooth, veined. Umbels terminal, large, many- rayed, many-flowered. General and partial involucre, many-leaved, liable to vary in form. Flowers white, obcordate, slightly radiating. Fruit ob- long, ribbed.--Whole plant very poisonous. 42. SISON. (Nat. Ord. UMBELLIFERÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 252.) 1. S. inundatum, stem creeping ; lower leaves capillary, mul- tifid; umbels mostly of two rays, and wanting a general invo- 2 BUNIUM. PENTANDRIA. DIGYNIA. 63 lucre. Lightf. p. 161. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 91. E. B. t. 227. Hydrocotyle inundata, Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 290. HAB. In ponds and ditches, not common. Ditches by the road-side near Auchindenny, Mr J. Stewart. Braid Hill marshes, abundant. June, July. ? § Water Honewort.-Stem creeping, floating, 6–18 inches long, according to the depth of the water, round, weak, branched. Leaves petiolate; the lower ones, capillaceo multifid; those near the surface, and above the wa- ter, pinnate, with rather broad and cut or lobed leaflets. Peduncles of the 2-rayed umbels axillary. Smaller umbels minute, about 5-flowered. Partial involucre mostly 4-leaved. Flowers white, the petals entire, acute, nearly equal. Fruit ovate, somewhat truncate, striated. 43. BUNIUM. (Nat. Ord. UMBELLIFERÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 251.) 1. B. Bulbocastanum, general involucre scarcely 3-leaved ; leaves tripinnate, linear, glabrous; fruit ovate. Lightf. p. 156. Hook. FI. Scot. p. 88. B. flexuosum, Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 301. E. B. t. 988. HAB. Pastures and woods, abundant. June, July. 4. Common Earth-nut.–Root, a roundish tuber 2-4 inches beneath the soil. Stem white and flexuose beneath the surface of the ground, about a foot high, erect, slightly branched, striated, smooth. Leaves ; radical ones pe- tiolate; Cauline ones nearly sessile, with a short sheath. Umbels termi- nal, many-rayed. Umbellules rather dense. Flowers white, the petals ob- cordate.. General involucre 1-3 leafed, rarely wanting ; partial one many- leaved. Fruit ovate.The tuberous root is edible. 44. CONIUM. (Nat. Ord. UMBELLIFERÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 251.) 1. C. maculatum, stem much branched, smooth and spotted ; leaves tripinnate, ultimate leaflets lanceolate, mostly subentire. Lightf. p. 157. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 302. Hook. Fl. Scot. . p. 88. E. B. t. 1191. HAB. Hedges, waste places, and road-sides, very common about Edin- burgh, in every direction. June, July. T. Common Hemlock.—Stem erect, 2-5 feet high, much branched, polished, spotted with purple. Leaves large, spreading, much divided in a pinnated manner, narrow, deep shining green, and sharply serrate, the ultimate leaflets varying from serrate to nearly entire. Umbels and umbellules many-rayed. General involucre of several short ovate-lanceolate leaves ; partial ones few-leaved, setaceous, and directed to one side. Flowers white, numerous; the petals subequal, inflexed, cordate. Fruit ovate, furrowed, the ribs crenulate.-Whole plant highly poisonous. Medicia- nal. Fætid when bruised. 45. THYSSELINUM. (Nat. Ord. UMBELLIFERÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 251. (Selinum.) 1. T. palustre, stem somewhat angular, branched ; leaves ternate and compound, leaflets opposite pinnatifid, the segments lanceolate. Spreng. in Schulte's Syst . Veg. v. 6. p p. 4.63. Se- linum palustre, Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 88. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 303. E. B. t. 229. 64 PENTANDRIA. DIGYNIA. LIGUSTICUM. HAB. Ditches and marshes, rare. Marsh near Colinton, G. Don. July. 4. Marsh Milky Parsley.-Stem solitary, erect, roundish, angular, branched upwards, 3-5 feet high. Leaves rather large, glabrous, petiolate, remote, few. Umbels terminal, erect, nearly plane, white, large, many-rayed. Involucres; gen. one of many lanceolate deflexed leaves : partial ones of many smaller leaves. Petals small, white, equal, inflexed. Fruit oval, with 3 approximate obtusely raised ribs.—Plant with a milky juice, which is bitter and foetid. 46. LIGUSTICUM. (Nat. Ord. UMBELLIFERÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 252.) 1. L. Scoticum, leaves bi-ternate, leaflets broadly ovate; in- volucres many-leaved, linear-lanceolate. Lightf. p. 159. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 309. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 89. E. B. t. 1207. t. Hab. On the sea-coast, among rocks and stones, frequent. Coast of Fife between E. and W. Weems, and below Kinghorn, Lightfoot. From N. Queensferry eastward, along the whole coast, but rare on the Edinburgh side of the Frith. July. 4. Scottish Lovage.—Stems erect, somewhat branched, 12–18 inches high, ra- ther robust, reddish, smooth, striated. Leaves towards the base bi-ter- nate; the upper ones ternate and nearly sessile; all shining green, and somewhat fleshy; leaflets serrated and cut. Main Petiol winged and di- lated at the base. Umbels many-rayed, large, erect, terminal. Flowers white, small, equal; the petals inflexed. Fruit oblong, ribbed ; the ribs winged, membranaceous.—Plant aromatic. Eaten raw in Skye. 47. ANGELICA. (Nat. Ord. UMBELLIFERÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 252.) 1. A. sylvestris, leaves bi-pinnate, leaflets equal, ovate, ser- rate, the lower ones somewhat 2-lobed at their base. Lightf. p. 160. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 311. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 90. E. B. t. 1128. Hab. Woods and hedges, and marshy places, frequent. King's Park. Corstorphine Hill. Granton woods, &c. July. 4. Wild Angelica.—Stem erect, 2-4 feet high, branched, smooth, purplish, co- vered upwards with a fine glaucous pubescence. Leaves widely spread- ing, slightly glaucous. Umbels large, convex, many-rayed, rather crowd- ed. General involucre about 2-leaved, linear, rarely wanting ; partial one many-leaved, setaceous. Flowers pinkish-white; the petals equal, ovate. Fruit small, roundish, with 3 winged ribs. 48. SIUM (Nat. Ord. UMBELLIFERÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 252.) 1. S. latifolium, stem erect, channelled ; lower leaves often bi-pinnate, upper ones pinnate, leaflets ovate-lanceolate, equally serrate; umbels terminal. Lightf. p. 1095. Smith, Fl. Brit. . , . 312. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 90. 90. E. B. t. 204. HAB. Ditches and pond-sides, not frequent. Duddingston Loch, Mr Yalden in Lightfoot. August. 4. Broad-leaved Water Parsnip._Root creeping. Stems erect, smooth, angu- lar, 3-5 feet high. Leaves ; the lower ones, especially if immersed, are p. HERACLEUM. PENTANDRIA. DIGYNIA. 65 bi-pinnate, and the leaflets cut; the upper ones pinnate, the pinnä 7-9 pair, sessile, ovate-lanceolate, smooth. Umbels large, many-rayed, flat- tish. General involucre many-leaved, lanceolate, sometimes serrate; partial ones, of several leaves, ovate. Flowers white, the petals nearly equal, ob- cordate, inflexed. Fruit small, shortly ovate, somewhat truncate, striated. -Plant acrid. 2. S. angustifolium, stem erect, striated ; leaves pinnate, leaflets sublobed and unequally serrate; umbels pedunculate, op- posite to the leaves, and terminal . Lightf. p. Lightf. p. 160. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 313. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 90. E. B. t. 139. HAB. Ditches and rivulets. About Edinburgh. King's Park, Mr Neill. July, August. 4. Narrow-leaved Water-Parsnip.-Root creeping. Stems erect, branched, stri- ated, but not channelled. Leaves pinnate ; leaflets 8–10 pair, sessile, ovate, unequally serrate, inciso-lobate, the lowest pair remote from the rest. Umbels lateral and terminal ; rays many, much shorter than in the preceding. General involucre of many deflexed, lanceolate, and often sub- pinnatifid leaves ; partial ones of small, ovate, mostly entire leaves. Flowers whitish ; the petals equal, obcordate, inflexed. Fruit ovate, small, ribbed. 3. S. nodiflorum, stem procumbent; leaves pinnate, leaflets ovate, nearly equally serrate; umbels sessile, opposite to the leaves. Lightf. p. Lightf. p. 160. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 313. 313. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 90. E. B. t. 639. HAB. Rivulets, pond-sides, and ditches. Hope Park, Mr Neill. July. 4. Procumbent Water-Parsnip.--Root creeping. Stems procumbent, branched, 1-2 feet high, sometimes floating, rarely creeping. Leaves glabrous; the leaflets sessile, 3 or 4 pair, subequally serrate, the odd terminal one largest. Umbels small, of more rays than the following, subsessile. Ge- neral involucre of one leaf, or wanting: partial ones ovate, as long as the pedicels of the flowers. Petals white, ovate, scarcely inflexed. Fruit ovate. 4. S. repens, stem creeping, radicating ; leaves pinnate, leaf- lets broadly ovate, cut, toothed ; umbels shortly pedunculate, opposite the leaves. Hook. Fl. Scot. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 90. Smith, Fl. Brit. p p. 314. E. B. t. 1431. HAB. Ditches and sides of streams, rare. Near Edinburgh, Mr Mackay. Banks of a pond at Fisherrow, and at Guillon Links, Dr Hope. July, August. 4. Creeping Water-Parsnip.--Stems prostrate, striated, 6-10 inches in length, slender. Leaves pinnate; leaflets 2–5 pair, very irregularly serrate, or rather toothed, the terminating one the broadest. Umbels 3-6 rayed : umbellules very short, few, dense. General and partial involucres of seve- ral small, ovate-lanceolate, spreading leaves. Flowers white, petals near- ly equal, inflexed. Fruit roundish, compressed. 49. HERACLEUM. (Nat. Ord. UMBELLIFERÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 252.) 1. H. Sphondylium, leaves pinnate, scabrous, leaflets broad, subpinnatifid, cut, serrate, the terminal one 3-lobed, and some- what acute. Lightf. p. 158. Smith, Fl. Brit. 307. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 89. E. B. t. 939. p. 307. E 66 PENTANDRIA, DIGYNIA. PHELLANDRIUM. B. angustifolium, leaves pinnate, leaflets long, linear, H. an- gustifolium, Huds. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 307.? Hab. Meadows, hedges, woods, very abundant. B. Woods near Kirk- liston. July. . Common Cow-Parsnip.-Stems 4-5 feet high, strong, robust, erect, furrow- ed, angular, rough. Leaves very large, scabrous, hairy, ternate or pinna- tifid, variously cut, lobed and serrate. Sheathing base of the petiols, large, ventricose, ribbed, and hairy. Umbels very large, nearly plane, of many strong rays. General and partial involucres of several lanceolate leaves, which soon fall off. Flowers white or reddish; petals radiating, unequal, irregularly obcordate. Fruit large, broad, flat, smoothish, 3-ribbed on each side. A coarse, rank plant. ** Umbels with partial involucres only. 50. PHELLANDRIUM * (Nat. Ord. UMBELLIFERÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 253.) 1. P. aquaticum, leaves tripinnate, segments divaricate ; pe- duncles of the umbels axillary. Lightf. p. 163. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 321. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 92. E. B. t. 684. HAB. Ponds, streams and ditches, rare. Ditches near Corstorphine Hill, Mr Yalden. Mr Neill. Maughan. July. 4. Water Hemlock.—Stem round, furrowed, erect, 2–3 feet high, thick at the base, branched in a bushy manner. Leaves spreading, smooth, dark shining green, the last divisions rather pinnatifid than pinnate. Umbels many-rayed, axillary or opposite to the leaves, rather small. Partial in- volucres of many lanceolate small leaves. Flowers white, not sessile ; pe- tals equal, broadly obcordate. Calyx 5-leaved, distinct. Fruit ovate, a - little compressed, smooth, ribbed. 51. ÆTHUSA. (Nat. Ord. UMBELLIFERÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 253.) 1. Æ. Cynapium. Lightf. p. 165. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 323. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 92. E. B. t. 1192. HAB. Fields, cultivated grounds, &c. common. July, August. O. Fool's Parsley.-Stem branched, erect, about a foot high, smooth, striated, often purplish, but not spotted. Leaves bi-pinnate, smooth, dark green, segments ovate-lanceolate, variously cut, lobed, and more or less decur- rent; the lowest leaves are sometimes tri-pinnate. Umbels terminal, on longish peduncles, many-rayed, not dense. Umbellules small. Flowers white; petals somewhat radiating, obcordate. Partial involucres of 3 long, linear, pendant leaves on one side. Fruit ovate, striated.—Said to be poisonous. Smell nauseous, very different from that of Garden Pars- ley, which it somewhat resembles. 52. CICUTA. (Nat. Ord. UMBELLIFERÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 253.) 1. C. virosa, lower leaves tripinnate, leaflets sub-ternate, ser- - * This genus has been united to Enanthe by some late authors, as La- marke, De Candolle, and Schultes. It differs, however, in too many respects to remain in such a situation. There is no general involucre ; all the florets are fertile, and not radiate; the fruit also differs, especially in the arrange- ment of the vitte. IMPERATORIA. PENTANDRIA. DIGYNIA. 67 rate; umbels opposite to the leaves. Lightf. p. 164. p Smith, Fl. Brit. P. 322. . Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 92. 92. E. B. t. 479. HAB. Ditches and pond-sides, rare. Lochend, Dr Parsons in Lightfoot. July, August. 4. Long-leaved Water-Hemlock. Cowbane.—Root large, somewhat tuberous, hollow, divided into cavities by partitions. Stem 3-4 feet high, erect, branched, furrowed; branches erect. Leaves smooth, bright green ; leaf- lets lanceolate, acute. Umbels erect, on short peduncles, many-rayed. Partial involucres of many small, acute leaves. Flowers white; petals small, equal, much inflexed. Fruit compressed, roundish, ribbed.- Whole plant deadly poison. Lochend is the only station near Edin- burgh. 53. IMPERATORIA. (Nat. Ord. UMBELLIFERÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 254.) 1. I. Ostruthium, stem nearly simple; leaves bi-ternate, leaf- lets ovate, unequally lobed at the base, and serrate. Lightf. . p. 168. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 327. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 94. . E. B. t. 1380. HAB. Waste places. Near Borthwick Castle, Messrs Maughan and Shuter. June. 4. Masterwort.-Root tuberous. Stem erect, 1-2 feet high, slightly branched or simple, striated, smooth. Leaves biternate, smooth; leaflets broad, sharply and unequally serrate, and often 2-lobed at the base. Umbels many-rayed, flattish, large, terminal, very few. Partial involucres of se- veral setaceous leaves. Flowers white or pinkish, numerous, petals equal, obcordate, reflexed; stamens long. Fruit smooth, ribbed, with a broad dilated border.—English name from its supposed wonderful virtues in healing numberless diseases and disasters. 54. MYRRHIS. (Nat. Ord. UMBELLIFERÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 254., under Chærophyllum.) 1. M. odorata, leaves villose, large, ternate, very compound, leaflets pinnatifid, serrate; partial involucres of 5 ciliate leaves ; central florets containing only stamens. Scandix odoratu, Lightf. p. 166. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 323. E. B. t. 697. Chæ- rophyllum odoratum, Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 93. Hab. Waste places. Foot of the Castle bank, to the north-east, Mr Neill. Arniston woods, Mr Arnott. Under the wall of Caroline Park, close to the sea. May. 4. Sweet Cicely. Great Chervil.–Stems about 2 feet high, firm, branched, fur- rowed. Leaves hoary with pubescence, pale green, sessile, tri-pinnate ; leaflets ovate-lanceolate, serrate. Umbels erect, terminal, many-rayed. Partial involucres, of 5 lanceolate, pale, somewhat deflexed leaves, with ciliate margins. Flowers white, rather crowded ; petals rather equal, inflexed. Fruit large, {ths of an inch in length, linear-oblong, with pro minent somewhat winged ribs.--Herb very aromatic. 2. M. aurea, stems slightly swelling below the joints, pu- bescent and roughish with deflexed hairs; leaves tri-pinnate, segments of the upper ones very acute; fruit ribbed, tawny. Roem. et Sch. Syst. v. 6. p. 511. Charophyllum aureum, E 2 68 PENTANDRIA. DIGYNIA. CHÆROPHYLLUM. Hook, Fl. Scot. p. 94. Smith, Trans. Soc. Linn. v. 10. p. 339. E. B. t. 2103. Hab. Hedges, borders of fields, very rare. Near Corstorphine, G. Don. June. 4. Tawny-seeded Cow-Parsley.-Stem about 3 feet high, branched, angular, striated, pubescent, the softer hairs intermixed with others which are de- flexed, and of a bristly nature. Leaves tri-pinnate, the leaflets deeply and sharply cut; in the upper leaves very acute, in the lower ones much less so. Umbels flattish, many-rayed, the rays smooth. Partial involucres deflexed, pale, lanceolate. Flowers “ cream-coloured," petals unequal, irregularly obcordate. Fruit linear-oblong, ribbed, smooth, yellowish tawny.-There is sometimes a trace of a general involucre. I have search- ed Don's station in vain for this plant. 55. CHÆROPHYLLUM. (Nat. Ord. UMBELLIFERÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 254.) 1. Ch. sylvestre, stem sulcate and striate, smooth, slightly swelling below the joints; leaves tri-pinnate; umbels on smooth longish peduncles, somewhat drooping before flowering. Lightf. p. 167." Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 326. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 93. E. B. . t. 752 Hab. Hedges and meadows, very abundant. May, June. 4. , . Smooth Cow-Parsley.--Stem erect, branched, 3-4 feet high, pubescent to- wards the base ; branches erect. Leaves large, tri-pinnate, leaflets ovate- lanceolate, deeply cut, the terminating one attenuate, especially in the upper leaves, rough at the margin. Umbels erect when in flower and fruit, many-rayed, on long peduncles. Partial involucres reflexed, mem- branaceous, ovate, pale, ciliate. Flowers white or reddish; petals un- equal, radiate, obcordate. Fruit linear-oblong, quite smooth, with slight very obtuse ribs. 2. Ch. temulentum, stem rough, swelling beneath each joint ; leaves bi-pinnate; rays of the umbel bristly with hairs; umbels drooping before flowering. Lightf. p. 167. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 326. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 93. E. B. t. 1521. . HAB. Fields, hedges, road-sides, very abundant. June, July. 4. Rough Cow-Parsley.—Stem about 3 feet high, erect, rough with hairs, stria- ted, purplish and spotted, swollen below the joints. Leaves bi-pinnate, the leaflets pinnatifid, cut, hairy on both sides. Umbels drooping before flowering, of many rays, clothed with bristly hairs. Partial involucres, of many lanceolate leaves, slightly connected at their base. Flowers white ; petals irregular, nearly equal. Fruit oblong, smooth, obsoletely ribbed. ** Umbels having neither general nor partial involucres. (Ca- rum has a general one, and Apium Petroselinum both.) 56. APIUM. (Nat. Ord. UMBELLITERÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 254.) 1. A graveolens, stem furrowed ; leaves pinnate, those of the stem with wedge-shaped leaflets, irregularly cut; umbels often sessile. Lightf. p. 169. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 333. p 333. Hook Fl. Scot. p. 95. E. B. t. 1210. p CARUM. PENTANDRIA. DIGYNIA. 69 HAB. Marshes and stream-sides near the sea. Ditches behind Mussel- burgh, Dr Parsons in Lightfoot. August. . Smallage. Wild Celery.—Stems branched, erect and spreading, 1-2 feet high, smooth, furrowed, pale yellowish green. Leaves shining ; radical ones on long petiols, pinnate, leaflets broad ; cauline ones ternate, nearly ses- sile. Umbels lateral and terminal, often almost sessile, many-rayed; um- bellules very small. Flowers white, small; petals equal. Fruit round- ish, ribbed.-Acrid and poisonous. When cultivated it becomes the in- nocent celery of our gardens. 2. A. Petroselinum *, leaflets of the cauline leaves linear, those of the radical ones broad ; umbels all pedunculate ; partial in- volucres minute, filiform. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 95. Hull's Brit. Fl. P. 309. HAB. Waste places and fields. Old walls at Inverleith ; on an old wall at Coltbridge ; and by the road-side between Colinton and Dreghorn, Maughan. Waste places around Edinburgh, but in no fixed station. July. $ Common Parsley.—Stem erect, 12-18 inches high, smooth, somewhat angu- lar, firm, branched. Leaves shining ; radical ones on long channelled petiols, tri-ternate, leaflets broad, lobed, cut. Umbels many-rayed, mostly pedunculate. There is a general involucre of usually 1 leaf, and partial ones of several small, filiform leaves. Flowers small, yellowish ; petals equal. Fruit roundish, ventricose, smooth, ribbed. There are several varieties which occur in gardens, especially one with broad crisped leaves. It is certainly so completely naturalised as to deserve a place in the Bri- tish flora. 57. CARUM. (Nat. Ord. UMBELLIFERÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 254.) 1. C. Carui. Lightf. p. 169. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 330. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 95. E. B. t. 1503. HAB. Waste places. Rocks on the west side of the Castle, Dr Parsons in Lightfoot. Between Newhall and South Queensferry, and near the village of Abercorn, Messrs Maughan and Shuter. June. Common Caraway.-Stem 1-2 feet high, branched, furrowed, glabrous. Leaves bi-pinnate, smooth, the lower ones decussate; segments narrow, linear. Umbels numerous, erect, terminal, many-rayed, and furnished with a 1-3. leaved general involucre. Flowers white or pinkish ; petals equal, small, inflexed. Fruit small, ovate-elliptic, marked with three lines in the valle- culæ or spaces between the ribs.Seeds highly aromatic. 58. PIMPINELLA. (Nat. Ord. UMBELLIFERÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 254.) 1. P. Saxifraga, leaves pinnate ; leaflets of the radical ones sub-ovate, those of the stem ones linear. Lightf. p. 169. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 331. 331. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 95. E. B. t. 407. a * This plant is an exception to the genus, in as far as it possesses a ge- neral monophyllous involucre, and partial ones of several filiform leaves; and in the valleculæ of the seeds, having several vittæ in the place of a single one. It forms the genus Petroselinum of Hoffman, worthy perhaps of being retained. 70 PENTANDRIA. DIGYNIA. SMYRNIUM Hab. Dry pastures, common. King's Park, and the debris of Salisbury Craigs. July, August. 4. Common Burnet Saxifrage.—Roots strong and woody. Stem 12-18 inches high, erect, round, roughish, firm, slightly branched upwards. Leaves; radical ones pinnate; cauline ones bi-pinnate. Umbels drooping when young, on long peduncles, many-rayed, terminal, flattish. Flowers white, small, nearly equal ; stamens long. Fruit small, ovate, ribbed.--The variety which occurs with dissected leaves, has been found by Dr Graham on Arthur's Seat. Root very aromatic. 59. ÆGOPODIUM. (Nat. Ord. UMBELLIFERÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 255.) 1. Æ. Podagraria* Lightf. p. 170. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 334. Hook. Fl. Scot. P: 95. E. B. t. 940. Hab. Woods, hedges, and waste places, in moist situations, common. Right-hand side of, and within the gate of the entrance to Braid Her- mitage. June. 4. Gout-weed.—Root creeping. Stems erect, 1-3 feet high ; furrowed, slightly branched. Leaves; radical ones on long petiols, bi-ternate; cauline ones ternate ; leaflets large, ovate, unequally serrate, smooth, nearly equal. Umbels erect, terminal, many-rayed, flattish. No general or partial in- volucre. Flowers white; petals unequal, ob-cordate. Fruit sub-com- pressed, ovate-elliptical, each seed 3-ribbed. 60. SMYRNIUM. (Nat. Ord. UMBELLIFERÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 254.) 1. S. Olusatrum, cauline leaves ternate ; leaflets large, ovate, serrate, the sheaths broad, ciliated. Lightf. p. 168. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 328. 328. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 94. E. B. t. 230. Hab. Waste places near the coast. Sea-shore below the old Castle of Ravensheugh, between Dysart and Kirkcaldy, Dr Walker. By the side of a rivulet at Kinghorn; and Dirleton Castle, Maughan. Very abundant still in both the first mentioned stations. May, June. T. Alexanders.—Stems erect, 3-4 feet high, stout, furrowed, pale yellow green. Leaves broad, shining, rather succulent ; radical ones large, tri-ternate, on long petiols ; cauline ones shortly petiolate, the sheaths somewhat lacerate and fringed at the edges. Ümbels erect, large, globose, terminal, many-rayed, strong, stoutly pedunculate. Flowers small, numerous, green-yellow; petals nearly equal, inflexed. Fruit nearly black, large, roundish, swelling, with acute prominent ribs.-Whole plant of a pale shining yellowish-green colour, smooth, and rather fleshy. Highly aro- matic, but bitter ; once used as a pot-herb. b. Fruit hairy or bristly. * Umbels with a general and partial involucre. 61. TORILIS. (Nat. Ord. UMBELLIFERÆ, Hook. Scot. (Caucalis ) 2. p. 251.) 1. T. Anthriscus, scabrous; stem and branches erect; leaves * This genus is united to Sison by Sprengel ; but it differs from it in im- portant characters, besides being destitute of general and partial involucres. DAUCUS. 71 PENTANDRIA. DIGYNIA. bi-pinnate, leaflets oblong ; umbels many-rayed ; general invo- lucre many-leaved. Roem. et Schult. v. 6. p. 482. . . Caucalis Anthriscus, Lightf. p. 155. Smith, Fl. Brit. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 298. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 87. E. B. t. 987. HAB. Hedges and waste places, common. July, August. O. Upright Hedge-Parsley.—Stem 2-3 feet high, erect, branched, firm, very rough with deflexed hairs. Leaves bi-pinnate, on channelled petiols; the pinnä opposite; leaflets deeply serrate, scabrous. Umbels terminal, erect, the rays scabrous; umbellules dense, flat. General and partial involucres of several small subulate leaves. Flowers mostly reddish, sometimes white, small ; petals unequal, ob-cordate. Fruit small, ovate, very rough and bristly, tinged with purple. 2. T. nodosa, stem scabrous; umbels simple, axillary, sub- sessile, clustered. Roem. et Schult. v. 6. p. 485. v Caucalis no- dosa, Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 88. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 299. 299. E. B. t. 199. HAB. Waste places, road-sides. Bank below Salisbury Craigs towards Duddingston Loch, and by the road-side leading from Drummore to Preston, Maughan. It grows immediately under the basaltic columns, on the path-side to Duddingston, and at the foot of the wall which supports the path. June. O Knotted Hedge-Parsley.—Stem mostly prostrate, yet sometimes erect, 8-16 inches long, rather slender, somewhat rigid, branched. Leaves bi-pinnate, dull green, leaflets narrow, lobed and cut; the two lower pinnæ remote from the rest. Umbels in the form of dense, lateral, subsessile heads or clus- ters, opposite to the leaves, the very short peduncle being partly em- braced by the sheath of the petiol. Involucre subulate, many-leaved, hairy. Flowers minute, equal, reddish. Fruit ovate, thick, the outer very rough and bristly, the inner warty. 62. DAUCUS. (Nat. Ord. UMBELLIFERÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 251.) 1. D. Carota, stem bristly; leaves tripinnate; leaflets linear- lanceolate, cut; involucre nearly as long as the rays of the umbel; fruit bristly. Lightf. p. 156. 156. Smith. Fl. Brit. P. 300. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 88. 88. E. B. t. 1174. Hab. Borders of fields and waste places. Road-sides about Libberton Church. Salisbury Craigs. July. . Wild Carrot.--Root fusiform, aromatic. Stem 12-18 inches high, erect, fur- rowed, branched and hispid. Leaves; tri- or bi- pinnate, dark green, hairy, especially beneath. Umbels many-rayed, erect, flat when in flower; afterwards the external and longer rays become contracted and incurved, which renders the surface of the umbel concave like a bird's nest. General involucre deeply pinnatifid, linear ; partial ones often 3-cleft. Flowers white or reddish ; petals unequal, radiate, obcordate. Fruit very rough, with rigid bristles.--- Whole plant aromatic. Origin of the garden carrot. ** Umbels with partial involucres only. 63. ANTHRISCUS. (Nat. Ord. UMBELLITERÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 253.) 1. A. vulgaris, stem smooth ; leaves tri-pinnate, leaflets ob- , a 72 PENTANDRIA. TRIGYNIA. VIBURNUM. tuse; umbels mostly lateral. Pers. Syn. Pl. v. 1. p. 320. Ræmur. et Sch. Syst. v. 6. p. 524. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 93. Scan- dix Anthriscus, Lightf. p. 166. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 325. E. B. t. 818. HAB. Road-sides and waste places, abundant. May, June. O Common Anthriscus.—Stems about 2 feet high, rather weak, much spreading and branched, glabrous, striated, swelling beneath each joint. Leaves pe- tiolate, pale delicate green, slightly hairy. Umbels mostly lateral, oppo- site the leaves, on peduncles of various lengths, sometimes almost sessile, 4-6 rayed ; umbellules small, few-flowered. General involucre wanting, or very rarely of one leaf; partial ones of several small ovate leaves. Flowers white, small ; petals nearly equal, ob-cordate. Fruit rough with hooked bristles, ovate-lanceolate, including the glabrous bifid beak, which is about half its length._Whole plant of a pale green, and weak delicate habit. 64. SCANDIX. (Nat. Ord. UMBELLIFERÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 253.) 1. S. Pecten, stem rough; leaves tri-pinnate, leaflets linear, multifid; fruit roughish, with a very long beak. S. Pecten- Veneris, Lightf. p. 163. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 324. p Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 92. E. B. t. 1397. HAB. Corn-fields, common. June, July. Needle-Chervil. Venus's Comb.-Stems spreading, branched, furrowed, rough. Leaves very much divided, and regularly linear, smooth, dark green. Umbels irregular, sometimes simple, but mostly of 2 or 3 rays; the um- bellules of several short ones. Partial involucres of several leaves, more or less divided towards the apex. Flowers small, white; petals unequal. Fruit oblong, rough, furnished with an angular, scabrous beak, an inch and a half long. III. TRIGYNIA. pe- 65. VIBURNUM. (Nat. Ord. CAPRIFOLIACEÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 249.) 1. V. Opulus, leaves glabrous, lobed, widely serrate, the tiols bearing glands; cyme drooping when in fruit. Lightf. p. 170. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 335. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 96. E. B. t. 332. Hab. Moist woods and hedges. Auchindenny woods, Maughan. June. h Common Guelder-Rose or Water Elder.--Small tree, having many stems from the same root, and spreading upwards. Branches opposite. Leaves large, broad, very glabrous, 3-lobed, unequally serrate, rather paler beneath, fine red in decay. Cymes terminal, erect, large, flat, with white flowers of two sizes, the inner ones small, equal, fertile ; the outer very large, unequal, radiating, 5-cleft, containing neither stamens nor pistils. Berries drooping, very succulent, pinkish red, with an unpleasant smell when bruised. Seeds compressed. 66. SAMBUCUS. (Nat. Ord. CAPRIFOLIACEÆ, Hool. Scot. 2. p. 249.) 1. S. Ebulus, cymes with three principal branches ; leaves PARNASSIA. PENTANDRIA. TETRAGYNIA. 73 p. 96. pinnate, leaflets lanceolate, stipules foliaceous; stem herbaceous. Lightf. p. 171. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 336. Hook. Fl. Scot. E. B. t. 475. HAB. Woods and waste places, rare. In a field by the road leading from Edinburgh to Dalkeith, a little beyond Newington, Mr J. Mac- kay. South bank of the Water of Leith, Maughan. Near Inver- keithing, Mr J. Stewart. July. 4. Dwarf Elder.—Root creeping. Stems about 3 feet high, erect, simple, fur- rowed, rough. Leaves with 3-4 pair of leaflets, dark green, smoothish, serrate, veiny. Cymes large, terminal, dense, the branches pilose. Flowers numerous, pedicellate, purplish; corolla-segments ovate. Stamens thick, erect. Berries globular, purple black.—Plant fætid ; cathartic. 2. S. nigra, cymes with five main branches ; leaves pinnate, leaflets ovate; stem arborescent. Lightf: p. 171. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 336. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 96. E. B. t. 476. Hab. Woods and hedges, frequent. June. h. Common Elder.—A small bushy tree, with opposite branches filled with a light white pith. Leaves dull green, with 2-3 pair of leaflets ; leaflets serrate, in one variety laciniate (Parsley-leaved Elder), smooth. Cymes terminal, large, flat, cream-coloured. Flowers numerous, strong-scented ; corolla-segments roundish. Stamens spreading. Berries purple black, in one variety white. Plant fætid. Berries in request for making wine. Pith very useful in various electrical experiments. IV. TETRAGYNIA. 67. PARNASSIA. (Nat. Ord. V10LACEÆ, De Cand. Situation uncertain, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 296.) 1. P. palustris. Lightf. p. 172. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 340. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 96. E. B. t. 82. Hab. Bogs and marshy pastures, rare in this neighbourhood. Pentland Hills, abundant near the Water-house, and near Swanston Wood, Mr Neill. King's Park, Mr Bainbridge. Grass of Parnassus.—Stem 6–12 inches high, erect, glabrous, and somewhat twisted, angular, 1-flowered, and bearing a single, sessile, cordate, en- tire leaf below the middle; radical leaves numerous, on long petiols, in other respects similar to the cauline one. Corolla inferior, white, large ; petals broadly ovate, finely veined. Nectaries beautiful, in the form of scales, fringed with filaments tipped with yellow pellucid globules, and alternating with the stamens. Capsule ovate, stigma sessile. V. PENTAGYNIA. 68. STATICE. (Nat. Ord. PLUMBAGINEÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 210.) 1 S. Armeria, leaves linear ; scape simple, bearing a round 174 PENTANDRIA. HEXAGYNIA. DROSERA. p. 340. head of flowers. Lightf. p. 173. Smith, Fl. Brit. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 97. E. B. t. 226. HAB. Sea-coast and on mountains. Summit of Arthur's Seat, Mr D. Steuart. Frequent on both sides of the Frith of Forth, and in the Islands. July, August. 4. Thrift.—Plant growing in thick tufts. Leaves all radical, very numerous, channelled, glabrous, short and linear. Scapes, 3-8 inches high, rather slender, but firm, sheathed at their apex by a ragged reddish membrane, near an inch long, united above to the brown, acute, 3-leaved general involucre ; inner involucre obtuse, scariose. Flowers rose-colour; petals obovate. 69. LINUM. (Nat. Ord. LINEÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 277.) 1. L. usitatissimum, stem mostly solitary ; leaves lanceolate, alternate; calycine leaves acute 3-nerved; petals crenate. Lightf. p. 173. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 342. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 97. E. B. p t. 1357. HAB. Corn-fields, occasionally. July. O. Common Flax.—Stem 12-20 inches high, erect, round, smooth, simple at the base, branched above in a panicled manner; branches erect, slen- der Leaves distant, glabrous, 3-nerved, entire. Flowers, pedunculate, erect, large, blue; petals broadly ovate, fixed by a claw. Capsule round- ish, pointed. Seeds elliptical, highly polished.-Cultivated for the manu- facture of flax from the stems. Seeds produce the linseed-oil. 2. L. catharticum, stem panicled above with dichotomous branches : leaves opposite, oblong ; petals somewhat acute. Lightf. p. 174. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 344. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 97. E. B. t. 382. HAB. Dry pastures, very common. King's Park. Between Burntisland and Pettycur, most abundant. June, July. O. Purging Flax.-Stems very slender, erect or spreading, 2–6 inches long, seve- ral arising from the same base, then simple till near the top, when it be- comes branched in a dichotomous manner. Leaves opposite, thus differ- ing from the other British species. Flowers white, small, drooping be- fore expansion. VI. HEXAGYNIA. 70. DROSERA. (Nat. Ord. DROSERACEÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 283.) 1. D. rotundifolia, leaves radical, orbicular, petiolate, spread- ing; scape bearing a simple raceme. Lightf. p. 175. Smith, FÌ. Brit. p. 346. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 98. E. B. t. 867. HAB. Bogs. Pentland Hills, frequent. July. 4. Round-leaved Sun-dew.-- Leaves naked beneath, covered above, and on the margin with crimson hairs, tipped with a very glutinous pellucid globule. Scapes several, 3-6 inches high, slender, firm, smooth. Raceme terminal, subsecund, somewhat curved. Flowers small, whitish, shortly pedicillate, erect. Petals obovate. GALANTHUS. HEXANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. 175 VI. HEXANDRIA. I. MONOGYNIA. - 1. GALANTHUS. (Nat. Ord. AMARYLLIDEÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 186.) 1. G. nivalis. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 100. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 352. E. B. t. 19. Hab. Woods and banks, rare. Arniston Woods, very abundant, Messrs Maughan and Shuter. Feb. 4. Snowdrop.—Root bulbous. Scape 4–8 inches high, round, smooth, 1-flowered. Leaves 2, broadly linear, obtuse, glaucous green, sheathing the stem at the base. Flower drooping, large, pedunculate, bursting from a spatha ; inner segments of the perianth striated with green. 2. NARCISSUS. (Nat. Ord. AMARYLLIDEÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 185. 1. N. Pseudo-Narcissus, spatha 1-flowered ; nectary infundi- buliform, curled at the margin, as long as the ovate segments of the perianth. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 100. Smith, Fl. Brit. , p. 355. E. B. t. 17. HAB. Damp woods and moist places, rare. Meadows in the neighbour- hood of Culross, Maughan. April. 4. Common Daffodil.–Root a roundish bulb. Scape 8-10 inches high, com- pressed, 2-edged, 1-flowered. Leaves long, broadly linear, obtusely keel- ed. Flower drooping, large, pale yellow, bursting from a spatha. Nec- tary gold-colour, obsoletely 6-lobed at the margin. 3. ALLIUM. (Nat. Ord. ASPHODELEÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 184.) 1. A. vineule, umbel bulbiferous ; leaves rounded, fistulose ; stamens tricuspidate. Lightf. p. 179. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 359. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 101. E. B. t. 1974. Hab. Dry pastures and waste banks. Debris of Salisbury Craigs, Light- foot. Craig-Lockhart. June. 4. Crow Garlic.—Root a small ovate bulb. Stem slender, erect, 12–18 inches high. Leaves few, long, round, hollow, smooth. Spatha deciduous. Umbel small, furnished with many little acute greenish bulbs, densely crowded : Flowers greenish flesh colour, small, few, on short capillary peduncles. Stamens longer than the petals, each having 3 filaments, the center one shortest, and antheriferous.-It often happens that the flowers are want- ing in this species. 2. A. oleraceum, umbel bulbiferous; leaves rounded, grooved above, roughish; spatha with two very long points. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 101. Smith, Fl. Brit, p. 358. E. B. t. 488. HAB. Borders of fields and waste places, rare. Near St David's, Mr J. Stewart. July. 4. Streaked Field-Garlic.—Root a small ovate brown bulb. Stem near 2 feet high, erect, slender, round. Leaves long, acute, channelled above, 76 HEXANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. HYACINTHUS. p. 179. rounded beneath and nerved, roughish on both sides. Umbel bearing many ovate, purplish bulbs, intermixed with flowers on long slender peduncles. Petals of a greenish white, streaked with 3 purple lines. Stamens simple. 3. A. ursinum, scape triangular ; leaves large, plane, oblong- lanceolate, petiolate; umbel without bulbs, flattish Lightf. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 359. 359. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 101. E. B. t. 122. HAB. Moist woods. Rosslyn woods, Lightfoot. Auchindenny woods, Mr Neill. King's Park, Mr D. Steuart and Dr Graham. Arniston woods. June. 4. Broad-leaved Garlic or Ramsons.--Root a slender bulb. Scape about a foot high, erect, weak, smooth. Leaves very smooth, all radical, shorter than the scape, acute; base of the petiol sheathing. Spatha of 2 ovate, acute leaves. Umbel many-rayed. Flowers white; petals ovate-lanceolate, spreading.-Odour, when the plant is bruised, remarkably strong. Flowers handsome. 4. ORNITHOGALUM * (Nat. Ord. ASPHODELEÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 184.) 1. 0. luteum, flowers yellow, forming an unequal, simple umbel ; stem angular, bearing two leaves below the umbel. Lightf. p. 180. Smith, Fl. Brit. p 362. Hook. Fl. Scot. E. B. t. 21. HAB. Moist woods, very rare. Auchtertool Linn, Maughan March, April. 4. Yellow Star of Bethlehem.-Root a very small bulb. Stem about 6 inches high, erect. Leaves : single radical one long, broadly linear; Cauline ones 2, much shorter, unequal, situated immediately below the umbel, ci- liated at the margin. Segments of the perianth ovate-lanceolate, greenish externally, yellow within.-An elegant and rare, but truly native plant. 5. HYACINTHUS. (Nat. Ord. ASPHODELEÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 184.) 1. H. non-scriptus, raceme drooping, perianth deeply sex- partite, segments revolute at their extremities; bracteas in pairs. Lightf. p. 182. Hook. Fl. Scot. P. 102. Scilla nutans, Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 366. E. B. t. 377. HAB. Woods, hedge-banks, &c. Coryton woods, and on the south side of the river opposite Logton wood, by Dalkeith, Lightfoot. Craig- leith Quarry ; and Salisbury Craigs, Mr Neill. Rosslyn woods. May. 4. Wild Hyacinth or Hare-bell.–Root a roundish or ovate white bulb. Scape 9-12 inches high, round, smooth, succulent, brittle. Leaves all radical, broadly linear, somewhat keeled, flaccid, summit nodding. Raceme ele- gant, simple, many-flowered, gracefully curved. Flowers large, pendent, fine purple blue, sometimes white, very shortly pedicellate. Bracteas 2 p. 102. * I find in a note, dated 1797, by my highly esteemed friend Mr Neill, that Ornithogalum umbellatum, was growing in a pasture of the King's Park, of very many years standing. It is, however, now eradicated, and having never been found since or in any other spot, can scarcely claim insertion. NARTHECIUM. 77 HEXANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. - at the base of each pedicel.-One of the most ornamental and graceful of British plants ; with far more of the habit of a hyacinth than a squill. 6. NARTHECIUM. (Nat. Ord. JUNCEÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 182.) 1. N. Ossifragum. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 103. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 368. E. B. t. 535. Anthericum ossifragum, Lightf. p. 181. Hab. Bogs on moors. Bog on the hill above North Queensferry, Mr Neill. Pentland Hills, but not frequent. July, August. 4. Lancashire Asphodel.–Root creeping. Leaves all radical, equitant, ensi- form, like those of the Iris, but much smaller. Scape 6-8 inches high, decumbent at the base, much longer than the leaves, clothed at intervals with lanceolate scales. Flowers arranged in a terminal spike, bright yellow, shortly pedunculate, erect ; a small reddish bractea at the base of each peduncle. Leaves of the perianth 6, linear-oblong, spreading, persistent. Capsule prismatic, pointed, brown, shining.--A handsome plant. 17. ASPARAGUS. (Nat. Ord. ASPARAGE Æ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 183.) 1. A. officinalis, unarmed; stem herbaceous, erect, rounded, much branched ; leaves setaceous fasciculate. Hook. Fl. Scot. . p. 103. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 369. E. B. t. 339. HAB. Sandy sea-shores, rare. Links near Gosford, Mr E. Maughan. August. 4. Common Asparagus. „Root creeping. Stem erect, 9-18 inches high, naked below and scaly, branched and bushy upwards. Flowers greenish white, small, monopetalous, 6-cleft, axillary, drooping on short, simple jointed peduncles. Stamens inserted on the corolla. Berries globular, bright scarlet. Seeds black.—The origin of our garden Asparagus. In its cul. tivated state it becomes much larger and more robust. 8. CONVALLARIA. (Nat. Ord. ASPARAGE Æ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 183.) 1. C. majalis, scape semicylindrical ; leaves 2, ovate-lanceo- - late; flowers racemed, campanulate, drooping on short peduncles. Lightf. p. 182. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 370. Hook. FI. Scot. 103. E. B. t. 1035. HAB. Woods in subalpine situations. Arniston and Colinton woods, Maughan. May. 4. Lily of the Valley. Root creeping. Leaves 2, smooth, veined, terminating below in straight, equitant petiols, sheathed at their base with pale scales. Scape issuing from the sheathing scales, distinct from, but along with the leaves. Raceme few-flowered, with a lanceolate bractea at the base of each peduncle. Flowers pure white, campanulate, 6-cleft, odori- ferous, subsecund; the segments recurved. Stamens inserted on the corolla. Berries red, spherical.—Universally cultivated for its elegance and delightful fragrance. 9. JUNCUS. (Nat. Ord. JUNCEÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 179.) * Leaves none. Flowers lateral. 1. J. glaucus, stem deeply striated, rigid; panicle much 1 p. 103. 78 HEXANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. JUNCUS. branched, erect; capsule elliptic-acute, shorter than the acute leaves of the perianth. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 105. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 375. E. B. t. 665. J. inflexus, Lightf. p. 183. HAB. Wet pastures and road-sides. Leith Links, Dr Graham. Pent- land Hills, Mr Arnott. July. 4. Common Hard Rush.—Roots creeping. Stems 1-2 feet high, erect, slender, rigid, glaucous, with very acute summits; base inclosed with dark brown, shining sheaths. Panicle bursting several inches below the summit, loose, but erect. Perianth slender, pale brown; its leaves lanceolate- subulate. Stamens 6. Capsule acute, 3-sided, shining.–Sheaths at the base of the stems in the species of this division, regarded by Mr Bicheno as rudiments of leaves; and what have been usually called leaves, he therefore considers barren stems. See his excellent Monograph of the British species in Linn. Trans. v. 12. p. 296. 2. J. effusus, stems not rigid, finely striated ; panicle lax, very compound, spreading; capsule obovate obtuse, shorter than the acute leaves of the perianth. Lightf. p. 183. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 376. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 105. E. B. t. 836. Hab. Wet pastures and marshy places, common. July. 4. Soft Rush.-Root creeping. Stems 2-3 feet high, slender, pliable and soft, smooth, pale green. Panicle spreading, very much branched. Leaves of the perianth lanceolate-subulate, pale greenish. Stamens 6, rarely 3. Capsule obtuse, which is an excellent mark of distinction between this and the preceding.–Manufactured into mats, &c. Pith used in making rush-lights. 3. J. conglomeratus, stem minutely striated ; panicle branch- ed, dense, globose ; perianth triandrous; capsule very obtuse. Lightf. p. 183. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 376. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 105. E. B. t. 835. Hab. Marshy places, very abundant. July. 4. Round-headed Rush.—Root creeping. Stems 2-3 feet high, soft, sheathing, scales at the base, very long and dark. Panicle bursting nearer the top of the stem than in either of the preceding, densely conglomerate. Sta- mens 3. Capsule ovate, retuse, about as long as the perianth.–Used for economical purposes like the last. . ** Leaves all radical. Flowers terminal. 4. J. squarrosus, stem naked; leaves setaceous, rigid, chan- nelled ; panicle terminal ; capsules obovate. Lightf. p. 184. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 378. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 105. E. B. t. 933. , . . HAB. Moors and heaths, common. Braid and Pentland Hills. July. 4. Moss Rush. Heath Rush._Root fibrous. Stems about a foot high, rigid, smooth. Leaves forming a coarse dense tuft, spreading, very numerous, linear, acute. Panicle elongate, compound, furnished with lanceolate, brown sheathing bracteas. Leaves of the perianth brown, lanceolate, with scariose margins. Capsule obovate, shining, obtuse.- A coarse species, obtaining the mastery over every other plant that grows beside it. *** Stems Leafy. + Leaves nearly plane ; channelled above. 5. J. bulbosus, culm simple, compressed ; leaves linear-se- JUNCUS. HEXANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. 79 taceous, channelled; panicle terminal, shorter than the bractea; ; capsule longer than the obtuse perianth. Lightf. p. 184. Smith, FI. Brit. p. 381. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 107. E. B. t. 934. HAB. Marshy places, frequent. By the sea-side between Granton and Cramond. August. 4. Round-fruited Rush.Root creeping. Culms numerous, erect, 6–12 inches high, leafy towards the base, compressed upwards. Leaves mostly radical, long. Bracteas channelled, setaceous, the lowest usually longer than the panicle. Panicle branched, irregular, the first branch generally longer than the rest. Leaves of the perianth brown, obtuse, scariose at the mar- gin, shorter than the obtuse roundish capsule. Juncus conosus, of Mr Bicheno, I believe with Dr Hooker, to be nothing more than a variety of this species. It has a nearly simple panicle, very few flowers, and the bractea short. Muddy salt marshes often abound with it, and it will probably be found to grow near Edinburgh. 6. J. bufonius, leaves linear-setaceous; panicle dichotomous; flowers solitary, sessile ; leaves of the perianth very acuminate, much longer than the capsule. Lightf. p. 185. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 381. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 108. E. B. t. 802. p HAB. Moist places; dried up ditches, &c. common. August. O Toad Rush.-Root fibrous. Culms 3-9 inches high, numerous, slender, bearing a dichotomous panicle. Leaves channelled, acute, mostly radical. Bracteas at the base of the panicle long, foliaceous : small, partial, ovate, scariose bracteas or scales accompany the flowers. Leaves of the perianth pale green, with white scariose margins, linear-lanceolate, acuminate. Cap-- sule much shorter than the perianth, elliptic-ovate, obtuse. 7. J. uliginosus, culm bulbous at the base, erect or prostrate; leaves setaceous, grooved; flowers 2–5 in clusters, subsessile ; capsule obtuse, about as long as the dark acuminate perianth. . Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 108. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 380. E. B. t. 801. HAB. In marshes and places that are partly dried up in the summer. Frequent on the Pentland Hills, and in the peat-pits on Ravelrig. toll-moss, Maughan. The marshes on Braid Hill are filled with it. August. 4. Little Bulbous Rush.Root fibrous. Culms thickened at the base in a bul bous manner, 3-18 inches long, according to situation ; sometimes erect, but more commonly ascending or prostrate, and striking roots at the joints; branched, slender, often filiform. Flowers sessile, 2-5 together ; clusters rather distant, sometimes forming a sort of terminal panicle, at others ranged irregularly along the prostrate culm, and giving origin at the same point to roots and leaves. Bracteas small and scariose, shorter than the flowers, and not changing into leaves in the viviparous variety, as Mr. Bicheno has mentioned : at least in my specimens, the bracteas remain, and the new leaves arise from the stem. Leaves of the perianth acumi- nate, scariose at the margin, chocolate-coloured, keeled. Capsule obtuse, 3-sided, longer than the perianth in dry situations, often shorter, in the prostrate variety. This is a most provoking species to the botanist, for he no sooner lays down a character which he hopes may prove constant, than he finds it perhaps contradicted by the next specimen which he examines. I am by no means satisfied with the character I have given, but have no better to offer. The only part of Mr Bicheno's which can be relied on, is the “ leaves setaceous, grooved." The flowers are by no means constant to 3, nor 80 HEXANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. JUNCUS. are they always sessile, some of my specimens having peduncles as long as the capsule. The length of the perianth varies in its relation to the capsule, and the bulbous base of the stem is sometimes scarcely to be traced in the long proliferous variety, which, after all, is the most com- mon. ++ Leaves rounded, apparently jointed ; (having numerous internal transverse partitions.) 8. J. acutiflorus, leaves nodoso-articulate, subcompressed ; panicle terminal, variously compound; leaves of the perianth acutely lanceolate, as long as the acute capsule. Hook. Fl. . Scot. p. 109. J. articulatus, J. articulatus, Smith, Fl. Brit. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 379. E. B. t. 238. HAB. Ditches and marshy places, very common. July, August. 4. Sharp-flowered Rush.—Root creeping. Culm 1-2 feet high, erect, weak, compressed. Leaves 3-4 on the culm, sheathing. Panicle in flower and fruit much branched, lax, divaricate; the branches rather long, slender, the extreme ones sometimes patent, and even reflexed. Leaves of the perianth all similar, lanceolato-subulate, green or chocolate coloured, ob- soletely keeled. Capsule 3-sided, elliptic-ovate, acute light brown, about as long as the perianth. This plant varies considerably in the character of its panicle. The little clusters are 3-15-flowered, and as the clusters are tolerably uniform on the same specimen, the appearance of others is very different. Fruit is not so freely produced as in the next species, and is seldom longer than the perianth, and never so dark coloured or so highly varnished. 9. J. lampocarpus, leaves nodoso-articulate, compressed ; pa- nicle terminal, compound; capsule large, black, acute, varnish- ed, longer than the oblong-lanceolate leaves of the perianth. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 109. E. B. t. 2143. . HAB. Bogs, ditches, road-sides in marshy places, frequent. Abercorn Park. July, August. 4. Shining-fruited Rush.Root creeping. Culms ascending or erect, 3-12 inches high, compressed, many-leaved, not weak like the last. Leaves compressed, rather short, acute. Panicle terminal, erect, compound, but with few branches, and those rigid. Clusters of flowers larger and fewer than in the preceding. Leaves of the perianth oblongo-lanceolate, with a short point passing beyond the scariose margin, not subulate at the apex like those of the last; the inner leaves somewhat more scariose than the outer, but I agree with Dr Hooker, that there is no difference in form as Mr Bicheno thinks. Capsules very large, acutely triquetrous, purplish black, tipped with the acute persistent style, considerably longer than the perianth, and very highly varnished, giving the panicle a blackish appearance even at a distance.—Two or three weeks earlier in producing fruit than the preceding. In both species the flowers are accompanied by scariose scale- like bracteas, tipped with a delicate mucro. 10. J. obtusiflorus, leaves rounded, nodoso-articulate; pa- nicle very compound, spreading ; leaves of the perianth concave, very obtuse, as long as the capsule. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 109. E. B. t. 2144. J. articulatus, Lightf. p. 184. Hab. Bogs and ditches, rare. Ditches in Abercorn Park near the lower fish-pond, abundant. August. 4. a LUZULA. 81 HEXANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. a Blunt-flowered Rush.—Root creeping. Culms erect, 2-3 feet high, smooth, cylindrical, weak, few-leaved. Leaves long, jointed, almost knotty when dry. Panicle very compound, several sets of branches arising from dif- ferent points, which are consequently crowded with scariose bracteas ; extreme branches often reflexed. Flowers 2-5 in a cluster, sessile, pale green. Perianth-leaves remarkably obtuse. Capsule “light brown, shining, small, oval, mucronate, 3-sided,” (Bich.)—It does not ripen its seeds freely near Edinburgh ; I never even met with a specimen in that state. 10. LUZULA. (Nat. Ord. JUNCEXE, Hook. Scot. p. 181.) 1. L. maxima, leaves hairy ; panicle large, very compound, with elongated branches; leaves of the perianth aristate, as long as the capsule. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 110. Juncus sylvaticus, Lightf. p. 186. Smith, Fl. Brit. P. 385. E. B. t. 1737. Hab. Moist woods and shaded banks, frequent. Banks of the river at Rosslyn, Dr Parsons in Lightfoot. Auchindenny woods, Colinton, Braid Hermitage, &c. May. 4. Great Hairy Wood-rush.—Culms 1-2 feet high, erect, leafy, striated. Leaves broadly linear, long, acuminate, nerved, the margin set with longish hairs ; cauline ones shorter. Panicle cymose, very compound, having a short central branch, and several longer ones, each supporting, as it were, another smaller panicle. Bracteas all ciliate at the margin. Flowers small, clustered in threes or fours. Leaves of the perianth lanceolate, aris- tate, chesnut-coloured, with a white scariose margin. Capsule ovate, acute, brown.-Forms large tufts, and has a firm root. 2. L. pilosa, leaves hairy; panicle divaricate, slightly com- pound; peduncles 1-flowered, reflexed; capsule obtuse. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 110. Juncus pilosus, Lightf. p. 186. Smith, Fl. Brit. P. 384. E. B. t. 736. HAB. Woods, common. Rosslyn, Auchindenny, and Arniston woods, &c. April, May. 4. Small Hairy Wood-rush.—Root stoloniferous. Culms 6–12 inches high, slen- der, leafy. Leaves linear-lanceolate, those on the stem short, those from the base long and numerous; all hairy at the margin. Panicle formed of a few filiform longish branches, mostly divaricate or deflexed, and some- times divided at their apex into 2 or 3 patent peduncles. Bracteas ac- companied by a few hairs. Leaves of the perianth lanceolate acute, scarce- ly at all, or very minutely aristate, chesnut-coloured, shining. Capsule * 3-sided, inversely heart-shaped, obtuse, suddenly narrower towards the middle, (Bich.) Seeds with a pale curved appendage at the top (caruncu- la), equal in length to the seeds. Foliage resembling the preceding, but much smaller. 3. L. campestris, leaves hairy ; spikes sessile and peduncu- late; leaves of the perianth lanceolate, aristate, longer than the very obtuse capsule. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 110. Juncus campes- tris, Lightf. p. 186. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 385. E. B. t. 672. B. Culms taller ; flowers collected into a dense roundish head; leaves slightly hairy. Juncus sudeticus, Willd. , y. Culms taller ; spikes less obtuse, on suberect peduncles; leaves excessively hairy. HAB. Dry pastures, abundant. B. in turfy and boggy places. y. in woods and on hedge-banks. April, May. 4. a 82 HEXANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. BERBERIS. Hairy Field-rush-Root creeping. Culms erect, 3-12 inches high, leafy. Leaves tufted, linear or linear-lanceolate, acuminate, hairy at the mar- gin, especially so at the orifice of the sheaths. Flowers collected in ovate obtuse spikes, some of which are sessile, others pedunculate, and either erect or drooping: Bracteas ; besides the foliaceous ones, there are several small scariose silvery ones at the base of each flower. Leaves of the perianth aristate, brown, shining Capsule 3-sided, roundish or obo- vate, very obtuse. Seeds ovato-reniform, with a small white appendage (caruncula) at the base. B. is remarkable for its dense rush-like head of flowers and less hairy leaves. I have compared it with authentic speci- mens of Luz. sudetica, and find them agree in every particular, even to the seeds. y. is of a paler colour, and so hairy as to appear sprinkled with fine flax. It agrees so little with B., that Mr Bicheno has certainly erred in placing them under one variety. At first sight it might be taken from its inflorescence for Juncus pallescens of Wahlenberg. Against my inclination, I am convinced that B and y are only varieties. 11. BERBERIS. (Nat. Ord. BERBERIDEÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 293.) 1. B. vulgaris, racemes pendulous; spines three-forked ; leaves obovate, serrate, the serratures terminating in soft bristles. Lightf. p. 178. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 387. Hook. Fl. Scot. E. B. t. 49. Hab. Hedges. Road-side near Queensferry, Mr Neill. Occasionally about Edinburgh. May, June. . Common Barberry.—A bushy shrub, with pale, erect, spinous stems. Leaves petiolate, smooth, fasciculate, acid to the taste. Spines long, very acute, divaricate. Racemes of many yellow flowers on pedicels. Petals 6, with 2 glands at their base. Stamens starting elastically on being irritated, anthers fulvous. Berries oblong, red, very acid.-Fruit used in pickles and preserves. 12. PEPLIS. (Nat. Ord. SALICAREÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 260.) 1. P. portula, flowers axillary, solitary, sub-apetalous; leaves obovate. Lightf. p. 187. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 389. Hook. Fl. p . Scot. p. 111. E. B. t. 1211. HAB. Watery places, or such as are overflowed in the winter. Braid Hill marshes, G. Don. Pentland Hills, Messrs Stewart and Arnott. July, August. O. Water Purslane.—Stems procumbent, sometimes floating, striking root at the joints, branched, 3-9 inches long, slender. Leaves opposite, scarcely petiolate, very obtuse, entire, smooth. Flowers reddish, the petals often wanting or exceedingly minute. Calycine segments 12, alternately large and small. Capsule round, somewhat pellucid, containing numerous seeds. p. 111. III. TRIGYNIA. 13. RUMEX. (Nat. Ord. POLYGONEÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 206.) * Flowers all perfect containing both stamens and pistils). Lapatha or Docks. + Inner valves of the perianth entire. 1. R. crispus, valves large, cordate, granuliferous ; leaves RUMEX. HEXANDRIA. TRIGYNIA. 89 lanceolate, acute, waved at the margin. Lightf. p. 188. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 391. Hook. Fl. Scot. p Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 112. E. B. t. 1998. Hab. Waste places, frequent. June, July. 4. Curled Dock.—Stem angular, 2-3 feet high, erect, branched, smoothish. Leaves long, narrow, much curled at the margin, petiolate. Whorls of flowers rather crowded, the lower ones accompanied by small leaves. Valves greenish, broadly cordate, veined, furnished with an ovate reddish grain or tubercle. 2. R. sanguineus, valves small, oblong, one or more granu- liferous; leaves lanceolate, somewhat cordate. Hook. Fl. Scot. . p. 112. Smith, F1, Brit. p. 390. E. B. t, 1533. HAB. Woods and waste places, rare. King's Park, Mr Neill. Aber- corn woods, Maughan. Lochend, Mr J. Stewart. July. 4. Bloody-veined Dock.—Stem erect, about 3 feet high, branched, angular, smooth. Leaves generally, though not always, with red veins ; petiolate, smooth, margin somewhat waved. Whorls of flowers small, distant, the lower ones sometimes accompanied by small leaves; the short peduncles of the flowers drooping. Outer and inner segments of the perianth quite entire, one at least of the latter bearing a red tubercle at its base.—The R. acutus of English Botany does not seem to be specifically distinct from this. tt Inner valve of the perianth toothed. 3. R. acutus, valves oblong, somewhat toothed, all granuli- ferous; leaves cordato-oblong, acuminate; whorls leafy. Lightf. p. 188. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 391. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 112. E. B. p t. 724. HAB. Moist ground, in meadows, &c. King's Park, Mr Yalden. Com- mon about Edinburgh, Dr Graham, July. 4. Sharp Dock.-Much resembling the last. Stem furrowed, erect, branched. Leaves long, often narrow. Whorls of flowers numerous, small, each ac- companied by a small leaf; the flowers drooping, the valves scarcely or slightly toothed, all bearing red grains. 4. R. obtusifolius, valves ovate, one chiefly granuliferous ; radical leaves cordate-oblong, obtuse ; stem roughish. Lightf. p. 189. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 392. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 113. E. B. t. 1999. HAB. Waste places, common. July. 4. Broad-leaved Dock.—Stem erect, branched, 2-3 feet high, furrowed, rough- ish upwards. Leaves somewhat crenate and waved, the upper ones nar- rower and more acute. Whorls of flowers rather large, close; peduncles e longish, capillary. Inner valves of the perianth large when in fruit, cor- dato-ovate, toothed towards the base; the grain or tubercle largest on the outermost valve. 5. R. maritimus, valves triangular, bearing a tubercle, and fringed with setaceous teeth ; leaves linear-lanceolate; whorls crowded. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 113. 113. Smith, Fl. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 393. E. B. t. 725. HAB. Marshes on the sea-shore. Burntisland ; and between Kinghorn and Pettycur, Mr Neill. July, August. 4. F 2 84 HEXANDRIA. TRIGYNIA. TRIGLOCHIN. -- Golden Dock.—Stem 2-3 feet high, erect, sulcate, reddish, branched. Leaves long, plane, entire. Flowers forming numerous dense whorls of a rich yellowish colour when in fruit. Valves of the fruit all bearing an oblong red grain, and furnished at each margin with about 4 bristly teeth, fully as long as the valve. ** Flowers diæcious, ( Acetosa or Sorrels.) 6. R. Acetosa, leaves oblong, arrow-shaped, their segments approaching the petiol. Lightf. p. 191. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 396. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 113. E. B. t. 127. HAB. Meadows and pastures frequent. June. 4. Common Sorrel.—Stems erect, mostly simple, 12-20 inches high, slender, deeply striate. Leaves; radical ones on long petiols, obtuse, somewhat succulent ; cauline ones sessile, more acute, the sagittate lobes embracing the stem. Flowers irregularly whorled, containing stamens and pistils on distinct plants. Valves of the fruit-bearing flowers reddish, cordate, ob- tuse, graniferous according to Smith, but not in Dr Hooker's specimens, and but seldom according to my own observations.—Whole plant acid, wholesome, and used for domestic purposes. 17. R. Acetosella, leaves lanceolate, hastate, their lobes acute, spreading Lightf. p. 191. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 396. 396. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 113. E. B. t. 1674. HAB. Dry pastures, road-sides in sandy places, very abundant, especial- ly between Edinburgh and the sea, about Newhaven. May, July. 4. Sheep's Sorrel.–Root slender, creeping. Stems 2-12 inches high, somewhat flexuose, slightly branched. Leaves varying in form, mostly lanceolate, but sometimes obovate, at others nearly linear, the lobes at the base, however, are always divaricate, and the leaf more or less contracted im- mediately above them. Valves of the fruit-bearing flowers, ovate, red- dish, never graniferous.- The plant containing pistiliferous flowers is smaller than that with stameniferous ones. Herb acid like the pre- ceding 14. TRIGLOCHIN. (Nat. Ord. JUNCAGINEÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 192.) 1. T. palustre, fruit 3-celled, nearly linear. Lightf. p. 191. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 398. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 114. E. B. t. 366. HAB. Bogs and marshy meadows, abundant. August. 4. Marsh Arrow-grass.—Leaves all radical, linear, fleshy, with sheathing sti. pules at the base. Scape 6-12 inches high, rounded, simple. Flowers in a long, linear, raceme-like spike, small, greenish, on short erect peduncles. Anthers sessile, within each inner segment of the perianth. * Capsules 3, linear, united by a common receptacle, so as to form one 3-celled fruit, each separating by the base, and suspended by the extremity, never opening,” Hook. When thus separated, the fruit has a strong resem- blance to a 3-barbed arrow. 2. T. maritimum, fruit 6-celled, ovate. Lightf. p. 192. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 399. p Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 114. E. B. t. 255. HAB. Salt marshes on the sea coast, abundant. Inverkeithing Bay, Mr Neill. Guillon Links. About Queensferry, &c. May-August. 2. Sea-side Arrow-grass.—Somewhat stouter than the last, but similar in habit. It differs in the fruit being formed of 6 capsules. The segments of the perianth are also more obtuse. EPILOBIUM. 85 OCTANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. - 15. ALISMA. (Nat. Ord. ALISMACEÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 186.) 1. A. Plantago, leaves ovate, acute ; fruit depressed, the cap- sules obtusely triangular. Lightf. p. 193. Smith, Fl. Brit. p p. 400. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 114. E. B. t. 837. HAB. Sides of streams, lakes, and ditches, very common. Lochend and Duddingston Loch, &c. July. 4. Great Water Plantain.-_Leaves all radical, on long petiols, acute, varying considerably in breadth, ribbed. Scape 1-3 feet high, erect, smooth, ter- minating in a sort of large whorled panicle, the branches of which are spreading, and slightly compound, with bracteas at their base. Flowers pedunculate, pale rose-colour. Petals obtuse, delicate, margin erose, very deciduous. This has been ranked among the many valueless specifics against hydrophobia, especially in Russia. 2. A. ranunculoides, leaves linear-lanceolate; fruit globose, squarrose, the capsules acute. Lightf. p. 193. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 402. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 115. E. B. t. 326. HAB. Ditches, pools, bogs, rare. Duddingston Loch, Maughan. Hun- ter's Bog, Mr Neill. Near Burntisland, G. Don. August. 4. Lesser Water Plantain.-Leaves all radical, on long petiols, smooth, not ribbed. Scape a foot long or less, but varying according to situation, be- ing sometimes erect and taller than the leaves, at others decumbent. Flowers on long simple peduncles, arranged in 1-3 whorls, losing that character when the scape is decumbent, the peduncles then erect, and at right angles with the scape. Petals larger than the preceding. Germens acute, 5-angled, forming a squarrose head. - VIII. OCTANDRIA. I. MONOGYNIA. p. 197. 1. EPILOBIUM. (Nat. Ord. ONAGRARIÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 258.) * Petals unequal. 1. E. angustifolium, leaves scattered, linear-lanceolate, veined, smooth ; flowers somewhat spiked, the stamens declined. Lightf. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 409. . Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 116. . E. B. t. 1947. HAB. Moist woods and rocks, rare. Habbie's How, Pentland Hills: Colinton and Abercorn woods, Maughan. Rosslyn and Auchindenny woods, Dr Graham. Rose-bay Willow-herb.-Root creeping. Stems 2-5 feet high, erect, simple, or slightly branched upwards, round, smooth and leafy. Leaves subses- sile, glaucous beneath. Flowers forming a large, irregular, terminal spike, very showy and ornamental, deep rose-coloured. Petals irregular, the larger ones obovate or obcordate. Stamens declined, the pollen blue. Stigma 4-cleft. ** Petals equal. 2. E. hirsutum, leaves semi-amplexicaul, ovate-lanceolate, 86 OCTANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. EPILOBIUM p. 117. hairy ; stem much branched, hairy; root creeping: . Lightf. p. 117. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 410. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 117. E. B. p . t. 838. HAB. Sides of streams and lakes, frequent. King's Park. Abundant on the banks of the Water of Leith. July. 4. Great Hairy Willow-herb.-Root creeping. Stems 3-4 feet high, erect, branched, round, very hairy and leafy. Leaves dentato-serrate, spread- ing; the lower ones opposite, amplexicaul ; the upper ones alternate, merely sessile. Flowers large, rose-coloured, somewhat corymbose, each accompanied by a leaf. Petals broadly obcordate. Capsule long, downy. - Plant with a pleasant slightly acid odour, like that of some preserved fruits. 3. E. parviflorum, leaves sessile, lanceolate ; stem very downy; root fibrous; stigma 4-cleft. Hook. Fl. Scot. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 410. E. B. t. 795. HAB. Sides of ponds and streams, frequent. Aberlady Links, near Luff- ness, Dr Graham. Old pits in a field east of the road leading from Dean Bridge to Caroline Park. Corstorphine Hill. July. 4. Small-flowered Hoary Willow-herb.-Root not creeping: Stem 12-20 inches high, mostly nearly simple, round, firm, very leafy. Leaves minutely toothed, downy on both sides, sub-erect; the lower ones opposite, the upper ones alternate. Flowers in a sort of leafy raceme, small, pale rose- colour.—Differs from the preceding most constantly in the fibrous not creeping root, the small flowers, and suberect and smaller leaves. 4. E. palustre, leaves linear-lanceolate, subdentate, sessile ; stem round, mostly simple ; stigma undivided. Lightf. p. 199. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 412. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 117. E. B. t. 346. . . p Hab. Bogs and marshy places, frequent. Lochend and Duddingston Loch, abundant. Braid Hills and Pentland Hills. July. 4. Narrow-leaved Marsh Willow-herb.-Root fibrous. Stem round, erect, 6-15 inches high, slightly downy, leafy. Leaves opposite below, alternate above, slightly toothed, very minutely downy. Flowers in a sort of leafy raceme, very small, pale rose-colour; petals obcordate.—Plant varies in the pubescence of the stem and leaves, and in the latter being either somewhat toothed or quite entire. 5. E. tetragonum, leaves lanceolate, sessile, glabrous, toothed; stem 4-angled ; stigma undivided. Lightf. p. 198. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 412. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 117. E. B. t. 1948. . . HAB. Sides of ditches and road-sides, not unfrequent. Colinton. July. 4. Square-stalked Willow-herb.-Root fibrous. Stem erect, 12–18 inches high, branched, obtusely 4-angled ; branches somewhat spreading. Leaves opposite at the base, alternate above, smooth, denticulate, sessile. Flowers few, with a leaf at the base of each, rose-colour ; petals obovate, cloven. Stigma club-shaped, undivided. 6. E. montanum, leaves ovate-acute, shortly petiolate, smooth, unequally toothed; stem round; stigma shortly and obtusely 4-cleft . Lightf. p. 198. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 411. Hook. Fi. . Scot. p. 117. E. B. t. 1177. HAB. Stony places, frequent. Old quarries at Corstorphine Hill. July. 4 - VACCINIUM. OCTANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. 87 Broad Smooth-leaved Willow-herb.-Root somewhat creeping. Stem very erect, 8–18 inches high, mostly simple, round, sometimes slightly downy. Leaves opposite below, alternate above, ovate, all sharply and irregularly toothed, pale green, often tinged with red, as is also the stem. Flowers few, in a leafy clustered raceme. Petals pale purplish, as long as the ca- lyx. Capsules long, reddish. 2. VACCINIUM. (Nat. Ord. VACCINEÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 231.) 1. V. Myrtillus, peduncles 1-flowered ; leaves ovate, serrate, deciduous; stem angular. Lightf. p. 200. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 414. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 118. E. B. t. 456. HAB. Woods, frequent. King's Park, Mr Bainbridge. Rosslyn and Auchindenny woods, abundant. May. h. Bilberry, Blaeberry or Whortle-berry.—A low shrubby plant, seldom rising above 1 or 2 feet. Stems much branched in a tufted or bushy man- ner ; branches green, angular. Leaves alternate, shortly petiolate, smooth, veined, bright green. Flowers flesh-colour, axillary, solitary, pendant, roundish, ventricose, with the margin obtusely 5-cleft. Stamens 8–10. Anthers with a pore at the apex, and 2 horns, Berries large. black, glaucous, slightly acid. The fruit is eaten, and often brought to market. 2. V. Vitis Idæa, flowers in terminal drooping clusters ; leaves evergreen, obovate, dotted beneath, subentire and revolute at the margin. Lightf. p. 202. 202. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 415. Hook. Fl. Scot. P. 118. E. B. t. 598. HAB. Moors and woods in gravelly places. Pentland Hills, Maughan. May. h. Red Whortle Berry.—A very low, little, shrubby evergreen plant. Stems mostly erect, 3-5 inches high, flexuose, angular. Leaves numerous, short- ly petiolate, resembling those of the common box, alternate, dark smooth and very shining above, the margin nearly entire or finely ser- rate. Flowers pale flesh-colour, on short simple peduncles, campanulate, 4-cleft. Anthers pointed with terminal pores, and without horns. Ber- ries fine red, acid and astringent ; very inferior to the following, but sold in the markets in Derbyshire under the name of Cowberries. 3. V. Oxycoccus, peduncles 1-flowered, terminal ; leaves ovate, evergreen, entire with revolute margins ; stem creeping ; cor- rolla 4-partite. Lightf. p. 202. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 416. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 119. E. B. t. 319. HAB. Peat-bogs and marshes among moss. Pentland Hills, Mr Neill. West side of Otterston Loch, Fifeshire, Mr E. Maughan. June. h. Cranberry.—Stems 6–10 inches long, filiform, creeping, radicating. Leaves very small, alternate, entire, glaucous beneath, on very short petiols. Flowers on simple peduncles, about an inch long, bearing a few minute bracteas. Corolla deeply divided into 4 ovate, fine red, reflexed segments. Anthers prominent, furnished with terminal pores, but without horns. Berries subglobose, red, 4-celled.–Fruit in much request for making tarts, &c. 3. ERICA (Nat. Ord. ERICEÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 230.) 1. E. cinerea, anthers with two serrated appendages at the green, 88 OCTANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. ERICA base ; style somewhat exserted, stigma capitate ; leaves ternate. Lightf. p. 204. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 418. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 119. E. B. t. 1015. HAB. Moors and heaths, abundant. Pentland Hills, &c. July, August. h F'ine-leaved Ileath.—Stem woody, erect, branched, bushy. Leaves linear- lanceolate, glabrous, somewhat furrowed behind. Flowers sub-whorled in long clustered racemes, drooping, purplish red. Corolla elliptic-globose, orifice 4-cleft. The crest-like appendage to the anthers is of itself suffi- cient to distinguish this from the other British species.—Varies with white flowers. 2. E. Tetralix, anthers with two awns at the base ; style as long as the ovate ventricose corolla ; leaves in fours, ciliate ; flowers capitate. Lightf. p. 205. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 418. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 119. E. B. t. 1014. HAB. Heaths in rather moist places. НАВ. Pentland Hills, &c. July, August. h. Cross-leaved Heath.—Stems branched, woody, erect, 6-12 inches high. Leaves in fours, very shortly petiolate, spreading, the margin revolute and cili- ate. Flowers in a capitular cluster, drooping, ventricose, elegant, vary- ing from white, pale rose, to deep red, orifice small, 4-cleft. 4. CALLUNA. (Nat. Ord. ERICEÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 230.) 1. C. vulgaris. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 119. Erica vulgaris, Lightf. p. 203. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 417. E. B. t. 1014. HAB. Moors and heathy places, very abundant. June, August. h. Common Ling.–Stems very woody, tortuous, much branched and tufted, 1-2 feet high, naked below. Leaves very small, obtuse, closely imbri- cated in four rows, dark green, mostly glabrous, but sometimes hoary from a minute pubescence. Flowers in a secund spiked raceme, small purple red, drooping, ovate. Calyx double; the outer of 4 small green leaves, the inner much larger and coloured.–Used for various economi- cal purposes. 5. DAPHNE. (Nat. Ord. THYMELEÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 204.) 1. D. Laureola, racemes clustered, axillary, of about five flowers ; leaves lanceolate, glabrous, evergreen. Lightf. p. 205. . Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 421. , . 421. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 119. E. B. t. 119. HAB. Moist woods, rare. Rosslyn woods, Dr Parsons in Lightfoot, March. h. Spurge Laurel.–Stem erect, 2-3 feet high, round, but little branched, naked below, bearing at the summit of each branch a tuft of spreading, bright green, shining and smooth leaves. Flowers yellowish green, each accompanied by a bractea, drooping. Perianth infundibuliform, the limb 4-cleft. Štamens in 2 rows. Berry ovate, black. 6. ACER. (Nat. Ord. ACERACLÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 272.) 1. A. Pseudo-Platanus, leaves fine-lobed, unequally serrate, POLYGONUM. OCTANDRIA. TRIGYNIA. 89 racemes pendulous. Lightf. p. 639. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 422. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 120. E. B. t. 303. Hab. Woods, hedges and plantations, frequent. May, June. T. Sycamore.—A large handsome tree, with spreading branches and luxuriant foliage. Leaves large, opposite, on long petiols, glabrous, pale beneath. Flowers in long, axillary, solitary, pendulous racemes, yellowish green ; the pedicels villose. Fruit usually of 2 capsules, but sometimes 3, 4, and even 5, each furnished with a long membranaceous wing.--Wood chiefly used by turners. 2. A. campestre, leaves irregularly 5-lobed and cut; flowers in erect racemes. Lightf. p. 640. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 422. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 120. E. B. t. 304. HAB. Woods and hedges, not frequent. Newbattle woods, frequent, Dr Graham. North side of Hope Park. A little wood at North Queens- ferry. May, June. h. Common Maple.—A small tree with a very rough cleft bark, and spreading branches. Leaves small, opposite, on petiols. Racemes erect, branched, the peduncles downy. Flowers greenish. Fruit with 2 large very divari- cate membranaceous wings.-Wood used by turners, and in cabinet- work. II. TRIGYNIA. 7. POLYGONUM. (Nat. Ord. POLYGONEÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 205.) * Leaves ovate. Flowers in a single terminal spike. (Bistorta.) 1. P. Bistorta, stem simple, bearing one spike ; leaves ovate, the radical ones on long winged petiols. Lightf. p. 206. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 427. . 427. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 120. E. B. t. 509. HAB. Moist meadows, rather rare. Marshy ground at Roseburn, near Coltbridge, and banks of the North Esk, Maughan. Rosslyn woods, Mr Arnott. Bistort or Snakeweed.—Stem 1-2 feet high, erect. Leaves entire, glabrous, somewhat flexuose, glaucous beneath. Spike dense, erect, cylindrical, delicate flesh colour, 1-2 inches long. Flowers trigynous, on short pedi- cels, with short brown bracteas at the base. Fruit triquetrous.—Leaves and petiols slightly acid, and sometimes boiled for the table. The name is derived from the tortuous root. ** Leaves lanceolate or elliptico-lanceolate. + Flowers in terminal or axillary spikes. (Persicaria.) 2. P. amphibium, flowers pentandrous, styles forked ; spike terminal, ovate; leaves petiolate, oblong-lanceolate, rough at the margin. Lightf. p. 207. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 423. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 121. E. B. t. 436. aquaticum, leaves broad, glabrous, floating. B. terrestre, leaves narrower, rough, with short appressed hairs; stem nearly erect. a. 90 OCTANDRIA. TRIGYNIA. POLYGONUM a. HAB. Ponds, ditches, and ß on road-sides, frequent. a. On Dudding- ston Loch. B. On the road-side a little beyond Libberton Church. July, August. 4. Amphibious Persicaria.—Root creeping: Stem 1-3 feet long, clothed with long tubular stipules, from which the leaves arise. Leaves very finely serrate. Spike terminal, pedunculate, mostly solitary, ovate or oblong, dense, rose-coloured. Fruit ovate, compressed.--A mischievous weed. 3. P. Persicaria, flowers hexandrous, styles forked ; leaves lanceolate; spikes oblong-cylindrical, erect, with smooth pe- duncles ; stipules fringed. Lightf, p. 207. Smith, Fl. Brit. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 121. E. B. t. 756. HAB. Moist places, ditches and waste ground, common. July, August. p. 424. Spotted Persicaria.-Stem erect, 1 to above 2 feet high, branched in an al- ternate manner, and swelling above each joint. Leaves subsessile, or shortly petiolate, entire, rough at the margin, and mostly characterised by a large blackish spot. Spikes terminal and lateral, dense, obtuse, greenish or reddish, on long, slender, smooth peduncles. 4. P. lapathifolium, flowers hexandrous, distinctly digynous ; leaves broadly lanceolate, petiolate ; spikes oblong-cylindrical, erect, with rough peduncles; stipules not fringed. Hook. Fl. . Scot. p. 121. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 425. E. B. t. 1382. Hab. Fields, waste ground and dunghills, not uncommon. August. O. Pale-flowered Persicaria.—Stem erect, 1-2 feet high, branched, the branches spreading, much swollen above each joint, succulent. Leaves large, ovato- lanceolate, shortly petiolate. Spikes very dense, usually larger than in the preceding, mostly of a pale green, but sometimes reddish, terminal and lateral.— The whole plant is of a paler colour than the preceding, more robust and succulent. The stem is sometimes spotted, and the leaves said to be hoary beneath. 5. P. Hydropiper, flowers hexandrous, the styles forked ; leaves lanceolate, waved, spotless; spikes lax, filiform ; stem erect. Lightf. p. 207. Smith, Fl. Brit. P. 426. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 121. E. B. t. 989. HAB. Ditches and moist places. Burnstfield Links, Mr Neill. August, September. O. Biting Persicaria.-Stem 1-3 feet high, slender, branched, often reddish, somewhat swollen above each joint. Leaves rather pale green, acuminate and waved. Stipules striated, ciliated. Flowers not at all crowded, in lax, drooping, slender, lateral and terminal spikes. Stamens 6, very rarely 8. ++ Flowers axillary. (Polygonum.) 6. P. aviculare, leaves elliptico-lanceolate, rough at the mar- gin, nerves of the stipules distant; stem procumbent, herba- ceous. Lightf. p. 208. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 429. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 122. E. B. t. 1252. HAB. Waste places and road-sides, everywhere. May, September. O. Knot-grass.-Stems procumbent, 6-18 inches long, branched, rather strag- PARIS. OCTANDRIA. TETRAGYNIA. 91 gling, furnished at short intervals with short, sheathing, scariose stipules. Leaves alternate, varying extremely in size, and somewhat in shape, very shortly petiolate, glaucous and rather fleshy when growing near the sea. Flowers 2-5, greenish or reddish, edged with white, axillary and pedun- culate. Stamens 8. Styles 3. Fruit large, triquetrous, dark, shining. *** Leaves cordate. (Fagopyrum.) 7. P. Convolvulus, leaves cordate-sagittate ; stem twining, an- gular ; segments of the perianth bluntly keeled. Lightf. p. 208. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 430. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 122. E. B. t. 941. HAB. Corn-fields, common. July, August. O. Climbing Buck-wheat.-Stem twining around every thing in its way, 2-5 feet high, sometimes roughish, branched. Leaves entire, smooth, acute, petiolate. Flowers drooping, whitish or reddish, forming small lax spikes. Fruit black, triquetrous.—According to Smith, it varies with 6 stamens, and 2 styles III. TETRAGYNIA. p. 122. a 8. PARIS. (Nat. Ord. ASPARAGEÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 183.) 1. P. quadrifolia * Lightf. p. 208. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 431. Hook. Fl. Scot. E. B. t. 7. HAB. Moist woods, rare. Wood about a mile south of New battle, near Dalkeith, Dr Parsons. May, June. 4. Herb Paris.-Root creeping. Stem 8–12 inches high, erect, smooth, simple, with 4 (rarely 5 or 6), verticillate, large, ovate, entire, smooth veined leaves, from the centre of which arises a solitary angular peduncle, bear- ing a single flower. Calyx of 4 lanceolate green leaves. Corolla of 4, linear ones of a similar colour. Stamens bearing the anther in their center, and on their inner surface. Berry purple black.—Plant esteemed poisonous. 9. ADOXA. (Nat. Ord. SAXIFRAGEÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 256.) 1. A. Moschatellina. Lightf. p. 209. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 432. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 123. E. B. t. 453. HAB. Moist woods. Opposite the bleachfield, Rosslyn, Mr Neill. Wood near the Paper-mill at Colinton, Mr D. Stuart. Between Lasswade and Rosslyn, Mr Arnott. Braid Burn; bank opposite Melville Castle, Dr Graham. Arniston woods, and at Craiglockhart, but rare. April, May. 4. Tuberous Moschatel.–Root creeping, white, scaly. Stems 6 inches high, weak, slender, simple. Leaves ; radical ones 2 or 3, on long petiols, ter- nate or bi-ternate, pale green ; stem-leaves 2, small and simply ternate. Flowers 5, sessile, in a pedunculate head, one being always terminal, and * One or more additional species of Paris have been recently discovered, which renders a specific character necessary ; but I have not as yet seen any account of them. 92 BUTOMUS. ENNEANDRIA. HEXAGYNIA. forming a sort of square with the other 4. Stamens 8 or 10.—Plant with a musky smell, while the dew is on it ; sometimes disagreeable, like that of a mangy dog IX, ENNEANDRIA. I. HEXAGYNIA. 1. BUTOMUS. (Nat. Ord. BUTOMEÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 182.) 1. B. umbellatus. Lightf. p. 211. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 456. Hook, Fl. Scot. p. 123. p E. B. t. 651. HAB. Ponds and ditches, rare. Duddingston Loch, Mr J. Mackay. July. 2. Flowering Rush.—Root tuberous, horizontal. Leaves all radical, 2–3 feet long, erect, linear, acuminate, triquetrous. Scape round, longer than the leaves, supporting an umbel of beautiful pink flowers, on long slender peduncles, with bracteas at their base, and a general triphyllous involucre. Leaves of the perianth alternately smaller. Anthers red.-A most elegant plant. X. DECANDRIA. P. 444. I. MONOGYNIA. 1. PYROLA. (Nat. Ord. MONOTROPEÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 232.) 1. P. rotundifoliu, leaves obovato-rotundate, slightly crenate; style bent down, much longer than the ascending stamens, the stigma with 5 erect points. Lightf. p. Lightf. p. 218. Smith, Fl. Brit. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 127. E. B. t. 213. HAB. Woods, rare. Auchindenny woods, Lightfoot. Rosslyn woods. July, September. 4. Round-leaved Winter-green.-Root creeping. Stem short, leafy, angular, ter- minating above the leaves in a peduncle 5-8 inches high, bearing a ter- minal raceme of white flowers. Leaves alternate, petiolate, very gla- brous, larger and thicker than in the following. The best distinguish- ing mark is the style, which is “twice as long as the fully-formed cap- sule,” suddenly declined, and curved upwards again at the apex. Sta- mens ascending 2. minor, “ leaves ovato-rotundate, crenate; stamens erect *, as long as the very short straight style, the stigma with 5 diver- a * The term erect is placed in opposition to ascending or descending, and sig- rifies that they project in a straight line from the flower. CHRYSOS PLENIUM. DECANDRIA. DIGYNIA. 99 gent rays. Hook. Fl. Scot. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 128. Lightf. p. 219. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 444. E. B. t. 158. P. rosea. E. B. t. 2543. Hab. Woods. Woods near Ravelrig-toll, Auchindenny woods, and at Newhall, Maughan. Rosslyn woods, and woods above South Queens- ferry. July. 4. Lesser Winter-green.-Root creeping. Stem short, leafy, mostly simple. Leaves shining, smooth, petiolate. Peduncle about 6 inches high, angu- lar, supporting a lax raceme of small, drooping, pale rose-coloured flowers, their pedicels shorter than the flower. Style very short, straight, with a large radiated stigma. Stamens short. Capsule rounded and depressed. -The whole genus is ornamental, and the flowers delicate. II. DIGYNIA. 2. CHRYSOSPLENIUM. (Nat. Ord. SAXIFRAGEÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 256.) 1. C. alternifolium, leaves alternate. Lightf. p. 219. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 447. 447. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 128. E. B. t. 54. Hab. Boggy and shady places. Rosslyn woods and Bilston Burn, Maughan. St Bernard's Well, Mr J. Stewart. Newbattle woods, Dr Graham. Arniston and Auchindenny woods. March, April. 4. Alternate-leaved golden Saxifrage.—Root creeping. Stem 3-7 inches high, angular, succulent. Leaves numerous at the base, often on long pe- tiols, one or two only on the stem, rounded-reniform, crenate, slightly hairy. Flowers forming a terminal, very leafy corymb; small, yellow mostly 4-cleft, the central one 5-cleft, and decandrous. 2. C. oppositifolium, leaves opposite. Lightf. p. 220. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 448. 448. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 128. p 128. E. B. t. 490. HAB. In the same situations as the last; and also in springy places on the mountains; very common. April, May. 4. Common golden Saxifrage.—Root creeping. Stem 2–4 inches high, sometimes branched. Leaves opposite, crowded at the base, crenate, somewhat cor- date, petiolate. Flowers in a similar corymb to the last, mostly 4-cleft, and octandrous.—Habit in all respects similar to the last. 3. SAXIFRAGA. (Nat. Ord. SAXIFRAGEÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 255.) * Radical leaves undivided, or obtusely lobed. 1. S. umbrosa, leaves obovate, subretuse, with cartilaginous acutely crenate margins ; scape panicled; capsule superior. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 129. Smith, Fl. Brit. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 450. E. B. t. 663. HAB. Woods, rare. Corstorphine Hill, Maughan. Auchindenny woods, Messrs Sommerville and Kennedy. Banks of a stream above New- battle, Dr Graham. June, July. 4. London Pride.—Leaves large, numerous, spreading, smooth, all radical, and crowded, shortly petiolate. Scape 6–12 inches high, slender, branched, reddish, and pubescent. Flowers small, numerous, pale rose-colour, dot- ted with purple. Petals obovate. Calyx at length deflexed. Capsule red, superior.-A handsome plant, well known in gardens. 2. S. granulata, radical leaves rotundato-reniform, petiolate, obtusely lobed, cauline ones subsessile, acutely lobed ; root gra- - 94 SAXIFRAGA DECANDRIA. DIGYNIA p. a a nulated. Lightf. p. 224. Smith, Fl. Brit. 453. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 129. E. B. t. 500. HAB. Dry subalpine banks and pastures. Salisbury Craigs and King's Park, Lightfoot. Pentland Hills, and N. Queensferry, Mr Arnott. Braid and Blackford Hills, and at Craiglockhart. May, June. 4. White Saxifraye.—Root granulated, with small clustered tubers. Stem 2-8 inches high, somewhat branched upwards, so as to form an irregular pa- nicle when the plant is luxuriant, but it frequently gives off only 1 or 2 side clusters of flowers, with not more than one flower expanded on each at the same time. The stem is covered with a glandular pubescence. Flowers large, white, rather fragrant. Capsule half inferior.–A double variety is common in gardens. ** Leaves more or less deeply divided. 3. S.tridactylites, lower leaves mostly trifid, the segments short, linear, upper ones mostly simple, spathulate; stem branched; petals a little longer than the calyx. Lightf. p. 224. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 454. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 130. E. B. t. 501. HAB. Moist rocks and wall-tops, rare. King's Park. Top of a wall near Craiglockhart, G. Don. Links a little to the east of Cockenzie ; walls near Kirkcaldy, Maughan. Stony ground above the west end of Duddingston Loch, Dr Graham. Don's second station is destroyed ; but it grows also on the wall immediately surrounding Craiglockhart, and on the rock itself. May, June. O Rue-leaved Saxifrage.—Whole plant succulent, especially the leaves. Stem 1-5 inches high, covered with viscid glandular hairs, reddish, and slender, but erect, and rather firm, slightly branched, particularly upwards, but rarely, so as to form any thing like a panicle. Leaves mostly trifid towards the base, sometimes 5-cleft, the upper ones chiefly undivided, often red- dish. Flowers white, very small, mostly solitary, on longish peduncles, erect. Capsule inferior, urceolate. 4. S. hypnoides,“ radical leaves 3–5-cleft, those of the long sterile shoots (mostly) linear-lanceolate, acute, all nearly gla- brous; flowering stem panicled.” Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 131. Lightf. p. 224. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 457. E. B. t. 454. Hab. Mountains in moist rocky places. Arthur's Seat, Sir J. E. Smith. Dalmahoy Hill; Habbie's How, in the Pentland Hills, Maughan. May, June. 4. Moss Saxifrage, or Ladies' Cushion.—“ Plants growing in crowded tufts, and throwing out long slender shoots, which have distant and mostly entire leaves, with clusters or buds of young leaves at their extremities, and fre- quently in the axils of the leaves themselves. The leaves nearest the root are 3-5-cleft, varying much in size and breadth, glabrous or pilose about their bases. All the points are acute, in the upper ones frequently terminated by a short bristle. Flowering stem 3-6 inches long, branched and panicled, glabrous, a little viscid above: its leaves few, trifid below, the rest undivided. Flowers 6-10, rather large. Petals obovate, 3 or 4 times as long as the calyx, cream-coloured. Calyx with acute segments, slightly viscid. Germen almost wholly inferior.”—A most variable plant, and I am happy in being able to give the character and description of a better authority than my own,—that of my acute friend Dr Hooker. 4. SCLERANTHUS. (Nat. Ord. ILLICIBREÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 260.) 1. S. annuus, segments of the perianth erect after flowering; 2 SAPONARIA. DECANDRIA. DIGYNIA. 95 p. 458. leaves linear-subulate; stems slightly pubescent. Lightf. p. 225. Smith, Fl. Brit. 458. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 133. 133. E. B. t. 351. (A biennial variety is S. perennis, Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 458. & E. B. t. 352.) HAB. Corn-fields and bare, sandy or gravelly places, very common. Var. B. perennis does not grow in this neighbourhood. July, August. O. Knawel.—Stems numerous, spreading, branched, slender, 3–6 inches, high. Leaves keeled, membranaceous at the base. Flowers very small, green, in axillary clusters. Perianth“ urceolate, ribbed, with 5 ovato-lanceo- late segments, white and membranaceous at the edge, spreading when in flower, and erect when in fruit,” (Hook.) In var. B. the stems are shorter, more or less prostrate (the flowering branches are erect), and the whole plant more dense: the only difference approaching towards a spe- cific one, is, the broader white margin of the segments of the perianth, and their less acute apex; but surely this is not sufficient to separate plants in every other respect similar. I agree, therefore, with Dr Hooker in thinking them the same. Mr Arnott and I met with var. a. in flower on a wall-top near Kincardine in May, it having survived the winter, and acquired much of the habit of B. This spring (March and April 1823), I have seen it plentifully in flower on wall-tops between Corstorphine and Kirkliston. 5. SAPONARIA. (Nat. Ord. CARYOPHYLLEÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 277.) 1. S. officinalis, leaves ovato-lanceolate; calyx glabrous, cy- lindrical. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 134. Smith, Fl. Brit. P. 459. E. B. t. 1060. HAB. Woods and waste bushy places. Between Dean and Ravelston. Near Rosslyn Chapel. Banks of the Esk above Coal-pits; and side of the mill-lead opposite to the old bridge at Musselburgh, Maughan. Behind Burntisland, Mr Neill. July, August. 4. Soapwort.—Stems numerous, erect, rounded, smooth, about 18 inches high. Leaves opposite, connate, entire, glabrous, ribbed. Flowers in a roundish, terminal panicle, large, numerous, pale rose colour. Petals with obcor- date limbs.-Produces a lather with water like soap. 6. DIANTHUS. (Nat. Ord. CARYOPHYLLEÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 277.) 1. D. barbatus, flowers terminal, crowded in a fascicled mar- ner; calycine scales ovato-subulate, as long as the tube ; leaves lanceolate. Linn. Syst. ed. 14. p. 17. Curt. Bot. Mag. t. 205. . Hab. Woods. Banks of the Water of Leith between Coltbridge and Saughtonhall, Maughan. Colinton woods, Mr E. Maughan. Near Maleny, G. Don. June, July. 4. Sweet William.—Stems about a foot high, rounded, glabrous, sometimes branched. Leaves tufted at the base; those of the stem distant, opposite, somewhat petiolate, but connate, entire, varying in breadth. Flowers forming a flattish head, numerous, red, or varied with white. Petals shortly jagged. Calycine scales ovate at the base, then subulate.--Innu- merable varieties are cultivated in gardens. It cannot assuredly be a really indigenous plant, but I have inserted it as the student is liable to meet with it in an apparently wild state. According to Hoffman it is a native of Germany. 2. D. deltoides, flowers solitary; calycine scales mostly two, , a 96 DECANDRIA. TRIGYNIA. SILENE. . lanceolate, acute ; petals notched. Lightf. p. 225. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 462. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 134. E. B. t. 61. . . B, calycine scales 4 ; flowers white. Hook. 1. c. p. 134. Smith, 1. c. p. 462. D. glaucus, Lightf. p. 225. HAB. Dry subalpine pastures. a. and B. in the King's Park, Lightfoot. Banks of Lochend. Blackford and Pentland Hills, Maughan. Braid Hill. July. 4. Maiden Pink.—Plant glaucous. Stems numerous, 5–8 inches high, slender, somewhat smooth, simple or slightly branched. Leaves linear-lanceolate, those of the barren stems obtuse, opposite, small, very slightly hairy. Flowers pedunculate, solitary, red, rarely white. Petals variously notch. ed, sometimes merely bifid at the apex. III. TRIGYNIA. 9. SILENE. (Nat. Ord. CARYOPHYLLEA, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 278.) 4. S. inflata, flowers more or less panicled ; calyx inflated, glabrous, veined ; leaves ovate. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 134. a. major, stems erect, many-flowered ; petals scarcely crown- ed, (Hook. I. c.) Smith, Compend. p. 68. Cucubalus Behen, Lightf. p. 226. E. B. t. 164. . B. smaller, stems procumbent at the base, few-flowered ; pe- ; tals crowned, (Hook. l. c.) Silene amænd, Lightf. 227. S. maritima, Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 468. E. B. t. 957. HAB. a. Fields and road-sides, very common. B. On rocks and among stones by the sea-side. Near Caroline Park. Pettycur and Kinghorn. North Queensferry. Islands of the Frith. June, July 4. Bladder Campion.—Plant glaucous; highly so by the sea-side. Styles 3-5. In a. the stem is 1 or 2 feet high, branched upwards in a dichotomous manner, and forming an irregular panicle. Leaves tufted at the base, spathulate, cauline ones opposite, ovate, mostly smooth and entire, rare- ly ciliate, and rough with glandular hairs. Flowers numerous, somewhat drooping, on slender peduncles. Petals white, cloven, frequently quite destitute of a crown. Calyx finely reticulated with coloured veins. In B. the stems are slender, more or less procumbent; the leaves much smaller, and often very minutely serrate, especially in the younger ones ; the calyx and the flower larger; the petals broader, and the limb rather obcordate than cloven. The whole plant is excessively glaucous. For a length of time I opposed the above union, which Dr Hooker, follow- ing Wahlenberg, has adopted in his Flora Scotica ; but I have been com- pelled, unwillingly enough, to imitate that excellent naturalist, as I have altogether failed to discover a permanent specific difference. 2. S. nutans, flowers panicled, somewhat drooping, inclined to one side: segments of the cleven petals linear; cauline leaves pubescent. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 135. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 466. E. B. t. 465. HAB. Dry pastures and rocky places, rare. Hills near North Queens- ferry, Mr Mackay (Sm.), Mr Brown (Maughan). July. 4. Nottingham Catchfly.-Stems about a foot high, simple, erect, viscid, espe- 2 STELLARIA. DECANDRIA. TRIGYNIA. 97 cially above. Leaves rather crowded at the base, obovate, contracting into a long stalk ; cauline ones lanceolate, subsessile. Panicle slightly branched, the flowers drooping to one side. Petals white, the limb deep- ly bifid, with a cloven crown. Calyx membranaceous, ribbed. Stamens 5 longer than the rest. 8. STELLARIA. (Nat. Ord. CARYOPHYLLEÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 281.) 1. S. Nemorum, lower leaves petiolate, cordate, upper ones ovate, sessile ; panicle dichotomous. Lightf. p. 228. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 473. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 135. E. B. t. 92. Hab. Woods and shady places, rare. Banks of the North and South Esk, Maughan. May, June 4. Wood Stitchwort.-Root creeping. Stems 1-2 feet high or more, weak, rounded, hollow, somewhat pilose. Leaves rather large, pale green, ten- der, entire. Panicle terminal, lax, dichotomous, leafy at the base of each division. Flowers erect, small, white. Calycine segments with white mar- gins. Petals spreading, bifid almost to the base, the segments divari- cate. Peduncles deflexed when in fruit. 2. S. media, leaves ovate ; stems procumbent, with a hairy line on one side, but alternate between each joint; petals deeply bifid; stamens 5–10. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 136. Smith, Fl. Brit. p p. 473. E. B. t. 537. Alsine media, Lightf. p. 172. Hab. Cultivated ground and waste places, very common. Almost the whole year. O Common Chickweed.—Stems slender, weak, 2-12 inches long, procumbent, or erect when growing among other plants, well marked by a line of hairs on one side, which at each joint passes alternately to the opposite side. Leaves pale green, petiolate below, sessile at the top. Flowers small, white, on solitary, mostly axillary peduncles. Petals divided near- ly to the base, and shorter than the calyx.- When boiled resembles spi- nach. 3. S. holostea, stem nearly erect, leaves lanceolate acute, fine- ly serrulate; petals obcordate, somewhat bifid ; calycine seg- ments nerveless. Lightf. p. 229. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 474. Hook. Fl. Scot, p. 136. E. B. t. 511. t. HAB. Dry banks, hedges, and woods, very frequent. May. 4. Greater Stitchwort.—Root creeping. Stems decumbent at the base and very slender, becoming stouter upwards, quadrangular, 12–18 inches high. Leaves opposite, sessile, very acuminate, revolute at the margin, glabrous. Flowers large, white, on longish slender peduncles, and forming a lax, erect, somewhat dichotomous panicle. Petals broader than in the two following species, nearly twice as long as the nerveless calyx.-A lively flower, and very ornamental in spring, frequently growing plentifully along with Hyacinthus non-scriptus and Lychnis dioica. 4. S. graminea, stem nearly erect ; leaves lanceolate-acute; entire ; panicle branched, divaricate ; segments of the deeply bifid petals linear ; calyx 3-nerved. Lightf. p. 229. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 475. 475. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 136. E. B. t. 803. HAB. Fields, hedges, woods, &c., very common. May, June. 4. Lesser Stitchwort.—Smaller and more slender than the preceding. Stem 1-2 G 98 ADENARIUM DECANDRIA. TRIGYNIA. cous. p. 475. feet high, angular, smooth, with a terminal much branched panicle. Leaves much smaller than the preceding, entire at the margin, not glau- Flowers small, white, pedunculate. Petals deeply cleft, segments linear, a little longer than the calyx, the segments of which are 3-ribbed and white, and very scariose at the margin. 5. S. glauca, stems erect ; leaves linear-lanceolate, entire, very glaucous; flowers on long axillary or terminal peduncles ; petals deeply cleft, segments oblongo-linear ; calyx 3-nerved. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 136. Smith, Fl. Brit. . E. B. t. 825. Hab. Bogs and marshes. Lochend and Duddingston Loch, Maughan. June, July. 4. Glaucous Marsh Stitchwort.-Stems somewhat decumbent at the base, quick- ly becoming erect, slender, angular, smooth. Leaves linear-lanceolate, not very acute, quite glabrous in every part, very glaucous. Flowers; the lower ones on long axillary peduncles, but they form also an erect, terminal, slender, slightly branched panicle, the branches often in threes. In my specimens, there is no flower unaccompanied by a 2-leaved red- dish scariose involucre, the lowest involucre being properly the com- mencement of the panicle. Petals broader than the last, and narrower than in S. holostea. Calyx 3-nerved.—Habit near that of holostea. 6. S. uliginosa, stem somewhat decumbent ; leaves ovato- lanceolate, with a callous tip; flowers in irregular small pa- nicles; petals bifid, shorter than the calyx, perigonous as well as the stamens. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 136. Smith, Fl. Brit. . . p. 476. E. B. t. 1074. S. graminea B, Lightf. p. 229. Hab. Bogs, ditches, and rivulets, common. June. O. Bog Stitchwort.-Stems mostly procumbent, but erect when mixed with other plants, slender, angular. Leaves small, glaucous, entire. Panicles lateral and terminal, few-flowered, with lanceolate, minute bracteas. Flowers very small, white. Calyx 3-nerved.--Differs from Stellaria in the stamens and petals being perigonous, and forms the genus Larbrea of St Hilaire, Mem. du Mus. v. 3. 9. ADENARIUM, Rafinesque. (Nat. Ord. CARYOPHYLLEÆ (?), Hook. Scot. 2. p. 280., under Arenaria.) 1. A. Peploides. Arenaria peploides, Lightf: p. 231. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 477. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 137. E. B. t. 189. HAB. Sandy sea-coasts. Leith, Lightfoot. Between Newhaven and Caroline Park, very abundant. July. 4. Sea-side Sandwort.— Root long, creeping. Stems numerous, prostrate, branched, thickly clothed with sessile, ovate, entire, opposite, very smooth, bright green, somewhat reflexed, fleshy leaves. Flowers in the upper divisions of the stem, small, white, solitary, almost sessile. Calyx with 5 lanceolate, subobtuse, nerveless segments. Petals 5, small, nar- row, obovate. Stamens with small glands at their base, and inserted, as well as the petals, on the base of the 3-valved capsule. 10. ARENARIA. (Nat. Ord. CARYOPHYLLEÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 280.) * Without stipules. Leaves ovate. 1. A. trinervis, leaves ovate, acute, petiolate, mostly 3-nerved; ARENARIA. 99 DECANDRIA. TRIGYNIA. flowers solitary ; keel of the calyx rough, obscurely 3-ribbed. Lightf. p. 230. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 478. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 137. E. B. t. 1483. HAB. Shaded and moist places. Mavis-Bank, Dr Parsons in Lightfoot. Newbattle woods, Mr Neill. Colinton and Rosslyn woods, and hedges near Redhall, Maughan. Kinleith, Mr Arnott. May. O. Three-nerved Sandwort.-Stems very slender, weak, suberect, 6–12 inches high, branched, pubescent. Leaves 3-5 nerved, ciliate, the uppermost sessile. Flowers very small, white, on long solitary peduncles, axillary from each of the upper divisions of the stem. Petals not longer than the acute calyx. 2. A. serpyllifolia, leaves ovate, acute, subsessile, roughish; ; the 3 outer leaves of the hairy calyx 5-ribbed. Lightf. p. 230. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 479. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 138. . E. B. t. 923. HAB. Dry banks, walls, and waste places, frequent. Abundant in the King's Park, Mr Bainbridge. May-July. O. Thyme-leaved Sandwort.—Plant rather rigid. Stems very numerous, spread- ing, branched, 2-6 inches high, minutely pubescent. Leaves numerous, very small, obscurely nerved. Flowers small, white, on short erect pe- duncles, forming small leafy panicles. Petals rather shorter than the calyx. Calycine leaves ovate, hairy, with a membranaceous margin ; the two inner ones 3-ribbed, the three outer 5-ribbed. ** Without stipules. Leaves subulate. 3. A. verna, tufted; stems panicled above ; leaves subulate, rather obtuse; petals obovate, longer than the remotely 3-nerved calyx. Lightf. p. 231. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 481. p Fl. Brit. p. 481. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 138. E. B. t. 512. A. laricifolia, Lightf. p. 232. HAB. Rocky subalpine pastures, rare. King's Park abundantly, Light- foot. Blackford Hill, Maughan. May, June. 4. Spring Sandwort.—Stems very numerous and tufted, 3-5 inches high, erect or somewhat spreading, slightly pubescent, bearing terminal, few-flower- ed panicles. Leaves numerous, short, striated, erecto-patent, connate at their base. Flowers white, pedunculate. Petals not much longer than the calyx. Calycine leaves ovato-acute, hairy, 3-nerved, shorter than the mature subcylindrical capsule. 4. A. tenuifolia, stem somewhat branched, branches support- ing small panicles; leaves subulate, acute ; petals lanceolate, much shorter than the acute 3-nerved calyx. Lightf. p. 1102. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 481. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 138. E. B. t. 219. HAB. Walls, rocks, and stony places, rare. Cramond Island, Mr Yal- den in Lightfoot. Near Pettycur, G. Don. June, July. O. Fine-leaved Sandwort.—Stem sometimes branched from the base, or irregu- larly upwards, erect, slender, 2–8 inches high. Leaves subulate, connate at their base, striated, glabrous, short, but longer than the preceding. Flowers very small, white, on solitary very slender peduncles. Calycine leaves very acuminate, 3-ribbed, much longer than the petals. *** Stipules at the base of each pair of leaves. 5. A. rubra, stems prostrate ; leaves linear, plane, somewhat G2 100 DECANDRIA. PENTAGYNIA. SEDUM. . 0. fleshy, tipped with a minute bristle; capsule as long as the ca- lyx; seeds compressed, angular, roughish. Lightf. p. 230. Šmith, Fl. Brit. p. 479. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 138. E. B. t. 852. HAB. Sandy fields and waste places, very common. June, July. Purple Sandwort.-Stems much branched, especially from the base, procum- bent, spreading, round, glabrous. Leaves numerous, very narrow, slight- ly hoary or glaucous. Štipules 2, ovate, cloven, whitish, membranaceous, sheathing the stem at their base. Flowers purple red, many, on pu- bescent, viscid, solitary peduncles, forming very irregular panicles. Ca- lyx hairy, ribless, about the same length as the ovate petals. The pe- duncles are deflexed after flowering. 6. A. marina, stems prostrate; leaves semicylindrical, fleshy, not mucronate; capsule longer than the calyx; seeds com- pressed, smooth, with a broad membranaceous border. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 139. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 480. E. B. t. 958. A. ru- bra B, Lightf. p. 230. Hab. Sandy and waste places on the sea-coast, frequent. Inverkeithing, Mr Neill. Aberlady Links, abundant, Dr Graham. Queensferry. June, July. . Sea-side Purple Sandwort.—This species resembles the last very nearly in habit, but differs in the more fleshy and awnless leaves the much longer capsule (exceeding the calyx), and above all in the seeds, whose characters are specified above. IV. PENTAGYNIA. 11. SEDUM. (Nat. Ord. SEMPERVIVÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 282.) * Leaves plane. 1. S. Telephium, leaves ovate, serrate; corymbs leafy; stem erect. Lightf. p. 234. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 485. Hook. Fl. . Scot. p. 139. E. B. t. 1319. HAB. Borders of fields and in stony waste places, rare. Hedge-banks near Rosslyn, Maughan. Inverkeithing, Mr Arnott. July. 4. Orpine.—Stems numerous, 1-2 feet high, thickish, simple, glabrous, spotted. Leaves large, scattered, ovate, sessile, fleshy, smooth, glaucous. Flowers purple, dense, in a terminal corymb._Ornamental. ** Leaves rounded, sessile, simple at their base. 2. S. dasyphyllum, leaves of the barren stems opposite, broad- ly ovate, obtuse, fleshy ; stem weak; panicle glutinous. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 140. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 486. E. B. t. 656. HAB. Walls and rocks, rare. Colinton woods, Mr Arnott. June. 4. Thick-leaved Stone-crop.—Stems decumbent, somewhat creeping, very slen- der, in small tufts, the fertile ones 2-3 inches high, erect, viscid up- wards. Leaves very obtuse and fleshy, pale glaucous green, frequently tinged with red, alternate on the flowering stems. Panicle of very few flowers. Flowers pinkish white. Anthers dark red,—Varies with 6 pe- tals and 12 stamens; capsules also sometimes more than 5. OXALIS. DECANDRIA. PENTAGYNIA. 101 3. S. villosum, leaves scattered, oblong, upper surface nearly plane, covered with a viscid pubescence, as well as the erect stem and panicle. Lightf. p. 237. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 488. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 140. E, B. t. 394. HAB. Bogs and moist subalpine rocks. Pentland Hills, Dr Parsons in Lightfoot. Near Linlithgow, Sir J. E. Smith. June, July. O. Hairy Stone-crop.—Stem erect, mostly quite simple, 3-5 inches high, spot- ted, pubescent, especially above. Leaves scattered, fleshy, convex be- neath, generally reddish, more or less clothed with viscid hairs. Panicle of very few pinkish white flowers, on hairy peduncles. It sometimes happens that 1 or 2 small barren stems are produced at the base, on which the leaves, according to Dr Hooker, are cylindrical. *** Leaves rounded, produced below the point of insertion into a kind of spur, which is pressed to the stem. 4. S. acre, leaves ovate, fleshy, gibbous, imbricate, alternate, produced at the base ; cyme subtrifid, leafy. Lightf. p. 235. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 487. 487. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 140. E. B. t. 839. . . . HAB. Rocks, walls, roofs of cottages, &c., frequent. King's Park, abundant, Mr Bainbridge. June. 4. Biting Stone-crop. Wall Pepper.-Stems tufted, branched, 1-3 inches high, entangled. Leaves dark green, very fleshy, obtuse, somewhat compress- ed, densely imbricate. Cymes leafy, few-flowered. Flowers bright yel. low. Petals ovate, acute.-Pungent and biting to the taste. 5. S. reflexum, leaves scattered, fleshy, subulate, produced at the base ; flowers somewhat cymose. Lightf. p. 234. Smith, . Fl. Brit. p. 490. 490. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 141. E. B. t. 695. HAB. Rocks, walls, and roofs, rare. Walls about Craigcrook, Maughan. Ravelston. House-tops in the village of Preston, Mr D. Stewart. July. 2. 4 Yellow Stone-crop.-Stems 6–8 inches high, branched, with short, barren, of- ten reflexed ones at the base. Leaves crowded on the barren stems, scat- tered on the flowering ones, succulent, glabrous, thickly subulate, erecto- patent. Flowers terminal, numerous, bright yellow. Calyx acute. Pe- tals mostly 6, acute, accompanied by 12 stamens. 12. OXALIS. (Nat. Ord. OXALIDEÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 276.) 1. O. Acetosella, leaves all radical, ternate, obcordate, hairy ; scape 1-flowered ; root squamose. Lightf. p. 237. Smith, Fl. Brit. P 491. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 141. E. B. t. 762. HAB. Woods and hedges, extremely common. April-June. 4. Wood Sorrel.—Root white, succulent, scaly. Scape 2-4 inches high, scaly, slender, 1-flowered, with 2 small bracteas above the middle. Leaves on slender peduncles, bright green, sometimes purplish. Flower delicate white, beautifully veined with pink or purple, drooping.–Taste agree- ably acid. 13. AGROSTEMMA. (Nat. Ord. CARYOPHYLLEE, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 278.) 1. A. Githago, hairy; segments of the calyx much longer 102 DECANDRIA. PENTAGYNIA. LYCINIS. p. 238. a than the corolla ; petals entire, destitute of a crown. Lightf. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 493. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 141. E. B. t. 741. HAB. Corn-fields, extremely common. June, July. O Corn Cockle.—Whole plant hairy. Stem 2-3 feet high, rounded, branched ; branches spreading. Leaves opposite, linear-lanceolate. Flowers solitary, terminal, large, purple. Calyx 10-ribbed, with 5 long, linear, patent segments or teeth.-Habit much that of a Lychnis. 14. LYCHNIS. (Nat. Ord. CARYOPHYLLEÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 278.) 1. L. Flos-Cuculi, petals 4-cleft, segments linear ; capsule ; roundish, 1-celled. Lightf. p. 139. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 493. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 141. E. B. t. 573. HAB. Moist meadows and pastures, very common. King's Park, &c. June, July. 2. Meadow Lychnis or Ragged Robin.-Stem 1-2 feet high, angular, somewhat viscid towards the summit, rarely branched, unless at the base. Leaves glabrous, linear-lanceolate, opposite, connate at the base. Panicle rather loose, slightly branched in a forked trifid manner, with bracteas at each division. Flowers rose-colour, rarely white. Calyx and peduncles pur- plish red. 2. L. Viscaria, petals slightly notched; capsule 5-celled ; stem glutinous beneath each joint. Lightf. p. 240. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 494. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 142. . . 142. E. B. t. 788. HAB. Subalpine rocks, rare. King's Park, T. Willisel in Ray. Rocks by Braid Hermitage, Sir J. E. Smith. Blackford Hill, Maughan, (probably the same as the preceding). Dundas Hill, Mr Neill. June. 4. Red German Catchfly.—Plant tufted, and fixing itself firmly in the crevices of rocks by its tough roots. Stem about a foot high, angular, dark colour- ed, and very clammy beneath the joints. Leaves lanceolate, opposite, connate. Flowers in a sort of dense cluster or panicle, handsome, large, rose-coloured. Petals furnished with an acute cloven crown. Capsule ovate.—Ornamental, cultivated in gardens, with a double flower. 3. L. dioica, flowers dicecious; capsule 1-celled. Lightf. p. 240. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 495. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 142. a, flowers red. E. B. t. 1579. B. flowers white. E. B. t. 1580. HAB. Hedges, woods, thickets, &c. very common. B, rather rare about Edinburgh ; sea-side at Caroline Park, Mr Neill. May, September. 4. Red and White Campion.—Stems 1-2 feet high, branched, hairy, very slightly viscid at the joints. Leaves hairy, ovato-lanceolate, sessile, subconnate. Calyx 10-ribbed, in the fertile flowers ovate, ventricose ; in the sterile ones cylindrical. Flowers forming an irregularly-branched, loose panicle. Petals partly cleft, crowned.—The white var. becomes fragrant towards evening. 15. CERASTIUM. (Nat. Ord. CARYOPHYLLEÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 279.) * Petals not longer than the calya. 1. C. vulgatum, hairy, somewhat viscid, suberect; leaves CERASTIUM. DECANDRIA, PENTAGYNIA. 103 ovate obtuse ; flowers subcapitate, longer than their pedicels. Lightf. p. 240. Smith, Fi. Brit. p. 496. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 142. E. B. t. 789. Hab. Fields, waste ground, and road-sides, not frequent. In no fixed station. May, July. O. Broad-leaved Mouse-ear Chickweed.- Whole plant very hairy. Stems 6-10 inches high, more or less branched, especially at the base; central stem generally erect, the others mostly ascending: Leaves ovate, or even roundish, obtuse, with a very minute point, pale, rather yellowish green. Flowers in dense terminal heads or clusters. Capsule slightly curved, twice the the length of the calyx.--Plant sometimes quite destitute of viscidity. 2. C. viscosum, hairy, viscid, spreading ; leaves oblongo- lanceolate, “ flowers somewhat panicled, shorter than their pe- dicels ;" Hook. Lightf. p. 240. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 497. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 142. E. B. t. 790. HAB. Fields and waste grounds, very abundant. May, September. 4. Narrow-leaved Mouse-ear Chickweed.—Whole plant hairy. Stems 6-16 inches long, mostly spreading or procumbent, more or less viscid, espe- cially in warm weather. Leaves dark, and somewhat dull green. Flowers in a sort of panicle, and mostly, as Hooker has justly observed, shorter than the pedicels when in fruit. Capsule resembling the last, and the stamens 10, fertile in both.—Plant erect, when supported by neighbour- ing weeds. The form of the leaves I consider as the best specific distinction between these two species. They vary somewhat in both ; when they change in the first, it is by becoming longer, but at the same time more rounded and obtuse at the extremity, approaching to obovate: in the second the reverse takes place; the longer the leaf becomes, the more it approaches to lanceolate. 3. C. semidecandrum, hairy, viscid ; flowers varying between 4 and 5 stamens, and the same number of petals ; fruit-bearing pedicels elongated. Lightf. p. 241. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 497. . Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 143. 143. E. B. t. 1630. C. pumilum, Curt. Fl. Lond. C. tetrandrum, Smith, Fl. Brit. P. 498. Hook. 1. c. p. 143. Sagina cerastoides. E. B. t. 166. p HAB. Wall-tops, dry pastures, especially near the sea. Stations for C. semidec. are Arthur's Seat, Dr Parsons in Lightfoot. Walls about the King's Park, Maughan. Stations for C. tetrand. are walls about Edinburgh, on the Calton Hill and Arthur's Seat, Sir J. E. Smith. Inchkeith ; Inchcolm ; and near Prestonpans, Dickson. Isle of May, D. Don. May, June. O. Small Mouse-ear Chickweed.--Plant mostly very viscid, 2-6 inches high, slender, erect, or sometimes ascending, decumbent at the base, branched in a somewhat dichotomous manner. Leaves varying extremely in size, and somewhat in form from ovate to ovato-lanceolate, the radical ones spathulate. Flowers panicled, pedunculate, a solitary one often arising from the fork of the branches, and having in fruit a long peduncle, very rarely indeed deflexed, even in what is called C. tetrandrum. Petals more or less bifid at the apex, 5 or 4, the stamens corresponding in number, both sometimes occurring on the same individual. After a most minute investigation, the only difference I can find between the two plants I have united, is the number of petals and stamens, which a 104 DECANDRIA. PENTAGYNIA. SPERGULA. are well known not to be constant, even on the same plant. In the leaves there is none, for the two run completely into each other. My friend, Mr Arnott, thinks they bear the same relation to each other in the form of the leaves as the two first species, but though this may be the case in the extreme varieties, they do not in their change follow the rule men- tioned in the observation under C. viscosum. The difference of habit seems to be owing entirely to situation, which has the same effect upon it as on Stellaria media. In moist hollows, among the rocks of the King's Park, I have seen it 8 inches long, in short, c. tetrandrum in habit ; not 2 yards from it, in exposed sunny dry spots, from 1-3 inches; in short, c. semidecandrum. The earlier flowers have been observed by Mr Ar- nott to be almost all tetrandrous. * Petals longer than the calyx. 4. C. arvense, leaves linear-lanceolate, more or less pubes- eent, especially at the base ; petals twice as long as the calyx. Lightf. p. 241. Smith. Fl. Brit. p. 499. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 143. E. B. t. 93. HAR. Fields and gravelly pastures, rare. Guillon Links, Mr Arnott May, September. 4. Field Chickweed.-Root creeping. Stems 4-10 inches long, ascending, slen- der, pubescent, somewhat tufted. Leaves pubescent, but varying greatly in the degree. Flowers terminal, few, large, white; branches of the panicle, viscid, pubescent. Calycine leaves, ovate, obtuse. Capsule not longer than the calyx. 16. SPERGULA. (Nat. Ord. CARYOPHYLLEÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 279.) 1. S. arvensis, “ leaves whorled, with minute membranaceous stipules at the base; stalk of the fruit deflexed ; seeds more or less margined.” Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 144. Lightf. p. 243. Smith, p Fl. Brit. p. 502. 502. E. B. t. 1535. S. pentandra, Smith, l. c. p. 503. E. B. t. 1536. HAB. Corn-fields and cultivated grounds, very abundant. July, Au- gust. O Corn Spurrey.-Stems 6–12 inches high, swelling at the joints. Leaves narrow, linear, rounded, glabrous, or a little pubescent, of 2 bundles from each joint, spreading in a whorled manner. Panicle spreading, branched, of many flowers ; branches divaricate. Petals ovate, white, . rather longer than the calyx. Stamens often 5. Capsule nearly twice as long as the calyx. Seeds roundish, dotted with raised points; varying extremely in the breadth of the margin.—Description nearly in Hooker's own words. He is convinced that it does not differ from s. pentandra of Smith. I certainly have always considered them the same, but am happy to quote so good an authority. 2. S. nodosa, leaves opposite, subulate, glabrous, connate, the upper ones clustered in the axils with young leaves; pe- tals much longer than the nerveless calyx. Lightf. p. 224. Smith, Fl. Brit. P. 503. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 145. E. B. t. 694. Hab. Bogs and wet sandy places, not common. Duddingston Loch ; South Queensferry ; Cockenzie Downs, Mr Neill. Pentlands, in va- rious places, Mr Arnott. Near Luffness, Dr Graham. King's Park. July, August. 4. AGRIMONIA. DODECANDRIA. DIGYNIA. 105 Knotted Spurrey.--Plant slightly tufted, glabrous. Stems 1-6, spreading, or suberect, very slender, but little branched, 4-8 inches high. Leaves small, numerous, subulate. Flowers few, terminal, large for the size of the plant, white, longer than the nerveless calyx. Petals obovate, ob- tuse. XI. DODECANDRIA. II. DIGYNIA 1. AGRIMONIA. (Nat. Ord. ROSACEÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 263.) 1. A. Eupatoria, cauline leaves interruptedly pinnate, termi- nal leaflet on a petiol ; fruit hispid. Lightf. p. 247. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 511. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 147. E. B. t. 1335. HAB. Fields, waste places, and road-sides, not frequent. King's Park, Mr Bainbridge. July. 4. Agrimony.—Stem 1-2 feet high, hairy, subangular. Leaves dark dull green, pinnate. Leaflets serrate, having much smaller ones intermediate, hairy. Flowers in a long, narrow, simple, or branched spike, deep yellow, almost sessile. Calyx furrowed. Fruit rough, with hooked bristles.-Employed medicinally by the country people. III. TRIGYNIA. 2. RESEDA. (Nat. Ord. RESEDACEÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 204.) 1. R. Luteola, leaves lanceolate, entire, plane ; calyx 4-cleft. Lightf. p. 248. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 512. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 147. E. B. t. 320. HAB. Waste places; road-sides. About Dysart, Burntisland, and Lass- wade, Lightfoot. On coal refuse between Edinburgh and Dalkeith Craigleith ; Blackford Hill, Mr Neill. Road-sides around Edinburgh. July, August. O Dyer's Weed.Root fusiform. Stem 2–3 feet high, erect, taper, branched, subangular. Leaves alternate, glabrous, shining green. Flowers yellow- ish, very numerous, in long narrow spikes. Stamens numerous, hanging down. Petals 3, linear, the uppermost always 3-lobed. Nectary crenate, greenish, large, at the base of the superior petal. Capsule “ open at the top, even before it is ripe;" Hook.–Used in dying yellow. 2. R. lutea, leaves pinnate, the upper ones with 3 segments; calyx 6-cleft. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 147. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 513. E. B. t. 321. Hab. Waste places. Hills between Pettycur and Burntisland, Mr Neill. Near Kirkcaldy, Mr Chalmers. Near Raith, D. Don. Debris of Salis- bury Craigs (recently introduced), Mr D. Steuart. July, August. O. Wild Mignonette or Base Rocket.-Stems growing in a bushy manner, round- ed, 1-2 feet high. Leuves divided into linear segments, undulate more 106 DODECANDRIA. DIGYNIA. EUPHORBIA. or less at the margin. Flowers numerous, yellow, in long spikes; the pedicels longer than in the preceding. Petals 6, variously and unequally ſobed. Nectary green, somewhat fringed. 3. EUPHORBIA. (Nat. Ord. EUPHORBIACEÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 203.) * Leaves linear, or linear-obovate. 1. E. exigua, umbel mostly of 3 primary rays; involucella lanceolate, entire ; leaves linear, or linear-lanceolate. Lightf. p. 250. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 515. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 148. . E. B. t. 1336. HAB. Dry gravelly fields and pastures, rare. Burntisland, Lightfoot. Field at the marl-pit near Muttonhole ; Near Crossgate-toll, and near Musselburgh, Maughan. Fields North of Carlowrie, abundant, Mr Falconer. Field near St Germains, and corn-fields about Burnt- island, plentiful, Mr D. Steuart July, September. O Dwarf Spurge.— The smallest British species, being rarely more than 6 inches high. Stem slender, simple or branched at the base, rounded. Leaves rather erect, linear, entire, sessile. Umbel small, varying from 2-4, or even 5, primary rays. Flowers very small. Nectaries 4, round- ish, with 2 greenish horns. Capsule glabrous. 2. E. Cyparissias, umbel of many primary rays; involucella broadly cordate, entire ; leaves linear, or linear-lanceolate, those of the sterile branches, linear-setaceous. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 148. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 519. E. B. t. 840. p . HAB. Woods, very rare. Colinton woods, Mr Arnott. July, August. 4. Cypress Spurge.—Root creeping. Stems numerous, a foot high. Leaves glabrous, entire, broader on the flowering stem, and less numerous than on the sterile stems; small branches often arise from the flowering stem, and sometimes produce flowers ; on these the leaves are also much narrower and more numerous. Involucella yellow green. Umbel 7-15- rayed. Nectaries 4, tawny yellow, lunate. Capsule smooth.—Milky- juice very abundant. 3. E. Esula, umbel of many primary rays; involucella broad- ly cordate; leaves uniform, entire, linear-obovate, or linear-ob- long. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 148. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 518. E. B. t. 1399. HAB. Woods, rare. Wood near a rivulet at Abercorn, 13 miles west of Edinburgh, Mr J. Mackay. Near Gladsmuir Kirk, in a lane leading from the Haddington road to Elvingston ; and in a field near West Pilton, 7 miles north-west of Edinburgh, Maughan. July. 4. Leafy-branched Spurge.-Stem about a foot high, erect, with numerous late- ral, leafy branches, the uppermost often producing flowers as in the pre- ceding Leaves all uniform, numerous on the barren stems. Umbel of 5-8 rays. Involucella large, broad. Nectaries somewhat cordate, tawny brown, with 2 lateral horns. Capsule glabrous. - - ** Leaves more or less obovate. 4. E. Peplus, umbel mostly of 3 primary rays; involucella cordato ovate; leaves obovate entire; nectaries lunate, termi- SEMPERVIVUM. DODECANDRÍA. DODECAGYNIA. 107 p. 514. nating in 2 horns. Lightf. p. 249. Smith, Fl. Brit. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 148. E. B. t. 959. HAB. Corn-fields and waste places, frequent. Corn-fields between Edin- burgh and Newhaven, plentiful. July, August. O. Petty Spurge.—Whole plant of a pleasant light green colour, or tinged with purple, 6–10 inches high, somewhat branched at the base. Leaves scat- tered, on very short petiols, entire, glabrous. Umbel pretty constantly of 3 primary rays. Nectaries 4, lunate, the two extremities passing into two acute horns, yellow. Capsule glabrous. 5. E. Helioscopia, umbel mostly of 5 primary rays; involu- cella broadly obovate, serrate, as well as the obovato-cuneiform leaves; nectaries roundish, entire. Lightf. p. 250. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 516. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 148. E. B. t. 883. p. HAB. Corn-fields and neglected gardens, frequent. King's Park, and corn-fields about the Pentland Hills, Mr Bainbridge. July, August. O. Sun Spurge.—Stem 6-14 inches high, often branched at the base, slightly hairy upwards. Leaves bright green, scattered, glabrous. Involucre and involucella almost similar. Nectaries green, without horns. Capsule gla- brous.-Called Little-good by the Scotch. This and the preceding have an abundant acrid milky juice, which is used to destroy warts. IV. DODECAGYNIA. 4. SEMPERVIVUM. (Nat. Ord. SEMPERVIVÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 282.) 1. S. Tectorum, leaves fleshy, ciliate ; offsets spreading. Lightf. p. 251. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 522. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 149. E. B. t. 1320. HAB. On walls and house-tops. In various places about Edinburgh. July. 4. House-leek.—Plant propagated by runners, which terminate in tufts of dense- ly imbricated fleshy, spreading leaves. Flowering stems 8 or 10 inches high, robust, hairy, terminating in a spreading corymb of 2 or 3 race- mose branches. Flowers subsessile, pale red. °Petals lanceolate, spread- ing. In regard to the internal structure, I shall quote Dr Hooker's valuable description. " The number of stamens is in reality 24, of which 12, inserted 1 at the base of each petal, are perfect, the rest, alternately with the petals, small and abortive; some bearing anthers, open longi- tudinally and laterally, producing, instead of pollen, abortive ovules: others resembling a cuneiform pointed scale, in the inside of which, upon a longitudinal receptacle are likewise ranged abortive ovules, as in the real germen ; thus exhibiting the most complete transition from stamens to germens in the same individual flower.” - XII. ICOSANDRIA. I. MONOGYNIA. 1. PRUNUS. (Nat. Ord. ROSACEÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 265.) 1. P. Padus, flowers in pendulous racemes ; leaves obovate, 108 ICOSANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. PRUNUS. 66 deciduous, with 2 glands at the union of the leaf with the foot- stalk. Lightf. p. 253. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 526. , 526. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 150. E. B. t. 1383. HAB. Woods. Colinton woods, and on the banks of Bevelaw Burn, Maughan. Auchindenny and Arniston woods, May. h. Bird Cherry.—A small tree, with a smooth bark. Leaves alternate, obova- to-acuminate, serrate, glabrous, deciduous. Flowers white, racemed, on short pedicels. Petals delicate, small, eroso-crenulate. Fruit a drupa, small, oval, black, bitter, the nut within rugose.- Ornamental. When or where could Lightfoot have seen the fruit the size of grapes ? 2. P. Cerasus, flowers in subsessile umbels ; leaves ovate or ovato-lanceolate, “ " subpubescent beneath.” Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 150. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 526. E. B. t. 706. P. Avium, Lightf. p. 254. Hab. Woods. Banks of the Water of Leith near Woodhall, Maughan. Arniston woods. May. h. Wild Cherry.—A tree sometimes of large size; branches cinereous, polish- ed. Leaves varying in form, unequally and often obtusely serrate, gla- brous above, more or less pubescent beneath, especially while young. Stipules glandulose at the margin. Rays of the umbel few, long. Flowers delicate, white, large, somewhat drooping. Calyx at length reflexed. Fruit roundish, rather large, red or black.—Origin of the garden cherry. 3. P. domestica, peduncles solitary, or in pairs ; leaves ovato- lanceolate, subpubescent beneath ;” branches without spines. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 151. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 527. E. B. t. 1783. HAB. Woods and hedges. Colinton woods, Maughan. April. h. Wild Plum-tree.-A middle-sized tree, without spines. Leaves ovate to ovato-lanceolate, on short petiols, serrate, when young pubescent on both sides. Flowers white, rather large, solitary, or in pairs, on short peduncles. Fruit large, roundish or somewhat ovate, blue-black, with a fine bloom. 4. P. insititia, peduncles mostly in pairs ; leaves ovato-lanceo- late, pubescent beneath ; branches ending in a spine. Lightf. ; Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 528. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 150. E. B. t. 841. HAB. Woods and hedges. Pentland Hills, G. Don. May. h. Wild Bullace-tree.—A small and bushy tree, with the branches often ter- minating in a spine. Leaves on short petiols, serrate, subpubescent be- neath, especially at first, but sometimes becoming glabrous. Flowers mostly in pairs, but sometimes solitary, white. Petals obovate. Fruit roundish, black, with a fine blue bloom, very austere to the taste. A white variety sometimes occurs.-Used as a preserve. 5. P. spinosa, peduncles mostly solitary; leaves elliptico-lan- ceolate, glabrous beneath; branches rigid, very spinose. Lightf. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 528. . Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 151. E. B. t. 842. not characteristic. HAB. Woods and hedges, very common. April. h. Sloe-tree, or Black Thorn.—A bushy, rigid shrub, with crooked, very spinous branches, clothed with a blackish, smooth bark. Leaves chiefly appearing p. 254. p. 254. CRATÆGUS. ICOSANDRIA. PENTAGYNIA. 109 after the flowers, more or less elliptical, serrate, petiolate. Flowers on short peduncles, smaller than the preceding, white, very numerous and conspicuous. Fruit small, globular, black, with a blue bloom, very au- stere, yet sometimes preserved with sugar.-_Used also in adulterating Port wine. II. PENTAGYNIA. p. 255. cave. 2. CRATÆGUS * (Nat. Ord. ROSACEÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 261.) 1. C. Oxycantha, branches spinose; leaves 3 or 5-lobed, ser- rate, glabrous; flowers corymbose; styles 1 or 2. Lightf. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 151. Mespilus Oxycantha, Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 529. E. B. t. 2504. HAB. Woods and hedges, almost everywhere. June. h. Hawthorn, or White Thorn.- A small bushy tree, with smooth bark; the wood hard. Branches rigid and spinose. Leaves petiolate dark green, shining, mostly 3-5-lobed, the lobes unequally cut, and serrate. Flowers corymbose, white or tinged with red, very numerous, handsome, mostly scented. Calyx reflexed, more or less pubescent. Petals roundish, con- Fruit roundish or oval, red, or yellowish.—The most approved plant for making fences as it endures clipping to any extent. 3. PYRUS. (Nat. Ord. ROSACEÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 261.) 1. P. Malus, leaves ovate, serrate; flowers in a simple sessile umbel Lightf. p. 258. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 531. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 151. E. B. t. 179. . Hab. Woods and hedges, frequent. Rosslyn woods. May. h. Crab-Apple.--A small tree, with spreading knobby branches : sometimes retaining a shrubby character, when kept down in hedges. Leaves ovate, more or less acute. Flowers large, very beautiful, delicate white, tinged with rose-colour, especially on the outside. Fruit roundish, scarcely an inch in diameter, green or reddish, very austere, and acid.—Used to make Verjuice. Origin of the Garden Apple. 2. P. Aucuparia, leaves pinnate, glabrous on both sides ; flowers corymbose; styles 3–4. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 151. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 533. 533. Sorbus aucuparia, Lightf. p. 256. E. B. t. 337. HAB. Woods, frequent. Inchcolm, Mr Neill. Rosslyn, Auchindenny, Arniston, and Colinton woods. Corstorphine Hill. May, June. h. Mountain Ash, or Quicken-tree (in Scotland Roan-tree).—A middle-sized bushy tree, with handsome foliage, flowers, and fruit. Bark smooth. Leaves pinnate, with an odd leaflet ; leaflets about 5 pair. Flowers white, small, very numerous, forming a flat, broad, much branched corymb, odour considerable. Fruit orange-red, size of a pea, acid and austere.—A ce- lebrated protection against evil spirits in the Highlands of Scotland, where a jelly is also prepared from the fruit. * An excellent paper on the genera of the section called POMACEA of the Natural Order RosacEÆ, by Mr Lindley, will be found in Linnean Transactions, vol. xii. p. 88. 110 ICOSANDRIA. PENTAGYNIA. SPIRÆA. 3. P. Aria, leaves ovate, cut and serrate, white and downy beneath; flowers corymbose; styles 2–4. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 152. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 534. E. B. t. 1858. Cratægus Aria, Lightf. p. 255. Hab. Woods, often among rocks. Rocks in the King's Park, near the Powder Magazine, Maughan. June. h. White Beam-tree.—A small tree, variable in habit, according to situation. Young branches tomentose. Leaves more or less deeply cut and serrate, conspicuous from their white under surface, above marked with parrallel veins. Flowers in a flattish corymb, white. Petals concave. Fruit scar- let, farinose, roundish oval, austere. . a 4. SPIRÆA. (Nat. Ord. ROSACEÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 265.) * Shrubby. 1. S. salicifolia, leaves ovato-lanceolate, serrate, glabrous; racemes clustered, compound, terminal. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 152. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 535. 535. E. B. t. 1468. HAB. Woods. Arniston woods, Craigiehall, and Cramond Bridge, Maughan. Scarcely wild in these stations. July. h. Willow-leaved Spiræa.—A bushy shrub, from 2–4 feet high, with numerous erect stems, and a yellowish-tawny smooth bark. Leaves subsessile, gla- brous on each side. Flowers dense, in erect blunt clusters. Petals rose colour.–Ornamental and common in gardens. ** Herbaceous. 2. S. Filipendula, leaves interruptedly pinnate, the leaflets uniform, cut; flowers paniculato-cymose; styles many. Lightf. p. 259. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 535. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 152. E. B. t. 284. Hab. Dry stony pastures. Arthur's Seat, Lightfoot. Debris of Salis- bury Craigs. July. 4. Common Dropwort.—Root tuberous. Stem a foot high, branched upwards, and terminating in a lax, erect, cymose panicle. Leaves pinnate, the the leaflets with intermediate smaller ones. Stipules united, roundish, dentate. Flowers by no means crowded, yellowish-white, pinkish before expanding. Styles 8–12,—Cultivated in gardens with a double flower. 1. S. Ulmaria, leaves interruptedly pinnate, serrate, pubes- cent beneath, the terminal leaflet largest, and lobed; principal cyme surmounted by 2 smaller ones; styles many. Lightf. Smith, Fl. Brit. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 152. E. B. t. 960. HAB. Moist meadows, ditch and stream-sides, very frequent. July, August. 4. Meadow-sweet-Stems 3-4 feet high, furrowed. Leaves dark green, pin- nate, the leaflets more or less ovate-acute, unequally serrate, terminal one mostly 3-lobed, with very small intermediate ones, beneath clothed with a white down. Stipules roundish, toothed. Flowers crowded, yel- lowish-white, cymose, 2 lateral branches usually rising in a proliferous manner above the first cyme; odour strong, agreeable. Styles 6–8. p. 259. p. 536. - 2 Rosa. 111 ICOSANDRIA. . POLYGYNIA. III. POLYGYNIA. 5. ROSA (Nat. Ord. RosaceÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 261.) * PIMPINELLIFOLIÆ. Setigerous, with subuniform crowded arms, or unarmed ; very rarely with bracteas. Leaflets ovate or oblong. Segments of the calyx connivent, persis- tent. Disk almost none. 1. R. spinosissima, arms unequal; leaflets plane, without pu- bescence, simply serrate. Lindl. Monog. p. 50. Lightf. p. 50. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 537. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 154. E. B. t. 187. HAB. Dry pastures, especially near the sea, and waste places. By Dud- dingston Loch, on the hill side, Lightfoot. Links near Cockenzie, with the petals red at the base (R. ciphiana, Sibbald), Maughan. Hills above N. Queensferry, and road-sides between Duddingston and Mus- selburgh. June. n. Burnet Rose.--A dwarf, compact, dark (sometimes reddish) green bush, with creeping roots. Branches short, stiff, much divided, beset by very dense, unequal prickles or sete; some of the former being usually falcate. Leaves close together, quite free from pubescence; stipules either narrow or di- lated, of nearly equal breadth ; petiols setigerous and prickly; leaflets about 7, bright green, flat, simply serrated, orbicular or nearly so. Flowers solitary, without bracteas, cyathiform, blush-coloured; peduncles naked, or rough with glands or setæ, as are the calycine segments, which are short and entire; tube ovate, or nearly round, naked; petals emargi- * In this most beautiful and most difficult genus, I feel that I cannot do better than follow the example of my friend Dr Hooker, and quote the words of Mr Lindley, who has assuredly done more to elucidate the Roses than any preceding botanist. I shall even give his divisions at length; for I conceive every assistance to be of importance to the student. The following parts must be explained in Mr Lindley's own words: “ Arms is a term used to express the presence of sete and prickles, mixed in- discriminately." “ Setæ or bristles are little straight prickles (aculei) tipped with a gland. They are known from real glands by their rigidity, greater length, and ten- dency to pass into prickles. They exist at some period, I believe, in all species upon the root-shoots, where they are quickly changed into prickles, by losing their gland. On their presence on the branches depend some of my most natural divisions.” Mr Lindley finds important characters in their form and inequality. “ Glands which are perhaps better distinguished from sete by their scent than any thing else, are for the most part attached to the leaves on the un- der surface." “ Pubescence on the branches, peduncles or tube of the calyx, is the only in- variable character I have discovered in Roses; but just the reverse is the case with pubescence upon the leaves." “ The shape of the sepals (calycine segments) may sometimes be considered, but very rarely, their degree of division. “Distinctions drawn from the shape of the tube of the calyx, can in no instance be employed. All varieties of form may be found in canina and tomen- tosa.” 5 112 ICOSANDRIA. POLYGYNIA. Rosa nate, concave; disk not thickened ; styles villous, distinct. Fruit ovate or nearly round, black or dark purple, crowned by the connivent or some- what spreading segments of the calyx.—Lindl. 2. R. Sabini, bristles few, and prickles unequal, distant; leaflets doubly serrate, tomentose; calycine segments compound. Lindl. Monog. p. 59. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 155. B. Doniana, bristles scarcely any, prickles nearly straight. R. Doniana, Woods, Linn. Trans. v. xii. p. 188. HAB. Thickets and mountainous places. R. Banks of the Water of Leith, near Colinton, Mr Borrer. June. h. Sabine's Rose.—Shrub 8-10 feet high. Branches erect, stout, dark brown, . armed with distant falcate prickles, and a few setæ (bristles). Leaves grey, distant ; stipules narrow, fringed with glands; petiols downy, glan- dular, armed with little prickles ; leaflets 5–7, oval, doubly serrate, flat, hairy on both sides, a little glandular beneath. Flowers usually solitary, sometimes in great bunches ; peduncles and calyx very hispid; the tube round; calycine segments compound. Fruit round, scarlet, hispid with bristles.-Can this be after all a production of R. tomentosa mollis ? -_- Lindi. ** VILLOSÆ. Root-shoots straight. Prickles nearly so. Leaf- lets ovate or oblong, with diverging serratures. Calycine segments connivent, persistent. Disk incrassated, closing the mouth. 3. R. tomentosa, leaflets ovate, somewhat acute; fruit bis- pid or naked. Lindl. Monog. p. 77. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 156. a. vera, shoots curved ; calycine segments compound. R. to- mentosa, Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 539. E. B. t. 990. R. scabrius- cula, E. B. t. 1896. B. mollis, shoots quite straight; calycine segments nearly simple. R. mollis, E. B. t. 2459. HAB. Woods, brakes, waste places. «, Sea-side between Caroline Park and Cramond. B, Between Ravelston wood and Edinburgh, Messrs Borrer and Hooker. June. n. Downy-leaved Dog Rose.—Seven or eight feet high, spreading, very grey. Branches somewhat glaucous, armed with straight (rarely falcate), equal, scattered prickles, and without bristles. Leaves hoary with down; sti- pules concave, dilated, somewhat toothed, and fringed with glands; petiols slightly prickly and glandular; leaflets about 5, oblong or ovate, obtuse, doubly serrate; serratures diverging, rarely converging ; soft and rugose, paler beneath, and sometimes slightly glandular, when bruised having a turpentine smell. Flowers 1 or more, reddish, or cup-shaped, with short stalks; bracteas ovate or oblong, downy, longer or shorter than the pe- duncles, which are hispid with unequal bristles and glands ; tube of the calyx ovate, oblong or round, usually hispid, sometimes nearly smooth ; calycine segments compound, spreading, always hispid at the back; petals entire, obcordate, concave; disk thickened, flat; styles very hairy, dis- tinct. Fruit somewhat purple, round or obovate, or depressed, usually hispid, crowned by the converging calycine segments; but these some- times fall off immediately after the fruit is ripe.--Lindl. . Rosa. 113 ICOSANDRIA. POLYGYNIA. *** RUBIGINOSÆ. Prickles unequal, sometimes like bristles, rarely (if ever) wanting Leaflets ovate or oblong, glan- dulose, with divergent serratures. Calycine segments per- , sistent. Disk incrassated. Shoots curved. 4. R. rubiginosa, prickles hooked ; leaflets rugose, opake; calyces and peduncles hispid. Lindl. Monog. p. 86. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 157. a a. vulgaris, prickles strong, very unequal; styles hairy; fruit ovate or oblong. R. rubiginosa, Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 540. E. B. t. 991. R. suavifolia, Lightf p. 262. 9. inodora, prickles much hooked, nearly equal ; leaflets less glandular; calycine segments deciduous before maturity. R. du- metorum, E. B. t. 2579. HAB. Woods and hedges. a, Hedges about Redhall, Dr Parsons. Sea- side between Carolina Park and Cramond. J, Near Edinburgh, Mr Borrer. June. h. Sweet-brier.-Much branched, 3-4 feet high, with a more compact habit than R. canina. Branches bright green, flexuose, armed with numerous, hooked, unequal, scattered, strong prickles; on the root-shoots sometimes very small, and tipped with a gland. Leaves dull, rugose, green, very sweet scented, covered beneath with numerous brown glands; stipules di- lated, minutely toothed, hairy beneath ; petiols with a few strong, un- equal prickles, somewhat spoon-shaped, usually naked above, covered with hairs, and very pale and rugose beneath. Flowers 1-3 together, concave, pale blush ; bracteas pale, lanceolate, acute, concave, slightly hairy and glandular; peduncles and calyx hispid, with weak bristles; tube ovate; calycine segments reflexed, pinnate; petals obcordate; disk much thickened ; germens 30-40; styles hoary, distinct. Fruit orange-red, roundish, oblong or obovate, hispid or smooth; crowned by the ascending calycine segments.-Lindl. **** CANINA. Prickles equal, hooked. Leaflets ovate, not glandulose, the serratures connivent. Calycine segments deciduous. Disk incrassated, closing the mouth. Larger shoots curved. 5. R. canina, leaflets rigid, ovate ; germens 20–30. Lindl. Monog. p. 98. Lightf. p. 262. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 540. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 157. E. B. t. 992. HAB. Woods and hedges, common. June. h. Dog Rose.—A straggling brier 6-7 feet high. The branches bright green, reddish brown on the sunny side, armed with strong, scattered, hooked, nearly equal prickles (rarely straight and then much closer together), and no bristles. Leaves distant, pale or dark green, often tinged with red, in exposed situations usually much blistered by the sun, quite free from pubescence ; stipules rather dilated, a little reflexed, acute-pointed; pe- tiol armed with a few, little, hooked prickles; leaflets 5-7, ovate or ob- long, acute or rounded, sessile or subsessile, flat or concave, even or ru- gose, coarsely or finely, simply or doubly serrated, the serratures always acute, without glands, and converging. Cymes one or many-flowered ; bracteas ovate-lanceolate, appressed, acute, concave or flattish, finely H 114 RUBUS. ICOSANDRIA. POLYGYNIA. p. 261. toothed and glandular at the edge ; peduncles and calyx smooth ; tube ovate; calycine segments spreading, sharp-pointed, deciduous, somewhat divided ; petals obcordate, concave; disk very thick, elevated; germens 20–30 ; styles nearly smooth, distinct, included or a little exserted. Fruit ovate or oblong, scarlet, shining, without any bloom; pericarps large, un- even.—Lindi. ***** SYSTILA. Styles cohering in a lengthened column. Stipules adnate. 6. R. arvensis, shoots flagelliform; prickles unequal, hooked ; leaflets glaucous beneath. Lindl. Monog. p. 112. Lightf. Smith, Fl. Brit. P. 538. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 158. E. B. t. 188. Hab. Hedges and thickets, not common. King's Park, Mr Neill. June, July. h. White Field Rose.—Branches flagelliform, procumbent, slender, dull glau- cous purple, armed with scattered, falcate, or straightish, equal prickles, those of the old shoots almost white, of the young ones smaller and red, sometimes none (in weak specimens). Leaves distant, dark green, or, on a chalky soil, yellowish ; stipules narrow, flat, naked, fringed with glands, red in the middle ; petiols pubescent, with scattered glands, and little falcate, dorsal prickles ; leaflets 5–7, flat, ovate, somewhat waved, simply serrate, very glaucous beneath, the rib somewhat hairy. Flowers solitary on the branchlets ; numerous on the root-shoots, white, with a yellow base and slight scent, at first cyathiform, afterwards more open ; peduncles rough with glands, and a very few bristles ; tube of the calyx ovate, naked ; calycine segments short, ovate, concave, a little divided, those which are so, rough with glands; petals obovate, emarginate ; stamens persistent ; disk elevated, fleshy; pericarps 15–25; styles united into a long smooth column. Fruit scarlet, round or oblong.-Lindl. 6. RUBUS. (Nat. Ord. ROSACEÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 263.) 1. R. idæus, leaves pinnate ; leaflets 3–5, whitish and very downy beneath ; petiols channelled ; stem nearly erect, prickly. Lightf. p. 263. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 541. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 541. Hook. Fl. Scot. P. 159. E. B. t. 2442. HAB. Woods, abundant. King's Park, Mr Bainbridge. Rosslyn, Auchindenny, and Arniston woods. Corstorphine Hill. June. h. Raspberry.—Stems rather shrubby, numerous, 2-4 feet high, rounded, vary- ing in their degree of hispidity. Leaves subovate, cut and serrate ; petiols pubescent, with scattered prickles. Flowers drooping, panicled, white. Petals small, plane. Fruit crimson, rendered setose from the permanent styles.-Fruit in regular request for the table. 2. R. cæsius, leaves ternate, hairy beneath, the lateral leaf- lets lobed externally ; stem prickly, prostrate, glaucous; calyx embracing the fruit. Lightf. p. 24. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 542. Hook, Fl. Scot. p. 160. E. B. t. 826. Hab. Woods and hedges, &c., rare. Between Dalkeith and Pathhead, nine miles from Edinburgh, Maughan. July. h. Dew-berry.—Stems prostrate, trailing, remarkably glaucous, not very woody. Leaflets not white beneath, but hairy, doubly serrate, the lateral ones FRAGARIA. ICOSANDRIA. POLYGYNIA. 115 with several lobes. Flowers in prickly, few-flowered, terminal panicles. Petals white or pinkish, waved, roundish, obovate. Fruit rather large, few-grained, black, with a blue bloom, acid, agreeable. 3. R. corylifolius, leaves pinnate; leaflets 3–5, hairy be- neath ; stems diffuse, rounded, with nearly straight prickles. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 160. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 542. E. B. t. 827. p HAB. Woods and hedges. Rosslyn and Auchindenny woods. Near Craigcrook. Granton woods by the sea-side. July.hu Hazel-leaved Bramble.—Stems very long, curved and trailing, fragile, round- ed, with the prickles scattered and straightish. Leaves irregularly cut and serrate; the lateral leaflets subsessile. Flowers panicled, white. Pe- tals waved, concave. Fruit dark or blackish violet, hemispherical, the grains large. Calyx reflexed after flowering. 4. R. fruticosus, leaves pinnate; leaflets mostly 5, petiolate, hoary with pubescence beneath ; stem angular, with hooked prickles on the angles. Lightf: p. 264. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 543. Hoo k. Fl. Scot. p. 160. E. B. t. 715. Hab. Woods and hedges, very common. July. h. Common Bramble.-Stems much like the preceding, but stouter and not brittle, also obtusely angular, and having strong hooked prickles on the angles only, which is the best constant specific distinction between this and the last. Leaflets shortly petiolate, and somewhat attenuate at the base. Flowers numerous, panicled. Petals mostly tinged with pink. Fruit roundish, blackish purple, of many rather small grains. 5. R. saxatilis, herbaceous ; leaves ternate, slightly pube- scent; runners creeping ; panicle few-flowered. Lightf. p. 265. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 544. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 161. E. B. t. 2233. HAB. Moist rocky places, banks in alpine situations. Rosslyn woods, Maughan. Pentland Hills, near Colinton, Messrs Arnott and Gre- ville. June. 4. Stone Bramble.—Stems slender, 8-12 inches high, erect, somewhat hairy, without prickles, or with a very few weak ones, producing 2 or 3 leaves on longish petiols. Leaflets broadly ovate, doubly serrate. Panicle 2–5 flowered. Calyx spreading, segments lanceolate. Petals very small, mostly erect, white. Fruit fine red, of a few large distinct grains or clus- tered drupes, 2-5 together. 6. R. Chamæmorus, herbaceous, dioecious; leaves simple, lobed ; stem without prickles, 1-flowered. Lightf. p. 266. t. 13. . . Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 545. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 161. E. B. t. 716. . Hab. Banks on the mountains. Top of the eastern Cairn Hill, one of of the Pentlands, Messrs Sommerville and E. Maughan. July. 4. Cloudberry._Root creeping. Stems 6-10 inches high, slender, bearing 2 or 3 roundish, plicate, lobed, and serrate leaves. Flower large, white. Ca- lyx with ovate segments. Fruit orange, a cluster of large subdistinct grains or drupes.--Taste agreeable. 7. FRAGARIA. (Nat. Ord. ROSACEÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 263.) 1. F. vesca, root with creeping scions; hairs of the pedicels H 2 116 ICOSANDRIA. POLYGYNIA. POLYGYNIA. POTENTILLA. appressed and sericeous beneath the calyx. Lightf. p. 267. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 546. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 162. E. B. t. 1524. HAB. Woods and banks, common. May-July. 4. Wood Strawberry.—Root throwing out long runners above ground, which radicate at intervals, and produce new plants. Leaves radical, or nearly so, ternate, pubescent beneath. Scape 3-8 inches high, bracteated. Flowers in a panicle, white, erect. Fruit drooping, ovate, red, pulpy, studded with the small smooth pericarps.-F. elatior is distinguished by the pedicels being covered with abundant patent hairs. 8. POTENTILLA. (Nat. Ord. ROSACEÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 263.) * Leaves ternate. 1. P. Fragaria, “ leaflets obovate, deeply serrate, silky on “ each side (especially beneath); petals obcordate, as long as the calyx ; stems procumbent.” Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 164. Fragaria sterilis, Lightf. p. 268. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 546. E. B. t. 1785. HAB. Woods and banks, very common. March, April. 4. Barren Strawberry.—Plant 2 or 3 inches high. Flowering stems slender, 1 or 2- leaved, bearing 1-3 white flowers on pedicels. Pericarps not accompanied by a pulpy fruit, rugose. 2. P. Tormentilla *, leaves ternate, sessile; leaflets lanceo- late, inciso-serrate; flowers 4-petalled; stem ascending. Sibth. Tormentilla officinalis, Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 164. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 552. E. B. t. 863. T. erecta, Lightf. p. 272. HAB. Dry heathy pastures, very common. June, July. 4. Common Tormentil.—Root large, woody. Stems 6-12 inches long, nume- rous, slender, branched dichotomously. Leaves all sessile, somewhat hairy. Stipules deeply cleft, making the leaves appear quinate at first sight. Flowers on long pedicels, axillary, and terminal, small, golden yellow. Petals mostly 4, and calycine segments 8 ; but sometimes 5, and the latter 10. ** Leaves digitate. 3. P. argentea, leaves quinate ; leaflets cuneiform, cut, white and downy beneath, margins revolute ; stem suberect. Lightf. p. 270. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 549. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 162. E. B. t. 89. Hab. Barren stony pastures, rare. Craig Brae, near Dundas Castle, Mr Falconer. Blackford Hill and Binny-craig, Maughan. June. 4. Hoary Cinquefoil.—Stems spreading, 6–12 inches long, whitish and tomen- * It is not any desire of innovation that induces me to exclude the ge- nus Tormentilla. It may truly be said of the two species, that they are whol- ly Potentilla in habit, and in every other respect, save the number of the ca- lycine segments and petals; and these are not unfrequently of the proper number to make them Potentilla. Sir J. E. Smith remarks, that T. reptans has sometimes 5 petals in the beginning of its flowering ; a fact which seems to indicate one of those anomalies which sometimes occur, but cannot be ac- tually sufficient to remove a plant from so strong a natural affinity. POTENTILLA. ICOSANDRIA. POLYGYNIA. 117 with p. 550. tose, slightly branched. Leaflets sometimes rather cleft than serrate. Flowers in irregular corymbose panicles, numerous, small, yellow. 4. P. verna, radical leaves quinate, obovate-cuneiform, obtuse serratures, hairy beneath; petals obcordate, longer than the calyx ; stem decumbent. Lightf. p. 270. Smith, Fl. Brit. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 162. E. B. t. 37. . HAB. Rocky pastures. SW. side of Arthur's Seat, Lightfoot. Hills about North Queensferry, common, Maughan. Rocks at Craiglock- hart. May, June. 4. Spring Cinquefoil.—Stems decumbent, 3-6 inches long, branched. Leaves on longish petiols, glabrous above, pubescent beneath, and at the mar- gin sharply serrate, but the serratures obtuse ; cauline ones ternate. « Flowers at the end of weak leafy branches, 2 or 3 together, on long footstalks, bright yellow,” Hook. 5. P. procumbens, radical leaves quinate, petiolate, leaflets obovate-cuneiform, inciso-dentate ; flowers 4-petalled ; stem prostrate. Sibth. Tormentilla reptans, Lightf. p. 273. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 553. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 164. E. B. t. 864. HAB. Borders of fields and waste places. Near Kirkcaldy, Mr Stewart. June, July. 4. Procumbent Cinquefoil.—Stems few, prostrate, 12-20 inches long, not root- ing. Leaves on long petiols, hairy ; cauline ones ternate, sessile. Flowers golden yellow, on slender branches and longish peduncles. Petals 4, broadly obcordate. Calycine segments 8. Not unfrequently the petals are 5, and the calycine segments 10. 6. P.reptans, leaves quinate, obovate-obtuse, widely serrate; peduncles 1-flowered, axillary, longer than the leaves ; stem , filiform, creeping. Lightf. p. 271. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 551. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 163. E. B. t. 862. Hab. Fields and road-sides. Links and road-sides east of Musselburgh, Mr Arnott. Road leading up to Craigmillar Castle, immediately after leaving the main road to Dalkeith by Prestonfield, Mr Neill. June, August. 4. Common Creeping Cinquefoil.—Stems slender, long, resembling runners, ra- dicating at the joints, and throwing up from the same point a few leaves and flower-stalks, the petiols of the one and peduncles of the other being long, erect, 2–6 inches in length. Flowers large, deep yellow.-Under a wall'in a shaded situation I have seen the running stems 4 feet long. *** Leaves pinnate. 1. P. anserina, leaves interruptedly pinnate, serrate, very silky beneath ; stem creeping; peduncles axillary, 1-flowered. Lightf. p. 268. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 547. Hook. FI. Scot. p. 162. E. B. t. 861. HAB. Moist meadows and road-sides, very common. June, July. 4. . Silver-weed.—Stems prostrate, radicating at the joints, and throwing up leaves and a solitary peduncle from the same point. The degree of silki- ness varies. Flowers large, handsome, delicate yellow. a 118 GEUM. ICOSANDRIA. POLYGYNIA. - 9. GEU M. (Nat. Ord. ROSACEÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 262.) 1. G. urbanum, flowers erect ; awns naked; “ cauline leaves ternate, radical ones lyrato-pinnate,” (Hook.) Lightf. p. 273.- Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 554. 554. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 165. E. B. t. 1400. Hab. Woods and hedges, very common. May-August. 4. Common Avens.-Stems 1-2 feet high, branched upwards. Radical leaves on long petiols, with the terminal leaflet very large, the lateral ones minute ; cauline ones sessile. Flowers terminal, solitary, on longish erect peduncles, yellow. Petals patent, roundish, mostly shorter and rarely longer than the calyx. Awns of the fruit hooked. 2. G. rivale, flowers drooping; awns feathery; radical leaves interruptedly lyrato-pinnate. Lightf. p. 274. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 554. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 165. E. B. t. 106. HAB. Moist woods and marshy grounds, frequent. Habbie's How and Newbattle woods, Dr Graham. Rosslyn, Auchindenny, and Arniston woods. Colinton woods, &c. June, July. 4. Water Avens.—Stems about a foot high, slightly branched upwards, hairy. Radical leaves lyrate, the size and shape of the leaflets varying, the ter- minal one the largest ; cauline ones ternate or simple. Flowers on long nodding, reddish peduncles. Calyx large, reddish or purplish, campanu- late. Petals erect, obcordate, with a longish claw, pinkish orange. Awns plumose, hooked.-Flowers sometimes yellow, and resembling a hybrid between the two. This has been found by Mr Maughan in Colinton woods, and by Dr Graham on the banks of the Esk above Newbattle. A variety with double flowers occurs also in a wild state, and has been found by Mr Neill by the Water of Leith in several places. 10. COMARUM. (Nat. Ord. ROSACEÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 264.) 1. C. palustre. Lightf. p. 276. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 566. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 165. E. B. t. 172. HAB. Bogs and marshes, frequent. Duddingston Loch ; Braid Hill marshes; Pentland Hills, &c. July. 4. Marsh Cinquefoil.—Root creeping. Stems ascending, 6–12 inches long, branched, smooth. Lower leaves petiolate, pinnate ; leaflets 5-7, lanceo- late, serrate, smooth, very rarely villose ; upper ones sessile, quinate or ternate, with a pair of stipules at their base. Flowers few, terminal, in a sort of panicle, dark purple. Calyx large, spreading, with alternate large and small segments. Petals minute, acute, purple. Fruit conico- hemispherical, spongy, not deciduous, the pericarps partly imbedded as in Fragaria ; the surface setose with the permaneni styles.—The variety with villose leaves I have found in a bog above North Queensferry. CHELIDONIUM. POLYANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. 119 XIII. POLYANDRIA. I. MONOGYNIA. 1. CHELIDONIUM. (Nat. Ord. PAPAVERACEÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 292.) 1. C. majus. Lightf. p. 278. Smith, Fl. Brit. , p. 563. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 167. E. B. t. 1581. HAB. Waste places. Ruins of Corstorphine Castle, Mr Neill. Between the eight-mile stone and Cockenzie on the Haddington road from Edin- burgh, Mr Arnott. May, June. 4. Celadine.--Plant full of an orange juice. Stems 1-2 feet high, branched, rounded, hairy. Leaves pinnate ; leaflets mostly 5, decurrent, broadly ovate, more or less lobed, and obtusely crenato-serrate, very glaucous beneath. Flowers yellow, in long, pedunculate, axillary umbels. Calyx deciduous. Petals 4, delicate. Pod long, somewhat turgid.—Juice used to destroy warts. 2. GLAUCIUM. (Nat. Ord. PAPAVERACEÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 292.) 1. G. luteum, peduncles 1-flowered; cauline leaves amplexi- caul, sinuate; stem glabrous. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 167. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 563. E. B. t. 8. Chelidonium glaucium, Lightf. p. 279. HAB. Sea-coasts; rarely inland. Near Queensferry, Lightfoot. Near Rosythe Castle ; gravelly bed of the Water of Leith, beyond Colt- bridge, Mr Neill. Sandy shores near Gosford and North Queens- ferry, Maughan. July, August. O. Yellow Horned-Poppy.- Plant spreading, very glaucous. Stems 1-3 feet long, decumbent, ascending at the ends. Radical leaves lyrato-pinnatifid, long, scabrous. Flowers large, bright yellow, numerous. Pod elongated after flowering, 6–12 inches.--Foetid and poisonous. 3. PAPAVER. (Nat. Ord. PAPAVERACEÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 292.) * Capsules hispid. 1. P. Argemone, capsule clavate, hispid; stem leafy, many- flowered. Lightf. p. 279. Smith, Fl. Brit. . p. 566. Hook Fl. Scot. p. 168. E. B. t. 643. t HAB. Corn-fields and waste grounds. King's Park, Mr Bainbridge. Road-sides about Lasswade. June. O Long Prickly-headed Poppy.--Plant hairy. Stem erect, slender, branched. Leaves pinnate or bi-pinnate, segments narrow ; lower ones on long pe- tiols. Flowers on long peduncles, small, dull scarlet, drooping before ex- panding. Petals narrow-obovate, quickly falling. Stamens dilated up- wards; anthers blueish. ** Capsules glabrous. 2. P. dubium, capsules glabrous, oblong; stem many-flowered, 120 POLYANDRIA. MONOGYNIA, , NYMPHÆÁ hairy; bristles of the flower-stalks appressed ; leaves pinnatifid, Lightf. p. 280. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 567. Hook. Fl. Scot, p. 168. E. B. t. 644. HAB. Corn-fields and waste ground. King's Park, Mr Bainbridge. Frequent in fields round Edinburgh. July. O. Long Smooth-headed Poppy.--Plant hairy ; hairs of the stem spreading, those of the flower-stalks closely appressed. Stem 2 feet high, slightly branch- ed. Leaves with broader segments than the preceding Flowers larger, scarlet. Petals broad, irregularly crenate. Stamens linear. 3. P. Rhæas, capsules glabrous, nearly globose ; stem many- flowered, bristly, bristles all spreading ; leaves pinnatifid. Lightf p. 279. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 567. , p . Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 168. E. B. t. 645. HAB. Corn-fields, very common. June, July. O. Common Red Poppy.--About the same size as the last, and sufficiently dis- tinguished by the hairs being patent on the peduncles as well as the stem, and by the short roundish capsule. Flowers large, deep red. Pe- tals very broad. A troublesome weed in corn-fields. 4. P. cambricum, capsules glabrous, oblong ; stem many-flow- ered, subglabrous; leaves pinnate, leaflets petiolate, lobed. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 168. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 568. E. B. t. 66. HAB. Moist woods, rare. Banks of the Water of Leith, near Woodhall, Messrs Sommerville and Maughan. Braid woods, Mr Arnott. June, August. 4. Yellow Poppy.—Stems 12-18 inches high, leafy, branched. Leaves large, the leaflets ovato-lanceolate, a good deal lobed, and obtusely cut, tender, pale green, glaucous beneath. Flowers yellow. Petals roundish, deli- cate. 4. NYMPHÆA. (Nat. Ord. NYMPHÆACEÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 292.) 1. N. alba, leaves cordate; calyx 4-leaved ; “ 4 stigma of 16 ascending rays.” Lightf. p. 283. Smith, Fl. Brit. . p. 570. Hook. FI. Scot. p. 169. E. B. t. 160. Hab. Lakes and ponds. Lochend, Maughan. July. 4. 4 White Water-Lily.—Plant growing in the water. Leaves on long petiols, floating, large. Flowers very large, magnificent, white. Calycine leaves somewhat longer than the petals, white within. Petals numerous, gra- dually diminishing in size towards the centre, and passing into sta- mens, which, as well as the petals, are inserted upon the germen. The latter decays without opening. 5. NUPHAR. (Nat. Ord. NYMPHÆACEÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 293.) 1. N. lutea, “ leaves cordate, their lobes approximate; calyx 5-leaved; stigma expanded, entire, with from 14-20 rays.” Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 169. Nymphæa lutea, Lightf. p. 482. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 569. E. B. t. 169. , . HAB. Lakes and ponds. Lochend, Maughan. July. 4. Yellow Water-Lily. Leaves large, floating, on long petiols. Flowers large, deep yellow. Calycine leaves large, roundish, yellow, very concave. Pc- AQUILEGIA. POLYANDRIA. . PENTAGYNIA. 121 tals numerous, small, obtuse, fleshy, orange. Stamens and anthers re- curved, numerous, the outer ones somewhat the largest. Fruit “ flagon- shaped,” (Hook.), large, terminating in the flat, dilated stigma. Seeds numerous, large.-Flowers smelling like brandy. 6. TILIA. (Nat. Ord. TILIACEÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 273.) 1. T. europæd, flowers without a nectary ; leaves cordate, acuminate, serrate ; pericarp ribbed, woody,” Hook. Lightf . p. 280. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 571. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 170. E. B. t. 610. Hab. Woods and hedges. Hope Park, &c. July. h. Lime or Linden-tree.-A handsome, large tree, with a smooth bark, the young branches mostly reddish. Leaves numerous, petiolate, glabrous, veined. Flowers small, greenish, in drooping pedunculate umbels or cymes, which arise from the centre of a long, lanceolate, foliaceous brac- tea, of a pale yellowish green colour, and deciduous with the fruit, which is 1-celled and 1-seeded.--Flowers very fragrant. 17. HELIANTHEMUM. (Nat. Ord. CisteÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 284.) 1. H. vulgare, somewhat shrubby, procumbent ; leaves ob- long, subpilose, whitish and pubescent beneath, revolute at the margin ; stipules lanceolate. Rich, in Pers. Syn. 2. p. 79. p Cistus Helianthemum, Lightf. p. 280. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 575. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 170. E. B. t. 1321. C. tomentosus, E. B. t. 2208 HAB. Dry pastures. King's Park, plentiful, Lightfoot. July, August. h. Common Dwarf-Cistus.-Stems several from the same root, rather slender, 3-6 inches long. Leaves opposite, oblong or elliptic-oblong, shortly pe- tiolate, variable in regard to the breadth, the degree of hairiness, and re- volution of the margin. Flowers delicate, yellow, in terminal racemes, the petals very deciduous. Calyx of 3 large and 2 small leaves.—This plant, in common with a large group, varies from the true Cisti in having a l-locular 3-valved capsule; assuredly sufficient to constitute a good genus. I perfectly agree with Dr Hooker in regarding C. tomentosus as the same plant we have described. II. PENTAGYNIA. 8. AQUILEGIA. (Nat. Ord. RANUNCULACEÆ *, Juss.) 1. A. vulgaris, spur of the petals incurved ; capsules vil- lose ; stem leafy, many-flowered ; leaves glabrous; styles not longer than the stamens. De Cand. De Cand. Lightf. p. 284. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 578. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 170. E. B. t. 297. p . HAB. Woods and moist pastures. Colinton woods, Dr Parsons in Light- foot. June. 4. * This genus is omitted in the 2d part of Dr Hooker's Flora Scotica. 122 STRATIOTES. POLYANDRIA. HEXAGYNIA. Common Columbine.-Stems 1-2 feet high, branched, leafy. Leaves bi-ter- nate, petiolate ; leaflets irregular in form, more or less divided into ob- tuse, roundish lobes, glaucous beneath ; cauline ones sessile. Flowers large, drooping, pedunculate. Calycine leaves 5, purple, large, erect. Petals 5, purple, passing into large, hollow, spurred nectaries, which protrude be- tween the leaves of the calyx.—Liable to many variations in the colour of the flower, characters of the leaves, &c. III. HEXAGYNIA. 9. STRATIOTES. (Nat. Ord. HYDROCHARIDEÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 187.) 1. S. aloides, leaves ensiform, somewhat triangular, serrate, the serratures prickly. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 171. Smith, FI, Brit. p. 579. E. B. t. 379. Hab. Ponds and ditches, rare. Duddingston Loch, Maughan. July. 4. Water Soldier.—Plant growing in water, and striking long roots and run- ners into the mud, the latter throwing up young plants to succeed the old ones, which flower but once. Leaves resembling those of an Aloe, as both Smith and Hooker have observed, arranged also in the same man- ner, all arising from the base; they are rigid, 6–9 inches long, linear- lanceolate, and edged with very prickly serratures. Flower white, solitary, large, produced on a scape, and issuing from a 2-leaved spatha. Petals 3, rounded, concave. Stamens with subulate anthers. Styles mostly 6.- Flowers said to be sometimes diccious. IV. POLYGYNIA. 10. ANEMONE. (Nat. Ord. RANUNCULACEÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 294.) 1. A. nemorosa, leaves ternate, the segments trifid, variously cut; involucre similar, petiolate; stem 1-flowered ; : capsules awnless. Lightf. p. Lightf. p. 284. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 581. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 171. E. B. t. 355. HAB. Woods, brakes, and moist pastures, very common. April, June. 4. Wood Amemone.—Root black, somewhat tuberous. Plant 6-8 inches high. Leaves glabrous or subpilose, on long petiols. Involucre within 2 inches of the flower, large, of 3 petiolate leaves. Flower solitary, pedunculate, large, whitish, tinged on the outside with pink or purple. 11. CLEMATIS. (Nat. Ord. RANUNCULACEÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 293.) 1. C. Vitalba, stem climbing ; leaves pinnate, the leaflets cordato-ovate, inciso-lobate, acuminate; peduncles shorter than the leaves. Hook. Fl. Scot. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 171. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 583. E. B. t. 612. HAB. Woods and hedges. Colinton woods, Maughan, (certainly not truly wild.) May, June. 4. Travellers' Joy.—Stems sarmentose, very long, much entangled, climbing by means of the twisting petiols, which act as tendrils, and do not fail THALICTRUM. POLYANDRIA. POLYGYNIA. 123 a with the leaves. Leaves opposite, spreading; leaflets variable in the lobes and serratures, rarely entire. Flowers in axillary panicles, white, sweet-scented. Capsules with long feathery awns, very conspicuous. 12. THALICTRUM. (Nat. Ord. RANUNCULACEÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 294.) 1. T. minus, stems glaucous; leaves tripinnate, leaflets gla- brous, roundish-ovate, mostly 3-dentate, glaucous beneath ; flowers panicled, drooping ; '“ pericarps acute at each extre- mity,” DC. Lightf. p. 285. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 584. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 172. E. B. t. 11. Hab. Hilly pastures, and downs by the sea-side. Between Carolina Park and Ĉramond, G. Don. Coast west of Kirkcaldy, Messrs Ar- nott and Greville, plentiful in both stations. June, July. 4. Lesser Meadow-Rue.—Stem about a foot high, somewhat flexuose and branch- ed in a divaricate manner, covered with a glaucous bloom. Leaves spread. ing; leaflets small, varying in form, with 3-5 obtuse teeth at the apex, which is sometimes so truncate as to render the shape cuneiform. Flowers with a 4-leaved perianth. 2. T. majus, stem glaucous towards the base; leaves tripinnate, leaflets glabrous, glaucous beneath, lobed and toothed, the main lobes and teeth ovate, acute; flowers in large panicles, droop- ing; “pericarps obliquely rounded at the base;" DC. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 172.? Smith, Fl. Brit. 585.? E. B. t. 611.? HAB. Stony pastures and thickets. Hills about North Queensferry, Maughan. July. 4. Greater Meadow-Rue.—Stem 2 feet high or more, flexuose, glaucous towards the base, much branched upwards; branches divaricate. Leaves twice or thrice as large as the preceding ; leaflets often lobed, sometimes only toothed, lobes mostly trifid ; when there are only teeth, there are 3-5; teeth and lobes, especially the center ones, acute, mostly so in the up- permost leaves. Besides the glaucous hue beneath, there is also a me. tallic, or bronze-like effect, produced by very minute glands ? which is not present in the minus. This is very strong in my dried specimens, and probably is also to be seen in living ones. I have drawn up the above description from the North Queensferry plant, but will not venture to decide that it is the majus of many authors; of E. B. I think surely not. It differs from Decandolle's in having a glaucous bloom on the lower part of the stem ; but it agrees in the lo- bules of the upper leaflets being submucronate, at least the margin at each side the summit is slightly revolute, so as to produce the effect. The same author's distinction, drawn from the pericarps, I have not been able to confirm, my specimens not being sufficiently advanced *. 13. RANUNCULUS. (Nat. Ord. RANUNCULACEÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 294.) * Petals white, with a yellow claw, and a nectiferous pore at the base. 1. R. aquatilis, stem floating ; submersed leaves, capillaceo- p. 585. ? a * Th. flavum is inserted in Lightfoot as growing near North Queensferry, on the authority of Dr Parsons. There is no doubt Th. majus was mistaken for it. 124 POLYANDRIA. POLYGYNIA. RANUNCULUS. . multifid, floating ones tripartite, with cut lobes ; petals obovate, larger than the calyx; pericarps more or less hispid. Lightf p. 295. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 596. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 173. E. B. t. 101. B. All the leaves submersed, divided into capillary diverging segments, forming a small orbicular outline. R. pantothrix, a. Decand. Syst. Veg. 1. p. 235. p y. All the leaves submersed, divided into long capillary seg- ments. R. pantothrix, y. Decand. I. c. p. 236. HAB. In shallow ponds and ditches, very common. B and y in Dudding- ston Loch. May, June. 4. Water Crowfoot.—Stems varying in length, according to the depth of the water, branched. Leaves, when floating, varying in the form of their 3 lobes, and when submersed, in the length and compactness of their capillary segments, which are more or less divided. Flowers mostly large, lively. Petals varying in size, but always larger than the calyx, claw always yellow. Pericarps more or less hispid, rarely, yet sometimes gla- brous, when mature.-Dr Hooker's observations in Flora Scotica are very just on this species. R. pantothrix and tripartitus of Decandolle seem to be mere varieties. Nearly allied to this, also, is R. multifidus, Ph., but it has yellow flowers; and equally near is the R.lacustris of Dr Beck, though a remarkable plant. 2. R. hederaceus, stem creeping; leaves subreniform, with 3–5 broad, entire, very obtuse, shallow lobes ; petals scarcely longer than the calyx ; stamens 5–12. Lightf. p. 294. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 173. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 595. E. B. t. 2003. HAB. Ditches and marshy places, occasionally under water. Road-side near Mordun, Mr D. Stuart. King's Park, Mr Arnott. Summer. 4 Ivy-leaved Crowfoot.—Stems short, striking numerous roots. Leaves many, petiolate, smooth, rather fleshy. Flowers axillary, very small, on short peduncles; the petals narrow, a little longer than the calyx. Pericarps glabrous. ** Flowers yellow; petals with a nectiferous scale at the base. + Leaves undivided. 3. R. Flammula, leaves glabrous, linear-lanceolate, or sub- ovate, subentire, the lower ones petiolate ; stem more or less decumbent, radicating ; peduncles opposite to the leaves. Lightf. p. 288. . Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 587. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 174. E. B. t. 387. HAB. Bogs and marshy places, very frequent. King's Park, &c. July, August. 4. Lasser Spearwort.-Stems 6–18 inches long, somewhat branched, scarcely decumbent at the base, when strong and crowded by other plants, but sometimes weak, and quite procumbent. Leaves subserrate, or nearly entire, radical ones linear-ovate, petiolate. Flower's much smaller than in the following, which the whole resembles on a smaller scale. Pericarps smooth.-R. reptans of Lightfoot, figured by him in the title-page to vol. 1. of his Flora, is a var. of this species. A powerful and speedy emetic. . RANUNCULUS. POLYANDRIA. POLYGYNIA. 125 4. R. Lingua, leaves lanceolate, subserrate, sessile, semi- amplexicaul ; stem erect, glabrous. Lightf. p. 286. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 588. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 173. E. B. t. 100. B. Leaves entire, and rough as well as the stem, with nume- rous appressed hairs. HAB. Ditches, lake-sides. Duddingston Loch, Dr Parsons in Lightfoot. (Chiefly var. B.) July 4. Great Spearwort.-Stems 3-4 feet high, quite erect, stout, succulent, smooth or hairy, branched ; branches erect. Leaves very long, linear-lanceolate, acuminate, subserrate or entire, serratures distant. Flowers large, very handsome. ++ Leaves variously divided. + Pericarps smooth. Root perennial. 5. R. auricomus, leaves glabrous, radical ones petiolate, cor- date or reniform, mostly 3-partite and lobed, cauline ones di- vided to the base, in linear, sub-entire segments; calyx pubes- cent, shorter than the petals. Lightf. p. 290. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 590. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 174. E. B. t. 624. Hab. Woods. River-banks, opposite Lugton woods, near Dalkeith, Dr Parsons in Lightfoot. Rosslyn woods and Habbie's How, Mr Arnott. April, May. 4. Wood Crowfoot.—Stems a foot high or more, glabrous, slender, erect, branch- ed. Leaves ; radical ones shining, variously lobed and cut, on long pe- tiols; cauline ones cleft to the base, in about 6 or 7 linear segments, which are entire or somewhat toothed. Flowers often imperfect in the petals.-Not acrid. 6. R. sceleratus, leaves glabrous, radical ones petiolate, 3- partite, the segments lobed, cauline ones 3-lobed, calyx sub- villose ; pericarps forming an oblong mass. Lightf. p. 201. . Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 590. Hook. Fl. Scot. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 174. E. B. t. 681. . HAB. Moist places, pond-sides, &c. Banks of Duddingston Loch, Mr Bainbridge. June. 4. Celery-leaved Crowfoot.—Plant glabrous. Stem 12-18 inches high, much branched, succulent, and often thick. Leaves shining ; the segments of the lower ones variously lobed and cut, the upper ones often divided to the base. Flowers small. Petals roundish, spreading. Calyx and pe- duncles mostly villose (glabrous, Decand.) Pericarps small, very nume- - rous. 7. R. acris, leaves mostly pubescent, 3-partite, the lobes deeply divided into cut segments, with acute apices; upper ones linear ; stem erect, many-flowered; peduncles not furrow- ed; calyx spreading Lightf. p. 293. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 593. . Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 175. E. B. t. 652. HAB. Meadows and pastures, very common. June, July. 4. Upright Meadow-Crowfoot.-Stem 6-20 inches high, branched, round, mostly hairy; hairs appressed. Leaves tripartite, but appearing almost palmate from the lobes being cleft nearly to the base ; segments more or less cut ; cauline leaves divided into linear segments. Calyx pubescent or 126 FICARIA POLYANDRIA. POLYGYNIA. nearly glabrous, not deflexed. Flowers golden yellow, shining. Peri- carps terminated by a nearly straight point.--Plant acrid. Very dwarf on the mountains, and 1-flowered. 8. R. repens, leaves ternate, central leaflet petiolate, deeply 3-lobed and cut; main stems prostrate, flowering ones erect; peduncles furrowed ; calyx spreading. Lightf. p. 292. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 592. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 175. E. B. t. 516. Hab. Meadows, pastures, &c. Very abundant. June, August. 4. Creeping Crowfoot.—Plant increasing by runners, which take root and throw up new plants. Flowering stems erect, 1-2 feet high. Leaves ternate; the two lateral leaflets on very short foot-stalks, trifid ; the central one on a longer foot-stalk, 3-lobed, the lobes trifid; all more or less cut; uppermost stem-leaves entire. Calyx pilose, not reflexed. 9. R. bulbosus, radical leaves ternate, leaflets petiolate, trifid, the segments narrow, inciso-dentate; stem erect, bulbous at the base ; calyx reflexed. Lightf. p. 292. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 591. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 175. E. B. t. 515. Hab. Pastures and waste ground, very common. May. 4. Bulbous Crowfoot.—Root bulbous. Stem 6 inches-2 feet high, somewhat branched, hairy. Leaves more or less hairy; terminal lobes of the lower ones subovate. Upper leaves sessile, cleft into linear segments. Pe- duncles furrowed. Calyx reflexed, hairy.--Plant acrid. tt Pericarps tuberculate or muricate. Root annual. 10. R. hirsutus, radical leaves ternate, or 3-lobed, leaflets trifid, cut; central one on a foot-stalk; calyx reflexed; root not bulbous ; pericarps margined and tuberculate. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 175. Smith, Fl. Brit. . p. 592. E. B. t. 1504. Hab. Pastures and waste places, not frequent. Pentland Hills, Mr Arnott June. October. O. Pale Hairy Crowfoot. Root fibrous. Stem 3-12 inches high, erect, branch- ed, hairy; hairs spreading. Radical leaves rather small, pale, hairy ; cauline ones more or less cut into linear segments. Peduncles furrowed, hairy. Calyx reflexed, hairy ; “hairs glandular at the base.” (Sm.) 11. R. arvensis, leaves glabrous, 3-partite, each division deeply 3-cleft into linear acute segments; stem erect, many- flowered ; pericarps muricate. Lightf. p. 294. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 594. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 175. E. B. t. 135. Hab. Corn-fields, rare. Corn-field near Stockbridge, Maughan. June. 0. Corn Crowfoot.-Stem 12–18 inches high, much branched; the uppermost branches and peduncles subvillose. Segments of all the leaves more or less linear; glabrous. Flowers small. Petals obovate, narrow. Pericarps large, compressed, few, very muricate.--Plant very acrid, even poison. ous. 14. FICARIA. (Nat. Ord. RANUNCULACEÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 295. under Ranunculus.) 1. F. ranunculoides, root composed of numerous small tu- 2 TROLLIUS. POLYANDRIA, POLYGYNIA. 129 - bers; stem leafy, 1-flowered ; leaves cordate. Decand. Syst. Veg. 1. p. 304. Ranunculus Ficaria, Lightf. p. 289. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 589. 589. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 174. . 174. E. B. t. 135. HAB. Hedge banks, woods and borders of fields, very common. April, May. 4. Pilewort.—Root of several pyriform whitish tubers, with others often scarcely larger than grains of wheat. Stem 3–6 inches high, glabrous, succulent, leafy, l-flowered. Leaves shining, very smooth, somewhat fleshy, cordate, angulato-crenate. Calyx 3, rarely 5-leaved. Petals elliptical, 8–12, greenish on the outside before expansion. 15. TROLLIUS. (Nat. Ord. RANUNCULACEÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 295.) 1. T. europaus, calycine leaves 15, concave, connivent ; petals 5-10, as long as the stamens. Lightf. p. 295. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 597. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 176. E. B. t. 28. HAB. Moist meadows and thickets. Banks of the Water of Leith, op- posite Newmill, above Currie : Meadow-ground south of Ravelrig- toll; near Borthwick Castle, Maughan. Lugton woods, Mr Neill. Woods at Mid-Calder, Dr Macdonald. Globe-flower.—Stems several, 1-2 feet high, branched upwards. Leaves smooth, dark green, 5-partite, the lobes variously divided and cut; the radical ones on long petiols. Flowers large, very handsome, golden yel- low, almost globular from the roundish connivent leaves of the calyx. Petals linear. I have followed Decandolle and Hooker in considering the corolla of Smith as the calyx ; and his nectaries as petals. 16. CALTHA. (Nat. Ord. RANUNCULACEÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 296.) 1. C. palustris, stem suberect; leaves cordate, suborbicular, obtusely crenate. Lightf. p. 298. Smith, Fl. Brit, p. 599. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 176. E. B. t. 506. p B. Stem decumbent, radicating at the lower joints ; leaves cordato-triangular. C. radicans, E. B. 2175. HAB. Marshy meadows and wet places, very common. B. Very abun- dant on the Pentland Hills. May, June. 4. Marsh Marigold.—Stems 3-18 inches high, stout, succulent, glabrous, sul- cate, slightly branched. Leaves large, shining, glabrous, cordate, round- ed; those of the stem sessile, smaller, and acutely crenate. Flowers large, pedunculate, fine deep yellow. Perianth 5-leaved. Stamens very numerous.-Cultivated in gardens with double flowers. 17. HELLEBORUS. (Nat. Ord. RANUNCULACEÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 296.) 1. H. fætidus, stem many-flowered, leafy ; leaves pedate, glabrous, the segments oblongo-linear serrate ; calyx concave, connivent. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 176. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 598. . E. B. t. 613. HAB. Pastures and thickets. Between Anstruther and Kepply, Mr Chalmers. April. 4. Stinking Hellebore. A bushy glabrous plant, 2 feet high. Stems stout, pale, 128 DIDYNAMIA. GYMNOSPERMIA. . AJUGA. branched. Leaves very dark green, on long petiols; the upper ones en- tire, with a broad pale membranaceous base. Flowers panicled, nume- rous, pale green. Calyx large, tinged with purple at the apex. Petals very minute, tubular, terminating in a nectiferous base. Styles 3-4.- Fetid and acrid. XIV, DIDYNAMIA. I. GYMNOSPERMIA. 1. AJUGA. (Nat. Ord. LABIATÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 214.) 1. A. reptans, glabrous; stem solitary, throwing out creep- ing scions. Lightf. p. 302. Smith, Fl. Brit. , . p. 604. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 179. E. B. t. 489. HAB. Woods and moist pastures, abundant. May, June. 4. Common Bugle.-Flowering-stem solitary, erect, 4-angled, 6–12 inches high, purplish. Leaves opposite, shining, subovate ; lower ones attenuated in- to a petiol; upper ones sessile. Flowers pale blue, whorled, axillary; the whorls and leaves becoming crowded towards the top. Calyx hairy. rolla with the lower lip 4-lobed.- Whole plant generally tinged with purple. 2. TEUCRIUM. (Nat. Ord. LABIATÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 215.) 1. T. Scorodonia, leaves cordate, petiolate, pubescent, cre- nato-serrate; stem erect; flowers in lateral and terminal secund racemes. Lightf. p. 303. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 606. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 180. E. B. t. 1543. HAB. Heaths, dry woods, and stony thickets. King's Park, Mr Yal- den. Rosslyn woods, &c. July, August. 4. Wood Sage.—Root creeping. Stems erect, rigid, hairy, 4-angled, 1-2 feet high. Leaves opposite, very rugose. Flowers yellowish white, in pairs, very shortly pedicellate, leaning one way. Lower lip of the corolla long, Štamens much exserted, red.—Plant bitter, and smelling, ex- tremely like hops, especially when bruised. ܪ concave. 3. MENTHA. (Nat. Ord. LABIATÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 215.) * Flowers in a spike. 1. M. piperita, spikes obtuse, interrupted below; leaves ovate, subglabrous, petiolate; calyx very smooth at the base, (Sm.) E. B. t. 687. Fl. Brit. . p. 613. Hab. Banks of streams, rare. Near Edinburgh, Mr Greene. Septem- ber. 4. Peppermint.“ Stem erect, branched, a little hairy with recurved hairs, of- ten purplish. Leaves petiolate, dark green, ovate, somewhat acute, ser- rate, smoothish above, more or less hairy beneath, never downy. Lowest whorl of flowers remote, sometimes spiked. Flower-stalks either quite smooth, or a little hairy upwards. Calyx slender, furrowed, dotted, the 1 MENTIIA. DIDYNAMIA. GYMNOSPERMIA. 129 - teeth dark purple, and fringed. Corolla purplish. Stamens shorter than the segments;" Smith.Leaves vary in form on one side to ovate-lan- ceolate, on the other to cordato-ovate. ** Flowers capitate or whorleil. 2. M. hirsuta, flowers capitate or whorled ; leaves petiolate, ovate, serrate, more or less pubescent; calyx hairy; stem and peduncles with reflexed hairs. Lightf. p. 104. Hook. Fl. Scot. . p. 180. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 616. E. B. t. 447. 616. E. B. t. 447. M. aquatica, Lightf. p. 305. M. sativa, E. B. t. 448. Hab. Ditch and pond-sides ; marshy places, very common. Dudding- ston Loch, several varieties. August, September. 4. Hairy Water-mint.—Root creeping, throwing up many stems. Stems 1 to near 3 feet high, 4-angled, mostly purplish, varying as well as the leaves in the degree of hairiness. Hairs of the petiols spreading. Flowers some- times all capitate or all whorled, or both on the same individual, lilac- coloured, numerous. Calyx and peduncles mostly very hairy. Stamens usually longer than the corolla.--I have seen the flowers vary so much from whorled to capitate, and vice versa, that no dependence can be placed on the latter character. 3. M. rubra, flowers whorled ; leaves ovate, subglabrous, petiolate; stem flexuose; pedicels and lower part of the calyx smooth, the teeth hairy. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 180. Smith, řl. * Brit. p. 619. E. B. t. 1413. . Hab. Banks of streams and ditches, rare. Musselburgh, Mr Borrer. September. 2. Tall red Mint.-Stem 3-5 feet high, flexuose, reddish, glabrous. Leaves petiolate, broadly ovate, “ dark shining green, upper ones small and ovate." Whorls of flowers numerous ; flowers reddish, rather large. Bracteas linear, ciliate. Calyx “ somewhat campanulate, dotted with re- sinous glands, its teeth always more or less hairy;" Smith. The stamens are inconstant in their length. 4. M. arvensis, flowers whorled; leaves ovate, hairy, calyx campanulate, clothed with spreading hairs. Lightf. p. 306. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 623. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 181. E. B. t. 2119. M. agrestis, E. B. t. 2120. Hab. Corn-fields in damp sandy or gravelly soils, frequent. Corn-fields about Craigcrook; and near Colinton. August, September. 4. Corn-Mint.—Root creeping. Stem 3-12 inches high, more or less branched or simple. Leaves shortly petiolate, varying in form from cordate to ovate or elliptical, hairy. Whorls of flowers, almost quite sessile. Calyx campanulate, and bristly with spreading hairs, the chief distinctive cha- racter.—Plant with a disagreeable smell, often closely resembling that of mouldy cheese. 5. M. Pulegium, flowers whorled ; leaves pubescent, ovate, obtuse ; stem prostrate, pubescent; calyx and pedicels downy. ; Lightf. p. 307. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 624. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 181. E. B. t. 1026. HAB. Moist waste places, near villages. Sides of springs, Pentland Hills ? Lightfoot. August, September. 4. I 130 DIDYNAMIA. GYMNOSPERMIA. . GLECHOMA. Pennyroyal.-_Root creeping. Stems prostrate, throwing up erect flowering ones, 6-9 inches high, slender. Leaves ovate or roundish ovate, very slightly serrate, often recurved. Whorls of flowers numerous, pale lilac. Flower-stalks and calyx clothed with downy soft hairs. Scent very strong. -Lightfoot's station is very suspicious. 4. GLECHOMA. (Nat. Ord. LABIATÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 215.) 1. G-hederacea, leaves reniform, crenate. Lightf. p. 307. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 625. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 181. E. B. t. 853. . HAB. Hedges and waste places, common. King's Park, Mr Yalden. April, May. 4. Ground Ivy.—Root very creeping. Stems a foot long, decumbent, 4-angled. Leaves petiolate, crenate, hairy, very veiny. Flowers axillary, in threes, fine blue. Lower lip of the corolla 4-lobed; lobes roundish.—Plant with a very powerful smell when bruised, agreeable to some people. . 5. LAMIUM. (Nat. Ord. LABIAT Æ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 216.) 1. L. album, leaves cordate, acuminate, with large serratures, petiolate; whorls about 20-flowered. Lightf. p. 308. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 626. 626. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 181. E. B. t. 768. HAB. Hedges, road-sides and waste places, frequent. King's Park, Mr Yalden. June, July. 4. White Dead-Nettle.—Root creeping. Stem erect, 1-2 feet high, 4-angled, hairy. Leaves large, hairy, spreading, opposite, on short petiols. Flowers axillary, large, yellowish-white, erect, hairy. Stamens with black anthers within the hood of the corolla. 2. L. purpureum, leaves cordate, obtuse, crenato-serrate, the , uppermost crowded together ; interior of the corolla bearded at the base. Lightf. p. 309. Smith, Fl. Brit. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 626. Hook. Fl. . Scot. P. 182. E. B. t. 769. HAB. Hedges, fields and waste places, abundant. May–September. O. Red Dead-Nettle.—Stems erect, or decumbent, subglabrous, branched at the base, 6–12 inches high, 4-angled. Leaves hairy, the upper ones crowded, and shortly petiolate, the lower ones remote and on longer petiols. Flowers purplish, rarely white. Anthers reddish.—It varies with white flowers, and rarely with nearly entire leaves. 3. L. incisum, leaves cordato-triangular, petiolate, cut, the uppermost somewhat crowded; interior of the corolla naked at the base. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 182. E. B. t. 1933. HAB. Fields and road-sides. Fields near Newhaven; and road-side be- tween Merchiston Castle and Colinton. May, June. Cut-leaved Dead-Nettle.—Stem 6-9 inches high, branched at the base, where it is also somewhat decumbent, sub-glabrous. Leaves cordate, widely triangular, quite plane, pubescent, often somewhat lobed, cut, lower ones on longish petiols, the upper ones on very short ones. Flowers fine reddish-purple. Calyx very hairy.–Certainly distinct from the preceding. 4. L. amplexicaule, floral leaves broadly cordate, sessile, am- , GALEOPSIS. DIDYNAMIA. GYMNOSPERMIA. 131 p. 628. plexicaul, crenate or cut; lower ones petiolate. Lightf. p. 309. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 627. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 182. E. B. t. 770. Hab. Fields, road-sides, and waste places. King's Park, Mr Yalden. Road- sides between Merchiston Castle and Colinton. April-June. O. Hen-bit Dead-Nettle.—Smaller than any of the preceding in the size of its leaves and flowers. Stems slender, suberect, 6-12 inches high. Flowers fine carmine-red, some with a long, slender, pale tube, and opening, others scarcely protruded beyond the calyx, and never expanding, yet fertile. 6. GALEOPSIS. (Nat. Ord. LABIATÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 216.) 1. G. Ladanum, stem not swollen below the joints ; leaves lanceolate, more or less serrate, hairy; upper lip of the corolla slightly crenate. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 182. Smith, Fl. Brit. 628. E. B. t. 884. HAB. Dry stony places, rare. Road-side near Oxenford Castle; and at Crossgate toli, Maughan. September, October. O. Red Hemp-Nettle.—Stem about a foot high, 4-angled, with opposite branches, purplish. Leaves rather small, very shortly petiolate, hairy above, the veins beneath villose. Calyx hairy, with mucronate teeth. Flowers whorled. Corolla rose-colour, with a longish tube. 2. G. Tetrahit, stem hispid, incrassated beneath the joints ; leaves ovate, hispid, serrate; corolla twice as long as the calyx, upper lip nearly straight. Lightf. p. 310. 310. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 629. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 182. E. B. t. 207. HAB. Corn-fields and waste places, frequent. King's Park, Mr Yalden. August. Common Hemp-Nettle.—Stem 1-2 feet high, very hispid, branched, 4-angled, swollen beneath the lower joints. Leaves rather large, spreading, hispid on both sides. Flowers in whorls, numerous. Calyx hispid, the teeth pungent. Corolla whitish or purplish, with a longish, white tube ; lower lip 3-lobed, usually mottled with purple. 3. G. versicolor, stem hispid, incrassated beneath the joints; leaves ovate, hispid, serrate; corolla thrice as long as the calyx, the upper lip ventricose. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 182. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 630. E. B. t. 667. G. Tetrahit, B, Lightf. p. 310. . p HAB. Corn-fields. Very common about Edinburgh, Maughan. Au- gust, September. O. Large-flowered Hemp-Nettle.—Similar in habit to the last, but larger and more robust. Stem stout, 1-2 feet high, 4-angled, branched, very hispid. Leaves large, spreading, petiolate, pale green. Corolla large, handsome, yellow, the lower lip with a large purple spot. 7. BETONICA. (Nat. Ord. LABIAT Æ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 216.) 1. B. officinalis, spike interrupted, middle segment of the lower lip notched. Lightf. p. 311. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 632. Hook. Fl. Scot. P. 183. E. B. t. 1142. HAB. Woods and banks. Colinton and Auchindenny woods, Maughan. July, August. 4. 1 2 132 DIDYNAMIA. GYMNOSPERMIA. STACIYS. Wood Betony.—Plant rough with hairs. Stem 12–18 inches high, 4-angled. Radical leaves on long petiols, ovate, serrate; uppermost ones sessile, ob- long, opposite. There is a considerable space between the uppermost pair of leaves and the spike; and the first whorl of the spike is rather distant from the others, and is furnished with a pair of leaf-like bracteas. Flowers rose-colour. 8. STACHYS. (Nat. Ord. LABIATÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 216.) 1. S. sylvatica, whorls of 6 flowers ; leaves cordate, acumi- nate, petiolate. Lightf. p. 312. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 633. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 183. E. B. t. 416. Hab. Hedges and waste shaded places, not common about Edinburgh. King's Park, Mr Bainbridge. N. Queensferry. July, August. 4. Hedge Woundwort.-Root creeping. Stem 2-3 feet high, 4-angled, very erect, hairy. Leaves dull green, hairy, spreading, thin and pliable, di- minishing in size upwards until they change into linear bracteas. Calyx hairy, with 5 acute teeth. Corolla dingy purple, the lower lip whitish, and mottled with dark spots and lines.—Plant exceedingly fatid. 2. S.ambigua, whorls of 6 flowers; leaves oblongo-cordate, petiolate; stem hollow. Hook. Fl. Scot. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 183. E. B. t. 2089. HAB. Fields and waste places, rare. Near Habbie's How, Pentland Hills, Mr Weatherhead. September. 4. Ambiguous Woundwort.-Hairy. Root creeping. Stem erect, 2-3 feet high, 4-angled, hollow according to Smith, in which it differs from the last. Leaves oblong, cordate at the base, petiolate. Corolla purple, with the lower lip mostly but not always mottled. 3. S. palustris, whorls of 6 flowers; leaves linear-lanceolate, semi-amplexicaul. Lightf. p. 313. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 633. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 183. E. B. t. 1675. HAB. Moist places, stream-sides. King's Park, Mr Yalden. Ditches by the road-side SW. of Caroline Park. August. 4. Marsh Woundwort.-Root creeping. Stem about 2 feet high, hispid. Leaves serrate, pubescent above, woolly beneath, and, with reticulated veins ; the lower ones petiolate, the upper ones sessile. Corolla purple, the lower lip rounded, variegated with white and purple.-Odour very strong. 4. S. arvensis, whorls of 6 flowers; stem weak; leaves cor- ; dato-ovate, obtuse, crenate, hairy; corolla scarcely longer than the calyx. Lightf. p. 313. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 634. 684. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 183. E. B. t. 1154. HAB. Corn-fields and waste places. Regent Road, Mr D. Steuart. August. O Corn Woundwort.-Stems weak, sometimes decumbent, or even prostrate, 7-16 inches long, branched, smooth or hairy. Leaves small, petiolate, subpilose on each side. Flowers very short. 9. BALLOTA. (Nat. Ord. LABIATÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 217.) 1. B. nigra, leaves ovate, undivided, serrate; calyx cam- panulate, the segments broad, shortly acute. shortly acute. Lightf. p. 314. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 635. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 184. E. B. t. 46. . p MARRUBIUM. DIDYNAMIA. GYMNOSPERMIA. 133 Hab. Waste places. King's Park, Mr Yalden. Same place, with white flowers, Mr D. Steuart. July, August. 4. Black Horehound.—Stems numerous, about 2 feet high, branched, hairy. Leaves petiolate, sometimes subcordate. Flowers in axillary whorls, pe- dicelled and bracteated, purple, rarely white. Upper lip of the corolla hairy, the lower one streaked with white, 3-lobed, central lobe obcordate. --Plant very foetid. 10. MARRUBIUM. (Nat. Ord. LABIATÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 217.) 1. M. vulgare, stem erect; leaves roundish, ovate, toothed, rugose ; calyx with 10 setaceous, uncinate teeth. Lightf. p. 315. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 636. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 184. E. B. t. 410. HAB. Road-sides and waste places. Burntisland, Lightfoot. Fisher- row; Guillon Links; Long Niddry, Maughan. Inchcolm, Mr Neill. Road-side near Warrender House. August. 4. White Horehound.-Stems numerous, 12–20 inches high, 4-angled, whitish, and woolly. Leaves petiolate, very woolly beneath. Whorls villose, many-flowered. Flowers small, white; upper lip of the corolla bifid; lower lip 3-lobed, the lateral ones small, acute. 11. LEONURUS. (Nat. Ord. LABIATÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 217.) 1. L. cardiaca, lower cauline leaves lanceolate, 3-lobed, upper ones entire. Lightf. p. 216. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 637. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 184. 184. E. B. t. 286. HAB. Among rubbish, and waste places. Behind Fisherrow, and in in Colinton woods, Maughan. August. 4. Motherwort.-Stem 2–3 feet high, erect, branched, 4-angled, villose. Leaves very numerous, petiolate, spreading, dull green, paler beneath, and pu- bescent, the lowest the broadest. Flowers reddish-white, in numerous whorls. Calyx stiff, the teeth sharp and spreading. Corolla downy on the upper lip. 12. CLINOPODIUM. (Nat. Ord. LABIATÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 217.) 1. C. vulgare, leaves ovate, subserrate; whorls hairy, the pedicels branched ; bracteas setaceous. Lightf. p. 316. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 638. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 184. E. B. t. 1401. HAB. Dry waste bushy and stony places, common. Very abundant in the King's Park, Mr Yalden. Salisbury Craigs, Mr Arnott. Au- gust. 4. Wild Basil.—Stem slightly crooked, 12-18 inches high, hairy, 4-angled. Leaves rather small, petiolate, hairy. Whorls axillary and terminal , on branched pedicels, accompanied with hairy setaceous bracteas. Calyx 2-lipped, the lower one of 2 teeth. Corolla purplish-red, middle lobe of the lower lip very broad, notched. 13. ORIGANUM. (Nat. Ord. LABIAT Æ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 217.) 1. 0. vulgare, spikes roundish, panicled, clustered, glabrous; bracteas ovate, longer than the calyx; leaves ovate ențire. Lightf. p. 317. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 639. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 184. E. B. t. 1143. 134 DIDYNAMIA. GYMNOSPERMIA. SCUTELLARIA. HAB. Dry bushy or waste places. Near Burntisland by the shore ; banks of the Water of Leith, Mr Neill. July, August. 4. Common Marjoram.—Root creeping. Stems many, hairy, purplish, 8-12 inches high. Leaves slightly hairy, dotted. Flowers rose-coloured, in numerous small spikes, which are crowded together so as to form a round- ish, clustered, terminal head. Corolla rather small. Calyx subequal.- Aromatic. 14. THYMUS. (Nat. Ord. LABIATÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 217.) 1. T. Serpyllum, flowers capitate; stems decumbent; leaves ovate-obtuse, shortly petiolate, ciliate at the base. Lightf. p. 318. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 639. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 185. E. B. t. 1514. Har. Dry pastures, common. King's Park, where it also occurs with white flowers, Mr D. Steuart July, August. 4. . Wild Thyme.—Stems spreading, procumbent, branched, slender, slightly shrubby, pubescent, and mostly reddish. Leaves plane, small, more or less hairy, sometimes hoary. Flowers purple or white, on very short hairy pedicels. Calyx ribbed, dotted, the 2 lower teeth most acute. Lower lip of the corolla 3-lobed. — Plant very aromatic. 15. SCUTELLARIA. (Nat. Ord. LABIAT Æ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 218.) 1. S. galericulata, leaves cordate-lanceolate, crenate; flowers axillary, in pairs. Lightf. p. 320. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 645. . Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 185. E. B. t. 523. HAB. Marshes and sides of lakes. Marsh near Dundas Hill, Mr Neill. July, August. 4. Common Skull-cap.-Root creeping. Stem erect, 12–18 inches high, some- what branched, very leafy, 5-angled. Leaves very shortly petiolate, spreading, paler beneath. Flowers pubescent, blue, subsessile, solitary, or in pairs. Calyx hairy, closed in a remarkable manner after flowering. a 16. PRUNELLA. (Nat. Ord. LABIATÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 218.) 1. P. vulgaris, leaves ovate-oblong, petiolate. Lightf. p. 321. . Smith, Fì. Brit. p. 646. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 185. E. B. t. 961. Hab. Moist pastures and waste places, common. King's Park, &c. July. 4. Self-heal.-Stem mostly decumbent at the base, 6–12 inches high, 4-angled, hairy. Leaves opposite, ovate, or ovate-oblong, hairy, entire, or some- what toothed at the base, dull green. Flowers purple, in obtuse, oblong- cylindrical, solitary spikes, each whorl accompanied by a pair of broad imbricating bracteas. Calyx closed when in fruit. Corolla with the lower lip 3-lobed, and finely toothed. Stamens forked. II. ANGIOSPERMIA. 17. BARTSIA. (Nat. Ord. SCROPHULARINÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 219.) 1. B. Odontites, leaves lanceolate, floral ones alternate; flowers Tacemed, secund; anthers subglabrous. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 186. EUPHRASIA. DIDYNAMIA. ANGIOSPERMIA. 135 Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 648. E. B. t. 1415. Euphrasia Odontites, Lightf. p. 324. HAB. Corn-fields and waste places, abundant. August, September. O. Red Bartsia.-Stem branched, erect, 4-angled, rough with deflexed hairs. Leaves sessile, serrate, opposite, hairy. Flowers red, very numerous, in terminal secund racemes. Bracteas narrow. Calyx hairy, mostly 4-cleft. Corolla hairy, upper lip entire, lower one 3-lobed. Anthers protruded, slightly hairy behind. 18. EUPHRASIA. (Nat. Ord. SCROPHULARINÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 218.) 1. E. officinalis, leaves ovate, deeply toothed, furrowed. Lightf. p. 323. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 650. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 186. E. B. t. 1416. HAB. Dry pastures, very common. July. O. Eye-bright.-Stem slightly branched, 2–6 inches high, rough with deflexed hairs. Leaves opposite, small, hairy, the veins furrowed. Flowers axil- lary, towards the summit of the branches, whitish or pinkish, streaked with purple lines, the lower lip yellow at the orifice of the tube. Calyx 4-toothed, hairy. Corolla with the upper lip rather irregularly divided. Anthers armed with 2 spines at the base. 19. RHINANTHUS. (Nat. Ord. SCROPHULARINÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 219.) 1. R. Crista-Galli, upper lip of the corolla arched ; calyx glabrous; leaves lanceolate, serrate. Lightf. p. 322. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 649. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 186. E. B. t. 657. Hab. Meadows and pastures, very abundant. June. O. Yellow Rattle.—Stem about a foot high, slightly branched, smooth, 4-angled, often spotted. Leaves sessile, veined. Flowers yellow, axillary, crowded towards the summit. Calyx inflated after flowering, and enlarged, 4-tooth- ed, dry and scariose when the seeds are ripe. Corolla with the lower lip 3-lobed. Anthers awnless, hairy. Seeds with a membranaceous border. 20. MELAMPYRUM. (Nat. Ord. MELAMPYRACEÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 213.) 1. M. pratense, flowers axillary, secund; leaves in distant pairs; corolla closed, 4 times as long as the calyx, the lower lip protruded. Lightf. p. 324. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 652. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 187. E. B. t. 113. HAB. Woods and thickets. Auchindenny and Rosslyn woods, Maughan. July. O. Common yellow Cow-wheat.-Stem branched, 12–18 inches high, slender, glabrous: branches opposite, spreading. Leaves lanceolate, acuminate, patent, opposite, glabrous. Flowers in pairs, yellow, secund, in a leafy spike or raceme. Bracteas pinnato-dentate. Corolla of a paler yellow towards the base, the upper lip fringed.-M. sylvaticum, with which it has often been confounded, has an open corolla, only half as long again as the calyx, and the lower lip not protruded. 21. LATHRÆA. (Nat. Ord. OROBANCHEÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 222.) 1. L. squamaria, stem simple; flowers pendulous, the lower a 156 DIDYNAMIA. ANGIOSPERMIA. PEDICULARIS. P. lip 3-cleft. Lightf. p. 326. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 654. Hook. Fl. Scot. P. 187. E. B. t. 50. HAB. Shady woods. Mavisbank, near Lasswade, Dr Parsons in Light- foot. Arniston woods, abundant, G. Don. Woods between Auchin- denny and Rosslyn, Mr E. Maughan. Banks of the Esk at Kevock Mill, Maughan. April, May. 4. Greater Toothwort.-Root, at least the part below ground, with a few short branches thickly clothed with large, white, fleshy, brittle, imbricating scales. Stem 3-8 inches high, scaly, whitish, thick and brittle. Flowers whitish or purplish, racemed, pointing in one direction, pedunculate, ac- companied with scale-like bracteas. Calyx large, 4-toothed. Corolla with the upper lip 2-lobed ; lower one 3-lobed. Anthers hairy. 22. PEDICULARIS. (Nat. Ord. SCROPHULARINÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 219.) ) 1. P. palustris, stem solitary, branched; calyx ovate, hairy, ribbed, 2-lobed ; lobes crenate. Lightf. p. 326. Smith, Fl. Brit. 655. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 187. E. B. t. 399. HAB. Bogs and marshy places, frequent. At Duddingston Loch, Mr Bainbridge. Pentland Hills. July.. Marsh Louse-wort.—Stem 8-16 inches high, erect, rather stout, more or less branched, angular, hairy. Leaves scattered, sub-bipinnatifid, the leaf- lets ovate. Flowers solitary, axillary, rose-coloured, shortly pedunculate, in leafy spikes. Calyx ventricose. Corolla with the upper lip arched, compressed, the lower one 3-lobed; tube white. Capsule ovate. 2. P. sylvatica, stems several, spreading; calyx oblong, an- gular, glabrous, with 5 unequally notched segments. Lightf. , P. 326. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 656. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 188. E. B. t. 400. HAB. Moist pastures and heaths, frequent. Pentland Hills. July. 4. Common dwarf Louse-wort.—Stems 3-6 inches high, often decumbent, simple, angular. Radical leaves simple, ovate, crenate; cauline ones pinnate. Flowers axillary, rose-coloured, larger than the preceding. Calyx oblong, tubular, irregularly 5-cleft, and crenate. 23. ANTIRRHINUM. (Nat. Ord. SCROPHULARINÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 219.) * Stems procumbent. 1. A. Cymbalaria, leaves broadly cordate, 5-lobed, alternate, glabrous; stems procumbent Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 188. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 656. E. B. t. 502. HAB. Rocky places and old walls. New road to Portobello. Trinity Mains, Mr D. Steuart. Debris of Salisbury Craigs. June—Septem- ber. 4. Ivy-leaved Toad-flax.-Stems long, filiform, very weak. Leaves numerous, petiolate, rather fleshy, often purplish beneath. Flowers solitary, on axıllary, long peduncles, purplish ; the palate yellow.–First introduced into England at the Apothecaries Garden, Chelsea, Neill. ** Stems erect. 2. A. repens, Icaves lincar, whorled or scattered ; stem pani- SCROPHULARIA. DIDYNAMIA. ANGIOSPERMIA. 137 cled ; calyx glabrous, as long as the spur. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 188. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 658. E. B. t. 1253. HAB. In waste places, rare. Banks of the Esk, above Musselburgh, Miss Ker. July-September. 4. Creeping-rooted Tod-flax.—Root creeping and spreading rapidly, white. Stems many, erect, 12–18 inches high, glabrous, divided into flowering branches at the summit, in a panicled manner. Leaves somewhat whorled, chiefly so at the base, where they soon “die away,” scattered above; nearly linear, glaucous. Flowers numerous, shortly pedunculate, pale, purplish, the upper lip striated, the palate yellow. 3. A. Linaria, leaves linear-lanceolate, scattered, crowded ; spikes terminal, flowers imbricated; calyx glabrous, shorter than the spur. Lightf. p. 328. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 660. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 188. E. B. t. 658. HAB. Borders of fields and waste places. Wood near the Pentland Hills, Mr Bainbridge. Between Stockbridge and Caroline Park. August. 4. Yellow Toad-flax.-Root creeping, quickly spreading. Stems 1-2 feet high, glaucous, glabrous, mostly simple, thickly clothed with sublinear glau- cous spreading leaves. Flowers spiked, large bright yellow, with an orange, downy palate ; the spur long, acute, much longer than the calyx. This species, as well as the last, is subject to a curious monstrosity, known by the name of Peloria : each flower has then 5 spurs. -- 24. SCROPHULARIA. (Nat. Ord. SCROPHULARINÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 220.) 1. S. nodosa, leaves cordate, acute, serrate, glabrous, not de- current at the angles of the stem. Lightf. p. 329. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 663. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 189. E. B. t. 1544. HAB. Moist woods, hedges, and waste places, frequent. King's Park, Mr Yalden. Inchcolm, abundant, Mr Neill. July. 4. Knotty-rooted Figwort.-Root knobby. Stems 2–3 feet high, simple, 4-angled, glabrous. Leaves opposite, petiolate, dark green, shining, venose. Flowers small, in a compound, terminal panicle, accompanied with bracteas. Calyx small, with 5 obtuse teeth. Corolla greenish-red or purple, roundish- ovate. Capsule ovate.—Fotid when bruised. 2. S. aquatica, leaves cordate, obtuse, serrate, glabrous, de- current, winging the angles of the stem. Lightf. p. 329. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 663. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 189. E. B. t. 2209. Hab. Banks of ditches and watery places. Rivulet near the entrance to Hopetoun House, Mr Neill. July. 4. Water Figwort.-Root fibrous. Stems 3-5 feet high, 4-angled, angles wing- ed. Leaves petiolate, glabrous, veiny, decurrent. Flowers in a terminal, branched, elongated panicle, with bracteas; greenish purple. Calyx, with 5 very obtuse teeth. Corolla shorter than in the preceding. Capsule roundish. 3. S. vernalis, leaves broadly cordate, doubly serrate, pubes- cent; peduncles solitary, axillary, dichotomous, leafy. Lightf. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 664. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 189. E. B. t. 567. a p. 330. 138 DIDYNAMIA. ANGIOSPERMIA. DIGITALIS. . HAB. Waste places, rare. Old walls near Hatton, Maughan. May. . Yellow Figwort.—Stem 4, sometimes 5-angled, about 2 feet high, hairy. Leaves opposite, or in threes, petiolate, hairy, acute. Axillary peduncles many-flowered. Flowers yellow, furnished with bracteas. Calyx hairy. Corolla roundish, ventricose, mouth much contracted. Capsule ovate. 25. DIGITALIS. (Nat. Ord. SCROPHULARINÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 220.) 1. D. purpurea, segments of the calyx ovate, acute; upper lip of the corolla undivided ; leaves downy. Lightf. p. 331. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 665. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 139. Ě. B. t. 1297. p . E. HAB. Road-sides and sandy waste places, common. Craigleith Quarries, with white flowers, Mr Neill. July. 7. Purple Foxglove.—Stem erect, 2-4 feet high, stout, mostly simple. Leaves large, the radical ones spreading, crenate; the cauline ones, alternate, somewhat decurrent, diminishing in size upwards. Flowers large, nu- merous, in a long pyramidal spike, purple, rarely white, drooping. Co- rolla tubular, above an inch long, hairy, and spotted within.--A magni. ficent plant, excelled by few exotics. Employed medicinally. 26. VERBENA. (Nat. Ord. VERBENACEÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 213.) 1. V. officinalis, tetrandrous; spikes slender, panicled ; leaves sublaciniate, cut; stem solitary. Lightf. p. 78. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 608. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 190. E. B. t. 767. Hab. Waste places. Near the gates of Inverkeithing, Dr Parsons in Lightfoot. August. 4. . Common Vervain.-Stem erect, rough, slender. Leaves petiolate below, much cut, roughish. Spikes terminal, many-flowered, filiform. Flowers small, purple, nearly equally 5-cleft, accompanied by small bracteas. “Pericarp soon disappearing, leaving the 4 really naked seeds at the bot- tom of the calyx;" Hook. 27. OROBANCHE. (Nat. Ord. OROBANCHEÆ, Hook. Scot. p. 2. 222.) 1. 0. major, stem simple ; corolla tubular, upper lip entire, lower one subequally 3-lobed; stamens glabrous ; style downy. Lightf. p. 332 . Šmith, Fl. Brit. p. 669. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 190. E. B. t. 421. HAB. Dry pastures, rare. Near Burntisland, Sibbald. June, July. 4.? Greater Broom-Rape.-Stem 12–18 inches high, furrowed, very scaly at the base, less so upwards, pubescent, leafless. Flowers sessile, numerous, in a long rich spike, purplish, “ clothed with rusty downiness.” Calyx of 2 bifid segments. Corolla as long again as the calyx, the lower lip 3-lobed; lobes acute, the middle one somewhat the largest. Stamens shorter than the corolla. 2. O. rubra, stem simple; corolla tubular, upper lip 2-lobed, lower one equally 3-lobed, lobes obtuse ; stamens partially glan- duloso-pilose ; style glabrous. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 191., and Fl. Lond. New Series, t. 105. (good.) E. B. t. 1786. (bad.) HAB. Banks and rocky places in basaltic districts, very rare. Near Sea- CAKILE. TETRADYNAMIA. SILICULOSA. 139 field Tower between Kirkcaldy and Kinghorn, Messrs Sommerville and E. Maughan, (supposed at the time to be 0. major.) Red Broom-Rape.-Stem 6–12 inches high, rounded, roughish with viscid glands, very scaly at the thickened base, less so upwards, of a rich red- dish colour, leafless. Flowers in a rather dense oblong spike, purplish red. Calyx of 2 entire lanceolate leaflets. Corolla ventricose, slightly curved Stamens glandulose at the base and summit, shorter than the corolla. XV. TETRADYNAMIA. I. SILICULOSA. 1. CAKILE. (Nat. Ord. CRUCIFERÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 286.) 1. C. maritima, articulations of the silicula 2-edged, the up- per one sagittate ; leaves pinnatifid,'subdentate, fleshy. Br. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 193. Bunias Cakile, Lightf. p. 363. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 694. E. B. t. 231. . HAB. Sandy sea-coasts. Leith sands, Lightfoot. Coast at Caroline Park, &c. June, August. O. Sea-Rocket.—Plant glabrous and fleshy. Stem flexuose, with thickish, crooked, spreading branches 6–12 inches high. Leaves alternate, rather numerous. Flowers pale purple, in dense terminal corymbs, which are gradually elongated into fruit-bearing racemes. Silicula thick, fleshy, becoming somewhat woody. 2. CORONOPUS *. (Nat. Ord. CRUCIFERÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 286.) 1. C. Ruellii, silicula undivided, crested with little sharp points. Br. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 193. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 690. E. B. t. 1660. Cochlearia Coronopus, Lightf. p. 345. HAB. Waste places, not common. Burntisland and Seton Harbour, Maughan. Musselburgh, Mr Arnott. August. O. Swine's Cress.-Stems prostrate, branched, spreading, glabrous. Leaves al- ternate, irregularly bi-pinnate; segments linear, glabrous. Flowers mi- nute, white, forming axillary, spiked corymbs. Silicula subreniform, compressed, muricate or crested with a number of sharp points, which terminate as many rugosities : cells l-seeded. 3. THLASPI. (Nat. Ord. CRUCIFERÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 286.) 1. T. arvense, leaves sagittate, oblong, toothed, glabrous, si- licula obovate-orbicular, its wings dilated longitudinally. Lightf. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 683. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 194. . E. B. t. 1659. HAB. Corn-fields and waste places, rather rare. Corn-fields about Edin- p. 340. * This forms a part of the genus Senebiera of De Candolle, but is retained by our learned countryman Mr R. Brown. 140 TETRADYNAMIA. SILICULOSA. LEPIDIUM. p. burgh, Maughan. Burntisland, Mr Arnott. Queensferry, Mr D. Steuart. June, July. O. Penny-cress.-Stem erect, about a foot high, glabrous, somewhat branched, rather naked below. Leaves glabrous. Flowers white, small, in a spike which elongates during the flowering. Silicula very large, with dilated wings, shorter than the pedicel. 2. T. Bursa-Pastoris, silicula obcordate, without wings; ra- dical leaves pinnatifid. Br. Lightf. p. 342. Smith, Fl. Brit. 687. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 194. E. B. t. 1485. HAB. Waste places and road-sides, every where. Spring to autumn. O. Common Shepherd's Purse.—Stem 3-12 inches high, erect, rough with hairs, slightly branched. Leaves ; radical ones spreading, pinnatifid, hairy; cauline ones alternate, erect, oblong, toothed, sagittate at the base. Flowers small, white, in terminal, spiked racemes, elongated in seed. Si- licula obcordate, not winged, much shorter than the pedicel.–Varies greatly in appearance, but the flowers and siliculæ are constant. 4. LEPIDIUM. (Nat. Ord. CRUCIFERÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 286.) 1. L. latifolium, silicula ovate, pointed with the stigma; leaves ovate-lanceolate, undivided, subserrate, the lower ones on long petiols. DC. Lightf. p. 338. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 682. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 194. E. B. t. 182. HAB. On the sea-coast, rare. By Weems Castle, Fifeshire, Lightfoot. July. 4. Broad-leaved Pepperwort.—Glabrous. Stem 2-3 feet high, erect, branched. Leaves sessile upwards, entire or subdentate, attenuate at each extremi- ty. Flowers small, white, very numerous, disposed in a racemose, clus- tered manner at the ends of the branches, intermixed with very small leaves. Calyx whitish. Petals obovate, longer than the calyx. 2. L. hirtum, silicula ovate, winged, emarginate, glabrous (hairy, DC.); cauline leaves sagittate, villose, subdentate. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 195. Thlaspi hirtum, Smith, Fl. Brit. 684. E. B. t. 1803. HAB. Woods, fields, road-sides, rare. Woods near Rosslyn, G. Don. Corn-field at Bellsmills, Mr E. Maughan. June. . Hairy Field Pepperwort.—Stem 6-10 inches high, very leafy. Leaves almost glabrous at the base, petiolate, dentate; cauline ones sessile, hoary with pubescence, oblong, sagittate, the margin dentate or subentire. Flowers white, small, in obtuse, hairy, racemes. Silicula emarginate, with a longish style.—In my specimens the siliculæ are glabrous. 5. COCHLEARIA. (Nat. Ord. CRUCIFERÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 287.) 1. C. officinalis, silicula ovato-globose, half the length of the pedicel ; radical leaves petiolate, cordate, cauline ones sessile, ovate, angulato-dentate. Lightf. p. 342. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 688. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 195. E. B. t. 551. HAB. The sea-coast, and on mountains. Coast of the Frith, plentiful. May. O. 7, DC. Common Scurvy-grass.-Glabrous, bright green, succulent. Stems many, p. 684. 8 SUBULARIA. TETRADYNAMIA. SILICULOSA. 141 angular, suberect, branched, 3-12 inches high. Leaves varying exceed- ingly in size according to situation, large on the sea-coast ; lower ones broadly cordate, or even subreniform, entire or subdentate; cauline ones embracing the stem with their toothed base. Flowers white, in corym- bose heads, which elongate into fruit-bearing racemes.--Plant celebrated for its efficacy in removing scurvy. 2. C. Danica, silicula ovato-elliptical, as long as the pedicel ; leaves deltoid, all petiolate. Lightf. p. 343. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 689. Hook. Fl. Scot. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 196. E. B. t. 696. HAB. Barren stony places on the sea-coast. Burntisland and Cramond Island in the Frith of Forth, Maughan. May. O. Danish Scurvy-grass.-Glabrous. Stems 3-6 inches long, suberect or de- cumbent, rather slender. Leaves small, 3-5 lobed, rarely entire, all pe- tiolate or nearly so. Flowers smaller than the preceding, white, in co- rymbose racemes. Silicula reticulated with veins, tipped with a very short style. 3. C. Armoracia, silicula ovato-elliptical ; radical leaves ob- long, crenate, cauline ones elongato-lanceolate, inciso-dentate; root very large, carnose. Lightf. p. 1136. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 690. Hook. Fl. Scot. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 196. E. B. t. 2323. Hab. Waste places, rare. Field near Craigcrook, Maughan. Dudding- ston Loch, Mr Arnott. May. 4. Horse-Radish._Root large, white, thick, long, very pungent to the taste. Stem about 2 feet high, erect, branched upwards, angular. Radical leaves very large, oblong, veiny, glabrous; cauline ones less, either subentire or lobed, or cut at the margin. Flowers white, in elongating racemes. Silicula compressed, often not perfecting seeds, tipped with a very short style, the stigma dilated.—Root in constant use for the table. 6. SUBULARIA. (Nat. Ord. CRUCIFERÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 287.) 1. S. aquatica. Lightf. p. 337. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 676. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 196. E. B. t. 732. HAB. The gravelly margins of alpine lakes. Otterston Loch, Fifeshire, Maughan. (I fear this station may be erroneous.) July. O. Awl-wort.-Leaves all radical, subulate, glabrous, not an inch long. Scape erect, 1-2 inches high, often wholly under water, simple or slightly branched. Flowers very minute, white, few, forming a raceme when in fruit. Silicula ovato-elliptical, tipped with the sessile roundish stigma. 7. DRABA (Nat. Ord. CRUCIFERÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 287.) 1. D. verna *, scapes naked; petals bipartite ; leaves lanceo- late, somewhat cut, hairy. Br. Lightf. p. 336. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 677. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 196. E. B. t. 587. . HAB. Wall tops, rocks, &c. very abundant. March-May. O. Common Whitlow-grass.-—Leaves all radical, lanceolate, spreading in a ra- diating manner, entire or unequally toothed. Scape 2-6 inches high, * This, with four other species, forms the genus Erophila of De Candolle. It differs from Draba solely in the petals being bifid. 142 TETRADYNAMIA. SILIQUOSA. CARDAMINE. simple, slender, terminating in a small corymbose head of minute white flowers, which elongates into a fruit-bearing raceme. Petals bifid. Sili- culæ rather distant, elliptical, compressed, glabrous. 2. D. muralis, stem branched ; leaves ovate, obtuse, am- plexicaul, dentate; silicula patent, glabrous. Br. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 197. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 679. E. B. t. 912. . HAB. Walls. Field behind the old Botanic Garden ; Bellevue, G. Don. (Certainly not indigenous, about Edinburgh at least.) May. O. Speedwell-leaved Whitlow-grass.-Stems simple or branched, 3-10 inches high, scabrous. Cauline leaves alternate, subcordate, sessile, dentate, scabrous. Flowers small, numerous, white, in elongating racemes. Pe- tals entire. Pedicels of the fruit spreading. Siliculæ half the length of the pedicels, obovate-oblong, glabrous. 8. CAMELINA. (Nat. Ord. CRUCIFERÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 288.) 1. C. sativa, silicula obovato-pyriform, marginate, tipped with the pointed style ; leaves subentire, lanceolate, sagittate. Hook. Fl. Scot. P. 198. Myagrum sativum, Lightf. p. 336. Alys- sum sativum, Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 679. E. B. t. 1254. Hab. Fields and waste places, rare. Near Inverkeithing, Mr J. Stewart. Calton Hill, Mr D. Steuart. June, July, O. Gold of Pleasure.—Stem about 2 feet high, rounded, branched upwards in a panicled manner. Leaves roughish, embracing the stem with their sa- gittate base. Flowers numerous, in corymbs at first, afterward racemed, small, yellow. Silicula on long pedicels, curved upwards, mucronate with the pointed style. - II. SILIQUOSA. 9. CARDAMINE. (Nat. Ord. CRUCIFERÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 288.) 1. C. amara, leaves pinnate, leaflets of the radical ones roundish, those of the cauline ones dentato-angulate ; stigma acute; stem radicating at the base. Lightf. p. 350. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 699. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 198. E. B. t. 1000. P. HAB. Stream-sides and wet meadows. St Bernard's Well, Lightfoot. Near Bellsmills and Kevock-Mill, Maughan. Rosslyn woods, Mr Ar- nott. Banks of the Esk above Dalkeith, Dr Graham. April-June. 4. Bitter Lady's Smock.-Stem a foot high or more, often decumbent at the base, glabrous. Leaves glabrous, the upper ones sometimes slightly pi- lose, petiolate. Flowers in a terminal corymb, large, white. Petals with a yellowish claw, the limb rounded. Anthers purplish. Siliqua linear, about an inch long. 2. C. pratensis, leaves pinnate, leaflets of the radical ones roundish, those of the stem ones linear-lanceolate, subentire ; stigma capitate. Lightf. p. 349. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 699. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 198. E. B. t. 776. p. HAB. Moist meadows, very common. May. 4. Common Lady's Smock.-Stem a foot high or more, mostly erect. Leaves 2 ARABIS. TETRADYNAMIA. SILIQUOSA. 143 а glabrous, or rarely somewhat pilose; lower leaflets angular or subsinuate ; upper ones varying from lanceolate to linear. Flowers purplish, rather large, in a terminal, elongating corymb. Anthers yellow. Silique linear, near an inch long. Stigma capitate._Flower sometimes double in the wild state. 3. C. hirsuta, leaves pinnate, leaflets of the radical ones roundish and petiolate, those of the upper ones oblong, subses- sile ; petals oblong; siliquæ erect. Lightf. p. 348. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 698. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 199. E. B. t. 492. C. par- . viflora, Lightf. 1. c. p. 1104. HAB. Moist waste places. Banks of rocky, shady rivulets, common. King's Park, Mr Bainbridge. May, June. O. Hairy Lady's Smock.–Plant varying much in size according to situation. Stem erect, 3-18 inches high, branched, somewhat angular. Leaves more or less hairy, the leaflets varying in form, mostly roundish or ovate, pe- tiolate. Flowers very small, white, numerous, in small corymbs, which elongate into racemes as the fruit advances. Stamens 4–6. Siliquæ fili. form, glabrous or somewhat pilose. 10. ARABIS. (Nat. Ord. CRUCIFERÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 288.) 1. A. Thaliana, leaves subdentate, pilose, the radical ones petiolate, ovate-oblong; stem branched ; stamens as long as the petals; siliquæ suberect, on longish pedicels. Lightf: p. 358. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 712. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 199. E. B. t. 901. HAB. Walls, roofs, dry gravelly banks; common. King's Park, Mr Yalden. Very abundant about St Anthony's Chapel, Dr Graham April, May. O. Common Wall-Cress.-Stem slender, erect, branched, rounded, hairy, 2-16 inches high. Leaves , radical ones spreading, shortly petiolate, hairy and ciliate ; cauline ones few, sessile, diminishing in size upwards. Flowers- small, white, in a corymb, which gradually changes to an elongated ra- ceme. Siliquæ slender, ascending, a little longer than the filiform pedi. a cels. 2. A. hirsuta, leaves dentate, scabrous, the radical ones ob- ovate, petiolate; cauline ones ovate-lanceolate, semiamplexicaul ; flowering pedicel as long as the calyx ; siliquæ erect. Hook, Fl. Scot. p. 200. Turritis hirsuta, Turritis hirsuta, Lightf. p. 358. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 716. E. B. t. 587. Hab. Dry rocks and waste places. King's Park, Lightfoot. Habbie's How in the Pentland Hills, Maughan. June. 8. Hairy Tower Mustard.—Stem erect, stiff, 8–12 inches high, rough with hairs, round, very leafy. Leaves very scabrous, more or less dentate, numerous ; cauline ones suberect. Flowers white, small, corymbose ; corymb becoming a long raceme. Siliquæ numerous, an inch long, linear, straight, erect, compressed. Stigma subsessile. 11. BARBAREA. (Nat. Ord. CRUCIFERÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 289.) 1. B. vulgaris, lower leaves lyrate, the terminal lobe round. 144 TETRADYNAMIA. SILIQUOSA. NASTURTIUM. ish, upper ones obovate, toothed. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 200. Erysimum Barbarea, Lightf. p. 355. Smith, Fl. Brit. P 706. E. B. t. 443. Hab. Banks of streams and moist places, rare. Banks of the Water of Leith, Dr Parsons. Road-side south of Dalkeith ; and banks of the Esk, Dr Graham. May, August. 4. Bitter Winter-Cress.—Stems 1-2 feet high, erect, mostly branched, furrow- ed, glabrous. Leaves glabrous, shining, dark green ; lower ones petiolate, upper ones sessile. Flowers rather small, yellow, very numerous, in a rounded corymbose head, which elongates to a raceme. Siliquæ half an inch long, erecto-patent.—Plant bitter, nauseous and mucilaginous, ac- cording to Smith. 2. B. præcox, lower leaves lyrate, the terminal lobe ovate, the upper ones pinnatifid, the lobes linear-oblong, entire. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 201. Erysimum præcox, Smith, Fl. Brit. P. 707. E. B. t. 1129. HAB. Moist places. St Bernard's Well, Mr J. Stewart. May,-Sep- tember. Early Winter-Cress.-Stem 1-2 feet high, rather slender, erect, furrowed, glabrous. Leaves glabrous, smaller than the preceding, and the cauline ones pinnatifid. Flowers small, yellow, less numerous. Siliquæ near thrice as long as the preceding. 12. NASTURTIUM. (Nat. Ord. CRUCIFERÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 289.) 1. N. officinale, leaves pinnate, leaflets ovate, subcordate, sinuato-dentate. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 201. Sisymbrium Nas- . turtium, Lightf. p. 350. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 700. E. B. t. 855. HAB. Brooks and ditches, very common. King's Park, Mr Yalden. July. 4. Water-Cress.-Stems decumbent, and floating if in deeper water, radica- ting at the base, angular, somewhat branched. Leaves glabrous, shining, the lower ones the largest ; leaflets 5-7, the terminal one large, roundish. Flowers white, small, in a flattish corymb, which at length is racemed. Siliquæ scarcely an inch long, forming an ascending angle with the patent pedicels.-Esteemed as a salad. 2. N. palustre, leaves lyrato-pinnatifid, lobes confluent, un- equally toothed, glabrous; petals not longer than the calyx. Decand. Syst. Veg. v. 2. p. 191. N. terrestre, Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 201. Šisymb. amphibium a Lightf. p. 352. S. terrestre, Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 701. E. B. t. 1747. Hab. Marshes and borders of lakes. Figget Whins, G. Don. King- horn Loch, Mr Neill. June—September. O. Marsh Nasturtium.-Stem a foot high or more, mostly erect, glabrous, fur- rowed, branched. Leaves glabrous, all more or less pinnatifid, the ter- minal lobe ovate or oblong. Flowers numerous, minute, yellow. Ra- ceme rather long. Silique short, turgid ; pedicels as long as the siliquæ, patent. 3. N. amphibium, leaves oblong-lanceolate, pinnatifid or ser- rate; root fibrous, petals longer than the calyx; silicula ellip- a 2 SISYMBRIUM. TETRADYNAMIA. SILIQUOSA. 145 p. 202. tical. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 201. Sisymbrium amphibium, 2. Lightf. p. 352. S. amphibium, Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 702. E. B. t. 1840. p HAB. Margins of lakes and wet places. Duddingston Loch, Mr Yal- den. July, August. 4. Amphibious Nasturtium.-Stems 2-3 feet high, somewhat branched, radica- ting at the base, erect, or rather straggling, furrowed. Leaves semi- amplexicaul: those above water serrate, or subentire, sometimes pubes- cent; those beneath more or less pinnatifid or divided. Flowers yellow. Silicula in elongated racemes, short, oblong-elliptical, tipped with the filiform style: pedicels patent, at length subreflexed, twice as long as the silicula.--A very variable plant in the character of the leaves *. 13. SISYMBRIUM. (Nat. Ord. CRUCIFERÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 289.) 1. S. officinale, leaves runcinate, hairy, as well as the stem ; siliquæ subulate, pressed to the main stalk. Hook. Fl. Scot. Erysimum officinale, officinale, Lightf. p. 354. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 706. 706. E. B. t. 735. HAB. Road-sides and waste places, very common. June, July. O. Common Hedge-Mustard.—Stem 1-2 feet high, branched, rather rigid; branches spreading, hispid. Leaves hairy or subglabrous, petiolate, lobes toothed, not regularly runcinate, terminal one large, roundish or subtri- angular on the lower leaves, ovate or oblong on the upper ones. Flowers minute, yellow, numerous. Raçemes very long. Pedicels and Silique erect, appressed, the former very short ; the latter about half an inch long. 2. S. Sophia, leaves bipinnate, the segments oblong-linear, cut; petals shorter than the calyx; calyx thrice as short as its pedicel. Lightf. p. Lightf. p. 354. Smith, Fl. Brit. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 202. E. B. t. 963. Hab. Waste places. Road-side from Canonmills to Trinity. Gosford Links. Musselburgh, Mr Arnott. August. O. Flix-weed.—Stem about a foot high, branched. Leaves petiolate, segments linear, acute, glabrous or pubescent, the terminal one the longest. Flowers small, yellow, numerous. Fruit-bearing raceme very long. Siliquæ linear, near an inch long, erect: pedicels erecto-patent, filiform, one-third of the length of the siliqua. 14. CHEIRANTHUS. (Nat. Ord. CRUCIFERÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 290.) 1. C. Cheiri, leaves lanceolate, acute, hoary beneath ; pu- ; bescent, bipartite and close pressed, or wanting ; siliquæ linear ; stigma with recurved lobes. Lightf. p. 357. C. fruticulosus, Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 709. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 202. E. B. t. 1934. HAB. Old walls and ruins. King's Park, Mr Yalden. On Salisbury p. 704. * Decandolle has, besides the common appearance, two varieties, which may be met with probably in this country. a. indivisum, all the leaves nearly entire or serrate. B. variifolium, some of the leaves serrate, some pectinato-pinnatifid, others capillaceo-multifid. This I have received from Canada, from Dr Holmes. K 146 TETRADYNAMIA. SILIQUOSA. BRASSICA. craigs, abundant, (recently introduced), Mr D. Stuart. Rosslyn Castle, plentiful. May. 4. Wld Wall-flower.-Root woody. Stem brownish, a foot high, branched, erect, furrowed ; branches green. Leaves numerous, rigid, often reddish and spotted towards the apex. Flowers yellow, in a corymb, which be- comes at length a fruit-bearing raceme. Calyx of 4 erect reddish leaves. Petals with a long claw, and a broad spreading or recurved limb. Sili- que suberect, straightish, about an inch long.–Very fragrant. Several varieties cultivated in gardens. 15. HESPERIS. (Nat. Ord. CRUCIFERÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 290.) 1. H. matronalis, pedicels as long as the calyx; petals ob- ovate ; siliqua erect, torulose, glabrous, not thickened at the margin ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, toothed; stem erect. Lightf. p. 1136. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 202. H. inodora, Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 711. E. B. t. 731. HAB. Waste shady places. Banks of Glencorse, Lightfoot. Colinton and Auchindenny woods, Maughan. Bank below Arthur's Seat, Mr Arnott. Water of Leith, Mr J. Stewart. May, June. . • Dame's Violet. -Stem 1-2 feet high, simple or somewhat branched, hairy. Leaves varying from ovate-lanceolate to subcordate, toothed or serrate, acuminate, hairy. Flowers purple or rose-coloured, large, fragrant at night, but scentless during the day. Calyx erect. Petals obovate, with a long claw, the limb spreading, entire, or emarginate. 16. BRASSICA. (Nat. Ord. CRUCIFERÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 290.) 1. B. Napus, leaves glabrous, glaucous, the radical ones lyrate, toothed, the uppermost ones cordato-lanceolate, amplexi- caul; root fusiform. Lightf. p. 359. Smith, Fl. Brit. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 203. 203. E. B. t. 2146. HAB. Corn-fields and waste places. Rocks behind Edinburgh Castle, Dr Parsons. June. 6. Wild Navew or Cole-seed.—Root fusiform. Stem erect, 1-2 feet high, round, glabrous, glaucous, branched. Leaves lyrate below ; lower cauline ones somewhat pinnatifid; the upper ones often entire, all glaucous, smooth. Flowers yellow, numerous, rather small. Siliquæ erecto-patent, straight, torulose, longer than the pedicels ; raceme long.–Oil is expressed from the seeds. 2. B. Rapa, radical leaves lyrate, setoso-scabrous, upper cau- line ones nearly entire, glabrous; root caulescent, orbicular. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 203. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 719. E. B. t. 2176. HAB. Borders of fields. Behind Edinburgh Castle, Dr Graham. April, May. . Turnip.-_Root fleshy, succulent, whitish. Stem erect, 1-3 feet high, round, glabrous, branched. Leaves ; radical ones petiolate, spreading, deep green, not glaucous; the terminal lobe large, roundish, widely toothed; cauline ones sessile. Flowers yellow, in a lax corymb, which quickly elon- gates into a raceme. Calyx spreading. Siliquæ suberect, an inch long ; pedicels nearly the same length.—The root is a well known treasure to the agriculturist. 3. B. oleracea, leaves covered with a glaucous bloom, fleshy, p. 719. SINAPIS. TETRADYNAMIA. SILIQUOSA. 147 glabrous, waved and lobed ; root caulescent. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 203. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 720. E. B. t. 637. HAB. Marine banks and rocks, Inchkeith, G. Don. Inchcolm, Maughan. May, June. . Sea Cabbage.—Root caulescent for some height above ground. Stem 6-18 inches high or more, erect, round, glabrous. Leaves thick, fleshy, gla- brous, variously lobed, waved, and sinuate; uppermost ones oblong. Flowers large, pale yellow, in a corymb, which becomes a raceme. Calyx erect. Petals obovate, lax. Siliquæ erect, torulose an inch long. 4. B. campestris, leaves glaucous, somewhat fleshy, lower ones lyrate, dentate, subhispid, upper ones cordate, acuminate, amplexicaul. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 203. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 718. . E. B. t. 2234. HAB. Corn-fields, rare. Road-side leading from Leith to Queensferry, near Bangholm, G. Don. August. O. Field Cabbage.—Root fusiform, slender. Stem erect, 1-2 feet high, branch- ed, hispid below. Radical leaves hispid beneath on the veins, as well as often on the upper surface : cauline ones glabrous. Flowers yellow, corym- bose. Calyx somewhat spreading. Siliqua in a raceme, about an inch long, somewhat torulose, obsoletely 4-sided, tipped with the subulate style. 17. SINAPIS. (Nat. Ord. CRUCIFERÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 290.) 1. S. arvensis, siliqua glabrous, many-angled, torulose, thrice as long as the 2-edged beak; stem and leaves hairy, lower ones sublyrate. Lightf. p. 360. Smith, Fl. Brit. P. 121. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 204. 204. E. B. t. 1748. HAB. Corn-fields, very abundant. May, June. O Wild Mustard or Charlock.—Stem 1-2 feet high, branched. Leaves petio- late, ovate, rough, unequally toothed, uppermost ones sessile. Flowers bright yellow, corymbose. Calyx spreading. Petals obtusely obovate, sometimes emarginate. Siliquæ in a raceme, about 8-angled, suberect, the beak ensiform.-A most troublesome weed. 2. S. alba, siliqua hispid, patent, shorter than the broad en- siform beak; stem and the lyrate leaves nearly glabrous. Lightf. p. 361. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 721. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 204. E. B. t. 1677. HAB. Corn-fields and waste places, frequent. Corn-fields about Edin- burgh, Maughan. July. O. White Mustard. Stem 12–18 inches high, branched, erect, slightly hairy. Leaves mostly glabrous, between lyrate and pinnatifid, the terminal lobe large, all unequally, obtusely or acutely dentate. Flowers yellow, rather large, corymbose. Petals obovate, entire. Siliquæ in a long raceme, gla- brous or subhispid, spreading, ovate-oblong, with a long, broad ensiform beak. Seeds large, pale. 18. DYPLOTAXIS *. (Nat. Ord. CRUCIFERÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 290. (Sinapis tenuifolia.) 1. D. tenuifolia, siliquæ pedicillate, erect, style short, fili- - * To this genus also belongs Sisymbrium murale of Linnæus. E. B. t. 1090. K 2 148 TETRADYNAMIA. SILIQUOSA. RAPHANUS. form ; uppermost leaves mostly entire ; lower ones pinnate, the segments entire or pinnatifid. Decand. Syst. veg. v. 2. p. 632. Sinapis tenuifol. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 204. Sisym- brium tenuifol. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 703. E. B. t. 525. HAB. Waste places. Coast of Fife at St David's, Mr Neill. July, August. 212 Fine-leaved Mustard.—Glabrous. Stem erect, 1-2 feet high or more, round, branched. Leaves rather fleshy, somewhat glaucous, varying much in their form and division, the lobes of the pinnate or bipinnate ones rather distant, somewhat acute; upper ones mostly undivided, more or less li- near, often toothed. Flowers yellow, rather large. Petals twice as long as the spreading calyx. Silique erect, linear, compressed, above an inch long, sometimes hairy at the apex. Seeds in 2 series.—Plant acrid and pungent to the taste, and with a foetid smell, when bruised. 19. RAPHANUS. (Nat. Ord. CRUCITERÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 290.) 1. R. Raphanistrum siliquæ jointed, unilocular, striated, , 3-8-seeded, the style long; leaves simply lyrate: Lightf: p. 362. Smith, FỈ. Brit. p. 723. Hook. FI. Scot. p. 204. E. B. t. 856. HAB. Corn-fields, very common. June, July. O. Wild Raddish or Jointed Charlock.—Stem 1-2 feet high, branched, hispid. Leaves lyrate, toothed, scabrous. Flowers large, pale lemon-yellow, vein- ed with purple. Calyx erect, slender, setose. Petals obovate, lax. Silia quæ, including the beak, an inch and a half long, apparently jointed, and the cavities subglobose, but within they are l-celled. XVI. MONADELPHIA. I. PENTANDRIA. 1. ERODIUM. (Nat. Ord. GERANIACEÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 274.) 1. E. cicutarium, peduncles many-flowered ; leaves pinnate, leaflets sessile, pinnatifid, cut; stem prostrate. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 205. Smith, Fl. Brit . p. 727. E. B. t. 1768. Geranium cicutarium, Lightf. p. 366. Hab. Dry sandy pastures and waste places, frequent. King's Park, Mr Bainbridge. eith Links, with purple flowers only, Dr Graham. (On the south side of Arthur's Seat, by the foot-road to Duddingston, chiefly with whitish flowers, Dr Graham.) June—September. O. Hemlock-leaved Stork's-bill.—Hairy. Stems several, prostrate, reddish, spread- ing, 3-8 inches long. Leaves alternate, as are also the leaflets. Stipules ovate, acute, membranaceous. Flowers purplish or white, in a small um- bel, supported by a peduncle 2-3 inches high. Petals obovate. 2. E. moschatum, peduncles many-flowered ; leaves pinnate, GERANIUM. MONADELPHIAMONADELPHIA. . DECANDRIA. 149 leaflets sessile, ovate, serrate; stems prostrate, hairy. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 728. E. B. t. 902. HAB. Dry sandy, hilly pastures, rare. Near Prestonpans, Dr Graham. June, July. O. Musky Stork's-bill.–Piloso-glandulose. Stems prostrate, often almost none, hairy. Leaves pinnate, spreading, petiolate ; leaflets 4–6 pair; ovate, serrate, or toothed. Flowers rose-colour, 5-8 in a small pedunculate um- bel; the peduncle suberect, 2–3 inches high. Involucre roundish, cre- nate. Calya “tipped with red glands” (Sm.) Petals longer than the calyx, but smaller than in the preceding. II. DECANDRIA. 2. GERANIUM. (Nat. Ord. GERANIACEÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 275.) * Peduncles 1-flowered. 1. G. sanguineum, peduncles 1-flowered ; leaves suborbicu- lar, cleft into 5–7 deep, trifid lobes. Lightf. p. 372. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 738. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 206. E. B. t. 272. HAB. Rocks and stony thickets, rare. Arthur's Seat, Lightfoot. Sea- shore at Gosford Gate, near Aberlady, plentiful, Maughan. On both sides the Frith, Mr Arnott. July. 4. Bloody Crane's-bill.–Roots woody. Stems rather weak and spreading, branched, about a foot long, swelling above and below each joint. Leaves opposite, petiolate. Peduncles very long. Flowers very large, crimson red. Calycine leaves ovate, mucronate.- Very handsome. ** Peduncles 2-flowered. Roots perennial. 2. G. pratense, peduncles 2-flowered ; style longer than the stamens ; leaves 5-7-partite, the lobes variously acutely cleft and serrate ; capsules hairy, not rugose, Lightf: p. 368. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 732. Hook. FI. Scot. p. 206. E. B. t. 404. HAB. Meadows and moist thickets. King's Park, Mr D. Stuart. July 4. Crow-foot-leaved Crane's-bill.—Stems 1-2 feet high, branched, swollen at the joints, pubescent. Radical leaves on long erect petiols, divided almost to the centre into 5 or 7 lobes, each of which is variously cleft, and every segment acute. Flowers very large, pale purple. Petals broadly ob- ovate, veined. Calycine leaves mucronate. Seeds dotted. 3. G. sylvaticum, peduncles 2-flowered ; style shorter than the stamens; leaves cleft into 5-7 deep, acute, cut, and serrate lobes ; stem erect, corymbose; calycine leaves with a long awn; capsules hairy, not rugose. Lightf. p. 367. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 731. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 206. E. B. t. 121. Hab. Woods by river-sides. Colinton woods, with white flowers, Maughan. Rosslyn and Auchindenny woods. June, July. 4. Wood Crane's-bill.—Stems 1-2 feet high or more, erect, hairy, branched, the uppermost branches somewhat corymbose. Leaves opposite, petio- late, softish, veiny, hairy, the lobes rather broad, but ending acutely. 150 MONADELPHIA. DECANDRIA. GERANIUM. -- Flowers purple, smaller than the two preceding species. Petals obtusely obovate, entire or notched, veined. Seeds dotted.--Well distinguished from the last, by the style much shorter than the stamens, and from the next by the much longer awn of the calycine leaves. 4. G. phaum, peduncles 2-flowered, opposite the leaves ; calyx very shortly awned ; petals waved ; capsules keeled, hairy below, wrinkled above ; stem erect. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 206. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 729. E. B. t. 322. Hab. Woods, rare. Colinton woods, Maughan, Near Linlithgow, Miss Liston. Granton woods. May, June. 4. Dusky Crane's-bill-Root strong. Stems erect, 1-2 feet high or more, hairy, branched, panicled at the summit. Leaves 5-7-lobed, cut and ser- rate, hairy, lobes rather broad, the uppermost sessile. Flowers dark cho- colate; the base of the claw whitish. Calyx very hairy, with a very short mucronate point. 5. G. pyrenaicum, peduncles 2-flowered ; leaves reniform, 5-7-lobed ; lobes obtuse, trifid ; petals deeply notched, twice as long as the calyx ; stem suberect. Lightf. p. 367. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 1735. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 206. E. B. t. 405. HAB. Pastures and waste places, rare. Near Edinburgh, Dr Parsons. In a lane leading from the south-east part of Edinburgh to the King's Park, abundantly, Sir J. E. Smith. July. 4. Mountain Crane's-bill.—Stem 9 inches to above 2 feet high, suberect, branch- ed, hairy, panicled above. Leaves petiolate, opposite, hairy, varying in the breadth of the lobes, upper ones more acute. Flowers rather large, purple. Calyx short, hairy, submucronate. Capsules keeled, but not wrinkled, when young pubescent. a p. 1106. *** Peduncles 2-flowered. Root annual. 6. G. rotundifolium, peduncles 2-flowered ; leaves rotundate- reniform, lobed and cut, pubescent; petals entire, as long as the calyx; capsules not rugose, hairy, seeds dotted. Lightf. . 1106. Smith, Smith, Fl. Brit. Fl. Brit. p. 736. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 207. E. B. t. 157. HAB. Waste places, rare. East side of Mason's garden, near North Merchiston, Dr Hope. Arthur's Seat, Dr Graham. July. O. Round-leaved Crane's-bill.—Stems straggling, ascending or suberect, pubes- cent, branched. Leaves opposite, scarcely cleft half-way to the centre, the lobes cut at the extremity, pale green, softly pubescent. Flowers small, rose-coloured, on short peduncles, pedicels divaricate. Petals en- tire. Seeds finely dotted. 7. G. molle, peduncles 2-flowered, leaves rounded, lobed and cut, pubescent; petals notched, scarcely longer than the calyx; capsules transversely wrinkled, seeds smooth. Lightf. p. 370. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 734. Hook. Fl. Scot. p p. 207. E. B. t.778. HAB. Pastures and waste places, very common. July. O. Dove's-foot Crane's-bill.--Stems several, 3-12 inches long, spreading, de- cumbent, slightly branched, pubescent, mostly tinged with red. Leaves alternate, petiolate, softly pubescent on each side, cleft more than half- GERANIUM MONADELPHIA. DECANDRIA. 151 way into obtuse broad lobes. Peduncles opposite the leaves, hairy, short- ish, divaricating Flowers small, pale reddish or purple. 8. G. lucidum, peduncles 2-flowered; leaves roundish, shining, 5-lobed ; calyx ventricose-pyramidal, angular, tuberculate; cap- sules wrinkled. Lightf. p. 370. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 733. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 207. E. B. t. 75. HAB. Moist rocky places. Under Arthur's Seat, Lightfoot. A little north of Burntisland, Mr Arnott. Craiglockhart. July. O Shining Crane's-bill.—Whole plant nearly quite glabrous. Stems straggling, decumbent, or in small plants erect, 3-16 inches high, branched, swollen at the joints, mostly fine red, and shining. Leaves shining, often red, on long petiols, 5-lobed, lobes trifid. Calyx 5-angled, transversely corru- gate. Flowers small, red. Petals entire. Capsule furrowed on the back. 9. G. robertianum, peduncles 2-flowered ; leaves ternate or quinate, the leaflets somewhat pinnatifid, segments mucronate; calyx angular, hairy, with longish awns; capsules wrinkled. Lightf. p. 369. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 732. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 207. E. B. t. 1486. HAB. Waste stony places, frequent. King's Park, &e. June-Sep- tember. O Stinking Crane's-bill, or Herb-Robert.-Stem much branched, spreading, de- cumbent or ascending, above a foot long, reddish, hairy. Leaves much divided, lax, petiolate, opposite. Flowers rather large, purple, on long peduncles. Petals white at the base, entire. Capsules keeled, rugose. Seeds smooth.—Plant with a strong foetid smell, which has been com- pared to that of a fox. 10. G. columbinum, peduncles 2-flowered ; leaves 5-partite, lobes deeply cleft into linear acute segments; petals entire, as long as the awned calyx; capsules glabrous, not rugose; seeds dotted. Lightf. p. 372. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 737. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 208. 208. E. B. t. 259. Hab. Pastures and waste places, rare. Road-side near Queensferry, Maughan. June, July. O. Long-stalked Cranes-bill.—Stem rather straggling, slender, mostly decum- bent, rough with deflexed hairs. Leaves opposite, petiolate, cleft into many linear, acute segments, hairy, the hairs rigid, appressed. Peduncles and pedicels very long. Flowers pale purple. Calyx hairy, mucronate. 11. G. dissectum, peduncles 2-flowered; petals notched, ra- ther shorter than the awned calyx; leaves 5-partite, the lobes laciniate, linear; capsules hairy, not rugose ; seeds dotted. Lightf. p. 371. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 737. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 208. E. B. t. 753. HAB. Corn-fields and waste places, frequent. The Meadows, Dr Par- sons. King's Park, Mr Bainbridge. Fields about Lochend. May -July. 0. Jagged-leaved Crane's-bill.—Stems branched, slender, spreading or suberect, clothed with deflexed hairs. Leaves opposite, petiolate, slightly hairy, cleft to the base into linear, trifid or laciniate lobes, the uppermost ones 152 MONADELPHIA. POLYANDRIA, MALVA with undivided segments. Flowers on short peduncles, pale red. Cap- sules hairy. 12. G. pusillum, peduncles 2-flowered; petals notched, scarce- ly longer than the calyx ; leaves rotundato-reniform, 5-7-lobed, the lobes trifid ; capsules keeled, downy, with appressed hairs, seeds smooth. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 207. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 734. E. B. t. 385. HAB. Waste places and fields in gravelly soils, rare. Fisherrow Links, and Arthur's Seat, Maughan. June—September. O. Small-flowered Crane's-bill.—Stems slender, 6-12 inches long, mostly pros- trate, swelling at the joints, often reddish. Leaves slightly hairy, deeply lobed, opposite, petiolate ; lobes trifid, rather acute. Flowers pentan- drous, very small, purple. Peduncles short. Calyx awnless. III. POLYANDRIA. 3. MALVA. (Nat. Ord. MALVĄCEÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 274.) 1. M. sylvestris, stem erect, herbaceous; leaves with 7 some- ; what acute lobes; peduncles and petiols hairy. Lightf. p. 375. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 740. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 208. E. B. t. 671. HAB. Waste places, common. King's Park, Mr Yalden. June-Au- gust. 4. Common Mallow.—Root fusiform. Stems about 2 feet high, erect, branched, hairy. Leaves numerous, large, roundish, petiolate, alternate, plicate, 7-lobed, crenato-serrate. Flowers large, handsome, reddish-purple, vein- ed, axillary, on short pedicels, 2-4 together. Petals obcordate, thrice as long as the calyx. 2. M. rotundifolia, stem somewhat prostrate; leaves round- ish, cordate, obtusely 5-lobed; “ peduncles bent downwards." Lightf. p. 374. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 741. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 741. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 208. E. B. t. 1092. M. pusilla, E. B. t. 241. Hab. Waste places; road-sides. About Portobello. June-August. Dwarf Mallow.—Root fusiform. Stems several, prostrate, 6–12 inches long, sub-simple, hairy. Leaves hairy, smaller, 5-7-lobed, lobes obtuse, cre- nate, on hairy petiols. Flowers small, purplish, axillary, on pedicels, 2-3 growing together. Petals obcordate, at most as long again as the calyx. Petals sometimes very small, as in M. pusilla of E. B. 3. M. moschata, stem erect : radical leaves reniform, lobed and cut, cauline ones 5-partite, pinnatifid, and laciniate; calyx hairy. Lightf. p. 376. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 741. Hook. fl. Scot. p. 209. E. B. t. 754. Hab. Borders of fields and road-sides, not common. Near Lasswade, Maughan. August. 4... Musk Mallow.—Plant rough with hairs. Stems 2-3 feet high, slightly - branched. Radical leaves on long petiols, cleft into 3-5 main lobes, each of which is again 3-lobed and cut; segments of the cauline ones linear, acute. Flowers large, rose-coloured, very beautiful, produced towards the summit. Petals obcordato-cuneiform. Outer leaves of the calyx li- near.. FUMARIA. 153 DIADELPHIA. . HEXANDRIA. 4. LAVATERA. (Nat. Ord. MALVACEÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 274.) 1. L. arboreu, stem arborescent; leaves 7-angled, plaited, downy; peduncles axillary, clustered, 1-flowered. Lightf. p.374. Smith, Fl. Brit. p.742. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 209. E. B. t. 1841. HAB. Rocks on the sea-coast. Inchgarvie and Mykrick-Inch, Frith of Forth, Sibbald. July, August. 7. Sea-side Tree-Mallow.—Stem 3-10 feet high, erect, stout, mostly quite simple. Leaves on long petiols, roundish, cordate, somewhat lobed, to- mentose. Flowers numerous, purplish, much darker in the centre. Outer calyx deeply 3-cleft.-It rarely attains a considerable size in the above stations. XVII. DIADELPHIA. I. HEXANDRIA. 1. FUMARIA. (Nat. Ord. FUMARIÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 291.) 1. F. officinalis, siliculæ globose; fruit-bearing pedicels erect, twice as long as the bracteas, the racemes lax; stem suberect; leaves bipinnate and cleft, segments linear. Lightf. p. 379. Smith, Fl. Brit. p.750. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 210. E. B. t. 589. HAB. Corn-fields and neglected gardens, frequent. May-August. O. Common Fumitory.—Glabrous, glaucous. Stem erect, branched, spreading, a foot high, angular. Leaves much divided, the cauline ones mostly 3-par- tite, and cleft into linear segments. Flowers rose-coloured, about 12, in a lax, erect raceme. Petals 4, lower one with a green keel. Capsule glabrous, somewhat retuse. 2. F. capreolata, siliculæ globose; fruit-bearing pedicels re- curved, longer than the bracteas, the racemes oblong; stem somewhat climbing by the cirrhose petiols; leaves much di- vided, the segments more or less obovate. Lightf. p. 380. , Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 751. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 210. E. B. t. 943. HAB. Corn-fields, and waste bushy places. About Redhall, Lightfoot. June_September. O. Ramping Fumitory.—Glabrous, glaucous. Stems procumbent or climbing, 1-3 feet long, much branched, angular. Leaves on long petiols, triter- nate, primary and secondary petiols slender, and serving as tendrils, leaf- lets 3-cleft, segments ovate or oblong. Peduncles opposite the leaves, erect. Flowers 5–10, flesh-colour; the pedicels of the glabrous capsules, scarcely longer than the bracteas. 2. CORYDALIS. (Nat. Ord. FUMARIÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 291. under Fumaria.) 1. C. claviculata, stem branched, widely climbing ; leaves somewhat bipinnate, divided, segments oval, entire, the petiols cirrhose ; bracteas longer than the pedicels. DC. Fumaria 154 DIADELPHIA. OCTANDRIA. POLYGALA. clavicul. Lightf. p. Lightf. p. 380. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 752. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 211. E. B. t. 103. HAB. Rocky and waste places; roofs of cottages, &c. Ravelston Quarry, Mr D. Stewart. July, August. O. Climbing Fumitory-Glabrous. Stem very slender, much branched, and climbing upon every thing in its way, 1-3 feet long: Leaves subglaucous beneath, petiolate, bearing the leaflets also on slender secondary petiols, and at length terminating in a branched tendril. Flowers 4-8, in small racemes, pale whitish-yellow, scarcely more than 3 lines long. Silicula small, oblong, tipped with the acute style, 2-4-seeded.—Plant pale, de- licate and elegant. II. OCTANDRIA. 3. POLYGALA. (Nat. Ord. POLYGALEÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 285.) 1. P. vulgaris, flowers in a terminal spike, erect; wings of the calyx obtuse, longer than the corolla; stem herbaceous, procumbent; leaves linear-lanceolate. Lightf. p. 381. Smith, p Fl. Brit. p. 752. 752. Hook. Fl. Scot. 211. E. B. t. 76. Hab. Dry hilly pastures, very abundant. June, July. 4. Milkwort.-Glabrous. Root woody. Stems several, spreading, simple. Leaves numerous, dark green. Flowers fine blue, sometimes white or flesh-colour. Calyx persistent, changing from a blue to a green colour, protecting the young fruit. Corolla crested at the apex. p. III. DECANDRIA. 4. GENISTA. (Nat. Ord. LEGUMINOSÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 266.) * Branches unarmed. 1. G. scoparia, leaves ternate or solitary, obovato-oblong; flowers axillary ; legume hairy at the margin ; branches an- gular, armless. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 211. Spartium scoparium, . Lightf. p. 382. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 753. 753. E. B. t. 1339. HAB. Banks and wild bushy places, common. June. h. Common Broom.—A shrubby plant, 4-10 feet high, with a very great num- ber of erect, angular, slender, evergreen branches, of considerable tough- Leaves small, and glabrous. Flowers large, handsome, axillary, on solitary, somewhat drooping pedicels, bright golden-yellow. Calyx short, campanulate, 5-toothed. Style twisted. Legume large, very com- pressed, dark brown. 2. G. tinctoria, leaves lanceolate, glabrous; branches round, striate, erect; flowers in a leafy raceme ; legume glabrous. Lightf. p. 384. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 754. Hook. Fl. Scot. 212. E. B. t. 44. HAB. Heathy pastures and river-sides. Pentland Hills. July. h. Dyer's Greenweed.—Root woody. Stems erect, 1-2 feet high, slender, gla- brous, between round and angular, branched. Leaves simple, sessile, ness. p. 212 ULEx. DIADELPHIA. DECANDRIA. 155 a mostly glabrous. Flowers yellow, axillary, solitary, subsessile. Calyx with 5 sharp teeth. ** Branches spinose. 3. G. anglica, leaves ovato-lanceolate, glabrous; spines simple; flowering branches unarmed; legumes glabrous. Lightf. p. 384. . Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 756. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 212. E. B. t. 132. HAB. Heathy places, not common. Pentland Hills, Maughan. June. h. Needle Furze.—Stems suberect, about a foot high, furnished with simple, patent, very acute spines. Leaves very small. Flowers small, yellow, on small, unarmed, spreading branches, somewhat racemose. Legume oval, very turgid. 5. ULEX. (Nat. Ord. LEGUMINOSÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 266.) 1. U. europæus, teeth of the calyx obsolete, connivent ; brac- teas ovate, lax; branches erect. Lightf. p. 385. Smith, FL Brit. p. 756. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 212. E. B. t. 742. HAB. Heaths and hilly pastures, abundant. May-September. h. Common Furze, or Whin.—Stems 1-5 feet high, producing innumerable green, spinous branches, in a dense bushy manner. Leaves solitary, small, at the base of the numerous acute spines. Flowers golden-yellow, large, very plentiful, on axillary, mostly solitary 1-flowered pedicels. Calyx pubescent. Legume oblong, pubesoent, viackish, about 4-seeded. 2. U. nanus, " teeth of the calyx lanceolate, spreading ; , bracteas minute, close-pressed ; branches reclining;" (Sm.) Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 212. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 757. E. B. t. 743. U. europaus, B, Lightf. p. 385. . HAB. Heaths. Pentland Hills, G. Don. August_October. h. Dwarf Furze.—Much less than the last, with decumbent branches, shorter spines, and smaller flowers. Bracteas very minute, often scarcely visible, appressed to the calyx. Calyx sericeous, the teeth very distinct. Corolla a little longer than the calyx, and not so bright a yellow as the pre- ceding ; Smith. A doubtful species. 6. ONONIS. (Nat. Ord. LEGUMINOSÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 267.) 1. O. arvensis, stem hairy ; branches at length spinous ; flowers mostly solitary; leaves ternate below, simple above, ser- rate, entire at the base. Lightf. p. 386. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 758. , Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 212. E. B. t. 682. 0. repens, Lightf. p. 387. HAB. Heathy pastures. Road-sides. King's Park, Mr Yalden. June, August. 4. Rest-harrow.-Root woody. Stems erect or procumbent, a foot high, more or less spinose, branched, round, hairy. Leaves small, oval or cuneiform, petiolate. Flowers large, rose-coloured, on axillary, solitary peduncles. Legume scarcely exceeding the calyx, pilose.—Stem and leaves more or less viscid, and with a strong peculiar smell. 7. ANTHYLLIS. (Nat. Ord. LEGUMINOSA, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 267.) 1. A. vulneraria, herbaceous; leaves pinnate, unequal; heads 156 DIADELPHIA. DECANDRIA. OROBUS. of flowers in pairs. Lightf. p. 387. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 759. Hook. Fl. Scot. P. 213. E. B. t. 104. HAB. Dry pastures. King's Park, Lightfoot, (abundant). June-Au- gust. 4. Kidney Vetch.-Stems several, spreading, decumbent, 3-8 inches long, round, liairy. Leaves alternate, pinnate, glaucous green, hairy beneath ; leaf- lets entire, 5-9. Flowers yellow, in two dense roundish heads, in close contact. Bracteas palmate, immediately beneath the heads of flowers. Calyx hairy. 8. OROBUS. (Nat. Ord. LEGUMINOSÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 267.) 1. O. tuberosus, leaves pinnate, leaflets lanceolate, glaucous beneath ; stipules semi-sagittate, toothed at the base ; stem simple, erect. Lightf. p. 388. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 761. Hook. p Fl. Scot. p. 213. E. B. t. 1153. HAB. Woods and borders of fields. King's Park, Mr Yalden. Rosslyn . woods, &c. June. 4. Tuberous Orobus.-Root tuberous, blackish, creeping. Stem a foot high or more, slender, winged. Leaves with 2-3 pair of sessile leaflets, the petiol not cirrhose, but ending in a point beyond the last leaflets. Flowers 5-7, in a long pedunculate, clustered, axillary raceme, purplish and reddish, finely veined. Calyx mostly dark purple. Legume above an inch long, cylindrical, pendulous, black.--Root dried and chewed by the Highland- ers. Leaves vary much in breadth. 9. LATHYRUS. (Nat. Ord. LEGUMINOSÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 267.) 1. L. pratensis, peduncles 2–10-flowered ; petiols bearing one pair of lanceolate leaflets, and ending in a simple or divid- ed tendril ; stipules sagittate, nearly as large as the leaves. Lightf. p. 391. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 765. Hook. Fl. Scot. P. 213. E. B. t. 670. HAB. Meadows, pastures, hedges, very common. July, August. 4. Meadow Vetchling.—Root creeping. Stems slender, climbing, 2-3 feet long, acutely angular. Leaves with one pair of lanceolate 3-nerved, glabrous leaflets. Stipules unequally sagittate. Flowers yellow, rather large, in a secund racemed head; peduncle very long. Legumes glabrous, erecto-pa- tent, blackish. 2. L. sylvestris, peduncles 5–8-flowered ; petiols bearing one pair of 3-ribbed lanceolate leaflets, and ending in a trifid ten- dril; stipules semi-sagittate; stem winged. Lightf. p. 392. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 765. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 213. E. B. t. 805. . Hab. Waste bushy places, rare. Debris of Salisbury Craigs, Miss Bos- well. July, August. 4. Narrow-leaved Everlasting Pea.—Stems 3-6 feet long, climbing, glabrous, broadly winged. Leaves on a winged petiol, which terminates after pro- ducing one pair of glabrous, ribbed leaflets, in a 3-branched tendril. Flowers on long peduncles, in a short clustered raceme, large, purplish, more or less tinged with green, veined. Calyx glabrous. Legume large, drooping, tawny.—This plant is doubtfully wild in the above station, which by mistake was assigned to L. latifolius in Dr Hooker's Flora Scotica. a VICÍA. 157 DIADELPHIA. DECANDRIA. 10. VICIA. (Nat. Ord. LEGUMINOSÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 268.) * Peduncles elongate, many-flowered. 1. V. sylvatica, peduncles many-flowered ; leaflets oval-ob- long, mucronate ; stipules lunate, denticulate. Lightf. p. 393. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 768. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 214. E. B. t. 79. HAB. Woods and waste bushy places, rare. Debris of Salisbury Craigs, Lightfoot. Colinton woods, Maughan. July, August. 4. Wood Vetch.—Stem 3–6 feet long or more, climbing, or, if they have no- thing to attach themselves to, forming by themselves large entangled masses, much branched, furrowed, angular. Leaves glabrous, very nu- merous ; leaflets sessile, alternate or opposite, 3-5 pair ; petiol ending in a branched tendril. Flowers numerous, on a long peduncle, racemed, whitish, tinged with and veined with blue. Legume glabrous, lanceolate, about 4-seeded. 2. V. Cracca, peduncles many-flowered, flowers imbricated leaves pinnate, leaflets lanceolate, pubescent ; stipules semi-sa- gittate, mostly entire. Lightf. p. 394. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 769. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 214. E. B. t. 1168. HAB. Bushy places and road-sides, very frequent. July, August. 4. Tufted Vetch.—Root creeping. Stems slender, 2-3 feet high, climbing, very leafy. Leaves pinnate ; leaflets sessile, numerous, opposite, oblong-lan- ceolate, pubescent on each side, the petiol terminating in a branched tendril. Flowers blue, very numerous, in a secund imbricate raceme, on a rather short peduncle. Legumes glabrous, pendulous. ** Flowers axillary, nearly sessile. 3. V. sativa, flowers sessile, mostly in pairs, legumes sub- erect; lower leaves retuse ; stipules toothed, with a dark spot beneath ; seeds smooth. Lightf. p. 395. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 769. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 215. E. B. t. 334. Hab. Corn-fields and pastures, frequent. A small variety grows in the King's Park, resembling in habit the following species. June. O. Common Vetch.—Stems varying, above a foot high and climbing, or a few inches and decumbent, pubescent, angular and furrowed. Leaves pin- nate; leaflets varying much in size, oblongo-lanceolate above, below wider, obtuse, mucronate, more or less pubescent, 2–6 pairs on the pe- tiol, which ends in a tendril. Flowers rather large, blue, purplish or red. Legumes pubescent, horizontal or suberect. Of great value to the agri- culturist. 4. V. lathyroides, flowers sessile, solitary, legumes glabrous, erect; leaflets 4-6, those of the lower leaves obcordate ; sti- pules entire; seeds tuberculate. Lightf. p. 396. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 771. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 215. E. B. t. 30. Hab. Dry pastures. King's Park, and Leith gravel-pit, Dr Parsons. Blackford Hill, Maughan. Dalmahoy Hill, Messrs Borrer and Hooker. Burntisland, Mr Arnott. May, June. O. Spring Vetch.—Stems several, procumbent, 2–6 inches long, branched. Leaves small, pinnate, the petiol ending in a point; leaflets 2-3 pair, pu- bescent, upper ones oblong or cuneiform, the lower ones obcordate. Sii- a a 3 158 DIADELPHIA. DECANDRIA. ERVUM pules without any spot. Flower smaller than the preceding, purple, (scarcely more than twice the length of the calyx). Legume erect, gla- brous. Seeds dotted. 5. V. lutea, flowers sessile, solitary, legumes reflexed, hairy ; stems diffuse; stipules minute, red; standard of the flower glabrous. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 215. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 772. E. B. t. 481. HAB. Stony sea-coasts, very rare. Sea-side west of N.' Queensferry, G. Don; (It is still there, Dr Graham, 1820.) June, July. 4. Rough-podded Yellow Vetch.--Root creeping. Stems about a foot high, branched, weak and diffuse, furrowed, climbing. Leaves pinnate, the petiol ending in a branched tendril ; leaflets 5–9 pair, elliptic-lanceolate, hairy, especially beneath. Flowers large, pale yellow. Legumes hairy, compressed. 6. V. sepium, legumes 3–4 on a very short peduncle, sub- erect, glabrous; leaves pinnate, leaflets ovate, obtuse, be- coming smaller towards the tendril. Lightf. p. 397. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 773. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 215. E. B. t. 1515. HAB. Bushy places, very common. Sometimes with white flowers, Dr Graham. June, July. 4. Bush Vetch.—Stems 1-2 feet high, slightly branched, climbing. Leaves pin- nate, the petiol ending in a tendril; leaflets 5-7 pair, dark green, pilose, sometimes emarginate. Flowers purplish blue, 3-4 or even 5 together, subpedicellate. Legumes erecto-patent, glabrous 2-4. Seeds smooth. p. 11. ERVUM. (Nat. Ord. LEGUMINOSÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 268.) 1. E. hirsutum, peduncles many-flowered, legumes hairy, 2-seeded; leaflets linear-oblong, truncate. Lightf. p. 398. Smith, Fl. Brit. 776. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 216. E. B. t. 970. HAB. Corn-fields and pastures, frequent. King's Park, (abundant by the road from St Leonard's to Duddingston), Mr Yalden. June. O. Hairy Tare.—Stems slender, climbing or subprostrate, 6 inches to above 2 feet long, weak, slender, subglabrous. Leaves pinnate, the petiol end- ing in a branched tendril ; leaflets 5–9 pair. Flowers very small, 3-7 on longish axillary peduncles, white, tinged with purplish blue. Legumes hairy, pendulous, 2-seeded. 12. ORNITHOPUS. (Nat. Ord. LEGUMINOSÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 268.) 1. O. perpusillus, leaves pinnate, leaflets small, numerous ; flowers capitate, bracteated ; legumes curved upwards, beaked. Lightf. p. 399. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 776. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 216. E. B. t. 369. HAB. Dry sandy pastures, rare. North Queensferry, Dr Graham. June. O Common Bird's-foot.-Stems more or less prostrate, 3-6 inches long, branch- ed, slender, spreading. Leaflets 6-9 pair, with an odd one, oval, pilose. Flowers very small, white, veined with pink, forming a small head on axillary peduncles. Legumes 3-5, jointed, curved, and resembling a bird's foot, whence the generic name. ASTRAGALUS. 159 DIADELPHIA. DECANDRIA. 13. ASTRAGALUS. (Nat. Ord. LEGUMINOSA, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 268.) * Keel of the corolla ending in a straight point. 1. A. uralensis, silky; legumes erect, hairy, ovate-cylindri- cal; scape erect, longer than the leaves, few-flowered. Lightf. p. 401. t. 17. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 780. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 216. E. B. t. 466. HAB. Dry mountains and hilly pastures. Hills a little to the west, above N. Queensferry, Maughan. July. 4. Hairy Mountain Milk-Vetch.-Root woody. Leaves beautifully silky, pin- nate, the petiol not deciduous, but becoming woody; leaflets numerous, ovate, acute, with an odd one. Scape 2–5 inches high. Flowers large, in a terminal cluster, 4-7, purple, rarely white. Calyx clothed with white (or black, Sm.) hairs, and accompanied by a bractea of its own length. Legume turgid, black, covered with appressed hairs.- White variety also, found by Mr Maughan in the same station. ** Keel of the corolla obtuse. 2. A. hypoglottis, stem prostrate ; leaflets slightly emargi- nate; flowers capitate ; legumes erect, hairy, ovate, compress- ed, the cells 1-seeded. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 217. Smith, Fl. Brit. t p. 779. E. B. t. 274. A. arenarius, Lightf. p. 400. HAB. Hilly pastures and sandy downs by the sea. King's Park; Mus- selburgh Sands, Lightfoot. Near Granton, on the coast, Maughan. With a white flower and a foot high, a little west of Kirkcaldy by the sea-side. July. 4. Purple Mountain Milk-Vetch. Root creeping. Stems several, slightly branched, procumbent, or suberect when growing among low bushes, 3-12 inches long. Leaves pinnate ; leaflets very numerous, small, ovate, slightly hairy beneath. Flowers purple, rarely white, capitate, on axil- lary peduncles, 2-6 inches in length. Calyx twice as long as the brac- teas, clothed with black and white hairs intermixed. Legumes ovate, turgid, canaliculate on the back, hairy. 3. glycyphyllos, stem prostrate ; legumes somewhat triangu- lar, curved, sessile, glabrous; leaves longer than the peduncles, leaflets oval. Lightf. p. 399. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 779. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 217. 217. E. B. t. 203. HAB. Woods, rare. Coryton woods, Dr Parsons. Banks of the Water of Leith between Coltbridge and Saughtonhall; many places on the coast between Nether Cramond and Queensferry, Maughan. July. 4. Sweet Milk-Vetch.-Stems branched, flexuose, furrowed. Leaves spreading, pinnate ; leaflets 5–7 pair, with an odd one, oval, rather large, subpilose beneath, bright green. Flowers numerous, yellow, on axillary peduncles Calyx glabrous. Legumes inflated, curved, an inch long. Seeds 8–10. 14. TRIFOLIUM. (Nat. Ord. LEGUMINOSÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 269.) * Flowers racemose. (Melilotus.) 1. T. officinale, flowers racemed, legumes naked, 2-seeded, rugose ; leaflets obovate-oblong, toothed, stem erect. Lightf a 160 DIADEPHIA. DECANDRIA. ASTRAGALUS. p. 403. p. 402. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 781. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 217. E. B. t. 1340. HAB. Bushy places, borders of fields, &c. Near Drummond-Lodge, Dr Parsons. Aberlady Links, Sibbald. July. O. Common Melilot.—Stem erect, 2 feet high or more, furrowed. Leaves gla- brous. Stipules lanceolate, entire. Flowers yellow, in secund peduncu- late racemes, numerous, rather drooping. Calyx hairy. Legumes pen- dulous and elliptical. ** Flowers more or less capitate. + Legumes many-seeded. 2. T. ornithopodioides *, legumes naked, subternate, twice as long as the calyx, seeds about 8; stems procumbent. Lightf. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 782. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 218. E. B. t. 1047. Hab. Barren sandy pastures, rare. At Maitland Bridge between Edin- burgh and Musselburgh, Lightfoot. Fisherrow and Musselburgh Links, Maughan. June. O. Bird's-foot Trefoil.-Stems prostrate, 2-4 inches long, spreading, glabrous. Leaflets small, obcordate, toothed at the apex, glabrous. Stipules lanceo- late, in pairs. Flowers 2-3, slender, pale rose-colour, sessile, on short pe- duncles. Legumes obtuse, hairy. 3. T. repens, heads umbellate; legumes 4-seeded, covered by the persistent corolla; stem creeping. Lightf. p. 404. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 782. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 218. . E. B. t. 1769. HAB. Meadows and pastures, very common. May-September. 4. White Trefoil or Dutch Clover.—Stems prostrate, 6-18 inches long, rooting, glabrous. Leaves on long petiols ; leaflets on very short partial ones, roundish or obcordate, serrulate, glabrous, often marked with a trans- verse pale or dark line. Flowers in a dense round umbellate head, whitish, becoming deflexed after flowering. Legumes glabrous, oblong, 3-4-seeded.—The Shamrock of the Irish. ++ Legumes 1-seeded, covered by the calyx. + Standard of the corolla deciduous. (Flowers purple; red- dish, or whitish.) 4. T. pratense, “ heads dense, ovate ; lower tooth of the ca- lyx, shorter than the tube of the monopetalous unequal corolla ; leaflets oval, nearly entire ; stem ascending.” Willd. Lightf p. 405. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 785. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 218. E. B. t. 1770. HAB. Meadows and pastures, very common. June—September. 4. Common Purple Clover.-Stems 1-2 feet high, suberect, branched. Leaves on longish petiols ; leaflets subsessile, elliptical, oval or sometimes round- ish-oval, subentire, glabrous, often marked with a whitish lunulate spot. Stipules ovate, connate, awned. Flowers in a large head, fragrant. Calyx hairy. Standard of the corolla much longer than the wings.-Well known to the farmer as a valuable artificial grass. This species is placed by Lamarke, Decandolle, and Hooker (Curt. Fl: Lond. ed. 2.), in the genus i'rigonella. TRIFOLIUM. DIADELPHIA. DECANDRIA. 161 -- 5. T. medium, “ heads lax, somewhat globose, solitary; lower tooth of the corolla as long as the tube of the monopetalous, nearly equal corolla ; leaflets elliptical, minutely serrate.” Willd. . Hook. FÌ. Scot. p. 218. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 786. E. B. t. 190. T. alpestre, Lightf. p. 406. . HAB. Fields, waste places, road-sides, frequent. Road-sides near Lib. berton. July, August. 4. Zigzag Trefoil.—Stems flexuose, branched, 1-2 feet high. Leaflets oblong- lanceolate, glabrous, pilose at the margin, spotless. Stipules lanceolate. Flowers in rather lax roundish heads. Calyx glabrous, except the teeth. . Standard of the corolla not much longer than the wings. 6. T. arvense, heads of flowers very hairy, cylindrical ; ca- lycine teeth setaceous, longer than the corolla ; leaflets narrow- obovate. Lightf. p. 406. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 787. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 219. . E. B. t. 944. HAB. Dry pastures and waste gravelly places. King's Park, Mr Yal- den. Debris of Salisbury Craigs, abundant. July, August. O Hare’s-foot Trefoil.-Stems several, suberect, branched, pubescent. Leaves on very short petiols ; leaflets linear-obovate, hairy. Flowers very minute, whitish or pinkish, crowded into many dense cylindrical heads, which are remarkably hairy from the long, pink, bristly teeth of the calya. 7. T. scabrum, heads of flowers terminal and axillary, sessile, ovate ; calycine teeth unequal, lanceolate, rigid, at length re- curved ; leaves obcordate. "Lightf. p. 407. Smith, Fl. Brit. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 219. E. B. t. 903. p HAB. Dry banks and pastures, especially near the sea. Near Edinburgh, Dr Parsons. King's Park. June, July. O. Rough Trefoil.-Stems several, prostrate, spreading, rigid, hairy. Leaflets obcordate, subdenticulate, hairy. Stipules lanceolate, pilose, connate. Flowers minute, in dense ovate heads, whitish or pinkish, but little longer than the calyx, which is hairy, and has sharp lanceolate teeth, which gradually become recurved and very rigid. 8. T. striatum, heads of flowers ovate, sessile, terminal and axillary ; calyx striated, hairy, the teeth straight, subulate; leaflets pubescent. Lightf. p. 408. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 790. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 219. E. B. t. 1843. HAB. Dry pastures. King's Park, abundant, Lightfoot. Banks facing Ligh the sea at N. Queensferry, plentiful. June. Soft knotted Trefoil.-Stem several, procumbent, 3-8 inches long, spreading, pilose. Leaflets obovate or cuneiform, subdenticulate, covered with a soft pubescence. Stipules ovate, broad, mucronate. Flowers minute, red- dish, in dense ovate heads. Calyx furrowed, somewhat ventricose; teeth unequal, not recurved.- Plant very soft to the touch. 9. T. fragiferum, heads of flowers roundish, on long pe- duncles ; calyx much inflated after flowering, pubescent, two of the teeth long, subulate, recurved ; leaflets glabrous, ribbed ; with nerves. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 219. Smith, Fl. Brit. p 791. E. B. t. 1050. p. 788. 162 Lotus. DIADELPHIA. DECANDRIA. HAB. Moist pastures, especially in the neighbourhood of the sea. Links near Cockenzie, Mr C. Stewart. Leith Links, Mr J. Mackay. Aber lady Links, Maughan. July, August. 4. Strawberry-headed Trefoil.—Stems prostrate, 6-16 inches long, glabrous. Leaves on long, glabrous, erect petiols ; leaflets obovate, emarginate, gla. brous, denticulate or subentire, finely ribbed with the branched veins. Flowers reddish, slender, on a long peduncle. Calyx very much inflated after flowering, very striking.—Habit much resembling T. repens. ++ Standard of the corolla persistent, scariose. (Flowers yellow.) 10. T. procumbens, heads of flowers oval, densely imbricate, standard deflexed, sulcate, very broad ; middle leaflet on a partial petiol ; stem procumbent. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 219. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 792. E. B. t. 945. Т. agrarium, Lightf p. 409. HAB. Dry pastures and waste gravelly places, frequent. Debris of Salis bury Craigs, &c. June, July. O Hop Trefoil.–Stems many, procumbent or slightly ascending, 4–12 inches long, more or less pubescent, mostly simple from the base. Leaves on short petiols ; leaflets obovate, denticulate, glabrous, middle one on a partial petiol more than half the length of the main one. Flowers in oval heads, yellow, the permanent standard becoming deflexed, dry and sca- riose, densely imbricated downwards, and changing to rich chesnut- colour. 11. T. filiforme, heads of flowers subhemispherical, rather lax, two to many-flowered, the peduncles capillary ; persistent standard deflexed, somewhat sulcate; stem procumbent. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 220. p Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 792. E. B. t. 1257. T. minus, Smith, E. B. t. 1256. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 220. T. pro- cumbens, Lightf. p. 409. HAB. Pastures and waste places, very common. June, July. O. Slender Yellow Trefoil.—Stems procumbent, or ascending when growing among other plants, subglabrous, slender, slightly branched, 6-18 inches long. Leaves on short pubescent petiols ; leaflets obovate or obcordate, glabrous, denticulate, the middle one sessile, or on a short partial petiol. Flowers pale yellow, rather slender, very few or many, in small heads. Standards persistent, becoming reddish and deflexed, not imbricated nor so broad as in the preceding. I cannot find sufficient difference between T. filiforme and minus to make them even varieties. The middle leaflet is both sessile and petiolate on the same specimen in both plants, and is so represented in E. B. t. 1257. at T. filiforme. The teeth of the calyx, said by Sir J. E. Smith to be glabrous in the same plant, are figured in E. B. slightly hairy in both. The peduncles are pubescent in each; as to the latter being somewhat flexuose or straight, and the heads few or many-flowered, no importance can surely be placed on such characters. 15. LOTUS. (Nat. Ord. LEGUMINOSÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 270.) 1. L. corniculatus, heads few-flowered, depressed ; calyx pi- lose ; stem decumbent, solid; “ claw of the keel obovate," Sm.; MEDICAGO. DIADELPHIA, DECANDRIA. 163 leaves pilose beneath. Lightf. p. 411. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 793. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 220. E. B. . E. B. t. 2090. HÁB. Pastures, extremely common. June-August. 4. Common Bird's-foot Trefoil.—Stems 3-8 inches long, spreading, slightly branched, more or less clothed with appressed hairs. Leaves shortly pea tiolate; leaflets obovate, pubescent, especially beneath. Stipules resema bling the leaves. Flowers bright yellow, 4–5 in a depressed, pedunculate head; the peduncle long, erect. Calyx with 5 subulate teeth, hairy. Standard of the corolla streaked with red, often quite red before expan- sion. “ Filaments all dilated below the anther,” (Sm.) Legumes narrow, subcylindrical, purplish brown, near an inch long. 2. L. major, heads many-flowered, depressed ; calyx gla- brous, except the teeth, which are ciliate ; stem erect, hollow ; “ claw of the keel linear," (Sm.); leaflets pubescent beneath. Smith, E. B. t. 2091. L. corniculatus, B. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 220. y. and d. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 794. . HAB. Hedges and moist bushy places, frequent. Rosslyn and Granton woods, Mr Arnott. June—September. 4. Greater Bird's-foot Trefoil.—Stems 1-3 feet high, erect, pubescent chiefly above, quite hollow, branched. Leaves obovate or roundish-obovate, much larger than in the preceding, but similar in other characters. Sti- pules resembling the leaves. Flowers in depressed heads, 6-12, bright yellow, the standard veined with red. Calyx with the teeth hairy and somewhat denticulate under a lens. “ Shorter filaments not dilated like the larger ones under the anther,” (Sm.) Legumes spreading, narrow, cylindrical. 16. MEDICAGO. (Nat. Ord. LEGUMINOSA, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 270.) 1. M. lupulina, heads oval; legumes reniform, rugose, 1-seeded ; leaflets obovate; stem procumbent. Lightf. p. 412. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 797. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 220. E. B. t. 971. HAB. Hedges, pastures, road-sides, frequent. King's Park, Mr Yalden. Quarry beyond Slateford, common, Dr Graham. May-August. 0. Black Medick or Nonsuch.—Stems several, procumbent or ascending, 6-18 inches long, somewhat angular. Leaves on short petiols ; leaflets ob- ovate, toothed at the apex, subglabrous. Stipules lanceolate, entire. Flowers small, yellow, in small, dense, pedunculate heads. Legumes some- what spiral, rugged, dark brown or blackish, 1-seeded. a XVIII. POLYADELPHIA. I. POLYANDRIA. 1. HYPERICUM. (Nat. Ord. HYPERICINÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 272.) * Stems prostrate. 1. H. humifusum, styles 3 ; stem compressed, procumbent ; L 2 164 POLYADELPHIA. POLYANDRIA. HYPERICUM. flowers subcymose, somewhat terminal ; leaves ovate-oblong, glabrous. Lightf. p. 418. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 803. Hook. FI.. Scot. p. 222. E. B. t. 1226. HAB. Gravelly pastures and also bogs. Dalmahoy Hill, Mr Neill. Lasswade, Mr D. Steuart. Pentland Hills, Maughan. Road-sides and fields about Rosslyn. June-August. 4. Trailing St John's Wort.— Stems several, spreading, slender, glabrous, branched, 3-9 inches long. Leaves rather small, opposite. Flowers few, small, yellow, delicate. Calyx sometimes dotted at the margin, some. times serrated with glands. Petals dotted at the margin. ** Stems erect. + Calycine segments entire at the margin. 2. H. quadrangulum, styles 3, stem herbaceous, 4-angled ; leaves ovate, with pellucid dots; calycine segments lanceolate. Lightf. p. 416. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 801. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 221. E. B. t. 370. HAB. Boggy meadows and stream-sides, not unfrequent. Ditch by Blackford farm-house, Mr Neill. July. 4. Square-stalked St John's Wort.—Stem 9-16 inches high, erect, glabrous, branched, the angles often slightly winged. Leaves opposite, decussating, obtuse, slightly glaucous beneath. Flowers yellow, rather small, nume- rous, in terminal corymbose panicles. Anthers with a small purplish- black gland. 3. H. perforatum, styles 3 ; stem roundish-compressed, with two obsolete angles; leaves elliptical-oblong, obtuse, with pel- lucid dots; calycine segments lanceolate. Lightf. p. 416. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 801. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 221. E. B. t. 295. Hab. Woods, hedges, &c., frequent. King's Park, Mr Yalden. Cor- storphine Hill, Mr Neill. July. 4. Perforated St John's Wort.-Stem 1-2 feet high, glabrous, somewhat branch- ed, erect. Leaves opposite, decussating, glabrous, those of the small branches narrow. Flowers large, yellow, rather numerous, in terminal, corymbose panicles. Calyx acute, entire. . Petals finely dotted with purple at the margin. Anthers tipped with a dark gland. ft Calycine segments fringed with glandular serratures. 4. H. hirsutum, styles 3 ; stem erect, round, pubescent; ca. lyx fringed with glands ; leaves ovate, hairy above, pubescent beneath. Lightf. p. 419. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 804. Hook. Fl. Scot. P. 222. E. B. t. 1156. HAB. Woods and hedges, not unfrequent. Colinton woods, Mr Arnott. At Burntisland, Mr Neill. July. 4. Hairy St John's Wort.-Stem 1-2 feet high, erect, somewhat branched. Leaves rather large, opposite, obtuse. Flowers very numerous, in termi- nal, crowded panicles. Calycine segments lanceolate. Petals fringed at the apex with black glands, as well as the bracteas and calyx. 5. H. pulchrum, styles 3 ; stems erect, round, glabrous ; ca- ; İyx fringed with glands ; leaves cordate, obtuse, glabrous, sub- - TRAGOPOGON. SYNGENESIA. POLYG. ÆQUAL. 165 amplexicaul. Lightf. p. 420. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 804. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 222. 222. E. B. t. 1227. HAB. Dry sandy woods, heaths, road-sides, not unfrequent. Pentland Hills, and Rosslyn woods, Maughan. King's Park, Mr Bainbridge. July. 4. Small upright St John's Wort.-Stems slender, erect, glabrous, 9-16 inches high, somewhat branched. Leaves rigid, glabrous, roundish or ovate, cordate at the base, opposite. Flowers in terminal, elongate panicles, mostly reddish before expansion. Calycine segments elliptical. Petals glandular at the margin. Anthers red. Very beautiful. XIX. SYNGENESIA. I. POLYGAMIA ÆQUALIS. 1. TRAGOPOGON. (Nat. Ord. COMPOSITÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 234.) 1. T. pratensis, involucre * as long as the corolla ; leaves undivided, glabrous, acuminate, carinate ; peduncles cylindrical. Lightf. p. 420. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 812. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 226. E. B. t. 434. HAB. Meadows and waste pastures. King's Park, Mr Yalden. Burnt- island, Cockenzie, Salisbury Craigs, Mr Arnott. Beach at Caroline Park, Mr Neill. June .. Yellow Goat's-beard.—Root fusiform, milky. Stem 1-2 feet high, glabrous. Leaves alternate, sessile, embracing the stem at the base, linear-lanceo- late, ending in a long point. Flowers large, yellow, closing before noon; external florets much longer than the rest, all 5-toothed at the apex. Scales of the involucre in two series, lanceolate, acuminate. Head of pericarps very large. Pappus radiate, feathery, on a long pedicel. 2. SONCHUS. (Nat. Ord. COMPOSITÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 234.) 1. S. palustris, peduncles and involucres hispid, somewhat umbellate; leaves runcinate, sagittate at the base, dentate; root not creeping. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 816. E. B. t. 935. , HAB. Banks of rivers and lake-sides, rare. Lochend (a single plant on- ly seen), Mr Neill. July, August. 4. Tall Marsh Sow-Thistle.-Root not creeping. Stems several, 4-10 feet high, nearly simple, furrowed. Leaves long, the lobes narrow, acute, glabrous, but rough and denticulate at the margin, amplexicaul, and di- vided into two spreading, acute, narrow sagittate lobes. Flowers many, subpanicled, yellow, large. Involucre glanduloso-pilose. 2. S. arvensis, peduncles subumbellate, hispid as well as the involucre ; leaves runcinate, dentate, cordate at the base. Lightf. p. 427. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 817. Hook. Fl. Scot. E. B. t. 674. p. 226. * The calyr of Smith and most others. 166 SYNGENESIA. POLYG. ÆQUAL. LACTUCA. HAB. Corn-fields, very common. July. 4. Corn Sow-Thistle.—Root creeping, milky, fleshy. Stem erect, 2-3 feet high or more, glanduloso-pilose, hollow. Leaves narrow, rather acute; upper cauline ones amplexicaul, and less toothed. Flowers large, deep yellow. " Tube of the forets hairy,” (Sm.) Pappus smooth, 3. S. oleraceus, peduncles tomentose, subumbellate; invo- lucre glabrous; leaves more or less runcinate, toothed, prickly, or subentire. Lightf. p. 428. Smith, Fl. Brit. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 227. E. B. t. 843. HAB. Cultivated fields, gardens, and waste places, very common. June- September. O. Common Sow-Thistle.-Root fusiform. Stem 2-3 feet high, branched, hol- low, milky, glabrous. Leaves glabrous, succulent, brittle, excessively va- riable in shape, division, and character of the margin; cauline ones am- plexicaul. Flowers small, yellow, only open in fine weather. Peduncles clothed with an evanescent tomentose web. Involucre quite glabrous, di- lated at the base after flowering.--Mr Hopkirk has found it with white flowers. p. 817. 3. LACTUCA. (Nat. Ord. COMPOSITÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 234.) 1. L. virosa, leaves horizontal, oblong, obtuse, toothed, the keel prickly. Lightf. p. 429. Smith, Fl. Brit. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 819. Hook. p Fl. Scot. p. 227. E B. t. 1957. HAB. Waste places and road-sides, rare. King's Park, beneath Samp- son's Ribs, Lightfoot. August. . Strong-scented Lettuce.-Milky juice abundant. Stem 2-3 feet high or more, very slightly prickly, round. Leaves glabrous, undivided at the base and spreading; the cauline ones amplexicaul, sinuate, sometimes lobed. Bracteas cordate, acuminate. Flowers small, yellow, in a panicle. Invo- lucre imbricate, glabrous. Pappus scabrous, pedicellate.—Smell that of opium, and the milky fluid applied to the same purposes, but said to have peculiar properties. 4. LEONTODON. (Nat. Ord. COMPOSITÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 235.) 1. L. Taraxacum, outer scales of the involucre reflexed ; leaves runcinate, glabrous, toothed. Lightf: p. 432. Smith, . Fl. Brit. p. 822. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 227. E. B. t. 510. . HAR. Meadows, pastures, waste places, common. May-July. 4. Dandelion.—Glabrous. Leaves all radical, spreading, bright deep green, the lobes acute. Scape 3–10 inches high, hollow, brittle, exuding, when wounded, an acrid, very bitter juice, 1-flowered. Flowers large, bright deep yellow, handsome. Receptacle dotted. Pappus with a very long pedicel, radiate, simple.—Makes an excellent salad, and loses its bitter- ness when blanched. 2. L. palustre, outer scales of the involucre erect, appressed ; leaves sinuato-runcinate, toothed, subglabrous. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 227. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 823. E. B. t. 553. p . HAB. Boggy pastures. Pentland Hills, Maughan. Rosslyn woods, half way to Lasswade, June, July. 4. APARGIA. SYNGENESIA. POLYG. ÆQUAL. 167 Marsh Dandelion.This species differs from the preceding in the outer scales of the involucre being shorter and not reflexed; the flowers and heads of seed-vessels being smaller ; the leaves being less runcinate, of- ten not at all so; and the whole plant being more slender. After all, it is a doubtful species, and I have seen some of the scales of the involucre occasionally reflexed. 5. APARGIA. (Nat. Ord. COMPOSITÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 235.) 1. A. hispida, scape 1-flowered ; leaves dentate, scabrous ; florets hairy at their orifice, glandular at the tip. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 228. Hedypnois hispida, Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 823. E. B. t. 554. Leontodon hispidum, Lightf. p. 433. HAB. Meadows and pastures, frequent. River-side at Rosslyn, Mr Neill. King's Park, Mr Bainbridge. June. 4. Rough Apargia.—Leaves all radical, spreading, ascending, oblong. lanceolate, toothed or subpinnatifid, clothed with rigid, mostly forked hairs. Scape 6-10 inches high, erect, hairy, 1-flowered, Flower large, bright yellow, drooping, and reddish before expansion ; the “florets furnished with a tuft of long, yellow, erect hairs at the top of their tube; summit termi- nating in 5 teeth, at the back of each of which is a triangular cluster of brown glands.” (Sm.) Involucre erect, unequal, hairy. 2. A. hirta, scape 1-flowered ; leaves dentate, scabrous; in- voluere subglabrous ; florets destitute of hairs at the mouth of the tube; outer pericarps with a scaly pappus. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 228. Hedypnois hirta, Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 824. E. B. t. 555. Hab. Pastures. North Queensferry, Maughan. July, August. 4. Deficient Apargia.—Leaves all radical, spreading, oblong-lanceolate, toothed, rarely entire, clothed with similar hairs to the last. Scape 6–8 inches high, hairy, 1-flowered. Flowers small, drooping before expansion, and reddish. Apex of the florets not glandular. Outer row of pericarps desti- tute of down. 4. A. autumnalis, scape branched, squamose; leaves lanceo- 3 late, toothed or pinnatifid, subglabrous; involucre elongate. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 228. Hedypnois autumnalis, Smith, Fl. . Brit. p. 826. E. B. t. 830. Leontodon autumnale, Lightf. p. 433. Har. Meadows and pastures, very common. King's Park, Mr Yalden. August. 4. Autumnal Apargia.—Leaves all radical, spreading, irregularly toothed or pinnatifid, smooth or roughish. Scapes 10-18 inches long, 1-3, spreading, then curved upwards, furrowed, roughish, divided into 2 or 3 branches, and then becoming scaly, hollow. Flowers rather large, yellow. Invo- lucre tapering down into the peduncle. 6. HIERACIUM *. (Nat. Ord. COMPOSITÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 235.) * Scape 1-flowered. 1. H. pilosella, scape 1-flowered, naked ; leaves elliptical- Few species of Hieracium have been found in this vicinity, which is the more to be regreted, as Scotland is remarkably rich in them. The Pentland 168 SYNGENESIA. POLYG. ÆQUAL. HIERACIUM. lanceolate, entire, hairy, pubescent beneath ; scions creeping: Lightf. p. 436. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 828. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 229. E. B. t. 1093. HAB. Dry banks, wall-tops, &c. frequent. King's Park, Mr Yalden. Bank a mile beyond Corstorphine, on the road to Kirkliston. June. 4. Mouse-ear Hawkweed.—Leaves all radical, spreading, whitish beneath. Scape 4-7 inches high, hairy, leafless. Flower sulphur-coloured, neat and ele- gant; the florets streaked on the outside with red.—Plant sufficiently marked by the creeping scions, and white under surface of the leaves. a - ** Stem many-flowered. + Cauline leaves few. (1-2.) ) 2. H. Lawsoni, stem slightly branched upwards, clothed, as well as the involucre, with hairs intermixed with black glands; radical leaves petiolate, ovate-lanceolate, glaucous, entire or , toothed at the base; the petiols covered with long silky hairs. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 230. Smith. E. B. t. 2083. Hab. Chiefly on the mountains. Shady places, almost on a level with the sea, between Pettycur and Burntisland. August. 4. Glaucous hairy Hawkweed.—Stem 10–18 inches high, 1-5 flowered, slightly branched, and bearing 1-2 leaves, clothed with white hairs, more or less mixed with black glands. Leaves glaucous, more or less hairy, highly so on the petiols, and often on the nerve beneath, with long white silky hairs; first leaves ovate or oblong, obtuse; the others somewhat acute; cauline ones still more so; sometimes the margin subentire, but generally more or less toothed, either at the base or to the very point, the teeth almost patent, wide asunder, rarely deep. Flower yellow, rather large. _Besides the characters of the leaves above detailed, there are others which can scarcely be relied on as constant, such as the mode of termina- tion at the petiol: some are almost lanceolate, and taper down gradually, but others not in the least, and when that is the case, the base is very frequently unequal. 3. H. murorum, stem branched upwards, more or less hairy, the short pubescence of the peduncles and involucre mixed with a few black glandular bristles ; leaves not glaucous, ovate or sublanceolate, more or less dentate, slightly hairy, more so on the petiols ; cauline ones 1–2, the lower one petiolate. Lightf. p. 437. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 830. , . Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 230. E. B. t. 2082. HAB. Walls, old buildings, rocks and banks, common. Salisbury Craigs, &c. July, August. Wall Hawkweed.—Stem 8–20 inches high, scabrous and shortly pubescent, slightly branched upwards in a corymbose manner, and bearing mostly a single petiolate leaf, but when there are 2, the upper one is usually ses- sile. Leaves more or less ovate, petiolate, subentire or toothed, the teeth spreading, hairy or subglabrous, often purplish beneath. Flowers rather large, deep yellow, on rather divaricate branches. Involucre rough, with p. Hills ought to yield some of the more alpine species, and would probably re- pay the student's search. HIERACIUM. SYNGENESIA. POLYG. ÆQUAL. 169 black, bristly glands intermixed with a short pubescence, very different from the preceding. ++. Cauline leaves many. 4. H. sylvaticum, stem branched upwards, with longish white hairs at the base, slightly hairy above, more or less downy be- neath the involucre ; leaves ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, tooth- ed or entire, hairy or nearly glabrous ; involucre slightly pu- bescent. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 231. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 831. E. B. t. 2031. Hal. Moist woods; among rocks, &c. Arthur's Seat ; and Braid Hill, Dr Graham. August. 4. Wood Hawkweed.—Stem 1-2 feet high or more, rather slender, very hairy when first rising above the ground, but gradually becoming less so, tiil at length subglabrous, except at the very base, which has always ?) long- ish white hairs. Leaves most obtuse at the base, the upper cauline ones being sessile, very lanceolate and acute; all vary in being somewhat hairy, or nearly glabrous. Flowers not large, yellow, somewhat corymbose. Peduncles slender, clothed beneath the involucre with a short white pu- bescence, which is sometimes almost cottony. Involucre slightly pubescent. -A variety occurs with the leaves spotted or clouded with purple, which is propagated by seed, and is found in the Highlands. Other va- rieties depend on the leaves being deeply toothed at the base, almost pinnatifid, which variety I possess also clouded with purple, and have propagated by seed for four years. 5. H. paludosum, glabrous; stem panicled, angular, fistu- lose ; leaves ovate-oblong, acute, toothed, cordato-amplexicaul ; involucre clothed with black bristles. Lightf. p. 538. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 831. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 232. E. B. t. 1094. (not good.) HAB. Bogs; wet woods and stream-sides, frequent. Rosslyn woods, abundant. August. 4. Succory-leaved Hawkweed.—Glabrous. Stem 1-2 feet high, furrowed, hol- low, often reddish. Leaves quite smooth, amplexicaul, toothed; the teeth large, acute, spreading, or sometimes deflexed. Involucre bristly, with longish black spreading hairs. 6. H. prænanthoides, stem erect, branched, many-flowered; leaves cordate-ovate, acute, amplexicaul, toothed and rough at the margin, more or less hairy on both sides, glaucous beneath, the lower ones oblong; involucre simply downy. Hook. Fl. . Scot. p. 232. Smith, Fl. Brit. P. 835. E. B. t. 2235. HAB. Shady and bushy places, rare. Near Cramond Bridge, Mr Neill. August. 4. Rough-bordered Hawkweed.—Stem 2-3 feet high, usually much branched upwards, striate, hairy, and scabrous ; the bristly hairs most abundant on the branches, especially beneath the leaves. Leaves all more or less hairy, most so underneath, and very scabrous at the margin and on the nerve ; dark green on the upper, glaucous on the lower surface; lower ones oblong, petiolate; upper ones sessile, semiamplexicaul, more or less toothed, becoming gradually smaller upwards. Flowers in a much branch- ed panicle, numerous, yellow, rather large. Peduncles with a short pu- 170 SYNGENESIA. POLYG. ÆQUAL. Crepis. rous. bescence, intermixed with longish, bristly, pale, spreading hairs. Involucre downy, with pale sub-appressed hairs. 7. H. sabaudum, stem rigid, panicled, hispid, clothed with cordate, semiamplexicaul, acute, dentate leaves, hairy beneath, lower ones ovate-lanceolate; peduncles clothed with a short pubescence, sometimes intermixed with long hispid hairs ; in- volucre slightly hairy. Lightf. p. 439. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 834. . Hook. Fl. Scot. p. . 233. E. B. t. 349. HAB. Shady, rocky, and woody places. Rosslyn and Colinton woods, Maughan. August, September. 4. Shrubby Hawkweed.—Stem 2-3 feet high, striate, stout and woody, hairy, especially below, but sometimes to the very top; hairs long and hispid. Leaves rough with hairs beneath, above subglabrous; cauline ones nume. Flowers not deep yellow, middle-sized, rather many. Involucre somewhat hairy, rarely nearly glabrous.—According to Sir J. E. Smith, the whole plant in shady, damp situations, is sometimes smooth; a state to which I have never seen it approach. 19. CREPIS. (Nat. Ord. COMPOSITÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 237.) 1. C. tectorum, leaves glabrous, runcinate, the upper ones linear sagittate, amplexicaul; stem glabrous ; involucre pubes- cent. Lightf. p. 440. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 837. Hook. FI. Scot, P. 233. E. B. t. 1111. HAB. Walls ; roofs ; pastures, &c. common. King's Park, Mr Yalden, July-September. O. Smooth Hawk's-beard.—Stem erect, 1-3 feet high, branched, sulcate. Radi- cal leaves more or less runcinate, sometimes rather pinnatifid; cauline ones amplexicaul and sagittate, diminishing in size upwards. Flowers small, yellow, in a lax panicle. 8. HYPOCHÆRIS. (Nat. Ord. COMPOSITÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 237.) 1. H. radicata, scape branched, glabrous, squamose upwards, and swelling beneath the involucre ; leaves sinuato or lyrato- runcinate, spreading, scabrous. Lightf. p. 443. Smith, F1, , Brit. p. 842. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 234. E. B. t. 831. HAB. Meadows and pastures, very common. King's Park, &c. July. 4. Long-rooted Cat's-ear.–Root long and fusiform. Leaves all radical, rough, narrow-oblong, obtuse. Scapes several, 12-20 inches high, somewhat spreading, rather glaucous, the branches becoming clothed with scattered scales, and a little thickened upwards. Flowers large, bright yellow. In- volucre rather long, the leaves keeled, and roughish on the keel.' Pappus pedicellate. 9. LAPSANA. (Nat. Ord. COMPOSITÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 237.) 1. L. communis, involucre of the fruit angular; stem pani- cled ; the peduncles slender ; leaves of the stem ovate, petio- late, angulato-dentate. Lightf. p. 444. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 842. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 234. E. B. t. 844. - a CICHORIUM. SYNGENESIA. POLYG. ÆQUAL. . 171 HAB. Waste places and cultivated ground, very common. July, Au- gust. O. Nipple-wort.-Stem 1-3 feet high or more, erect, furrowed, subglabrous, terminating in a leafy panicle. Radical leaves somewhat lyrate, dentate, hairy, and of a thin texture like the cauline ones. Flowers small, yellow, on very slender peduncles. Involucre glabrous, rigid, the leaves lanceolate, erect. Pericarps not furnished with a pappus. 10. CICHORIUM. (Nat. Ord. COMPOSITÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 237.) 1. C. Intybus, flowers sessile, axillary, in pairs ; leaves run- cinate. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 234. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 843. E. B. t. 539. Hab. Fields and waste places, not common. In a field near Foxhall, Maughan. July, August. 4. Wild Succory.-Root fusiform, fleshy. Stem 2-3 feet high, erect, branched, leafy, roughish. Radical leaves spreading, long, roughish, succulent. Cauline ones small, cordate, amplexicaul, acute. Flowers large, fine blue, very handsome. Leaves of the involucre muricate at the back.—A plant much valued on the Continent, according to Sir J. E. Smith and P. Neill, Esq.*, the leaves as food for cattle, and the roots for the table. The leaves also make a good salad in spring, and no doubt would be much improved by blanching; they are produced freely. 11. ARCTIUM. (Nat. Ord. COMPOSITÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 238.) 1. A. Lappa, leaves cordate, petiolate, without prickles. Lightf. p. 445. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 844. Fl. Brit. p. 844. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 235. E. B. t. 1228. HAB. Waste places, very common. July, August. 8. Common Burdock.-Stem stout, much branched in a bushy manner, 3-4 feet high. Leaves very large and waved, especially the lowest, ribbed and whitish, and downy beneath. Flowers small, purple. Involucre globose, each of the scales ending in a fine hooked spine, which takes firm hold of the coats of animals, a person's dress, &c.—A variety, if indeed it be not a species, occurs with the scales of the involucre, connected by a cob- web-like down. This A. Bardana, E. B. t. 2478; but is made a variety in Dr Hooker's Flora Scotica. It is not found near Edinburgh. 12. CARDUUS. (Nat. Ord. COMPOSITÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 238.) * Leaves decurrent. 1. C. nutans, leaves decurrent, spinous; flowers drooping; scales of the involucre lanceolate, cottony, outer ones spread- ing Lightf. p. 450. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 848. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 235. E. B. t. 1112. Har. Dry pastures: waste places and road-sides. Fisherrow Links : West Pans; about Cockenzie, Maughan. Behind the Castle; and on the coast about Aberlady, abundantly, Dr Graham. July, August. 8. a a * Vid. Journal of a Horticultural Tour through Flanders, Holland, &c. Edinb. 1823. 172 SYNGENESIA. POLYG. ÆQUAL. CNICUS. Musk Thistle.-Root fusiform. Stem 2-3 feet high, somewhat branched. Leaves narrow-oblong, sinuate, green on each side, spinous at the mar- gin, decurrent and winging the stem interruptedly, the wings spinous. Flowers solitary, large, purple, smelling strongly of musk in warm wea- ther, drooping, by which this species is well distinguished. Peduncle woolly. Scales of the involucre ending in broad leafy points. 2. C. acanthoides, leaves decurrent, sinuate, spinous ; invo- lucre globose, subsessile, the scales linear, recurved, somewhat cottony. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 236. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 848. E. B. 1. 973. C. crispus, Lightf. p. 452. Hab. Waste places, not frequent. King's Park, Mr Bainbridge. North Queensferry; and about Portobello; sometimes with white flowers. June, July. O. Welted Thistle.-Stem 2-4 feet high, interruptedly winged by the decur- rent leaves, branched. Leaves oblong, very sinuate, green on both sides, slightly hairy, spinous at the margin. Flowers small, in terminal clus- ters, scarcely sessile, deep purple. Involucre globose, about the size of a hazel nut. 3. C. tenuiflorus, leaves decurrent, spinose, sinuate, some- what cottony beneath ; involucre subcylindrical, clustered, ses- sile, the scales lanceolate, erect, ending in a sharp spine. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 236. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 849. E. B. t. 412. C. acanthoides, Lightf. p. 452. HAB. Waste places, frequent near Edinburgh. June, July. O Slender-flowered Thistle.—Stem 3-4 feet high, broadly winged by the decur- rent leaves, branched. Leaves very green, woolly beneath, sinuate, spi- nous. Flowers in mostly terminal clusters, sessile, small, pale purple or whitish. Scales of the slender involucre, plane, glabrous. ** Leaves sessile. 4. C. marianus, cauline leaves amplexicaul, sinuate, spinous; radical ones pinnatifid; scales of the involucre foliaceous, edged with small spines, at length recurved and ending in a large one. Lightf. p. 454. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 851. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 236. p E. B. t. 976. HAB. Waste places and road-sides, not frequent. West side of the Castle Rock, Dr Parsons. King's Park (near Duddingston Loch), Maughan. Between Kinghorn and Kirkcaldy. July. O. Milk Thistle.—Stem 3-5 feet high, stout, glabrous, branched. Leaves, bright, shining green, beautifully variegated with broad, white, anasto- mosing veins; the radical ones large and spreading ; cauline ones sessile, re- curved ; all armed with strong spines. Flowers terminal, solitary, large, purple. The large, terminal, recurved spines of the scales of the involucre very striking, near an inch long. 13. CNICUS. (Nat. Ord. COMPOSITÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 238.) * Leaves decurrent. 1. Cn. lanceolatus, leaves decurrent, pinnatifid, hispid, the segments divaricate, spinose ; involucre ovate, tomentose, the CNICUS. SYNGENESIA. POLYG. ÆQUAL. 173 scales lanceolate, spreading. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 236. Carduus, lanceol. Lightf. p. 450. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 847. E. B. t. 107. HAB. Fields and road-sides, very common. July, August. 7. Spear Thistle.—Stem 2-4 feet high, erect, stout, branched. Leaves hispid above, tomentose beneath ; radical ones large, spreading, the lobes end- ing in a sharp long spine ; cauline ones decurrent, and winging the stem, spinous. Flowers large, purple, solitary, terminal. 2. Cn. palustris, leaves decurrent, scabrous, pinnatifid, very spinous ; flowers in terminal clusters; involucres ovate, the scales ovate-lanceolate appressed. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 236. Carduus palust. Lightf. p. 452. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 850. . E. B. t. 974. HAB. Boggy meadows; moist lanes, &c. common. Rosslyn woods. July. 7. Marsh Thistle.—Stem 3-5 feet high, erect, branched, winged; wings and leaves with abundance of short spines. Leaves long, narrow, sinuato- pinnatifid, the margin fringed with spines. Flowers dark purple, small, in terminal clusters. Involucre mostly ovate, but sometimes nearly glo- bose, the scales shortly mucronate.-Flowers sometimes white. - ** Leaves sessile. 3. Cn. arvensis, leaves sessile, pinnatifid, spinous ; stem ; panicled ; involucre ovate or globose, the scales ovate-lanceo- late, mucronate, appressed. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 237. Carduus arvensis, Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 850. E. B. t. 975. Serratula arvensis, Lightf. p. 449. HAB. Pastures and road-sides, very common. July. 4. Creeping Thistle.—Root creeping, very difficult to eradicate. Stems 2-3 feet high, branched, rounded. Lower leaves spreading, long, very sinu- ate and spinous; upper ones lanceolate, sometimes slightly decurrent. Flowers in clusters, somewhat panicled, small, of various purple shades, or white. A most pernicious weed. 4. Cn. eriophorus, leaves sessile, pinnatifid, the segments pointing alternately upwards, spinous, scabrous; involucre spherical, woolly, the scales linear, spreading. Hook. Fl. Scot. Carduus erioph. Lightf. p. 454. Smith, Fl. Brit. E. B. t. 386. HAB. Waste places and road-sides, rare. Sea-side between Blackness and Queensferry, Sibbald ? Road-side near Oxenford Castle and Ches- terhall, Maughan. July. . Woolly-headed Thistle.—Stem 3-5 feet high, stout, furrowed, branched. Lower leaves very large, (near 2 feet long), green and scabrous above, white and woolly beneath; upper ones gradually smaller ; the segments ending in a sharp spine. Flowers terminal, solitary, very large, purple. Involucre of great size, exceedingly woolly between the scales. 5. Cn. heterophyllus, leaves amplexicaul, lanceolate, ciliato- dentate, undivided or subpinnatifid, white and downy beneath ; flowers 1-3. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 237. Carduus heteroph p. 237. p. 852. 174 SYNGENESIA. POLYG. ÆQUÁL. ONOPORDON. p. 853. Lightf. p. 456. Smith, Fl. Brit. E. B. t. 675. Car- duus helenioides, Lightf. p. 467. HAB. Marshy grounds, chiefly in woods and upland pastures. Rosslyn and Auchindenny woods, Maughan. Pentland Hills, near Currie. July. 4. Melancholy Thistle.--Root creeping. Stem about 3 feet high, mostly simple, furrowed, clothed with a white woolly down. Leaves varying in form; the lower ones mostly oblong-lanceolate, toothed, but sometimes laciniate or pinnatifid; glabrous and green above, very white beneath. Flowers 1-3, large, purple. Involucre ovate, dark green, slightly pubescent, the , scales lanceolate, erect, not spinous. 14. ONOPORDON. (Nat. Ord. COMPOSITÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 239.) 1. 0. Acanthium, scales of the involucre spreading, subu- late ; leaves ovate-oblong, decurrent, sinuate and spinous, woolly on both sides. Lightf. p. 458. Smith, Fl. Brit. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 856. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 238. E. B. t. 977. HAB. Waste places. Wemyss, Fifeshire ; beyond Prestonpans, Light- foot. Between Limekilns and Charlestown, Mr Neill. Near Coc- kenzie ; Links at Port Seton, Maughan. Near Musselburgh, Mr Ar- nott. August. . Cotton Thistle.- Plant clothed with a white woolly down, easily rubbed off. Stem 4-5 feet high, winged by the decurrent leaves, margin of the wings spinous. Flowers large, solitary, terminal, purple. Involucre globose, de- pressed, large; the scales very numerous, spreading, and ending in spines. 15. BIDENS. (Nat. Ord. COMPOSITÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 240.) 1. B. cernua, flowers drooping, bracteas lanceolate, entire; leaves lanceolate, serrate ; bristles of the pericarp about 4, erect. Lightf. p. 461. Smith, Fl. Brit. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 858. Hook. Fl. Scot. E. B. t. 1114, HAB. Lake-sides and ditches. Lochend, near the house, Mr Neill. Duddingston Loch, Dr Graham. June—August. O. Nodding Bur-Marigold.—Stem 1-2 feet high, erect, branched, slightly his- pid. Leaves opposite, amplexicaul, undivided, acuminate, deeply and often unequally serrate. Flowers yellow, solitary, pedunculate, sur- rounded by a number of bracteas, longer than the involucre.–Flowers rarely furnished with ligulate marginal florets; these I have not obser- ved in Scotland. a p. 238. 16. EUPATORIUM. (Nat. Ord. COMPOSITÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 240.) 1. E. cannabinum, leaves 3 or 5-partite, the segments lanceo- late, deeply serrate. Lightf. p. 464. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 860. . Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 238. E. B. t. 428. HAB. Marshy places and stream-sides. Among rocks below Kinghorn, Lightfoot. West of Burntisland, Mr Neill. Lasswade, Mr D. Stu« art. August. 4. . Hemp Agrimony.—Stem erect, 2-3 feet high, branched, scabrous. Leaves opposite, subpetiolate, the 2 lower leaflets (when there are 5,) often rather 3 ARTEMISIA. SYNGENESIA. POLYG. SUPERF. 175 remote, thus rendering the leaf somewhat pinnate. Flowers small, pink- ish, in a terminal, very crowded corymb. Scales of the involucre oblong, obtuse, the outermost very small. Florets 4-6. Style exserted, deeply cleft. II. POLYGAMIA SUPERFLUA. sons. 16. ARTEMISIA. (Nat. Ord. COMPOSITÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 240.) 1. A. maritima, leaves downy, pinnate, the leaflets linear, 3-cleft; flowers oblong, sessile, drooping, racemed ; receptacle naked. Lightf. p. 466. Smith, Fl. Brit . p. 864. excl. var. y. g Hook, Fl. Scot. p. 239. E. B. t. 1706. HAB. Muddy places on the sea-coast, rare. By Guillon Loch, Dr Par- Banks of the Peffer Burn, near Aberlady, Maughan. Banks of a stream at Luffness Mili, Mr Neill. September. 4. Drooping-flowered Sea Wormwood.—Stem a foot high or more, covered with a soft white cottony down, branched. Leaves with all the segments li- near, the uppermost ones undivided or irregularly cleft. Flowers in ter minal racemes, drooping. Florets very small, few; those of the ray sometimes wanting. Scales of the involucre lanceolate, woolly. 2. A. gallica, leaves downy, pinnate, linear, radical ones ca- pillary; flowers ovate, erect, racemed; receptacle naked. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 239. Smith, E. B. t. 1001. (A. maritima). Hab. In similar situations to the last. Along with the preceding at Peffer Burn, and St Mary's Isle, Maughan. September. 4. Upright-flowered Sea Wormwood.—Plant covered with a white cottony down, and well distinguished from the preceding, by the flowers being not so regularly racemed, but gathered in a series of small clusters; some ses- sile, all upright, and not near so long as in A. maritima. Florets of the ray sometimes wanting. 3. A. Absinthium, leaves bi- or tri-pinnatifid, clothed with a close silky down, the segments lanceolate ; flowers drooping, roundish; receptacle hairy. Lightf. p. 467. Smith, Fl. Brit. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 239. E. B. t. 1230. HAB. Waste places and road-sides. About Aberlady; and Queensferry, Dr Parsons. August. 4. Common Wormwood.—Stems 1-2 feet high, somewhat tufted, branched, stri- ate. Leaves numerous, the upper ones pinnatifid, at length 3-cleft, the segments of all, obtuse. Flowers yellow, panicled, accompanied by en- tire, oblong bracteas. Style large, recurved, the stigma cloven.—Plant intensely bitter. 4. A. vulgaris, leaves pinnatifid, segments cut, whitish and downy beneath ; flowers ovate, in racemed panicles ; receptacle naked. Lightf. p. 468. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 866. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 240. E. B. t. 978. HAB. Waste places and road-sides, very common. August. 4. Mugwort.-Stems 3-4 feet high, branched, ribbed, glabrous. Leaves very p. 864. 176 SYNGENESIA. POLYG. SUPERF. GNAPHALIUM. dark green, and glabrous above, white, with a cottony down beneath, the segments rather broad, unequally cut. Flowers purplish, very nu- merous, in leafy, racemed, axillary and terminal spikes or panicles; sub- sessile and ovate, not drooping. Scales of the involucre ovate, downy. Florets few. 17. GNAPHALIUM. (Nat. Ord. COMPOSITÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 241.) * Flowers diæcious. 1. G. dioicum, shoots procumbent ; stems simple; flowers diecious, few, corymbose; radical leaves spathulate. Lightf: p. 470. t. 20. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 869. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 240. E. B. t. 267. HAB. Dry heathy pastures. Arthur's Seat, Lightfoot. Pentland Hills, and hills above N. Queensferry, Mr Neill. June, July. 4. Mountain Cudweed.- Plant throwing out leafy, procumbent shoots. Flower- ing stems 2-6 inches high, erect, leafy, terminating in a corymb of 3-6 flowers. Leaves green and glabrous above, white and tomentose beneath; cauline ones lanceolate. Flowers whitish or pinkish; the inner scales of the involucre elongate, especially in the pistilliferous flowers, which are pinkish. ** Flowers perfect (containing both stamens and pistils). 2. G. sylvaticum, stem simple, erect, downy; flowers in a leafy spike; leaves linear-lanceolate, downy, especially beneath. Lightf. p. 471. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 869. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 240. E. B. t. 913. B, Leaves nearly glabrous above; spike longer, more inter- rupted. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 240. G. rectum, Smith, I. c. p. 870. E. B. t. 124. Hab. Woods and sandy pastures. B, Pentland Hills; Figget Whins, Mr Neill. August. 4. Highland Cudweed.-Stem 1-2 feet high, erect, decumbent at the base, slen- der, branched only from the base. Leaves linear-lanceolate, becoming gradually smaller upwards. Flowers in a short or very long and some- times slightly compound spike, axillary, 2 or 3 together, sessile, ovate- oblong. * Scales of the involucre oblong, shining, with a broad, brown border.”—I heartily concur with Dr Hooker, and those botanists who consider G. sylvaticum and rectum as one species. 3. G. uliginosum, stem much branched, the branches spread- ing, woolly; leaves linear-lanceolate; flowers in terminal, leafy, clustered heads. Lightf. p. 473. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 872. . . Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 241. E. B. t. 1194. HAB. Damp sandy places, and “ wet commons where water has stood in the winter,” frequent. August, September. O. Marsh Cudweed.—Stem 6-8 inches high, much branched, white, with a cot- tony down. Leaves about an inch long, woolly on both sides. Flowers yellowish, small, sessile, shorter than the leaves, in the axils of which they are situate, 2 or 3 together, and forming oblong, woolly, terminal heads. a 2 Tussilago. SYNGENESIA. POLYG. SUPERF. 177 4. G. minimum, stem erect, slender, branched upwards , leaves lanceolate, acute, cottony; flowers ovate, in small lateral and terminal clusters longer than the leaves. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 241. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 873. E. B. t. 1157. Filago mon- tana, Lightf. p. 502. HAB. Dry sandy hills, and road-sides. Blackford Hill, Mr Neill. King's Park, by the road-side from St Leonard's Hill to Duddingston; and abundantly on Musselburgh Race-ground. July, August. O Least Cudweed.—Stems very slender, erect, 2-8 inches high, woolly ; branch- ed, chiefly from the first cluster of flowers, sometimes quite simple. Leaves erect, almost appressed, very small. Flowers small, 3–6 together in clusters, sessile, and sometimes solitary. Involucres downy, the scales subulate. 5. G. germanicum, stem erect, branched in a proliferous manner upwards ; leaves lanceolate, cottony; flowers small, in dense round heads, axillary and terminal. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 241. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 874. E. B. t. 946. Filago ger- manica, Lightf. p. 501. . HAB. Sandy pastures and waste places, not common near Edinburgh. Arthur's Seat; and Blackford Hill, Mr Neill. June, July. O. Common Cudweed.—“Stem 6-8 inches high, erect, with numerous leaves, terminated by a globular, head of small ovate flowers, from beneath which, spring 2-3 or more horizontal branches, in a proliferous manner, each terminated by a similar head of flowers ;” (Hook.) Whole plant woolly. Leaves erect, small. Flowers yellowish. 18. TUSSILAGO. (Nat. Ord. COMPOSITÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 242.) 1. T. Farfara, scape 1-flowered, scaly; flowers rayed ; leaves roundish-cordate, angular, toothed, tomentose beneath. Lightf. p. 475. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 878. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 242. E. B. t. 429. Háb. Fields; banks; waste places, very common. March, April. 4. Colt's-foot.—Scape appearing before the leaves, about 6 inches high, woolly, clothed with lanceolate scales. Leaves all radical, broad, cordate, cover- ed with a cottony substance, which soon disappears and rubs away, very tomentose and soft beneath. Flowers bright yellow, about an inch in diameter. Scales of the involucre linear, erect.-A pernicious weed, striking its roots sometimes to the depth of several feet. Leaves dried and mixed with tobacco by the country people. 2. T. Petasites, scape many-flowered, scaly; flowers forming a thyrsus, the florets all tubular ; leaves very large, unequally toothed, the lobes of the cordate base approximate. Lightf. p. 477. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 880. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 242. E. B. t. 431. T. hybrida, Lightf. p. 476. Smith, 1. c. p. 879 E. B. t. 430. Hab. Sides of streams, very common. April, May. 4. Common Butter-bur.—Scape flowering before the leaves appear, 4–8 inches high, elongated while flowering, thick, whitish or pinkish, and furnished with large scales and bracteas. Leaves exceedingly large, near 2 feet M 178 SYNGENESIA. POLYG. SUPERF. SENECIO. a p. broad, and supported by petiols often a yard in height. Flowers pinkish, in a thyrsus, at first dense, but at length lax, all the florets tubular; on some plants are found imperfect germens, but with perfect anthers, while on other distinct plants are found nothing but perfect ones, with imper- fect anthers. Hence the two species of many authors. 19. SENECIO. (Nat. Ord. COMPOSITÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 242.) * Florets all tubular. 1. S. vulgaris, leaves semi-amplexicaul, sinuato-pinnatifid, dentate ; flowers corymbose, the florets all tubular. Lightf. p. 478. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 881. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 243. E. B. t. 747. HAB. Waste places and neglected gardens, very common. June-Sep- tember. O. Common Groundsel.-Stem about a foot high, branched. Leaves bright, shining green, linear-oblong, sometimes slightly downy beneath. Flowers small, yellow, in an irregular leafy corymb. Involucre cylindrical, glabrous, the scales linear, with their summits black. ** Flowers rayed; the ray rolled back. 2. S. viscosus, ray revolute; leaves pinnatifid, viscid; scales of the involucre lax, hairy. Lightf. p. 478. Smith, Fl. Brit. 882. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 243. E. B. t. 32. HAB. Waste places, on heaps of stony soil, &c. At Dysart, Light foot. King's Park, Maughan. Near Newhaven, Sir J. E. Smith. Salisbury Craigs, Mr Neill. July, August. O. Stinking Groundsel.—Stem 12–18 inches high, branched, diffuse, piloso-glan- dulose, viscid as well as the leaves, which are sessile, spreading, pinnati- fid and unequally cut. Flowers yellow, in a lax, terminal corymb; the peduncles 1-2-flowered. Involucre ovate, the scales linear, hairy.--Plant with a disagreeable smell. 3. S. sylvaticus, ray revolute; leaves pinnatifid, lobed and toothed; scales of the involucre very short, glabrous; stem erect, straight; flowers corymbose. Lightf. p. 480. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 882. Hook. Fl. Scot. . p. 244. E. B. t. 748. HAB. Waste places chiefly on hilly pastures. Figget Whins, and on the south side of Blackford Hill, abundant, Mr Neill. July. O. Mountain Groundsel.—Plant somewhat viscid, but with a less strong smell than the preceding. Stem 2-3 feet high, erect, branched, very straight and wand-like. Leaves spreading, rather finely divided. Flowers twice as small as the preceding, very numerous, widely corymbose, pale yellow, the ray short. *** Flowers rayed, the ray not revolute. 4. S. Jacobæa, ray spreading; leaves lyrate, bipinnatifid, toothed, glabrous; pericarps of the disk hairy. Lightf. p. 480. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 885. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 244. E. B. t. 1130. HAB. Pastures, and road-sides very abundant. July, August. 4. Common Ragwort.-Stem erect, very tough, 2-3 feet high, branched, gla- brous, or somewhat cottony. Leaves many, deep green and shining or - a ASTER. SYNGENESIA. POLYG. SUPERF. 179 slightly cottony; the lower ones with broad segments, the upper ones with mostly linear divisions. Flowers forming a wide corymb, large, bright, deep yellow. Involucre glabrous, short and cylindrical.--A common weed with remarkably showy flowers. 5. S. aquaticus, ray spreading ; leaves lyrate, serrate, gla- brous, the lowermost undivided ; involucre hemispherical ; pe- ricarps glabrous. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 244. Smith, Fl. Brit. E. B. t. 1131. S. Jacobæa, y, Lightf. p, 485. HAB. Marshes ; lake-sides, &c. common. July, August. 4. Marsh Ragwort.-Stem 2-3 feet high, branched. Leaves glabrous, the lower ones varying from ovate to pinnatifid, the uppermost ones mostly pinnatifid. Flowers larger than in the preceding, not so numerous, and forming a less flat corymb. Rays of the outer florets broader. p. 885. - 20. ASTER. (Nat. Ord. COMPOSITÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 242.) 1. A. Tripolium, leaves linear-lanceolate, fleshy, glabrous; stem glabrous; flowers corymbose ; scales of the involucre lan- ceolate, obtuse, erect, imbricate. Lightf. p. 482. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 888. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 244. E. B. t. 87. HAB. Salt-marshes on the sea-coast, rare near Edinburgh. Sea mill-dam, Burntisland Bay; Inverkeithing Bay, Mr Neill. Aberlady Bay, Dr Graham. August, September. 4. Sea Starwort.-Glabrous. Stems 8 inches to 2 feet high, hollow. Leaves al- ternate, entire, obscurely 3-nerved, the lower ones only petiolate. Flowers in a leafy corymb, handsome, the disk yellow, the rays blue or purplish, and numerous, but sometimes wanting.–This plant is the only excep- tion to the generic character, of the outer scales of the involucre spread- ing. 21. SOLIDAGO. (Nat. Ord. COMPOSITÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 243.) 1. S. Virgaurea, cauline leaves lanceolate, serrate; flowers in an upright, elongate panicle. Lightf. p. 482. Smith, Fl. Brit. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 245. Ě. B. t. 301. E. HAB. Woods and banks in subalpine situations, frequent. Plentiful at the waterfall at Habbie's How, and elsewhere on the Pentland Hills, Messrs Neill and Graham. Colinton and Rosslyn woods, Maughan. July-September. 4. Common Golden-rod.--Stem 1-2 feet high or more, erect, but often decum- bent at the base, angular, pubescent. Leaves petiolate, scabrous; the lower ones obovate or elliptical; the uppermost ones subentire, and fre- quently recurved. Flowers rayed, yellow, clustered, few, or many, in the form of a branched thyrsus, or a panicle, the rays 5-9, oblong, spread- ing. 22. DORONICUM. (Nat. Ord. COMPOSITÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 243.) 1. D. Pardalianches, leaves cordate, repando-dentate, radical ones petiolate, cauline ones amplexicaul. Lightf. p. 485. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 896. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 245. E. B. t. 630. p. 889. M 2 180 SYNGENESIA. POLYG. SUPERF. BELLIS, Hab. Woods, and waste places about old buildings. Rosslyn woods, Maughan. Colinton woods, G. Don. June, July 4. Great Leopard's-bane.—Plant hairy. Root creeping. Stem 2-3 feet high, slightly branched. Leaves broad, soft and pliable, scabrous. Flowers yellow, rayed, large, handsome, terminal, solitary; the rays long, linear, numerous, spreading, 5-toothed at the apex. Scales of the involucre li- near, acute, and hairy. 23. BELLIS. (Nat. Ord. COMPOSITÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 243.) 1. B. perennis; scape naked, 1-flowered; root creeping; leaves obovate. Lightf. p. 487. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 897. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 246. E. B. t. 424. HAB. Pastures and road-sides, every where. March_October. 4. Common Daisy.-Leaves all radical, spreading, obovate, crenate, hairy. Scape 2-4 inches high, hairy. Flower with numerous white or pinkish linear, obtuse rays, the disk yellow. 24. CHRYSANTHEMUM. (Nat. Ord. COMPOSITÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 243.) 1. C. Leucanthemum, leaves amplexicaul, oblong, obtuse, va- riously cut, pinnatifid at the base, the radical ones petiolate, ob- ovate. Lightf. p. 488. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 898. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 246. 246. E. B. t. 601. HAB. Banks and pastures, common. June, July. 4. Great white Ox-eye._Stem erect, 12-18 inches high, slightly branched, fur- rowed, somewhat hairy. Leaves subglabrous, deep green. Flowers ter- minal, large, solitary, with numerous oblong white rays, the disk bright yellow. Margin of the obtuse scales of the involucre, scariose. 2. C. segetum, leaves amplexicaul, glaucous, more or less toothed or pinnatifid; ray of the corolla obcordate (yellow). Lightf. p. 489. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 899. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 246. E. B. t. 540. HAB. Corn-fields, (usually common, but, to the credit of the farmers around Edinburgh, very rare in the neighbourhood). August. O. Corn Marigold. Glabrous, glaucous. Stem 1-2 feet high, branched, some- times diffuse, the branches thickening beneath the flowers. Leaves ob- long, rather acute, remotely cut towards the extremity, toothed at the base ; rarely entire. Flowers large, fine, deep, bright yellow, solitary, terminal, the disk of the same colour as the rays. Scales of the involucre very broad, scariose at the margin. 25. PYRETHRUM. (Nat. Ord. COMPOSITÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 244.) 1. P. Parthenium, leaves bipinnate, plane, petiolate, the leaf- lets ovate, cut; flowers corymbose, on branched peduncles ; stem erect. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 246. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 900. E. B. t. 1231. Matricaria Parthenium, Lightf. p. 490. HAB. Waste places, chiefly near houses. Restalrig, Mr Neill. Lane near Aberlady, Dr Graham. July. 4. Common Feverfew.-Stem erect, much branched, 2 feet high or more, fur- - MATRICARIA. SYNGENESIA. POLYG. SUPERF. 181 rowed. Leaves more or less divided, the leaflets decurrent, slightly hoary. Flowers numerous, rather small, terminal, solitary, on branched, naked peduncles, thickened beneath the involucre; the ray short, nearly as broad as long, white, disk yellow. Involucre hemispherical, downy. Plant very bitter and aromatic, with a strong smell. 2. P. inodorum, leaves sessile, bipinnatifid, the segments ca- pillary ; stem branched, spreading ; pappus entire. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 246. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 900. E. B. t. 676. Chry- E. B. t. 676. santhemum inodorum, Lightf. p. 488. HAB. Fields and waste places, very common. August_October. O. Scentless Feverfew.-Stem about a foot high, branched, angular, glabrous, the branches diffuse. Leaves deep green, glabrous. Flowers large, ter- minal, solitary ; the ray white, linear-oblong, the disk convex, yellow. Peduncles long, naked. Involucre glabrous. Receptacle quite naked, ob- tusely conical. Pappus not lobed. 3. P. maritimum, leaves bipinnatifid, the segments linear, fleshy, awnless; stem branched, diffuse ; pappus lobed. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 246, Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 901. E. B. t. 979. , Ma- tricaria maritima, Lightf. p. 491. Hab. Sandy places on the sea-coast, rare. On Inchcolm abundantly, Mr Neill. July. 4. Sea-side Feverfew.-Stem 6-12 inches high, glabrous, branched, very leafy, scarcely erect. Leaves sessile, deep green, shining. Flowers solitary, terminal, smaller than the preceding (not an inch broad), the ray white, oblong, the disk yellow. Involucre glabrous. Pappus divided into 2-4 lobes. . 26. MATRICARIA. (Nat. Ord. COMPOSITÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 244.) 1. M. Chamomilla, leaves glabrous, pinnate or bipinnatifid, the segments linear-capillary ; involucre nearly plane, the scales obtuse. Lightf. p. 491. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 902. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 247. E. B. t. 1232. . HAB. Corn-fields and waste places, rather rare. King's Park, Mr Yal- den. June-August. O. Wild Chamomile.-Stem erect, branched, about a foot high, yellow, glabrous. Leaves sessile, somewhat amplexicaul, glabrous, deep green, the leaflets narrow, linear, sometimes capillary. Flowers small®(ths of an inch broad), terminal, and solitary ; the ray white, spreading, truncate, the disk yellow, conical.—Smell weak, and taste slightly bitter. 27. ANTHEMIS. (Nat. Ord. COMPOSITÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 244.) 1. A. arvensis, leaves bipinnatifid, the segments linear, pu- bescent; receptacle conical, its chaffy scales lanceolate, carinate; pericarps crowned with an entire pappus. Lightf. p. 494. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 905. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 247. E. B. t. 602. HAB. Corn-fields and road-sides, rather rare. Lanes about Lasswade, and on the north side of Linlithgow, Dr Parsons. Rosslyn woods, Mr Neill. July. o. Corn Chamomile.--Stem erect, much branched, covered with a hoary pu. 182 SYNGENESIA. POLYG. FRUSTR. CENTAUREA. a bescence. Leaves hoary green, the segments short, linear-lanceolate. Flowers large, terminal, solitary, the ray broad, white, at length reflex- ed, the disk yellow, at length conical. Peduncles often with small leaves, long. Scales of the involucre obtuse, the inner ones large. 2. A. Cotula, leaves bipinnatifid, glabrous, the segments li- near ; receptacle conical, its chaffy scales subulate ; pericarps without a pappus. Lightf. p. 495. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 906. . Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 247. E. B. t. 1772. p HAB. Corn-fields and waste places, not common. Near Gibbet Toll, Mr Neill. Road-sides about Rosslyn. July, August. Stinking Chamomile.-Stem a foot high or more, branched, glabrous. Leaves bipinnatifid, the segments cut, bright green, sometimes slightly pilose. Flowers rather small, terminal, solitary, the rays white, oval,“ reflexed at night” (Sm.), the disk yellow, convex.—Plant with a foetid smell, and sprinkled, according to Dr Hooker, with minute glands. 28. ACHILLEA. (Nat. Ord. COMPOSITÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 244.) 1. A. Ptarmica, leaves linear-lanceolate, acute, sharply ser- rate. Lightf. p. 495. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 908. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 248. E. B. t. 757. Hab. Moist fields and pastures, frequent. King's Park, Mr Neill. Pentland Hills. July, August. 4. Sneeze-wort.—Root creeping. Stem erect, 1-2 feet high, glabrous. Leaves glabrous, undivided. Flowers about half an inch in diameter, in a flat- tish, terminal corymb; the rays short, truncate, white, as is also the disk. 2. A. Millefolium, leaves long, bipinnate, slightly hairy, the segments linear, toothed, acute; stem furrowed. Lightf p. 496. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 908. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 248. E. B. t. 758. Hab. Pastures and road-sides, very common. June-August. 4. Common Yarrow.–Root creeping. Stem erect, 1-2 feet high, hairy, Leaves spreading, narrow, very much divided into linear leaflets and segments, the latter mucronate. Flowers small, white or pinkish (both the ray and the disk), numerous, in a flattish, branched, terminal co- rymb. -- III. POLYGAMIA FRUSTRANEA. 29. CENTAUREA. (Nat. Ord. COMPOSITÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 239.) 1. C. nigra scales of the involucre ovate, ciliate, with erect, capillary teeth ; lower leaves angulato-lyrate, upper ones ses- sile, ovate. Lightf. p. 498. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 910. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 248. E. B. t. 278. HAB. Meadows and pastures, very common. July, August. 4. Black Knapweed.--Plant tough, rigid, and scabrous. Stems 1-3 feet high, branched, angular. Lower leaves petiolate, spreading, sometimes simply lanceolate and toothed ; cauline ones ovate, entire. Flowers without ORCHIS. 183 GYNANDRIA. MONANDRIA. rays, terminal, solitary, purple, rarely white, near an inch broad. Invo- lucre globose, the scales blackish. 2. C. Cyanus, scales of the involucre serrate ; leaves linear, the lower ones toothed, the upper entire. Lightf. p. 498. Smith, Fl. Brit. P. 911. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 249. E. B. t. 277. HAB. Corn-fields, frequent. July. Corn Blue-bottle.—Stem erect, much branched, cottony, 2-3 feet high. Leaves alternate, distributed over the whole plant, cottony beneath. Flowers large, terminal, solitary; the disk purple, the rays infundibuli- form, fine blue, cleft into sharp segments. Involucre ovate, greenish. Peduncle thickened upwards. 3. C. Scabiosa, scales of the involucre ciliate, pubescent; leaves pinnatifid, the segments lanceolate, subdentate, pilose. Lightf. p. 500. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 911. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 249. E. B. t. 56. HAB. Pastures, corn-fields, and waste places, not frequent. Common in Fife, Mr Neill. Road-side between Guillon and Dirleton ; Corn- fields west of Largo, Maughan. Near Aberlady, Mr Arnott. July, August. 4. Greater Knapweed.—Stem 1-3 feet high, erect, furrowed, much branched. Leaves slightly pilose on each side. Flowers large, handsome, terminal, solitary, purple. The florets of the ray elongated, and deeply cleft into linear segments. Involucre globose, the scales broad, cottony, blackish ; “ in time they become reflexed and conspicuous at a distance, being of a most beautiful silvery hue,” (Sm.) XX. GYNANDRIA. I. MONANDRIA. 1. ORCHIS. (Nat. Ord. ORCHIDEÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 187.) * Tubers 2, undivided. 1. O. Morio, lip 3-lobed, lobes crenate, obtuse, the middle one emarginate; segments of the perianth ascending, obtuse; spur linear-conical, ascending, shorter than the germen. Lightf. p. 514. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 920. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 250. E. B. . t. 2059. Hab. Pastures and meadows, rare about Edinburgh, June. Near Hab- bie's How ? Mr D. Steuart. June. 4. Meadow Orchis._Stem 6-12 inches high, leafy. Leaves amplexicaul, lan- ceolate, shining, paler, or silvery beneath. Flowers purple, not nume- rous, in an obtuse, rather lax spike, accompanied by bracteas about equal in length to the germen. Segments of the perianth connivent ; the two outer ones greenish at the base, and striated with green. Nectary with a spur not so long as the germen, and a large lip, whitish in the middle, and spotted with purple. 184 GYNANDRIA. MONANDRIA. GYMNADENIA. 2. 0. mascula, lip 3-lobed, crenulate, obtuse, the middle lobe bifid ; segments of the perianth acute, the outer ones reflexed ; spur conical, ascending, as long as the germen. Lightf. p. 515. . Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 920. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 250. E. B. t. 631. HAB. Woods, meadows and pastures, frequent. Hunter's Bog in the King's Park, Dr Graham. Rosslyn woods, &c. Sometimes with white flowers. May, June. 4. Early Spotted Orchis.—Stem 8-12 inches high. Leaves broadly lanceolate, shining, more or less spotted with purple. Flowers purple, in an oblong, obtuse, lax spike. Bracteas lanceolate, purple, rather shorter than the germen. Inner segments of the perianth connivent, the lip broad, with the lateral lobes the largest, and reflexed, white and spotted in the middle. Spur of the nectary linear-conical, longer than the germen. An- thers purple, the pollen-masses yellow. ** Tubers 2, palmate. 3. O. latifolia, lip slightly 3-lobed, the sides reflexed; inner segments of the perianth connivent, the two outer ones reflexed; spur conical, shorter than the germen ; bracteas longer than the flowers. Lightf. p. 516. Smith, Fl. Brit. . p. 924. Hook. FI. Scot. p. 251. E. B. t. 2308. HAB. Marshes and moist meadows, frequent. About Comely Bank, Mr Neill. Duddingston Loch, Mr Bainbridge. Hunter's Bog, Dr Graham. Rosslyn woods, abundant. June. 4. Marsh Orchis._Stem 12–18 inches high, leafy, hollow. Leaves long, some- what erect, acuminate, sheathing the stem nearly to the top, varying in breadth from half an inch to one inch and a half, mostly without spots, but sometimes with faint ones. Flowers various shades of purple or pale red, rarely white, in a rather dense spike, and accompanied with long lanceolate bracteas. Lip spotted and streaked with dark purple. Spir incurved, shorter than the germen. 4. 0. maculata, lip plane, 3-lobed, crenate; inner segments of the perianth connivent, the lateral ones patent; spur cylin- drical, shorter than the germen ; bracteas as long as the men. Lightfp. 517. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 925. Hook. Fl. Scot. E. B. t. 632. Hab. Meadows and pastures, frequent. King's Park, Mr Yalden. Dud- dingston Loch with red flowers, and at Figget Whins surrounded by seedling plants with undivided bulbs, Dr Graham. June, July. 4. Spotted palmate Orchis._Stem 10–16 inches high, slender, leafy. Leaves lanceolate, distant, spotted with purple, becoming more attenuate up- wards, at length nearly subulate. Flowers spotted, mostly pale whitish purple, sometimes darker, at others quite white, and free from spots, nu- merous, in a dense, oval-pyramidal spike. Lip large, not regular in fi- gure, but the middle lobe usually the longest. Bracteas small, subulate. ger- p. 251. 2. GYMNADENIA. (Nat. Ord. ORCHIDEÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 188.) 1. G. Conopsea. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 251. Orchis conopsen, Lightf. p. 518. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 926. E. B. t. 10. HABENARIA. 185 GYNANDRIA. MONANDRIA. Hab. Bogs and moist pastures, rare near Edinburgh. In meadow-ground south of Dalmahoy Hill, with white flowers, Messrs Sommerville and E. Maughan. Hills near the toll, North Queensferry, Mr Neill. June-August. 4. Fragrant Gymnadenia.—Stem 9-16 inches high. Leaves linear-lanceolate, keeled. Flowers purple, flesh-colour or (rarely) white, rather few or very numerous, in a linear-oblong spike, which, according to the number of flowers, is very lax or very dense. Bracteas a little longer than the ger- men. The 3 upper and inner segments of the perianth connivent, the 2 lateral ones narrow and patent, or reflexed. Lip cleft into 3 equal, entire lobes, not spotted. Spur slender, as long again as the germen. “ The 2 cells of the anthers are perforated at the base, through which the naked, large, and oblong glands of the stalks of the pollen-mass ap- pear.” (Hook.) Pollen-mass green.-Flower very fragrant. 3. HABENARIA. (Nat. Ord. ORCHIDEÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 188.) 1. H. viridis, spur short, 2-lobed ; lip 3-toothed, the 2 late- ral teeth acute, the middle one very short ; bracteas much lon- ger than the flowers. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 252. Satyrium vi- . ride, Lightf. p. 519. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 928. E. B. t. 94. HAB. Dry hilly pastures. Caroline Park; and Cramond Island, Maughan. By the upper reservoir on the Pentland Hills, G. Don. About Burnt- island, and on Dunearn Hill, Mr Neill. Pentland Hills, near Currie, Mr Arnott. Ravelrig-toll Moss, Dr Graham. Near St Anthony's Chapel in the King's Park, Mr D. Stuart. June, July. 4. Frog Habenaria.-Stem 4–10 inches high, leafy. Lower leaves broadish and obtuse, the upper ones narrower, and somewhat acute. Bracteas lanceo- late, at least half as long again as the flowers. Flower's green, in a lax spike. Segments of the perianth connivent, brownish at the points. Lip bent downwards, linear-oblong, yellowish or brownish. Anther purplish. Pollen-mass yellow. 2. H. albida, spur obtuse, thrice as short as the germen ; lip tripartite, the segments acute, the middle one the largest . Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 252. Satyrium albidum, Lightf. p. 519. Smith, Fl. Brit. E. B. t. 505. HAB. Hilly and alpine pastures, very rare near Edinburgh. Breich water-side south from Whitburn, Dr Fleming. A single plant found growing along with the preceding species, on the hills above North Queensferry, by Mr Falconar and myself. July, August. 4. Small White Habenaria.-Stem 6-10 inches high, leafy, striate. Lower leaves obtuse, spreading; upper ones lanceolate, erect, keeled, striate. Bracteas longer than the germen. Flowers numerous, small, white, in a dense, narrow spike, about 2 inches long. Segments of the perianth broad, subconnivent. Lip a little longer than the perianth, somewhat deflexed. Anther yellowish. Pollen-mass yellow. 3. H. bifolia, spur filiform, twice the length of the germen; lip linear, entire ; radical leaves 2, oblong, attenuate at the base, Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 252. Orchis bifolia, Lightf. p. 412. Smith, Fl. Brit. E. B. t. 29. HAB. Moist meadows and pastures. About Auchindenny, Lightfoot. Guillon Links, Dr Graham. On the Pentland Hills, in various places, May, June. 4. P. 929. p. 918. 186 LISTERA. GYNANDRIA. MONANDRIA. Butterfly Habenaria.—Stem 12–18 inches high, leafy, ribbed. Radical leaves 2, large, oblong; cauline ones very small, lanceolate. Bracteas as long as the germen. Flowers yellowish white, rather large, in an oblong spike. The 3 upper segments of the perianth connivent, the middle one of which is cordate and obtuse; lateral segments spreading Lip bent downwards, long, linear-ovate to linear. Lobes of the anther very distant.-Some- times fragrant. 4. LISTERA. (Nat. Ord. ORCHIDEÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 189.) 1. L. ovata, stem 2-leaved, the leaves ovate and opposite; column of fructification having an appendage, in which the an- ther is placed. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 253. Ophrys ovata, Lightf. p. 523. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 923. E. B. t. 1548. HAB. Woods and moist meadows, and pastures. Swanston wood, Mr Neill. Meadow-ground south of Ravelrig-toll, Maughan. Pentland Hills, about Currie and elsewhere. June. 4. Common Twayblade.-Stem 12-18 inches high. Leaves large, ovate or round- ish-ovate, ribbed, below the middle of the stem. Bracteas shorter than the pedicel. Flowers green, small, pedicellate, in a narrow, long, lax spike. Segments of the perianth spreading, the points somewhat inflexed, the two inner ones narrower than the rest. Lip long, yellowish green, slightly deflexed, bifid. 2. L. cordata, stem 2-leaved, the leaves opposite, cordate ; lip with 2 teeth at the base, bifid at the apex ; the segments li- near-subulate. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 253. Ophrys cordata, Lightf. p. 524. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 933. E. B. t. 358. Hab. Moist bushy places, and damp mossy banks, in subalpine situa- tions. Fir-wood between Woodhouslee and the Bush ; peat-bog at Ravelrig-toll; and on the Pentland Hills, Messrs Somerville and E. Maughan. July, August. 4. Heart-leaved Twayblade.—Stem very slender, 3–6 inches high. Leaves small, not an inch long. Bracteas minute. Flowers brownish green, few, very small, pedicellate, in a small lax spike. Segments of the perianth spread- ing, the 2 inner ones the smallest. Lip long, the 2 segments divaricate. Capsule globose. 3. L. Nidus-Avis, stem with sheathing scales, leafless. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 253. Ophrys Nidus-Avis, Lightf. p 522. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 931. E. B. t. 48. HAB. Shady woods, very rare. Auchindenny woods, Dr Parsons. Woods at Dalhousie, Maughan. May, June. 4. Bird's-nest Listera.—Root composed of densely-fasciculated, fleshy, short fibres. Stem 9-16 inches high, hollow, leafless. Bracteas lanceolate, longer than the pedicels. Flowers numerous, brown, in a rather lax spike. Segments of the perianth somewhat connivent. Lip longer than the perianth, of a deeper colour, somewhat deflexed, the apex bifid, the segments short, obtuse, and divaricate. Pollen-masses oblong, farinaceous. Capsule ovate, ribbed, glandulose. 5. EPIPACTIS. (Nat. Ord. ORCHIDEÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 189.) 1. E. latifolia, leaves ovate, amplexicaul; lower bracteas ZANNICHELLIA. MONOECIA. MONANDRIA. 187 longer than the drooping flowers; lip entire, acuminate, shorter than the petals. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 254. Serapias latifolia, Lightf. p. 526. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 942. E. B. t. 269. Hab. Woods and borders of fields. Dalhousie woods, Maughan. Broad-leaved Helleborine.-Root composed of long, fleshy, simple fibres. Stem 1-2 feet high or more, green, leafy. Leaves broadly ovate, and sheathing below, lanceolate and sessile above, at length resembling brac- teas. Lower bracteas longer than the flowers. Flowers numerous, in a long lax spike, greenish purple or purplish. Segments of the perianth more or less connivent; the outer ones ribbed. Lip a little shorter than the perianth, broad, concave, and seeming as if jointed in the middle. Anther yellow. Pollen-masses oblong, farinaceous. Capsule pyriform, ribbed. 6. CORALLORRHIZA. (Nat. Ord. ORCHIDEÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 190.) 1. C. innata, spur abbreviated, adnate, (apparently wanting.) Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 255. Ophrys corallorrhiza, Lightf. p. 513. . . t. 23. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 932. E. B. t. 1547. HAB. Moist mossy woods, very rare. Peat-bog near Ravelrig-toll, among the willows, Mr E. Maughan. June, July. 4. Spurless Coral-root.—Root composed of a mass of thick, whitish, fleshy, branched, and very brittle processes. Scape 6-12 inches high, striate, closely sheathed with 2 or 3 long scales. Bracteas minute. Flowers few, in a lax spike, subpedicellate, greenish. The 3 uppermost segments of the perianth connivent; the 2 lateral ones deflexed. Lip white, spotted with red, oblong, entire, deflexed. Spur wanting. Anther “terminal, resembling an operculum, moveable, deciduous, sessile, fixed to the pos- terior margin of the stigma.” (Hook.) Capsule oblong-pyriform, twist- ed.—1 possess a highly curious monstrosity of this plant from Ravelrig- toll. In all the flowers on one individual, the 2 outer of the 3 upper connivent segments of the perianth are converted into lips, as large as the true lip, deflexed, and beautifully spotted ; the 3 remaining segments appear between them like a triphyllous calyx, and the long column of fructification stands in the centre wholly unprotected, and terminated by the anther. XXI. MONECIA. I. MONANDRIA. 1. ZANNICHELLIA. (Nat. Ord. FLUVIALES, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 193.) 1. Z. palustris, anthers 4-celled, stigmas entire ; pericarps toothed, and winged on the back. Lightf. p. 534. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 955. 955. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 258. E. B. t. 1844. HAB. Ditches and ponds. Lochend, Mr Neill. In a small pool near Luffness. August. O. Horned Pondweed.-Stems long, filiform, floating, branched, glabrous. Leaves numerous, opposite, linear, entire. Bractcas membranaceous. Flowers 188 MONOECIA. MONANDRIA. CALLITRICHE. axillary, minute, the pistilliferous ones having an involucre and a very short pedicel; the stamen arising from the base without a perianth, bear- ing a 4-celled anther upon a long filament. Styles short, the stigma di- lated. 2. CALLITRICHE. (Nat. Ord. HALORAGE Æ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 258.) 1. C. aquatica. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 259. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 8. E. B. t. 722. C. verna and autumnalis, Lightf. p. 70. . Hab. Ditches and ponds, and small streams, very common. April October. 4. Water Starwort.-Stems varying greatly in length according to situation, filiform and branched, rooting freely. Leaves varying also in size and shape, of all forms, between linear and obovate; when growing in deep- ish water, those beneath are narrow, those on the surface broad, and ex- panding in the manner of a star, at the summit of each branch. Flowers minute, and inconspicuous; stameniferous ones having a single stamen, with a yellow anther on a slender white filament, issuing from a minute 2-leaved white perianth; pistilliferous ones with a similar perianth, the styles 2, capillary, reflexed. Pericarp roundish, 4-lobed, 4-celled. 3. ZOSTERA. (Nat. Ord. FLUVIALES, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 193.) 1. Z. marina, leaves entire, somewhat 3-nerved ; stem round- ish. Lightf. p. 530. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 7. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 259. E. B. t. 467. HAB. Marine ditches, and forming large beds in the sea itself, frequent. Black Rocks at Leith, Mr Neill. June-August. 4. . Common Grass-wrack.—Stems 1-3 feet long, rooting at the joints, and fur- nished with abundance of long, linear, bright green, floating grass-like leaves, sheathing at the base, and 1-4 lines broad. Flowers in a spadix. “ Spadix linear, arising from a sheathing portion of the leaf, which thus forms the spatha. Flowers all on one side of the spadix, quite destitute of perianth, in 2 rows. Pistils and anthers alternate, in general 2 anthers, and then 1 pistil ; both ovate or oblong-ovate, the former tipped with a bipartite, long, filiform style ; both are green. Anthers bursting ir- regularly.” (Hook.) Sir J. E. Smith says, “ Zostera is easiest under- ( stood, as a simple unilateral spike of naked flowers disposed in 2 ranks." - Used by the poorer classes in the north for bedding, and to pack brit- tle ware. The collecting of it is encouraged by the Highland Society for stuffing mattrasses ; great quantities being imported for that pur. pose. II. TRIANDRIA. 4. TYPHA. (Nat. Ord. AROIDEÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 192.) 1. T. latifolia, leaves linear, nearly plane; sterile and fertile catkins close together. Lightf. p. 538. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 959. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 259. E. B. t. 1455. HAB. Sides of ponds and streams. Lochend, Maughan. July. 4. Great Cat's-tail or Reed-Mace.-Glabrous. Root creeping. Culm 3-6 feet SPARGANIUM. MONCCIA TRIANDRIA. 189 high, simple, straight, round, leafy below. Leaves very long, erect, near an inch broad, acute. Catkins long, terminal; the upper one yellow, sterile, and furnished with 1-3 membranaceous bracteas; the lower one greenish brown, fertile, very dense. 5. SPARGANIUM. (Nat. Ord. AROIDEÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 191.) 1. S. ramosum, leaves triangular at the base, their sides con- cave; common flower-stalk branched ; stigma linear. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 260. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 961. E. B. t. 744. S. erec- tum, Lightf. p. 539. Hab. Ponds and ditches. Duddingston Loch, Dr Graham. Lochend, Mr Neill. July. 4. Branched Bur-reed.-Glabrous. Root creeping. Stem round, 2-3 feet high, divided above into a few divaricate, short branches. Leaves long, linear ; those of the stem shorter, more or less sheathing. Flowers forming glo- bular, sessile heads; the sterile ones above, yellow; the fertile ones green- ish, below. Anthers on longish exserted filaments. Germens with the style at length forming prickly heads as large as a hazel-nut. 2. S. simplex, leaves triangular at the base, their sides plane; common flower-stalk simple; stigma linear. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 260. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 962. E. B. t. 745. HAB. Ponds and ditches. Ditches near Corstorphine ; and small lake on the summit of Dunearn Hill, Mr Neill. July. 4. Simple upright Bur-reed.-Glabrous ; less than the preceding. Stem 1-2 feet high, round, unbranched. Leaves similar to the last, but not so long, and differing, in the sides of the triangular base being plane instead of concave. Heads of flowers very similar to the last, but all sessile, on one common stalk, except the lowest one or two, which are sometimes on a very short peduncle. Prickly fruit-bearing heads also similar.—Light- foot comprehended this and the preceding under the common name of Erectum, but mentions the present species as the most common variety. 3. S. natans, leaves plane, floating ; common flower-stalk simple; stigma ovate; head of sterile flowers mostly solitary. Lightf. p. 541. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 962. Hook. Fl. Scot. P. 260. E. B. t. 273. HAB. Ditches and ponds, chiefly in the Highlands. Loch on Dunearn Hill, Mr Neill. Peat-pits on the south side of Dalmahoy Hill, Maughan. Pentland Hills near Currie, Dr Graham. July. 4. Floating Bur-reed.—Stems round, very leafy, varying much in length. Leaves very narrow, linear, grass-like, somewhat pellucid, long and floating. Flowers in globular heads, which are all sessile, except the lowermost, which, as in the preceding, is shortly pedunculate ; fertile heads small, even when mature. Stigma short. 6. CAREX. (Nat. Ord. CYPERACEÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 174.) Dıv. I. Spike diæcious ; simple and solitary, both on the sterile and fertile culm. 1. C. dioica, spike simple, diecious; fruit ascending, ovate, 190 MONOECIA. TRIANDRIA. CAREX. striate, rough on the margin towards the apex; leaves and culm glabrous. Lightf. p. 541. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 963. Hook. Fl. . Scot. p. 260. E. B. t. 534. HAB. Bogs and heaths, common. Blackford Hill. Pentland Hills. Ravelrig-toll moss. May, June. 4. Straight-fruited diæcious Carex.—Root creeping. Culm 4-8 inches high, slen- der, simple, triquetrous. Leaves setaceous, somewhat triquetrous, erect, shorter than the culm. Both sterile and fertile spikes oblong, small. Glumes obtuse, with a green keel, broader in the fertile spike. Stigmas 2. 2. C. Davalliana, spike simple, diæcious; fruit ovate-acu- minate, recurved and deflexed, striate, angles roughish; culm scabrous on the angles. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 260. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 964. E. B. t. 2123. Hab. Bogs. Near Crossgate-toll ; and by the side of Guillon Loch, Maughan. June. 4. Recurved-fruited Diæcious Carex.—Root not creeping. Culms 6-12 inches high, slender, rough. Leaves setaceous, much shorter than the culm. Spike linear-oblong. Glumes brown, very scariose, keeled, brown and shining, especially on the fertile spike. Fruit recurved, as well as de- flexed. Stigmas 2.-I am almost convinced that the true C. Davalliana does not grow in the annexed stations, as the plants which Mr Maughan himself communicated to me, are decidedly the preceding species, which has sometimes its fruit not only quite patent, but even somewhat de- flexed. Div. II. Culms with a single spike, or many sessile spikelets, which contain both stamens and pistils. (C. arenaria and intermedia have distinct sterile ones.) Spikelets sterile at their extremity. (C. pulicaris has a sim- α ple, single spike.) 3. C. pulicaris, spike simple, androgynous, few-flowered ; fruit oblong-lanceolate, reflexed, remote. Lightf. p.543. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 965. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 261. E. B. t. 1051. HAB. Bogs, common. Hunter's Bog, in the King's Park; and by Hab- bie's How, Mr Neill. Pentland Hills; and Ravelrig-toll moss. May, June. 4. Flea Carex.—Root not creeping. Culms 4–10 inches high, filiform, erect, glabrous. Leaves setaceous, rigid, glabrous, shorter than the culm. Spike simple, linear, the fertile flowers below; fruit deflexed, oblong, acumi- nate, glabrous. Stigmas 2. Glumes brown, ovate-acute, keeled, decidu- ous. 4. C. muricata, spikelets sterile at their apex, subcompound, collected into a more or less interrupted spike; fruit convexo- plane, ovate-acuminate, acutely margined, bifid at the apex. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 262. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 974. E. B. t. 1097. C. spicata, Lightf. p. 548. HAB. Marshes near Figget Whins, Mr Neill. Banks of Duddingston Loch. June. U. CAREX. 191 MONECIA. TRIANDRIA. Greater prickly Carex.-Root fibrous. Culms 12–18 inches high, triquetrous, the angles scabrous. Leaves linear, longer than the culm. Spikelets 8–10, sometimes crowded, at others more distant, ovate or roundish, not often compound. Glumes ovate, scariose, with a green keel, a little short- er than the capsule. Bracteas short, ovate at their base, then setaceous. Fruit squarrose, varying much in the hispidity of the margin.-Dr Hooker thinks that C. divulsa, E. B. t. 629., is only a variety of this spe- cies. 5. C. vulpina, spikelets sterile at their apex, numerous, crowd- ed, thrice compounded, obtuse; fruit convexo-plane, ovate- acuminate, squarrose; culm acutely culm acutely angled. Lightf. p. 547. : Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 976. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 262. E. B. t. 307. HAB. Bogs ; ditch-sides, &c. Near Figget Whins, Mr Neill. Stream- side near Luffness, Dr Graham. Between Pettycur and Kinghorn, on the sea-side by a spring. June. 4. Great Carex._Root fibrous. Culm suberect, stout, 2 feet high, very acute- ly 3-sided, the angles sharply scabrous. Leaves broad, longer than the culm, very rough at the keel and margin. Bracteas broad at their base, then setaceous, the lower one not half the length of the spike, the rest gradually smaller. Spike 2-3 inches long, crowded, sometimes interrupt- ed. Spikelets ovate. Glumes ovate-acute, with a green keel, as long as the fruit. Margin of the fruit scabrous, the apex shortly bifid. Stig- mas 2. 6. C. paniculata, spikelets sterile at their extremity, thrice compounded, so as to form a somewhat panicled, rather acute spike; fruit patent, ovate-acuminate; culm acutely triangular; , root forming large raised tufts. Hook. Fl. Scot. . P. 262. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 978. E. B. t. 1064. HAB. Bogs and marshy woods. Woods behind the village of Newbattle, Dr Graham. June. 4. Great panicled Carex.—Plant forming large tufts, which often rise 1-3 feet above the ground, a firm mass of roots. Root fibrous. Culms 2-3 feet. long, erect or spreading, acutely triangular, very scabrous at the angles. Leaves very numerous, longer than the culm, rough at the keel and mar- gin. Bracteas short, linear-lanceolate. Spike compound, somewhat branch- ed, pale silvery brown. Lower spikelets somewhat remote, ovate. Glumes ovate-acute, with a hispid keel, and a broad, white, very scariose mar- gin, which gives a silvery appearance to the whole spike, which is 2-3 inches long 7. C. teretiuscula, spikelets sterile at their extremity, com- pounded, coarctate, ovate; fruit patent, ovate-acute; culm rounded between the angles; root not tufted. Smith, Fl. Brit. . p. 977. E. B. t. 1065. C. paniculata C. paniculata B. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 263. Hab. Open bogs and marshes. North Queensferry, Mr T. Mackay. Marsh at the foot of Dundas Hill, Mr Neill. Pentland Hills, G. Don. Ravelrig-toll moss. June. 4. Lesser panicled Carex.—Root fibrous, never forming tufts as in the preced- ing, but throwing up the culms as it were separately. Culms 12-16 inches high, suberect, with 3 angles, but the spaces between the angles rounded ; the angles scabrous. Leaves longer than the culms, erect, rather rigid, 192 CAREX MONECIA. TRIANDRIA. . sheathing the culm for half its length, scabrous at the keel and margin. Bracteas short, setaceous. Spike about an inch long, reddish brown, close and compact. Glumes with a smooth keel, scariose, and with a narrow whitish margin, but not so as to give a silvery hue to the spike. I certainly may be wrong in considering this species as distinct from the last, to which Dr Hooker has recently united it; but the character of the stem, which is constant, and, above all, the extreme difference in habit when growing, and the peculiarity of the one forming such immense tufts, and the other being scattered and straggling, is so striking, that I cannot avoid thinking them different. ** Upper or intermediate spikelets sterile. 8. C. arenaria, lower spikelets fertile, upper ones sterile, all crowded; fruit ovate, marginate ; culm triangular, incurved ; leaves plane. Lightf. p. 545. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 971. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 261. E. B. t. 928. Hab. Sandy banks on the sea-coast, very abundant. Between Caroline Park and Granton, plentiful. June. 4. Sea-side Carex.—Root creeping luxuriantly. Culms 4–12 inches high, in- curved, the angles roughish above. Leaves about the length of the culm, sometimes shorter, Lower bracteas foliaceous, not so long as the spike, Spike 1-2 inches long, oblong. Spikelets ovate, the lower ones somewhat remote ; uppermost one sterile, and many of the intermediate ones sterile at their extremities. Glumes ovate-acute, as long as the fruit. Fruit furnished with a membranaceous margin towards the apex, which is bifid. 9. C. intermedia, inferior and superior spikelets fertile, inter- mediate ones sterile ; culm triangular, erect. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 262. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 972. E. B. t. 2042. C. disticha, Lightf. p. 546. HAB. Bogs and marshes. Abundant in the Hunter's Bog, King's Park, Mr Neill. Guillon Loch, Mr Arnott. Braid and Pentland Hills; and Banks of Lochend. June. 4. Soft brown Carex.—Root creeping. Culms erect, 12–18 inches high, acutely triangular, the angles rough. °Leaves erect, subequal to the culm. Lower bracteas subfoliaceous, not so long as the spike. Spike oblong, 13-2 inches long, imbricated with the ovate spikelets; the central spikelets not wholly sterile, but having a few fertile flowers. Glumes ovate-acute, as long as the fruit. Fruit ovate, acuminate, with a small scabrous margin towards the extremity; the apex bifid. *** Spikelets sterile at their base. 10. C. stellulata, spikelets stérile at their base, 2–4, subre- mote, roundish ; fruit patent, ovate-acuminate, concave on the 3 upper surface, with roughish margins. Hook. Fl. Scot. P. 263 Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 966. E. B. t. 806. C. muricata, Lightf. p. 549. HAB. Bogs and marshes, common. Pentland Hills, Mr Neill. King's Park, &c. May, June. 4. Little Prickly Carex._Root fibrous. Culms 6–12 inches high, erect or spreading, triangular. Leaves forming a spreading tuft, linear, narrow, roughish at the keel and margin, about as long as the culms. Bracteas very short, setaceous, the longest not half the length of the spike. Spike 3 CAREX. MONOCIÁ. TRIANDRIA. 193 rarely an inch long, composed of 2-4 small, roundish, few-flowered, prickly spikelets. Fruit convex on the lower, concave on the upper surface, spreading in a stellated manner. Glumes cordato-ovate, with a green keel, shorter than the fruit. 11. C. curta, spikelets sterile at their base, 4-6, ovate-ellip- tical, approximate, bracteas very minute, the lowest rarely so long as the spikelet; fruit broadly ovate, acute, longer than the cordate glume. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 263. Smith, Fl. Brit. . p. 967. E. B. t. 1386. C. canescens, Lightf. p. 550. HAB. Bogs and moist low woods, not uncommon near Edinburgh. North Queensferry, Mr J. Mackay. Ravelrig-toll Moss, about the willows, plentiful. Pentland Hills, many places, Maughan. June. 4. White Carex.-Root fibrous. Culms 7-16 inches long, mostly ascending, triangular, rough at the angles. Leaves very narrow, nearly as long as the culms. Bracteas minute, except the lower one, which is often not half so long as the spikelet it accompanies. Spike little more than an inch long. Spikelets very pale, shining, dense, somewhat remote, imbri- cated with the short ovate fruit. Glumes broader and shorter than the fruit, keeled, scariose.-Fruit sometimes margined towards the extremi- ty, having 2 teeth at the apex, according to Dr Hooker. Goodenough and Smith describe the apex as entire, which agrees with all my speci- mens. 12. C. ovalis, spikelets sterile at their base, 5-6, oval, ap- proximate, alternate; fruit ovate-acuminate, as long as the glume, with a broad membranaceous margin, bifid at the apex. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 263. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 968. E. B. t. 306. C. leporina, Lightf. p. 547. Hab. Bogs and marshy meadows, frequent. Ravelrig-toll Moss. Pent- land Hills. West side of Lochend. June. 4. Oval-spiked Carex.—Root fibrous. Culms about a foot high, triangular, rough at the angles. Leaves linear, narrow, rough at the keel and mar- gin, nearly as long as the culm. Lower bractea sometimes foliaceous at the apex, but never as long as the spike, frequently all are shorter than the spikelets, and quite scariose. Spikelets reddish-brown when in fruit, brownish-green when in flower, so approximate as to form a spike scarce- ly more than an inch long. Lower glumes of each spikelet more scariose than the upper ones. 13. C. remota, spikelets sterile at their base, distant, the two or three lower bracteas as long or longer than the spike; fruit ovate-acuminate, bifid at the apex, longer than the glumes. Lightf. p. 549. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 969. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 263. E. B. t. 832. Hab. Woods and moist shady places. Rosslyn and Auchindenny woods. June. 4. Remote Carex.—Root creeping. Culms 1-2 feet long, weak and slender, triangular, roughish on the angles. Leaves very narrow, long. Bracteas foliaceous, longer than the spike, narrow, very acuminate, short in the two or three uppermost spikelets. Spike 4-8 inches long, composed of 6-10 small ovate spikelets, the lower ones very distinct. Fruit convexo- plane. Glumes ovate-acute, with a greenish keel. 14. C. axillaris, spikelets sterile at their base, remote, the - N 194 MONECIA. TRIANDRIA. CAREX. lower ones subternate, the lowest bractea longer than the spike, all the rest very short ; fruit ovate, acuminate, bifid at the apex. . Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 970. E. B. t. 993. . HAB. Woods, rare. Banks of the Esk, above Melville Castle, Dr Graham. June. 4. Axillary Clustered Carex.—Root fibrous. Culms above 2 feet high, firm, triangular, scabrous at the angles. Leaves linear, long, broader than in the preceding, very rough at the margin and keel. Bracteas ; the lowest long and foliaceous, the rest scariose, broad at the base, then setaceous. Spike 3-5 inches long, composed of 8-10 sessile, ovate spikelets, the low- est two or three of which are remote and more or less compound, the uppermost simple and approximate. Fruit much resembling the pre- ceding. Glumes ovate-acute, scariose, with a green keel. Div. III. Sterile and fertile spikelets distinct on the same culm.. (Sterile ones always terminal.) * Sterile spikelets mostly single. + Stigmas 3. + Fertile spikelets long, linear, bax. 15. C. pendula, fertile spikelets very long and drooping, ste- rile one single ; sheaths nearly as long as the peduncle; fruit ovate, rostrate, densely imbricate. Lightf. p. 564. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 981. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 264. E. B. t. 2315. p HAB. Woods and shady banks of rivers. Rosslyn woods; and the Park at Dalkeith, Maughan. Banks of the Esk, above Melville Castle, Dr Graham. June, July. 4. Great pendulous Carex.—Root fibrous. Culms 2-6 feet long, suberect, firm, triangular, glabrous. Leaves broad, glaucous beneath, rough at the mar- gin and keel. Fertile spikelets 5–7, remote, 4–6 inches long ; sterile one 3-4 inches long. Bracteas broad, long, and foliaceous. 16. C. strigosa, sterile spikelet single, fertile ones about 4, filiform, lax, suberect, at length drooping; fruit oblong, trique- trous, acute; sheaths nearly as long as the peduncles. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 264. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 982. E. B. t. 994. Hab. Woods. Arniston woods, Maughan. May, June. 4. Loose pendulous Carex.-Root fibrous. Culms slender, 2 feet or more high, triangular, acute, rough at the angles, leafy, longer than the leaves. Leaves broad, with three main nerves, which are scabrous as well as the margin. Bracteas foliaceous, broad, not so long as the culm. Fertile spikelets 11-2 inches long, the fruit rather straggling. Glumes ovate-lan- ceolate, green, with a whitish scariose margin, shorter than the fruit. 17. C. sylvatica, sterile spikelet mostly single, fertile ones slender, subfiliform, drooping, lax; fruit ovate, triquetrous, with a long subulate beak ; sheaths not half the length of the peduncles. Lightf. p. 562. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 983. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 264. E. B. t. 995. Hab. Woods. Rosslyn and Auchindenny woods. June, 4. CAREX. 195 MONECIA. TRIANDRIA. Pendulous Wood Carex.-Root fibrous. Culm 2 feet high or more, slender, suberect, triangular, glabrous. Leaves narrow, shorter than the culm. Bracteas foliaceous, similar to the leaves, not rising above the culm. Sterile spikelet mostly single, but there are sometimes two ; fertile ones one inch to one inch and a half long, 4–6, erect when in flower, at length drooping on long peduncles, the lowest occasionally compound. Fruit remarkable from its long subulate beak, more close than in the preceding. Glumes ovate-lanceolate, whitish, scariose and silvery, with a broad, green keel, scabrous towards the apex. ++ Fertile spikelets cylindrical-oblong, ovate, or roundish. 18. C. pallescens, sterile spikelet terminal, fertile ones 2–3, ovate-cylindrical, shortly pedunculate, subpendulous; lower ; bractea foliaceous, rising above the culm; fruit ovate, tumid, obtuse. Lightf. p. 558. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 989. Hook. Fl. Scot. P. 266. E. B. t. 2185. HAB. Boggy woods and marshes. Ravelrig-toll Moss, and Pentland Hills in many places. June. 4. Pale Carex.–Root fibrous. Culms 8–18 inches high, erect or spreading, triangular, scabrous at the angles. Leaves narrow, acuminate, pu- bescent, shorter than the culm. Sheaths of the bracteas very short. Fertile spikelets approximate, on filiform peduncles about half an inch in length, densely imbricated with the glabrous, very obtuse fruit, and varying in form from roundish to cylindrical oblong. Glumes broadly ovate, shorter than the fruit, with a mucronate keel. 19. C. flava, sterile spikelet mostly single, fertile ones round- ish or oval, subsessile or pedunculate ; sheaths of the foliaceous bracteas half as long as the peduncle ; fruit obovate, ribbed, with a long recurved beak. Lightf. p. 551. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 990. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 266. E. B. t. 1294. . . Hab. Bogs, heaths, marshy pastures, common. King's Park, Mr Neill. Pentland Hills, abundant. June. 4. Yellow Carex.—Root creeping. Culms 6–12 inches long, erect or spreading, triangular, subglabrous. Leaves about as long as the culm, bright green, broadish. Sterile spikelets sometimes 2 ; fertile ones of a yellowish colour, approximate, dense, the lower one sometimes very distant. Fruit in- flated, acutely rostrate, bifid or entire at the apex. Glumes reddish- brown, shorter than the fruit.-Dr Hooker has, with great propriety, joined C. Ederi of E. B. t. 1773. to this species, from which it differs merely in the fruit being not recurved, a character to which C. flava is by no means constant. 20. C. extensa, sterile spikelets mostly single, fertile ones 3-5, approximate, or with the lowest one very distant, ovate, subsessile; sheaths of the very long foliaceous bracteas almost none; fruit ovate-acute. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 267. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 992. E. B. t. 833. HAB. Bogs and marshes on the sea-coast, rare. Coast between Starley- burn and Aberdour, Mr Chalmers. June. 4. Long-bracteated Carex.-Root fibrous. Culms 8-12 inches high, obtusely triquetrous, glabrous. Leaves narrow, convolute, about as long as the culm; the bracteas similar, but much longer. Spikelets almost sessile, N 2 196 MONCIA. TRIANDRIA. CAREX and often crowded together. Fruit ovate, glabrous, with a short bifid beak. Glumes broadly ovate, shorter than the fruit. 21. C. distans, sterile spikelet single, fertile ones suberect, , 3–4, very remote, pedunculate, the sheaths of the foliaceous bracteas nearly as long as the peduncles; fruit ovate-acuminate, bifid at the apex ; glumes mucronate Lightf. p. 561. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 992. Hook Fl. Scot. p. 267. E. B. t. 1234. C. binervis, Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 993. E. B. t. 1235. HAB. Moors and heaths, common. Pentland Hills, very plentiful. June. 4. Distantly-spiked Carex.-Root fibrous. Culms 1-2 feet high or more, erect, somewhat curved, triangular, glabrous except towards the top. Leaves near- ly as long as the culm, rough at the margin and nerve. Fertile spikelets ob- longo-cylindrical, the lowest often a foot or more from the summit, 4-1 inch long, brownish-green. Fruit glabrous, triquetrous, the beak cleft at the apex into two divaricate teeth. Glumes broadly ovate, reddish- brown, with a green scabrous keel.-—I can find no specific difference be- tween C. distans and C. binervis, and have followed Hooker in uniting them. 22. C. præcox, spikelets approximate, sterile one single, fer- tile ones 2–3, ovate, very shortly pedunculate, sheaths of the foliaceous bracteas almost none; fruit ovate acute, pubescent ; glumes ovate-acute, a little shorter than the fruit. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 267. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 994. E. B. t. 1099 C. montana, Lightf. p. 551. HAB. Hilly pastures, common. King's Park, Mr Neill. May. 4. Vernal Carex.-Root creeping. Culms 3–8 inches high, triangular, gla- brous. Leaves linear, broadish for their length, acute, shorter than the culm, rough at the margin and keel. Fertile spikelets ovate, dense, erect, the lowest one furnished with a foliaceous bractea, which rarely rises higher than the culm. Fruit subtriquetrous, not bifid at the apex, pu- bescent. 23. C. piluliferà, spikelets approximate, sterile one single, linear, fertile ones roundish, sessile, approximate ; glume mu- cronate, as long as the roundish, acute, pubescent fruit; culms weak. Lightf. p. 554. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 995. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 267. E. B. t. 885. HAB. Moist hilly pastures and moors. King's Park, and Bevelaw Burn, Maughan. Braid Hill, Dr Graham. June. 4. Round-fruited Carex.-Root fibrous. Culms mostly weak and curved, 4-12 inches high, triangular, sometimes glabrous, at others roughish towards the top. Leaves shorter than the culm, narrow, linear. Fertile spikelets 2-3, brownish green, ovate-acute when in flower, becoming round in fruit. Bracteas foliaceous, linear-setaceous, the lowest never so long as the spike. Fruit becoming blackish, beak short, acute, entire. 24. C. panicea, sterile spikelets single, fertile ones 2–3, re- mote, oblongo-cylindrical, pedunculate; sheaths of the foliaceous bracteas shorter than the peduncles ; fruit rather distant, ovate, inflated, obtuse, with a very minute entire beak. Lightf CAREX. MONECIA. TRIANDRIA. 197 a p. 558. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 998. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 267. E. B. t. 1505. Hab. Bogs and marshy meadows, very common. June. 4. Pink-leaved Carex.-Root creeping. Culm about a foot high, erect, trian- gular, glabrous. Leaves very glaucous, shorter than the culm, linear- acuminate, roughish at the margin and keel. Occasionally there are 2 sterile spikelets. Fertile spikelets mostly 2, but not unfrequently 3, on peduncles about an inch in length, sheathed mostly about one-half, or rather less by the bracteas, the lowermost of which, rises as high as the spikelet it belongs to. Fruit rather lax, glabrous. Glumes ovate, obtuse, shorter than the fruit. 25. C. recurva, sterile spikelet single (sometimes 2), fertile ones oblongo-cylindrical, dense, pedunculate, at length pendu- lous; sheaths of the foliaceous bracteas scarcely any; fruit ovato- globose, pubescent, as long as the glumes. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 268. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 999. E. B. t. 1506. HAB. Wet moors, and marshy pastures. King's Park; and Pentland Hills, abundant. June. 4. Glaucous Heath Carex.-Root very creeping. Culms a foot high or more, triquetrous, glabrous. Leaves very glaucous, rather broad for their length, shorter than the culm, rough at the margin and keel. Sterile spikelet an inch long, linear. Fertile ones densely imbricated with the roundish, somewhat obtuse fruit. Fruit pubescent, becoming at length nearly black, and, from being much crowded, rendering the glumes hori. zontal, the mucronate points of which give then a peculiar character to the spikelets. ++ Stigmas 2. 26. C. cæspitosa, digynous; sterile spikelet single, fertile ones 2–3, subsessile, oblongo-cylindrical, obtuse ; bracteas fo- liaceous, auricled at the base ; fruit persistent, broadly ellipti- cal, longer than the black glumes. Lightf. p. 560. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 1000. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 268. E. B. t. 1507. . HAB. Bogs and marshy pastures, very common. June. 2. Tufted Bog Carex.—Root very creeping. Culms 8–16 inches high, slender, triangular, roughish at the angles. Leaves somewhat glaucous, erect, as long as the culm, very narrow. Sterile spikelet an inch long, linear, (some- times there are 2); fertile ones either approximate or remote, densely im. bricated with the fruit Fruit broad, compressed, glabrous, at first pale green, at length blackish, persistent. Glumes roundish-ovate, very ob- tuse, black, much shorter than the fruit. 27. C. stricta, digynous; sterile spikelet single (sometimes 2), fertile ones 2–3, cylindrical, subacuminate, subsessile, bracteas foliaceous, imperfectly auricled at the base; fruit deciduous, broadly ovate, compressed; culm very scabrous at the angles. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 268. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 1000. E. B. t. 914. C. cæspitosa, b, Lightf. p. 561. HAB. Bogs and marshes, and stream-sides. Banks of the Water of Leith above Currie, Maughan Marsh a little W. of N. Queensferry, G. Don. May, June. 2. 198 MONECIA TRIANDRIA. CAREX. Glaucous straight-leaved Carex.-Root very much creeping. Leaves 1-2 feet high or more, acutely triangular, and very scabrous. Leaves erect, nearly as long as the culm, very rough at the keel and margin. Sterile spikelet 1-2 inches long, not unfrequently there are 2 ; fertile ones 1-2 inches long, mostly somewhat elongate and acuminate, but sometimes cylindri- cal, and quite obtuse; this happens especially when there are no sterile flowers at the apex, which is sometimes the case. Bracteas rather short, either with small auricles at their base, or with the auricles prolonged in- to a scariose margin a short way up the bractea, or wanting altogether. Fruit and glumes much resembling the preceding, except that the latter are more lanceolate. ** Sterile spikelets several ; (in C. lævigata mostly solitary). + Stigmas 2 28. C. acuta, digynous; sterile spikelets 2–3, fertile ones long, cylindrical, the uppermost mostly sterile at the apex, erect when in fruit; fruit densely imbricate, ovate-acute, entire at the apex. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 269. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 1001. E. B. t. 580. HAB. Moist meadows and marshes. Duddingston Loch, on the south side, Mr Neill. Rosslyn woods. May. 4. Slender-spiked Carex.—Root creeping. Culms erect, 1-3 feet high, triangu- lar, the angles very acute and scabrous. Leaves varying in length, as well as the stem, rather bright green, erect, drooping at the summit, rough at the margin and keel. Fertile spikelets remote, drooping while in flower, at length erect, 1-2 inches long, subsessile, or the lower one on a short peduncle. Fruit compressed, glabrous, striate. Glumes oblong, scarcely acute, dark brown or blackish, with a green keel, shorter than the fruit. ++ Stigmas 3. 29. C. paludosa, glumes of the sterile spikelets obtuse, those of the fertile ones acutely lanceolate ; bracteas sheathless, long and foliaceous; fruit ovate-acute, very slightly bidentate at the apex. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 269. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 1002. . E. B. t. 807. C. acuta, ß, Lightf. p. 566. HAB. Marshes ; pond and stream-sides, common. May. 4. Lesser common Carex.-Root creeping. Culm about 2 feet high, erect, tri- angular, scabrous. Leaves glaucous, broad, erect, mostly shorter than the culm, rough at the keel and margin. Sterile spikelets commonly 3; fertile ones about the same number, shortly pedunculate, oblong, and ob- tuse or acute (as Dr Goodenough observes), according to the absence or presence of a few sterile flowers at the apex. Fruit very distinct from the following, in being shorter, less acuminate, and in having the apex only minutely toothed, instead of being forked. 30. C. riparia, glumes of the sterile spikelets acuminate, those of the fertile ones lanceolato-mucronate; bracteas sheath- less, long and foliaceous; fruit oblongo-acute, forked at the apex. Hook, Fl. Scot. p. 269. Smith, Fl. Brit. 1003. E. B. t. 579. C. acuta, Lightf. p. 565. Hab. Marshes, and by ponds and rivers, common. May. 4. Great common Carex.-Root creeping. Culms erect, stout, 2-3 feet high, triangular, very acute at the angles, and excessively scabrous. Leaves CAREX. MONECIA. TRIANDRIA. 199 broad, erect, glaucous, very scabrous at the keel and margin, nearly as long as the culm. Sterile spikelets robust, about 3, triquetrous, crowded ; fertile ones 2–3, robust, 1-2 inches long, oblongo-cylindrical, the 2 lower ones pedunculate, the rest subsessile. Fruit densely imbricate, the teeth at the apex mostly divaricate. 31. C. lavigata, bracteas foliaceous, with sheaths shorter than the peduncles ; sterile spikelets 1-2, fertile ones 3–5, somewhat drooping, oblong-cylindrical ; fruit ovate, triquetrous, with a , long bifid beak; glumes all mucronate. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 269. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 1005. E. B. t. 1387. . . HAB. Bogs and marshy meadows. Cardenden, 4 miles NW. from Kirk caldy, Mr Chalmers. June. 4. Smooth-stalked beaked Carex.-Root fibrous. Culms erect, 2-3 feet high, tri- quetrous, glabrous. Leaves broad, erect, bright green, glabrous. Brac- teas foliaceous, as long as the culm, scabrous at the margin towards the summits. Fertile spikelets remote, pedunculate. Fruit ovato-lanceolate, triquetrous, not inflated, attenuated to a long, deeply bifid beak. Glumes lanceolate, with a scabrous, mucronate point, as long as, or a little shorter than the fruit. 32. C. ampullacea, fertile spikes suberect, long, cylindrical, the upper ones subsessile, the lower ones pedunculate; bracteas long, foliaceous, almost sheathless; fruit ovato-globose, inflated, with a subulate, minutely bifid beak Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 270. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 1006. E. B. t. 780. C. vesicaria, Lightf. p. 566. a Hab. Bogs and marshy meadows, frequent. Duddingston Loch ; Mea- dowbank; marsh above Queensferry, Mr Neill. Hunter's Bog, Dr Graham. Pentland Hills, and Ravelrig-toll Moss, frequent. June. 4. Small-fruited Bladder Carex.—Roots creeping. Culms 1-2 feet high, erect, triangular, glabrous as far upwards as the lower spikelet. Leaves erect, narrow, longer than the culm, rough at the keel and margin. Bracteas foliaceous, rising above the culm. Sterile spikelets 3-4, filiform, approxi- mate. Fertile ones 2-3, cylindrical, crowded with fruit, suberect, remote. Fruit yellowish, pale, patent, very dense, numerous, roundish, inflated, terminating rather suddenly in a subulate apex, which is slightly bifid. 33. C. vesicaria, fertile spikelets oblong or cylindrical, the uppermost subsessile, the lower ones pedunculate; bracteas long, foliaceous, sheathless; fruit patent, inflated, oblong, with a su- bulate, bifid beak. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 269. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 1005. E. B. t. 779. C. inflata, Lightf. p. 567. Hab. Bogs, and marshy meadows and woods. Ravelrig-toll Moss. June. 2. Large-fruited Bladder Carex.—Root creeping. Culms 1-2 feet high or more, acutely triangular, scabrous. Leaves very long, rising above the culm, rough at the margin and keel; when growing in water they are broader, and sometimes twice the height of the culm, when they are also glau- cous. Bracteas rising higher than the culm. Sterile spikelets 2-3, fili- form, approximate ; fertile ones erect, 2-4, mostly oblong, but sometimes 2 inches long, and cylindrical, remote, pedunculate, except the upper- most. Fruit tawny, closely imbricate, but not so crowded as the pre- ceding, oblong, ending in an acute, subulate, bifid point. Glumes lanceo- late, as in the preceding.--I have a curious variety of this plant, with 200 MONECIA. TETRANDRIA. LITTONELLA 5 or 6 fertile spikelets, the only sterile flowers being on the terminal spikelet at the apex; the spikelets are all approximate, and the terminal one 3 inches long; the lower bractea 2 feet long; all the leaves glau- cous. The peculiar characters of this variety were general over a large patch by the side of the lower fish-pond in the park at Ashbourne in Derbyshire. 34. C. hirta, hairy; fertile spikelets remote, oblong, erect, pedunculate; bracteas foliaceous, with sheaths half the length of the peduncles; glumes mucronate, about as long as the ovate- acuminate, hairy fruit. Lightf. p. 568. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 1007. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 270. E. B. t. 685. HAB. Bogs and moist woods. King's Park, Mr Yalden. Hunter's Bog, Mr Neill. Leith Links, Dr Graham. Corstorphine Hill. June. 2. Hairy Carex.—Root creeping. Culms erect, 1-2 feet high, triangular, sub- glabrous up to the lower spikelet. Leaves rather broad, pubescent, rough at the margin and keel. Bracteas scarcely rising higher than the culm. Sterile spikelets 2–3, oblong, subapproximate ; fertile ones 2-3, distant. Fruit hairy, with a bifid beak. Glumes glabrous, sometimes longer, sometimes shorter, than the fruit. 35. C. filiformis, sterile, spikelets terminal, filiform, fertile ones remote, ovate or oblong, subsessile ; bracteas foliaceous, setaceous, subequal to the culm ; fruit ovate-acute, bifid at the apex, very pubescent; glumes dark, mucronate. Hook. FI. Scot. p. 270. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 1008. E. B. t. 904. C. to- mentosa, Lightf. p. 553. HAB. Bogs and marshes, rare. Ravelrig-toll Moss, in the watery spots, very plentiful. June. 4. Slender-leaved Carex.—Root creeping. Culms erect, 1-3 feet high, slender, triquetrous, subglabrous. Leaves as long as the culm, erect, very nar- row, terminating in a long setaceous summit. Sterile spikelets 2-3, ap- proximate ; fertile ones 1-3, brown, erect. Glumes very dark, with a green keel, which generally terminates in a scabrous mucronate point. -A rare Carex, and found in the above station about the middle of the - moss. III. TETRANDRIA. 7. LITTORELLA. (Nat. Ord. PLANTAGINEÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 209.) 1. L. lacustris. Lightf. p. 571. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 1011. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 271. E. B. t. 468. . HAB. Margin of lakes, and spots under water part of the year. Marsh on Dunearn Hill, Mr Neill. Pool on Guillon Links, Dr Graham. July, August. 4. Plantain Shoreweed.-Glabrous. Leaves all radical, linear, semicylindrical and fleshy, 1-2 inches long. Scapes several, 1-2 inches long, bearing sterile or stameniferous flowers. Calyx 4-leaved. Corolla with the tube inflated, and a 4-partite limb. Filaments of the 4 stamens long, weak, CERATOPHYLLUM. MONCIA. POLYANDRIA. 201 Fertile flowers sessile, in the axils of the leaves, the germen inclosed by a rather irregularly-3-cleft perianth. Style long, filiform. 8. ALNUS. (Nat. Ord. SALICINÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 200.) 1. A. glutinosa, leaves roundish-cuneiform, obtuse, lobed, serrate, somewhat glutinous, downy in the axils of the veins beneath. Lightf. p. 576. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 271. Betula Alnus, Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 1013. E. B. t. 1508. . HAB. Moist-woods, stream-sides, and bogs, common. May. h. Common Alder.–A tolerably large tree, with a brown rough bark, and red wood. Leaves alternate, petiolate, glabrous, deep green, glutinous as well as the young branches, beneath paler, and ribbed with prominent veins. Flowers in aments (catkins), on branched peduncles. Stamenife- rous ament cylindrical, pendulous, each floret with a calyx and corolla, the latter 4-cleft. Stamens 4, on very short filaments. Pistiliferous ament small, ovate, fine red, each floret with a simple perianth, the scales red. p. 1015. 9. URTICA. (Nat. Ord. URTICEÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 202.) 1. U. urens, leaves opposite, elliptical, about 5-ribbed ; clus- ters of flowers nearly simple. Lightf. p. 578. Smith, Fl. Brit. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 271. E. B. t. 1236. HAB. Road-sides and waste places, very common. July-September. O. Small Nettle.—Stems 12-18 inches high. Leaves bright green, plentifully armed with offending bristles. Stipules minute, reflexed. Clusters of flowers scarcely longer than the petiols. 2. U. dioica, leaves opposite, cordate-acuminate ; clusters of flowers mostly in pairs, much branched. Lightf. p. 578. Smith, p Fl. Brit. p. 1016. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 271. E. B. t. 1750. . HAB. Waste places, very common. July, August. 4. Great Nettle.—Root creeping. Stems 3-4 feet high. Leaves petiolate, sca- brous, armed with stinging bristles. Stipules ovate, erect. Sufficiently distinguished from the preceding by the much branched clusters of flowers.—The young shoots in spring are not unfrequently gathered by the country people to make nettle-kail. IV. POLYANDRIA. 10. CERATOPHYLLUM. (Nat. Ord. Situation uncertain, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 297.) 1. C. demersum, fruit with three spines. Lightf. p. 580. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 1020. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 272. E. B. t. 947. Hab. In ponds and ditches. Canonmills Loch, 1809, abundant, Mr Neill. July. *4. Common Hornwort.- Whole plant under water. Stem slender, long, much branched. Leaves whorled, linear, dichotomous, the segments setaceous, serrate. Flowers axillary, sessile, minute, with sessile anthers.-Differs from C. demersum solely in the armed fruit. 202 MYRIOPHYLLUM. MONCIA. POLYANDRIA. 11. MYRIOPHYLLUM. (Nat. Ord. HALORAGEÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 258.) 1. M. spicatum, flowers whorled, forming an interrupted leafless spike. Lightf: p. 581. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 1021. Hook. . Fl. Scot. p. 272. E. B. t. 83. HAB. Ponds and ditches, frequent. Duddingston Loch, Mr Neill. July, August. 4. Spiked Water Milfoil.–Plant immersed in the water except the spike. Stem slender, long, branched. Leaves 4, whorled, spreading, finely pectinate. Spikes erect, terminal, composed of 6-8 whorls of flowers, the lowermost pistilliferous. Stamens longer than the small red petals. Stigma villose. 12. ARUM. (Nat. Ord. AROIDEÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 190.) 1. A. maculatum, leaves all radical, hastato-sagittate, lobes deflexed; spadix club-shaped, obtuse, shorter than the spatha. Lightf. p. 528. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 1024. Hook. Fl. Scot. . p. 272. E. B: t. 1298. Hab. Woods and hedges, rare about Edinburgh. Woods at Dalhousie, abundant; and at Bogsmill near Slateford, Maughan. April. 2. Cuckow-pint or Wake-Robin.-Root tuberous. Plant glabrous. Leaves all . radical, large, shining, sometimes spotted. Spatha large, 6–8 inches high, or more in shady places, pale green, very concave, the margins convolute, the summit acute. Spadix long, fine purple or deep carmine; at its base are the germens and sessile anthers. Fruit bright scarlet ber- ries on a blunt spike, ripening after the leaves and spatha are passed away.-Plant excessively acrid, but the roots afford a farinaceous nour- ishment when properly prepared, which is sold in some parts of Eng- land. 13. QUERCUS. (Nat. Ord. CORYLACEÆ, Hook. Scot. p. 2. 195.) 1. Q. Robur, leaves deciduous, obovate-oblong, sinuate and lobed, their sinuses rather acute, the lobes obtuse; fruit-stalks elongated. Lightf. p. 581. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 1026. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 273. E. B. t. 1342. HAB. Woods and hedge-rows, frequent. h. Common British Oak.—A noble tree with spreading branches, a rough bark, and very hard wood. Leaves alternate, subsessile, glabrous, shining above, the number and form of the lobes varying. Flowers in axillary racemes, the stameniferous ones pendulous, yellow, many-flowered; the pistilliferous ones on long, about 3-flowered peduncles. Fruit the well- known acorn, which is contained in a beautiful receptacle, the acorn-cup of poetic celebrity, from which it is deciduous.-An extensively useful tree. 2. Q. sessiliflora, leaves deciduous, petiolate, oblong, sinuate and lobed, the sinuses subopposite and somewhat acute; fruit sessile. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 273. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 1026. E. B. t. 1845. HAB. Woods, Rosslyn woods, Maughan. h. Sessile-fruited Oak.-A large tree, but much inferior in hardness of wood to . CASTANEA. MONECIA. POLYANDRIA. 203 the preceding. Leaves on longer petiols than the preceding, and more regularly lobed ; but it is quite sufficient to notice the fruit, whose re- ceptacles are perfectly sessile. 14. CASTANEA. (Nat. Ord. CORYLACEÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 196.) 1. C. vulgaris, leaves oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, mucro- nato-serrate, glabrous on each side. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 273. Fagus Castanea, Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 1027. E. B. t. 886. Hab. Plantations. May. h. Spanish Chesnut-tree.—A beautiful tree, growing, if unmolested, to a prodi- gious size. Bark deeply cleft. Leaves glabrous, petiolate. Flowers in racemes ; sterile ones on racemes, 5–7 inches long, pendulous ; fertile ones on separate racemes. Fruit large, prickly ; seeds mostly 2.-Fruit the well-known chesnuts of the dessert in this country, and used as regular food in the south of Europe. 15. FAGUS. (Nat. Ord. CORYLACEÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 196.) 1. F. sylvatica, leaves ovate, glabrous, obsoletely dentate, ci- liate. Lightf: p. 584. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 1028. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 274. E. B. t. 1846. . HAB. Woods and plantations, frequent. The Meadows, Mr Neill. May. h. Beech-tree.—A large, handsome, spreading tree, with a smooth, entire bark. Leaves alternate, very numerous, shining. Sterile flowers in a small, axil- lary, pedunculate, villous head. Stamens 5-12. Fertile flowers terminal, shortly pedunculate. Fruit covered with a somewhat prickly brown, simple fringe. 16. BETULA. (Nat. Ord. SALICINÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 201.) 1. B. alba, leaves ovato-deltoid, acute, doubly serrate, gla- brous. Lightf. p. 572. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 1012. Hook. Fl. . Scot. p. 274. E. B. t. 2198. Common Birch.—A moderate-sized tree, with a white bark, which peels off in thin layers. Branches very slender, and often drooping gracefully. Leaves small, scarcely an inch long, petiolate, subpubescent beneath, especially when young. Flowers in drooping aments (catkins); sterile ones the longest, cylindrical, yellow ; fertile ones not an inch long, on short peduncles, green. 17. CARPINUS. (Nat. Ord. CORYLACEÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 196.) 1. C. Betulus, scales or bracteas of the fruit plane, oblong, serrated, 2-lobed at the base. Lightf. p. 585. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 1029. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 274. E. B. t. 2032. Hab. Woods and hedges, occasionally. Hedges about Rosslyn. May. h. Hornbeam.—A small tree, with the habit (as Smith observes) of an Elm. Leaves alternate, petiolate, ovate, acute, doubly serrate, glabrous, ribbed with parallel veins. Sterile flowers in pendulous catkins, yellowish, with ovate scales; anthers 8–12. Fertile flowers in terminal clusters, at the base of the scale-like bracteas, the styles 2. Bracteas enlarging as the 204 SALIX. DIRECIA. DIANDRIA. fruit advances, in the form of a solitary ovate nut, enveloped by the an- gular perianth. p. 1030. 18. CORYLUS. (Nat. Ord. CORYLACEÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 195.) 1. C. Avellana, stipules oblong, obtuse ; leaves roạndish- cordate, acute; “ involucre of the fruit campanulate, rather spreading, lacerate.” (Hook.) Lightf. p. 586. Smith, Fl. Brit. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 275. E. B. t. 723. Hab. Woods and hedges, very common. March, April. h. Hazel-nut Tree.—A small tree. Young branches hairy. Leaves alternate, on short petiols, roughish, coming out after the flowers. Sterile flowers in drooping catkins 1-2 inches long, the stamens which accompany each scale about 8. Fertile flowers in small, sessile, scaly, bud-like involucres, the styles about 12, exserted at the apex, fine crimson. Fruit the well- known hazel-nut, deciduous from the involucre. 19. PINUS. (Nat. Ord. CONIFERÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 194.) 1. P. sylvestris, leaves in pairs, rigid ; çones ovate-conical, acute, cernuous as long as the leaves, 1-3 together. Lightf. p. 587. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 1031. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 275. E. B. t. 2460. Hab. Forests, but about Edinburgh in plantations. May. h. Scotch Fir.—A magnificent tree in the Highlands, where it is truly wild, and differing as much from the formal ornament of the plantation, as the hardy mountaineer from the sedentary mechanic of a crowded city. Trunk reddish brown, the bark scaling off in thickish plates. Branches sent off at regular intervals. Leaves evergreen, but of a melancholy hue. Sterile flowers yellow, in a densely spiked catkin. Anthers sessile, with a profusion of pollen. Cones tessellated, tuberculate.—The only native species. Splinters of the wood used by the Highlanders in the place of candles, the younger individuals of a family holding them in turn. XXII. DIECIA. I. DIANDRIA. 1. SALIX * (Nat. Ord. SALICINÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 196.) * Leaves serrate, smoothish. 1. S. Lambertiana, monandrous, erect; leaves obovato-lan- ceolate, serrate, glabrous ; stipules none ; germens shortly * As I have not such authentic specimens of many Salices as I could wish, the following characters and descriptions chiefly rest on the authority of Sir J. E. Smith and Professor Hooker. SALIX. DICCIA . DIANDRIA 205 Scot. p. ovate, very pubescent, sessile; stigma nearly sessile. Hook. Fl. , 278. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 1041. E. B. t. 1359. HAB. Banks of streams. Banks of the Water of Leith. Above Colt- bridge. Banks of the Esk above Musselburgh, Maughan. April. h. Boyton Willow.—A small tree about 10 feet high. Leaves alternate or somewhat opposite, broadly lanceolate, on very short petiols, serrate to- wards the apex, and glaucous beneath. Catkins cylindrical, about ths of an inch long, the scales orbicular, blackish.—Dr Hooker thinks S. pur- purea, Helix, and the present one, varieties of the same species. 2. S. triandra, triandrous; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute, serrate, glabrous ; germens pedicellate, oblong-ovate, glabrous , as well as the scale, the stigmas sessile, bifid. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 278. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 1044. E. B. t. 1435. . HAB. Marshes and banks of streams. Near Craigerook, Maughan. April, May. h. Short-leaved triandrous Willow.—A large tree, if unmolested, but, from its usefulness, generally cut down annually. Bark of the trunk and branches scaling off; the young branches even. Leaves 2-3 inches long, closely serrate, “ linear-oblong” (Sm.) perfectly glabrous on each side, bright green above, glaucous beneath. Stipules ovate, oblique, crenate, at length rounded and deflexed. Catkins yellow, erect, cylindrical, the scales yel- low, obovate, obtuse, villose. Stigmas spreading, cleft. 3. S. decipiens, leaves lanceolate, serrate, very glabrous, the petiols subglandular ; germens attenuate, pedicellate; branches smooth, and highly polished. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 279. Smith, E. B. t. 1937. HAB. Moist woods. Colinton woods, Maughan. May. h. White Welch or Varnished Willow.“ A small tree of handsome growth, readily known by the very smooth, shining bark of its last-year's shoots, which is of a light reddish-brown, or clay-colour, appearing as if varnish- ed; the young twigs are often beautifully stained with crimson.” (Sm.) Leaves lanceolate, acuminate, serrate; those of the small flowering branches obtuse, nearly obovate, and recurved, except the terminal one. Sterile catkins yellow, cylindrical, the scales oblong. Germen pedicellate, glabrous. 4. S. Russelliana, leaves lanceolate, tapering at each extre- mity, strongly serrate, glabrous, the petiols.glandular; germens pedicellate, oblong-subulate, glabrous, style elongate ; scales lanceolate, narrow, slightly ciliate. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 279. Smith, Fl. Brit. P: 1045. E. B. t. 1808. HAB. Marshes and willow-grounds. Common near Edinburgh, Maughan. Duddingston Loch, Mr Bainbridge. April, May. h. Bedford Willow.–A tall tree of quick growth. Branches flexible and shining. Leaves petiolate, long, shining, glabrous, glaucous beneath. Stipules small, semi-cordate, toothed. Fertile catkins long, lax, erect, greenish. Germen much longer than the scale. 5. S. fragilis, leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute, serrate, gla- brous; germens shortly pedicellate, ovate-oblong, glabrous, style elongate ; scales pubescent, and much ciliate. Lightf: 206 Salix. DIECIA. DIANDRIA. a p. 597. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 1051. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 279. E. B. t. 1807. HAB. Banks of streams and moist hedge-rows. About Edinburgh less frequent than the preceding. Ravelrig-toll, Maughan. April, May. h. Crack Willow.—A large tree with crooked branches. The small branches very brittle at their origin. Leaves petiolate, oblong-lanceolate, acumi- nate, glabrous on both sides, shining above. Stipules semi-cordate, toothed, sometimes wanting. Catkins long, cylindrical, erect, the sterile ones yellow ; fertile ones greenish. Stamens 2-3. Germen scarcely longer than the scale. 6. S. pentandra, pentandrous; leaves obovato-acuminate, glanduloso-crenate, glabrous; germens ovate-oblong, glabrous, subsessile, a little longer than the subpilose scale. Lightf. p.593. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 1046. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 279. E. B. t. 1805. HAB. Moist woods and banks of streams. Banks of the Esk and Water of Leith, and at Ravelrig-toll, Maughan. Rosslyn woods. May, June. h Pentandrous or Sweet Bay Willow.-A handsome, small tree, with smooth, shining branches, and broad, shining, dark green leaves. Leaves shortly petiolate, elliptical-lanceolate, or broadly ovate and acuminate, with yel- low, sweet-scented glands at the margin, glabrous and shining on both sides, but paler beneath. Sterile catkins broad, yellow, lax. Scales as well as in the fertile ones pilose.—Varies with more than 5 stamens when cultivated. 7. S. nigricans, leaves obovate, (elliptical-lanceolate, Sm.) acute, crenato-serrate, glaucous and often downy beneath ; ger- mens pedicellate, lanceolate-subulate, very silky, the styles elongate, stigmas subentire; scales villous. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 280. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 1047. E. B. t. 1213. HAB. Marshes and willow-grounds. Banks of the Esk, G. Don. Craig- crook, Maughan. April, May. n. Dark Broad-leaved Willow.– A small shrubby tree, the branches brittle, with a smooth blackish bark. Leaves about 3 inches long, stoutly petiolate terminating at the petiol in rather a rounded manner, glaucous, and a good deal veined beneath. Stipules large, obliquely cordate, serrate, gla- brous, sometimes wanting. Catkins scarcely an inch long, oblong, the scales obovate-lanceolate, brown. ** Leaves serrate or subentire, more or less hairy or silky. 8. S. arenaria, leaves oblong-lanceolate, entire, downy, espe- cially berieath ; germens sessile, lanceolate, downy, with a very long style, the stigmas linear, often entire. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 283. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 1058. E. B. t. 1809, and accord- ing to Dr Hooker, S. Stuartiana, E. B. t. 2586. Hab. Chiefly on mountains. Colinton woods, rare, G. Don. June. h. Downy Mountain Willow.—“ Plant 1-2 feet high, with a dark brown, glossy bark. Leaves downy or silky, slightly so above, but especially beneath, where they are almost white. Germen with a remarkably long, slender, dark coloured style. Scales almost black, very villous.” Hook.—Sir J. E. Smith quotes S. Lapponum of Lightfoot under S. arenaria. Dr Hooker refers it with a question to S. glauca, which does not grow in this neigh- bourhood. 2 SALIX. 207 DICECIA. DIANDRIA. a. “The 9. S. repens, “monadelphous; leaves elliptic-lanceolate, acute, entire, somewhat downy, glaucous, and generally very silky be- neath ; germens pedicellate, lanceolate, very silky, the styles short, with bifid stigmas; stems more or less procumbent." Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 284. “ leaves entire, elliptic-lanceolate, submucronulate, nearly naked above, glaucous and silky beneath, stem depressed.” Sm. S. repens, Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 1061. E. B. t. 183. S. arena- ria, Lightf. p. 604. B. “ leaves somewhat toothed, elliptic-oblong, acute, glabrous above, glaucous beneath and silky; petiols attenuated.” (Sm.) S. fusca, Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 1060. E. B. t. 183. HAB. Moors, heaths, and bogs, common. a. Drumshoreland Muir ; Ravelrig-toll Moss; Pentland Hills. B. Ravelrig-toll Moss, Maughan. May. h. Dwarf Silky Willow.—Plant with a dwarf, mostly subprocumbent habit, seldom rising higher than 2 feet, frequently only a few inches. leaves in all are smoothish above, with prominent nerves beneath; the catkins are oblong, and differ in no respect, be the leaves ever so va- riable.” Hook. The leaves vary from lanceolate to ovate-elliptical, al ways more or less silky beneath. Having been so frequently perplexed in finding characters between S. re- pens, S. adscendens, S. parvifolia, and S. fusca, of E. B., I have examined these plants and their varieties with more care than many other species, and cannot but concur with Dr Hooker in their reduction. That author has also brought S. argentea under his S. repens ; it is the only one of which I am doubtful. 10. S. cinerea, leaves obovate-elliptical, slightly downy above, beneath pubescent, glaucous, reticulated with veins, recurved at the margin ; stipules semi-cordate; “ germen pedicellate, lanceolate-subulate, silky, the style short, with subentire stig- mas.” Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 284. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 1063. E. B. . t. 1897., and, according to Dr Hooker, S. aquatica, E. B. t. 1437. and S. oleifolia, E. B. t. 1402. HAB. Banks of streams, moist woods, and willow-grounds. Ravelrig- toll Moss, Maughan. Rosslyn woods. April. h. Grey Willow.—A small tree, 12-20 feet high, with smooth branches, the youngest ones pubescent. Leaves obovato-lanceolate or somewhat ob- long, acute, glaucous beneath, reticulated, and hairy. The differences between the above quoted species, are, that S. aquatica has the leaves somewhat broader, less thick and downy, and more pliable, and the cat- kins not so large as in S. cinerea. S. oleifolia has the catkins larger than either, the leaves less inclined to lanceolate, and the stipules, which in the other two are semi-cordate, are here smaller and roundish; it is also a more early plant in flowering. These variations, which are col. lected from E. B. are surely not sufficient to designate species *. * The following are Sir J. E. Smith's characters for the three species : S. cinerea, leaves slightly serrated, obovato-lanceolate, underneath reticulated with veins, glaucous, downy; stipules semi-cordate, serrate. S. aquatica, leaves slightly serrated, obovato-elliptical, downy, flat, rather glaucous beneath; stipules rounded, toothed. S. oleifolia, 208 DICCIA. DIANDRIA. SALIX 11. S. capræd, leaves ovate, acute, the margin serrate and waved, downy and reticulated beneath ; stipules semi-cordate ; germens pedicellate, lanceolate-subulate, silky, the stigma ses- sile, undivided. Lightf. p. 607. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 1067. , . . . Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 286. E. B. t. 1488. Hab. Woods and thickets, mostly in a dry soil. Very common. April, May. h. Great round-leaved Sallow.-A small tree, if allowed to grow; the youngest branches pubescent. Leaves large, broadly ovate, waved at the margin, and whitish and very downy beneath, above subglabrous. Stipules semi- cordate or roundish, recurved, less tomentose beneath than the leaves. Catkins ovate, large; the sterile ones very yellow; the fertile ones green. Scales obovate, very pilose, shorter than the pedicellate fruit. 12. S. acuminata, leaves lanceolate-oblong, pointed, waved, slightly toothed, downy beneath ; stipules reniform; fruit ovate, tapering. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 286. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 1068. . E. B. t. 1434. HAB. Moist woods and hedges. Banks of the Esk, near Musselburgh ; and in Colinton woods by the river-side, Maughan. April, May. n. Long-leaved Sallow.—A small tree, with the habit of the preceding, accord- ing to Smith, but less. Youngest branches somewhat silky. Leaves 3 inches long, rather ovate-oblong, bright green and glabrous above, to- mentose beneath. Catkins oblong-cylindrical, obtuse, the scales ovate, hairy. Fruit on a long pedicel, pubescent; style short, with an obtuse, ündivided stigma. 13. S. mollissima; leaves lanceolate, obscurely crenate, whitish and silky beneath; stipules small, acute, semi-cordate at the base ; germens lanceolato-subulate, very silky, shortly pedicel- late, the style elongate, with deeply divided (mostly entire, Hook.) stigmas. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 287. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 1070. E. B. t. 1509. HAB. Banks of streams and osier-grounds. Banks of the Esk, above Musselburgh, Maughan. April. h. Silky-leaved Willow.—Branches erect, wand-like, reddish, smooth, when very young, pubescent. Leaves shortly petiolate, lanceolate or ovato- lanceolate, acuminate ; green and glabrous above, silky beneath, and soft to the touch, veiny. Fertile catkins ovate, small and sessile, the scales obovate, brown, very hairy. Stigmas linear, divided to the base. -Said to be a useless plant. 14. S. viminalis, leaves linear-lanceolaté, obscurely crenate, white and silky beneath ; stipules small, sublanceolate ; branches straight, slender; germens subsessile, lanceolate-subulate, with an elongate style, and long linear entire stigmaš. Lightf. p. 608. S. oleifolia, leaves obovato-lanceolate, flat, minutely indented, acute, under- neath glaucous and hairy ; stipules small , notched. It will be perceived, that the differential characters are very slight, de- pending on a little difference in the form of the leaves, (which often vary ex- ceedingly in the same species), the degree of serrature at the margin, and a small difference in those variable organs, the stipules. 3 EMPETRUM. DIECIA. TRIANDRIA. 209 Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 1070. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 287. E. B. t. 1898. HAB. Marshes and osier-grounds, frequent. Rosslyn, &c. April, May. h Common Osier:-Branches very long, wand-like, silky. Leaves 6-8 inches long, sublinear, almost entire, revolute at the margin, glabrous above, silky beneath. Stipules lanceolate, or wanting. Fertile catkins oblong- cylindrical, about an inch long; scales ovate, rounded, very pilose. Germen with an elongated style ; stigmas slender, acute, entire. --The most useful osier. A large tree when allowed to grow. 15. S. alba, leaves elliptical-lanceolate, acute, regularly glan- duloso-serrate, silky beneath, often also above; germens ovate- acuminate, subsessile, glabrous, the stigmas nearly sessile, short, recurved, bifid. Lightf. p. 610. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 1071. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 287. E. B. t. 2430. S. cærulea, E. B. t. 2431. HAB. Moist coppices and osier-grounds, frequent. Rosslyn woods. May. h. Common white Willow.--A large tree of rapid growth. Youngest branches silky. Leaves shortly petiolate, very grey and silvery, the lower serra- tures glandular. Stipules wanting. Catkins terminal, on small lateral shoots, slender, cylindrical, yellowish green, an inch long or more. Scales lanceolate, pubescent. Stamens a little longer than the scales. Germen glabrous.—There can be no question that Dr Hooker is right in identi- fying S. cærulea with this species. The only difference given in Smith's character is, the leaves being at length almost naked beneath. II. TRIANDRIA. 2. EMPETRUM. (Nat. Ord. EMPETREÆ, Nutt.—Situation uncertain, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 297.) 1. E. nigrum, procumbent ; leaves linear-oblong. Lightf. p. 612. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 1072. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 287. E. B. t. 526. HAB. Mountains, frequent. Pentland Hills. May. h. Black Crake-berry.--A low, little, trailing, somewhat shrubby plant, with abundance of small shining leaves. Stems and branches procumbent, reddish, 8-16 inches long. Leaves patent, glabrous, revolute, ciliate only at the margin. Flowers minute, axillary, sessile, rose-coloured, to- wards the summit of the branches. Anthers red. Fruit small berries, black, globular, in dense clusters. Seeds 9.-Berries not poisonous, but not agreeable. III. PENTANDRIA. 3. HUMULUS. (Nat. Ord. URTICEÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 202.) 1. H. Lupulus. Lightf. p. 615. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 1077. Hook. Fl. Scot. E. B. t. 427. p. 288. 0 210 POPULUS. DIECIA. OCTANDRIA. Hab. Hedges. Near Duddingston, Mr Arnott. July. 4. Common Hop.-Stems climbing, annual, very long, angular, and very sca- brous. Leaves cordate, opposite, petiolate, mostly 5-lobed, serrate, sca- brous. Stipules entire, glabrous. Flowers greenish yellow; the fertile ones ovate, pendulous, cone-like catkins, at length scariose.Catkins yield the bitter, requisite for the legal composition of beer. a IV. OCTANDRIA. 4. POPULUS. (Nat. Ord. SALICINÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 200.) I. P. alba, leaves roundish-cordate, lobed and toothed, downy and very white beneath; fertile catkins ovate; stigmas 4. Lightf p. 616. Smith, Fl. Brit, p. 1079. Hook. Fl. Scot. . p. 288. E. B. t. 1618. HAB. Plantations, occasionally about Edinburgh. April. h. Great White Poplar or Abele. A large tree, with a smooth bark, and hori- zontal roots, which throw up numerous young plants. Young branches tomentose. Leaves on longish downy petiols, dark green, glabrous, shining above. Sterile catkins long, cylindrical, the scales jagged in a palmate manner, very pilose. Anthers purple. Fertile catkins about an inch long. 2. P. tremula, leaves nearly orbicular, broadly toothed, gla- brous on both sides, the petiols compressed ; stigmas 4, auricled at the base. Lightf. p. 616. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 1081. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 289. E. B. t. 1909. Hab. Woods and hedges, frequent. Rosslyn woods. April. h. Aspen.—A rather large tree, though sometimes dwarfish, the bark smooth, greyish. Roots running horizontally, and throwing up numerous young plants. Leaves on long petiols, and trembling with the slightest wind. Fertile catkins near 2 inches long ; scales much jagged. Germen roundish; stigmas 4.–From this tree is taken the proverb; “to tremble like an Aspen.” 3. P. nigra, leaves deltoid, acute, serrate, glabrous on both sides ; fertile catkins cylindrical, lax ; stigmas 4. Lightf. p. ; 618. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 1081. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 289. E. B. t. 1910. HAB. Woods and plantations, frequent. Rosslyn woods. April. h. Black Poplar.–A tall tree with a smooth bark; roots not throwing up young plants, like the two preceding species. Leaves glabrous on both sides, dark green, entire at the base, or less serrate than towards the apex. Catkins pendulous, shortly pedunculate. Germen ovate. V. ENNEANDRIA. 5. MERCURIALIS. (Nat. Ord. EUPHORBIACEÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 203.) 1. M. perennis, stem perfectly simple; leaves scabrous; root creeping, perennial. Lightf. p. 620. Smith, Fl. Brit. p 1083 Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 289. E. B. t. 1872. JUNIPERUS. 211 DIECIA. MONADELPHIA. p. HAB. Moist woods and shady places, very common. April, May. 4. Perennial Mercury.-Stems about a foot high, chiefly leafy towards the summit. Leaves ovate, acute, opposite, petiolate, serrate, dark green. Flowers green, very small, in axillary, pedunculate, erect recemes. Fruit setoso-scabrous.—Supposed to be poisonous. 2. M. annua, stem branched, branches opposite ; leaves gla- brous; root fibrous, annual. Lightf. p. Lightf. p. 621. Smith, Fl. Brit. 1084. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 290. E. B. t. 559. HAB. Woods and waste places, not frequent. Burntisland, Lightfoot. August. 0. Annual Mercury.—Glabrous, foetid, dark green. Stem a foot high, more or a less branched. Leaves ovate, acute, serrate. Flowers green, in axillary racemes. Fruit minutely prickly. 6. HYDROCHARIS. (Nat. Ord. HYDROCHARIDEÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 187.) 1. H. Morsus Ranæ. Lightf. p. 622. Smith, Fl. Brit. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 299. E. B. t. 808. HAB. Ditches and lakes, rare. July. 4. Common Frog-bit.—Plant floating, glabrous, stoloniferous, sending down long simple roots into the mud. Leaves petiolate, reniform, entire, mostly purplish beneath. Flowers in a sort of umbel, one flower only expand- ing at a time; the peduncles arising from an erect, 2-leaved, membrana- ceous involucre. Flowers an inch in diameter, beautiful, delicate, white. Petals 3, evanescent. p. 1084. VI. MONADELPHIA. 7. JUNIPERUS. (Nat. Ord. CONIFERÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 195.) 1. J. communis, leaves ternate, spreading, mucronate, longer than the mature fruit. Lightf. p. 613. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 1085. Hook. Fl. Scot. p 290. E. B. t. 1100. HAB. Mountainous heaths. Pentland Hills, abundant. May. h. Common Juniper.-A shrubby plant, 1-4 feet high, with spreading branches, thickly clothed with prickly, linear glabrous leaves. Flowers in very small, sessile, axillary catkins. Berries globose, blueish black, with a peculiar turpentine-like flavour. Seeds 3.—Leaves fragrant when bruised. Berries employed in the distillation of Geneva. XXIII. POLYGAMIA. I. MONECIA. 1. ATRIPLEX. (Nat. Ord. CHENOPODEÆ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 208.) 1. A. portulacoides, stem shrubby ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, 02 212 POLYGAMIA. MONECIA. ATRIPLEX - entire. Lightf. p. 635. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 1090. Hook, FI Scot. p. 291. 291. E. B. t. 261. HAB. Sea-coast, in muddy places, rare. Leith, Sibbald. August. h. Shrubby Orache or Sea Purslane.-Root somewhat creeping. Stem shrubby, 1-2 feet high, quadrangular above, hoary. Leaves opposite, petiolate, varying from lanceolate to obovate-lanceolate, attenuated at the base, silvery white. Flowers yellowish, small, in clusters on lateral short ra- cemes, forming altogether a sort of spiked leafy panicle. 2. A. laciniata, stem herbaceous, diffuse ; leaves ovate-del- toid, angulato-dentate, extremely farinose beneath. Lightf p. 626. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 1090. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 291. E. B. t. 165. HAB. Sea-shores. Beach at Caroline Park; Inchcolm, Mr Neill. New- haven, Sir J. E. Smith. Behind Fisherrow, Maughan. August. O. Frosted Sea-Orache.- Plant hoary and silvery. Stems spreading, often quite procumbent, branched in a flexuose manner, whitish or reddish. Leaves alternate, shortly petiolate, somewhat attenuate towards the petiol, un- equally dentato-laciniate, beautifully frosted. Flowers axillary, 2-3 to- gether. Perianth of the fruit much enlarged, denticulate or tuberculate, enclosing a compressed seed. 3. A. patula, stem herbaceous, with very spreading branches ; , , leaves triangular, prostrate, glabrous above, irregularly toothed ; the upper ones entire ; perianth of the fruit more or less tuber- culate at the sides. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 291. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 1091. E. B. t. 936. A. hastata, Lightf. p. 636. HAB. Waste places, very frequent. Fields about Edinburgh, Mr Neill. July. O Spreading Halbert-leaved Orache.-Stem suberect, much branched in a spread- ing, divaricate manner, sometimes prostrate, often reddish. Branches striate, very long, especially the lowest. Leaves alternate, frosted be- neath, more or less deeply toothed at the margin, very acute. Flowers in small clusters, on long, filiform, interrupted, spiked racemes. Perianth- valves of the fruit triangular, acute, toothed towards the base, and tuber- culate on the sides. Seeds large, dotted. 4. A. angustifoliu, stem herbaceous, spreading ; leaves lan- ceolate, entire, the lower ones somewhat hastate ; perianth of the fruit hastate, slightly tuberculate at the sides. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 291. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 1092. E. B. t. 1774. A. patula, . Lightf. p. 637. HAB. Waste places, frequent. July. Spreading narrow-leaved Orache.—Stems even more divaricate than those of the preceding, 3-4 feet long, of a deep glaucous hue, striated. Lower leaves hastate, but not toothed nor sinuate ; upper ones lanceolate, and likewise quite entire; all spreading horizontally. Valves of the fruit- bearing perianth hastate, or triangular, with an elongate, acute summit, entire at the edge, their disk either quite smooth or scattered with only a few tubercles. Seed but half the size of A. patula._Character and de- scription from Smith. It is doubtfully distinct from the last, and not constant to its characters. . 5. A. littoralis, stem herbaceous, erect; leaves all linear, en- EQUISETUM. CRYPTOGAMIA. EQUISETACEÆ. 213 tire or toothed ; perianth of the fruit sinuate and muricate. Lightf. p. 638. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 1094. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 292. E. B. t. 708. A. marina, Lightf. p. . 637. Hab. Sea-shores. About Dysart Rock, Lightfoot. East of Caroline Park; Guillon Loch, G. Don. July. O. Grass-leaved Sea-Orache.—Stem erect, 1-2 feet high, angular and striate, branched. Leaves linear, petiolate, chiefly glauco-pulverulent beneath, varying considerably in the margin being entire, denticulate, or even sometimes sinuate. Flowers clustered in small, dense, lateral and termi. nal spikes. XXIV. CRYPTOGAMIA *. I. EQUISETACEÆ. Rich. 1. EQUISETUM +. * Fertile stems simple. 1. E. arvense, sterile stems somewhat decumbent, with simple, tetragonous, scabrous branches; fertile ones erect, simple, their sheaths few, cylindrical, inciso-dentate. Lightf. p. 647. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 1103. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 161. E. B. t. 2020 HAB. Moist corn-fields, frequent. Marionville ; Coltbridge field, Mr Neill. April, May. 4. Corn Horsetail.—Root creeping. Fertile stems appearing first, 6–8 inches high, with 3-5 sheaths, the spike ovate, rather large, brown. Sheaths rather remote, furrowed, the teeth brown, long, acute. Sterile stems a foot high or more, jointed, furrowed, scabrous. Branches simple, in whorls. -An injurious weed, very difficult to eradicate. 2. E. fluviatile, sterile stems with very numerous, long, sim- ple, roughish octagonal branches ; fertile ones simple, with many infundibuliform, lacerato-dentate sheaths, their teeth mucronato setaceous. Lightf. p. 649. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 1104 Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 161. E. B. t. 2022. p . HAB. Moist banks and stream-sides. Lower end of Lasswade Paper- mill, Mr Neill. Rosslyn woods. May, June. 4. • In this most extensive and most difficult Linnean Class, so many plants have been discovered of late years, which it is impossible to include with any precision, under the Linnean orders and definitions, that I shall adopt the most approved orders, as they exist in the natural system of Jussieu and others; which will render the study of the intricate genera they contain, in- comparably more easy. Nor, while we retain the name of the class, will 'this plan interfere with the Linnean method, the whole class being truly natural. + The Class Cryptogamia in Dr Hooker's Flora Scotica forms the commence- ment of the second part, which contains a natural arrangement of Scottish plants. It is unnecessary, therefore, to continue the references to the Natural Orders in that work, as the synonyme will be sufficient; except when I may happen to differ from the author. 214 CRYPTOGAMIA. EQUISETACEÆ. EQUISETUM. Great Water Horsetail.-Fertile stems appearing first, a foot high, very ro- a bust, terminated by an oblong spike, 2 inches long or more; sheaths nu- merous, imbricated below. Sterile stems 2-5 feet high, sometimes near an inch in diameter at the base, with a great number of joints, and a profusion of long, simple, verticillate branches. 3. E. hyemale, stems all simple, erect, closely scabrous, the sheaths short, whitish, black at the base and margin, which is at length crenate. Lightf. p. 650. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 1105. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 161. E. B. t. 915. HAB. Marshy woods. Rosslyn and Colinton woods, Maughan. Dal- keith, and between Lasswade and Mavis Bank, Sir J. E. Smith, July, August. 4. Rough Horsetail.–Root creeping. Stems divided at the very base beneath the surface of the ground, 1-2 feet high, perfectly simple, terminating in a small oval head, scarcely more than half an inch long; furrowed, the ribs close and very scabrous, which is most evident when rubbed with a hard substance. Sheaths nearly equidistant, about an inch and a half asunder.—This species contains more silex beneath its delicate epi- dermis than any other, and is consequently most employed in polishing hard wood, ivory, and even brass. The silex is so abundant, that the vegetable matter may be destroyed, and the form retained, as was effect- ed by Mr Sivright *. ** Fertile stems more or less branched. 4. E. limosum, stems branched upwards, (sometimes simple), the branches few, short, simple, pentagonous, glabrous ; spike , oblong. Lightf. p. 648. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 1105. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 161. E. B. t. 929. Hab. Marshes and ditches, frequent. Rosslyn, Mr Neill. Dudding ston Loch, Mr Yalden. Ravelrig-toll Moss, abundant. June, July. 4. Smooth naked Horsetail.—Stems 1-2 feet high, erect, furrowed, perfectly gla- brous, with numerous, short, cylindrical sheaths, with short, blackish, acute teeth. Branches are not unfrequently wanting altogether, and when they are present, they are usually short, unequal in length, and My friend Dr Brewster has obligingly permitted me to consult an un- published paper, written by him on this subject. On subjecting a portion of the cuticle to the analysis of polarized light under a high magnifying power, Dr Brewster detected a beautiful arrangement of the siliceous particles, which are distributed in two lines parallel to the axis of the stem, and extending over the whole surface. The greater number of the particles form simple straight lines, but the rest are “grouped into oval forms, connected together like the jewels of a necklace, by a chain of particles forming a sort of curvi- lineal quadrangle; these rows of oval combinations being arranged in pairs.” Many of those particles which form the straight lines do not exceed the 500th part of an inch in diameter. Dr Brewster also observed the remarkable fact, that each particle has a regular axis of double refraction. In the straw and chaff of wheat, barley, oats, and rye, he noticed analogous phenomena, but the particles were arranged in a different manner, and displayed figures of “ singular beauty.” From these data, the learned Doctor concludes, the crystalline portions of silex, and other earths which are found in vege- table films, are not foreign substances of accidental occurrence, but are inte- gral parts of the plant itself, and probably perform some important function in the processes of vegetable life.” * Brewster, MS. 6 that PILULARIA. CRYPTOGAMIA. MARSILIACEÆ. 215 mostly in imperfect whorls. Spike brown, ovate or oblong, seldom an inch long 5. E. palustre, stems deeply furrowed, glabrous, branched, the branches simple, pentagonous, curved upwards; spike ob- long, blackish. Lightf. p. 648. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 1103. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 161. E. B. t. 2021. HAB. Ditches and marshes, frequent. Duddingston Loch, Mr Bain- bridge. June, July. 4. Marsh Horsetail.–Root creeping. Stems 12–18 inches high, erect, branch- ed, deeply sulcate, roughish. Branches “ minutely granulated in the surface, but scarcely rough to the touch," (Sm.); short, whorled, sub- erect. Spike near an inch long, rather slender, blackish, the scales at length becoming lax and distant. 6. E. sylvaticum, branches of both the sterile and fertile stems compound, curved downwards, scabrous; sheaths deeply cleft into broad membranaceous segments. Lightf. p. 646. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 1102. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 161. E. B. T. 1874. Hab. Woods and moist shady places. Braid Hermitage, Dr Parsons. Rosslyn woods, frequent, Mr Neill. Road-side half a mile east of Ravelrig-toll ; and Pentland Hills by the lower reservoir. April and May. 4. Branched wood Horsetail.—Stems 12–18 inches high, and so well marked by its 4 or 5 whorls of compound branches, that it can be confounded with no other species.--A most elegant plant. II. MARSILIACEÆ. Br. 2. PILULARIA. 1. P. globulifera. Lightf. p. 683. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 1143. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 160. E. B. t. 521. Hab. Marshes, rare. Braid Hill marshes, and Pentland Hills, Mr Ar- nott. June, July. 4. Pill-wort or Pepper-grass.—Stems creeping, tufted, striking roots and throw- ing up leaves at intervals from the same points. Leaves filiform, grass- like, at first convolute, at length straight, erect, 3-4 inches high. Invo- lucres shortly pedunculate, solitary at the base of the leaves, about the size of a small pea, squamoso-hirsute, dark brown, 4-celled. Cells in their upper part containing pyriform bodies, which are regarded as anthers enclosing pollen ; and in their lower part, oval membranaceous germens tipped with a minute stigma, containing numerous sporules intermixed with minute globules.—This most curious plant requires a practised eye to discover it, as it generally grows in marshy places, part of the year under water, and along with grasses and carices, some of whose leaves resemble its own. For farther information respecting its structure, the reader is referred to the best figure and description hitherto published, in the Flora Londinensis, by Dr Hooker. a III. LYCOPODINEÆ. Br. 3. LYCOPODIUM. 1. L. clavatum, stem creeping, the branches ascending ; 216 CRYPTOGAMIA. LYCOPODINEÆ. LYCOPODIUM leaves scattered, incurved, hair-pointed; spikes geminate, cy- lindrical, pendunculate, their scales piliferous. Lightf. p. 685. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 1108. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 159. E. B. t. 224. HAB. Alpine moors and heaths. Pentland Hills by the old reservoir, and in other places. July, August. 4. Common Club-moss.--Stems robust, yellowish-green, 1-4 feet in length, creeping closely on the ground, and throwing up flowering branches 3-6 inches in heighth. Leaves very numerous, imbricating the stem and often secund. Spikes of fructification yellowish, mostly geminate, rarely 3 together, about an inch in length. Scales piliferous, as are also those of the peduncle.—Sporules highly inflammable. 2. L. alpinum, stems prostrate, throwing up fasciculated, sub- dichotomous branches ; leaves quadrifarious, oblong-acute, im- bricate ; spikes terminal, short, solitary, sessile. Lightf. p. 690. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 1112. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 159. E. B. t. 234. HAB. Mountains. Pentland Hills, Sir J. E. Smith, (not frequent.) July, August. 4. Alpine Club-moss.—Stems branched, creeping to a considerable extent, and throwing up abundant fasciculated, dichotomous branches, about 2 inches high, more or less closely imbricated with small, appressed, glaucous leaves, quite destitute of a hair point. Spike half an inch long or rather more, oblong-cylindrical ; the scales cordate-acuminate, beardless. 3. L. selaginoides, stem filiform, creeping, branches suberect, the flowering ones simple, terminating in a leafy spike; leaves ciliate with distant spinose teeth. Lightf. p. 686. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 1109. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 159. E. B. t. 1148. HAB. Moist places on the mountains. Pentfand Hills, Mr Neill, (not frequent.) August. 4. Prickly Club-moss.-Stems slender at the base, creeping, the branches ascending, bright green, fertile ones 2-4 inches high, suberect, lax, yel- lowish-green, loosely clothed with lanceolate, spreading, shining leaves, larger than those of the sterile stems, all ciliate at the margin, with acute prickly teeth. Spike terminal, occupying about an inch of the fer- tile stems. 4. L. Selago, stems erect, fastigiate, branched dichotomous- ly ; leaves linear-lanceolate, pungent, entire, imbricated, rigid ; capsules axillary, not in a spike. Lightf. p. 687. Smith, Fi. Brit. p. 1111. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 159. E. B. t. 233. HAB. Rocky moist places on the mountains. Pentland Hills on the rocks above Swanston Wood. June-August. 4. Fir Club-moss.—Stem 3-8 inches high, very robust and rigid, the branches of the same thickness from the base to the summit, where they are sub- equal in height. Leaves all similar, very rigid, erecto-patent, shining Capsules axillary and sessile, and often scattered over two-thirds of the length of the branches. - OPHIOGLOSSUM 217 CRYPTOGAMIA. FILICES. IV. FILICES. Br. 4 Div. I. Capsules 1-celled, adnate at the base, opaque, without a ring, semi-bivalved. OFHIOGLOSSEÆ.-- (Fructification pedunculate ; stem in the British species with a single lateral frond.) 4. OPHIOGLOSSUM. 1. 0. vulgatum, spike of fructification pedunculate ; frond ovate, obtuse. Lightf. p. 651. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 1106. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 158. E. B. t. 108. Hab. Moist shady pastures. Carlowrie, Mr Falconer. Balmuto, Miss Boswell. May, June. Adder's Tongue.--Root simply fibrous. Whole plant glabrous, succulent, 5-9 inches high, the stem bearing a single, entire, subsessile frond, and then prolonged into a slender peduncle, supporting a linear-lanceolate spike about an inch in length. Capsules numerous, arranged along and within the margin, on each side, united together and bursting transverse- ly when mature.—The spike is sometimes, but rarely, found branched. 5. BOTRYCHIUM. 1. B. Lunaria, spike of fructification pedunculate; frond pinnate, the pinnules lunate, crenate. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 158. . Osmunda Lunaria, Lightf. p. 652. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 1107. E. B. t. 318. Hab. Dry pastures. Craiglockhart Hill, Mr Neill. Hills above Petty- cur; Pentland Hills, Maughan. Caroline Park, Mr Arnott. (In the latter station it is in tolerable abundance near the signal-post at the N.W. corner.) June. 4. Moonwort.-Root simply fibrous. Whole plant 3-8 inches high, glabrous. Frond produced above the middle, 1-3 inches long, the pinnules alternate, plane, with an odd one. Spike pedunculate, more or less branched in a distichous manner, the branches patent. Capsules numerous, sessile, at the margin and extremity of the branches, yellowish, bursting transverse- ly, and filled with a mass of minute seeds.-Dr Hooker, in his Flora Scotica, mentions, that Captain Carmichael has found specimens in which capsules were produced round the lower segments of the fronds. This is a curious fact, and brings the leaves of this and the preceding genus nearer to the nature of true fronds than had been supposed. Div. II. Capsules 1-celled, furnished with an elastic jointed ring, and opening transversely. GYRATÆ, Br. 6. BLECHNUM. 1. B. boreale, sterile fronds pinnatifid, the segments lanceo- late, rather obtuse, parallel, fertile ones pinnate, the pinnæ li- near-acuminate. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 157. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. J 135. E. B. t. 1159. Osmunda spicant, Lightf. p. 654 218 CRYPTOGAMIA. FILICES. PTERIS. HAB. Woods and moorish banks, frequent. Pentland Hills in great profusion. July. 4. Northern Blechnum.-Root black and scaly. Fronds 6-18 inches high, erect, lanceolate, dark green. Pinna very numerous, somewhat alternate, en- tire. Lines of fructification nearer to the mid-rib than the margin of the pinna. 7. PTERIS. 1. P. crispa, sterile frond bipinnate, the pinnules pinnatifid, with obovate, crenate segments; fertile one bipinnate, tripin- nate below, the pinnules linear-oblong, entire, narrowed at the base. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 156. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 1137. E. B. t. 1160. Osmunda crispa, Lightf. p. 655. Hab. Stony places on the mountains. Salisbury Craigs, Mr J. Stewart. (I fear there is some mistake connected with this station.) July. 4. Curled Stone Fern.-Fronds light green, 6–12 inches high, on long slender footstalks, glabrous, the general form somewhat deltoid. The pinnules of the fertile frond have a very convolute appearance beneath, the waved margin being much rolled over the capsules, which at first sight appear, when mature, to cover the whole surface. 2. P. aquilina, frond 3-partite, branches bipinnate, the pin- næ linear-lanceolate, upper ones undivided, lower ones pinnati- fid, the segments oblong, obtuse, Lightf. p. 657. Smith, Fl. . Brit. p. 1136. . Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 156. E. B. t. 1679. HAB. Woods and heaths, common. July. 4. Common Brakes. Brachens.-Root long and fusiform. Plant 2–6 feet high, the stalk bluntly angular, stout, erect, glabrous. Frond very large, spreading, compound. Lines of fructification protected by the convolute and ciliated margin of the segments.—Thomas Smith, Esq. of the Temple, London, has observed an involucre besides the one formed by the con- volute margin of the frond, to which it is opposite, and curling inwards, covers the young capsules; the whole being protected by the outer one, or margin of the frond. (Vid. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 157. Note.) The ferruginous filaments which are produced by the root of this plant, have been de- scribed by Agardh and other authors, as a conferva. Several other ferns possess similar ones, which, as Captain Carmichael (who ascertained the error) observes, have no superior claim to distinction. 8. SCOLOPENDRIUM. 1. S. vulgare. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 156. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 1133. . 1133. E. B. t. 1150. Asplenium Scolopendrium, Lightf. p. 660. HAB. Moist shady rocky places. Not frequent near Edinburgh. Roof of the Chapel at Rosslyn. Rocks west from Swanston, Pentland Hills, Mr Neill. July. 4. Common Hart's-tongue.-Fronds suberect, on rather short stalks, 8–16 inches long, ligulate, entire, acute, cordate at the base, glabrous, fine green, paler beneath. Lines of fructification linear-oblong, oblique, in the direc- tion from the mid-rib to the margin, of different lengths. Involucre double, but appearing single when burst, and crowded with the mature capsules. ASPLENIUM 219 CRYPTOGAMIA. FILICES. 9. ASPLENIUM. 1. A. septentrionale, fronds mostly trifid, tapering down in- to a long stipes, the segments acutely and deeply toothed to- wards the apex. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 155. Smith, Fl. Brit. . p. 1129. E. B. t. 1017. Acrostichum septentrionale, Lightf. P. 656. HAB. Clefts of rocks, rare. Frequent on rocks in the King's Park, Lightfoot. Braid Hermitage, Sir J. E. Smith. Blackford Hill, Maughan. June_October. 4. Forked Spleenwort.—Plant gowing from the crevices of rocks in dense tufts 2-4 inches in length. Fronds rigid, glabrous, dark green, slender. Lines of fructification approximate, at first distinct, but the involucres, after bursting, become at length obliterated, and the capsules appear to cover the whole inferior surface of the frond. p. 2. A. marinum, fronds pinnate, the pinnæ oblong, obtuse, inciso-serrate, upper margin at the base rounded and subauri- culate, the lower truncate. Lightf. p. 664. Smith, Fl. Brit. 1128. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 155. E. B. t. 392. HAB. Rocks at the sea-side, rare. Coves at Weems, Fifeshire, Light- foot. Rocks near Queensferry, Maughan. June_October. 4. Sea Spleenwort.-Fronds 3-12 inches long, lanceolate, the stipes generally dark purple, glabrous, shining. Pinne patent, the serratures rounded. Lines of fructification linear-oblong, oblique, distinct, on both sides of the midrib. 3. A. Trichomanes, fronds pinnate, pinnä roundish-oblong, ise, crenate, the base truncate and somewhat wedge-shaped ; stipes dark coloured. Lightf. p. 662. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 112. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 155. E. B. t. 576. t HAB. Crevices of rocks and walls, frequent. Rocks in the King's Park, abundant, Mr Yalden. June_October. 4. Common Maidenhair Spleenwort.—Plant growing in tufts 3-10 inches long, dense at the base with a mass of old stalks and roots. Stipes slender, wiry, blackish purple, shining, smooth. Frond dark green, closely pin- nate. Some of the lowermost pinnä remote, and of a rounder form than the others. Lines of fructification 6-8, minute, oblong, oblique, dis- tinct. 4. A. Ruta-muraria, fronds bipinnate at the base, simply so at the apex, pinnules rhomboidal-oblong, obtuse, denticulate at the apex. Lightf. p. 665. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 1130. . 1130. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 156. E. B. t. 150. HAB. Walls and crevices of rocks, frequent. King's Park, plentiful, Mr Yalden. June_October. 4. Rue Maidenhair.—Plant tufted, 2-6 inches long, the stalks issuing from a dense mass of roots, green and slender. Fronds spreading, rather rigid, dark glaucous green, the lower divisions bearing 3-5 pinnules. Lines of fructification linear, of different lengths, very slightly oblique, approxi- mate in the middle of the pinnules, at length appearing one mass of cap- sules. 5. A. Adiantum nigrum, fronds bipinnate, pinnæ oblong-lan- 220 CRYPTOGAMIA. FILICES. ASPIDIUM ceolate, acute, pinnules oblong, cut in a pinnatifid manner, the segments toothed at the apex ; sori at length confluent. Lightf. p. 666. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 1131. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 156. E. B. t. 1950. Hab. Banks and clefts of rocks in shady places. King's Park, Mr Neill. June _October. 4. Black Maidenhair Spleenwort.-Fronds growing in lax tufts, 4-16 inches long, the general outline being broadly lanceolate. Stalks reddish, gla- brous, smooth, shining. The frond is more or less divided according to its size; the small ones being merely pinnate, and the pinnæ pinnatifid ; the large ones agreeing with the specific character. Lines of fructification rather numerous, minute, oblong, when young covered with a silvery involucre; at length confluent. 10. ASPIDIUM. * Involucres bursting laterally. 1. A. fragile, fronds bipinnate, pinnules oblong, obtuse, in- ciso-serrate or subpinnatifid, the segments subentire ; rachis winged. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 155, and A. regium. Cyathea fragilis, Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 1139. E. B. t. 1587, et C. incisa, t. 163. Polypodium fragile, Lightf. p. 677. HAB. Moist rocks chiefly on the mountains. Pentland Hills occasion- ally. June, July. 4. Brittle Fine-leaved Aspidium.-Fronds growing in lax tufts, 6-14 inches long, the stalks long, slender, very brittle. Frond delicate, fine green, lanceolate, pinnate ; lowermost pinna somewhat remote, and smaller than those immediately above them ; pinnules variously divided, so much so indeed, that no single character would apply. General and partial rachis narrowly winged. Sori (spots of fructification) numerous, pale. Involucre somewhat cyathiform, at length lacerate and reflexed. -I can find no difference between A. regium and fragile, and have spe- cimens exactly intermediate. 2. A. Filix fæmina, fronds bipinnate, pinnules oblong-lan- ceolate, inciso-serrate, the serratures few-toothed, somewhat acute; sori oblong, straight. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. ; p. 155. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 1124. E. B. t. 1459. Polypodium Fil. fæm. Lightf. p . HAB. Moist shady places, frequent. King's Park, Mr Yalden. Ravel- ston Wood, Mr Neill. Rosslyn and Auchindenny woods. June, July. 4. Female Shield-fern.-Fronds growing in elegant tufts, and are a foot and a half or two feet high ; the general outline is oblong-lanceolate, acumi- nate at the apex. Stipes slender, glabrous. Pinne alternate, linear- lanceolate, acuminate. Pinnules either opposite or alternate, cut, or sometimes even pinnatifid. Sori small, arranged on each side the rib of the pinnules and opening towards it. ** Involucres umbilicate, reniform. + Pinnules with their apex and segments mucronate. 3. A. dilitatum, fronds bipinnate, pinnules oblong, distinct, p. 673 ASPIDIUM CRYPTOGAMIA. FILICES. 221 - inciso-pinnatifid, the segments mucronate-serrate; stipes chaffy. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 154. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 1125. . . E. B. t 1461 Polypodium cristatum, Lightf. p. 670. A. spinu- losum, E. B. t. 1460. Hab. Woods and moist rocky places, frequent. June, July. 4. Great crested Shield-fern.-Fronds somewhat tufted, 1-3 feet high, varying exceedingly in appearance, according to situation and other causes. Stipes long, chaffy, slender, erect. General outline of the frond, some- times triangular, at others ovate-acuminate, often oblong and suddenly acuminate. Some specimens are scarcely bipinnate, while others are al most tripinnate; the serratures, however, are constantly spinulose, and no others possessing the same character can now be confounded with it. Sori rather large, numerous, reddish.—I have specimens of this species from Ravelrig-toll with all the pinnæ horizontal, and the lower ones so long as to render the form of the frond triangular. 4. A. lobatum, frond bipinnate, pinnules ovate, obtuse, the apex aristate, mucronato-serrate, auriculate above at the base ; stipes and rachis chaffy. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 154. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 1123. E. B. t. 1563. Hab. Rocky shady woods. Rosslyn woods, Maughan. Arniston woods. June. 4. Close-leaved prickly Shield-fern.-Fronds rigid, lanceolate, acute, 1-2 feet high, alternately pinnate; pinna lanceolate, acute, almost horizontal, pin- nulate or subpinnulate. “It varies in size, but often equals A. aculeatum in the height of its fronds, though their breadth is always less in propor. tion. The whole frond is more firm and rigid, of a paler and more shining green. The pinnules are rather elliptical than ovate, crowded, less cut and lobed, but more remarkable for the great size of the fore- most or uppermost one at the base of each subdivision of the frond, which often extends its point beyond the stalk above it.”-Smith. 5. A. aculeatum, fronds bipinnate, pinnules ovate, subfalcate, acute mucronate-serrate, truncate above at the base, abruptly cuneate below; stipes and rachis chaffy. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. 154. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 1122. E. B. t. 1562. Polypodium aculeatum, Lightf. p. 675. HAB. Shady rocky places. Rosslyn woods, Mr Neill. June. 4. Common prickly Shield-fern.- Plant growing in tufts. " Fronds numerous, large, and handsome, of a dark and blueish-green, paler beneath, lanceo- late, acute, elegantly and closely bipinnate; their general and partial stalks remarkably scaly. Pinnules mostly alternate, ovate, a little curved into a crescent-shape, sharply serrate, each tooth tipped with a spine; all the pinnules are more or less lobed or dilated at their upper edge near the base, and sometimes the lowermost are pinnatifid,” Smith.-Rather from a disinclination to differ from such authorities as Smith, Brown and Hooker, than from my own conviction, have I described the above two plants as distinct. I confess I cannot trace a correct line between them. tt Pinnules obtuse, destitute of mucronate points. 6. A. Filix mas, fronds bipinnate, pinnules oblong, obtuse, serrate, the serratures not spinulose; sori approximate to the midrib ; stipes and rachis chaffy. Hook. FI. Scot. 2. p. 154. Fl. p. a 222 POLYPODIUM CRYPTOGAMIA. FILICES. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 1121. E. B. t. 1458. Polypodium Filix mas, Lightf. p. 671. HAB. Shady woods and banks, very frequent. King's Park, Mr Yal- den. June, July 4. Male Shield-fern.—Fronds broad, tufted, erect, 1-3 feet high, the stipes and general and partial rachis chaffy. Pinna alternate, linear-lanceolate, acuminate, pinnulate; pinnules spreading, oblong, close, serrate, the ser- ratures fine at the rounded apex. Sori large, reddish-brown, in two rows, one on each side the nerve. 17. A. Oreopteris, fronds pinnate, pinnæ lanceolate, glabrous, pinnatifid, resinoso-glandulose beneath, the segments oblong, very obtuse, entire; sori marginal. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 154. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 1120. E. B. t. 1019. . Hab. Banks in moorish situations. Pentland Hills, Mr Neill. Banks of Bevelaw Burn, &c. July. 4. Heath Shield-fern._Fronds two feet high or more, tufted, regularly pinnate, the stipes and rachis chaffy; pinne alternate, lanceolate, acuminate, pin- natifid. Sori arranged along the margins of the entire segments, which, with the glandulose under-surface, sufficiently distinguish the plant. 11. POLYPODIUM. 1. P. vulgare, fronds deeply pinnatifid, segments linear-lan- ceolate, obtuse, crenulate, approximate, the upper ones gra- dually smaller; sori solitary; stipes chaffy. Lightf. p. 667. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 1113. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 152. E. B. t. 1149. HAB. Old walls, buildings, mossy trunks of old trees, &c. common. Very fine at Braid Hermitage. May-October. 4. Common Polypody.--Root creeping, clothed with soft brown chaffy scales. Fronds 6-18 inches long, on a chaffy stipes, deeply pinnatifid ; segments linear-lanceolate or linear-oblong, spreading, entire or somewhat serrate or crenate, glabrous. Sori arranged in two rows, one on each side the middle nerve, large, brownish-yellow, destitute of involucre. 2. P. Phegopteris, fronds bipinnate, the 2 lower pinnæ de- flexed, segments linear-lanceolate, obtuse, entire, ciliate, those next to the main rachis adnato-decurrent; veins hairy ; sori so- litary, marginal. Lightf. p. 669. Lightf. p. 669. Smith, Fl. Brit. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 1116. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 153. E. B. t. 2224. HAB. Woods and banks in heathy places. Arniston woods, and by the side of Bevelaw Burn, Maughan. June, July. 4. Pale mountain Polypody.--Root creeping. Fronds about 1 foot high, in- cluding the long, slender, chaffy stalks; pale delicate green. Pinne longest in the middle of the frond, becoming gradually less upwards, till the frond terminates in a slender point; the lowermost pair deflexed, which is suf- ficient to distinguish the species. 3. P. Dryopteris, fronds ternate, bipinnate, spreading and deflexed, the segments obtuse, subentire ; sori marginal; root filiform, creeping. Lightf. p. 678. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 1116. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 153. E. B. t. 616. 2 ANDRÆA. CRYPTOGAMIA. MUSCI. 223 HAB. Shady stony places. Birch thicket near Logan House, Pentland Hills, Mr Neill. Arniston; Rosslyn; and Auchindenny woods. Hab- bie's How, Maughan. July. 4. Three-branched Polypody.-Fronds on a long, slender, glabrous, erect stipes, the whole about a foot high or less; the frond itself divided into 3 main branches, each of which is pinnate; pinne sessile, lanceolate, rather re- mote, pinnatifid. Sori submarginal, small. V. MUSCI *. 12. ANDRÆA. ( All the species are alpine, growing on rocks, of a dark chocolate-brown or blackish colour, and more or less rigid in substance.) 1. A. rupestris; stems branched ; leaves nerveless, ovate, gra- dually acuminate, the upper ones falcate. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 121. Musc. Brit. p. 2. t. 8. Hook. in Linn. Trans. v. 10. p. 391. t. 31. f. 2. Smith, E. B. t. 1277. HAB. Rocks and stones on the mountains. Pentland Hills, Maughan. Stems growing in small dense tufts, of a lurid greenish-brown colour, and rarely more than half an inch high. Leaves imbricated, the uppermost ones only, falcate. Theca terminal, on the receptacle, which is elongated into the form of a short seta. 2. A. Rothii, stems almost simple ; leaves nerved, lanceolate- subulate, falcato-secund, fragile; perichætial ones oblong, nerve- less, their margins involute. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 121. Musc. Brit. p. 2. t. 8. . Hook. in Linn. Trans. v. 10. p. 393. t. 31. f. 3. Smith, E. B. t. 2162. HAB. Mountain rocks. Pentland Hills, above Swanston Wood. Plant much resembling the preceding. Stems forming small, dense tufts, half an inch to one inch high, of a blackish colour. Leaves all falcato. secund, much narrower than the last, and furnished with a nerve, which is the best distinction. Theca reddish brown, supported as in the whole genus, upon an elongated receptacle. The calyptra in this genus is exceedingly fugacious, of a whitish colour, very thin and delicate. The 4-valved theca is closed in moist weather, but when exposed to warmth, it becomes depressed, and the sides being curved outwards, (still connected at the apex), the columella is exhibited. within, through the interstices. 13. SPHAGNUM. (All the species are of a pale whitish colour, vasculose structure, and grow in bogs or even in water.) 1. S. obtusifolium, branches tumid ; leaves ovate, obtuse. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 121. Musc. Brit p. 3. t. 4. S. latifolium, Smith, E. B. t. 1405. . In this Order the specific characters are mostly taken from Hooker and Taylor's Muscologia Britannica, and in a great measure the general arrangement. 224 MUSCI. SPHAGNUM. CRYPTOGAMIA. HAB. Bogs; and some varieties in the water, as in old peat-pits, very common. Many curious states of it are to be found at Ravelrig-toll Moss. Plants extremely variable, 2 inches to 2 feet long or more, much or very slightly branched, densely imbricated with leaves, or having them scattered or even remote; the branches are always (when present,) most crowded towards the apex, and have usually a remarkable turgid appearance. Leaves ovate and obtuse, whitish, and of a loosely reticulated structure, as in the whole genus. Thecæ several, large, round, reddish brown, ses- sile on the receptacle, which is elongated on a white, thickish pedicel, very different from a true seta.—The form of the leaves is the best spe- cific mark in this genus. 2. S. squarrosum, branches attenuated at their extremities; leaves ovate-acuminate, squarrose, recurved. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 121. Musc. Brit. Musc. Brit. p. 4. t. 4. Smith, E. B. t. 1498. HAB. Bogs. Marsh above North Queensferry, and among the willows at Ravelrig-toll Moss, in fructification at both places. Stems 3-12 inches long, branched, forming wide tufts of a pleasant whitish green colour. Branches often deflexed, crowded, and rather long towards the summit, straggling below, tapering at the extremities. Leaves ovate, rather suddenly acuminate, and bent back at the apex, which gives the squarrose character to the plant. Thece larger than in the last, but of the same form and colour.—This species is not by any means so prone to vary in its habit as the others. There is also a peculiarity in the structure of the reticulation of the leaves, which is constant, and want- ing in the others. 3. S. acutifolium, branches attenuated; leaves ovate-lanceo- late, crowded. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 121. Musc. Brit. p. 4. S. capillifolium, Smith, E. B. t. 1406. HAB. Bogs, extremely common. Stems forming dense wide tufts, frequently tinged with pink, 3-18 inches long, slender, not much branched. Branches slender, deflexed. Leaves crowded, imbricated, acute, varying somewhat in their degree of acumi- nation; when growing in water, approaching to the following. Thecæ several, smaller than either of the preceding, round or subovate.—When growing in water, the branches are sometimes falcate and remote, and the leaves longer. This state 1 have observed in peat-pits at Ravelrig- toll ; where I have noticed a similar one of S. obtusifolium. 4. S. cuspidatum, branches attenuated ; leaves lanceolate- subulate, lax. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 121. Musc. Brit. p. 4. t. 4. Smith, E. B. t. 2392. Hab. Bogs, growing generally in the water. Peat-pits at Ravelrig-toll, 4 feet long. Stems slightly branched, very slender, 6 inches to above 4 feet long, grow- ing in a lax manner, either at the margin or quite in the water, gene- rally producing fruit where the water has partly dried up. long and acute, in some specimens a quarter of an inch long. Thece 1-3, mostly situated some inches below the summit of the stem.--This species also occurs sometimes with falcate branches. The only way to preserve it, is to float it upon the paper. t. 4. a Leaves very PHASCUM. CRYPTOGAMIA. MUSCI. 225 p. 6. t. 5. 14. PHASCUM. (Most of the species of this genus are excessively minute ; all grow on the ground.) * Leaves lanceolate or subulate. 1. P. serratum, perichætial leaves lanceolate, serrate, nerve- less ; conferva-like, creeping, branched and jointed shoots spring- ing from the base. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 121. Musc. Brit. p. 5. t. 5. Smith, E. B. t. 465. and Ph. stoloniferum, t. 2006. HAB. Moist banks, rare. Braid Hill marshes, G. Don. In a stubble- field near Pentland, Mr E. Maughan. Plant most minute, scarcely indeed visible to the naked unpractised eye, furnished with curious, creeping, leafless, articulated, spreading shoots at the base, which resemble a conferva so much as to have deceived several eminent botanists. Perichætial leaves erect, serrate, reticulate. Theca small, ovate, acute, subsessile, containing about 100 seeds.—The most minute British moss. 2. P. crispum, leaves lanceolate-subulate, flexuose, crisped when dry. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 121. Musc. Brit. Smith, E. B. t. 1680. and P. multicapsulare, t. 618. HAB. Moist banks, rare. Caroline Park, Mr Arnott. Plant growing in dense tufts, but minute, the stems not being a quarter of an inch high ; branched, very leafy. Leaves spreading when moist, but remarkably crisped when dry, which distinguishes it from every other British species. Theca ovate, minute; sometimes there are several, clus- tered at the apex among the leaves. 3. P. subulatum, leaves subulate-setaceous, straight, their nerve disappearing below the point. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 121. Musc. Brit. p. 6. t. 5. Smith, E. B. t. 2177. HAB. Dry banks about Edinburgh, not unfrequent. Plant spreading in small patches on the sides of dry ditches and banks, of a light green colour, and rigid erect appearance, about one-fifth of an inch high. Leaves suberect, setaceous, entire. Theca terminal, not becoming lateral like the following, subsessile, roundish-ovate, obtuse. 4. P. axillare, leaves lanceolate-subulate, straight, their nerve disappearing below the point; theca at length lateral. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 122. Musc. Brit. p. 7. t. 5. Smith, E. B. t. 1036. P. strictum, E. B. t. 2093. HAB. Moist banks. Occasionally about Edinburgh. Plant growing in a lax manner on the ground, pale green, one-sixth to one-half of an inch in height, simple. Leaves entire, not so long as the preceding, nor so rigid, and the nerve is less strong; they also become more lax as the stem elongates. Theca at first terminal, at length lateral from the stem shooting past it, on a very short seta.-Dr Hooker decided the synonyme of Ph. strictum of Dickson, from Dickson's own specimens, which I men- tion, as the figure in English Botany so little resembles it. * Leaves more or less ovate. + Seta immersed among the leaves. 5. P. cuspidatum, leaves erect, ovate-acuminate, the nerve P 226 CRYPTOGAMIA. MUSCI. GYMNOSTOMUM. terminating in a more or less rigid coloured point. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 122. and Musc. Brit. p. 8. t. 5. exclud. var. B. Smith, . E. B. t. 2025. Ph. schreberianum, E. B. t. 2026. t. HAB. Moist shady banks. Abundant about Edinburgh. Plant of a pleasant green colour, growing in tufts often widely spreading, 4th or of an inch high, simple or branched. Leaves erect, ovate-acuminate, or ovate-lanceolate, concave, the nerve reaching to, or more frequently beyond the point, and then forming a more or less rigid coloured apicu- lus. Theca rather large, compared with the other Phasca, roundish oval, . yellowish brown, sunk among the leaves, but shining through them. 6. P. piliferum, leaves obovate-acute or oblong, the nerve ending in a lax pellucid hair. Schreb. de Phasc. p. 8. t. 1. f. 6.-10. Smith, E. B. t. 1888. Ph. cuspidatum, B. Musc. . Brit. p. 8. Ph. curvisetum, E. B. t. 2259. HAB. Dry banks. King's Park, on the left hand side of the road to Duddingston, below Sampson's Ribs, abundant. Plant much smaller than the preceding, in wide tufts, densely crowded, and more or less hoary from the white hair-points of the leaves. Leaves erect, not so long as the preceding, and of a very different form, termi- nating rather suddenly in an acute apex, and the nerve prolonged into a long, weak, whitish hair; the reticulation is also more delicate. Theca rounder than the last, and not so much concealed by the leaves, which are scarcely large enough to envelope it. ++ Seta exserted. 7. P. rectum, leaves ovate, with a short point; theca globose, seta nearly erect. Musc. Brit. p. 9. t. 5. Smith, E. B. t. 330. Ph. curvicollum). HAB. Moist banks, rare. King's Park. A minute species, scarcely more than one-eighth of an inch in height, sim- ple, not tufted, but growing separately, or a few together. Leaves few, suberect. Seta nearly twice as long as the leaves, suberect. Theca round- ish, fine reddish brown, the apex conical. 15. GYMNOSTOMUM. (Most of the British species of this genus grow on rocks or on the ground. They vary much in habit, and some can only be ascertained by an inspection of the mouth of the capsule ; this in a few species is furnished with an imperfect hori- zontal membrane.) * Stems elongated, branched. 1. G. rupestre, leaves linear-subulate, the uppermost ones crisped when dry; theca ovate, pale brown when old, the lid obliquely rostrate, “shorter than the theca,” (Hook.) Schwag Suppl. t. 11. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 122. and Musc. Brit. . p. 11. p in part, (not the figure). G. æruginosum, Smith, E. B. t. 2200. HAB. Moist mountain rocks. Habbie's How, Mr Arnott. Plant growing in large, dense, even tufts. Stems half an inch to two inches long, branched, leafy from the very base. Leaves linear-subulate, imbri. cated, but spreading, and somewhat recurved, rather rigid, always cris- GYMNOSTOMUM. CRYPTOGAMIA. MUSCI. 227 ped when dry, at the summit of the branches; and in short specimens growing in more lax tufts, all of them often assume that character, but it is by no means constant. Seta about a quarter of an inch long. Theca ovate, small, sometimes subtruncate, polished. Lid obliquely rostrate, but not curved or rather bent, as in G. curvirostum.—Some states of this moss are difficult to distinguish from G. curvirostrum, and it is easier to do so by the habit than by any peculiar character. In the moss last named, the leaves are more erect, and though somewhat curved when dry, are more rigid, and do not curl so much as in G. rupestre. The seta is also somewhat longer, the theca rounder, and the lid with a rather sudden curve, which is very characteristic *. 2. G. curvirostrum, leaves lanceolate-subulate, erect, not cris- ped when dry; theca ovate, dark and shining when old, the lid obliquely rostrate, often curved, as long as the theca. Hedw. Stirp. v. 2. t. 24. Musc. Brit. t. 6. Musc. Brit. t. 6. Smith, E. B. t. 2241. HAB. Moist rocks. Ecclesmahon Burn, Mr Arnott. . Stems tufted, 1-2 inches long, branched. Leaves pale green, spreading sometimes at the lower part of the stems, but erect upwards (when dry), and somewhat flexuose, but not crisped. Seta longer than in the preced- ing, but scarcely half an inch. Theca ovate, erect, “ when old, of a dark shining chesnut. Lid the length of the theca, subulate, obliquely curved," (Smith. )—In addition to what I have observed under the last species, I may add, that the relative length of the operculum is a character by no means constant. The colour of the theca (a circumstance which has not escaped Sir J. E. Smith), however trifling it may seem, I find constant in the many specimens I possess; not indeed in shade, but the one is pale and the other dark, and of a much brighter nature. 3. G. viridissimum, leaves broadly lanceolate; theca ovate, furrowed, the lid obliquely rostrate. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 122. Musc. Brit. p. 10. t. 6. Smith, E. B. t. 1583. Grimmia ? Forsteri, E. B. t. 2225. HAB. Trees and rocks, rare in the north of Great Britain Rocks on Inchkeith, D. Don. Plant tufted, fine green, the stems branched, half an inch to one inch in length. Leaves numerous, imbricated, spreading, entire, acute, with a strong Seta very slender, a quarter of an inch long or more. Theca sufficiently distinguished by being furrowed, and furnished with an ob- liquely rostrate lid.—Since the Fl. Scotica of Dr Hooker was published, a nerve. * Since the above was written, I have received the following characters from Dr Hooker. G. rupestre, “ foliis lineari-subulatis, patentibus, flexuosis, siccitate tortilibus, capsula ovata, operculo conico-rostrata capsula breviore.” G. curvirostrum “ foliis lanceolato-subulatis, erectis, rigidis, siccitate strictis, capsula ovata, operculo oblique rostrata capsula longiore.” Hedw. Stirp. 2. t. 24. Respecting G. rupestre, Dr Hooker adds, “It is of a much deeper green colour than G. curvirostrum, the leaves are much longer, linear, flaccid, flexuose or twisted, both in a dry and moist state; the nerve is thick, the capsule is narrower, of a pale yellow brown, the operculum less suddenly rostrate, and less oblique.” I am happy in being able to add the above observations, which have been drawn, like my own, from actual examination, and the difference between our accounts will contribute to show the variable nature of the plant. P 2. 228 CRYPTOGAMIA. MUSCI. GYMNOSTOMUM. Captain Carmichael has also discovered this moss on rocks near Appin. In England it is confined to trees. ** Stems short, simple. 4. G. ovatum, leaves ovate, erect, concave, piliferous, their nerve furnished with a granuliferous membrane ; lid of the theca rostrate Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 122. Musc. Brit. p. 11. t. 7. Smith, E. B. t. 1889. Hab. Banks and wall-tops. About Edinburgh, G. Don. On the wall- tops by the side of the road to Corstorphine; to Colinton ; and on the south Glasgow road, very abundantly. This plant, which is scarcely half an inch high, including the seta, often covers the mud-topped walls with its reddish fruit. The leaves are easily distinguished by their piliferous extremity, and under the microscope, by the granules on the membranaceous expansion of the nerve. Theca varying in form from ovate to oblong, the latter being the variety B. gra- cile of the Muscologia Britannica, and occasionally found about Edin- burgh. 5. G. truncatulum, leaves obovate, apiculate, patent, nearly plane ; lid obliquely rostrate. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 122. Musc. p Brit p. 12. t. 7. Smith, E. B. t. 1975. G. intermedium, E. B. t. 1976. B. ramosum, stem branched, all the branches producing fruit. Hab. Banks and stubble-fields, very common. B. in moist places, and frequently in conservatories. Plant one quarter to three quarters of an inch high, including the seta. Stem mostly quite simple, short. Leaves obovate, spreading, fine green, entire, the nerve reaching beyond the point, but not hair-like. Seta mostly longer than the stem. Theca small, turbinate. G. intermedium of Mr Turner, differs only in the seta, being a little longer, and the fruit more ovate. B. differs from the common form, in being often much branched and elongated.--I have specimens gathered near Edinburgh, aths of an inch high, with from 6-12 thecæ, each terminating a separate branch. 6. G. Hiemii, leaves lanceolate, serrate at the point; theca ovate-oblong, the lid obliquely rostrate. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 123. . Musc. Brit. p. 12. t. 7. Smith, E. B. t. 1951. Smith, E. B. t. 1951. G. obtusum, E. B. t. 1407. HAB. Moist banks near the sea, rare. Leith Links, Mr Arnott. Plants growing in small patches, chiefly conspicuous from the long reddish setä and fruit, which often render it near an inch high. The stems are simple, rather short, somewhat more than a quarter of an inch. Leaves mostly brownish or dingy green, spreading, rather long, and somewhat rigid, nerve strong. Theca ovate or oblong, not contracted at the mouth. Columella long, and retaining the lid after it has separated from the theca. 17. G. fasciculare, leaves oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, near- ly plane, subserrate, marginate; theca pyriform, the lid plane, submammillate. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 123. Musc. Brit. p. 12. t 7 Smith, E. B. t. 1245. GYMNOSTOMUM. CRYPTOGAMIA. MUSCI. 229 HAB. Moist clayey banks, not frequent. About Edinburgh, Mr Arnott. Plant growing in patches, somewhat straggling, including the seta half an inch high or more, altogether a more slender and graceful plant than the following. Stem short. Leaves somewhat spreading, lanceolate, yel- lowish, shining green, more distinctly reticulated than the next, and not so succulent in substance. Theca pyriform, very neat, shining, red- brown, much contracted at the mouth. Lid plane or very slightly con- vex.—This is one of those species which has a white membrane at the mouth, and I have observed it nearly quite complete in specimens gathered on the banks of Loch Lomond. 8. G. pyriforme, leaves obovate-acuminate, concave, serrate, not marginate; theca roundish-obovate, the lid convex, shortly rostrate. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 123. Musc. Brit. p. 13. t. 7. Smith, E. B. t. 413. HAB. Moist places, ditch banks, &c. abundant. Margin of Duddingston Loch in the utmost profusion. Plant of a pale green before maturity, growing in crowded patches, more than half an inch high, including the seta. Leaves broadly obovate, acute, spreading, concave, serrate towards the apex. Theca much larger than in the preceding, and not so regularly pyriform. Calyptra with a long subulate beak, cleft at the margin into several deep segments. 9. G. tenue, stem scarcely any; outer leaves very short, ovate-lanceolate, inner ones linear-lanceolate, all erect, obtuse, with a strong nerve disappearing below the summit; theca ob- long. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 123. Musc. Brit. p. 13. t. 7. G. pau- 2 . p cifolium, Smith, E. B. t. 2506. HAB. Sandstone rocks, not frequent. Auchindenny woods, Mr Arnott. A very small moss, scarcely more than a quarter or one-third of an inch in heighth. Leaves of two kinds, the exterior ones short and broad, the in- ner ones narrower, all entire, erect. Seta very slender, yellowish. Theca cylindrical-oblong, yellowish, delicate. Lid shortly rostrate. The mouth of the theca is furnished with an annulus, which, unless the plant be in a good state, is liable to be overlooked. 10. G. microstomum, leaves broadly subulate, their margin involute above, flexuose, crisped when dry; theca elliptical, contracted at the mouth, the lid subulate, incurved. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 123. 123. Musc. Brit. Musc. Brit. p. 13. t. 7. Smith, E. B. t. 2215. HAB. Banks and turf-capped walls. Banks near Kinghorn, Mr Arnott. King's Park A small species, so like Weissia controversa that the mouth must be exa- mined in order to distinguish the one from the other. It grows in small dense patches, and, including the seta, is about a quarter of an inch high. Stem short. Leaves very much crisped when dry. Theca ovate- oblong, much contracted at the mouth, and furnished, if examined when recent and perfect, with an annular white membrane, arising from the puter wall of the theca. 16. ANICTANGIUM. (The only British species of this genus. It differs from Gymnostomum in having a mitriform calyptra, and grows on rocks and stones in subalpine stations.) 1. A. ciliatum, leaves ovate, lengthened out and diaphanous 230 CRYPTOGAMIA. MUSCI. TETRAPHIS. a at the points ; those of the perichætium laciniated at their ex- tremity. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 123. Musc. Brit. p. 14. t. 6. Gymnostomum ciliatum, Smith, E. B. t. 1179. HAB. Mountain rocks and stones. Arthur's Seat, and on the Pentland Hills. Plant with a hoary whitish-green aspect, and growing in depressed tufts. Stems branched, 1 inch long or more; many of the branches rather short, thickly imbricated with leaves. Leaves rather dull, pale green, without a nerve, terminated more or less by a white apex. Theca subsessile, short, truncate, with a wide mouth, yellow-brown, buried among the perichətial leaves at the extremities of the small branches.--A variety of this, for I can scarcely esteem it a species, occurs with the leaves destitute of the white apex. It is found in Ireland, and is the A. imberbe of Musc. Brit., and Gymnost. imberbe of E. B. t. 2237. 17. TETRAPHIS. 1. T. pellucida, stems elongated, leaves ovate-acuminate, those of the perichætium lanceolate; theca cylindrical. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 124. Musc. Brit. p. 16. t. 8. Smith, E. B. t. 1020. p HAB. Dry banks in woods, and about the roots of old trees. Rosslyn and Auchindenny woods. Plant growing in widely spreading tufts, of a delicate yellowish green co- lour, and much crowded. Stems nearly an inch long, branched, erect. Leaves entire, acute, pellucid, the nerve disappearing below the point. Seta half an inch long. Theca pale yellowish-brown, erect. Peristome of 4 long erect teeth. More common than the fruit, are little cup-shaped receptacles produced on distinct plants, containing gemmæ, or minute roundish, reproductive bodies, bearing an exact analogy, as Dr Hooker has observed, to the anthers of the Jungermanniæ.-A singular genus. Calyptra resembling that of an Orthotricum. The four teeth are remark- ably large for the size of the theca ; according to Mr Brown, each of them is marked by seven longitudinal striæ, which, if the portions were separated, would render the number of teeth 32. This contributes, as Dr Hooker well observes in Flora Londinensis, to place the genus in a natural series between Splachnum and Orthotricum. See Brown in Linn. Trans. 12. p. 579, and Hook. in Fl. Lond. New Series. 2. T. Browniana, stems very short ; leaves few, linear, slightly incrassated upwards, those of the perichætium ovate, obtuse; theca ovate. T. ovata, Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 124. Musc. . Brit. p. 17. t. 8. Bryum Brownianum, Dicks. Grimmia Browniana, Smith, E. B. t. 1422. (very bad and incorrect.) HAB. Sandstone rocks, on the roof of caves and hollows. By the river- side at Rosslyn, Brown. Bilston Burn, Maughan. Near Kirkcaldy, Mr Chalmers. Arniston and Auchindenny woods, abundant, Messrs Arnott and Greville. A small moss scarcely half an inch high, of a dark, olive-green or blackish- brown colour. Stem scarcely any. Leaves few, linear, and being longer than those of the perichætium, give a peculiar, minutely-bristly appear- ance to the surface, on which the plant grows, (usually in a crowded man- ner.) Perichætial leaves few, ovate, imbricated. Theca ovate, small. Peristome of 4 large teeth._I feel much pleasure in restoring to this ex- traordinary moss its original specific name; the true T. ovata being now ascertained to be correctly figured by Schwaegrichen, and really to want the linear-leaves. SPLACUNUM. 231 CRYPTOGAMIA. MUSCI. 18. SPLACHNUM. (All the species agree in a strikingly vasculose structure, and in the columella being longer than the theca, and capitate. They grow, some on dung, others on the ground, chiefly in mountainous countries.) 1. S. ampullaceum, leaves ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, ser- rate ; apophysis inversely flagon-shaped, twice as wide as the theca. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 125. Musc. Brit. p. 20. t. 9. Smith, E. B. t. 144, and s. Turnerianum, t. 1116. HAB. Bogs on the plains as well as on the mountains, growing on the dung of animals or on the ground. Pentland Hills, very rare. Maughan. Stems either very short or half an inch long, sometimes branched. Leaves pale green, numerous, lanceolate, acuminate, serrate. Seta 1-3 inches long, slender, fine red or orange. Theca, including the apophysis, large, handsome, fine yellowish pink or purplish._One of our finest Splachna, but very rare about Edinburgh. 19. CINCLIDOTUS. 1. C. fontinaloides. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 127. 127. Musc. Brit. p. 29. t. 11. 29. t. 11. Fontina- lis minor, Smith, E. B. t. 557. HAB. In streams, on stones or wood, not frequent. Water of Leith be- low Colinton, G. Don. Stems 2-6 inches long, much branched, thickly clothed with dark, dull green leaves. Leaves lanceolate, (in young plants oblong-lanceolate), acuminate, entire, flexuose, the nerve very strong ; crisped when dry. Thecæ on very short seta, half buried among the leaves at the ends of small branches, oblong, brown. Lid conical-acuminate, slightly curved. Peristome fine red, irregularly anastomosing at the very base, then divid- ed into capillary, slightly twisted teeth. 20. TORTULA. * Leaves furnished with diaphanous hair-like points. 1. T. muralis, stems short ; leaves patent, linear-oblong, their margins recurved; nerve produced beyond the leaf into a white hair-like point; theca oblong, the lid conical, acuminate. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 127. Musc. Brit. p. 30. t. 12. Smith, E. B. t. 2033. HAB. Walls and stones, excessively common. Plant scarcely an inch high, tufted, hoary. Stem very short, Leaves dark green, spreading. Seta erect. Theca oblong, erect. Lid more than 3d of the length of the theca. Peristome much twisted, orange red. 2. T. ruralis, stems elongated ; leaves oblong, carinate, pa- tent and recurved, the nerve terminating in a long, generally diaphanous, serrate point; theca oblong, the lid subulate; teeth of the peristome united below into a tube. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 127. Musc. Brit. p. 31. t. 12. Smith, E. B. t. 2070. p HAB. Sandy banks, roofs, trees, and wall-tops, very common. Plant growing in thick, wide tufts, often covering a large space of ground, or a whole roof; most conspicuous in moist weather, when (especially if 232 CRYPTOGAMIA. MUSCI. TORTULA. the shoots be young) it is of a yellowish-green colour, and the spreading recurved leaves are very evident ; in dry weather it has often a dingy and somewhat hoary appearance. Stems 4-2 inches long, branched. Seta above half an inch long, orange-red. Theca cylindrical oblong, slightly curved. Lid half as long as the theca. Peristome long, and much twisted. ** Leaves destitute of white hair-like points. 3. T. rigida, stem scarcely any; leaves patent, oblong or ovate, rigid, their margins much inflexed, the nerve broad; theca oblong, lid conical, acuminate. Musc. Brit. p. 30. t. 12. Smith, E. B. t. 180. HAB. Clay-banks, moist rocks, and walls. On a wall by the road-side opposite Parson's Green, Mr D. Steuart. A rather small species, scarcely an inch in height. Stems very short, grow- ing in small patches. Leaves dark green, spreading, very rigid, mostly oblong, but sometimes broadly ovate, and very obtuse, (as in the speci- mens found by Mr Stewart.) Nerve very strong and broad, partly con- cealed by the very involute margin. Peristome slightly twisted, the teeth rather short.—This is an addition to the rich list of Scottish mosses, and interesting from being the variety with broad obtuse leaves. 4. T. subulata, stems very short ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, the nerve excurrent, often forming an apiculus; theca cylindrical, the lid conico-subulate; teeth of the peristome united nearly to the apex into a long tube. into a long tube. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 127. Musc. Brit. p. 31. t. 12. Smith, E. B. t. 1101. HAB. Banks and earth-capped walls, very frequent. Plant an inch high or more, growing in thickish tufts. Stems very short, about 4th of an inch or less. Leaves bright green, spreading, entire. Seta erect. Theca long, slightly curved, reddish. Lid id of the length of the theca. Peristome very long, tubular, the teeth free only at the apex. 5. T. tortuosa, stems elongated, branched ; leaves linear-su- bulate, carinate, undulate, much twisted when dry; theca cy- lindrical, the lid rostrate. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 127. Musc. p Brit. p. 32. t. 12. Smith, E. B. t. 1708. Hab. Rocky places on the mountains. Pentland Hills at Habbie's How and elsewhere, but never in fruit. Plant growing in very dense tufts, or rather, large, even, broad masses, of a mostly light green colour. Stems 1-2 inches long, branched, thickly clothed with leaves. Leaves long, undulate and spreading when moist, but much crisped when dry, the nerve entire, not reaching beyond the point. Seta above an inch long, erect. Theca cylindrical, a little wider at the base than at the mouth, which is furnished with a twisted, red peristome, the teeth free. 6. T. fallax, stems elongated, branched ; leaves lanceolate- subulate, patent or recurved, their margins reflexed; theca ob- long, the lid rostrate, nearly as long as the theca. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 127. Musc. Brit. p. 32. t. 12. Smith, E. B. t. 1708, . and T. unguiculata, t. 2316, and T. imberbis, t. 2329. ENCALYPTA. CRYPTOGAMIA. MUSCI. 233 Hab. Banks, moist fields, and wall-tops, very common. A variable plant, chiefly in the size of the stems. Stems half an inch to nearly 2 inches high, branched, clothed with spreading and sometimes recurved leaves. Leaves lanceolate-subulate, varying somewhat in their length and acuteness, but not in any other characters, entire, the nerve reach- ing to the point, but very rarely beyond it. Seta less than an inch long, often becoming lateral from the innovations of the stem. Peristome fine crimson, twisted, the teeth free. 17. T. revoluta, stems short; leaves lanceolate, acuminate, the margins of those of the stem remarkably revolute, the perichæ- tial ones sheathing, their sides involute; theca oblong, the lid rostrate, shorter than the theca. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 127. Musc. Brit. p. 33. t. 12. T. nervosa, Smith, E. B. t. 2383. Hab. Banks and wall-tops. Walls near Musselburgh, Mr Arnott. Plant, as Drs Hooker and Taylor justly observe, with the habit of T. fallax ; it grows in tufts. Stems slender, 1-4 of an inch high, more or less branched. Leaves lanceolate, acute, remarkably revolute, with a strong nerve, and crisped when dry. Seta yellowish, slender, about half an inch high. Lid somewhat oblique, subulate, a little shorter than the theca. 8. T. unguiculata, stems branched ; leaves linear-lanceolate, obtuse, their nerve produced into an apiculus, the margins nearly plarie; theca oblong, the lid rostrate, nearly as long as the theca. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. 128. Musc. Brit. p. 33. t. 12. T. mucronulata, Smith, E. B. t. 1299. and T. aristata, t. 2392. and T. barbata, t. 2391. and T. humilis, t. 1663, and T. apicu- lata, t. 2494. Hab. Banks and wall-tops, common. This species, like T. fallax, is a very variable plant in regard to size. Stems more or less branched, one-fourth of an inch to above 1 inch in height. Leaves oblong- or linear-lanceolate, nearly plane or slightly undulate, en- tire, the nerve terminating more or less in an apiculus; they are fine deep green, and slightly crisped when dry. Seta scarcely half an inch long. Theca ovate-oblong. Lid very subulate, nearly as long or as long as the theca. Peristome fine red, the teeth lax, free and twisted. p. 128. 21. ENCALYPTA. TA genus remarkable at first sight, from the extinguisher-like calyptra). 1. E. streptocarpa, stems elongated ; leaves elliptic-lanceolate, somewhat obtuse, their nerve not produced beyond the summit; theca cylindrical, spirally striated; calyptra toothed at the base. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 128. Musc. Brit. p. 35. t. 13. Smith, E. B. t. 2163. HAB. On moist rocks, rare in fruit. Pentland Hills, Mr Arnott. Rocks on the west side of Arthur's Seat ; never in fructification in either place. Stems 1-2 inches long, sometimes branched, tufted. Leaves linear-oblong, entire, numerous. Seta less than an inch long. Theca cylindrical, orange- red, beautifully striate in a spiral manner. Lid subulate, near half as long as the theca. Peristome long, the teeth filiform. Calyptra much longer than the mature theca. 234 CRYPTOGAMIA. MUSCI. GRIMMIA. 2. E. ciliata, stems somewhat elongate; leaves oblong, acu- minate, the nerve produced considerably beyond the summit; theca cylindrical; calyptra toothed at the base. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 128. Musc. Brit. p. 35. t. 13. Smith, E. B. t. 1418. and E. alpina, t. 1419. HAB. Crevices of moist rocks on the mountains. Pentland Hills, in se- veral places; particularly abundant at Habbie's How, towards the up- per end. a Plant growing in tufts. Stems one-fourth, to above an inch long, branched, thickly clothed with leaves. Leaves oblong, entire, with a strong nerve, which terminates in a coloured or transparent apiculus. Seta not half an a inch long. Theca reddish-brown, erect. Peristome short. Calyptra yel- lowish, shining, concealing the mature theca, ciliate with triangular teeth at the base.— I find vars. a and ß of the Muscologia running completely into each other. y, rhaptocarpa I conceive to be really distinct. 3. E. vulgaris, stems short; leaves oblong-elliptical, obtuse, their nerve produced a little beyond the summit; theca cylin- drical, smooth; calyptra entire at the base. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 128. Musc. Brit. p. 35. t. 13. Smith, E. B. t. 558. Hab. Rocks and wall-tops. Extremely abundant on the mud-capped walls by the road-sides, round Edinburgh. Plant growing in wide patches. Stems very short, scarcely branched, often very crowded. Leaves entire, spreading, with a strong nerve, generally of a dingy green, except the youngest. Seta not half an inch long. Theca cylindrical. Lid subulate, fine orange at the base. Calyptra not so delicate, so scariose or shining as the last, quite entire at the base, and concealing the theca. 22. GRIMMIA. * Theca sessile. 1. G. apocarpa, stems branched ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, re- , curvo-patent, their margins reflexed, perichatial ones having their nerve disappearing immediately below their summits; theca shortly ovate, sessile; the lid shortly rostrate. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 128. Musc. Brit. p. 36. t. 13. Smith, E. B. t. 1134, and G. rivularis, t. 1345. and G. alpicola, t. 2226. and G. stric- ta, t. 1963. Hab. Rocks, stones and trees, in damp situations, and even in rivulets, very common. A very variable plant. Stems sometimes growing in small dense tufts on stones, at other times lax, and floating in the water, much branched, and from 1-3 inches in length or more. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, the nerve either reaching to the apex, or prolonged into a diaphanous point ; more or less imbricated, varying in colour according to situation, being very dark, or even blackish, when growing in or near water. Theca ovate or turbinate, sessile at the ends of the branches. Lid bright red, with a short beak. Teeth of the peristome deep red, spreading.–Notwithstand- ing the variation in the habit of this plant, it is not difficult to deter- mine, if the fructification is attended to. 2. G. maritima, stems short, pulvinate ; leaves lanceolate, acuminate, nearly erect, crisped when dry, their margins re- GRIMMIA. CRYPTOGAMIA. MUSCI. 235 curved, the perichætial ones with their nerve running beyond the summit; theca ovate, sessile, the lid shortly rostrate. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 129. Musc. Brit. p. 37. t. 13. Smith, E. B. t. 1645. HAB. Crevices of moist marine rocks. Coast of Fife between Pettycur and Kirkcaldy, frequent. Plant dark dingy brownish-green, growing in very dense tufts. Stems half an inch to 1 inch long, branched, thickly clothed with leaves. Leaves suberect, crowded, lanceolate, acute, rigid, the perichạtial ones longer, with an excurrent nerve. Theca subsessile, partly concealed by the leaves. ** Theca furnished with a seta. 3. G. trichophylla, stems elongated ; leaves lanceolate-subu- late, carinate, recurved at the margin, ending in a diaphanous, hair-like point; seta curved and flexuose; theca ovate-elliptical, furrowed, the lid rostrate. HAB. On stone-walls about Edinburgh. On Arthur's Seat, and coast of Fife, Mr Arnott. Lanark road, about seven miles from Edinburgh, and walls between Colinton and the Pentland Hills, abundant. Stems tufted, branched, half an inch to 1 inch long or more. Leaves lanceo- late-subulate, carinate and recurved at the margin, ending in a diapha- nous, piliferous point, which varies in length, and giving a more or less hoary appearance to the plant. Seta curved and flexuose, not a quarter of an inch long. Thecæ numerous, elliptical, or ovate-elliptical, yellowish or reddish-brown, furrowed. Mouth contracted; the lid rostrate, near half the length of the theca. Peristome of 16 equidistant teeth, which are perforated, and sometimes slightly cleft at the apex. This plant I at first considered a variety of Trichostomum patens, and con- nected with T. funale of Schwaegrichen. An accurate examination of the peristome proved it, however, to be quite distinct, and to approach very near to Grimmia pulvinata. Trichostomum funale has the peristome of a Trichostomum, and, like T. patens, of which it is a variety, has a much wider mouth, a character very striking, in the examination of the peri- stome. This plant, which brings the genera Grimmia and Trichostomum nearer than ever to each other, I discovered on a wall by the side of the road from Edinburgh to Lanark, about seven miles from the former place, in com- pany with Mr Arnott. 4. G. pulvinata, stems short, pulvinate; leaves narrow-ellip- tical, their margins recurved, summits with a diaphanous hair ; theca ovate, striate, the lid conico-acuminate; seta recurved. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 129. Musc. Brit. p. 38. t. 13. Smith, E. B. t. 1728. HAB. On rocks, walls, and stones, excessively common. Plant forming roundish, very hoary tufts. Stems branched, seldom more than half an inch long, thickly clothed with dark green leaves, their strong nerve ending in a long, white, hair-like point. Seta always much curved when young, but sometimes erect when old. Theca drooping, ovate. Teeth of the peristome frequently deeply cleft, or perforated. 5. G. leucophæd, stem rather short, slightly branched ; leaves ovate, dark lurid green, with long, white, piliferous points; seta , ; exserted, very short, erect; capsule ovate, the lid obtusely ros- 236 CRYPTOGAMIA. MUSCI. PTEROGONIUM. trate; teeth of the peristome short, perforated. Grev. in Wern. Trans. v. 4. p. 87. t. 6. HAB. Subalpine rocks. King's Park, very abundantly. Plant growing in tufts, and often covering a considerable surface of rock. Stems simple, or slightly branched, one quarter to half an inch high. Leaves loosely imbricated, nerved, concave, blackish-green, produced at the apex into a long, diaphanous, serrulate point, which, in the uppermost leaves, is thrice as long as themselves. Seta straight. Theca dark red- dish-brown, rarely rising higher than the piliferous summits of the leaves. This plant, in dry weather especially, has a blackish appearance, which, joined to the silvery hoariness produced by the piliferous points of the leaves, has a peculiar effect. I trust the above characters will keep it distinct from all those to which it bears affinity, as G. campestris of Bur- chell and Hooker, G. lævigatus of Bridel, and G. obtusa of Schwaegrichen. 6. G. Doniana, stems short; leaves lanceolate-subulate, pro- duced into long, diaphanous, hair-like points, their margins in- curved; theca ovate, the lid shortly rostrate; teeth of the pe- ristome quite entire. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 129. Musc. Brit. p. 40. t. 13. Smith, E. B. t. 1259. Hab. Rocks and stones, rare. Loose stones of the debris above Swan- ston wood, Pentland Hills, G. Don. A very small moss, the whole plant not being half an inch high, often much less. Stems short, in little tufts, with dark green, acute, piliferous, sub- erect leaves. Seta short, not rising above the leaves. Theca ovate, small, with a short, obtusely rostrate lid, and red peristome, the teeth of a which are entire, and therefore differing from its nearest ally G. ovata. 23. PTEROGONIUM. 1. Pt. gracile, branches fascicled, curved ; leaves broadly ovate, acute, concave, their margins plane, summits serrate, faintly 2-nerved at the base ; lid conical. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. 129. Musc. Brit. p. 41. t. 14. Smith, E. B. t. 1085. HAB. Rocks and trees. Plentiful about Edinburgh, Sir J. E. Smith, Sparingly in fruit at Braid Hermitage. Plant covering stones and rocks; of a graceful habit. Stems 1-2 inches long, branched, closely imbricated with leaves, which are close and glossy in dry weather, but, when moist, spread, and make the branches appear twice as thick as before. Leaves of a fine green, very numerous. Seta not an inch long, erect. Theca suberect, oblong-cylindrical, 24. WEISSIA. * Leaves ovate-lanceolate. 1. W. lanceolata, stems somewhat elongated ; leaves ovate- lanceolate, with an excurrent nerve, almost piliferous; theca ovate, the lid obliquely rostrate. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 130. . . . Musc. Brit. p. 44. t. 14. Grimmia lanceolata, Smith, E. B. t. 1408. HAB. Moist banks. Wall-top near Kirkliston, Mr Arnott. Stems from a quarter to half an inch high, often crowded together. Leaves bright green, imbricated, erecto-patent, entire, furnished with a strong p. WEISSIA. 237 CRYPTOGAMIA. MUSCI. a nerve, which terminates at the summit in an apiculus. Seta scarcely a quarter of an inch long. Theca ovate, the lid rostrate.--It resembles in habit the larger plants of Gymnostomum truncatulum. ** Leaves linear or subulate. 2. W.curvirostra, leaves linear-subulate; theca ovate-cylin- drical, the lid rostrate. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 130. Musc. Brit. . p. 44. t. 14. Grimmia recurvirostra, Smith, E. B. t. 1438. Hab. Crevices of rocks and gravelly banks; most common in sandstone countries. Craigmillar, Maughan. King's Park, Mr Arnott. Pent- land Hills ; Arniston, Rosslyn, and Auchindenny woods. Plant having much the habit of a Tortula, as Mr Turner long ago observed. Stem tufted, varying in length from half an inch to near 2 inches, slight- ly branched or simple. Leaves long, rigid, much crisped when dry, red- dish on the lower part of the stems, deep green above, the nerve strong, dark. Seta above half an inch in length. Theca ovate-cylindrical, erect, reddish-brown. Lid about one-third as long as the theca, rostrate. 3. W. cirrata, leaves broadly subulate, crisped when dry, their margins recurved; theca ovate, the lid rostrate. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 130. 130. Musc. Brit. p. 46. t. 15. Grimmia cir- rata, Smith, E. B. t. 2356. and G. Dicksoni, t. 1420. HAB. Posts and rails, old thatched roofs, &c. Braid Hermitage, G. Don. Binny-Craig, Dr Fleming. Plant growing in small roundish tufts, of a pleasant green colour. Stems half an inch long or more, branched, covered with very crisped carinate leaves, with recurved margins, which is the principal character to distin- guish it from W. crispula. Seta little more than a quarter of an inch long. Theca ovate, with a subulate lid, half its length.-W.crispula, its nearest ally, has not been found nearer Edinburgh than between Kin- cardine and Alloa. 4. W.controversa, stems nearly simple; leaves linear-subu- late, crisped when dry, their margins incurved ; theca ovate- elliptical, the lid rostrate. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 131. Musc, Brit. p. 47. t. 15. Grimmia controversa, Smith, E. B. t. 1367. Hab. Banks in rather dry situations, very common ; plentiful in the King's Park. Plant very small, growing in dense patches, and closely resembling Gym- nostomum microstomum. Stems sub-simple, scarcely more than a quarter of an inch high, crowded. Leaves subulate, incurved at the edge, exceed- ingly curled and crisped when dry. Seta about 2 lines long. Theca erect, dilute brown.—A great deal smaller than the preceding, and growing al- ways on banks. 5. W. recurvata, stems scarcely any; leaves subulate; theca broadly ovate, the lid rostrate; seta curved. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. Musc. Brit. p. 47. t. 15. Grimmia recurvata, Smith, E. B. t. 1489. Hab. Rocks, chiefly of sandstone. Salisbury Craigs ; and at Bilston Burn, G. Don. Bevelaw Burn, Maughan. Habbie's How, in the Pentland Hills, Mr Arnott and Mr Palgrave. Rosslyn and Auchin- denny woods. A minute species, not a quarter of an inch long, very slender, with very p. 131. 238 CRYPTOGAMIA. MUSCI. DICRANUM subulate, erect leaves; and a seta so much arched when growing, or moist, as to distinguish it from any other. 6. W. verticillata, stems branched ; leaves broadly subulate, nearly plane, rather flaccid; theca ovate, the lid rostrate. Musc. Brit. p. 48. t. 15. 48. t. 15. Grimmia verticillata, Smith, E. B. t. 1258. t. HAB. Moist rocks. Auchtertool Linn, Fifeshire. Plant growing in tufts, and often exposed to trickling water. Stems half an inch to above one inch long, branched, almost always incrusted more or less below, with white, apparently calcareous matter. Leaves plane, erect, of a fine green, entire, acute. Seta about half an inch long. Theca ovate, with an obliquely rostrate lid, shorter than the theca. 7, W. acuta, stems branched ; leaves subulate-setaceous, sub- secund, rigid, canaliculate; theca turbinate, the lid rostrate. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 131. Musc. Brit. p. 48. t. 15. Griminia acuta, Smith, E. B. t. 1644., and Dicranum fulvellum, t. 2268. Hab. Moist rocks on the mountains. Habbie's How, and elsewhere on the Pentland Hills. Stems an inch long or more, branched, forming tufts of a dark and often olive-green colour. Leaves glossy, very attenuated, mostly subsecund, but not always. Seta often lateral, from the innovations of the stem, above a quarter of an inch long. 25. DICRANUM. (This genus equals Gymnostomum, in the great difference of habit and structure to be found among the species. In the fructification alone do they agree). Div. I. Leaves bifarious. (Fissidens, Hedw.) 1. D. bryoides, seta terminal; perichætial leaves resembling the cauline ones. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 131. Musc. Brit. p. 49. t. 16. Hypnum bryoides, Smith, E. B. t. 625., and D. viridu- lum, t. 1368., and D. osmundoides, t. 1662. HAB. Moist banks, and woods, frequent. A charming little plant, the stems varying from a line to an inch in height, but mostly 2-4 lines, ascending. Leaves quite bifarious; each of them nerved, and bifid above the nerve for about half the length of the leaf, that is, divided into 2 lamella, which embrace the stem, and often the base of the leaf immediately above. Seta 2-4 lines long, red. Theca erect, or subcernuous. 2. D. adiantoides, seta lateral ; perichætial leaves ovate, slightly convolute, pointed. Hook. FÌ. Scot. 2. p. 131. Musc. Brit. p. 51. t. 16. Hypnum adiantoides, Smith, E. B. t. 264. HAB. Moist banks, bogs, &c. not unfrequent. Pentland Hills. Rosslyn and Auchindenny woods. Stems 1-4 inches long, often branched. Much resembling large varieties of the preceding, and, after the different perichạtial leaves, best distin- guished by the lateral fruit. 3. D. taxifolium, seta arising from the base of the stem ; pe- richætial leaves ovate, sheathing, involute, pointed. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 131. Musc. Brit. p. 51. t. 16. Hypnum taxifo- lium, Smith, E. B. t. 416. 2 DICRANUM. CRYPTOGAMIA. MUSCI. 239 HAB. Moist banks in woods. Colinton woods, Maughan. Slateford ; Braid Hermitage ; Rosslyn and Auchindenny woods. Stems half an inch high or more, several forming a distinct tuft, the tufts crowded. Leaves bifarious, deep green, rather rigid, the lower part above the nerve composed of 2 lamellæ, as in the preceding species. Setæ half an inch long, springing from the very base, several from the same tuft. Theca suberect, the lid rostrate. Div. II. Leaves inserted on all sides of the stem. * Leaves without a nerve. * 4. D. glaucum, stems branched, fastigiate ; leaves erecto-pa- tent, ovate-lanceolate, straight, nerveless, entire; theca ovate, cernuous, the lid rostrate. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 131. Musc. Brit. p. 52. t. 16. Smith, E. B. t. 2166. Hab. Moors. Pentland Hills, Mr Arnott. (Very frequent, but never in fructification). Plant of a whitish colour, forming very dense, even, large, broad tufts. Stems 1-6 inches long. Leaves closely imbricated, erect, very vasculose and reticulate. Seta half an inch long, dark-coloured, as well as the ovate, cernuous theca. ** Leaves furnished with a nerve. + Nerve very broad. 5. D. cerviculatum, stems short, leaves lanceolate-subulate, entire, subsecund, their nerve very broad; theca ovate, subcer- nuous, with a struma, the lid rostrate. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 132 Musc. Brit. p. 53. t. 16. Smith, E. B. t. 1661., and D. pusil- lum, t. 2491., and D. uncinatum, t. 2261. HAB. Peat bogs, and moors. Near St David's, Fifeshire, Mr Arnott. Plant growing in crowded patches, of yellow-green colour. Stems rarely half an inch long, mostỉy much shorter, numerous. Setæ plentiful, shining, yellow, half an inch long or less, very slender. Theca very small, somewhat cernuous, yellowish. Lid obliquely subulate, as long as the theca. 6. D. flexuosum, stems nearly simple, rigid ; leaves lanceo- late-subulate, acuminate, straight, their nerve very broad; theca ovate, striate, the lid rostrate; seta flexuose. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 132. Musc. Brit. Musc. Brit. p. 53. t. 16. Smith, E. B. t. 1491. p . HAB. Moist peat-bogs and wet rocks. Pentland Hills, rare in fruit. There are two varieties of this moss. In the first, the stems are from half an inch to 1 inch long, pale green, and often fructifying; the other is 1-4 inches long, of a blackish hue, and very rare in fruit. The striate theca, flexuose seta, and fringed base of the calyptra, render it abundant- ly distinct.-The leaves are often very fragile, and may be seen lying on the tufts. +1 Nerve narrow. 7. D. flavescens, stems branched ; leaves long, lanceolate, serrulate, pointing in all directions, crisped when dry; theca 240 CRYPTOGAMIA. MUSCI. DICRANUM p. 133. oblong, erect, the lid rostrate. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 132. . 2 Musc. Brit. p. 55. t. 17. Smith, E. B. t. 2263. · HAB. On wet sand under the banks of rocky rivers. Between Slateford and Colinton, Mr E. Maughan. Auchindenny woods. Stems tufted, 1-4 inches long, branched. Leaves long, narrow, serrulate at the apex, the nerve running to the point. Seta not half an inch long. Theca erect, oblong. Lid obliquely rostrate, nearly as long as the theca. 8. D. squarrosum, stems somewhat branched ; leaves from a broad sheathing base, lanceolate, obtuse, recurved and patent, directed to every side, crisped when dry; theca ovate, sub- cernuous, strumose, the lid rostrate. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. Musc. Brit. p. 55. t. 17. Smith, E. B. t. 2004. HAB. Sides of sandy streams on the mountains, and in oozy spots or well-heads. Pentland Hills, rare, Mr J. Stewart. Those stems which produce fructifications are rarely so long as 2 inches, but sterile ones, which are found in large masses in mossy sources of mountain streams, are often 4 inches long. Leaves of a pale yellow- green colour, often golden yellow. Seta less than an inch long. Theca subcernuous, and furnished with a struma in all my specimens, though placed in another section by Dr Hooker. 9. D. pellucidum, stems branched ; leaves lanceolate, their margins slightly undulated, serrate, rather obtuse, pointing in all directions; theca ovate, subcernuous, the lid rostrate. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 133. Musc. Brit. p. 55. t. 17. Musc. Brit. p. 55. t. 17. Smith, E. B. t. 1346. HAB. Sandy banks of rocky streams. Colinton woods; Rosslyn woods and Bilston Burn, Maughan. Pentland Hills, Mr J. Stewart. Auchin- denny woods, very plentiful. Stems tufted, branched, 1-2 inches high, mostly erect, but often ascending, and the seta then forming an angle with the stem. Leaves dark green, not so long as those of D. flavescens, but otherwise resembling them. The chief specific distinction lies in the cernuous theca. 10. D. polycarpum, stems branched ; leaves patent, directed to every side, lanceolate-subulate, their margins recurved, flexu- ose, subserrulate, crisped when dry; theca obovate, subcer- nuous, the lid rostrate. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 133. Musc. Brit. p. 57. t. 18. Smith, E. B. t. 2269, and D. Bruntoni, t. 2509. HAB. Rocks. Arthur's Seat, Mr Arnott. Braid Hill, Mr Rigby. Pent- land Hills. Stems growing in dense roundish tufts, half an inch to 1 inch long, branch- ed. Leaves lanceolate, with a long subulate point, bright green, very much crisped when dry. Seta not half an inch long. Theca slightly cernuous, with a rostrate, subulate lid, scarcely more than half the length of the theca. 11. D. undulatum, stems elongated ; leaves nearly plane, lanceolate, attenuate, serrulate at the points, transversely undu- late ; theca cylindraceous, cernuous, the lid with a long beak. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 133. Musc. Brit. p. 57. t. 18. Smith, E. B. t. 2260. 2 2 DICRANUM. 241 CRYPTOGAMIA. MUSCI. HAB. Woods and rocks. Pentland Hills. Stems growing in tufts, 2-4 inches long or more, branched, robust. Leaves long, sometimes secund, shining, flexuose and transversely waved even to the naked eye, but most evidently when dried. Setæ 1 to near 2 inches long, solitary, or several, when it becomes D. polysetum of foreign authors. Theca cernuous. 12. D. scoparium, stems elongate; leaves narrow, subulate, canaliculate, secund; theca cylindraceous, arched, cernuous, smooth, the lid with a long beak. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 133. Musc. Brit. p. 57. t. 18. Smith, E. B. t. 354, and D. majus, t. 1409. HAB. Woods, banks, and on the mountains, very common. Stems tufted, 2–6 inches long, branched. Leaves long, not undulate, very subulate at their extremities, bright, and often deep green, more or less secund, frequently falcate. Setæ 1-3 from the same perichætium, 1 to near 2 inches long. Theca arched, not furrowed when old ; the lid neara ly as long as the theca. 13. D. fuscescens, stems elongated, leaves subulate, scarcely subsecund, somewhat crisped when dry; theca cernuous, fur- rowed, the lid as long as the theca. Turn. Musc. Hibern. p. 60. t. 5. f. 1. Smith, E. B. t. 1597. D. scoparium, B. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 133. Músc. Brit. p. 58. t. 18. HAB. Rocks, banks, and heathy places in mountainous countries. Ra- velston Wood, Sir J. E. Smith. Pentland Hills, G. Don. Rosslyn woods. Stems tufted, half the size of the preceding, somewhat branched. Leaves straighter than the last, shorter, more erect, rarely subsecund, somewhat crisped when dry, and generally of a brownish or reddish colour. Seta solitary, nearly an inch long. Theca somewhat obovate, cernuous, some- what furrowed, with a subulate lid of equal length. 14. D. varium, stems short ; leaves narrow, hastato-lanceo- late ; theca ovate, the lid rostrate. Musc. Brit. p. 17. a. viride, leaves pointing in all directions, lanceolate, green; theca subcernuous. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 134. Musc. Brit. p. 58. D. varium, Smith, E. B. t. 1215. B. rufescens, leaves subsecund, lanceolate-subulate, reddish; theca erect. Hook. 1. c. Musc. Brit. 1. c. D. rufescens, Smith, E. B. t. 1216. HAB. Moist banks, especially on a naked clayey soil. a. in Colinton woods, Maughan. Craiglockhart, and Slateford, &c. B. Braid Hermi- tage, Sir J. E. Smith. Pentland Hills, G. Don and E. Maughan. Stem very short, rarely half an inch long, mostly simple. Leaves lanceolate, varying in colour, reticulation, and in the margin being entire or slightly serrate ; sometimes secund, and sometimes erect. Seta a quarter of an inch long, reddish. Theca erect or inclined, reddish, with a straight rostrate lid, rarely more than half the length of the theca. 15. D. heteromallum, stems short, branched; leaves subu- late, falcato-secund, nearly entire; theca ovate, subcernuous, a 242 CRYPTOGAMIA. MUSCI. TRICHOSTOMUM. lid with a long beak. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 134. Musc. Brit. p. 59. t. 18. Smith, E. B. t. 1272, HAB. Moist banks and hollows by road-sides, very frequent. Stems growing often in large patches, half an inch to near one inch long, slightly branched. Leaves long, very subulate, erecto-secund, and gene- rally falcate, bright green. Seta slender, half an inch long or a little more. Thece usually very numerous, ovate, cernuous, reddish, with a conico-subulate lid, nearly of equal length with itself. I have not found Hedwig's D. subulatum in this neighbourhood ; it is pro- bably nothing more than a variety of heteromallum to which Mohr has united it. 36. TRICHOSTOMUM. * Leaves with diaphanous points. 1. T. lanuginosum, stems elongated, subpinnate; leaves lan- ceolate-subulate, acuminate; their long diaphanous points ser- rate, margins recurved; theca ovate, the lid rostrate; seta short. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 134. Musc. Brit. p. 60. t. 19. Smith, E. B. t. 1348. Har. On the mountains, among rocks and stones, and in heathy places, abundant. Pentland Hills. Stems tufted, 3-9 inches long, branched and irregularly pinnate. Leaves ending in long white hairs, and giving a very hoary appearance to the plant in dry weather. Sete not a quarter of an inch long, springing from the summits of the short lateral branches. Theca ovate, the lid with a l'ostrate, subulate beak. 2. T. canescens, stems elongated, irregularly branched ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, their diaphanous acuminated points slightly serrate; theca ovate, the lid subulate ; teeth of the peristome very long and filiform. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 134. Musc. Brit. p. 61. t. 19. Smith, E. B. t. 2534. and T. ericoides, t. 1991. HAB. Mountains and heaths, on the ground, and on rocks and walls. Pentland Hills, not very frequent in fruit. Stens tufted, and, when growing on stones and rocks, spreading in a creep- ing radiating manner, 1-2 inches long; branched, thickly clothed with leaves.Besides the longer branches, there are often very short ones growing in a distichous manner. Leaves yellowish green when moist, but when dry they become hoary from the diaphanous points. Setæ appa- rently lateral from the innovations of the stem, near an inch long. Theca ovate, or ovate-oblong, erect, with an acute, straight, subulate lid, as long as itself. 3. T. heterostichum, stems elongated, branched ; leaves ovate- lanceolate, their diaphanous, acuminated points slightly serrate; theca oblong, the lid rostrate ; teeth of the peristome rather short. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 134. Musc. Brit. p. 61. t. 19. Smith, E. B. t. 1347. HAB. Rocks and stones on the mountains. Pentland Hills, about Hab- bie's How and elsewhere. Stems tufted, spreading, somewhat creeping, branched, above an inch long. TrichOSTOMUM. CRYPTOGAMIA. MUSCI. 243 p. Leaves lanceolate, acuminate, serrulate at the diaphanous points; in the dry state more or less hoary, sometimes very highly so. Setu somewhat more than a quarter of an inch long. Theca oblongo-cylindraceous, with a rostrate, subulate lid, scarcely more than half the length of the theca. Teeth of the peristome rather short, not long and filiform, as in T. canes- cens, which character, joined to the longer theca, shorter seta, and much: shorter lid, will sufficiently distinguish this species. ** Leaves not diaphanous at their points. 4. T. aciculare, stems elongated, branched ; leaves lanceo- late, obtuse, serrulate at the points, their nerve vanishing before the summit; theca oblong, with a rostrate lid. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. 135. Musc. Brit. p. 62. t. 19. Dicranum aciculare, Smith, E. B. t. 1978. HAB. Wet rocks and stones in mountainous places, sometimes even in the water. Rosslyn woods by the river-side, Maughan. Pentland Hills, in the streams, and at Habbie's How, abundantly. Auchin-- denny woods, on large stones in the stream. Stems loosely tufted, 1-2 inches long, slightly branched in a fasciculated man- ner, mostly naked below, and leafy above. Leaves generally dark green, or almost black, imbricated, very obtuse. Seta not more than half an inch long, twisted when dry. Theca erect, oblong. Lid straight, subulate, not so long as the theca. 5. T. fasciculare, stems elongated, branched ; leaves lan- ceolate, entire, their summits not diaphanous, their margins recurved; theca ovate-oblong, with a rostrate lid. Hook. Fl.- Scot. 2. P. 135. Musc. Brit. p. 62. t. 19. Smith, E. B. t. 2005. HAB. Mountain rocks and heaths. Pentland Hills, Sir J. E. Smith. Craigmillar, Maughan. (Rare in fruit near Edinburgh.) Stems somewhat tufted, on rocks, or forming large patches on the ground, 1-3 inches long, branched ; many of the branches very short, and often crowded. Leaves lanceolate, acute, very rarely indeed with any dia- phanous points, yellowish green in the young branches, the rest often blackish. Seta about half an inch long. Theca erect. Lid straight, subu- late, not quite so long as the theca. 6. T. polyphyllum, stems branched ; leaves lanceolate-subu- late, their margins recurved, serrate above, very much crisped when dry; theca oblong, with a rostrate lid. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 135. Musc. Brit. p. 62. t. 19. Dicranum polyphyllum, Smith, E. B. t. 1217. HAB. Rocks and stones in subalpine districts. Summit of Corstorphine Hill. Among some large loose stones near Habbie's How. Stems forming roundish compact tufts, of a pleasant green colour, half an inch to above one inch long, branched, robust. Leaves long, entire, ex- cept at the apex, extremely crisped when dry. Seta half an inch long or less. Thecæ numerous, erect, ovate-oblong. Lid subulate, straight, nearly as long as the theca. Teeth of the peristome filiform, in pairs.- A beautiful moss. a Q 2 244 CRYPTOGAMIA. MUSCI. DIDYMODON. 37. DIDYMODON. * Theca inclined. 1. D. purpureum, stems scarcely branched; leaves lanceo- late-acuminate, carinate, their margins recurved, entire ; theca ovato-cylindraceous, oblique, substrumose, furrowed when dry, the lid conical. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 135. 135. Musc. Brit. p. 65. t. 20. Dicranum purpureum, Smith, E. B. t. 2262., and Dic. strictum, t. 2294. and Dic. Celsio, t. 2418., and Trichostomum papillosum, t. 2533., and Bryum bipartitum, t. 2357. HAB. Heaths, walls, &c. ; especially in bare spots where fires have been made. On thatched roofs, growing several inches long, but then rare- ly fructifying. Very common. Stems most commonly half an inch long, but varying much in length, some- what tufted, or growing in large patches. Leaves constant in their cha- racters, brownish green, or reddish. Seta an inch long, fine pink or pur- plish. Theca purplish red, polished, always furrowed when old. “Lid conical. Teeth of the peristome often connected by transverse bars. ** Theca erect. 2. D. trifarium, leaves rather distant, somewhat trifarious, lanceolate, rather obtuse, carinate, with the nerve scarcely reach- , ing to the point; theca oblong-ovate, erect, the lid rostrate. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 136. Musc. Brit. p. 67. t. 20. Trichos- tomum trifarium, Smith, E. B. t. 1707. and T. linoides, t. 2295. HAB. Moist banks and crevices of rocks. Corstorphine Hill, Mr Arnott. Pentland Hills and coast of Fife. Messrs Arnott and Greville. Stems somewhat tufted, from 3 lines to 2 inches long, branched, slender. Leaves rather loose, distant, the nerve strong, but disappearing at, or a little below the point, never exserted and rigid as in D. rigidulum, its nearest affinity. Seta varying in length from half an inch to one inch. Lid rostrate, not two-thirds of the length of the theca. 3. D. capillaceum, stems elongated ; leaves nearly distichous, subulate, setaceous; theca erect, ovate-cylindraceous, the lid ; conical. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 136. Musc. Brit. p. 67. t. 20. . . Trichostomum capillaceum, Smith, E. B. t. 1152. HAB. Banks and near rocks on the mountains. Pentland Hills, Sir J. E. Smith. Stems densely tufted, branched, slender, flexuose, 1-6 inches long. Leaves long, subulate, shining, bright green. Seta an inch long, very slender. Theca ovate, erect, reddish. Lid conical.-Very distinct from all other British species. 4. D. heteromallum, stems rather short ; leaves subsecund, subulate; theca ovate-cylindraceous, the lid conical. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 136. Musc. Brit. p. 68. t. 20. Grimmia hetero- malla, Smith, E. B. t. 1899. HAB. Moist banks in woods and subalpine situations, especially in little naked hollows. Pentland Hills and Coast of Fife. Stems somewhat tufted, commonly half an inch long, branched. Leaves very slender and subulate, more or less secund. Seta an inch long. POLYTRICHUM. CRYPTOGAMIA. MUSCI. 245 Theca erect, ovate. Lid conical. Teeth of the peristome filiform, 16, in rather distant pairs. 38. POLYTRICHUM * ( A very natural genus, with an outer peristome of short incurved teeth. Mouth of the theca closed by a horizontal membrane, constituting an inner peristomo. Nerve of the leaf more or less winged.) * Calyptra naked. 1. P. undulatum, leaves lanceolate, undulate, their margins plane, denticulate, their nerve winged; theca cylindrical, curved, the lid subulate. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 125. Musc. Brit. p. 24. t. 10. Smith, E. B. t. 1220. HAB. Moist banks and woods, very common. Stems 1-2 inches high, simple, erect. Leaves thin, undulate, crisped when dry, toothed at the margin, very different from those of the rest of the genus. Seta an inch long or more. Theca cernuous, curved. Lid subulate, nearly as long as the theca. The leaves curl up almost immediately af- ter gathering ** Calyptra hairy + Leaves entire, their margins involute. 2. P. piliferum, leaves lanceolate-subulate, their margins in- volute, entire, terminating in a pellucid hair-like point; theca ovate, obtusely quadrangular, furnished with an apophysis, the lid conical. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 125. Musc. Brit. p. 24. t. 10. Smith, E. B. t. 1199. Hab. On heaths and wall-tops, frequent. King's Park, under Sampson's ribs. South side of the reservoir on the Pentland Hills, abundant. Stems scarcely an inch high, simple, naked below, and bearing a tuft of crowded, hair-pointed leaves at the summit. Seta above an inch long, reddish. Calyptra, when young, often pink. 3. P. Juniperinum, leaves lanceolate-subulate, their margins involute, entire, their points acuminate, coloured, subserrate; theca ovate, obtusely quadrangular, furnished with an apophy- sis, the lid conical. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 126. Musc. Brit. p. 25. t. 10. Smith, E. B. t. 1200, and P. strictum, t. 2435. HAB. Old turf-capped walls, and on the ground in mountainous places. Mavis Bank, Sir J. E. Smith. Pentland Hills. Stem 1-2 inches high, mostly simple, often naked at the base, above imbri- • That Polytrichum is possessed of an inner peristome, there can I think be no doubt. It is merely modified ; and so is that of several other genera, as Orthotricum, Anomodon, Buxbaumia, Fontinalis, &c. It should be consider- ed, that the membrane which closes the mouth of Polytrichum is not mere- ly stretched across it, but passes to the base of the outer teeth, and lines them to the very apex, and thus forms a real membranaceous inner peristome. This structure is easily seen, if the membrane be carefully removed from a ripe theca ; the margin may be seen even by the naked eye to be beautifully cleft into as many segments as there are teeth. In P. alpinum the above structure is extremely evident. Vid. Grev. and Arnott on the Genera of Mosses in Wern. Trans. v. 4. p. 115. 246 CRYPTOGAMIA. MUSCI. POLYTRICHUM cated with subulate, involute leaves, never diaphanous at the points. Seta 2-3 inches long, fine red. Lid scarcely conical, but with a short, rostrate point. Calyptra large, pale at the base, fine reddish-orange to- wards the apex.—A fine species, best distinguished from the preceding by the absence of the piliferous points to the leaves, and by the twice or thrice longer seta. ++ Leaves serrate, their margins plane. 4. P. commune, stems elongated ; leaves patent, linear-subu- late, their margins plane, serrate as well as the points of the keel ; theca erect, ovate, quadrangular, with an evident apo- physis. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 126. . Musc. Brit. p. 26. t. 10. a. yuccefolium, stems a span or more in height ; leaves with their margins of the same colour ; theca acutely quadrangular, its apophysis very distinct. P. commune, Smith, E. B. t. 1197. B. attenuatum, stems 3 or 4 inches in height; leaves shorter, their margins pellucid ; theca obtusely quadrangular, the apo- physis indistinct. P. attenuatum, Smith, E B. t. 1198, and P. gracile, t. 1827. HAB. Moors and heaths on the mountains and plains. a. and B. fre- quent; both on the Pentland Hills. Stems varying in height, as will be perceived in the characters of the va- rieties, from 2 to above 12 inches, very rarely branched. Seta 2-4 inches long, robust, reddish or yellowish. Theca large, erect, or slightly in- clined. Calyptra large, orange, very hairy. Teeth of the peristome 64. 5. P. alpinum, stems elongated, branched ; leaves patent, subulate-lanceolate, the margins plane, serrate, as well as the point of the keel; theca sub-ovate with an indistinct apophysis. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 126. Musc. Brit. p. 27. t. 11. Smith, E. B. t. 1905. Hab. Banks on the mountains. Pentland Hills, (eastern Cairn Hill), Messrs Somerville and E. Maughan. Among the rocks above Swan- ston wood, and several other places on the Pentlands. Stems 2-4 inches long, more or less branched in a fasciculate manner. Leaves long, narrow, serrate, patent. Seta not much above an inch long. Theca more or less ovate, scarcely at all quadrangular. Calyptra not long, and the hairs rather short.— The apophysis is so variable as not to be depended on. The seta is always very much shorter than the pre- ceding 6. P. urnigerum, stems elongated, branched ; leaves erecto- patent, lanceolate, acute, their margins plane, serrate; theca erect, cylindrical, destitute of an apophysis. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 126. Musc. Brit. p. 27. t. 11. Smith, E. B. t. 1218. Hab. Sandy or gravelly banks, in subalpine situations. In the old quarry, Auchindenny woods, abundant. Pentland Hills. Stems 1-2 inches high, more or less branched in a fasciculated manner, of- ten naked below. Leaves glaucous, green, broader than the last, acute, serrate. Seta 1 to near 2 inches long. Theca cylindrical, with a conical- subulate lid.The root penetrates a considerable depth into the ground, and is liable to be broken. FUNARIA. CRYPTOGAMIA. MUSCI. 247 a 17. P. aloides, stems short, leaves linear-lanceolate, obtuse, their margins plane and serrate, especially at the extremity, as well as the keel; theca roundish or cylindrical, without an apo- physis. d, major, seta 1–2 inches long; stems mostly simple; theca cylindrical. P. aloides, Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 126. Musc. Brit. . . p. 28. t. 11. Smith, E. B. t. 1649., and P. rubellum, t. 1939. B, nanum, seta short; theca subglobose. P. nanum, Hedw. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 126. Musc. Brit. p. 28. t. 11. Smith, E. B. t. 1625., and P. subrotundum, t. 1624. y Dicksoni, setæ very short ; stems short, branched with in- , novations. P. Dicksoni, Smith, E. B. t. 1605. HAB. Moist banks, on heaths, &c.; very common. All the varieties on the Pentland Hills; Auchindenny woods, and elsewhere. Stems varying in height, often crowded, mostly simple. Leaves erecto-pa- tent, rather short. Seta varying much in length, and the theca in form; the latter is erect or suberect, and destitute of apophysis. Teeth of the peristome 32.–Var. B, has a much shorter and a more campanulate calyp- tra, and its peristome appears more exserted. Var. y, seldom exceeds half an inch in the length of the stem, but has one or several little branches, each bearing a theca on a very short seta; whilst the last year's old theca remains on what was once the termination of a simple plant. 39. FUNARIA. 1. F. hygrometrica, leaves very concave, ovate, apiculate, entire, the nerve excurrent ; seta curved, flexuose. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 136. Musc. Brit. p. 69. t. 20. Smith, E. B. t. 342. HAB. Walls, banks, roofs, almost every where. Stem very short. Leaves bright green, imbricated and connivent at their summits. Seta 1 to near 2 inches long, remarkably flexuose, and curved while young, on exposure to moisture. Theca pyriform, oblique, the mouth not being in the centre at the apex. Calyptra very scariose when young, erect, and concealing the theca ; but it gradually becomes ob- lique, and the beak at a right angle with the theca before it falls. The teeth of the peristome lie over the mouth, and the outer ones, which are much longer than the inner ones, are twisted by their filiform sum- mits into a little knot, which can never be disentangled without injuring them, on account of the small transverse bars which project on each side the teeth, and rivet, as it were, the summits together. 40. ORTHOTRICHUM. ( A very natural genus in habit, growing in tufts on rocks or trees. Two of the British species are destitute of the ciliary processes which form the inner peri- stome). * Peristome without ciliary processes. 1. O. anomalum, leaves lanceolate, erecto-patent ; seta ex- serted; peristome of 8 double teeth; calyptra slightly pilose. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 137. Musc. Brit. p. 72. t. 21. (Not of E. B. or Fl. Brit.) Hab. Rocks and stones, frequent. King's Park. 248 CRYPTOGAMIA. MUSCI. ORTHOTRICHUM. Stems rather broadly tufted, branched, scarcely an inch long. Leaves lan- ceolate, erect, imbricated, the margins revolute, dark brownish-green. Seta short, but always exserted, that is, longer than the leaves. Calyptra slightly hairy. Peristome of 8 double teeth, suberect, but never recurved when dry; arched over the mouth when moist. 2. O. cupulatum, leaves lanceolate, erecto-patent; theca sub- sessile; peristome of 16 double teeth ; calyptra slightly pilose. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 137. Musc. Brit. p. 72. t. 2). 72. t. 21. 0. ano- malum, Smith, E. B. t. 1423, and O. nudum, t. 1325. Hab. On trees and stones. Near Edinburgh, Sir J. E. Smith. I have also gathered it, but forget the stations. Stems tufted, rather robust, an inch long, branched. Leaves dark green, quite erect when dry, somewhat revolute at the margin. Theca half bu- ried among the leaves. Calyptra more or less pilose, mostly slightly so. Peristome lying flat over the mouth; each tooth marked by a longitudi- nal line, jointed and diaphangus. ** Peristome with 8 ciliary processes, p. 137. 3. O. crispum, leaves lanceolate-subulate, much crisped when dry; seta much exserted; theca striate ; peristome with 8 ci- liary processes; calyptra very pilose. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. Musc. Brit. p. 73. t. 21. 73. t. 21. Smith, E. B. t. 996. HAB. On trees (rarely stones). Frequent on bushes in heathy or sub- alpine situations. Rosslyn and Auchindenny woods and Pentland Hills, abundantly. Stems forming roundish tufts, nearly an inch high. Leaves bright green, often with a rich yellow tinge, exceedingly crisped when dry. Seta much a exserted. Theca long and tapering down into the seta.–One of our most common but most beautiful Orthotricha. 4. O. affine, leaves recurvo-patent, flaccid, broadly lanceo- late; theca sessile, deeply sulcate; peristome of 8 geminate teeth and 8 ciliary processes ; calyptra subpilose. Hook. and Tayl. Musc. Brit. ed. 2. MSS., ed. 1. p. 74. t. 21. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 137 a, majus, stems very short ; calyptra, especially above, pilose. 0. affine, Smith, E. B. t. 1323. B, pumilum, stems very short; calyptra glabrous. 0. pumi- lum, Smith, E. B. t. 2168. HAB. Trees, frequent. a, Very common. Stems tufted, from less than half an inch to above 1 inch long, branched. Leaves lanceolate, rather pale green, soft, spreading. Theca sessile, fur- rowed. Peristome with 8 slender ciliæ, and 8 very much reflexed and re- volute teeth, of a whitish colour, and opaque substance, marked by 3 lon- gitudinal lines, but never divided.-Large plants, with the habit of 0. striatum occur, but an examination of the peristome is at once suffi. cient to distinguish the one from the other. 5. O. rupincola, leaves suberect, straight, rigid, broadly lan- ceolate; theca subsessile, slightly striate towards the mouth ; ORTHOTRICHUM. CRYPTOGAMIA. MUSCI. 249 66 The pe- peristome of 16 distinct teeth and 8 ciliary processes; calyptra very hairy. Funck, Deutschlands Funck, Deutschlands Moose, p. 35. 35. Hook. and Tayl. Musc. Brit. ed. 2. MSS. Hab. Rocks, King's Park, Mr Arnott. Auchindenny woods, on a mass of rock in the middle of the river. May. « Strikingly different at first sight,” as Dr Hooker correctly observes, " from 0. affine, in its very rigid texture, and straight and almost erect leaves, and in the capsules, which are much broader, and wholly desti- tute of furrow” (except towards the mouth, and in age). ristome is composed of 16 outer teeth, which are never united in pairs, and the operculum, which is short, is flat at the base, with the beak sud- denly set on, and of a reddish brown colour, whereas in 0. affine, it tapers gradually into the beak, and is of a yellowish-white colour. Indeed, the whole plant of O. rupincola is vastly browner than that of O. affine; and in this respect, and in rigidity, coming nearer to 0. Hutchinsia.” In addition to the above excellent observations kindly communicated to me by Dr Hooker, I have only to add, that the outer teeth, which are either spreading or somewhat revolute, are marked with a longitudinal line, and are very frequently bifid at the apex, and perforated or even lacunose, somewhat in the manner of Schwaegrichen's figure of 0. ru- pestre. The ciliary processes, under a high power, are divided by a lon- gitudinal line into 2 rows of cellules, as indeed are those of O. affine. The size of the plant (which grows in tufts), is from half an inch to 2 inches in length. It was first found in this country by Mr Starke, on rocks by the river Clyde. Besides the above stations, I have recently found it on the Castle Hill, Stirling; near Callender; and at Loch Earn-head. *** Peristome with 16 ciliary processes. 6. O. diaphanum, stems short; leaves lanceolate, acuminate, their points diaphanous; theca sessile ; peristome with 16 ci- liary processes; calyptra subpilose. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. Musc. Brit. p. 74. t. 21. Smith, E. B. t. 1324. p HAB. Trees and walls. Trees in the old Botanic Garden, G. Don. Near Newhaven, on old willow-trees by the road-side from Trinity to the Chain-Pier. Abercorn Park, Duddingston. Stems forming little tufts, scarcely half an inch high, often much less. Theca subsessile, half immersed among the leaves; but the best distinguishing character is the pellucid, hair-like points of the leaves, which may be seen by the naked eye. 17. 0. pulchellum, stems short ; leaves patent, narrow-lanceo- late, crisped when dry; seta exserted; peristome with 16 slen- der ciliary processes; calyptra subpilose, plicate at the base. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 137. Musc. Brit. p. 75. t. 21. Smith, E. B. t. 1784. HAB. Trees, especially the Ash and the Hazel. Near Dalkeith, G. Don. South Queensferry, Mr Greene. Rosslyn and Auchindenny woods, abundantly, Messrs Arnott and Greville. Trees and bushes on the banks of the Logan Water, scarcely a mile below Habbie's How. Drumshoreland Muir. Stems tufted, branched, half an inch to near Linch long. Leaves linear- lanceolate, somewhat crisped when dry. Seta shortly exserted. Theca ovato-cylindrical, striate. “Peristome of 8 outer double spreading teeth, p. 137. 250 CRYPTOGAMIA, MUSCI. ANOMODON. of a pink colour, and 16 inner ciliæ. Calyptra scarcely at all pilose, cam- panulate, very pale, the point coloured, and the base finely plicate.- Without exception, the most beautiful Orthotrichum in this country. 7. 0. striatum, stems elongate, branched ; leaves lanceolate- patent, slightly twisted when dry; theca sessile, ovate, smooth ; peristome with 16 torulose ciliary processes ; calyptra subpi- ſose. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 137. Musc. Brit. p. 76. t. 21. Smith, E. B. t. 2187. HAB. Trees ; rarely on stones. Auchindenny woods, and many other places near Edinburgh. Stems tufted, branched, 1 to near 3 inches long, robust, and often rather rigid. Leaves lanceolate, acute. Theca half immersed among the leaves; not furrowed, as in the following. Teeth of the peristome 16, rather long and narrow ; Cilia 16, irregularly moniliform. 9. O. Lyellii, stems elongate, much branched; leaves long, linear-lanceolate, recurvo-patent, crisped when dry; theca ob- long, striate; peristome with 16, rather broad, distinctly jointed ciliary processes ;. calyptra hairy. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 137. Musc. Brit. p. 76. t, 22. HAB. Trunks of trees. Swanston wood, Messrs Arnott and Greville. Stems tufted, branched, 1-3 inches long or more, often naked at the base, and drooping. Leaves dark, dull green, long, undulate at the margin, more or less crisped when dry. Theca half immersed in the leaves, ob- long, with a long apophysis. Outer peristome of 16 long teeth, recurved when dry. A large species, very distinct, and far more common than I suspected when I gathered it (then new to Scotland) in Kinross-shire. In that county, and in Perthshire, it is found in the utmost profusion; and I have since observed it in many other places, always producing its fruit sparingly. About Edinburgh, it is not so frequent. 41. ANOMODON. 1. A. curtipendulum, leaves ovate, acuminate, serrulate, the nerve disappearing below the point; seta twice as long as the perichætium; theca ovate. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 138. Musc. Brit. p. 79. t. 22. Neckera curtipendula, Smith, E. B. t. 1444. HAB. On the ground, rocks and old trees, chiefly in subalpine countries, not frequent in fruit. Arthur's Seat. Pentland Hills, &c. abundant. Stems 2-10 inches long, branched, somewhat pinnate, dark shining green, often almost blackish, slightly incrassated at the extremities. Leaves imbricated. Seta short and curved, and the theca cernuous, but at length both are erect. Lid conical. 2. A. viticulosum, leaves ovate-lanceolate, obtuse, entire, the nerve reaching to the point ; seta very long; theca cylindrical. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 138. . 2 . Musc. Brit. p. 80. t. 22. Hypnum viticulosum, Smith, E. B. t. 265. Hab. Rocks, and sometimes trees. Craigmillar Castle, Mr E. Maughan. Craiglockhart. Always barren at both stations. Stems creeping, and throwing up a profusion of branches 2–6 inches long, which form wide tufts. Leaves imbricated on all sides, erecto-patent, un- NECKERA. 251 CRYPTOGAMIA. MUSCI. dulate, sometimes secund at the extremities of the branches; colour dark but rather bright green, turning yellow in age. Seta an inch long. Theca cylindrical, reddish. Lid conico-rostrate. The leaves moisten speedily, and expand so much as to give the plant a very different ap- pearance in dry and moist weather. 42. NECKERA. 1. N. crispa, leaves oblong, acuminulate, transversely rugose; seta much exserted; theca ovate. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 138. Musc. Brit. p. 78. t. 22. Hypnum crispum, Smith, E. B. t. 617. Hab. Rocks. Habbie's How, in the Pentland Hills, Mr E. Maughan. Rosslyn woods. Stems 3-10 inches long, in broad, entangled, drooping tuſts, branched, pinnate. Leaves fine, shining, brown-green, strikingly undulate, directed to each side in a distichous manner. Seta half an inch long. Lid ob- liquely subulato-rostrate, nearly as long as the theca.—A splendid moss. 43. FONTINALIS. (Wholly an aquatic genus, with dark green leaves.) 1. F. antipyretica, leaves nerveless, acutely carinate. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 138. Musc. Brit. Musc. Brit. p. 82. t. 22, Smith, E. B. t. 859. Hab. In ponds and streams, frequent. Abercorn, near Queensferry, Maughan. In fruit at Rosslyn in the Esk, Mr J. Stewart. In fruit in the Logan Water, in various places, Messrs Arnott and Greville. Stems floating, 6 inches to 2 feet long or more, much branched. Leaves of a dull deep green colour, imbricated in a trifarious manner, entire, acute, and so much folded as to produce a sharp keel. Theca lateral, usually at the middle or lower part of the stems; elliptical, almost enveloped in the imbricated, roundish scales of the subsessile perichætium. 2. F. squamosa, leaves nerveless, plane, or very slightly con- , cave, shining. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 139. Musc. Brit. p. 82. t. 22. Smith, E. B. t. 1861. HAB. Streams and rivulets, chiefly on the mountains. Water of Leith, near Redhall. Stems 6 inches to above a foot long, much entangled and branched, with a yellowish or olivaceous hue, and glistening. Leaves lanceolate, acumi- nate, loosely imbricated, plane or concave, but not in the least keeled. Theca much resembling the last, but smaller.-One of the most striking characters is the glistening or shining appearance, which is so evi- dent, especially when dried, that Bauhin applies to it the epithet lu- cens, and Dillenius that of sericeus. When recently dried, it has a pecu- liar smell, somewhat resembling that of woollen cloth before the oil is washed out: this I never perceived in the last species. I have found it both in rapid streams and still water. 44. BUXBAUMIA. 1. B. aphylla. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 139.; and Fl. Lond. New Series. Musc. Brit. p. 84. t. 22. Smith, E. B. t. 1596. : 252 CRYPTOGAMIA. MUSCI. BARTRAMIA. HAB. On the ground in woods and heathy places, very rare. Rosslyn, among some fir-trees below the Chapel, Mr E. Maughan. Whole plant not an inch high, of a red colour, and apparently leafless. Stem none. Seta arising from a brown, scaly, bulbous base, rough with tu- bercles, erect and strong. Theca large, ovate, oblique, gibbous, fattish above, convex beneath. Peristome with an outer circle of erect, linear, reddish processes, free towards the apex, and an inner, cone-like, plicate, white membrane. Lid conical, obtuse. The minute brown scales of the bulbous base have been lately ascertained to be true nerveless leaves, excessively minute, of a very vasculose struc. ture, and cleft at the apex into a number of capillary segments, or ra- ther, in all the specimens which I have examined, into a terminating fringe of conferva-like filaments, longer than the rest of the leaf. The discovery of these leaves was made by Mr Robert Brown and the late Mr J. Stewart about the same time, Mr Stewart having mentioned them to his class two or three months before the date of the account published by Mr Brown in Linn. Trans., and which I had not seen when I pub- lished some observations on the moss in Wern. Trans. An excellent history and figure of Buxbaumia is given by Dr Hooker in the Fl. Lond. New Series; and additional particulars and dissections will be given by Mr Arnott and myself in the 5th vol. of Wern. Trans. 45. BARTRAMIA. * Seta long, straight. 1. B. pomiformis, leaves patent, subulate, strongly serrate, the nerve reaching to the summit, twisted when dry. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. P. 139. Musc. Brit. p. 85. t. 23. a, minor, stem short, leaves flexuose. B. pomiformis, Smith, E. B. t. 998. B, major, stems much lengthened out, branched; leaves longer, crisped, especially when dry. B. crispa, Smith, E. B. t. 1526. HAB. Banks and crevices of rocks, chiefly subalpine. Pentland Hills, both a and B, the former plentiful. Stems tufted, varying in length from half an inch to 3 inches. Leaves nu- merous, long, very subulate, bright green, spreading, more or less twist- ed when dry, the nerve passing distinctly to near the apex. Seta an inch long, erect. Theca globose, becoming striate when old. Lid con- vexo-mamillate. 2. B. fontana, stems fastigiate ; leaves closely imbricated, rigid, erect, broadly ovate or lanceolate, acuminate, nearly plane, serrate; seta lateral from innovations. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 140. Musc. Brit. p. 87. t. 23. deg major, stems 3–6 inches in length ; leaves broadly ovate, acuminate. Bryum fontanum, Smith, E. B. t. 390. B, marchica, stems from half an inch to an inch in length; leaves lanceolate, acuminate. B. marchica, Smith, E. B. t. 2074. HAB. Marshy places. a, Often by the sides of alpine rivulets, and in bogs. B, Generally in wet gravelly or sandy spots. Both on the Pent- land Hills, and elsewhere. Stems more or less tufted, varying in length from half an inch to 6 inches. Leaves imbricated on all sides, the stem erect, sometimes falcato-secund, HOOKERIA. 253 CRYPTOGAMIA. MUSCI. p. 140. and then generally very robust. Seta 1-3 inches long, erect. Theca large, globose, oblique. Lid obtusely conical. ** Seta short, curved. 3. B. arcuata, stems much elongated, proliferous; leaves ho- rizontally patent, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, striate ; , seta very short, arcuate, at length lateral; theca smooth. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. Musc. Brit. p. 88. t. 23. Smith, E. B. t. 1237. HAB. Mountains and mossy heaths. Pentland Hills in several places, Messrs Maughan and Greville. Stems 3-7 inches long, branched ; the branches mostly short, and clothed with spreading leaves of a shining yellowish-green colour, not twisted when dry. Seta curved and flexuose. Theca large, globose, not striate, beautiful._One of our finest mosses, and I believe still peculiar to Great Britain. 46. HOOKERIA. 1. H. lucens, leaves broadly ovate, entire, obtuse, nerveless. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 141. Musc. Brit. p. 89. t. 27. Smith, E. B. t. 1902. HAB. Moist shady woods. Rosslyn and Colinton woods, and Bilston Burn, Maughan. Auchindenny woods, abundant. Stems procumbent, 1-3 inches long, somewhat branched, radicating. Leaves plane, in four rows, but arranged in a bifarious manner, pale whitish- green, with large reticulations. Seta an inch long, erect, of a dark co- lour, as well as the cernuous, ovate theca. Lid conico-rostrate. Calyp- tra very pale.—A beautiful moss. 47. HYPNUM. Div. I. Stems (taken in conjunction with the leaves) plane. * Theca erect. 1. H. trichomanoides, leaves broadly scymitar-shaped, ser- rate at the point, the nerve reaching to the middle of the leaf; theca ovate, erect, the lid rostrate. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 141. Musc. Brit. p. 91. t. 24. Smith, E. B. t. 1493. t HAB. Woods, at the roots and trunks of trees. Colinton woods, Maughan. Braid Hermitage, Mr Arnott. Rosslyn and Auchindenny woods. Stems entangled, and often covering a large surface, 1-3 inches long, much branched. Leaves yellowish shining green, scarcely pointed, but curved somewhat into the form of a broad scymitar, arranged in a bifarious Seta not an inch long, erect. Theca ovate. Lid nearly as long as the theca, conical, with a subulate point. 2. H. complanatum, leaves oblong, apiculate, entire, nerve- less; theca ovate, erect, the lid rostrate. Hook Fl. Scot. 2. p. 141. Musc. Brit. p. 91. t. 24. Smith, E. B. t. 1492. . HAB. Trunks of trees, common; but rare in fruit. Slems often covering the bottom of the trunks of old trees, and generally more or less drooping, 2-6 inches long, much branched in a pinnate man- manner. 254 CRYPTOGAMIA. MUSCI. HYPNUM. ner. Leaves pale shining green, nerveless. Seta scarcely half an inch long, not thrice as long as the perichætium. Theca shortly ovate, with a ros- trate lid. ** Theca cernuous or inclined. 3. H. riparium, leaves ovate-lanceolate, more or less atte- nuated into a long point, entire, the nerve reaching nearly to the summit, or less; theca oblong, cernuous, the lid conical. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 141. Smith, E. B. t. 2060. HAB. Banks of ditches, and moist places occasionally overflowed. Very abundant at Duddingston Loch among the reeds. Stems, when growing in the water, 3-7 inches long, much branched, and the leaves lanceolato-subulate; when growing out of the water, spread- ing in small, lax patches, much shorter, and the leaves lanceolate-acumi- nate; somewhat shining ; not always obviously placed bifariously. Seta near an inch high. Theca ovate, with a very shortly conical lid. 4. H. undulatum, leaves ovate, acute, transversely undulate, with 2 faint nerves at the base; theca oblong, furrowed, arcuato- cernuous, the lid rostrate. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. P. 141. Musc. Brit. p. 92. t. 24. Smith, E. B. t. 1181. Hab. Banks in heathy places, and in woods. Rosslyn woods, Maughan. Auchindenny woods, and many places on the Pentland Hills. Stems 3–8 inches long, often almost simple, or slightly branched, growing in lax masses. Leaves whitish-green, somewhat shining, undulate. Seta near 2 inches long, erect, slender. Theca arched and cernuous, well marked by being furrowed. Lid conical, acuminate. 5. H. denticulatum, leaves ovate, sometimes approaching to lanceolate, more or less acuminate, having 2 short nerves at the base; theca oblong-cylindraceous, inclined, the lid conical. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 141. Musc. Brit. p. 92. t. 24. Smith, E. B. t. 1260, and H. Donianum, t. 1446. HAB. Banks in woods, about the roots of old trees, and similar places. Braid Hermitage ; Rosslyn and Auchindenny woods, &c. Stems 1-2 inches in length, somewhat branched, subdecumbent. Leaves bright, shining green, disposed in a bifarious manner, more or less acu- minate. Seta an inch long or more. Theca varying in form, from short- ly ovate to cylindrical. Lid conical, slightly beaked.— The var. obtusifo- lium (H. Donianum, E. B.) I have not seen in this neighbourhood. It differs, in having the leaves more obtuse, slightly concave, and not so re- gularly bifarious. Div. II. Stems (taken in conjunction with the leaves) more or less cylindrical, never plane. SECT. I. Leaves spreading on all sides of the stem. A. Leaves uniform in their direction (not squarrose). a. Nerve reaching to the point. 6. H. tenellum, leaves fasciculate, erect, lanceolate-subulate, 2 HYPNUM. CRYPTOGAMIA. MUSCI. 255 entire, their nerve reaching to the summit; theca ovate, cer- nuous, the lid rostrate. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 142. Musc. Brit. p. 93. t. 24. Smith, E. B. t. 1859. HAB. Rocks and old walls, chiefly in calcareous countries, not common. Side of a cave on the sea-shore near Kirkcaldy, Mr Arnott. Base of the rock at Craiglockhart. Stems forming small, spreading, almost velvety patches, of a yellowish but deep green colour, not an inch long, branched, slender. Leaves small, acuminate, straight, having somewhat of a rigid appearance, shining. Seta scarcely half an inch long. Theca small, ovate, cernuous. Lid as long as the theca, conical, with a subulate point. 7. H. serpens, leaves ovate-lanceolate, rather obtuse, patent, entire, their nerve for the most part reaching to the summit; theca cylindrical, curved, cernuous, the lid conical. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 142. Musc. Brit. p. 94. t. 24. Smith, E. B. t. 1037, and H. subtile, t. 2496. Hab. Trunks of trees near the ground, decaying wood, &c., very fre- quent. Plant spreading in green patches, with the short capillary stems and branches interwoven and subprocumbent. Leaves very minute, entire, varying greatly in the length of the nerve. Seta not an inch long. Theca arched and cernuous. Lid conical, short.--A delicate, very slender moss. 8. H. populeum, leaves lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, mar- gin slightly reflexed, nerve reaching to the point; theca ovate, nearly erect; the lid conical ; seta rough. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2 . . 142. Musc. Musc. Brit. p. 94. t. 24. p H. implexum, Smith, E. B. t. 1584. HAB. Trees, rocks, and stones, not common. On stones in the small plantation opposite the bleachfield, Slateford, Mr Arnott. Stems 1-2 inches long, creeping, and covering stones, &c. in dark green, shining patches, especially when dry; branches very short, erect. Leaves lanceolate, acuminate, serrate chiefly towards the point, suberect. Seta not half an inch long. Theca ovate, dark red-brown, subcernuous. Lid conical, acute, not so long as the theca. b. Nerve shorter than the leaf, or none. * Leaves entire ; ovate or elliptical. 9. H. Schreberi, leaves closely imbricated, nearly erect, el- liptical, apiculate, concave, entire, faintly 2-nerved at the base theca ovate, cernuous, the lid conical. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 143. Musc. Brit. p. 96. t. 24. Smith, E. B. t. 1621. . HAB. Woods and banks, very common, but rarely producing fruit free- ly. In profusion on the Pentland Hills under the Juniper bushes. Stems in large lax tufts, intermixed with other plants, 4-12 inches long, compressed, slender, branched, pinnate, mostly reddish, and shining through the leaves of the main stem. Leaves pale, yellowish, shining green. Seta an inch long. Theca ovate, cernuous, dark red-brown. Lid conical, with a dark rostrate point; nearly as long as the theca. 10. H. purum, leaves closely imbricated, oval, with a very p. 142. 256 CRYPTOGAMIA. MUSCI. HYPNUM. short point, very concave, their nerve reaching half way up; theca ovate, cernuous, the lid conical. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. . p. 143. Musc. Brit. p. 98. t. 24. Smith, E. B. t. 1599, and H. illece- brum, E. B. t. 2189, (not of Hedwig). HAB. Woods and banks, very common, but less so in fruit. Stems 3-10 inches long, branched, pinnate; branches rather tumid. Leaves very concave, suddenly apiculate, imbricated, shining. Seta an inch and a half long Theca ovate, cernuous, dark brown. Lid conical, very shortly beaked. ** Leaves entire ; lanceolate or subulate. 11. H. plumosum, leaves erecto-patent, the uppermost ones mostly secund, all ovato-lanceolate, acuminate, subserrate, the nerve reaching above half way; theca ovate, cernuous, the lid conical. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 143. Musc. Brit. p. 98. t. 25. Smith, E. B. t. 2071, and H. alpinum, t. 1496. HAB. Moist rocks and stones, especially in the beds of alpine rivulets. Pentland Hills. The rocks and stones at Habbie's How are covered with it. Stems 1-6 inches long, irregularly branched, generally forming a dense matted covering to stones, &c., particularly if the water occasionally passes over it. Leaves dark brown-green, except towards the ends of the branches, where they are of a rich glossy yellowish-green, and most- ly secund. Seta about half an inch long. Theca shortly ovate, dark brown, cernuous. Lid conical.—This plant sometimes is larger in all its parts, and the whole of a pale yellow-green colour. The specific characters must then be carefully attended to. 12. H. pulchellum, leaves loosely imbricated, the upper ones subsecund, all lanceolate-acuminate, entire, nerveless; theca ovate-cylindrical, nearly erect, the lid conical. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 143. Musc. Brit. p. 99. t. 25. Smith, E. B. t. 2006. HAB. Moist banks among rocks, rather rare. Habbie's How, in the Pentland Hills, Mr Arnott. Auchindenny woods. Stems short, scarcely more than half an inch long, slightly branched, form- ing small, and often rather dense tufts. Leaves spreading, and sometimes appearing almost bifarious, generally, but not always, secund at the summits, shining. Seta not an inch high. Theca inclined, pale. Lid conical, short. p. 143. 13. H. sericeum, leaves erecto-patent, lanceolate, acuminate, entire, striate, nerve running to three-fourths of the length; theca ovate-cylindrical, erect, the lid conical. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. 143. Musc. Brit. p. 100. t. 25. Smith, E. B. t. 1445. . HAB. Rocks, wall-tops, trees, very abundant. Plant very silky in appearance, bright yellowish-green, 2-4 inches long, creeping in a dense manner on walls and trunks of trees, and throwing up a quantity of short, erect, crowded, mostly simple branches. Leaves closely imbricated, erect, entire, striate. Seta erect, scarcely an inch long. Theca erect, ovate-cylindrical, deep, red brown. Lid conical. 14. H. rufescens, leaves erecto-patent, lanceolate, acuminate, 3 HYPNUM. CRYPTOGAMIA. MUSCI. 257 entire, striate, faintly 2-nerved at the base ; theca ovate, nearly erect, the lid conical. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 143. Musc. Brit. p. 99. t. 25. Smith, E. B. t. 2296. B. tenuis, stems slender, subprocumbent ; leaves somewhat secund, HAB. Mountain rocks, very rare in fruit. B. on the Pentland Hills, rare. Stems 1-6 inches long, tufted, branched, erect or somewhat creeping. Leaves lanceolate-acuminate, striate, entire, the two nerves at the base so short and faint as to be perceived with difficulty; colour usually a fine shining reddish pink or purple, rarely simply green. Seta an inch long Theca ovate-oblong, suberect. Lid conical, with a short beak. Var. B. is the form in which it occurs on the Pentland Hills; in this state, the stems are only one inch long, very slender, and either tufted or de- cumbent, and straggling. The leaves retain their characters, but are much smaller and subsecund. This variety bears a strong resemblance to var. polyanthos of H. cupressiforme, and also to the foreign H. incur- vatum, from which, however, it is distinct. 15. H. lutescens, leaves erecto-patent, lanceolate, acuminate, entire, striated, nerve disappearing below the point ; theca ovate, cernuous, the lid conico-acuminate ; seta rough. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 143. Musc. Brit. p. Musc. Brit. p. 100. t. 25. Smith, E. B. t. 1445. HAB. Trunks of trees and bushes near the ground; also on banks, fre- quent. In fine fructification beneath the wall of Caroline Park next the sea, Maughan. Stems much branched, 2-4 inches long ; branches spreading, mostly short. Leaves yellowish-green, shining, striate, sometimes serrulate towards the apex, according to Hooker. Seta not an inch long, erect, dark red, as well as the slightly cernuous theca. Lid conical, with a short beak. 16. H. nitens, leaves erecto-patent, narrow, lanceolate, acu- minate, nearly entire, striate, nerve running nearly to the sum- mit; theca oblong-ovate, curved, cernuous, the lid conical ; seta smooth. . Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 144. Musc. Brit. p. 100. t. 25. Smith, E. B. t. 1646. Hab. Bogs. Pentland Hills, Messrs G. Don and Maughan. (Rare, especially in fruit, but occurring in several spots.) Stems 2-5 inches long, slightly branched; branches beset with short branch- lets, sometimes in an irregularly pinnate manner. Leaves lanceolate. subulate, entire, striate, of a golden yellow colour, and shining so much as to give the whole moss a splendid appearance. Seta near 2 inches long. Theca cernuous, with a short, conical lid. 17. H. albicans, leaves erecto-patent, ovate-lanceolate, acu- minate, striate, entire, nerve reaching half way up; theca ovate, cernuous, the lid conical ; seta smooth. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 144. Musc. Brit. p. 101. t. 25. Smith, E. B. t. 1300. HAB. Sandy heaths and bogs. Pentland Hills, Mr Arnott. (Intermixed with H. nitens, in the valley on the other side of the rocks above Swanston Wood.) Plant of a very pale, almost whitish-green colour, branched, or nearly R a 268 CRYPTOGAMIA. MUSCI. HYPNUM. p. 144. simple, 1-3 inches long. Leaves imbricated, erect, shining, especially when dry, much acuminated, slightly striate. Seta above an inch long, dark red. Theca shortly ovate, dark brown. Lid conical, with a short beak. *** Leaves serrate. Stems naked below. 18. H. alopecurum, stems mostly erect, below simple and naked, fascicled above; leaves concave, ovate, elliptical, acute, serrate, nerve running nearly to the point, margin reflexed; theca ovate, cernuous, the lid rostrate. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. 144. Musc. Brit. p. 101. t. 25. Smith, E. B. t. 1182. HAB. Moist woods, on the ground, and on shady rocks by the sides of streams, usually near the water. Colinton woods, Maughan. Braid Hermitage ; Pentland Hills; Arniston, Rosslyn, and Auchindenny woods. A very fine moss, creeping at the base. Stems erect, not crowded, often rather scattered, 2-4 inches high, naked below, but bearing a large head of branches. Leaves dark green, serrate towards the apex, rather obtuse, striate. Seta not an inch long. Theca ovate. Lid rostrate, two-thirds of the length of the theca. 19. H. dendroides, stems erect, below simple and naked, fas- cicled above ; leaves ovate, often more or less lanceolate, striate, serrate at the point, nerve reaching nearly to the summit; theca erect, ovate-cylindrical, the lid rostrate. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. 144. Musc. Brit. p. 101. t. 25. Smith, E. B. t. 1565. HAB. Woods, bogs, moist pastures, &c. frequent. In fruit on the Pent- land Hills. Banks above the sea west from Pettycur ; and elsewhere. Stems 2-4 inches high, erect, naked below, but with a tuft of erect or spreading, shining, yellowish-green branches. Leaves rather loosely im- bricated, striate. Sete an inch long or more, dark red, 3-20 or more. Theca erect, about one-third longer than the straight, conico-rostrate lid. -The columella is often fixed to the lid, and retains it for some time af- ter it has separated from the theca. **** Leaves serrate. Stems leafy below. 20. H. curvatum, branches fascicled, curved ; leaves ovate- elliptical, concave, serrate at the points, nerve disappearing be- yond the middle; theca ovate, erect, the lid rostrate. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 144. Musc. Brit. p. 102. t. 25. Smith, E. B. t. 1566. HAB. On trees and rocks, very frequent. Stems in lax tufts, 2-3 inches long, much branched ; branches somewhat erect, curved, acute. Leaves imbricated, concave, rather tumid, serrate towards the apex, the nerve sometimes forked. Seta near an inch long. Theca ovate, erect, light reddish. Lid conico-rostrate, not so long as the theca. 21. H. myosuroides, branches fascicled, curved ; leaves lan- ceolate-acuminate, serrate, margins reflexed at the base, their nerve disappearing near the middle; theca ovate-cylindrical, erect, the lid rostrate. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 144. Musc. Brit. p. 102. t. 25. Smith, E. B. t. 1567. p. HYPNUM. CRYPTOGAMIA. MUSCI. 259 nuous. HAB. Trees and rocks. Auchindenny woods, Mr Arnott. Pentland Hills. Stems in lax tufts, more slender than the preceding, acute. Leaves acumi- nate, serrate nearly the whole length, the margin reflexed. Seta above half an inch long. Theca ovate, scarcely quite erect. Lid rostrate. + Stems bi- tri-pinnate. 22. H. splendens, stems tripinnate ; leaves ovate, with a sud- denly acuminate, serrate point, concave, faintly 2-nerved at the base, margin recurved below; theca ovate, the lid rostrate. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 144. Musc. Brit. p. 103. t. 25. Smith, E. B. t. 1424. Hab. Heaths and banks, common. In the utmost profusion on the Pentland Hills, under the juniper bushes. Stems in lax tufts, 6–12 inches long, branched, tripinnate. Leaves yellow. ish-green, very shining. Seta an inch long, dark red. Theca ovate, cer- Lid rostrate, nearly as long as the theca. 23. H. proliferum, stems tripinnate ; leaves serrate, papil- lose on the back, the cauline ones cordate-acuminate, striate, with a nerve running nearly to the point, those of the branches more ovate, with a single or double nerve at the base. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. P. 145. Musc. Brit. p. 103. t. 25. Smith, E. B. t. 1494, and H. recognitum, t. 1495. Hab. Woods and banks, frequent. In fruit at Auchindenny, and else- where. Plant of a dull opake green, not in the least shining. Stems 3–8 inches long, branched, tripinnate, proliferous, or one stem arising from another in a sudden abrupt manner. Leaves imbricated, striate. Seta above an inch long, fine dark red. Theca ovate, cernuous, deep red-brown. Lid co- nico-rostrate.-H. recognitum, E. B. t.1495, has not been found in Scotland. After an accurate investigation of authentic specimens, I can find no character to distinguish it from H. proliferum, except that the stems are only bipinnate, and the lid not so much rostrate. It also wants the pro- liferous mode of growth. These differences, however, can scarcely be termed specific, though they mark a singular variety. 24. H. prælongum, stems sub-bipinnate ; leaves distantly placed, patent, cordate or ovate, acuminate, serrate, nerve dis- appearing below the summit; theca ovate, cernuous, the lid l'ostrate. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 145. Musc. Brit. p. 103. t. 25. Smith, E. B. t. 2035, and H. Stokesii, t. 2036, and H. Swartzii, t. 2034. HAB. Woods, on the ground and trunks of trees, very frequent. Stems sometimes loosely tufted, but more or less straggling in its mode of growth, 2-8 inches long, branched, more or less pinnate or bipinnate, somewhat proliferous or lengthened out, with occasional intervals of naked stem. Leaves rather opake green, lax. Seta about an inch long, or rather less. Theca ovate, cernuous. Lid conico-rostrate. ++ Stems irregularly branched ; (H. piliferum is sometimes sub- pinnate.) 25. H. piliferum, stems somewhat pinnate ; leaves ovate, with R 2 260 CRYPTOGAMIA. MUSCI. HYPNUM. a long narrow acumination, serrate, nerve disappearing below the middle; theca ovate, cernuous, the lid conical, with a mi- nute point. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 145. Musc. Brit. p. 105. t. 25. p . Smith, E. B. t. 1516. HAB. Woods and banks, not common. Braid Hermitage, Mr Arnott. Auchindenny woods, Messrs Arnott and Greville; producing fruit in both places Stems straggling, 2–9 inches long, sometimes subpinnate, but as frequently branched in a most irregular manner ; branches often distant. Leaves shining green, pale or dark, concave, those of the stem with their acu- minated summits resembling a hair-point to the naked eye, especially when dry. Seta an inch long. Theca ovate, cernuous. Lid conical, acute, with a minute mucronate dark point. The lid of this moss has been erroneously figured and described in E. B. as subulate, and as ros- trate by the authors of Muscologia Britannica. 26. H. rutabulum, stems variously branched ; leaves patent, ovate, acuminate, serrate at the point, striate, their nerve reach- ing half way; theca ovate, cernuous, the lid conical ; seta rough. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 145. . Musc. Brit. p. 105. t. 2 H. brevirostre, Smith, E. B. t. 1647, and H. crenulatum, E. B. t. 1261. HAB. Trees, banks, walls, and stones, very common. Slems procumbent, matted, and covering stones, &c., branched, 2-4 inches long. Leaves bright shining green, imbricated, ovate-lanceolate, some- what striate. Seta about an inch long, dark red, rough with minute tu- bercles. Theca ovate, dark red. Lid conical, acute. 27. H. velutinum, stems variously branched ; leaves erecto- patent, ovate, often approaching to lanceolate, acuminate, ser- rate, striate, nerve reaching half-way; theca ovate, cernuous, the lid conical ; seta rough. Hook. FI. Scot. 2. p. 145. Musc. Brit. p. 105. t. 26. Smith, E. B. t. 1568, and H. intricatum, t. 2421. Hab. Hedge-banks, on the ground, and on roots and trunks of tree near the ground, very common. Stems short, 1-2 inches long, branched, and forming rather dense, entangled patches, of a bright, and often yellowish green colour. Leaves ovate-lan- ceolate, lax. Seta scarcely more than half an inch long, rough. Theca shortly ovate, cernuous, dark red. Lid conical, rather obtuse. 28. H. ruscifolium, stems variously branched ; leaves loose- ly imbricated, subpatent, broadly ovate, acute, serrate, concave, their nerve reaching nearly to the summit; theca ovate, cer- nuous, the lid rostrate. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 145. Musc. Brit. p. 106. t. 26. Smith, E. B. t. 1275. Hab. Stones and wood in streams, especially subalpine rivulets. Pent- land Hills, in great abundance. Water of Leith, &c. Stems floating, 3-9 inches long or more, branched, often naked below when growing in rivulets (always in old plants) from the action of the water. Leaves dark or almost blackish-green, except in the young branches, where they are yellowish; shining green ; large, broad, with the nerve HYPNUM. . CRYPTOGAMIA, MUSCI. 261 sometimes reaching to the very point. Seta rather more than half an inch long. Theca shortly ovate. Lid obliquely and acutely rostrate. 29. H. striatum, stems variously branched ; leaves patent, cordate-acuminate, serrate, striate, nerve reaching beyond the middle; theca oblong-ovate, cernuous, the lid rostrate ; seta smooth. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 145. 145. Musc. Brit. p. 106. t. 26. Smith, E. B. t. 1648. Hab. In woods and shady places on the ground, and on stones and trunks of trees near the ground, common. Braid Hermitage ; Granton, Ross- lyn, and Auchindenny woods. Stems in wide, lax tufts, 2–8 inches long, rather straggling. Leaves spread- ing, broad, serrate, very striate, even to the naked eye. Seta an inch long, fine red, quite smooth. Theca red, cernuous. Lid obliquely ros- trate, as long as the theca. 30. H. confertum, stems variously branched ; leaves erecto- patent, ovate, acuminate, concave, serrate, their nerve reaching half way; theca ovate, cernuous, the lid rostrate; seta smooth. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 145. Musc. Brit. p. 106. t. 26. p 106. t. 26. Smith, E. B. t. 2407, and H. serrulatum, t. 1262. HAB. Banks, trees, old walls, &c. Slateford, Mr Arnott. Rosslyn woods, Mr Palgrave. Stems lax, 1-2 inches long, branched; branches short. Leaves pale shining green, loosely imbricated, the nerve faint. Seta half an inch long. Theca ovate, cernuous, pale. Lid subulate, not so long as the theca. B. Leaves squarrose. 31. H cuspidatum, leaves loosely set, ovate, concave, nerve- less, entire, the lower ones squarrose, those of the summit close- ly imbricated into a cuspidate point; theca oblong, curved, cer- nuous, the lid conical. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 146. Musc. Brit. p. 107. t. 26. Smith, E. B. t. 2407. HAB. Bogs and sides of streams, very frequent. Pentland Hills, and Duddingston Loch in the utmost profusion. Stems loosely tufted, erect, 3-8 inches long, branched; side-branches short, summits of the uppermost branches, and especially of the main stem, acute. Leaves yellow, shining green, spreading and slightly squarrose below, but not so decidedly as could be wished for a place in this section. Seta 2 inches long or more. Lid conical. 32. H. cordifolium, leaves loosely set, squarrose, cordate- ovate, obtuse, concave, entire, their nerve running very nearly to the point ; theca oblong, curved, cernuous, the lid conical. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 146. . Musc. Brit. p. 107. t. 26. 107. t. 26. Smith, E. B. t. 1447. Hab. Bogs and sides of streams, rare in fruit. Duddingston Loch in fruit, G. Don ; (I have also found it since abundantly). Ravelrig-tell Moss and Pentland Hills, Maughan. Stems erect, in lax tufts, usually slightly branched. Leaves broad, cordate, nerved, entire, rather scattered, squarrose, pale, shining green, often 262 HYPNUM CRYPTOGAMIA. MUSCI. . reddish or yellowish. Seta above 2 inches long. Theca shortly ovate Lid conical, with a very short obtuse beak. 33. H. stellatum, leaves loosely set, squarrose, cordate, much acuminate, entire, nerveless ; theca oblong-ovate, curved, cer nuous, the lid conical. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 146. 146. Musc. Brit p. 108. t. 26. a. majus, stems larger, lax; leaves fine shining yellow-brown H. stellatum, Smith, E. B. t. 1302. B. minus, stems smaller, more branched and entangled ; leaves greener and more recurved. H. squarrosulum, Smith, E. B t. 1709. Hab. a. in wet places and sides of rivulets on the hills. B. on rocks and wall-tops. a. on the Pentland Hills, not unfrequently. B. on wall tops near Arniston, by the road-side. Stems 2-3 inches long or more, rather straggling, branched, often procum- bent. Leaves squarrose, very acuminate, reddish-brown or golden-yel low in a, and shining, yellowish-green in B. Seta above an inch long Theca cernuous. Lid conical, with a short point.–Var. B. is rare in fruit 34. H. loreum, leaves recurved, squarrose, lanceolate, much acuminate, concave, serrate, striate, faintly 2-nerved at the base theca globose-ovate, cernuous, the lid conical. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2 p. 146. Musc. Brit. Musc. Brit. p. 108. t. 26. Smith, E. B. t. 2072. , t HAB. Woods and heaths. Ravelston Wood, Sir J. E. Smith. Pent- land Hills in great abundance, and elsewhere about Edinburgh. Stems 6-12 inches long, branched ; most of the branches short, spreading- Leaves squarrose, shining, often falcato-secund at the summit of the stem and main branches. Seta an inch long, dark red. Theca roundish- ovate, dark red. Lid conical. 35. H. triquetrum, leaves squarrose, cordate-acuminate, ser- rate, faintly striated, with two nerves at the base ; theca glo- bose-ovate, the lid conical. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 146. Musc. Brit. p. 108. exclud. var. B. Smith, E. B. t. 1622. HAB. Woods and banks, very common. In fruit at Auchindenny woods, abundantly. Stems robust, much branched, 6-12 inches long, branches spreading. Leaves pale yellowish green, shining, striate, very squarrose. Seta an inch long, deep red. Theca deep red, roundish ovate. Lid conical. 36. H. squarrosum, leaves squarrose, widely cordate, very much acuminate, and recurved, serrate, faintly 2-nerved at the base; theca ovato-globose, cernuous, the lid conical. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 146. Musc. Brit. p. 109. t. 26. 109. t. 26. Smith, E. B. t. 1953 HAB. Woods, banks, heaths, &c. very common. Stems lax, branched, 3-10 inches long; somewhat pinnate with lateral short branches, which are often acuminate. Leaves shining green, much recurved. Seta an inch long, deep red, as well as the roundish ovate theca. Lid conical, with a very short beak. HYPNUM. 268 CRYPTOGAMIA. . MUSCI. Sect. II. Leaves secund. * Leaves with a single nerde. 37. H. palustre, leaves secund, ovate, somewhat acuminate, concave, entire, margins incurved above; nerve short, often forked, sometimes obsolete ; theca oblong-ovate, cernuous, the lid conical. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 147. 147. Musc. Brit. p. 110. . t. 26. Smith, E. B. t. 1665. and H. fluviatile, t. 1303. and H. adnatum, t. 2406. (Neither of the last are Hedwig's spe- cies of the same name.) Hab. Banks of streams, stones in rivulets, wet rocks, &c. abundant. Bilston Burn, G. Don. Colinton ; Slateford ; Rosslyn and Auchin- denny woods; Pentland Hills. Stems creeping, throwing up abundance of crowded, erect branches, 1-2 inches high. Leaves generally of a dark livid green, more or less secund, especially at the extremities of the branches. Seta an inch long. Theca not very cernuous. Lid conical, acute.- Plant subject to much varia- tion in size, colour, and direction of the leaves. 38. H. filicinum, stems subpinnate ; leaves, especially the upper ones, falcato-secund, broadly ovate, acuminate, serrate, their nerve reaching to the point; theca oblong-ovate, curved, cernuous, the lid conical. Hook, Fl. Scot. 2. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 147. Musc. Brit. p. 109. t. 26. Smith, E. B. t. 1570. and H. dubium, t. 2126. and H. fallax, t. 2127. HAB. Bogs and sides of subalpine streams. Pentland Hills. Stems rather rigid, 2-3 inches long, erect, branched, somewhat pinnate, mostly reddish or yellowish. Leaves well distinguished by the strong nerve running completely to the point; cauline ones the broadest, with nerve reddish. Seta an inch and a half long. Lid shortly conical.- When this plant grows in water, its habit is somewhat changed and less pinnate. 39. H. aduncum, leaves falcato-secund, lanceolate-subulate, concave, or almost semicylindrical, entire, the nerve disappear- ing below the summit; theca oblong-ovate, curved, cernuous, the lid conical. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 147. Musc. Brit. . p. 111. t. 26. a. revolvens, leaves narrow, very much falcate. H. revól- vens, Smith, E. B. t. 2073. B. rugosum, leaves wider, less falcate, somewhat rugose. H. rugosum, Smith, E. B. t. 2250. HAB. Bogs, frequent. Pentland Hills, both varieties. Stems 2-4 inches long, branched, varying in colour from green to reddish or yellowish or purple black. Leaves varying in length, remarkably fal- cate in some varieties, especially one with long straggling prostrate branches, of a blackish purple. Seta near 2 inches long. Lid shortly conical. 40. H. fluitans, leaves loosely imbricated, the upper ones falcato-secund, all lanceolate-subulate, scarcely serrate at their p 264 CRYPTOGAMIA. MUSCI. HYPNUM. a a points, the nerve reaching more than half way; theca ovate- oblong, curved, cernuous, the lid conical. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 147. Musc. Brit. p. 98. t. 24. Smith, E. B. t. 1448. . HAB. Pools and slow streams; wet bogs. Pentland Hills, not frequent, and never in fructification. Stems varying from 2 to 18 inches in length, according to situation ; lax, slender, branched, producing fruit on the shorter specimens in spots oc- casionally inundated. Leaves green, reddish, or dark purple, lax, spread- ing, often rather distant: very much falcate in short plants, but less so in those always floating. Seta 2–3 inches long. Theca curved. Lid conical, acute. 41. H. uncinatum, leaves falcato-secund, lanceolate-subulate, serrate, striate, nerve disappearing below the point ; theca cy- lindrical, curved, cernuous, the lid conical. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 147. Musc. Brit. p. 111. t. 26. Smith, E. B. t. 1600. HAB. Moist banks and stones, especially in a red clayey soil and sub- alpine countries. Slateford; King's Park; Pentland Hills. Stems 2-3 inches long, branched, pinnate, decumbent, growing in thick patches. Leaves yellow green, shining, striate, much and elegantly fal- cate. Seta an inch long. Theca red, curved, cylindrical. Lid conical, with a small acute point. 42. H. commutatum, stems pinnate ; leaves falcato-secund, cordate, very much acuminate, serrate, their margins reflexed, nerve disappearing below the summit; theca oblong-ovate, cur- ved, cernuous, the lid conical. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 148. Musc. Brit. p. 112. t. 27. Smith, E. B. t. 1567. HAB. Wet mossy rocks and margins of rivulets. About St Bernard's Well. Habbie's How and many other places in the Pentland Hills, Stems in large, often drooping masses, 3-9 inches long, branched, pinnate. Leaves deep green, the nerve not reaching to the summit as in H. fili- cinum. Seta an inch and a half long. Lid conical, with a very short acute point.—A much larger and greener plant than H. filicinum. ** Leaves without a nerve, or with two very indistinct ones at the base. 43. H. scorpioides, leaves secund, broadly ovate, ventricose, obtuse, entire, nerveless; theca oblong-ovate, curved, cernuous, the lid conical. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 148. Musc. Brit. p. 112. t. 27. Smith, E, B. t. 1039. Hab. Wet bogs. Pentland Hills near Currie, and at Ravelrig-toll-moss, a few yards west of the Salicetum, but never in fruit. Stems erect, in dense masses, 3-12 inches long, branched, robust. Leaves large, nerveless and obtuse, dark reddish brown, or purplish at the sum- mits of the stems, sometimes green. Seta 2 inches long. Theca curved. Lid shortly conical.—One of the largest British Hypna. 44. H. cupressiforme, leaves closely imbricated, more or less falcato-secund, lanceolate, acuminate, entire except at the points, which are usually serrate, very faintly 2-nerved at the base; BRYUM. CRYPTOGAMIA. MUSCI. 265 theca cylindrical, erecto-cernuous, the lid conical with a point. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 148. 148. Musc. Brit. p. 113. t. 27. . a. vulgaris, stems broad, semicylindrical ; leaves falcato-se- cund. H. cupressiforme, Smith, E. B. t. 1860. and H. nigro- viride, t. 1620. B. compressum, stems slender, compressed ; leaves falcato- secund. H. compressum, Linn. y. tenue, stems very slender, compressed ; leaves very slight- ly curved, narrow-lanceolate, quite entire. H. polyanthos, Smith, E. B. t. 1664. HAB. a. on trees, rocks, walls, &c., very common. B. in woods, not un- frequent. y. is rarer, but sometimes met with in Rosslyn and Auchin- denny woods. Stems 2-6 inches long, branched, often somewhat pinnate, procumbent, en- tangled in a dense, matted mass, varying greatly in thickness. Leaves shining green, varying, as marked above in the characters of the varie- ties. Seta an inch long or less, Theca mostly subcylindrical and slightly cernuous; in a robust variety, common on wall-tops, frequently ovate, and rather more cernuous. Lid conico-rostrate. Var. y differs the most from the common habit of the plant. 45. H. Crista-castrensis, stems closely pectinate; leaves fal- cato-secund, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, serrulate, striate, faint- ly 2-nerved at the base; theca oblong-ovate, curved, cernuous, the lid conical. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 148. . Musc. Brit. p. 114. t. 27. Smith, E. B. t. 2108. HAB. Woods and shady banks on the ground, very rare. Pentland Hills, Mr J. Stuart. (No one ever found it in this station except that botanist ; he could not recollect the spot.) Stems growing in suberect lax tufts, 3-8 inches long, branched, pectinate with close branchlets. Leaves bright shining green, much falcate. Seta above an inch long. Lid obtusely conical, with a minute point.—A beau- tiful species. 46. H. molluscum, stems pectinate ; leaves falcato-secund, , cordate, much acuminate, serrate, not striate, faintly 2-nerved at the base ; theca oblong-ovate, curved, cernuous, the lid coni- cal. Hook, Fl. Scot. 2. p. 148. Musc. Brit. p. 114. t. 27. Smith, E. B. t. 1327. HAB. On the ground and on rocks, frequent. Slateford ; Braid Hermi- tage ; King's Park, &c. In fructification at Habbie's How. Stems growing in entangled, matted procumbent tufts, 1-3 inches long, branched, not so regularly pectinate as the preceding. Leaves yellowish, shining green, with a crisped and curled appearance, destitute of strive. Seta an inch long, cernuous. Theca ovate, cernuous. Lid conical, very acute. 48. BRYUM Div. I. Theca furrowed. 1. B. palustre, stems branched ; leaves lanceolate, obtuse, entire, their margins revolute; theca ovate, oblique, sulcate, the 266 CRYPTOGAMIA. MUSCI. BRYUM. lid conical. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 149. Musc. Brit. p. 115. t. 28. Smith, E. B. t. 391. HAB. Bogs. Pentland Hills, above Swanston Wood and elsewhere. Stems 2–6 inches long, more or less branched, robust. Leaves long, pale, yellow green, often intermixed with a mass of ferruginous tomentose roots. Seta 2 inches long, appearing lateral from the innovations of the stem. Theca ovate, in age oblong. Lid conical. Div. II. Theca smooth. SECT. I. Teeth of the outer peristome shorter than the inner one. (Meesia.) 2. B. dealbatum, stems short ; leaves lanceolate, acute, plane, serrate at the points, reticulated; theca pyriform, nearly erect. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 149. Musc. Brit. p. 117. t. 28. Smith, E. B. t. 1571. Hab. Bogs and marshes, not frequent. King's Park, G. Don. Guillon Links, Mr Arnott. Whole plant about an inch and a half high. Stems about a quarter of an inch Iong, sometimes crowded, subsimple. Leaves erect, yellowish or reddish. Seta fully an inch high. Theca nearly erect, dark brown, gracefully pyriform, with a very obtuse lid. The outer teeth are but little shorter than the inner ones. a SECT. II. Teeth of the outer peristome as long as the inner one. A. Leaves without any thickened margin. * Leaves subulate. (Webera.) 3. B. pyriforme, stems slightly branched ; leaves subulate- setaceous, flexuose, serrate, nerve very broad; theca pyriform, pendulous. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 149. Musc. Brit. p. 118. t. 28. B. aureum, Smith, E. B. t. 389. HAB. Chiefly on sandstone rocks, but also on the ground, and in conser- vatories. Pentland Hills near Currie, Mr Arnott. In many green- houses about Edinburgh. Stems from scarcely any to half an inch long, slender. Leaves bright, shi- ning green, spreading, very long and setaceous, the extremities consist- ing wholly of the thick nerve. Seta 1-2 inches long, very slender. Theca pendulous, shining as if varnished. Lid conico-convex. ** Leaves acuminate or acute. (Never subulate.) + Nerve disappearing below the point. 4. B. crudum, stems simple ; leaves rigid lanceolate, the up- per ones the narrowest and longest, all plane, serrulate, nerve disappearing below the summit; theca oblong-subpyriform, cer- Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. P. 150. Musc. Brit. p. 119. t. 28. Smith, E. B. t. 1604. HAB. Moist banks and crevices of rocks, not frequent. Pentland Hills, Mr Arnott. Craiglockart. nuous. BRYUM. 267 CRYPTOGAMIA. MUSCI. p. 150. Stems simple, half an inch to one inch high, tufted. Leaves pale, yellowish, shining green, erect. Seta nearly an inch long. Theca long, inclined. Lid conico-convex. 5. B. carneum, stems simple ; leaves lanceolate, reticulated, slightly serrulate at the point, nerve disappearing below the summit; theca obovate, pendulous. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. Musc. Brit. p. 119. t. 29. Smith, E. B. t. 360. HAB. Moist banks and sides of ditches, not frequent. Colinton woods, Mr J. Mackay. Bevelaw Burn, G. Don. Banks above Colinton. Stems from two lines to half an inch long, branched, and often bearing in- novations, which makes the fruit appear lateral. Leaves dull green, Seta half an inch long, reddish. Theca small, pendulous, pinkish red. Lid convex. 6. B. argenteum, stems branched ; leaves closely imbricated, broadly ovate, suddenly and sharply acuminate, subserrulate, very concave, nerve disappearing below the point; theca ovate- pyriform, pendulous. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 150. Musc. Brit. p. 120. t. 29. Smith, E. B. t. 1602. HAB. Walls, roofs, and on the ground, extremely common; growing even in towns. Stems densely tufted, from a quarter to half an inch long, branched, of a fine silvery appearance. Leaves very closely imbricated, pale whitish green. Seta above half an inch long. Lid of the pendulous theca con- erect. vex cernuous. 7. B. Zierii, stems branched ; leaves closely imbricated, more or less broadly ovate, acuminulate, very concave, reticu- lated, entire, nerve running nearly to the point ; theca clavate, Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 150. 150. Musc. Brit. p. 120. t. 29. Smith, E. B. t. 1021. Hab. Moist rocks in alpine countries. Habbie's How, Mr E. Maughan. King's Park, Dr Sealy. Stems growing in small tufts, half an inch long, branched, with a silvery aspect like the last. Leaves with a reticulation also like the last. Seta half an inch long. Theca very long and drooping. Lid convex. ++ Nerve reaching to or beyond the point. 8. B. roseum, leaves obovate-spathulate, acute, serrate, undu- late, nerve running to the point; theca oblong-ovate, pendu- lous. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 150. Musc. Brit. p. 120. t. 29. Smith, E. B. t. 2395. Hab. Banks and in woods, very rare in fruit. Braid Hermitage ; Gran- ton woods; Auchindenny woods, &c. Stems 1-2 inches long, bare of leaves below, and having them expanded above in a horizontal, stellate manner. They are frequently proliferous; in which case, another stem rises from the centre of the leaves, often in its turn producing a third. Setæ an inch long or more, 1-4. Theca rather large. Lid obtusely conical. 9. B. capillare, stems short ; leaves obovate, twisted when dry, entire, their nerve produced into a hair-like point, their 268 BRYUM. CRYPTOGAMIA. MUSCI. margins slightly thickened ; theca oblong pendulous. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 150. Musc. Brit. p. 121. t. 29. Smith, E. B. t. 2007. HAB. Walls, roofs, rocks, &c., very common. Stems densely tufted, half an inch to near an inch long, branched. Leaves spreading when moist, twisted when dry in a spiral manner, especially at the summit of the stems, when the hair-like point is very conspicuous. Seta an inch long. Theca long, pendulous, reddish. Lid very shortly convex. 10. B. cæspititium, stems short ; leaves ovate, acuminate, entire or very obscurely serrate at the points, the margins slight- ly recurved, the nerve reaching to, or beyond the point ; theca between ovate and pyriform, pendulous. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. 2 p. 150. Musc. Brit. Musc. Brit. p. 121. t. 29. a. major, B. caspiticium, Smith, E. B. t. 1904. B. minor, B. bicolor, E. B. t. 1601. HAB. Banks, wall-tops, roofs, &c., very common. B. between Burnt- island and Aberdour, Mr E. Maughan. Stems densely tufted, from 3 lines to half an inch long, branched. Leaves more imbricated, and more rigid than the preceding, not twisted at the summits of the stems when dry. Seta not an inch high. Theca much shorter than the last. Lid conical. 11. B. turbinatum, stems branched with innovations ; leaves ovate, acuminate, nearly entire, the margins slightly recurved, the nerve running beyond the points; theca elongato-pyriform, pendulous. Hook. Fl. Scot, 2, p. 151. Musc. Brit. p. 122. t. 29. Smith, E. B. t. 1572. and B. nigricans, t. 1528. HAB. Wet rocks, and banks of mountain rivulets. Stem always branched with innovations, and including the innovations, 1-2 inches in length or more ; innovations slender, often palę pink or deli- cate glaucous green, with the leaves lax, and not crowded. Seta 1-2 inches long. Theca pendulous, rather long; pyriform, pale yellowish brown. Lid convex. 12. B. nutans, stems mostly short; leaves erect, lanceolate, acu- minate, serrate above, nerve reaching to the point; theca oblong- pyriform, pendulous. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 151. Musc. Brit. p. 123. t. 29. Smith, E. B, t. 1240. and B. compactum, t. 1527. (According to specimens from G. Don.) HAB. Heaths. Pentland Hills, frequent. Stems sometimes scattered, often crowded, scarcely more than a quarter of an inch long. Leaves erect, narrow, shining. Seta fully an inch long, of a bright red or yellow ; in B. only half an inch. Theca quite pendulous, pale reddish brown. Lid very shortly conical. 13. B. ventricosum, stems elongated, branched with innova- tions ; leaves oblong, acuminate, scarcely serrulate, margins re- curved, nerve reaching beyond the point; theca oblong-obovate, pendulous. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 151. Musc. Brit. p. 124. BRYUM CRYPTOGAMIA. MUSCI. 269 t. 30. Smith, E. B. t. 2270. and B. bimum, t. 1518. and B. cubitale, t. 2554. Hab. Bogs and crevices of wet rocks. Pentland Hills, Maughan. Ma- vis Bank, Sir J. E. Smith. Stems 1-4 inches long, branched with innovations. Leaves mostly reddish or brownish, with a strong dark nerve ; erecto-patent. Seta 1-2 inches long. Theca long, yellowish or reddish, pendulous. Lid shortly conical. B. Leaves with their margins thickened. * Leaves entire. 14. B. punctatum, stem elongated ; leaves obovate-rotundate, very obtuse, reticulated, their margins thickened, entire, nerve disappearing below the point; theca ovate, pendulous, the lid shortly rostrate. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 151. Musc. Brit. p. 125 t. 30. Smith, E. B. t. 1183. HAB. Moist woods and stream-sides, on rocks and among the roots of old trees. Rosslyn and Colinton woods, Maughan. Auchindenny and Swanston woods; Habbie's How, and elsewhere in the Pentland Hills. Stems 1 to near 2 inches high, erect; sterile ones flagelliform, 2-4 inches long. Leaves roundish, large, dark green, spreading, distant. Seta an inch long. Theca large, ovate, drooping. Lid conico-rostrate. ** Leaves denticulated. 15. B. ligulatum, stems elongated ; leaves undulate, ligulate, reticulated, their margins thickened, denticulate, nerve reaching a little beyond the point; theca ovate, pendulous, the lid coni- cal. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 151. Musc. Brit. p. 126. t. 30. Smith, E. B. t. 1449. HAB. Moist woods and shady places. Abercorn woods, abundantly, Maughan. Braid Hermitage; Granton woods; and a little wood by the canal side, opposite Craiglockhart, in profusion. Stems ereeping below ground, above, simple or branched with a few spread- ing innovations; 2-3 inches high. Leaves long, distant, spreading, light green. Seta 1-6 or more, an inch long. 16. B. rostratum, stems elongated ; leaves broadly ovate, re- ticulated, their margins, thickened, obtuse, denticulated, the ferve reaching a little beyond the point; theca ovate, pendu- lous, the lid rostrate. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 151. Musc. Brit. p. 126. t. 30. Smith, E. B. t. 1475. HAB. Moist places; wet rocks and stream-sides. Abercorn woods, Maughan. Banks of the Esk above Musselburgh, Mr Arnott. Braid Hermitage and Habbie's How. Stems half an inch to one inch high, simple. Leaves rather large, broad, scattered, the nerve running to the point or beyond it. Setæ 1-5, an inch long. Lid rostrate, half as long as the theca. 17. B. marginatum, stems elongated ; leaves ovate, acute, reticulated, their margins thickened, serrate, nerve reaching a a 270 CRYPTOGAMIA. HEPATICÆ. JUNGERMANNIA, little beyond the point; theca ovate, pendulous, the lid shortly rostrate. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 152. Musc. Brit. p. 126. t. 31. Smith, E. B. t. 1493. HAB. Moist woods and sides of streams. Banks of the Esk above Mus- selburgh, Mr Arnott. Habbie's How. Stems about an inch high, erect, simple. Leaves distant, dark green, the margin and nerve usually of a red colour. Seta an inch long. Lid very shortly rostrate. 18. B. hornum, stems elongated ; leaves lanceolate, acute, reticulated, their margins thickened, denticulate, nerve generally disappearing below the summit ; theca oblong-ovate, pendulous, the lid hemispherical, mucronulate. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. P. 152. Musc. Brit. p. 127. t. 31. Smith, E. B. t. 2271. HAB. Moist rocks and stumps of old decaying trees, frequent. Rosslyn, Auchindenny, Arniston, Swanston, and Granton woods, &c. Stems often crowded, 1-2 inches long or more, erect, simple. Leaves light green, long, the nerve and margin reddish. Seta an inch long or more. Theca large, pale orange red when old. 19. B. cuspidatum, stems elongated ; leaves obovate, acute, reticulated, their margins thickened, denticulate above, nerve running beyond the point; theca ovate, pendulous, the lid conico-hemispherical, obtuse. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 152. Musc. Brit. p. 127. t. 31. Smith, E. B. t. 1474. HAB. Shaded banks, often among stones; at the roots of trees in moist places. Craiglockhart, rare. Stems erect, about an inch long, simple; sterile ones 1-2 inches long, arched, and taking root at the extremity. Leaves bright green, lax, with a cus- pidate point, formed by the excurrent nerve. Seta an inch long. Theca pale reddish yellow when old. VI. HEPATICÆ. Juss. 49. JUNGERMANNIA * Div. I. Plants frondose. * Frond destitute of a nerve. 1. J. pinguis, frond oblong, decumbent, nerveless, fleshy, nearly plane above, swelling beneath, irregularly branched, the margin sinuate ; fruit arising from the under side near the mar- gin; calyx very short, the mouth fimbriated. Hook Fl. Scot. 2. p. 118. Jung. t. 46. Smith, E. B. t. 185. Hab. Moist rocks and bogs. Pentland Hills. Bogs at Glassmont. Fronds either spreading horizontally and lax, or very crowded, and grow- ing upright in dense tufts, 1-3 inches in length, and variously branched ; * The characters of this genus are chiefly taken from the excellent Mono- graph of the British species, published by Dr Hooker. JUNGERMANNIA. CRYPTOGAMIA. HEPATICÆ. 271 nose. substance opake, brittle, and fleshy; the surface shining. Colour pale yellow green. Calyptra cylindrical, exserted. Theca of a dark colour, on a thick peduncle, 2, or even 3 inches long. 2. J. multifida, frond linear, fleshy, compressed, branched in a pinnatifid manner; fruit marginal ; calyx very short, the mouth dilated, fimbriate. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 118. Jung: t. 45. Smith, E. B. t. 186., and J. sinuata, t. 1476. HAB. Bogs and moist rocks. Glassmont. Old quarries at Corstorphine Hill. Rosslyn and Auchindenny woods, &c. Fronds generally tufted, and somewhat imbricated, half an inch to one inch in length, very narrow, more or less branched in an irregularly pinnate manner, the pinnäe also furnished with short branchlets. Substance car- Colour yellow green. Calyptra exserted, tuberculose. Peduncle of the theca scarcely an inch high. ** Fronds furnished with a nerve. 3. J. Blasia, frond oblong, submembranaceous, dichotomous, costate, having scattered scales on the under side ; calyx and the calyptra within the frond. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 118. Jung. t. 82-84. Blasia pusilla, Smith, E. B. t. 1328. HAB. Moist banks, and at the base of shady rocks, rare in fruit. Auch- indenny, Rosslyn and Arniston woods; in fruit at each station. May and June. Fronds growing either singly or in patches, procumbent, closely adhering to the ground in a somewhat radiate manner, simple or slightly branched, half an inch to one inch long, dilated and obtuse at the apex, carnose, deep bright green. Calyptra rarely exserted. Peduncle of the theca scarcely an inch long.--For a complete description of this, the most cu- rious of all the Jungermannia, the student is referred to Dr Hooker's work above cited. 5. J. epiphylla, frond oblong, submembranaceous, irregularly divided, obsoletely ribbed, the margin entire, or lobed and si- nuate; fruit arising from the superior part of the frond near the apex; calyx subcylindrical plicate; calyptra exserted. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 118. Jung. t. 47. Smith, E. B. t. 771. HAB. Moist sandy, rocky places, frequent. Fronds growing usually in broad patches, and imbricated, closely attached to the ground by their radicating filaments; 1-2 inches or more in length, half an inch or more broad, smooth, waved at the margin, subsimple or slightly branched, the apex obtuse and rounded, or somewhat divided into short segments; nerve broad, indistinct. Calyptra roundish. Pes duncle of the theca 2–3 inches long, thickish. 5. J. furcata, frond linear, dichotomous, membranaceous; upper surface glabrous; theca arising from the lower surface of the nerve. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 118. Jung. t. 50. and 51. Smith, E. B. t. 1632., and J. fruticulosa, t. 2514. Hab. Trunks of trees in shady woods, frequent. Fronds in dense patches, closely imbricated, and pressed to the surface on which they grow, half an inch to above one inch long, very narrow, 272 CRYPTOGAMIA. HEPATICÆ. JUNGERMANNIA. equal, branched dichotomously; glabrous on the upper surface, pale green, in one variety blueish; nerve narrow. I have not seen the fruit, which is very rare, but the calyptra is described by Hooker as beset on every side with many white, rigid hairs or bristles. Peduncle about thrice as long as the calyptra." 6. J. pubescens, frond linear, dichotomous, membranaceous, every where pubescent. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 119. Jung. t. 73. . HAB. Trees and shady rocks, especially in subalpine situations. Rosslyn and Auchindenny woods, &c. Fronds much resembling those of the preceding species, except in being of a paler colour, and pubescent on the upper surface as well as every other part.— They are also usually rather larger, attaining the length of nearly 2 inches. a Div. II. Plants leafy Sect. I. Stipules none. A. Leaves inserted on all sides of the stem. 17. J. setacea, stem creeping, branched in a somewhat pinnate manner; leaves imbricated on all sides, binous, setaceous, jointed, patent, incurved ; fruit terminal on short branches; calyx oblong, the mouth expanded, ciliate. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 111. Jung. t. 8. 8 HAB. Moist shady and mossy places. Auchindenny woods. Stems exceedingly slender, in tufts, or solitary among Sphagnum and Dicra- num glaucum, half an inch to two inches long, irregularly branched in a distant lax manner. Leaves very minute, setaceous, in pairs. Colour pale green. Peduncle a quarter of an inch long. B. Leaves bifarious * Leaves undivided. 8. J. asplenoides, stem ascending, branched, leaves obovate- roundish, ciliato-dentate, subrecurved; fruit terminal and late- ral; calyx oblong, compressed, oblique, the mouth truncate, subciliate. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 113. Jung. t. 13. Smith, E. B. t. 1788. HAB. Moist shady woods and banks, common. Occasionally in fruit about Edinburgh. Stems either tufted or straggling and subsolitary, 1-5 inches long, simple, or once or twice branched, procumbent or suberect. Leaves large, alter- nate, in 2 rows, roundish, the margin ciliate, with slender teeth. duncles of the theca 1- to near 2 inches long.–Colour of the whole plant dull pale green. 9. J. pumila, stem ascending, nearly simple ; leaves elliptical- ovate ; fruit terminal; calyx oblong-ovate, acuminate, the mouth contracted, denticulate. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 112. Jung t. 17. Smith, E. B. t. 2230. HAB. Rocks, and on the ground, not frequent. Aberdour. 3 JUNGERMANNIA. CRYPTOGAMIA. HEPATICÆ. 273 Plant minute, growing in small patches. Stems about half an inch long, mostly decumbent and simple, or nearly so. Leaves green, in two rows, slightly imbricating the stem, or (as in var. B. of Hooker) rather distant, and of an almost black colour. Peduncle sometimes appearing lateral from innovations, about two lines long. Calyx large in proportion to the size of the plant. 10. J. Sphagni, stem procumbent, nearly simple (the gemi- ferous elongations of the stem alone having stipules); leaves or- bicular; fruit upon short branches; calyx oblong, attenuated at each extremity, the mouth contracted, toothed. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 112. Jung: t. 33. Smith, E. B. t. 2470. Hab. Bogs, especially among the stems of the Sphagna. Glassmont marshes, Fifeshire. Stems sometimes tufted, but more commonly rather straggling in masses of Sphagnum ; 1-3 inches long, rather slender. Leaves brownish or red- dish green, in two rows, more or less imbricated, and the rows as it were folded together; entire at the margin, the cellular structure very mi- nute. Peduncle scarcely half an inch long. This species is remarkable for its large radicular fibres. 11. J. crenulata, stem procumbent, branched ; leaves orbi- cular, margined ; fruit terminal ; calyx obovate, compressed, longitudinally quadrangular, the mouth contracted, toothed. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 112. Jung. t. 37. Smith, E. B. t. 2238. B. gracillimu, stems slender; leaves distant, minute. J. cillima, E. B. t. 2238. HAB. Bogs and moist woods. About Edinburgh, Mr Shuter. Auchin- denny woods. Stems either growing in patches or somewhat straggling, an inch or more in length, slightly branched, procumbent, bright green, often tinged with pink. Leaves in two rows, increasing in size in fertile plants to the summit of the stem, somewhat spreading, the cellules of the margin so much larger than the rest as to form a distinct border. Peduncle about half an inch long. Theca very dark. Calys remarkable from its four angles. Var. B, which I have found near Edinburgh, is chiefly marked by its very slender, filiform stems, and minute, distant leaves. ** Leaves emarginate or bifid, the segments equal. 12. J. orcadensis, stem erect, simple ; leaves closely imbri- cated, erect or patent, cordate-ovate, plane, notched at the ex- tremity, the margins recurved. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 113. Jung. t. 71. HAB. Mountains, rare. Pentland Hills, Mr Rigby. Stems tufted, or straggling among other mosses, above an inch long, green, often brownish. Leaves notched at the end, in two rows, often folded together. The fructification is unknown. 13. J. bicuspidata, stem procumbent, branched in a stellated manner ; leaves subquadrate, acutely bifid, the segments acute, straight, entire ; fruit terminal ; calyx oblong, plicate, the mouth toothed. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. Jung: t. 11. Smith, E. B. t. 2239. J. gra- p. 113. S 274 CRYPTOGAMIA. HEPATICÆ. JUNGERMANNIA. HAB. Moist rocks and banks, frequent. Stems very slender, branched, half an inch to one inch in length; in patches or straggling. Leaves extremely minute, distant, alternate, very pale green, cleft half way down into two acute segments. Peduncle half an inch long, very slender. Calyx large in proportion to the plant, and pro- duced towards the centre, while the lax branches spread on every side. 14. J. connivens, stem procumbent, branched in a stellated manner ; leaves orbicular, concave at the extremity, lanceolate- emarginate; fruit terminal upon short central branches ; calyx oblong-ovate, the mouth ciliate. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 113. Jung. t. 15. Smith, E. B. t. 2436. HAB. Bogs and moist places. Auchindenny woods, Mr Walker Arnott. Plant very minute, somewhat resembling the preceding. Stems in small, lax, straggling patches, often attached to sphagna, and throwing out numerous radicular fibres; nearly an inch long. Leaves very pale green, alternate, in two rows, bifid, the segments incurved. Peduncle scarcely half an inch long. Calyx produced in the centre, contracted and finely ciliate at the mouth, *** Leaves tri-quadrifid, the segments equal. 15. J. incisa, stem prostrate, depressed, nearly simple; leaves quadrate, waved, subtrifid, the segments equal, here and there toothed ; fruit terminal, the calyx obovate. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. . p. 114. Jung. t. 10. Smith, E. B. t. 2528. Hab. Heaths, bogs, and moist banks. Pentland Hills on the ground, and on tufts of Dicranum glaucum. Plant minute, pale green, growing in dense patches. Stems procumbent, scarcely more than a quarter of an inch long, clustered together, and along with the “ numerous crisped and dentated leaves, resembling,” as Dr Hooker justly observes, “ a tuft of lettuces in miniature.” They become larger and more crowded towards the extremity of the stem. I have never seen the fructification, but, according to the above author, the calyx is half a line long, and the peduncle not more than twice that length. **** Leaves 2-lobed, the segments unequal, conduplicate. 16. J. nemorosa, stem erect, subdichotomous; leaves un- equally 2-lobed, semibifid, dentato-ciliate, lobes conduplicate, the inferior ones larger, obovate, the superior ones subcordate, obtuse ; fruit terminal ; calyx oblong, incurved, compressed, the mouth truncate, dentato-ciliate. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 114. Jung. t. 21. Smith, E. B. t. 607. HAB. Moist rocks, woods, &c. Rosslyn and Auchindenny woods. Pent- land Hills. Plant tufted and matted. Stems erect, 1-3 inches long, yellowish green, or often brownish, or even blackish, slightly branched. Leaves spreading, gradually increasing in size towards the summit of the branches, 2-lobed; lobes unequal, dentato-ciliate at the margin. Peduncle not more than a quarter of an inch long. The calyx is at first recurved, at length straight. 17. J. undulata, stem erect, subdichotomous ; leaves un- JUNGERMANNIA. CRYPTOGAMIA. HEPATICÆ. 275 equally 2-lobed, waved, entire, lobes roundish, conduplicate, - lower ones the largest ; fruit terminal ; calyx oblong, incurved, compressed, the mouth truncate, entire. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 114. Jung. t. 22. Smith, E. B. t. 225. HAB. Moist rocks, particularly abundant in small streams. Pentland Hills, frequent. Plant growing in wide, matted, densely tufted patches. Stems 1-5 inches long, simple or slightly branched, mostly naked below, “their texture rigid, brittle when dry.” Leaves distichous, spreading, the lower ones distant and small, upper ones larger and imbricated; colour varying from dull green to purplish or blackish ; upper lobe half the size of the lower one, the margin entire, sometimes slightly waved. Peduncle about half an inch long. Calyx two lines long, broad, compressed and incurved to- wards the mouth, which is entire and truncate. 18. J. resupinata, stem procumbent, nearly simple ; leaves roundish, nearly equally 2-lobed, entire, lobes conduplicate ; fruit terminal ; calyx oblong, incurved, compressed, the mouth truncate, toothed. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 114. Jung. t. 23. . Smith, E. B. t. 2437 HAB. Heaths and moist places. Glassmont, Fifeshire. Plant growing either in small tufts or rather straggling, of a pale green colour. Stems not an inch long, sometimes slightly branched, procum- bent, except the fructified extremities. Leaves spreading, the lobes nearly equal, except in the lower ones, where the upper lobes are the smallest ; margin entire. Peduncle nearly half an inch long. Calyx a line long, compressed at the mouth and minutely denticulate, and while young much incurved. 19. J. albicans, stem erect, subdivided ; leaves unequally 2-lobed, lobes conduplicate, with a pellucid line in the middle, serrated at the extremity, lower ones larger, subscymitar-shaped, upper ones oblong-ovate, acute ; fruit terminal ; calyx obovate, cylindrical, the mouth contracted, toothed. Hook. FI. Scot. 2. . p. 114. Jung. t. 25. Smith, E. B. t. 2240. HAB. Heaths, moist rocks. Balmuto. Pentland Hills, frequent. Plant growing in tufts or wide patches, of a pale green colour, or sometimes straggling among other mosses. Stems half an inch to two inches long or more, mostly suberect, but occasionally procumbent and imbricated. Leaves distichous, numerous, spreading, divided into two unequal, con- duplicate lobes, serrate at their points, the lower lobe the largest. In the middle of each lobe is a pellucid, whitish mark, somewhat resem- bling a broad nerve. Peduncle three quarters of an inch long. Calyx a line long, longitudinally plicate. 20. J. obtusifolia, stem ascending, simple ; leaves unequally 2-lobed, lobes conduplicate, obtuse, entire, lower ones larger, scymitar-shaped, superior ones ovate ; fruit terminal ; calyx obovate, the mouth contracted, toothed. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 115. Jung. t. 26. Smith, E. B. t. 2511. HAB. Moist banks and rocks, rare. By the sides of streams, Fifeshire. Plant growing in dense, pale green patches, closely adhering to the ground by its numerous roots. Stems about a quarter of an inch long. Leaves s 2 276 CRYPTOGAMIA. HEPATICÆ. JUNGERMANNIA. distichous, increasing in size towards the summit of the stem, entire, both lobes obtuse, the lower one by much the largest. Peduncle two lines long. Calyx obovate, plicate towards the mouth.--I regret I have not been able to ascertain the precise station of this rare Jungermannia. 21. J. complanata, stem creeping, irregularly branched ; leaves distichous, imbricated above, unequally 2-lobed, upper lobes larger, orbicular, lower ones ovate, appressed, plane, fruit terminal ; calyx oblong, compressed, truncate. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 115. 115. Jung. t. 81. Smith, E. B. t. 2499. HAB. Trunks and branches of trees, very common. Stems closely attached to the branches of trees, imbricated, much and irre- gularly branched, 1-2 inches long. Leaves bifarious, closely imbricated, the superior lobe much larger than the inferior one, and much rounded, both entire at the margin. Peduncle twice the length of the calyx. Ca- lyx oblong, the apex flat and truncate.-Fructification abundant at all seasons. p. 116. SECT. II. Stipulate. * Leaves entire or occasionally emarginate. 22. J. polyanthos, stem procumbent, somewhat branched ; leaves horizontal, rotundato-quadrate, plane, entire and emargi- naté, stipules oblong, bifid , fruit upon very short branches, arising from the lower surface of the stem ; calyx much shorter than the calyptra, 2-lipped, laciniate. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. Jung: t. 62. Smith, E. B. t. 2479. HAB. Moist rocks and wet banks. Bilston Burn, G. Don. Plant growing in straggling patches, of a pale green, often tinged with brown. Stems 1-2 inches long, more or less procumbent, slightly branch- ed. Leaves bifarious, numerous, roundly 4-sided, entire. " Stipules of a narrow, lanceolate form, divided nearly down to the base into two en. tire, straight segments.” Peduncle three quarters of an inch long. Calyx very short, the two lips cleft and laciniate. 23. J. scalaris, stem creeping, simple ; leaves round, con- cave, entire and emarginate; stipules broadly subulate; fruit terminal ; calyx immersed in the leaves. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 115. Jung. t. 61. Jung. lanceolata, Smith, E. B. t. 605. HAB. Banks, heaths, woods, &c. common.. Plants growing in dense, wide patches, pale green. Stems scarcely half an inch long, procumbent. Leaves distichous, crowded, spreading, semi- amplexicaul, the margin entire, rarely notched. Peduncle a quarter to half an inch high. Calyx concealed by the perichətial leaves. 24. J. trichomanis, stem creeping, subsimple; leaves horizon- tal, convex, ovate, entire and emarginate, stipules round, lunu- lar-emarginate; fruit lateral; calyx subterraneous, oblong, fleshy, hairy, the mouth crenate. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 116. Jung'. p t. 79. Smith, E. B. t. 1875. Hab. Shady places, banks, &c. frequent. Pentland Hills. Plant of a pale, often glaucous green colour, growing in patches, and closely attached to the ground. Stems above an inch long, creeping, slender, simple, except when producing innovations. Peduncle nearly an inch JUNGERMANNIA. CRYPTOGAMIA. HEPATICÆ. 277 leng, issuing from a lateral calyx above a line long, attached to the stem by one side of its mouth, the rest descending and penetrating the ground. This species produces gemmæ in great abundance, in small heads or clus- ters, supported on the extremities of the stems, which are then elon- gated into slender, leafless, erect peduncles. ** Leaves bi-trifid, the segments equal. 25. J. bidentata, stem procumbent, branched ; leaves broadly ovate, decurrent, bifid at the apex, the segments very acute, en- tire, stipules bi-trifid and laciniate; fruit terminal; calyx oblong, subtriangular, the mouth laciniate. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 116. Jung. t. 30. Smith, E. B. t. 606. Hab. Woods and moist shady banks, abundant. Plant in lax straggling tufts, mostly of a pale whitish-green colour. 1-2 inches long, decumbent, generally simple. Leaves numerous, close together, bifarious, decurrent at the lower margin, widely bifid at the apex; reticulation large. Peduncle three quarters of an inch long. Ca- lya about a line long, laciniate at the apex.-—The stipules are sometimes not very obvious, and are omitted in the figure in English Botany. 26. J. barbuta, stems procumbent, nearly simple, leaves roundish-quadrate, tri-quadrifid, stipules lanceolate, acutely bi- fid, their margins laciniate ; fruit terminal; calyx ovate, con- tracted and toothed at the mouth. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 116. p Jung. t. 70. J. quinquedentata, Smith, E. B. t. 2517. Hab. Woods, and among rocks. Auchindenny woods. Corstorphine Hill. Plant either pale or dark green or brownish, growing in patches or strag- gling tufts among other mosses. Stems 1-3 inches long. Leaves ob scurely 4-sided, distichous, close, or rather distant, with 3-5 teeth. Pe- duncle near an inch in length. Calyx plicate towards the mouth, and ir. regularly toothed. 27. J. reptans, stems creeping, branched in a stellate man- ner, somewhat pinnate; leaves imbricated, subquadrate, in- curved, acutely 4-dentate; stipules broadly quadrate, 4-dentate; fruit radical ; calyx oblong, plicate, toothed at the mouth. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 116. Jung. t. 75. Smith, E. B. t. 608. HAB. Woods and shady places. Auchindenny woods. Plant pale green, growing in tufts, sometimes straggling among other Stems 1-2 inches long, very slender, branched in a somewhat pinnate or bipinnate manner, sometimes irregularly. Peduncle three quarters of an inch long. Calyx whitish, oblong, plicate towards the apex, which is toothed. 28. J. trilobata, stem creeping, flexuose, branched ; leaves imbricated above, ovate, convex, obtusely 3-toothed; stipules broadly subquadrate, crenate; fruit arising from the lower part of the stem ; calyx oblong, subacuminate, the mouth cleft on one side. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 116. Jung. t. 76. J. radicans, Smith, E. B. t. 2232. HAB. Woods and shaded banks in subalpine situations. Dunearn Hill, Tifeshire. mosses. 278 CRYPTOGAMIA. HEPATICÆ. JUNGENMANNIA, Plant growing in rather dense, broad patches, of an olivaceous or brownish green colour. Stems 2–5 inches long, creeping, by means of flagelliform shoots which rise from the under side of the stem. Leaves distichous, close, rather firm. Peduncle above an inch long. Calyx whitish, 2 lines in length". *** Leaves bifid, segments unequal, conduplicate. + Lower or smaller segments plane. 29. J. platyphylla, stem procumbent, branched in a pinnate manner ; leaves unequally lobed, superior lobes roundish ovate, nearly entire, inferior ones and the stipules ligulate, quite en- tire ; fruit lateral ; calyx ovate, compressed, truncate at the mouth, inciso-serrate, longitudinally cleft on one side. Hook. . Fl. Scot. 2. p. 117. Jung. t. 40. Smith, E. B. t. 798. HAB. Woods, rocks, in shaded places, abundant. Plant growing in large patches or imbricated tufts of a deep very dull green colour. Stems 2–6 inches long, much branched, lying as it were in layers over each other. Leaves distichous, closely imbricated, the upper lobe much larger than the lower one, entire at the margin; reticulation mi- Peduncle very short, only just exserted. Calyx above a line long. Theca very pale, brown, delicate. 30. J. ciliaris, stem procumbent; branched in a pinnate manner, leaves very convex, unequally 2-lobed, lobes and lo- bules ovate, bipartite, fringed with long and slender cilia; sti- pules subquadrate, 4-5-lobed at the extremity with long cilia; fruit lateral; calyx obovate, contracted and toothed at the mouth. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 117. Jung. t. 65. Smith, E. B. t. 2241. HAB. Heaths and on the mountains, frequent. Pentland Hills. Plant growing either in rather wide flattish patches or suberect tufts, of a pale green to a brownish or reddish crimson color. Stems 1-5 inches long, irregularly branched in a somewhat pinnate or bipinnate manner. Leaves beautifully ciliate as well as the stipules, close and imbricated; reticulation large. Peduncle scarcely twice as long as the calyx, which is obtusely obovate, much contracted at the mouth. +1 Lower or smaller segments involute. 31. J. serpyllifolia, stem creeping, loosely branched in a pin- nate manner; leaves unequally 2-lobed, superior lobes rounded, inferior ones minute, involute; stipules roundish, acutely bifid; fruit lateral ; calyx broadly obovate, pentagonal, the mouth contracted, elevated, subdentate. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 117. Jung. t. 42. Smith, E. B. t. 2537. Hab. Woods, on rocks and trunks of trees. Auchindenny woods. Plant growing in rather dense, flat and broad patches, of a pale green co- lour. Stems nearly an inch in length, very slender, branched in an irre- a * Dr Hooker has united his J. Doniana to this species in Flora Scotica; but since the publication of that work, we have had the good fortune, in an excursion to the Grampian Mountains, to find the fruit, which was a deside- s ratum. This proves to be terminal, and therefore confirms the species. MARCIANTIA. CRYPTOGAMIA. HEPATICÆ. 279, gularly pinnate manner. Leaves closely imbricated, entire at the margin the upper lobe much larger than the lower one, ventricose beneath. Pe. duncle twice as long as the calyx. Calyx broadly obovate, with 5 longi- tudinal angles, the mouth much contracted. +++ Lower or smaller segments saccate. 32. J. dilatata, stem creeping, irregularly branched ; leaves unequally 2-lobed, superior lobes ovate-rotundate, inferior ones rounded, saccate ; stipules rounded, plane, emarginate ; fruit terminal; calyx obcordate, tuberculate, triangular. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. P. 118. Jung. t. 5. J. tamariscifolia, Smith, E. B. t. 1086. HAB. Trunks of trees, extremely common. Plant closely attached to the trees on which it grows, and forming circular imbricated patches of 3 or 4 inches in diameter or more. Stems about an inch long, more or less divided into short spreading branches. Leaves closely imbricated, generally dark red purple, sometimes brownish-green. Peduncle a little longer than the calyx, which is obovate, minutely tuber- culate, and has the mouth very much contracted. 33. J. Tamarisci, stem creeping, branched in a pinnate man- ner; leaves unequally 2-lobed, superior lobes roundish-ovate, inferior ones minute, obovate, saccate ; stipules subquadrate, emarginate, the margins revolute; fruit terminal on short branches; calyx obovate, smooth, triangular. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 118. Jung. t. 6. J. tamariscina, Smith, E. B t. 2481. HAB. Trees, bushes, rocks, and on the ground, plentiful Covering the Juniper bushes on the Pentland Hills. Plant forming large, lax, spreading tufts, (especially on low bushes), of a greenish, deep reddish brown or blackish colour. Stems 2-6 inches long, irregularly branched in a pinnate manner. Leaves closely imbricated, in- volute at the margin, their upper surface shining. Peduncle a little longer than the calyx. Calyx obovate, not verrucose, the “ mouth formed by a long and acute tubular point, which divides into 4 equal segments for the escape of the capsule.” 50. MARCHANTIA. Micheli. 1. M. polymorpha, fertile receptacle cleft into 7-10 narrow radiate segments, sterile one peltate, pedunculate. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 119. Smith, E. B. t. 210. HAB. Moist or damp places, on the ground, rocks, or on the mould of garden-pots, plentiful. Fronds 1-6 inches long, half an inch broad, branched, spreading, and closely attached to the ground by numerous radical fibres; surface deep green, shining, reticulated ; substance opaque. Fertile receptacles on peduncles about 2 inches high ; sterile ones about 1 inch, widely crenate and mem- branaceous at the margin; the bodies called anthers are imbedded in the disk. Small cup-shaped sessile receptacles, with toothed margins, and containing small, green gemme, are scattered over the frond. 2. M. hemispherica, fertile receptacle subentire or cleft into mostly 5 obtuse marginal segments, subhemispherical; sterile one peltate, pedunculate. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 120., and M. an- 280 CRYPTOGAMIA. HEPATICÆ. RICCIA. - drogyna. Smith, E. B. t. 503., and M. androgyna, t. 2545. Web. and Mohr, Handb. p. 388. HAB. Damp shady rocks and banks. Arthur's Seat, Mr J. Stewart. Craiglockhart. Rosslyn woods. Fronds generally about an inch long, one quarter to one-third of an inch broad, branched once or twice in a dichotomous manner, pale green, often reddish at the margin, obscurely reticulated, the margin irregularly cre- nate, and rounded at the extremities of the branches. Fertile receptacle cleft into 4-6 segments, which are sometimes quite marginal, sometimes half-way to the summit; the peduncle scarcely an inch high, often much less.-M. androgyna I do not believe to be any thing else than the pre- sent species. 3. M. conica, fertile receptacle entire, ovato-conical, sterile ones sessile, wart-like. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 120. Smith, E. B. t. 504. HAB. Moist rocks and banks, rather rare. Braid Hermitage, by the stream side. Fronds 1-2 inches long, nearly half an inch broad, branched in a dichoto- mous manner, rounded and lobed at the extremities, the margin entire. Color rather deep green. Surface reticulated. Peduncles near 2 inches high. Fertile receptacle 4–6-celled. Thecæ black. 51. RICCIA. Mich. 1. R. glauca, frond small, branched, once or twice divided, , the extremities lobed, glaucous, dotted ; fructification imbedded towards the centre. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 110. Smith, E. B. t. 2546. Hab. On the ground in clayey soils. Fields about Edinburgh. Fronds fleshy, seldom exceeding a quarter of an inch in length, adhering to the soil, narrow at the base, but becoming wider towards the extremity, where they are above a line broad ; several fronds usually grow together in a radiating manner. VII. CHARACEÆ* Hook. & Lindl. 52. CHARA. Vaill. 1. C. flewilis, glabrous, pellucid; stems flaccid, much branch- ed; whorls of branchlets simple, or divided towards the apex, obtuse, nucules few in the divisions of the upper branchlets. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 109. Smith, E. B. t. 2140. HAB. Streams, lakes and ditches. Kinghorn Loch. Plant above a foot long, quite smooth, pellucid, green, much branched. Whorls of branchlets (leaves of Smith) spreading. Fructification not plen- tiful, and scarcely bracteated, appearing to be merely placed in the axils of the upper leaves. Nucules sometimes 2. • This is a most curious tribe of plants, whose structure I am convinced is by no means yet understood. At present I have only minutely examined the fructification of C. vulgaris. Under a high power of the microscope, the CHANA. CRYPTOGAMIA. CHARACEÆ. 281 2. C. translucens, smooth, pellucid, glabrous, flaccid ; whorls of branchlets spreading, simple, suddenly acute, internally fur- nished with transverse partitions ; nucules few. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 109. Smith, E. B. t. 1855. Hab. Lakes and ditches. Ditches about Edinburgh, Mr Arnott. Ditches about Kinghorn. Plant 2 feet long, green, transparent. Stem branched, thickish, the whorls tumid, and, as Smith observes, “ if held against the light, are found to be furnished here and there with transverse, often oblique, internal par- titions.” Nucules sometimes 2.-The largest of the genus. 3. C. vulgaris, stems branched, rough, unarmed; whorls of branchlets ascending, subulate; fructification with 3–4 bracteas. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 109. Smith, E. B. t. 336. . . . HAB. Slow streams and ditches. Glassmont marshes. Ditches on the south side of Duddingston Loch, plentiful. Plant 1-2 feet long, slender, branched, rather rigid, rough but not prickly, striated, the lower part of the stem reddish. Branchlets simple. Fructi- fication abundant, 4-5 or more nucules and globules being produced on each of the uppermost branchlets, every nucule being accompanied by 3 or 4 subulate bracteas, of the same nature as the branchlets. 4. C. hispida, stems branched, spirally striated, brittle, rough and armed above with a kind of short spines, some of which point downwards; branchlets simple, each of the uppermost ones bearing several nucules accompanied by 4 bracteas. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 109. Smith, E. B. t. 463. HAB. Ditches and lakes. Guillon Loch, Dr Parsons; (it is still there). Ditches at Glassmont, Fifeshire. Plant above a foot long, the surface abounding with a calcareous substance; well marked by its great fragility and the little clusters of crystalline- looking spines with which the upper part of the stem is beset. The cal- careous matter on the surface is far more abundant in this than in the last species. From an examination of C. vulgaris, I was led to suppose, that the calca- reous matter of the stem and branches was the result of some peculiar economy in the plant itself, and not a mere adventitious incrustation, as it evidently originated from within, and was covered by the cuticle. Dr Brewster has since assured me that the above supposition is correct, and that the phenomena exhibited are analogous to those produced by the siliceous deposit beneath the cuticle of the Equisela.-Vid. p. 214. Note. globule is found to be constructed of 7 triangular scales, which, in maturity, separate from each other, and produce the dehiscence of the globule. Each of these scales has a vacant portion in its centre, but the margin (which has a fluted appearance under a small magnifier) consists of a number of parallel, linear-oblong, hyaline hollow tubes, placed at small intervals from each other, those forming the angles of the scale being branched. Within these tubes are a profusion of orange, globular, minute bodies, (exactly similar to the spo- rules of many cryptogamic plants), arranged in no order, and escaping on the least injury to the tubes. It is these little bodies which give the orange co- lor to the globule. Within the globule, is a mass of elastic white filaments, much convoluted, and indistinctly either jointed or transversely rugose. 282 LAMINARIA CRYPTOGAMIA. ALGÆ. - Syn. P: VIII. ALGÆ. Linn. Div. I. FUCOIDEÆ. Marine plants, of an olive-brown or green colour, mostly becoming black on exposure to the air. Sub- stance coriaceous or cartilaginous. Texture fibrous. Fronds mostly continuous, cylindrical or expanded. Fructification granules solitary and imbedded in the substance of the frond or in ctuberculated receptacles.-Many species have vesicles which contain air, and are supposed to be destined to assist in supporting the plant. 53. LAMINARIA. Lamour. 1. L. esculenta, frond membranaceous, simple, ensiform, with a central rib; stipes short, furnished with oblong, nerveless, spreading pinnæ, containing immersed pyriform sporules. Ag. 16. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 98. Fucus esculentus, Turn. Hist. Fuc. t. 117. Smith, E. B. t. 1759. Hab. In the sea in deep water. Frith of Forth. Seafield rocks on the coast of Fife. 4. Summer. Root a few thick grappling fibres. Stipes short, pinnate; pinnæ filiform at their origin from the stem, but speedily expanding into plane frondlets 2 or 3 inches long. The main frond arises immediately above them, and is from 2-12 feet long or more, and 2–7 inches broad, entire at the margin. Fruc- tification contained in the pinnæ, a portion of which is more fleshy than the rest.–Plant eaten in Scotland, and called Badderlocks. 2. L. saccharina, root strong grappling branched fibres”; stipes subcylindrical, passing into a cartilagino-coriaceous, simple, plane, nerveless, entire frond; fructification scattered, immersed in the frond. Ag. Syn. p. 17. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 98. Turn. . Hist. Fuc. t. 163. B, bullata, frond rugose and bullate in the centre, Turn. Fu- cus saccharinus. Smith, E. B. t. 1376. 7, acuminata, frond oblong, thin, and almost membranaceous, acuminate, Turn. à, attenuata, stipes scarcely any; frond linear-lanceolate, membranaceous, pale yellowish-brown, the margin mostly waved. L. Phyllitis, Ag. Syn. p. 19. Fucus phyllitis, Turn. Hist. Fuc. t. 164. Smith, E. B. t. 1331. €, latissimus, stipes very short; frond broad, roundish-ovate or elliptical. Turn. L. latifolia, Ag. Sp. Alg. p. 119. Hab. Sea-shores, mostly in deep water. B, and y, are common in the Frith of Forth. d, is plentiful only on the Seafield rocks on the Fife a coast at low tides. E, occurs rarely, and chiefly in rejectamenta. Per- Plant mostly of an olive-green colour; varying prodigiously in size and form. Stipos 1 inch to above 2 feet long, and from the eighth of an inch ennial. Fucus. CRYPTOGAMIA. ALGÆ. 288 to three quarters of an inch thick, firm, and sometimes almost woody. Frond 1-12 feet long and 2-12 inches broad, according to the variety. The highly undulated margin occurs occasionally on all the varieties, as also does the bullated appearance, and sometimes both together. Var. d, I think it best to consider a variety at present; but I have been much perplexed with specimens I have recently gathered, near 2 feet long, re- taining the peculiar character of the smaller ones.--Broad fronds of L. saccharina are liable to become lacerated, and then resemble the fol- lowing 3. L. digitata, root composed of thick grappling fibres; stipes cylindrical, woody, expanded at its apex into a large, roundish, plane frond, deeply cleft into ensiform segments . Lamour. Ag. Syn. p. 18. et Sp. Alg. p. 113. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 99. Fucus digitatus, Turn. Hist. Fuc. t. 162. Smith, E. B. t. 2274. Hab. Sea-coasts, in deep water ; perennial. Very common. Plant of a dark olive-green colour; covering large spaces, and the summits only visible at the lowest tides. Stipes 3–6 feet long or more, often an inch in diameter, very stout and strong, attaching itself to the bottom most firmly by its thick, cartilaginous roots. Frond 1-5 feet long or more, 1-3 feet broad, very strong and cartilaginous, entire at the exter- nal margin, but cleft deeply into a number of mostly simple segments. Fructification, granules immersed in the substance of the frond. In this species, as well as in the preceding, there is sometimes a contraction near the base of the frond, which is represented in Mr Turner's plate of L. saccharina. This circumstance, in some specimens, is evidently a new frond displacing the old one, which at length falls off. Thus, I have found specimens of L. digitata with an old and a new frond of equal size, attached to each other by a narrow neck; the old one cleft to the base dark and coriaceous, the new one entire, or just beginning to split, but the segments still cohering at the base of the old one; the texture thin, and of a much lighter color. 54. FUCUS. Linn. 1. F. vesiculosus, frond coriaceous, plane, linear, dichoto- mous, entire, with a central rib; vesicles innate, in pairs ; re- ceptacles distinct, terminal, turgid, mostly elliptical. Ag. Sp. Alg. p. 87. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 94. . Turn. Hist. Fuc. t. 88. Smith, E. B. t. 1066. B. spiralis, frond twisted in a spiral manner; vesicles none; receptacles roundish. Fuc. spiralis, Linn. Smith, E. B. t. 1685. . acutus, frond narrow, producing vesicles; the apices long, lanceolate. Fuc. spiralis, Esp: d. longifructus, frond mostly without vesicles; receptacles linear-lanceolate. Fuc. longifructus, DC. Fl. Franç. £. Sherardi, frond narrow, dwarfish; vescicles none; recep- tacles short oblong. Fuc. Sherardi, Stackh. Ner. Brit. p. 72. t. 13. & multifidus, frond broad, producing vesicles ; receptacles long, variously divided. 284 CRYPTOGAMIA. ALGA. Fucus. p. 96. p. 96. Hab. Sea-shores, frequent. All the above varieties grow in the Frith of Forth. ď Only occasionally. Ś Opposite to Seafield Baths. 4. Spring and summer. Plant 3 inches to 3 feet long or more. Root a callous disk. Frond flat, dark olive-green, Ath of an inch to 1 inch broad, dichotomously branched. Receptacles of fructification terminal, single or in pairs, turgid, the surface perforated ; under the perforations are the tubercles which contain the sporules. The different appearances of this species will be perceived by the characters of the varieties.-A useful plant in the manufacture of kelp. 2. F. ccranoides, frond coriaceous, linear, subdichotomous, entire, with a central rib, throwing out lateral, very narrow, fructifying branches ; receptacles linear-acuminate, subcylindri- cal, often divided. Ag. sp. Alg. p. 93. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. Turn. Hist. Fuc. t. 89. Smith, E. B. t. 2115. HAB. Sea-shores. Frith of Forth near Cramond, Maughan. Plant olive green, a foot long or more. Root a small callous disk. Frond 3 or 4 lines broad, flat, entire. The lateral ones much narrower, fastigiate, and terminating in a number of linear, narrow receptacles, having pores, with tubercles beneath, as in the preceding species. 3. F. canaliculatus, frond linear, nerveless, channelled, dicho- tomous; receptacles terminal, more or less oblong and divided. Ag. Sp. Alg. p. 96. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. Turn. Hist. Fuc. t. 3. Smith, E. B. t. 823. HAB. Rocky sea-shores. Frith of Forth, very plentiful. 2. Plant 2-7 inches long, of a yellowish olive-green colour. Root a callous disk. Frond linear, rarely 2 lines broad, canaliculate, dichotomously branched. Receptacles of the fructification terminal, having pores communicating with immersed tubercles containing sporules. 4. F. nodosus, frond compressed, coriaceous, furnished with innate solitary vesicles ; receptacles obpyriform, lateral and distichous, on short peduncles. Ag. Sp. Alg. p 85. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 94. Turn. Hist. Fuc. t. 91. Smith, E. B. t. 570. 2 Halidrys nodosa, Lyngb. p. 37. t. 8. HAB. Rocky sea-shores. Frith of Forth, plentiful. Plant olive-green, 2-5 feet long. Root a callous disk. Frond compressed, thick and coriaceous, about 3 lines broad, ribless, branched repeatedly in a distichous manner. Receptacles of fructification turgid, numerous, dis- tichous, deep orange-yellow. 5. F. serratus, frond coriaceous, flat, dichotomous, serrate at the margin, with a central rib ; receptacles terminating the frond, solitary, flat, serrate. Ag. Sp. Alg. p. 95. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. Turn. Hist. Fuc. t. 96. Smith, E. B. t. 1221. HAB. Rocky sea-shores. Frith of Forth, common. 4. Spring and autumn. Plant 1-4 feet long, dark-olive green. Root a callous disk. Frond nearly an inch broad, branched in a dichotomous manner, the surface dotted with perforations, out of which issue minute tufts of white fibres. Re- ceptacle appearing like a continuation of the frond and serrate, but thicker, a p. 95. HIMANTHALIA. 285 CRYPTOGAMIA. ALG/E. a and of an orange colour when mature, containing tubercles, which emit their sporules by a pore. 55. HIMANTHALIA. Lyngb. 1. H. lorea. Lyngb. Hydroph p. 36. t. 8. Fucus loreus, Ag. Sp. Alg. p. 98. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 96. Turn. Hist. Fuc. t. 196. Smith, E. B. t. 569. HAB. Rocky sea-shores. Frith of Forth, Dr Richardson. Occasionally on the Edinburgh coast among rejectamenta, but not growing (to my knowledge), nearer than Dunbar. O. Summer. Plant of a dark olive-green colour, 2-6 feet long. Root a small callous disk, from which arises a short stipes scarcely an inch long, which dilates into a cup-shaped, gelatinous, (at length coriaceous), disk, an inch broad or more, from whose centre one or two fronds arise. Frond narrow at its origin, but soon becoming 3 or 4 lines wide, and nearly equal to the ex- tremity; compressed, thick, coriaceous; repeatedly branched in a dicho- tomous manner, and has been aptly compared to a leather thong. The whole frond may be considered as an elongated receptacle, for the tu- bercles are contained in its whole extent, and discharge their sporules by pores on the surface.—Scarcely distinct as a genus from Fucus. 56. CYSTOSEIRA. Agardh. 1. C. siliquosa, coriaceo-cartilaginous; stipes compressed, pin- nate; leaves distichous, plane, linear, entire; vesicles petio- lated, jointed, linear-lanceolate; receptacles linear-lanceolate, al- ternate, pedunculated, compressed. Ag. Sp. Alg. p. 71. Hali- drys siliquosa, Lyngb. Hydroph. p. 37. Fucus siliquosus, Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 94. Turn. Hist. Fuc. t. 159. Smith, E. B. t. 474. HAB. Rocky sea-shores, in small basins and pools among the rocks. Ca- roline Park, Maughan. Near Aberdour, and elsewhere on the Fife coast, frequent. 4. Autumn to spring. Plant of a dark olive-brown colour, 1-4 feet long or more. Root a callous disk. Stipes much branched, in a distichous manner, flexuose, linear, 1-2 lines broad, compressed, between coriaceous and cartilaginous. Leaves chiefly present in young plants, distichous, 1-2 inches long, acute, about a line broad. Receptacles towards the summit of the branches, nearly an inch long, and above a line in diameter, dotted with minute pores connected with immersed tubercles. Vesicles distichous on the stem and branches, an inch long, pod-like, beaked. 2. C. granulata, frond many times dichotomous, furnished with small flexible spines; vesicles innate, elliptical, moniliform; receptacles terminal, elongated, filiform. Ag. Sp. Alg. p. 55. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 94. Turn. Hist. Fuc. t. 251. Smith, E. B. t. 2169. Hab. Sea-shores. Frith of Forth, extremely rare. About Leith and Newhaven, Mr Yalden. (It has never been found since the time of Lightfoot.) 4. June-òctober. Plant of an olive-green or brownish colour, 12-18 inches long. Root a cal- lous disk. Stipes 3-6 inches long, simple or divided, stout, and beset with 2 a 286 CRYPTOGAMIA. ALGÆ. LICHINA 96. et oblong knobs, from the apex of each of which springs a branch. Branches slender, filiform, numerous, repeatedly divided, axils of the divisions rounded, bearing very small leaves, or rather spines, towards the extre- mities. Receptacles very narrow, terminal.—Excessively liable to vary in appearance. 57. LICHINA. Agardh. 1. L. pygmæa, frond plane; tubercles sphærical. Ag. Sp. , Alg. p. 105. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 96. Turn. Hist. Fuc. t. 204. figs. a-h. Smith, E. B. t. 1332. HAB. Marine rocks. Coast of Fife. 4. Summer. Plant of a green black colour, somewhat gelatinous when moist, very brittle and hard when dry, 3-4 lines high, growing in patches. Frond plane, thickish, branched, scarcely one-third of a line broad, the branches spread- ing. Tubercles minute, towards the summits of the branches. 2. L. confinis, frond nearly cylindrical; tubercles elliptical. Ag. Sp. Alg. p. 105. L. pygmæa, B. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. Turn. 1. c. figs. i-o. Lichen confinis, Lichen confinis, Smith, E. B. t. 2575. HAB. Marine rocks. Frith of Forth, at Caroline Park and elsewhere. 4. Plant of the same appearance as the preceding, but much less, being scarcely more than a line high. This may be only a variety of the last. Both strongly resemble lichens, and were it not for their situation, might be with propriety referred to that Order. 58. FURCELLARIA. Lamour. 1. F. lumbricalis. Ag. Syn. p. 10. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p 97. F. fastigiata, Ag. 5p. Alg. p. 103. Fucus lumbricalis. Turn. Hist. Fuc. t. 6. Smith, E. B. t. 826. B. fastigiata, apices compressed, transparent, ovate-lanceo- late, short, acute, Turn. Hab. In small pools among marine rocks. Frith of Forth, frequently ; B. occasionally. 4. Autumn to spring. Plant dark olive or reddish, 3-9 inches long. Root a number of thickislı cylindrical fibres, matted together. Fronds cylindrical, about a crow- quill in thickness, branched repeatedly in a dichotomous manner, the angles very acute. Fructification residing in the extremities of the branches, which are swollen for the space of an inch to twice the usual diameter. There are no pores on the surface, but a row of sporules are contained within the circumference. The fructifying portion of the branches, and the pale enlarged summits of var. B, after a certain pe- riod, fall off, and leave the branches completely truncate. 59. SPONGIOCARPUS. Grev. 1. S. rotundus. Chordaria rotunda, Ag. Syn. p. 12. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 97. Furcellaria rotunda, Lyngb. Hydroph. p. 49. Fucus rotun- dus, Turn. Hist. Fuc. t. 5. Smith, E. B. t. 1738. Hab. Sea-shores, in small pools among the rocks. Frith of Forth, very rare. Caroline Park, Mr E. Maughan. Near Kirkcaldy, Mr Stew- art. SPOROCHNUS. 287 CRYPTOGAMIA. ALGÆ. a Plant 3-6 inches long, of a dark olivaceous, or reddish colour. Root a small callous disk. Frond as thick as a crow's quill, branched several times in an irregularly dichotomous manner, the summits rather acute, and subequal in height. Fructification in the form of naked, spongy, wart- like masses on the sides of the upper branches, fully a line in diameter, and often 2 or 3 lines in length, and of a pale pinkish colour. These masses, when examined, are found to consist of minute, diverging jointed filaments, among which the sporules are disposed.-- This plant, when not in fructification, is with difficulty at first distinguished from Furcel- laria lumbricalis. The root, however, of the latter is fibrous, and the dichotomies of the branches acute; that of the other solid, and the dicho- tomies far less acute. I know of no plant whose fructification resembles that of the present one. 60. SPOROCHNUS. Agardh. 1. S. aculeatus, frond linear, compressed, very much branch- ed; branches alternate, with marginal subulate spines. (When young, feathery with pencil-like tufts of delicate filaments). Ag. Sp. Alg. p. 151. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 96. Desmia aculeata, Lyngb. p. 34. Fucus aculeatus, Turn. Hist. Fuc. t. 187. Smith, E. B. t. 2445. HAB. Sea-shores, growing in deep water. Seafield rocks on the coast of Fife. In rejectamenta frequent. 4.? Spring and summer. Plant 2–3 feet long, much branched in a distichous manner, olive-green. Root a callous disk. Stipes cylindrical only at the base. Branches very narrow, linear, when young furnished with little feathery, marginal, equidistant, deciduous tufts of jointed filaments of a yellow-green colour. These are succeeded by little, acute, erecto-patent spines. 2. S. viridis, stipes filiform, many times pinnate, with innu- merable capillary branches, all of which are opposite, and the ultimate ones extremely fine. Ag. Sp. Alg. p. 154. . Chorda- ria viridis, Ag. Syn. p. 14. Syn. p. 14. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 98. Fucus viridis, Turn. Hist. Fuc. t. 97. Smith, E. B. t. 1669. HAB. Rocks, sea-shores, generally in deep water. Frith of Forth. Near Caroline Park, Dr Richardson. Seafield Rocks on the Fife Coast, and near Dysart. O. Summer. Plant 1-2 feet long or more, of a deep rich orange colour, when growing, according to most authors; but in hundreds of plants I have seen grow- ing in the Frith of Forth, they were all brownish olive-green; soon after gathering, it changes to a verdigris green, and decomposes the plants with which it is in contact. Root a callous disk. Frond extremely di- vided, and very fine and conferva-like. Fructification I conceive to be still unknown, unless Lyngbye is correct in describing hemispherical tu- tubercles, which I have often thought to detect, but found myself de ceived. 3. S. ligulatus, frond submembranaceous, plane, nerveless, linear, bipinnate; branches and branchlets opposite, linear-lan- ceolate, attenuated at their base, and serrate with spinous teeth. Ag. sp. Alg p. 158. Desmia ligulata, Lyngb. p. 33. Lami- naria ligulata, Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 99. Fucus ligulatus, Turn. Hist. Fuc. t. 98. Smith, E. B. t. 1636. 288 CRYPTOGAMIA. ALGÆ. SCYTOSIPHON. Han. Marine rocks, in deep water, rare. About Newhaven, Lightfoot. Caroline Park, Mr E. Maughan. (Always in rejectamenta near Edin- burgh.) O. Summer. Plant 2-5 feet long, brownish-olive, but changing to orange and to bright green when gathered, and decomposing other algæ next it, like the preceding. Root a plane callous disk. Frond 1-2 lines broad, much branched and bipinnate, the branchlets fringed with little tufts of deli- cate filaments, which are very fugitive. Substance between membranas ceous and cartilaginous. 61. SCYTOSIPHON. Agardh. 1. S. filum, frond perfectly simple, cylindrical, filiform, at- tenuated at each extremity, spirally twisted, slimy and cartila- ginous. Ag. sp. Alg. p. 161. Chorda filum, Lyngb. p. 79. t. 18. . Chordaria filum, Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 98. Fucus filum, Turn. Hist. Fuc. t. 86. Smith, E. B. t. 2487. HAB. Sea-shores, in deep water. Frith of Forth, frequent, especially on the coast of Fife. O Summer. Plant dark brown olive, 1-20 feet long. Root a callous disk. Fronds 1-3, very slender at first, but gradually attaining the thickness of near 2 lines, and again tapering at the end. Substance cartilaginous, having a spiral arrangement, which may be shewn by dissection. Fructification, pyriform bodies covering the surface.—Sometimes found covered with conferva- like filaments, which, according to Agardh, denote the barren state of the plant. a 62. CHORDARIA. Agardh. 1. Ch. flagelliformis, frond filiform, cartilaginous, slimy, cy- lindrical, very much branched; branches long, subdistichous, mostly simple, obtuse, more or less spreading. Ag. sp. Alg: p. 166. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 98. Fucus flagelliformis, Turn. . Hist. Fuc. t. 85. Smith, E. B. t. 1222. HAB. Rocky sea-shores. Frith of Forth, frequent. Newhaven, Light- foot. Caroline Park, Dr Richardson. Plentiful on the Fife coast, be- tween Pettycur and Kirkcaldy. O. Summer. Plant 1-3 feet long, of a rather pale olive green colour. Root a minute callous disk. Frond with an erect stipes, not thicker than the branches which it gives out even from the very base. Branches scarcely thicker than a sparrow's quill, long, and generally simple to the summit . The sum- mit of the stipes also passes into similar branches, which are erect. Fruc- tification contained among the diverging filaments, of which the substance of the plant is composed. GIGARTINA. 289 CRYPTOGAMIA. ALGÆ. Div. II. FLORIDEÆ. Plants of a purplish, reddish, or fine rose-colour, sometimes tinged with green, becoming more bril- liant on exposure to the air. Texture various. Frond ex- panded, compressed or cylindrical. Fructification often double, both tubercles containing sporules, and naked granules scat- tered and immersed in the substance of the frond. When both kinds occur in the same species, it is on separate indivi- duals.-Root a small callous disk. Plants all marine. - 63. GIGARTINA. Lamour. 1. G. lycopodioides, frond having 1-3 mostly simple, main stems, thickly covered with short, patent, filiform, ramuli, inter- mixed with capillary, elongate, fascicled branches ; sporules in lanceolate receptacles, and globular tubercles. Lyngb. Hydroph. p. 45. Furcellaria lycopodioides, Ag. Syn. p. 11. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 97. Fucus lycopod. Turn. Hist. Fuc. t. 12. Smith, E. B. t. 1163 HAB. In the sea, generally attached to the stems of Laminaria digitata, in deep water. Seafield rocks on the Fife coast. 4. Summer. Plant 3-12 inches long, purplish brown. Root a small callous disk. Frond slender, cylindrical, simple or divided from near the base into a few main stems, densely clothed with almost bristly ramuli, 3-5 lines in length; to these are added in the summer, elongated branches, very fine and con- ferva-like in appearance, much divided, and half an inch to near two inches in length. Fructification naked sporules in the swollen extremi- ties of the ramuli, or globular tubercles on the finely divided summer branches. p. 104. 2. G. subfusca, frond filiform, very much branched, the branches alternate, setaceous, spreading; fructification tubercles in the substance of the extremities of the branches, or external pedunculated receptacles. Lamour. Lyngb. p. 47. t. 10–11. Sphærococcus subfuscus, Ag. Syn. p. 32. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. Fucus subfuscus, Turn. Hist. Fuc. t. 10. Smith, E. B. t. 1164. Hab. In the sea. Frith of Forth, common, on rocks and stems of large Alga. 4. Spring and summer. Plant conferva-like in habit, 3-8 inches long, of a reddish or purplish colour. Root a minute callous disk. Fronds very slender, aggregate, extremely branched. Principal branches erecto-patent, alternate, somewhat pinnate with others, which are again divided, the ultimate ones often tufted with most delicate fibres. Fructification innate tubercles arranged at the swollen ends of the branches, in a single or double series ; or ovate, solitary, or clustered receptacles, containing a few pyriform sporules.- It becomes blackish in drying. 3. G. plicata, frond horny, filiform, of equal size through- out, irregularly branched and entangled, extremities of the T 290 CRYPTOGAMIA. ALGÆ. CHONDRIA a branches obtuse; tubercles lateral, sessile, wart-like. Lamour. Lyngb. p. 42. Spharococcus plicatus, Ag. Syn. p. 34. Hook. . FI. Scot. 2. p. 104. Fucus plicatus, Fucus plicatus, Turn. Hist. Fuc. t. 180. . . Smith, E. B. t. 1089. Hab. Sea-shores, among rocks, frequent. Frith of Forth, chiefly on the Fife Coast. 4. Autumn to spring. Plant of a horny, rigid substance, the branches wiry and entangled, 3-9 inches long. Root a minute callous disk. Frond thicker than a stout hog's bristle, equal; the branches often fastigiate, spreading, sometimes secund. The colour is a dark brown red or purple, sometimes pale and pinkish, and often by long exposure to the air yellowish white. 4. G. purpurascens, frond filiform, very much branched; branches setaceous, scattered, with spherical tubercles immersed in their substance. Lamour. Lyngb. p. 46. t. 12. Sphærococ- cus purpurascens, Ag. Syn. p. 31. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 104. Fucus purpurascens, Turn. Hist. Fuc. t. 9. Smith, E. B. t. 1243. HAB. Sea-shores. Rocks between Newhaven and Caroline Park and elsewhere, in the Frith of Forth, plentiful. O. Summer. Plant 1–2 feet long, of a pale brownish purple, diaphanous, becoming tin- ged with green in decay. Root a few short thick fibres, the centre disk- like. Frond much branched, the stem about as thick as a crow's quill, nearly equal throughout its whole length. Branches attenuated at their base. Tubercles innate, crimson, mostly solitary, but several in the same branch. 64. CHONDRIA. Agardh. 1. Ch. purpurascens, frond purplish, subgelatinous, branched, filiform ; branches remote, long, mostly simple and attenuated at their base and extremity; fructification, naked sporules in substance of the branches. Ulva ? purpurascens, Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 92. Gastridium filiforme, Lyngb. p. 68. t. 17. Ulva . filiformis, Ag. Syn. p. 47. f. incrassata, apices of the branches incrassated. Ulva in- crassata, Ag. Syn. p. 47. HAB. Sea-shores. Frith of Forth, plentiful. Summer. O Root a minute disk. Frond attenuated at the base, 3-9 inches long, be- tween a crow-quill and goose-quill in thickness, several from the same base, cylindrical, branched in a variable manner; branches mostly simple. Substance gelatinous within, but in drying the mere skin appears only to be left. Colour usually more or less purplish, turning in decay to pale greenish or whitish. 2. Ch. obtusa, frond subcartilaginous, cylindrical, filiform, re- peatedly subpinnate ; branches mostly opposite, spreading, the ultimate ones truncate ; tubercles ovate, sessile, and naked sporules in the ramuli. Ag. Syn. p. 35. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 105. Fucus obtusus, Turn. Hist. Fuc. t. 21. Smith, E. B. t. 1201. CHONDRIA. CRYPTOGAMIA. ALGÆ. 291 a a HAB. Sea-shores, on other algæ. Rare in the Frith of Forth. Messrs J. Stewart and Greville. O. Summer. Plant 3-6 inches long, of a yellowish pink colour, and gelatinous substance when young, but at length cartilaginous. Root a minute callous disk, along with a few thick fibres. Frond branched from the base, bi-quadri- pinnate; the lower branches the longest; the ultimate divisions very short, obtuse, somewhat clustered. Sporules of the tubercles pyriform; those immersed in the frond, orbicular. 3. Ch. pinnatifida, frond compressed, subcartilaginous, di- vided and subdivided in a pinnate manner, extremities of the branches obtuse, callous; tubercles ovate, sessile, and naked sporules in the frond. Ag. Syn. p. 35. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 105. p. . Gelidum pinnatifidum, Lyngb. p. 40. t. 9. Fucus pinnatifidus, Turn. Hist. Fuc. t. 20. Smith, E. B. t. 1202. B. osmunda, frond flat, generally undivided; ramuli short and multifid. Hab. Rocks in the sea. Frith of Forth. a. Frequent. B. Not plentiful nearer than Dunbar. O. Summer. Pepper-dulse.-Frond 1-7 inches long, of a reddish, purplish, pinkish or brownish colour, changing in decay to a greenish white or yellow. Root a callous disk, accompanied by a few creeping fibres. Several fronds arise from the same root, and are more or less regularly bipinnate, the pinnæ spreading. Substance cartilaginous, subdiaphanous.--Eaten in Scotland; has a pungent flavour. 4. Ch. clavellosa, frond subgelatinous, cylindrical, much branched; branches and branchlets alternate, subdistichous; fructification either sessile tubercles, or scattered sporules in the ultimate ramuli. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 105. Gastridium cla- vell. Lyngb. p. 70. p. 70. Fucus clavell. Turn. Hist. Fuc. t. 30. . . t. Smith, E. B. t. 1203. HAB. Sea-shores. Frith of Forth ; on the Leith sands, Dr Richardson. About Caroline Park. July, August. Plant of a pale pinkish red colour, and so gelatinous as not to require pres- sure to preserve it. Root a minute disk. Frond 6-12 inches long, soli- tary, tubular, much branched, not contracted, or with any appearance of joints ; branches rarely opposite. 5. Ch. articulata, frond cylindrical, contracted throughout as if jointed, branched ; branches regular, whorled, dichoto- mous; fructification either urceolate, sessile tubercles, or scat- tered sporules in the ramuli. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. 106. Lo- mentaria articulata, Lyngb. p. 101. t. 30. Fucus articulat. Turn. Hist. Fuc. t. 106. Smith, E. B. t. 1574. HAB. Rocks in the sea, and on the larger alge. Frith of Forth, fre- quent. Summer. O. Root partly a disk, and partly creeping fibres. Fronds 2-9 inches long, nu- merous, as thick as a crow's quill, many times dichotomous, and whorled with smaller branches of equal length; the whole regularly contracted in a moniliform manner, but not absolutely jointed. Colour reddish pink or purplish. Substance somewhat gelatinous, transparent. p. T 2 292 CRYPTOGAMIA. ALGÆ. DELESSERIA. 6. Ch. Opuntia, frond subcylindrical, contracted as if jointed, branched, reticulated within by a mass of jointed filaments; branches spreading ; fructification minute, blackish, scattered tubercles. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 106. Fucus Opuntia, Turn. Hist. Fuc. t. 107. Rivularia Opuntia, Smith, E. B. t. 1868. HAB. Marine rocks. Musselburgh, Lightfoot. Caroline Park coast, and on the coast of Fife in various places. 4. Spring to autumn. Root creeping, fibrous. Fronds filiform, very numerous, matted together, half an inch to 1 inch long, spreading widely over the rocks; somewhat compressed, contracted or obsoletely jointed. Tubercles (the fructifica- tion?) very minute, wart-like, black. Colour of the frond pale purplish. Substance soft and tender, subdiaphanous. 17. Ch. pusilla, frond between cartilaginous and horny, com- pressed, filiform, somewhat contracted here and there, branched, branches attenuated at their base, but dilated and rounded at their extremity; fructification either minute tubercles or scat- tered sporules in the ramuli. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 106. Grev. Crypt. Fl. t. 79. Fucus pusillus, Turn. Hist. Fuc. t. 108. HAB. Marine rocks. Rocks by Caroline Park, Dr Richardson, 1819. (This is the station given by me in Dr Hooker's Flora Scotica, but I did not then know that my friend Dr Richardson had found it). 4. Summer Root creeping, fibrous. Fronds numerous, much entangled and matted, spreading over the rocks in the manner of the preceding species; scarce- ly an inch long, much branched, almost flat, varying much in thickness, some being quite capillary. Colour purplish or reddish-pink. Substance somewhat horny, especially when dry, subdiaphanous. 65. DELESSERIA, Lamour. * Fronds ribbed or veined. 1. D. sanguinea, stipes cylindrical, branched, producing dis- tinct, petiolated, oblongo-ovate, entire leaves; fructification, ei- ther naked sporules in leafy processes, or pedunculated tubercles on the midrib. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 100. Ag. Syn. p. 21. Fu- cus sanguineus, Turn. Hist. Fuc. t. 36. Smith, E. B. t. 1041. HAB. Sea-shores. Frith of Forth, not unfrequent. January-May. . Root a callous disk. Fronds several, arising from a cylindrical stipes about half an inch long, of a splendid and delicate pink colour, 3-8 inches in length, with a strong midrib, and numerous parallel dark nerves arising Substance extremely thin and membranaceous; that of the stipes cartilaginous. The pedunculated tubercles are produced on the midrib in the second year, when little or none of the delicate part of the frond remains. 2. D. sinuosa, stipes cylindrical, branched, very short, pro- ducing membranaceous leaves, variously sinuate or pinnatifid ; fructification either naked sporules in leafy processes, fringing the margin of the frond, or innate tubercles. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 100. Ag. Syn. p. 21. Fucus sinuosus, Turn. Hist. Fuc. t. 35. Smith, E. B. t. 822. DELESSERIA. CRYPTOGAMIA. ALGÆ. 293 HAB. Sea-shores, mostly attached to the stipes of larger alga. Frith of Forth, plentifully. January-August. 6. Root a small disk. Fronds varying prodigiously in form, especially in breadth; barren plants in summer sometimes measuring 8 inches, but fertile ones often not one inch. They are 3-12 inches long, and are best known by the sinuate margin. Colour a fine pink, the midrib and veins darker. Substance membranaceous. 3. D. alata, frond linear, very much branched, subdichoto- mous, with a midrib, the segments alternately pinnate; sporules either naked in the apices of the frond, or in sessile tubercles. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 100. Ag. Syn. p. 22. Fucus alatus, Turn. Hist. Fuc. t. 160. Smith, E. B. t. 1837. HAB. Sea-shores. Frith of Forth, plentiful. January-August. ? Root a small disk. Fronds many from the same base, 3-9 inches long, spreading, much divided, linear, but varying in breadth from half a line to 3 lines. Colour deep rose. Substance membranaceous. Spherical tu- bercles in the substance of the midrib of the branches, or in small leafy processes arising from the midrib. 4. D. hypoglossum, frond branched, winged; branches (or leaves) arising from the midrib, linear-lanceolate, entire, reticu- lated; sporules either naked towards the apex of the leaves, or in spherical tubercles on the midrib. Fucus hypoglossum, Turn. Hist. Fuc. t. 14. Smith, E. B. t. 1396. HAB. Sea-shores. Frith of Forth, very rare. Opposite Seafield Baths, Dr Richardson. Near Caroline Park. June_September. O. Root a minute disk. Fronds several from the same base, 2-4 inches long, 1-2 lines broad, flat, beautiful rose colour, branched in a proliferous manner from the midrib; apices of the branches acute. Substance mem- branaceous, reticulated, transparent.—A fine addition to the Edinburgh Flora, for which I am indebted to the zeal of the Arctic traveller Dr Ri. chardson. 5. D. lacerata, frond membranaceous, very tender, subdicho- tomous, veins most obvious towards the base ; branches sub- linear, rounded at the apex, waved at the margin ; sporules in naked oblong clusters, or in immersed tubercles. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 101. Fucus laceratus, Fucus laceratus, Turn. Hist. Fuc. t. 68. Smith, E. B. t. 1067. HAB. Sea-shores. Frith of Forth, Lightfoot. Rarely in rejectamenta, Mrs Martin. 4 ? July-October. Root, a small disk. Fronds thin, membranaceous, single or several from the same base, 3–7 inches long, branched, branches linear, subdichotomous, 1- an inch broad, the margins entire or waved. There is no midrib, but several subparallel veins, which are most conspicuous towards the base. Colour transparent, pale or deep red. ** Frond veinless. 6. D. laciniata, frond stoutly membranaceous, flat, nerveless, branched; branches dilated upwards, and variously divided ; sporules either naked and scattered continuously along the mar- gin, or in tubercles contained in leafy marginal processes. Spha- 294 CRYPTOGAMIA. ALGÆ. SPHÆROCOCCUS. a rococcus ? lacin. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 103. Lyngb. p. 12. Fucus lacin. Turn. Hist. Fuc. t. 69. Smith, E. B. t. 1068. Hab. Sea-shores. Frith of Forth, but not frequent near Edinburgh, and always in rejectamenta. 4? February-July. Plant of a beautiful opaque pink-red. Root a small disk. Fronds often se- veral from the same base, 3-7 inches long, divided in a fan-like manner into branches which are 4 of an inch to 1 inch broad. When the margin is entire, naked sporules are generally found, giving it a darker colour. When fringed with leafy processes, they often contain tubercles: the two kinds of fructification are found by my acute friend Mrs Grif- fiths to be always on distinct plants, as in other cases of double fructi- fication. 17. D. punctata, frond membranaceous, very tender, flat, , nerveless, mostly dichotomous, segments nearly linear, bifid and obtuse at their apices, at their margins flat and entire; sporules either naked in oblong spots, or in scattered hemispherical im- mersed tubercles. Turn. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 101. 101. Fucus punct. Turn. Hist. Fuc. t. 71. Smith, E. B. t. 1573. HAB. Sea-shores. Frith of Forth, among rejectamenta, very rare. Summer. O. Plant of a very delicate structure, extremely thin, and finely reticulated. Root a minute disk. Frond spreading immediately from the root, 2-6 inches long, the divisions either commencing at the base, or about the middle; each division being divided and subdivided, and becoming nar- rower. Colour a bright delicate rose-pink, glossy when dry. 8. D. coccinea, frond compressed, membranaceo-cartilaginous, much branched; branches linear; ultimate branchlets subulate and pectinate ; sporules in pod-like processes from the ramuli, or spherical, sessile, lateral tubercles. Ag. Syn. p. xiv. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 101. Plocamium coccineum, Lyngb. p. 39. t. 9. Fucus coccineus, Turn. Hist. Fuc. t. 59. Smith, E. B. t. 1242. Hab. Sea-shores. Frith of Forth, plentiful. 4? June—October. Root a minute disk, accompanied by a few fibres. Frond 3-9 inches long, very much and irregularly branched; branches about half a line broad. Colour a beautiful deep pink. Spherical tubercles chiefly on the main and secondary branches, often axillary.—I consider the “ lanceolate siliquæ” of Mr Turner as simple frondose processes, for such they appear under the microscope; were they not so, the plant would scarcely belong to this genus. 66. SPHÆROCOCCUS, Agardh. 1. Sph. crispus, frond cartilaginous, dichotomous, ribless, the margin curled, entire ; branches dilating upwards; tubercles ; solitary, scattered, immersed, concave on one side, deciduous. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 102. Ag. Syn. p. 24. Chondrus crispus, Lyngb. p. 15. Fucus crispus, Turn. Hist. Fuc. t. 216, 217. , stellatus, frond submembranaceous; branches dilated up- wards, divided at their apices into very numerous, clustered, shortish lacinia. Turn. . SPHEROCOCCUS. CRYPTOGAMIA. ALGÆ. 295 to, aqualis, frond cartilaginous, thick, all the branches equal and linear, the extreme segments obtuse. Turn. Fucus cris- pus, Smith, E. B. t. 2285. 9, Sarniensis, frond between coriaceous and cartilaginous ; branches slightly channelled on one side, dilated upwards, the apices rounded and emarginate. Turn. HAB. Sea shores. Frith of Forth, plentifully. 4. September—May. Root a callous disk. Fronds 1-5 inches long, several from the same base. Colour a deep glossy reddish or brownish purple. Substance when dry al- most horny.—A very variable plant. 2. Sph. mammillosus, frond cartilaginous, channelled on one side, ribless, dichotomous; branches dilated upwards, entire; tubercles on the frond, numerous, shortly pedunculate. Hook. . Fl. Scot. 2. p. 102. Ag. Syn.p. 25. Fucus mammill. Turn. Hist. Fuc. t. 218. Smith, E. B. t. 1054. . HAB. Sea-shores. Frith of Forth, plentiful. 4. The whole year. The habit of this plant is so like that of the preceding, that it is unneces- sary to add any thing additional, the specific character containing all the difference between them. They are truly distinct, but the fruit is the only mark for a student to confide in. The varieties are as numerous also as in the preceding, and generally preserve a mutual similarity with Sp. crispus, in the same locality. 3. Sph. membranifolius, stipes cylindrical, branched, expand- ing into a plane, divided, dichotomous, membranaceo-cartilagi- nous frond without a nerve; tubercles oblong, pedunculate, growing mostly on the stem. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 103. Ag. Syn, p. 26. 26. . Fucus memb. Turn. Hist. Fuc. t. 74. Smith, E. B. t. 1965. HAB. Sea-shores, on rocks in small pools. Frith of Forth, frequent. 4. Oct.Jan. Root a callous disk. Fronds numerous from the same base, 2-6 inches long, reddish purple, somewhat transparent. Stipes half an inch to near two inches before expanding into the leaf.-Subject to much variation, but not so much so as the two last species. 4. Sph. Brodiæi, stipes cylindrical, branched, expanding in- to a submembranaceous nerveless frond, which is more or less divided, and branched in a proliferous manner from the margin ; branches attenuated at their base, and bearing sessile tubercles at their apex. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 103. Ag. Syn. p. 27. Fucus Brodiæi Turn. Hist. Fuc. t. 72. Smith, E. B. t. 1966. HAB. Rocks in the sea. Frith of Forth, rather rare. Near Caroline Park, Mr J. Stewart. Joppa and Portobello, Dr Richardson. Black Rocks, Leith. 4.? Summer and autumn. Root a callous disk. Stipes one to several from the same base, 1-2 or more inches before expanding into the flat frond, which is of a deep purplish red colour, and dilated towards the apex, from whence spring other fronds in a proliferous manner, cylindrical at their origin, but becoming imme- diately plane.Var. concatenatus of Lyngbye is a curious, elongated, en. . 296 CRYPTOGAMIA. ALGÆ ODONTHALIA tangled, and highly proliferous plant, specimens of which have been kindly communicated to me by Professor Hornemann. 5. Sph. rubens, frond somewhat membranaceous, flat, ari- sing from a very short cylindrical filiform stipes ; branches ellip- tical-linear, dichotomous, proliferous from the surface; tuber- cles rugose, hemispherical, sessile on the frond. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 103. Ag. Syn. p. 27. Chondrus rubens, Lyngb. p. 18. Fucus rubens, Turn. Hist. Fuc. t. 18. Smith, E. B. t. 1053. . Hab. Sea-shores. Frith of Forth, among rejectamenta, rare. ¥. Chiefly in the winter. Root a small disk. Fronds purplish red, 3-6 inches long, a good deal di- vided dichotomously ; branches 2-4 lines broad, often somewhat crisped. Besides the tubercles there are generally minute clusters of peltate leaves. Substance rigidly membranaceous. 6. Sph. cristatus, frond plane, membranaceous, veinless, sub- dichotomous; branches linear, somewhat dilated upwards, and cleft towards the extremities, the segments short, obtuse, bear- ing small, globular, sessile tubercles. Grev. Crypt. Fl. t. 85. Ag. Syn. p. 29. Fucus cristatus, Turn. Hist. Fuc. t. 23. excl. B. and y. (not of E. B. t, 1925.) HAB. Sea-shores, rare. Frith of Forth, near Caroline Park, among re. jectamenta. (Only one specimen, July 1823). O.? Summer. Root a small disk. Fronds 1-2 inches long ; branches scarcely a line broad, numerous, entire at the margin. Colour beautiful pink scarlet. Sub- stance tender, membranaceous when dry. The tubercles occur both at the sides of the branches and at their extremities.--Var. B. Turn., found by Hooker in Scotland, I believe to be a distinct species. 7. Sph. corneus, frond corneo-cartilaginous, compressed, ir- regularly branched; branches linear, attenuated at each end, bipinnate, the pinnæ opposite, patent, obtuse, bearing towards their apices elliptical tubercles ; Turn. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 104. . Fucus corneus, Turn. Hist. Fuc. t. 257. Smith, E. B. t. 1970. HAB. On marine rocks. Frith of Forth, rare, Lightfoot. Root partly a disk, and partly fibrous. Fronds very numerous, 2-6 inches , long, ribless, compressed, once to thrice pinnate, but in some varieties irregularly branched. Branches generally scarcely half a line wide, sometimes quite setaceous or capillary. Colour deep pink, reddish or purplish. Substance peculiarly corneous, and somewhat wiry. Very Liable to vary in its general character. 67. ODONTHALIA. Lyngb. 1. 0. dentata. Lyngb. p. 9. t. 3. Sphærococcus dent. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 102. Ag. syn. p. 22. Fúcus dent. Turn. Hist. Fuc. t. 13. Smith, E. B. t. 1241. HAB. Sea-shores, on submarine rocks. Frith of Forth, plentifully, Lightfoot. It is most abundant, growing between Burntisland and Starleyburn ? Feb...July. PTILOTA. 297 CRYPTOGAMIA. ALGÆ. Root a conical disk. Fronds one or several from the same base, 3-9 inches long, much branched ; branches flat, membranaceous, obsoletely ribbed, pinnate with short, alternate, tooth-like, erecto-patent branchlets or processes, which are sharply dentate at their apex; the branches, includ- ing the pinnæ, about four or five lines broad. Fructification of two kinds, axillary clusters of pedunculate, urceolate capsules, containing pyriform sporules, and solitary minute pods resembling ciliæ, at the margin of the frond, containing a single or double row of roundish sporules. Colour very deep brownish red, except in the youngest shoots, which are pink. 68. PTILOTA. Agardh. 1. Pt. plumosa, frond compressed, cartilaginous, much and irregularly branched; branches repeatedly pinnate; ramuli op- posite; sporules naked, surrounded by the quadrifid ends of the ramuli, Turn. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 107. Ag. Syn. p. 39. Fucus plumosus, Turn. Hist. Fuc. t. 60. Smith, E. B. t. 1308. B. capillaris, frond flaccid, very narrow, nearly cylindrical, jointed Turn. HAB. Sea-shores. Frith of Forth, Maughan. a. Upon the stems of the large algæ. B. Always on perpendicular sides of rocks. 4. June- Oct. Root a small disk. Frond 3-9 inches long, branched, compressed, half a line to a line broad; branches repeatedly, closely and beautifully pinnate; the pinnä horizontal, opposite, giving a complete feathery appearance to the plant. Colour deep purplish red. The ends of the ramuli divide into a regular involucre, to inclose the naked seeds. Var. B. has a ca- pillary frond, and a confervoid habit, the younger branches resembling Conferva plumula ; it is regularly jointed, more branched, and never in- fested with flustre and sertularia, as . is almost invariably. The fruc- tification hitherto has been found unaccompanied by an involucre. Is it not distinct ? Div. III. ULVOIDEA. Frond either expanded or tubular and continuous; simple or branched, of a membranaceous, subcoriaceous, or somewhat gelatinous substance. Colour mostly green or purplish, sometimes reddish or dark brown. Fructification naked sporules immersed in the frond (often in groups), or imbedded in a central gelatinous mass.- Structure mostly a simple reticulation. Some are minute ; ; and a few belong to fresh water and moist rocks. . 69. ZONARIA. Draparn. 1. Z. dichotoma, frond membranaceous, olive branched; branches dichotomous, linear, obtuse ; fructification in dots, ar- ranged longitudinally. Ag. sp. Alg: v. Ag. sp. Alg. v. 1. p. 133. 1 Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 90. Ulva dichotoma, Smith, E. B. t. 1774. HAB. In the sea, on rocks and various marine plants. Black Rocks Leith, and about Newhaven, Lightfoot. Aberdour. O. Summer. Plant 2-6 inches long, thin, a good deal branched, the branches always olive green, 298 CRYPTOGAMIA. ALGÆ. ULVA. dichotomous and linear, but varying in breadth from 1 to above 2 lines. Lines of fructification interrupted. 2. Z. atomaria, frond membranaceous, greenish brown, fla- belliform, cleft in an irregularly palmate manner, the segments linear; fructification forming concentric lines. Ag. sp. Alg. v. 1. p. 128. Ulva atomaria, Woodward. Smith, E. B. t. 419. HAB. Marine rocks, rare. Frith of Forth ; a single specimen in rejec- tamenta near Portobello. O? Autumn. Plant 2-6 inches long, and 2-5 inches broad, of an olive green when young, at length brown and less membranaceous. Root a downy disk. Frond almost filiform at the base, but becoming immediately dilated, and cleft half way down into linear obtuse segments. 70. ULVA. Linn. * Frond more or less coriaceous, purplish red. 1. U. edulis, frond coriaceo-cartilaginous, deep dull red, simple, entire, cuneiform, rounded at the apex, attenuated at the base into a very short cylindrical stipes. Decand. Lyngb. p. 26. Halymenia edulis, Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 107. Fucus edulis, Turn. Hist. Fuc. t. 114. Smith, E. B. t. 1307. HAB. Basins of marine rocks. Frith of Forth, not unfrequent. Leith, Sir J. E. Smith. At low tides among the large stones between New- haven and Caroline Park. 2. Autumn. True Dulse.—Plant of a very dark red colour, and strong texture, 4-12 inches long, 2-6 inches broad. Root a callous disk. Stipes very short, dilating immediately into an oblong-obovate frond, much rounded at the apex. Fructification naked sporules scattered throughout the frond in small irregular clusters. 2. U. palmata, frond membranaceo-coriaceous, dull purplish red, palmate, margins entire, segments oblong, mostly simple. De Cand. Lyngb. p. 24. Halymenia palmata, Ag. Syn. p. 36. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 107. Fucus palmatus, Turn. Hist. Fuc. t. 115. Smith, E. B. t. 1306. Hab. In the sea, on rocks and marine plants. Frith of Forth, very abundant. 4. Oct.—April. Common Dulse.--Plant 3-12 inches long, of a much thinner substance than the preceding, and of a more transparent and diluted colour. Root a cal- lous disk. Fronds at first subcylindrical, but immediately expanding ; mostly palmate, but sometimes simple and linear oblong, and half an inch to an inch broad; the segments of the palmate ones have the same character ; apex somewhat attenuated. Fructification large, irregular spots of naked sporules.—This and the preceding are eaten in Scotland under the common name of Dulse. ** Frond membranaceous. 3. U. umbilicalis, frond very membranaceous, transparent, sub- orbicular or oblong, mostly umbilicate, sessile, plicate, dull pur- plish. Linn. Lyngb. p. 28. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 90. Smith, . E. B. t. 2286. ULVA. CRYPTOGAMIA. ALGÆ. 299 B. elongata, frond elongated, oblong-lanceolate, the margin waved. U. purpurea, Roth. Ag. Syn. p. 42. Lyngb. p. 29. HAB. Marine rocks. Frith of Forth, very frequent. B. In various pla- ces, as Caroline Park, &c., Messrs Richardson and Greville. O. Aug. -November. Laver.—Plant a mere membrane, very flaccid, in drying becoming crisp and beautifully transparent. Root a minute callous disk. Frond 4-14 inches broad, with a rather ragged irregular margin, longitudinally pli- cate. Var. B. varies in no respect except in form, and I have seen every intermediate state. Fructification according to the figure in E. B., irre- gular clusters of very minute sporules.—Variously prepared as food. 4. U. Lactuca, fronds aggregate, roundish-oblong, waved, fine green, suddenly attenuated at the base, spreading, waved, and more or less laciniate at the margin. Linn. Ag. Syn. p. 40. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 90. Smith, E. B. t. 1551. HAB. In the sea. Frith of Forth, plentifully, in rocky basins. Sum- mer and autumn. Green Laver.--Plants generally very numerous, 2-12 inches long, 2-8 inches broad, of a delicate and tender substance, very thin and membranaceous, uniform bright green. Sporules very minute, scattered over the whole frond. This is eaten at table in England, being stewed with lemon- juice. 5. U. Linza, frond linear-lanceolate, pale green, waved and crisped at the margin, attenuated below into a very short sub- cylindrical stipes. Ag. Syn. p. 40. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. . p. 91. HAB. Rocks and stones in the sea. Seafield Baths, Dr Richardson. Be- tween Newhaven and Caroline Park. Summer. O. Frond 6-20 inches long, about an inch broad, very thin, transparent, beau- tifully waved at the margin, attenuated at the base into a short stipes. 6. U. plantaginifolia, fronds aggregate, olive brown, lanceo- late, obtuse, simple, plane, and mostly entire at the margin, at- tenuated at the base. Wulf. U. plantaginea, Lyngb. p. 31. p t. 6. Smith, E. B. t. 2136. Laminaria plantaginea, Ag. Syn. p. 20. HAB. Marine rocks. Frith of Forth, at Caroline Park, and on the Fife- shire coast, but not common. Spring and summer. O. Fronds 3-9 inches long, from one-eighth of an inch to one inch broad, of a firm membranaceous texture, obtuse at the apex, but attenuated below into a very narrow cartilaginous base. Sporules very minute, irregularly scattered over the frond. 7. U. crispa, fronds crowded, deep green, bullate, much wrinkled and plicate, rounded, very thin. Lightf. Ag. Syn. p. 43. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 91. U. terrestris, Lyngb. p. 32. t. 6. HAB. On the ground in moist shady places, and on thatched roofs, fre. quent. Fronds inflated, much curled and crisped, lying partly over each other, of a very thin texture, and forming a broad mass on the places where they a grow. They vary from half an inch to above an inch in diameter. 300 FISTULARIA CRYPTOGAMIA. ALGÆ. 171. FISTULARIA. Grev. 1. F. intestinalis, frond linear, tubular, simple, much wrink- led, and sinuate. Ulva intestinalis, Linn. Ag. Syn. p. 45. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 91. Scytosyphon intestinalis, Lyngb. p. 67. HAB. Ditches containing salt or brackish water, generally floating on the surface. About the coast, in summer. O. Root very minute, scutate. Fronds 1-2 feet long, quite simple, erect as long as they are attached to the rocks, filiform at first, but soon becoming thick and inflated, rugose, of a yellow green colour, and thin and flaccid substance. 2. F. compressa, frond tubular, green, simple, or irregularly branched, linear or filiform, compressed. Ulva compressa, Linn. Ag. Syn. p. 45. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 91. Smith, E. B. t. 1739., and , ramulosa, t. 2137. Scytosiphon compressus, Lyngb. Ů . P 64. t. 15. Hab. In the sea. Frith of Forth, abundantly. O. Summer. Frond variable, 6-18 inches long, sometimes as fine as a conferva, at others dilated upwards, and towards the apex an inch broad ; quite simple or much branched, decumbent. Substance tender, soon lacerated; the sur- face is either even or wrinkled. Some varieties are contracted at irregu- lar intervals. Sporules collected into small groups, in the substance of the frond. 3. F. erecta, frond green, tubular, filiform, conferva-like, much branched , branches and branchlets numerous, alternate, the central one erect, resembling a stipes. Scytosiphon erectus, Lyngb. p. 60. t. 15. Conferva paradoxa, Smith, E. B. t. 2328. ? HAB. In the sea. Frith of Forth, near Burntisland, in rocky basins. Summer. Frond arising from a minute scutate base, very slender and filiform, 3-8 inches long, much divided and subdivided, bright green, becoming paler and slightly glossy when dry. Branches weak, the lower ones the longest; the central one is erect, dividing about half way up into branches, exactly as in Chordaria flagelliformis. Substance tender. It appears cylindrical under the microscope, and reticulated, but I have not seen the sporules, nor has Lyngbye described them. 4. F. attenuata, frond cylindrical, brown, filiform, attenua- ted at each extremity, simple, tubular, subcoriaceous. Scytosi- phon fistulosum, Lyngb. p. 66. Chordaria filum, B. fistulosa, , Ag. Syn. p. 14. Ulva fistulosa, Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 92. Smith, E. B. t. 642. HAB. In the sea, attached to rocks, stones, shells, &c. Frith of Forth, near Pettycur and Kirkaldy. O. Summer. Fronds gregarious, 6-12 inches long, perfectly simple, arising from a scu- tate base, very slender, dilating gradually to the diameter of 2-3 lines, attenuated towards the apex, continuous, or contracted, as if jointed. I have never seen the fructification. 72. NODULARIA. Link. . 1. N. fluviatilis, filaments almost simple, swelling into joint- GLOIONEMA. CRYPTOGAMIA. ALGÆ. 301 like knots at regular intervals; knots subternate. Link in Shrad. Journ. 1809. p. 9. Lyngb. p. 99. Lemania fluv. Ag. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 84. Conf fluviat. Dillw. t. 29. Smith, E. B. t. 1763. Hab. In streams, in the Highlands and Lowlands. Craighall, Mr Yal- den. Water of Leith, and in the stream which flows past Braid Her- mitage ; and elsewhere. Summer. Filaments as thick as a hog's bristle, growing in lax tufts, 2-9 inches in length, of a very dark dull green colour; they are quite simple or slightly branched, arising from a small scutate base, and much attenuated to- wards the apex. Within they are continuous, and contain moniliform, branched filaments and oval sporules in the knots, as well as the rest of the filaments, according to Lyngbye. Substance coriaceous; brittle when dry, 73. GLOIONEMA. Agardh. 1. Gl. foetidum, filaments minute, continuous, irregularly branched, granuliferous within ; granules cylindrical-ovate, scat- tered. Ag. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. P. 78. Conferva fætida, Dillw. Conf. t. 104. Smith, E. B. t. 2101. Bangia quadripunctata, , Lyngb. p. 86. t. 26. Hab. Rocks and stones in the sea. Frith of Forth, plentiful. Spring and Summer. Plant of an olive or brownish green, growing in conferva-like tufts, 1-2 inches long, the filaments much entangled, very flaccid, membranaceous, somewhat tenacious, pellucid. Granules longitudinally arranged, be- coming swollen in age, according to Lyngbye, and each marked with 4 dots. The plant has a somewhat putrid, animal odour. 2. Gl. apiculatum, filaments minute, continuous, erect, branch- ed, often in a fasciculate manner, containing cylindrical-oblong scattered granules ; apex of the branches incrassated and api- culate. Grev. Crypt. Fl. t. 30. HAB. In the sea, in rocky basins. Black Rocks, Leith, and Near New- haven, rare. Spring. Filaments about three-fourths of an inch high, growing erect in the water, and forming small, lax tufts, of a yellowish or olive green colour. A gelatinous pellucid mass fills the interior, throughout which the nume- rous granules are arranged. 3, Gl. dichotomum, filaments slender, erect, dichotomous; branches rather remote, swollen here and there into roundish knobs; interior gelatinous, with numerous cylindrical oblong granules. HAB. Rocky basins in the sea. Black Rocks, Leith; on marine plants, rare. Summer. Filaments about an inch high, growing in small, lax, erect tufts; branched dichotomously, and curiously dilated here and there. Colour yellowish green. Substance membranaceous, tenacious, pellucid. 174. BANGIA. Lyngb. 1. B. fusco-purpurea, filaments reddish or purplish, continu- 902 CRYPTOGAMIA. ALGÆ. SCYTONEMA. a ous, simple, somewhat torulose, granuliferous; granules spheri- cal, arranged in a dense transverse series. Lyngb. p. 83. t. 24. Conf. fusco-purpurea, Dillw. t. 92. Conf. atro-purpurea, Dillw. t. 103. Smith, E. B. t. 2085. HAB. On rocks and wood-work in the sea. Burntisland Pier, Mr Wal- ker Arnott. Summer. Filaments simple, forming fine silky tufts, 1-3 inches long ; finer than a human hair, elastic, of a fine red purple colour, equal when young, but in age swelling here and there. Sporules globose, densely arranged in oblong squares, placed transversely. 2. B. Laminariæ, filaments equal, continuous, simple, short, tufted ; sporules very minute, in a double series, and forming transverse striæ. Lyngb. p. 84. t. 24. HAB. On the frond of Laminaria esculenta. Frith of Forth, Mr Walker Arnott. Near Burntisland, on Ulva plantaginifolia. Tufts minute, 1-2 lines long, of an olive green colour. Filaments several from the same base, crowded, very fine. Sporules globose. 3. B. atro-virens, filaments continuous, rigid, branched; ; branches irregular, divaricate ; granules (sporules) arranged transversely, subequidistant. Lyngb. p. 85. t. 25. Scytonema, , atro-virens, Ag. Syn. p. 115. Conf. atro-virens, Dillw. t. 25. Cornicularia pubescens, Ach. Syn. p. 302. HAB. Moist rocks and stones on the mountains. Pentland Hills, Messrs Arnott and Greville. Tufts broad, of a greenish black colour. Filaments decumbent, much en- tangled, from a quarter of an inch to one inch long, much branched ; ra- muli somewhat attenuated, and often subsecund. Colour under the mi- croscope olivaceous-yellow or brownish. 175. SCYTONEMA. Agardh. 1. Sc. ocellatum, filaments branched, greenish brown or black- ish, minute, densely interwoven into broad masses ; branches mostly binate, secund; within moniliform, orange yellow under the microscope. Lyngb. p. 97. t. 28. Conf. ocellata, Dillw. Suppl. t. D. Smith, E. B. t. 2530. HAB. Rocks moistened with the spray of rivulets. Near Burntisland, Fifeshire. Plant covering the precipitous faces of moist rocks, much branched, rigid ; ultimate branches obtuse, two often arising together, and of equal length, but this mode of growth is not constant. Interior appears filled with a row of beads.--I have also gathered it in the Pass of Leny. 2. Sc. compactum, filaments decumbent, branched, densely interwoven into blackish tufts; branches suberect, dichotomous and fasciculate; within furnished with transverse rings. Ag Syn. p. 116. Lyngb. p. 97. t. 28. HAB. Moist rocks. Pentland Hills, near Habbie's How, Messrs Arnott and Greville. Near Burntisland. Tufts an inch broad or more, blackish. Filaments 1-4 lines long, decum- bent, the apex erect, where they are most branched; branches often cur- 2 OSCILLATORIA. CRYPTOGAMIA. ALGÆ. 303 ved. Substance scarcely rigid. Colour under the microscope orange yel- low, in very old plants brownish. 3. Sc. Bangii, filaments simple, erect, flexuose, spirally twist- ed into pointed masses, greenish above, brownish below; with- in often moniliform. Lyngb. p. 98. t. 28. HAB. Shady subalpine banks, intermixed with mosses. Habbie's How, in the Pentland Hills. Summer. Filaments growing in compact tufts, 1-2 inches high, of a dull, but some- what æruginous green, more or less tortuose, and as it were adglutina- ted. Under the microscope they are found to be either hyaline or bead. ed within, of a somewhat rigid nature, and greyish, or tinged with blue- ish green. 76. OSCILLATORIA. Vauch. * Growing in fresh water. † Filaments lying in a slippery stratum. 1. 0. limosa, filaments simple, blue-green, lying in a blackish green stratum, compact, throwing out long straight rigid fila- ments on every side. Lyngb. p. 86. Ag. Syn. p. 104. (not of Hook.) Conf. fontinalis, Dillw. t. 64. (but surely neither C. limosa nor fontinalis of E. B.) ? HAB. Slow streams, ditches and ponds, floating in masses on the surface of the water. About Edinburgh, common. Plants floating in very dark green masses, its filaments radiating from the edges: if placed in a plate of water, it will shoot out in the course of a single night filaments 2 inches long; and, under favourable circumstan- ces, may be seen to enter the field of a high power of the microscope, and pass out at the opposite side. Transverse striæ crowded, very distinct. 2. 0. tenuis, filaments straight, rigid, simple, pale blueish , green, radiating shortly from a dark green stratum ; transverse striæ, equal in length to the diameter of the filament. Ag. Syn. 105. Lyngb. p. 88. O. limosa, Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 179. Conf. limosa, Dillw. t. 20. (fig. B. incorrect). Smith, E. B. t. 2053 ? ? Hab. In wells, small pools and slow streams. At St Bernard's Well. Spring Stratum spreading, dense, slippery, throwing out short, radiating, very slen- der filaments, 2-6 lines in length, obtuse, of a pale green colour, some- times tinged with olive. Striæ difficult to perceive, in which, as well as in the much slenderer filaments, it differs strikingly from the preceding. 3. O. corium, filaments very slender, simple, yellowish, or pale brownish, lying in a compact, rather thin, subcoriaceous brown stratum. Ag. Syn. p. 107. Lyngb. p. 89. HAB. On rocks and stones in subalpine rivulets. Pentland Hills. Spring Plant spreading, and forming a broad stratum, very compact, thin, brown, scarcely radiating. Filaments crowded, entangled, exceedingly slender, almost hyaline, the transverse strix inconspicuous from their fineness. p. 105. 304 CRYPTOGAMIA. ALGÆALGÆ. . a OSCILLATORIA, 4. O. ochracea, filaments simple, very slender, greenish, lying in a thick, very tender, fragile, ochraceous stratum. Lyngb. p. 89. t. 26. Conf. ochracea, Dillw. t. 62. HAB. In pools and boggy places, frequent. About Edinburgh. Plant very conspicuous from its large ochrey gelatinous masses, which are so fragile that Dillwyn observes, any agitation of the water breaks them into a thousand pieces. Filaments curved, exceedingly slender, so that transverse striæ are perceived with difficulty. + Filaments destitute of a slippery stratum. 5. 0. splendida, filaments exceedingly minute, densely en- tangled, of a splendid deep æruginous green colour; transverse striæ wholly invisible, from the minuteness of the filaments. HAB. In tubs of water in the stove of the Botanic Garden. Plant floating on the surface, and attached to the plants among which it grows, forming thin masses of 1-3 inches diameter. Filaments under the highest power of the microscope, appearing not larger than a human hair, and of a very pale blueish colour.-It has the colour and external character of Oscill. major, but cannot be confounded with it when mag- nified. ** Marine. 6. O. scopulorum, filaments olive green, simple, very short, somewhat rigid, forming dense tufts. Ag. Syn. p. 111. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 19. Conf. scopulorum, Dillwo. Suppl. t. A. Smith, E. B. t. 2171. HAB. Marine rocks. Frith of Forth, Messrs Arnott and Greville. Summer. Tufts very dense and broad, dark green. Filaments 1-3 lines long, fine as a human hair, with very numerous, dark transverse strise, some of which are broader than the rest. *** Subterrestrial, (growing on the ground, damp walls, or wood). 7. O. muralis, filaments green, thickish, rather rigid, curved and flexuose, forming broad, closely interwoven masses. Ag. Syn. p. 108. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 79. Conf. muralis, Dillw. t. 7. Smith, E. B. t. 1554. Hab. On damp walks, walls, stones, &c. Very common at all seasons. Filaments entangled, and interwoven into broad thin masses, of a fine full green colour; obtuse, and furnished with tolerably evident transverse striæ, closely arranged. 8. O. decorticans, filaments very slender, blue-green, flexuose, 0. densely interwoven into thin masses. Lyngb. p. 95. Conf. de- corticata, Dillw. t. 26. HAB. Damp wood, as old pumps and aqueducts. Also on walls. About St Bernard's Well. March. Plant“ growing in large glaucous patches, so intimately woven as to peel off in flakes, bearing a considerable resemblance to a piece of silk or rib- bon,” (Dillw.). The filaments are much finer than in the preceding, and the transverse striæ not so visible. Dillwyn says they are about equal in length to the thickness of the filaments. VAGINARIA. CRYPTOGAMIA. ALGÆ. 305 9. 0. autumnalis, filaments pale blue-green, straight, some- what rigid, shortly radiating from a purplish-black, very thin, lubricous stratum. Ag. Syn. p. 106. Lyngb. p. 95. HAB. On the ground, and on damp walls in the autumn. Common in the old part of Edinburgh. Plants widely spreading, lubricous, densely interwoven, and often mixed with 0. muralis. Filaments half the diameter of that species, shortly ra- diating, the transverse striæ nearly as distant as the diameter of the fi- lament, and not very perceptible. 177. VAGINARIA. Gray. 1. V. chthonoplastes. Gray's Nat. Arr. v. 1. p. 280. Oscill . chthonoplastes, Hoff Bang. de Usu Conf. with a figure, p. 19. Lyngb. p. 92. t. 27. Conferva vaginata, Dillw. t. 99. Smith, E. B. t. 1995. HAB. Damp walks, moist garden-pots, also in streams, according to Dill- wyn, and in the sea, according to Lyngbye. Occasionally about Edin- burgh, on the ground. General filaments simple, or divided, dark green, slippery, gelatinous, de- cumbent, interwoven, penetrating the ground or sand on which they grow. These general filaments include within their gelatinous pellucid sheaths a number of very slender ones, which are parallel, simple, of a green colour, sometimes dividing into spirally twisted bundles ; passing out at the apex, and then becoming radiated; sometimes they find their way out at the side, and immediately elongate and radiate, having an os- cillating motion like the Oscillatoria, to which this wonderful plant is nearly allied. I have not been able to observe striæ or dissepiments. - Div. IV. VAUCHERIDEÆ. Plants tubular, capillary or fili- form, continuous, membranaceous, branched, of a green colour. Fructification either very minute sporules, dis- persed in an internal green mass, or external, vivipan rous (?) vesicles of the same nature as the frond.-Marine, fresh-water, and terrestrial plants. 178. VAUCHERIA. De Cand. * Vesicles solitary. 1. V. dichotoma, filaments erect, dichotomous, the branches very long; vesicles globose, sessile. Ag. Syn. p. 48. Conf. di- chotoma, Dillw. t. 15. Smith, E. B. t. 932. HAB. Ditches and stagnant water. About Edinburgh. Summer. The most robust of the genus, growing in large entangled tufts, of a very dark green or blackish colour. Filaments a foot long or more, erect or ascending, divided chiefly towards the summit into a few dichotomous branches. Vesicles visible even to the naked eye. 2. V. Dillwynii, terrestrial; filaments very slender, flexuose, branched, densely interwoven ; vesicles subsessile, solitary, glo- bose. Ag. Syn. p. 50. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 93. Conf. fri- gida, Dillw. t. 16. U 306 VAUCHERIA CRYPTOGAMIA. ALGÆ. HAB. Shady moist places on the ground; ditch-banks, &c. very common; the whole year. Plants of a dark, full green colour, and spreading like a thin, dense mat over the ground. Filaments decumbent, scarcely more than 1 inch long, irregularly branched, obtuse. Vesicles roundish, either sessile or on short peduncles, scattered. 3. V. granulata, terrestrial ; filaments none, excepting a few radicating ones ; vesicles solitary, globose, terminal, sessile on the ground. Ag. Syn. p. 52. Ag. Syn. p. 52. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. Tre- mella granulata, Smith, E. B. t. 324. HAB. Moist places on the ground. Damp walks in Dicksons' Nurseries, Leith Walk. Autumn. Plant of a glaucous green colour, growing in a crowded manner on the ground. Vesicles filled with fluid, about the size of a mustard seed, strik- ing a few filamentous roots into the ground; but I have not succeeded in finding any thing like the filaments of other Vaucherie. Substance mem- branaceous, very fragile, crackling under the feet. In age and dry wea- ther they collapse, and become cup-shaped.--I have little doubt that fu- ture observations will prove this plant to be a distinct genus. p. 93. ** Vesicles in pairs or clusters. 4. V. ornithocephala, filaments loosely branched, in large en- tangled masses; vesicles mostly in pairs, ovate, oblique, shortly beaked, subsessile, or on a short straight peduncle. Ag. Syn. p. 49. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 92. Conf. vesicata, Dillw. t. 74. Plant growing in large bushy masses at the bottom of pools and ditches, of a dull or even brownish-green colour. Filaments 3-9 inches long, branch- ed, excessively fragile. Vesicles somewhat resembling the head of a bird, unaccompanied by any horn-like process. The filaments are sometimes dilated into vesicles, but this is occasionally the case with most Vau- cheriæ. 5. V. geminata, filaments capillary, dichotomous; vesicles roundish, in pairs, on a common peduncle, and attached to op- posite horn-like processes. Ag. Syn. p. 49. Smith, E. B. t. 17766. HAB. In ditches, ponds, &c. not frequent. Tub of water in the Conser- vatory of the Botanic Garden. Summer. Plant floating in large, entangled, but not very dense masses, of a full, bright green colour. Filaments 6-12 inches long, rather straight, not much branched, about as thick as a human hair. Peduncle of the fructi- fication trifid, having vesicles on the lateral segments. 6. V. racemosa, filaments capillary, in floating masses; ve- sicles in racemose, pedunculated clusters. Ag. Syn. p. 50. Lyngb. p. 81. t. 23. Hab. Ditches, ponds, &c. Tubs of water in the same station as the preceding. Summer and autumn. Plant floating in large masses on the surface of the water, densely en- tangled. Filaments flexuose. Vesicles 4-6, in a pedunculated cluster. BRYOPSIS . 307 CRYPTOGAMIA. ALGÆ. 79. BRYOPSIS. Lamour. 1. B. plumosa, frond fine green, gelatinous, filiform, com- pressed, branched; branches pinnate, the pinnæ parallel, shining, becoming shorter towards the apex. Ulva plumosa, Huds. Smith, E. B. t. 2375. HAB. In the sea, in rocky basins, not common. Frith of Forth at Joppa, Dr Richardson. Between Newhaven and Caroline Park. Plant 1-3 inches long, and as many broad, of a fine green colour, shining when dry, the main stem and branches paler, and pellucid. Branches closely pinnate or bipinnate, finely plumose, apices of the pinnæ obtuse. The green mass within probably contains the sporules. It adheres most closely to paper. Div. V. ECTOCARPOIDEA. Frond filiform or capillary, jointed, membranaceous or subcoriaceous, mostly of an olive-green or fine red colour. Fructification external tubercles contain- ing sporules, or occasionally innate ones towards the apex of the ramuli.-Marine plants, with very few exceptions. SECT. I. Frond more or less of a red colour. 80. ASPEROCAULON * Grev. 1. A. Arbuscula, frond reddish-purple, much branched, naked below; the stem and main branches incrassated, inarti- culate; ramuli short, crowded, multifid, jointed, articulations about as long as broad. Hutchinsia Arbusc. Ag. Syn. p. xxvi. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 89. Callithamnion Arbusc. Lyngb. p. 123. Conf. Arbusc. Dillw. t. 85. Smith, E. B. t. 1916. HAB. Marine rocks. Frith of Forth, Messrs Arnott and Greville. Op- posite Caroline Park, Dr Richardson. Summer. Gregarious. Root a small disk, from which several fronds arise, 1-3 inches long, the main branches not jointed, firm, villose. Smaller branches very short, excessively crowded, subverticillate, joints as long as broad, con- taining a single fine red tube. Fructification minute, round, tubercles se- cund, on the inner side of the ramuli, and larger lanceolate ones, con- taining several series of red granules. 2. A. coccineum, frond much branched, pink-scarlet, subcar- tilaginous, naked, jointless and villose below; branches alter- nate, doubly pinnate, pinnuli tufted ; articulations subequal in length and breadth. Hutchinsia coccinea, Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 89. Callithamnion cocc. Lyngb. p. 124. Conf. cocc. Dillw. t. 36. Smith, E. B. t. 1055. HAB. Sea-shores. Firth of Forth, among rejectamenta, rare. Near Kirkcaldy. Summer. Lyngbye suggests the propriety of forming a new genus of the two plants I have described under this name. Mr Gray called it Ellisius,-a name which is preoccupied. Vid. Ellisia, Gen. Pl. 268. U 2 308 CRYPTOGAMIA. ALGÆ. POLYSIPHONIA, . Fronds gregarious from a minute disk, 3-7 inches long, thick and firm at the base, which, as well as the main branches, are rough with a kind of villosity, and jointless. Fructification solitary, ovate-acute, sessile tu- bercles at the base of the ramuli, and lanceolate ones containing several series of granules. It does not adhere to paper in drying.--A very beau- tiful plant. 81. POLYSIPHONIA * Grev. 1. P. fastigiata, extremely tufted and fastigiate, very dark ; filaments dichotomous, subequal, the articulations shorter than broad, with a dark spot in their centre. Hutchinsia fastigiata, . Åg. Syn. p. 53. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 87. Conf. polymorpha, Dillw t. 44. Smith, E. B. t. 1764. Hab. On the larger Fuci, very copiously. Frith of Forth, wherever Fucus vesiculosus, nodosus and serratus grow. Summer. Filaments, many from the same disk, about 2 inches long, extremely crowd- ed and bushy, rigid, nearly level-topped, very dark red-brown, black when dry. Fructification ovate-acute tubercles, sessile on the uppermost ramuli. 2. P. fucoides, bushy, very dark; filaments excessively branch- ed, rigid below; branchlets capillary, alternate, attenuated, sub- fasciculate; joints of the branchlets about as long as broad ; tu- bercles ovate, subsessile. Hutchinsia fucoides, Hook, Fl. Scot. 2. p. 87. H. violacea, Ag. Syn. p. 54. Conf. fucoides, Dillw. t. 75. Smith, E. B. t. 1743. Conf. nigrescens, Smith, E. B. t. 1717.? HAB. Marine rocks. Frith of Forth, very common. Plant 6-9 inches long, growing in a copious bushy manner, of a blackish- brown colour. Filaments many from the same base, somewhat rigid be- low, but flaccid above. Branches alternate, very slender. Joints vary- ing in length, sometimes twice as long as they are broad; striæ of the articulations numerous, in the ramuli about 3. Tubercles mostly on very short peduncles. It adheres slightly to paper. 3. P. atro-rubescens, filaments very much branched, slender; branches long, beset with very short, subulate, subfasciculate ramuli; articulations of the main branches thrice longer than their breadth, the striæ several. Hutchinsia atro-rubescens, Ag. Syn. p. 58. Conf. atro-rubesc. Dillw. t. 70. Hab. Marine rocks. Frith of Forth, not frequent. Wardie, Dr Ri- chardson. Caroline Park. Summer. Filaments 3-8 inches long, many from the same base, very slender, of a reddish-pink colour, but becoming darker in age : main branches rather distant, elongated, bearing others, on which short, subulate, subfascicu- * When Agardh constituted the genus Hutchinsia, in honour of the la- mented Miss Hutchins of Bantry, he could not have been aware that the same name had been bestowed on a genus of Tetradynamous plants. It is rather surprising that subsequent authors have not corrected this error. It is now become absolutely necessary to do so, as that which was first created has every propect of being continued. POLYSIPHONIA. CRYPTOGAMIA. ALGÆ. 309 late ramuli, about a line long, are arranged. Tubercles ovate, on short peduncles. Substance flaccid, tender. It adheres to paper, 4. P. urceolata, deep red; filaments capillary, very much branched, bushy ; branchlets short, spreading ; joints of the main branches long, those of the ramuli short; tubercles sub- pedunculate, urceolate. Hutchinsia urceolata, Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 88. Conf, urceolata, Dillw. p. 82. t. G. Smith, E. B. t. 2365. HAB. Marine rocks and the larger alga. Frith of Forth, opposite Ca- roline Park, and rocks near Seafield Tower. Root a minute disk, from which a great number of capillary entangled fila- ments arise, 2-9 inches in length, equal, remotely branched below, but very profusely and in a bushy manner above. Joints marked with 2 striæ. Tubercles ovate, pitcher-shaped, blackish. It scarcely adheres to paper. 5. P. parasitica, small, bipinnate, rigid ; pinna alternate, becoming shorter towards the ends of the branches, which are gradually acuminate; pinnulæ subulate; articulations about equal in length and breadth, striæ about 3. Conf. parasitica, Smith, E. B. t. 1429. Dillw. p. 87. HAB. On marine plants of the larger kinds. Very rare. Frith of Forth at Newhaven, Dr Richardson. Plant scarcely more than an inch and a half long, divided into a few main divaricated branches, which are doubly pinnate; pinnæ and pinnulæ al- ternate, regular, the latter very fine, setaceous or subulate, diaphanous under the microscope. Colour pale brown-red. It adheres slightly to paper.—A very rare plant, quite new to the Scottish Flora. 6. P. byssoides, fine red; main branches elongated, thickly set with ramuli, bearing numerous fasciculi of very slender de- licate filaments; main articulations thrice as long as their breadth ; tubercles ovate, subsessile. Hutchinsia byssoides, Ag: Syn. p. 60. Conf. byssoides, Dillw. t. 58. Smith, E. B. t, 547. HAB. Sea-shores, on the larger algæ, very rare. Frith of Forth, oppo- site Seafield Baths, Dr Richardson. From a small disk arise 1 or 2 slender filaments, 3–8 inches long, branched from the very base, the general outline of the whole being lanceolate; branches spreading, the lower ones the longest. To the naked eye, the ultimate tufts of fibres are delicate and byssoid. Striæ of the joints 2-3. Colour fine rose-pink when recent; red when dry. It adheres closely to paper.-A fine species, which the Scottish Flora owes to Dr Richard- son. 17. P. stricta, filaments straight, equal, capillary, with dicho- tomous, erect branches, which become fasciculate towards the top; articulations 3-4 times longer than broad. Hutchinsia stricta, Ag. Syn. p. 56. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 88. Conf. stricta, Dillw. t. 40. Hab. Marine rocks. Frith of Forth, near Kirkcaldy. Opposite Caro- line Park, and elsewhere. Summer. Filaments very numerous, capillary, 1-3 inches long, of a fine purplish-red colour very tender and flaccid; lower branches remote, elongated, upper 310 CRYPTOGAMIA. ALGÆ. CERAMIUM. ones very numerous, fasciculate. Articulations with 2 strise, sometimes intersecting each other. Tubercles roundish, ovate, mostly on very short peduncles. It adheres closely to paper. 8. P. rosea, very much branched, diffuse, fine rose colour; branchlets somewhat fasciculate; articulations rather longer than broad, pellucid, striæ several ; tubercles pale, ovate, subsessile, finely dotted. HAB. Sea-shores, rare. Caroline Park, Dr Richardson. Near Kirk- caldy. In both instances among rejectamenta. July. Plant 2-8 inches long, very much branched, bushy, of a fine rose colour, and tender, flaccid substance, adhering most closely to paper. Main branches few, thicker than a hog's bristle ; smaller branches very nume- rous, repeatedly divided, and fascicled, pellucid under the microscope, and marked with two stria, which sometimes intersect each other. Tu- bercles very abundant.--A most beautiful plant, of which I considered myself the discoverer, but in Dr Richardson's herbarium I find a speci- men dated two years earlier than my own. 82. CERAMIUM. Roth. 1. C. elongatum, robust, much branched; branches elongated, straight, somewhat rigid, the ramuli setaceous; articulations shorter than their breadth, reticulated with veins. Lyngb, p. 117. t. 36. Hutchinsia elongata, Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 87. Conf. elongata, Smith, E. B. t. 2429. Dillw. t. 33. HAB. Marine rocks, and on shells and stones. Common. Frith of Forth. Lobster-horn Ceramium.-Root a callous disk. Frond usually single, 4-12 inches long, robust, firm, dark, subopake, red, becoming nearly black when dry. Articulations venose, sometimes striate in the ramuli, their joints opake (in which it differs strikingly from the last genus). Tu- bercles roundish, very rare. Substance cartilaginous. It does not ad. here to paper. 2. C. rubrum, much branched ; branches suberect, dichoto- mous, somewhat cartilaginous, ramuli forked at the apex; arti- culations ovate, pellucid in the centre, contracted at the joints ; tubercles subglobose, sessile. Ag. Syn. p. 60. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 84. Conf. rubra, Dillw. t. 34. Smith, E. B. t. 1166. HAB. On many of the larger algæ, and on rocks. Very common. Frith of Forth. Plant intermediate between the preceding and the following species. Frond mostly solitary, 4-12 inches long, much branched, weak and flaccid, twice as thick as a hog's bristle towards the base. Ramuli capillary, acute, forked, and sometimes incurved like a pair of forceps at the apex. Tu, bercles subglobose, sessile, with an involucre of 2-3 incurved filaments. 3. C. diaphanum, dichotomous, membranaceous; branched, numerous, divaricated, the ramuli forcipate at the apex; articu- lations cylindrical, hyaline, the joints red and swollen; tubercles sessile, with an involucre. Ag. Syn. p. 61. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 85. Conf. diaphana, Dillzo. t. 38. Smith, E. B. t, 1742. Hab. Sea-shores in rocky basins, on various alga. Frith of Forth, ex. tremely common. Summer. CALLITHAMNION. 311 CRYPTOGAMIA. ALGÆ. Plant easily distinguished from the preceding at first sight, by its diffuse mode of growth. Filaments 2-6 inches long, slender, regularly dichoto- mous and divaricated, remarkable from the long pellucid articulations and dark red joints. Tubercles subglobose, with an involucre of 3-5 fila- ments. The depth of colour varies, but the joints are always the most intense. Substance tender and flaccid. 4. C. ciliatum, dichotomous, purplish-red, membranaceous, ca- pillary; branchlets remarkably forcipate at the apex; articula- tions pellucid, longer than broad, the joints red, swollen, whorl- ed, with minute subulate filaments. Lyngb. p. 121. t. 37. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 85. Conf. ciliata, Dillzo. t. 53. Smith, . E. B. t. 2428., (bad). HAB. Marine rocks. Frith of Forth, frequent. Opposite to Caroline Park. Summer. Filaments 1-2 inches long, forming very dense, bushy tufts, of a very deep red colour when seen growing. Branches not so divaricate as in the last, and thrice as slender. Tubercles ovate, with an involucre of incurved fi- laments. The whorls of bristles at the joints are microscopic, and vary much in length; they sometimes occur in the ramuli of the last species, but I nevertheless consider both species as distinct. It may be observed, that the present one generally grows on rocks,—the last never. 83. CALLITHAMNION. Lyngb. 1. C. Plumula, branches alternately pinnate, very slender, rose-pink; pinnæ opposite, pectinate, ramuli and tubercles se- cund. Lyngb. p. 127. Ceramium Plumula, Ag. Syn. p. 62. . Conf. Plumula, Dillz. t. 50. C. Turneri, Smith, E. B. t. 1637. HAB. Sea-shores, on various algæ. Caroline Park, Dr Richardson. Leith shore, &c. Not frequent. Frond 1-3 inches long, branched alternately, and beautifully pinnate, the pinnæ short, their ramuli setaceous, and pointing one way. Tubercles shortly pedunculate, on the inner side of the pinna, surrounded with a pellucid limbus.-Very beautiful and tender. 2. C. roseum, filaments minutely capillary, much branched, and several times pinnate; branches alternate, spreading, the ramuli subulate; articulations above twice longer than their breadth; tubercles with a pellucid limbus, secund. Lyngb. p. 126. t. 39. Ceramium roseum, Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 35. Conf. rosea, Dillw. t. 17. Smith, E. B. t. 966. HAB. Sea-shores, on various large algæ. Frith of Forth, rare. Joppa and Caroline Park, Dr Richardson. In various places on the coast, Messrs Arnott and Greville. Summer. Whole plant excessively fine and delicate, 1-2 inches long, much branched, and somewhat bushy, of a purplish-pink colour. When young, it is beau- tifully and regularly bi-tripinnate, but in age the branches become strag- gling, and the pinnate character preserved chiefly towards the extremi- ties. Tubercles inconspicuous to the naked eye, on the inner side of the ramuli.--The young plants, if moistened after having been dried, smell exactly like violets. 312 ALGÆ. GRIFFITHSIA. CRYPTOGAMIA. 3. C. Rothii, filaments very short, erect, in broad tufts, branched dichotomously and alternately; articulations twice as long as they are broad. Lyngb. p. 129. Ceramium Rothii, Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 85. Conf. Rothii, Dillw. t. 73. Smith, E. B. t. 1702. HAB. Marine rocks. Frith of Forth. Caroline Park, Dr Richardson. Rocks in the Frith, Messrs Arnott and Greville. Abundantly on the large stones under the woodwork of Leith Pier. Spreading in broad crimson tufts over the rocks and stones. Filaments 2-3 lines high, erect, branched. Fructification unknown. GRIFFITHSIA. (A. Agardh. 1. Gr. setacea, bright crimson ; filaments growing in tufts, di- chotomous, straight, attenuated; articulations four times as long as broad or more, slightly incrassated upwards; sporules many, surrounded by a pellucid limbus, the whole contained in a pe- dunculated filamentous involucre. Ag. Syn. p. xxviii. xxviii. Conf. setacea, Smith, E. B. t. 1689. Dillw. t. 82. HAB. Sea-shores. Frith of Forth, frequent, chiefly in rejectamenta. Filaments forming lax tufts, 3-5 inches long, of a rich pink or crimson co- lour, in some states partly bright orange; dichotomous, straight, the apex attenuated. Articulations very long, cylindrical. In drying, it gives out a fine pink colour. 2. Gr. equisetifolia, frond red, branched; branches elongated, nearly simple, thickly set with whorled, imbricated, dichotomous filaments, with long articulations incrassated upwards. Ag. Syn. p. xxviii. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 84. Conf. equiset. Dillw. t. 54. Smith, E. B. t. 1479. HAB. Sea-shores. Very rare in the Frith of Forth, Mr Yalden. Plant 3-6 inches long, of a red clay colour, with a rough and spongy ap- pearance, from the numerous imbricated whorls of filaments which cover the branches. The fructification has not, I believe, been seen by any one. This genus is dedicated by Agardh to my friend Mrs Griffiths of Devonshire, whose many discoveries in marine vegetation truly entitle her to this distinction, the highest that one botanist can confer on an- other. Conf. corallina, barbata and multifida belong to Griffithsia. SECT. II, Frond olive-green or brownish. 85. CLADOSTEPHUS. Agardh. 1. Cl. verticillatus, brown; frond branched dichotomously ; branches thickly set with whorls of short, incurved, simple or forked filaments; articulations shorter than broad. Ag. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 89. Conf. verticillata, Dillw. t. 55. Smith, E. B. t. 1718. HAB. Sea-shores in rocky basins. Frith of Forth, Lightfoot. (Rare). Plant 3–6 inches long, olive-brown, wiry, branched in an irregularly dicho- tomous manner, and closely set with distinct whorls of very short fila- ments, about half a line long. Fructification unknown. It does not ad- here at all to paper. a SPHACELLARIA. CRYPTOGAMIA. ALGÆ. 313 2. Cl. spongiosus, greenish-brown, cartilaginous, branched ; branches closely set, and imbricated with very short, simple, incurved filaments; articulations about as long as broad. Ag. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 89. Conf. spongiosa, Dillw. t. 42. Smith, E. B. t. 2427. Hab. Rocky basins in the sea. Frith of Forth at Caroline Park, Dr Richardson. Near Newhaven, and near Kirkcaldy. Summer. Plant 2-4 inches long, not much branched, of an olive or greenish-brown, and harsh, rather rigid substance. Branches set with filaments near a line long, curved upwards, and not in regular whorls. Tubercles obovate, pe- , dunculate, on the filaments. 86. SPHACELLARIA. Lyngb. 1. Sph. scoparia, much branched; branches rigid, fasciculate, sub-bipinnate, crowded; pinnä very short, alternate, subulate, adpressed ; articulations about as long as broad. Lyngb. p. 104. t. 31. Ceramium scoparium, Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 86. Conf. . scop. Smith, E. B. t. 1552. Dillw. t. 52. HAB. Sea-shores. Frith of Forth occasionally, but not frequent. Plant 2–3 inches long, much branched, and forming a dense tuft. Branches very crowded, approximate ; ramuli fasciculate, set with distichous pinnä about a line long. Apex of the branches somewhat sphacellate (appear. ing as it scorched or gangrenous). Substance rigid when dry. 2. Sph. pennata, slender, branches alternate subbipinnate, the pinnæ irregular, short, distichous, subhorizontal, alternate or opposite; articulations about as long as broad. Lyngb. p. 105. . t. 31. Ceramium cirrosum, Ag: Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 86. Conf. pennata, Huds. Dillw. t. 86. Smith, E. B. t. 2330. upper and lower figures. HAB. Sea-shores, on alga, corallines, &c. Frith of Forth, abundantly, in rocky basins. About an inch high, often much less, very densely tufted, of an olive- brown colour; the tufts presenting a rigid, bristly appearance, from the entangled straight pinnæ which spring from the branches, and have acute apices. The branches can only be called pinnate (as Mr Dillwyn justly observes), towards the extremity. Tubercles globular, sessile. 3. Sph. plumosa, irregularly branched; branches pectinato- pinnate chiefly at their extremities, the pinnæ close, mostly op- posite, subhorizontal, subulate, 1-2 lines long; articulations equal in length to their breadth. Lyngb. p. 103. t. 30. Cera- mium pennatum, Ag. Syn. p. 68. Conf. pennata, Smith, E. B. t. 2330. middle figure. HAB. Sea-shores. Portobello Sands, Dr Richardson. Caroline Park, and near Newhaven, not frequent. Plant 1-4 inches in length, greenish-brown, rather flaccid when moist, less rigid than the preceding when dry, branched ; main branches elongated without visible articulations, more or less subdivided, pectinate, with spreading ramuli of equal length, mostly opposite, the apex sphacel- late. 314 CRYPTOGAMIA. ALGÆ. ECTOCARPUS. : 4. Sph. olivacea, minute, tufted, olive-green, branched ; branches mostly simple, alternate, obtuse. Sph. caspitula, , Lyngb. p. 105. t. 32. Conf. olivacea, Dillw. Syn. p. 57. t. C. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 83. Smith, E. B. t. 2172. . Hab. Marine rocks and large algae. Frith of Forth. Black Rocks, Leith, Messrs Arnott and Greville. Summer. Tufts 1-2 lines high, crowded, dense, olive-green. Filaments very fine, erect, branched; branches seldom divided, of various lengths, sphacel- late at the apex. Articulations visible to the very base, a little longer than broad. Substance tender, yet slightly rigid. 5. Sph. racemosa, small, tufted, olive-green; filaments twice or thrice dichotomous; articulations equal in length and breadth; tubercles oval, racemose, on branched peduncles. HAB. Sea-shores. Frith of Forth, opposite Caroline Park, Dr Richard- son. February. Tufts about an inch high, erect ? rather rigid. Filaments equal, slightly incrassated at the summit, which is sometimes but not constantly spha- cellate: it is however pellucid. Peduncles of the fructification arising laterally from the branches, divided into several filaments, each support- ing an oval tubercle, mostly filled with a granular olivaceous mass, and furnished with a narrow pellucid limbus. 87. ECTOCARPUS. Lyngb. 1. E. littoralis, capillary, excessively branched, bushy; branches either opposite or alternate ; articulations equal in length and breadth ; tubercles globose, subsessile. Lyngb. p. 130. t. 42. Ceramium littorale, Ag. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 86. Conf. littoralis, Smith, E. B. t. 2290. Dillw. t. 31. Var. B, ruber, articulations equal, reddish, the joints pellucid. Var. % protensus, articulations equal, brown ; ramuli oppo- site and alternate, the ultimate ones fasciculate, secund, remote. Hal. Marine rocks. Frith of Forth, extremely common. B, On old Fucus serratus. y, On the wooden frame-work of the Leith Pier. Spring. Tufts 3–8 inches long, very branched and bushy, but often from the action of the water interwoven and twisted into woolly cords. Branches atte- nuated at the apex. Tubercles globose or subovate, greenish, sometimes shortly pedunculate. Colour yellowish, reddish, or greenish-brown. It adheres closely to paper. 2. E. siliculosus, capillary, excessively branched; all the branches alternate; articulations longer than broad ; tubercles pedunculate, lanceolato-acuminate. Lyngb. p. 131. t. 43. Ce- ramium silicul. Ag. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 86. Conf. silicu- losa, Dillw. Syn. p. 69. t. E. Smith, E. B. t. 2319. HAB. Marine rocks. Near Caroline Park. August. This species resembles the preceding in habit and size. Branches atte- nuated, alternate. Articulations half as long again, or even twice as long as broad. Fructification opake, lanceolate, pod-like bodies, on the sides of the branches. It adheres closely to paper. CONFERVA. 315 CRYPTOGAMIA. ALGÆ. 3. E.? aureus, orange; filaments minute, short, tufted, branched; branches spreading, somewhat rigid ; articulations longer than broad ; tubercles ovate, sessile. Lyngb. p. 134. t. 44. Ceramium aureum, Ag. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 86. Conf. aurea, Dillw, t. 35. Smith, E. B. t. 212., and Conf. ili- cicola, t. 1639. HAB. Damp rocks and trees, frequent. Trees about Edinburgh, Mr Walker Arnott. Rocks in the Pentland Hills. Tufts half an inch to above an inch broad, convex, 2-4 lines high, of a deep orange colour, the filaments branched, entangled. Articulations dark, half as long again as broad, or even more, the joints pellucid. Tubercles ovato-globose, sessile on the branches, surrounded with a pellucid lim- bus. It becomes fragile in drying, and eventually of a greenish-grey colour.-Scarcely of this genus, and perhaps nearer to Callithamnion. a Div. VI. CONFERVOIDEÆ. Filaments jointed, simple or branch- ed, cylindrical, tubular, membranaceous, sometimes gelati- nous. Fructification very minute sporules within the arti- culations.—Marine and fresh-water plants, of various co- lours. 88. CONFERVA. Linn. * Marine. + Filaments simple. 1. C. tortuosa, green; filaments simple, slender, rather rigid, entangled and tortuose ; articulations near thrice as long as broad, the joints pellucid. Dillw. t. 46. Smith, E. B. t. 2220. Hab. Sea-shores. Frith of Forth ; Black Rocks, Leith, Messrs Arnott and Greville. April. Filaments very tortuous, entangled in crisped masses of two or three inches in length, of a dark green colour, and attached to the rocks, or the ground where covered with broken shells, &c. Substance tenacious. It does not adhere to paper. 2. C. intricata, filaments simple, green, very short and mi- nute, entangled, tortuous; articulations twice as long as broad. Hab. Sea-shores ; intimately attached to tufts of Sphacellaria pennata. Opposite Caroline Park. Spring. Filaments excessively fine, not many lines long, but the length cannot be ascertained, from the manner in which they are entangled in the Sphacel- laria on which they grow. They are very tortuous, and, as well as the articulations, closely resemble Conf. implexa of Dillwyn, but that is from an inch to a foot in length, whereas the present species never elongates so as to project from the small plant amidst whose branches it is en- tangled. I have watched it for a twelvemonth. 3. C. Melagonium, filaments green, simple, solitary or aggre- gate, thickish, straight, rigid ; articulations twice longer than broad, alternately collapsed when dry. Dillw. Syn. p. 48. t. B. Hab. In marine rocky basins. Frith of Forth, occasionally. Summer. 316 CRYPTOGAMIA. CONFERVA. . ALGÆ. a Filaments rising from a minute scutate base, erect in the water, 3-6 inches high, straight, obtuse at the apex, and attenuated below, of a dark green colour. The length of the articulations varies. It does not adhere to paper, and is flaccid when dry. 4. C. flaccida, filaments greenish, simple, slender, straight, forming a short pencil-like tuft; articulations about equal in length and breadth. Dillw. Syn. p. 53. t. C. (and C. curta, t. 76.?) Smith, E. B. t. 2310. Hab. Sea-shores, parasitic chiefly on Fucus nodosus and vesiculosus. Frith of Forth, frequent. Summer. Tufts about half an inch long, often much less, of a brownish-green colour, flaccid. Articulations marked in the centre with a brown spot; the joints obscure, but pellucid when dried. It adheres to paper. 5. C. fucicola, yellow-brown; filaments short, straight, simple, tufted ; articulations twice as long as broad. Dillre. t. 66. Lyngb. p. 146. t. 50. Hab. Sea-shores, parasitic on Fucus vesiculosus and nodosus. Frith of Forth frequent. Summer. Tufts half an inch or three quarters of an inch long, of a yellow, reddish, or orange-brown colour ; the filaments very numerous, and separating from the tuft in fasciculi. Articulations 2–4 times longer than broad. It adheres moderately to paper, and is glossy when dry. +1 Filaments branched. 6. C. lanosa, yellowish-green; filaments branched in a straight, fasciculated manner ; branches remote, elongated; lower articu- lations twice as long as broad, upper ones four times as long. Dillw. Syn. t. E. Smith, E. B. t. 2099. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 82. HAB. Sea-shore, parasitic on various algæ. Black Rocks, Leith, on Fur- cellaria lumbricalis, Messrs Arnott and Greville. Summer. Tufts near an inch long, divided as it were into several bushy bundles of very crowded filaments. Articulations pellucid, with scattered granular masses, and sometimes contracted at the joints. It adheres moderately to paper. 7. C. rupestris, green; filaments fasciculated, much branch. ed, virgate, rigid, straight, obtuse ; branches adpressed ; articu- lations thrice as long as broad, the joints pellucid. Dillw. t. 23. Smith, E. B. t. 1699. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 83. HAB. Marine rocks, very common. Frith of Forth, everywhere. Sum- mer. Root a small disk. Filaments deep green, with an occasional glaucous tinge, rigid, straight, 2-6 inches long, forming dense tufts. Branches often arising 3 together, the dichotomies very acute. Articulations when dry alternately compressed. It does not adhere to paper. CONFERVA. 317 CRYPTOGAMIA. ALGÆ. a ** Growing in fresh-water, (C. ericetorum is sometimes found in water). + Filaments simple. 8. C. dissiliens, filaments simple, very fine, lubricous, very fragile; articulations shorter than broad, often pellucid, and se- parating at the joints. Dillw. t. 63. Hook. FT. Scot. 2. p. 81. HAB. Ditches and pools. Near Edinburgh, Messrs Arnott and Greville. Filaments forming floating tufts of a green colour, 2–5 inches long. Arti- culations with a green mass filling up the centre like a transverse band, the joints pellucid. The articulations often separate, and the portions are frequently seen adhering by one angle. 9. C. fugacissima, filaments green, simple, very fine, soft ; articulations a little longer than broad, the centre of each ha- ving a green band. Dillw. Syn. p. 43, t. B. Lyngb. p. 137. t. 46. HAB. Ditches and ponds. Duddingston Loch, and elsewhere, abundant- ly. March. Filaments densely entangled, and floating in large masses or strata, of a yellowish or brownish-green colour. The joints of the articulations are sometimes obscure. It adheres to paper-I cannot agree with Sir J. E. Smith, who unites this to the following, than which it is much more ro- bust, fine as it is, besides the great disparity in the articulations. 10. C. sordida, dirty green ; filaments simple, excessively , fine, web-like; articulations mostly pellucid, 3–4 times longer than broad. Dillw. p. 60. Smith, E. B. t. 2303., excluding var. ß. HAB. Ditches and pools, frequent. April and May. Plant forming a light semitransparent cloud round the stems of aquatic plants, of a reddish or yellowish dirty green colour. Sometimes, when old, floating in large masses on the surface. Articulations very diapha- It adheres to paper. 11. C. punctalis, green ; filaments simple, exceedingly fine, lubricous; articulations nearly twice as long as broad, the gra- nular mass at length collapsing into a series of solitary globules. Dillw. t. 51. Lyngb. p. 138. t. 46. HAB. Pools, ditches, and slow streams. King's Park. March. Plant growing in small floating masses, 1-2 inches broad, of a pale and some- times yellowish-green colour. Filaments excessively minute, scarcely vi- sible to the naked eye. Articulations marked at first with a green band, but this at length is collapsed into a round globule. It adheres to paper. 12. C. vesicata, green ; filaments simple, slender ; articula- tions inflated here and there, and occasionally proliferous; ar- ticulations rather longer than broad. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p p. 82. Conf. alternata, Dillw. Syn. t. B. Smith, E. B. t. 2304. HAB. Ditches, pools, and marshes. King's Park. March. Filaments several inches long, densely interwoven into floating masses. Articulations inflated at irregular intervals into roundish vesicles, and nous. 318 CONFERVA. CRYPTOGAMIA. ALGÆ. sometimes alternately marked with bands of brown and green. It ad- heres to paper. 13. C. rivularis, green, filaments simple, straight; very long, floating; articulations above twice as long as broad, alternately compressed when dry; the joints pellucid. Dillw. t. 39. Smith, E. B. t. 1654. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 82. HAB. Streams, very frequent. Spring and summer. Crow-silk.- Plant floating in tufts 1-3 feet long or more, of a full green colour. Filaments often twisted into cord-like masses by the action of the water. Articulations 2-4 times longer than broad, mostly filled with a green granular mass. It adheres moderately to paper. 14 Filaments branched. 14. C. lubrica, green; filaments very fine, much branched, lubricous; branches and branchlets approximate, subulate, arti- culations 2-3 times longer than broad, and marked with a green Zone. Dillw. t. 57. Smith, E. B. t. 2087. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. P. 83. Hab. Streams. In a small stream near Saughton. Spring. Plant growing from wood or stones, in dense, lubricous tufts, 4-6 inches long. Filaments very flaccid, attenuated at the apex, set with numerous fasciculated acute ramuli, of various lengths. It adheres closely to pa- per. 15. C. fracta, dull green; filaments rigid, much branched, flexuose; branches and branchlets divaricated, alternate; arti- culations 4-5 times as long as they are broad. Dillw. t. 14. Smith, E. B. t. 2338. Hook: Fl. Scot. 2. P. 82. HAB. Ditches and stagnant water, frequent. Spring and summer. Filaments densely entangled, several inches long, floating in large masses on the surface of the water. Branches remote, irregular, sometimes se- cund, the ramuli more numerous, attenuated. Colour yellowish or dirty green. Substance rigid, fragile, especially when dry. It adheres slightly to paper. 16. C. glomerata, green, bushy; exceedingly branched ; branches alternate, set with short, secund, fasciculated branch- lets ; articulations about four times longer than broad. Dillw. t. 13. Smith, E. B. t. 2192. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 82. 82. C. læte-virens, Dillw. t. 48. Smith, E. B. t. 1854. . HAB. Streams, ditches, and in the sea, extremely common. Summer. Filaments forming bushy tufts of a full or yellowish-green colour, rather flaccid, the ramuli numerous, secund, and to the naked eye appearing like small pencil-like fasciculi. Articulations long, cylindrical, filled with a dark green granular mass. It adheres very slightly to paper. *** Not growing in either salt or fresh water. (C. ericetorum is sometimes found in shallow water). 17. C. ericetorum, purple ; filaments simple, densely inter- woven into a thin procumbent stratum ; articulations rather 3 CONFERVA. CRYPTOGAMIA. ALGÆ. 319 longer than broad. Dillw. t. 1. Smith, E. B. t. 1553. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 81. HAB. On the ground, in moist heathy places. Ravelrig-Toll Moss, abundantly; and on the Pentland Hills. Spring and summer. Filaments very fine, interwoven into a dense thin web, of a fine purple or brownish colour, covering the naked soil for some inches or even some feet. When found in water, as it must sometimes be, from the hollows in which it grows being filled up, the filaments are floating, and more or less diffuse. 18. C. velutina, green, forming a close velvet-like stratum on the ground; filaments branched, creeping; branches irregular, flexuose : articulations longer than broad. Dillw. t. 77. Smith, E. B. t. 1556. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 83. , HAB. Damp ground and banks, especially where Polytrichum aloides grows. The whole year. Filaments spreading like a velvet web over the ground to a great extent, creeping and throwing out radicular fibres here and there, apex of the branches obtuse. Articulations variable in length, partly pellucid and partly green and opake. It does adhere to paper. -- I believe with Mr Drummond of the Cork Botanic Garden, that this species is nothing more than the commencement of Polytrichum aloides; but have inserted it, in order to draw the attention of botanists still more to this subject. 19. C. castanea, terrestrial; chesnut-brown, branched ; fila- ments creeping, somewhat bipinnate, the branches alternate, di- varicate, acute; articulations long. Dillw. t. 72. Smith, E. B. t. 1701. HAB. On the ground on hedge-banks, creeping over sticks, stones, &c. Slateford, and elsewhere about Edinburgh. Filaments creeping in small tufts, sometimes an inch broad, of a brown ches- nut colour, which is paler and more transparent towards the extremities, where the articulations are much shorter than in the main branches. This, like the last, is probably the commencement of some species of a moss. p. 80. 20. C. Orthotrichi, brown, branched, parasitic; filaments very minute, short, erect, in small tufts, obtuse; articulations about equal in length and breadth. Dillz. t. 89. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p C. musicola, Smith, E. B. t. 1638. Hab. Parasitic on various species of Orthotrichum. Very frequent. Sum- mer. Tufts from half a line to about two lines high, spreading in a compact man- ner among the branches and leaves of Orthotricha. Filaments entangled. Substance rigid and fragile, not adhering to paper. In this neighbour- hood it is usually very minute. 21. C. ebenea, black, branched ; filaments erect, in broad tufts, short, the branches diverging; articulations very obscure, about equal in length and breadth. Dillz. t. 100. Smith, E. B. t. 702. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 81. HAB. On rocks and trunks of trees, not unfrequent. Rosslyn and Auchindenny woods. The whole year. 320 CRYPTOGAMIA. ALGÆ. ZYGNEMA. Plant forming broad, very dense, quite black, velvet-like 'tufts or masses, 1-3 lines high. Filaments rigid, somewhat cartilaginous, not adhering in the least to paper. 89. ZYGNEMA. Agardh. 1. Z. genuflexum, filaments very fine, lubricous, fragile, uni- , ted here and there by angular bends or genuflexions; articula- tions four times as long as broad, the granular mass forming a longitudinal line. Ag. Syn. p. 98. Conf. genuflexa, Diliw. Smith, E. B. t. 1914. HAB. Ditches and stagnant pools. Small pools on the Pentland Hills. April Plant floating in entangled masses on the surface of the water, of a yellow- ish or pale green colour, and slippery, soft, fragile substance. Filaments remarkable from their angular bends, at which they unite with each other. I have seen the tubercles figured by Dillwyn, Suppl. t. G. 2. Z. deciminum, filaments simple, lubricous; articulations nearly thrice longer than they are broad, containing two spiral lines of granules intersecting each other, at length collapsing in- to a single mass. Ag.' Syn. p. 99. Conf. nitida, Dillw. t. 4. figs. A-B. Smith, E. B. t. 2337. Conf. jugalis, Dillw. t. 5. HAB. Ponds and ditches, frequent. Pond in the new Botanic Garden (never to be eradicated). Summer. Plant growing in large, deep, bright green masses. Filaments shining, well marked by the spiral lines of granules within the articulations, forming repeatedly the figure of the Roman X. The filaments are rarely seen united. 3. Z. quininum, filaments simple, lubricous; articulations twice as long as they are broad, and containing a single spiral line of granules. Ag. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 80. Conf. spi- ralis, Dillw. t. 3. Smith, E. B. t. 1656. HAB. Ponds and ditches, frequent. Spring and summer. Plant green, floating on the surface of the water in large masses, slippery to the touch. Filaments 2-3 times longer than broad, containing a spiral line of granules, forming repeatedly the Roman V; the joints obscure. Before the filaments unite they are lubricous, and adhere to paper; af- terwards, they lose their lubricity, and are fragile, scarcely adhering to paper. 4. Z. bipunctatum, filaments simple, lubricous; articulations twice the length of their diameter, containing two globular masses of granules. Lyngb. p. 174. t. 60. Conf. bipunctata, Dillw. t. 2. Smith, E. B. t. 1610. HAB. Ponds and ditches. Pentland Hills, Messrs Arnott and Greville. April. Plant floating in entangled masses on the surface of the water, lubricous, yellowish-green. Articulations varying in length, containing two distinct masses of roundish granules; the joints obscure. It adheres to paper. 3 FRAGILLARIA. CRYPTOGAMIA. CHÆTOPH. 821 90. FRAGILLARÍA*. Lyngb. 1. F. hyemalis, filaments simple, plane, gelatinous, very fra- gile ; articulations shorter than broad, mostly pellucid, sepa- rating at the joints. Lyngb. p. 185. t. 63. Conf. hyemalis, . Ag. Syn. p. 78. Hab. Streams and rivulets. Pentland Hills. April. Plant growing in dense floating tufts, attached to stones, sticks, &c. 2-4 inches long, and of a brown colour; very soft to the touch, and difficult to remove from the water, on account of its fragility. Filaments plane, attenuated, beautifully articulated, plane yet tubular? In drying it be comes pulverulent, yellowish or greenish-grey. 91. DRAPARNALDIA. Bory. 1. Dr. glomerata, gelatinous; filaments much branched ; branches set with spreading fasciculi of multifid branchlets, form of the fasciculi ovate, obtuse; articulations nearly twice as long as broad. Ag. Lyngb. p. 189. t. 64. . Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 77. Conf. mutabilis, E. B. t. 1746. HAB. Lakes and streamlets, not unfrequent. Ditches in the Meadows, Edinburgh. Spring and summer. Plant floating in very gelatinous tufts, of a bright green colour, 2-5 inches long, attached to stones, sticks, &c. On removing it from the water, it is very apt to slip through the fingers. Articulations of the main branches pellucid, with a green tinge in the centre; those of the branchlets as long as broad, wholly green. Branchlets spreading. It adheres most closely to paper, and is truly beautiful. IX. CHÆTOPHOROIDEÆ. Grev, 92. CHÆTOPHORA. Schrank, * Growing in fresh water. 1. Ch. elegans, green, more or less globose, solid; filaments dichotomous, the branches divaricated; branchlets fasciculate; articulations longer than broad. Ag. Lyngb. p. 192. t. 65. Rivularia elegans, Smith, E. B. t. 1797. Har. Streams and rivulets, attached to stones and aquatic plants. Pent- land Hills. February, • A genus apparently nearly allied to this (Diatoma, De Cand.), contains many microscopical objects, which I now concur with my learned friend Dr Fleming of Flisk in believing to possess an animal structure. These are, D. flocculosum, tenue, arcuatum, and obliquatum, (formerly described as Confervæ). Fragillaria striatula and pectinalis (Conferva of authors), I consider in the same light. Conf. stipitata, Bidulphiana and tæniæformis of Eng. Bot. and the whole genus Echinella of Acharius and Lyngbye are equally doubtful. Dr Fleming, indeed, has seen some of them in motion. Most of them have been found in Scotland. х 382 CRYPTOGAMIA. CHẾTOPH. LINCKIA Plant irregularly globose, from less than a pea to a hazel-nut in diameter, firm, solid, gelatinous. Filaments radiating from a central base. Arti- culations pellucid. ** Marine. 2. Ch. marina, olive green, globose, subcoriaceous, hollow ; filaments densely arranged in the substance of the plant, branched dichotomously; branches fastigiate and clavate at the apex. Grev. Crypt. Fl. t. 53. Nostoc marinum, Ag. Syn. p. 133. Rivu- laria tuberiformis, Smith, E. B. t. 1956. Hab. Sea-shores, attached to rocks, corallines and various Algæ. Frith of Forth, frequent. Autumn. Plant gregarious, from the size of a pea to that of a small walnut. The a surface is gelatinous, but the substance coriaceous. Filaments hyaline, jointed, the apex of the branches terminating at the surface in dark, cu- neiform granules. 93. LINCKIA. Mich. * Growing in fresh water. 1 L. dura, green, globose, solid ; filaments simple, straight, arising from a central base, acuminate, cleft at the apex, shortly exserted, inarticulate. Lyngb. p. 197. t. 67. B. calcarea, filaments intermixed with calcareous particles, hard and crustaceous when dry. Rivularia calcarea, Smith, E. B. t. 1799. Han. Lakes and marshes, attached to aquatic plants, &c. B. On moist precipitous rocks and beds of alpine streamlets. B. On the Pentland Hills, rare. The whole year. Plant roundish, from the size of a small pea to a walnut, more or less green, firm and hard, but with a very slippery surface, often covering the bed of small cascades, in undulated confluent masses. Filaments inarticulate, very straight and slender, the apex laciniate. Among the filaments, and apparently attached to them, are numerous, black, subopake bodies, which are not yet understood. ** Marine. 2. L. atra, blackish green within, hemispherical, solid, very firm; filaments simple, straight, acuminate, laciniate at the apex"; ; articulations obscure. Lyngb. p. 195. t. 67. Rivularia atra, Smith, E. B. t. 1798. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. P. 75. HAB. Sea-shores, on various Algæ and on stones and wood-work. Frith of Forth, frequent. Plant rather larger than mustard seed, gregarious, scattered, very hard, and adhering closely to the objects on which it grows. The surface lubri- cous. 94. NOSTOC. Paracel. 1. N. commune, greenish, shapeless, solid, plicate, waved ; PALMELLA. CRYPTOGAMIA. CHÆTOPH. 323 filaments simple, curved, moniliform. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 174. Tremella Nostoc, Smith, E. B. t. 461. HAB. Pastures, gravel-walks, &c., in moist weather. About Edinburgh, occasionally. Plant of a soft gelatinous substance, 1-3 inches broad, shapeless, plaited and lobed, solid. Filaments loosely interwoven. In dry weather, it dries up extremely speedily. 2. N. verrucosum, subglobose, coriaceo-carnose, hollow, pli- cate ; filaments simple, curved, moniliform, imbedded in a wa- tery, gelatinous substance. Ag. Syn. p. 132. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. a p. 74. Hab. In subalpine streamlets. Pentland Hills, most abundantly. April. Messrs Arnott and Greville. Plant an inch in diameter or more, very gregarious, clustered, all sizes growing together, from that of a pea to a large walnut, very dark black- ish green, opake, more or less hollow. In old age, becoming weak, flac- , cid, and much distended, often ruptured, and spread out like a membrane. The surface is verrucose only under the microscope. It adheres well to paper, if merely laid upon it, and suffered to evaporate without pressure. 95. PALMELLA. Lyngb. 1. P. botryoides, distinct, solid, very minute, aggregate, glo- bose, deep green, gelatinous, containing numerous elliptical sporules. Lyngb. p. 205. (Not Lepraria botryoides of authors.) HAB. On the ground in shady and heathy places. Pentland Hills. Autumn. Spreading like a thin stratum over the soil, of a full deep green colour, and a at first sight resembling Lepraria botryoides, so common on the trunks of trees in winter. The separate plants are scarcely so large as poppy-seed. The sporules are diffused through the whole mass, and are elliptical. 2. P. protuberans, green, shapeless, solid, gelatinous, spread- ing among wet mosses ; sporules elliptical, numerous, diffused through the whole mass. Ulva protuberans, Smith, E. B. t. 2583. HAB. On wet rocks, attached to, and envelloping mosses. Pentland Hills. Spring to Autumn. Mass half an inch to two inches broad, half an inch thick, olive green, some- what diaphanous, very tender and gelatinous. Sporules, according to Smith, projecting, and at length deciduous. This I have not observed myself. 3. P. rosca, minute, roundish, soft, rose-coloured, containing extremely minute sporules. Grev. Crypt. Fl. t. 51. Lyngb. Tubercularia rosea, Pers. Syn. Fung: p. 114. HAB. On various lichens, or in their immediate neighbourhood, either on trees or stones. About Edinburgh, occasionally. Above Burntisland, on the stone walls, parasitic on Parmelia stellaris and Borrera tenella. Plant scarcely more than a line in diameter, often much less, rather grega- rious, fine opake pink, very soft and fragile. Sporules very minute, roundish-ovate. When moistened it falls away instantly. p. 207. x 2 324 CRYPTOGAMIA. LICHENES. SPILOMA, X. LICHENES. Hoffm. 96. SPILOMA. Ach. 1. S. tumidulum, crust subcartilaginous, whitish; fructifica- tion crowded, tumid, irregularly oblong, rough, reddish, be- coming at length brownish black and subpruinose. Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 1. Smith, E. B. t. 2151. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 35. HAB. On the bark of trees. Rosslyn, by the river side, Maughan. Swan- ston wood, and probably other places near Edinburgh. The crust is rather smooth, sometimes traversed by very slender fissures. Fructification often plano-convex, of various forms; within, of nearly the same colour, and somewhat more compact. 97. LECIDEA. Ach. (Plant crustaceous, uniform.) * Fructification always black, naked, (not pruinose). 1. L. atro-alba, crust spreading, very thin, cracked, black, with scattered, whitish, swelling areolæ ; fructification plano- convex, black internally as well as externally. Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 11. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 36. Hab. Upon rocks. Orock Hill. It covers the rocks, says Acharius, in the same manner as L. atro-virens. The white areola vary considerably in their swollen appearance ; some- times they are few, and but slightly convex, at other times so prominent and crowded, as almost to obliterate the fructification. 2. L. fusco-atra, crust very thin, black, cracked, areola ches- nut brown, plane, marginated, shining, scattered ; fructification somewhat convex, with a black border, white within. Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 12. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 37. Lichen dendriticus, Smith, E. B. t. 1734. Hab. On rocks. Pentland Hills, Dr Walker. The fructification of this species is liable to change its character in some degree from age; the areolae becoming thicker, and elevating it or rising above it. Acharius removed it from the Lecideæ of his Method. Lich. to the Lecanora, in his Lich. Universal, but found it necessary to restore it to the Lecidea again in his Syn. Lichenum. 3. L. petrad, crust thin, orbicular, slightly cracked, subpul- verulent, white: fructification innate, thick, prominent, subcon- centrical, black, with a tumid raised border. Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 15. Smith, E. B. t. 246. HAB. Rocks and stones. On stones in walls about Edinburgh, frequent, Maughan. Disk-small, never convex. Fructification elevated in age, and then some- times surrounded by a spurious border formed by the crust. 4. L. confluens, crust tartareous, somewhat spreading, crack- ed and areolated, subeven, greyish-brown; fructification sessile, at length irregular, convex, subglobose, confluent, black, bor- LECIDEA. CRYPTOGAMIA. LICHENES. 325 derless, within having a thin grey stratum under the disk. Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 16. Smith, E. B. t. 1964. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p P. 37. HAB. On rocks and stones. Pentland Hills, Sir James Edward Smith. Braid Hill. The crust varies much in colour, from grey or a subglaucous hue to a fer- ruginous brown. Both the areola and the fructification become Irregular in age. In a young state the fructification is regular, plane, and de- cidedly bordered. 5. L. parasema, crust thin, submembranaceous, whitish or greyish, bounded by a black line, at length spreading, and sub- granulated; fructification rather plane, sessile, bordered, black, blackish also within. Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 17. Smith, E. B. . t. 1450. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 37. Hab. On the bark of trees, common. Swanston wood. Slateford, Gran- ton wood, &c. A variable species, yet I trust sufficiently marked by the Acharian charac- ter. The fructification is generally flattish or subconvex ; it is some. times, however, subglobose, and also more or less bordered, rather scat- tered, crowded or even confluent. The crust, according to circumstan- ces, is smoothish, subgranulated, or even rugose, but rarely cracked. 6. L. sanguinaria, crust somewhat rugose and warty, grey- ish white; fructification at length convex, hemispherical, sub- tuberculose, black, within of a horny black substance, having an inferior blood coloured, pulverulent stratum. Ach. Syn. Lich. Smith, E. B. t. 155. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 37. HAB. On rocks and trunks of trees. At Balmuto. Pentland Hills. The crust varies in colour from whitish to greenish, is at first subgranu- lated, in old age rugoso-squamose, and extremely unequal. 7. L. atro-virens, crust spreading, thin, black, with scattered, nearly plane, subcontiguous areolæ, of a bright yellow ; fruc- tification plano-concave, black, within of the same colour. Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 21. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 37. B. geographica, areolæ yellow, plane, angular, bounded by a black line, and crossed, by others of the same colour. Lichun geographicus, Smith, E. B. t. 248. HAB. On rocks and stones. a. On the Pentland Hills, but not common. B. On the Pentland Hills. Both a and ß occur in the King's Park, Maughan. The colour of the areolæ varies from greenish yellow to a pale sulphur co- lour. This species is so well marked, that it needs no farther descrip- tion. 8. L. Ederi, crust areolated and granulated, subpulverulent, of a colour between ochraceous and ferruginous ; fructification minute, elevated, with a tumid border and black depressed disk, within of the same colour. Ach. Syn. Lich. P. 22. Smith, E. B. t. 1117. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 38. p. 19. 326 LECIDEA. CRYPTOGAMIA. LICHENES. HAB. On rocks and stones. King's Park, Edinburgh, Maughan. Pent- land Hills. The crust is very thin, not unfrequently pulverulent in old age. Fructifi- cation very minute, at first appearing like a punctiform depression in the crust, with the border raised; the disk afterwards becomes convex or even hemispherical. 9. L. alba, crust of a subdeterminate form, membranaceous, a white, slightly cracked, scattered with a greyish or greenish white aggregated powder; fructification minute, adpressed, plane, black. Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 24. Smith, E. B. t. 1349. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 38. HAB. On trees and rocks. Pentland Hills, Maughan. Braid Hermi- tage. The fructification is extremely rare, which renders it very liable to be mis. taken for a Lepraria by the student. ** Fructification black, pruinose, 10. L. abietina, crust spreading, very thin, smooth, glaucous; fructification subsessile, plane, black, with a grey bloom, the border raised and swelling. Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 30. HAB. Hab. On the trunks of Pinus Abies. Neighbourhood of Edinburgh, , Maughan. The pruinose appearance of the apothecia is very persistent, and is scarcely absent even when the plant is moist. *** Fructification orange, red, flesh-colour, or brown, 11. L. cinereo-fusca, crust thin, somewhat cracked, uneven, greyish white; fructification plane, at length angular and irre- gular, yellowish or reddish brown, the border narrow, persist- ent. Ach. Syn. Lich. 43. HAB. Trunks of trees, and on rocks. King's Park; Pentland Hills ; Corstorphine Hill, Maughan. When growing on rocks the crust is thicker, cracked and tessellated. In old plants the disk of the fructification is sometimes raised, and varies from a red to a brown colour ; but the border remains constant, and in an old state becomes variously flexuose. 12. L. incana, crust spreading, leproso-farinose, soft, uneven, hoary, glaucous, or slightly greenish; fructification scattered, sessile, brownish, the border pale and entire. Ach. Syn. Lich. Smith, E. B. t. 1685. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 38. HAB. Old trunks of trees; old walls and rocks among moss. Near Co. linton. Auchindenny and Rosslyn woods, and elsewhere, not com- mon. Fructification very rare, and only figured in English Botany. The plant is very irregular in its mode of growth, frequently covering the moss, dead leaves, and stems of grasses and branches that happen to be near it, in a very beautiful manner; it is extremely light, and of a whitish or glaucous colour P: p. 36. LECIDEA. 327 CRYPTOGAMIA. LICHENES. p. 39. 13. L. viridescens, crust thin, granulated, somewhat farinose, green or greenish brown; fructification convex, rugose, irregu- lar, confluent, blackish brown. Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 36. HAB. Dead and putrefying trunks of trees. About Edinburgh, Maughan. Swanston wood, on old stumps of fir trees. Crust extremely spreading, more granulated than pulverulent, of various shades of green, often tinged with brown or yellow. When dry, fre- quently greyish green. Fructification irregular and rough from its young- er state, and scarcely furnished with a regular border. 14. L. cæsio-rufa, crust cracked and areolated, rugose, dark- ish grey ; fructification plane, brownish red, with sometimes a crenulate border, becoming at length convex, less bordered, dark, or blackish red. Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 44. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. 39. Lichen ferrugineus, Smith, E. B. t. 1650. HAB. On rocks, stones and trunks of trees. Auchindenny and Rosslyn woods; Pentland Hills. In the young plant the fructification is small, plane, with the border en- tire; in perfection it is large, with the border crenate or undulate; in old age hemispherical, the border sometimes disappearing, and the colour obscure. 15. L. icmadophila, crust leprose, uneven, subgranulated, greenish white; fructification subsessile, plane, flesh-colour, at length flexuose, the disk rugose, the border narrow, scarcely visible. Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 45. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 39. . Lichen ericetorum, Smith, E. B. t. 372. HAB. Heathy places on the ground. Heaths near Balmuto. Pentland Hills. A species so well marked as not to be mistaken for any other. 16. L. marmorea, crust thin, greyish white; fructification subglobose, at length urceolate, white, the disk flesh-colour, the border tumid, entire. Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 46. Smith, E. B. t. 739. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 40. Hab. On the ground, in heathy places. Turf wall surrounding the re- servoir on the Pentland Hills. Crust very thin, rarely subpulverulent. Fructification when young having a small punctiform disk, which, as the plant advances in age, enlarges, and remains permanently concave; the border is naked and entire. 17. L. Ehrhartiana, crust cartilaginous, cracked, rugoso- plicate and granulated, white or slightly greenish ; fructifica- tion subsessile, plane, at length somewhat convex, flexuose, shapeless, conglomerated, pale yellowish. Ach. Syn. Lich. P. 47. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 40. Lichen Ehrhartianus, Smith, E. B. t. 1136. 2. polytropa, crust subtartareous, tessellated, pale ; fructifica- tion nearly plane, clustered, with the border lobed, flexuose, at length subglobose, yellowish flesh-colour; the border vanishing: Lichen polytropus, Smith, E. B. t. 1264. 328 CRYPTOGAMIA. LICHENES. CALICIUM. HAB. On rocks. Pentland Hills, Maughan. North Queensferry, Messrs Hooker and D. Turner. Crust sometimes cohering, cracked, sometimes subpulverulent, at others almost absent. Fructification in old age becoming angular from the apo- thecia pressing against each other. 18. L. lucida, crust leprose, flocculoso-pulverulent, lemon- coloured ; fructification plano-convex, almost borderless, pale yel- low. Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 48. Smith, E. B. t. 1550. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 40. . HAB. On rocks. North Queensferry, Messrs D. Turner and Dr Hooker, The crust varies from pale to deep yellow, occasionally having also a green- ish cast. Fructification subimmersed, the border scarcely perceptible; in old age sometimes tuberculose and irregular. 98. CALICIUM. Ach. 1. C. claviculare, crust effused, greyish, somewhat pulveru- lent; fructification subglobose, at length flattened, greyish black, with a cylindrical, thickish, black peduncle. Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 57. . HAR. On the naked wood of dead trees. Auchindenny woods. Crust between granulated and pulverulent, very thin. Fructification almost sessile when young, afterwards furnished with a short, rigid, black, cy- lindrical peduncle. 2. C. spherocephalum, crust greyish, very thin, smooth, fruc- tification subglobose, disk brownish ; the border greyish; pe- duncle black, filiform. Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 57. Hook. FI. Scot. 2. p. 41. Lichen sphæroc. Smith, E. B. t. 414. HAB. On the rugged cleft bark of old trees. On oak trees in Rosslyn woods, G. Don. Crust varying with a yellowish or greenish tinge, exceedingly thin. Pe. duncles of the fructification nearly a line high, and very slender. Two heads sometimes occur on the same peduncle. 3. C. chrysocephalum, crust lemon-yellow, granulated and conglomerated; fructification subturbinate, disk brown, convex, the border yellow and pulverulent'; peduncle filiform, blackish and shining at the base. Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 60. Smith, E. B. t. 2501. HAB. On trunks of trees, old pales, about the bottom of hedges, even on the ground. Near Slateford, rare. Crust very bright greenish yellow, irregular, spreading, granulated. Fruc- tification on very slender peduncles, fully a line high. a . 99. GYROPHORA. Ach. G. deusta, roughish, olive-brown, sprinkled with a black dust, smooth beneath, with punctiform hollows, pitted, naked, fructification plane, plaited in a circular manner, at length con ENDOCARPON. CRYPTOGAMIA. LICHENES. 829 vex and contorted. Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 66. Smith, E. B. t. 2483. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 42. HAB. Rocks, Corstorphine and Craiglockhart Hills, Maughan. Often very rough with little elevated points; sometimes lacerate at the margin; irregularly flexuose and plicate towards the centre underneath. The only species that I am acquainted with in this neighbourhood. 100. ENDOCARPON. Hedw. 1. E. Hedwigii, plant subcartilaginous, roundish, or some what angular, lobed, of an olive green ; beneath, pale at the margin, the rest blackish and fibrillose; orifice of the fructifica- tion subprominent, dark brown. Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 99. Lichen trapeziformis, Smith, E. B. t. 595. Hab. On the ground, and in crevices of rocks in barren and stony places. On Arthur's Seat, in the King's Park, Edinburgh, particularly on the west side, about half way up. The form of this lichen varies considerably, as does also its colour; the lobes are sometimes a good deal imbricated, and often subcrenate at the margin. Colour usually olive; but green, brown, and even nearly black specimens occur. 2. E. miniatum, plant thick, cartilaginous, foliaceous, round, peltate, greyish, spreading, flexuoso-plicate, smooth beneath, at length rugose and fulvous; orifices minute, rarely subpromi- nent, brownish. Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 101. Smith, E. B. t. 593. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 44. HAB. On rocks. In the King's Park, Edinburgh, Lightfoot. Castle Rock, Maughan. Balmuto. Pentland Hills. In the old state the substance is rigid and brittle; the colour above is whitish, greyish or obscure ; underneath, more or less pinkish, somewhat orange, or brownish. Lobes polymorphous, and occasionally rather in- bricated. 3. E. complicatum, plant coriaceo-cartilaginous, lobed, grey, brownish black underneath, lobes somewhat erect, rounded, plicato-convolute; orifices crowded, convex, black. Ach. Syn, p. 102. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 44. Lichen miniatus, B. amphi- bus, Smith, E. B. t. 593. f. 2. HAB. On rocks with the preceding. Balmuto. The suberect and very complicated lobes serve to distinguish this plant. Acharius mentions having seen it simple and peltate ; but such instances are extremely rare. 4. E. Weberi, plant cartilaginous or subcoriaceous, foliaceous, lobed, greyish brown or olive; fawn-colour or brownish be- neath, smooth on both sides ; lobes laciniate, waved, crisped, crowded, irregular in form ; orifices somewhat convex, black. . Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 103. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 45. Lichen aquaticus, Smith, E. B. t. 594. HAR. On rocks and stones, by the sides of, or in streams of water. Auch- indenny, rare. 330 CRYPTOGAMIA. LICHENES. THELOTREMA, Very much resembling E. complicatum. Colour when meist, green ; when dry it is sometimes blackish brown, never glaucous; underneath it is sometimes quite black. 101. THELOTREMA. Ach. 1. T. lepadinum, crust smooth, whitish; warts of the fructi- fication smooth, subconical; the margin of the aperture thin, simple, subinflexed and contracted, covered at the base with a membrane which bursts. Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 115. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 45. Lichen inclusus, Smith, E. B. t. 678. HAB. On the bark of trees. On the common holly, at Bilston Burn, near Edinburgh, G. Don. A well marked species. In age the crust becomes thicker and unequal, the warts of the fructification more hemispherical than conical, and the mar- gin blunt and tumid. Ach. Syn, 102. VARIOLARIA. Pers. 1. V. globulifera, crust subcartilaginous, greyish, uneven, with granules and soredia scattered in an irregular manner ; warts of the fructification subglobose, smooth, at length depres- sed above and sorediferous, and containing a concave nucleus. Turn. in Linn. Trans. vol. ix. p. 139. t. 10. f. 2. Lich. p. 1130. Smith, E. B. t. 2008. HAB. Trees and rocks. Braid Hermitage, Maughan. Soredia frequent, convex and white. Warts nearly solid, large, subglobose, pulverulent on the top, and containing within, a large concave fructife- rous stratum. 2. V. amara, crust rugose, cracked, uneven, subpulverulent, white, becoming greyish ; warts of the fructification adpres- sed, plano-concave, bordered, bearing soredia (or collections of naked sporules) of the same colour. Ach, Syn. Lich. P. 181. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 46. Lich. fagineus, Smith, E. B. t. 1713, , HAB. On the bark of trees; about Edinburgh, not unfrequent. The very bitter taste of this species is sufficient to distinguish it from any other found in this neighbourhood. 3. V. lactea, crust tartareus, of a determinate form, tessellated, smooth, very white, somewhat zoned and crenato-lobate; warts of the fructification crowded, bordered, pure white, pulveru. lent. Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 132. Smith, E. B. t. 2410. Hook, Fl. Scot. 2. p. 46. . HAB. On rocks and stones. Pentland Hills, not rare. A distinct species, having somewhat the habit of Isidium corallinum. 103. URCEOLARIA. Ach. 1. U. Acharri crust of a subdecided form, smooth, crossed by very narrow acks, palc brick colour ; disk of the fructifi- LECANORA. 331 CRYPTOGAMIA. LICHENES. cation red, the border tumid. Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 137. Smith, E. B. t. 1097. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 47. HAB. On rocks. Habbie's How, in the Pentland Hills, and on large stones in several rivulets near the same spot. I have not seen var. B. near Edinburgh. Crust extremely thin, and so attached to the rock, that it is impossible to separate it. It has sometimes the appearance of a reddish or yellowish stain. The disk becomes nearly plane in age. 2. U. scruposa, crust rugoso-plicate, granulated, white or greyish ; fructification urceolate, the disk black, the border swelling, inflexed, subrugose, covering the disk. Ach. Syn. Lich, p. 142. Smith, E. B. t. 266. HAB. On rocks. King's Park, Edinburgh. Coast of Fife, between Pettycur and Kirkaldy. Crust solid, frequently thick, and generally very rugose and uneven. Bor- der of the fructification very prominent, more or less crenate; waved in age, and then somewhat exposing the immersed disk. 104. LECANORA. * Adnate, uniform. + Disk of the fructification black, naked. 1. L. atra, crust of a subdistinct form, cracked, granulated, or warty greyish white; disk of the fructification plane, at length swelling, black, the border raised, free at length, waved and crenulate. Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 146. Smith, E. B. t. 949. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 47. HAB. Walls and rocks, frequent. Crust granulated, not pulverulent, brittle, not thick. Fructification with a coal-black disk, and raised white border, often very plentiful. tt Disk of the fructification brown. 2. L. argopholis, crust smooth, uneven, warted, pale; warts at length subimbricated, somewhat lobed and deformed; disk of the fructification concave, brownish black, the border sharp, crenulate, contracted. Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 147. HAB. Rocks. On stones in walls about Edinburgh, Maughan. Colour pale, sometimes verging to greenish. Warts aggregated and de formed. Disk of the fructification very concave, the border raised, and in old age thin, crenulate and sublacerate. 3. L. subfusca, crust cartilaginous, smooth, at length granu- lated, uneven, greyish white; disk of the fructification plano convex, brownish or black; the border tumid, entire, at length flexuose and crenate. Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 157. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. P. 47 Hab. On trees, rocks, old walls, &c. Braid, Rosslyn, Auchindenny, Cor- storphine, &c. 932 CRYPTOGAMIA. LICHENES. LECANORA. A variable plant, in the colour of both crust and fructification, as also in the form of the latter ; whence several species of other authors have been reduced to varieties by Acharius; among the rest, Lichen pallidus of Dickson. So few species of this division, however, occur near Edinburgh, that less difficulty will be experienced by the student. The fructifica- tion is liable to become very convex in age. +++ Disk of the fructification flesh-colour, pale yellowish, or orange. 4. L. perella, crust cracked, plicate or warty, very white; fructification thick, crowded, often irregular in form from mu- tual pressure, the disk somewhat concave, the border turgid, , * very entire, nearly of the same colour as the crust. Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 169. Smith, E. B. t. 726. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 48. HAB. On rocks, stones, walls, and more rarely on trunks of trees. Walls by the sea-side at Granton. Pentland Hills, &c. Crust rather thick, often much tessellated, the areolæ very turgid and pro- minent; the border of the fructification remarkably thick. 5. L. tartarea, crust tartareous, granulated in a clustered manner, greyish white; fructification scattered, the disk plano- convex, rugulose, pale flesh-colour, the border inflexed, at length waved. Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 172. Smith, E. B, t. 156. . Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 49. HAB. On rocks, sometimes even on the ground. Pentland Hills. The colour, according to Acharius, varies from white, or slightly glaucous, to greenish. Crust sometimes pulverulent. Disk of the fructification convex in age, lobed, flexuose, rough and cracked. 6. L. vitellina, crust granulated, deep yellow; fructification rowded, the disk plane, of the same colour as the crust, at length somewhat convex, of a deeper colour with a bloom ; border raised, narrow, at length flexuose and pulverulent. Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 174. Smith, E. B. t. 1792. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. a ; the p. 49. HẠb. On wood, old pales, railing, &c. About Edinburgh. Crust irregular, granulated, not unfrequently quite covered by the fructi- fication. Colour of the disk but little deeper than that of the crust. Border pretty regularly pulverulent, rarely naked. The whole plant in age and decay becomes of an obscure hue. tttt Disk of the fructification either brown or bright red. 17. L. ventosa, crust tessellated, pale, areolæ convex, plicate or somewhat warty ; fructification adpressed, at length irregu- lar, the disk plane or slightly tumid, brownish red, and rising above the narrow and entire border. Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 159. Smith, E. B. t. 906. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 18. Hab. On rocks and stones in alpine situations. On the Pentland Hills, Crust tartareous, thick, extremely rough and uneven in age. Border of the fructification eventually disappearing from the rising and swelling of the disk. Colour of the crust whitish, greyish, sometimes greenish. LECANORA. CRYPTOGAMIA. LICHENES. 399 8. L. Hæmatomma, crust tartareous, subgránulated and slightly cracked, pulverulent, subsulphureous; fructification in- nate, scattered and confluent; disk bright red, sub-bordered. Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 178. Smith, E. B. t. 286. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 49. Hab. On rocks and stones. Salisbury Craigs, Sir J. E. Smith. Rosslyn woods, Maughan. Pentland Hills. Crust growing very uneven, thick, and cracking in an old state. Disk of the fructification at first concave, and immersed in the crust, afterwards be- coming convex, and sometimes obliterating the border. The bright red colour of the disk sufficiently distinguishes this beautiful lichen. ** Adnate, radiato-stellate, and somewhat lobed in the cir- cumference. 9. L. murorum, crust plicato-rugose, cracked, bright yellow, the surface pulverulent and pruinose, radiating from the centre; segments linear, convex, jagged ; fructification crowded, the disk at length convex, and of a deeper colour, the border entire, waved. Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 181., E. B. t. 2157. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 50. HAB. On rocks, stones and walls. Walls about Edinburgh. King's Park, &c. In a young state very irregular in form; the middle roughish, warty, and occupied by the crowded fructification. Colour of the crust becoming paler in age, and the centre much cracked and dispersed; the segments or lobes of the circumference are thus often detached. 10. L. saxicola, crust subimbricated, scaly, somewhat rugose, , uneven, pallid green, radiated and lobed in the circumference; fructification extremely crowded, the disk plane, yellowish brown or subochraceous, with a border at length crenate and waved. Ack. Syn. Lich. p. 180. Smith, E. B. t. 1695. Hab. On rocks and walls. King's Park, Maughan. Crust very regular in form, orbicular, and except a small part of the cir. cumference, almost covered by the fructification ; where, however, the crust is visible, it is warty, cracked, and uneven. Lobes radiating, regu- lar, convex, sublinear, ultimately nearly plane, lobato-crenate, waved. Colour varying from white to pale yellowish. 11. L. elegans, crust subimbricated, plicato-rugose, of a yel- low orange-colour, surface naked, lobes linear, somewhat divided, flexuose, convex, radiated; disk of the fructification rather con- cave, nearly the same colour as the crust; border entire, sub- inflexed. Ach. Syn, Lich. p. 182. Smith, E.B. t. 2181. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. P. 56. HAB. On rocks and stone-walls. About Edinburgh. In the King's Park. Crust rarely completely circular; the segments of the lobes linear, some- what dilated, and cut at the apex Colour nearly the same on both sides. Disk of the fructification plane, the border a little raised, and free under- neath. 334 CRYPTOGAMIA. LICHENES. LECANORA. 12. L. galactina, crust subimbricated, rugulose, whitish; lobed and crenate at the circumference; fructification crowded, angular, the disk plane, brownish flesh-colour, pruinose, with a raised, and at length crenate, flexuose border. Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 187. B. dispersaz crust interrupted, granulated, uneven, and sub- cinereous, or wanting ; fructification scattered, the disk plane, glaucous brown, or black, with a thin, raised, crenulate border. Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 188. Lichen crenulatus, Smith, E. B. t. 930. HAB. Rocks, walls, and stones, particularly such as are calcareous. Com- mon on walls about Edinburgh, Maughan. The lobes of the crust are most perfect in the youngest specimens; in old age they disappear. Crust extended, and almost obliterated by the fruc- tification, which is excessively crowded, and more or less distorted by mutual pressure. In ß the fructification is often smaller, the disk vary- ing in colour, and the border crenulate. The crust in this var. is fre. quently quite absent. *** Imbricated. 13. L. crassa, crust scaly, pale or brownish green, lobes im- bricated, inciso-crenate, waved, irregular; disk of the fructifi- cation plane or slightly swelling, brownish orange, in age much darker, the border narrow, entire, at length vanishing. Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 190. Smith, E. B. t. 1893. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. P. 5). HAB. On rocks and stones, and on the ground. King's Park, Lightfoot. Pentland Hills. This species varies somewhat in its character in different situations. When growing on the ground, or stones covered with soil, every part is larger, the lobes rounder and thicker, and the fructification larger than when attached to naked rocks. In the latter case the crust is paler, and often of a glaucous hue; in this state it is most common in the King's Park. 14. L. candelaria, crust scaly, yellow, lobes crowded, lace- rato-laciniate, imbricate, with the margins pulverulent or gra- nulate ; fructification rarely plane, of the same colour as the crust, with an elevated entire border. Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 192. Smith, E. B. t. 1794. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 51. HAB. Trunks of trees, rocks, walls, and stones. King's Park, Maughan. Crust irregular ; lobes variously laciniate, toothed, crisped, very crowded, of the same colour on each side, the margin always pulverulent. In a young state the fructification is somewhat paler, in old age somewhat darker than the crust, and scarcely rising above the entire border. 15. L. Hypnorum, crust scaly, dark greenish brown, lobes minute, roundish, irregular in form, with their edges granulated and crenulate; fructification submembranaceous, the disk con- cave, at length plane, dilated, reddish brown, border raised, in- flexed, crenate. Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 193. Smith, E. B. t. 1740. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 51. 3 PARMELIA. CRYPTOGAMIA. LICHENES. 335 HAB. On the ground, and on decaying mosses. Rosslyn wood, Maughan. Pentland Hills, in several places. Crust imbricated throughout with round, shapeless scales or blunt granular lobes. 16. L. brunnea, crust imbricated, lobes somewhat granulated, greyish brown; fructification innate in the crust, very crowded and irregular in its form, disk rather convex, reddish brown, the border raised, crenulate, persistent. Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 193. Smith, E. B. t. 1246. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 51. HAB. On the ground; tops of earthen dikes, &c. Pentland Hills, Maughan. Wall-tops at Colinton. Crust imbricated throughout, and often so much granulated as to conceal the appearance of lobes; the innate fructification and persistent border is sufficiently characteristic to prevent confusion. 105. PARMELIA. Ach. * Lobes not inflated at their extremities. (Circinaria.) 1. P. glomulifera, plant cartilaginous, rigid, orbicular, livid, smooth, bearing dark green, tufted, stipitate excrescences, to- mentose beneath; lobes waved and laciniate; fructification red- dish brown, border rugose. Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 195. Smith, E. B. t. 293. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 52. Hab. Old trees. Pentland Hills, Maughan. Humby woods. One of the larger species with a pale glaucous livid hue, very smooth, and conspicuous from the singular excrescence-like bodies scattered on its sur- face. Substance firm and rather brittle. Lobes sinuous, much rounded at the extremity. Fructification rare. 2. P. caparata, plant orbicular, pale greenish yellow, rugose, at length granular, beneath dark and hispid ; lobes plicate, waved, the segments entire, rounded ; fructification scattered, with an entire, incurved, and at length pulverulent, border. Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 190. Smith, E. B. t. 654. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. - p. 52 HAB. On rocks and trunks of old trees. Craigleith Hill, Maughan. Pentland Hills, but not in fructification. This species is almost as large as the preceding, but not nearly so coria- ceous nor so regular in its general figure. Surface moderately smooth, but traversed by flexuose lines or ruga, generally more or less granular or pulverulent; beneath it is thickly set with short dark fibres. 3. P. perlata, orbicular, pale glaucous, or greenish white, naked, beneath blackish brown, slightly villous ; lobes rounded, cut, plane, margin subplicate, entire ; fructification reddish, the border narrow, very entire. Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 197 Smith, E. B. t. 341. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 52. . HAB. On trunks of trees. Swanston wood, rare. Membranaceous, smooth, but not shining. Lobes subimbricated, broad, and rounded at the extremity. Fructification somewhat cyathiform, and of rare occurrence. 936 CRYPTOGAMIA. LICHENES. PARMELIA, 4. P. herbacea, orbicular, membranaceous, naked, pale be- neath, with a brownish down; lobes waved, cut, roundish- spreading, subcrenate; fructification reddish, with a rugoso crenate, inflexed border. Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 198. Hook Fl. Scot. 2. p. 52. Lichen late-virens, Smith, E. B. t. 294. HAB. Trunks of trees. Auchindenny woods. Very smooth on the upper surface, and of a bright green colour, which changes in drying to a greenish grey. Fructification plentiful, scattered ; the disk concave, at length plane, the border thicker in age. 5. P. olivacea, orbicular, dark olive, rugulose, rough with raised points, paler, and brownish beneath, and subfibrillose ; lobes radiating, adpressed, plane, dilated, rounded, crenate ; fructification nearly plane, similar in colour to the frond, the border crenulate. Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 200. Smith, E. B. t. 2180. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 52. HAB. On trunks of trees, rocks, stone-walls, &c. common. Craigcrook, Colinton and Swanston woods, Maughan. Remarkably fine on old trees near Braid Hermitage. This lichen adheres very closely to trees and rocks. The raised punctiform appearance, noticed in the character, is not invariably present, and to- wards the extremity of the lobes most usually wanting. Colour occa- sionally varying from dilute olive to deep olive brown. Sometimes in old age, the whole plant, but particularly the centre, has a densely pul- verulent appearance. 6. P. parietina, orbicular, bright yellow, paler beneath, and subfibrillose ; lobes radiating, adpressed, plane, dilated at the extremity, rounded, crenate, crisped; fructification of the same colour, with a very entire border. Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 200. Smith, E. B. t. 194. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 52. HAB. On rocks, walls and trees, very abundant. A very distinct species, and conspicuous from its bright yellow colour. 7. P. omphalodes, orbicular, dark brown, or even nearly black, shining, dotted with black, rough with black fibres be- neath ; lobes waved, multifid, linear, plane, subtruncate, cre- nate in the circumference; fructification brown, with a subcre- nate border. Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 203. Smith, E. B. t. 604. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 53. HAB. On rocks, common. Pentland Hills, very abundant. A large species, frequently covering in an uninterrupted manner a large space of rock. Lobes densely imbricated, and very black beneath, with a close fibrous surface. Fructification in old age, turning black, having an inflexed border, which is more or less irregularly crenate. It is fond of exposed situations, and is thick and brittle. 8. P. saxatilis, orbicular, ash-coloured, roughish, pitted and reticulated, beneath black and fibrillose; lobes imbricated, waved, divided, plane, subretuse, dilated, rounded; fructification red- 3 PARMELIA. CRYPTOGAMIA. LICHENES. 337 p. 53 dish brown, with a crenulate border. Ach. Syn. Lich. . p. 203. Smith, E. B. t. 603. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. . HAB. On rocks, stones, walls and trees, very common. Abundant in fruit on the trees at Braid Hermitage, and on stones occasionally in the Pentland Hills. Plant as large as the preceding, often widely spreading over large stones and branches of trees, in a most irregular manner. Lobes either narrow or broad, sinuous and multifid, truncate at the extremity and rolled back, rarely rounded. Upper surface reticulated with rough and elevated lines, with intermediate pits. In old age it becomes pulverulent and granu- lated. Fructification rather rare, large, and flexuose in an old state. 9. P. aquila, orbicular, reddish brown, paler beneath, bearing black fibres; lobes multipartite, sublinear, convex, dilated to- wards the circumference, where they are nearly plane and cre- nate; fructification dark brown, with a crenulate border. Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 205. Smith, E. B. t. 982. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 54. HAB. On rocks, particularly near the sea. King's Park, Edinburgh, Lightfoot. Caroline Park; Braid Hermitage and Pentland Hills, Maughan. Coast of Fife, between Burntisland and Kirkaldy. Near Granton, and on Cramond Island. Plunt rarely perfectly circular, but widely spreading, sometimes minutely dotted with black, turning blacker in age and pale in decay, Margin of the lobes not unfrequently eroded or lacerated. Fructification generally rare, but not unfrequent in this vicinity. It is difficult to procure good specimens of this lichen from its brittleness. 10. P. recurva, stellate, pale, rather greenish, bearing sore- , dia (or collections of naked sporules), furnished beneath with a spongy mass of black fibres; lobes divided at the circumference into a great number of very narrow, convex, and almost cylin- drical segments; fructification reddish brown, with a subentire border. Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 206. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 54. Lichen incurvus, Smith, E. B. t. 1375. HAB. On rocks, Dunearn. Plant between cartilaginous and membranaceous, dry, brittle, bearing he. mispherical soredia of the same colour as the frond. Margin of the lobes reflexed, so as to render them subcylindrical. Disk of the fructification smooth, shining, the border narrow, but, from being inflexed, appearing thicker. 11. P. conspersa, orbicular, pale greenish or greyish yellow, smooth, dotted with black, beneath brown and fibrillose; lobes waved, somewhat divided, rounded, plane, crenate ; fructifica- tion confined to the centre, reddish brown, with a subentire bor- der. Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 209. Smith, E. B. t. 2097. Hook. Fl, Scot. 2. p. 55. HAB. On rocks and stones. Corstorphine Hill; Craigleith, Maughan. Pentland Hills. Coast of Fife, above Burntisland. A distinctly marked species, of considerable size and pleasant colour; crack- ing in the centre with age, and becoming covered with a great number Y 338 CRYPTOGAMIA. LICHENES. PARMELIA. of very minute lobes, mingled with pulverulent excrescences; not unfre- quently the center cracks away, and leaves nothing but the foliaceous circumference. Fructification often plentiful, and distorted from mutual pressure. 12. P. pulverulenta, stellate, glaucous green, pruinose, dark beneath, and tomentoso-hispid; lobes linear, multifid, plane at the circumference and adpressed, waved, retuse at the extre- mity; fructification dark and glaucous, with a flexuose and en- tire border. Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 214. Smith, E. B. t. 2063. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2, HAB. On trunks of trees, common. Braid Hermitage. Avenue leading to Blackford House. Swanston wood, &c. Plant membranaceous, cracking irregularly in the centre when old. Lobes radiating, and continued almost from the centre, linear, multifid, prui- nose, closely adpressed; the fibrillä beneath straight, black, sharp and his- pid. When this lichen is moistened, the bloom disappears, but returns on drying 13. P. stellaris, stellate, at length rugoso-plicate, greenish ash- colour, white beneath with greyish fibres; lobes sublinear, some- what convex, cut, multifid; fructification dark and glaucous, with an entire, and at length flexuose, crenate border. Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 216. Smith, E. B. t. 1697. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p p. 55. p. 55. Ach. Syn. HAB. Trunks and branches of trees, common. Swanston wood, and elsewhere about Edinburgh, abundant. An elegant lichen, submembranaceous, very cinereous. Fructification having a neat appearance, from the contrast of the dark disk with the pale bor- der. The student must not confound this with Borrera tenella, which is always distinguished by the segments being ciliated. 14. P. cæsia, stellate, greyish white and glaucous, soredife- , rous, ash-coloured beneath, with black fibres; segments linear, cut, multifid, convex, but plane at the extremities; fructifica- tion subconcave, black, with a subinflexed border. Lich. p. 216. Smith, E. B. t. 1052. Hab. Rocks, stones, and trunks of trees. King's Park, Maughan. Frond subcrustaceous, membranaceous, orbicular; segments pinnatifid, sub- imbricated, plane and inciso-crenate at the extremities. Soredia hemi- spherical, white or glaucous, scattered over the whole surface. The fruc- tification is rare. 15. P. cycloselis, orbicular, greenish grey, fibrous and black beneath ; lacinia imbricated, nearly plane, multifid, eroso-cre- nate, somewhat ciliate, the margin sometimes raised; fructifica- tion very dark, the border raised, entire. Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 216. Lichen cycloselis, Smith, E. B. t. 1942. Hab. Trees, pales, walls. Top of the wall near Colinton, on the Edin- burgh road. Frond growing very close to the stone or bark, about an inch broad, of a BORRERA. 389 CRYPTOGAMIA. LICHENES. livid grey colour ; segments numerous, narrow, with black scattered cilia at the margin, which is generally more or less pulverulent. ** Lobes inflated at their extremities. 16. P. physodes, substellate, glaucous white; lobes imbri- cated, sinuato-multifid, convex, glabrous, inflated at the extre- mity and ascending, beneath naked, blackish-brown; fructifica- tion reddish, or sometimes of an orange flesh-colour, with an entire border. Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 218. Smith, E. B. t. 126. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 56. . . Hab. On trees and rocks. Pentland Hills, Maughan. Swanston wood, in fructification. This plant cannot be mistaken for any other. The lobes are much branched, linear, and swollen in a remarkable manner at the apex. Fructification more or less concave, sometimes large, with a thin inflexed border. 106. BORRERA. Ach. 1. B. ciliaris, greyish green ; lobes or laciniæ linear, branched, attenuated, ciliate at the extremities, whitish beneath and chan- nelled ; fructification subterminal, the disk concave, at length plane, dark, fuscous, pruinose, with a crenate and fimbriate border. Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 221. Smith, E. B. t. 1352. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 56. HAB. On trees, sometimes on rocks. Auchindenny and Rosslyn woods. Dalkeith ; about Kirkliston. Lobes or lacinia branched, entangled, ascending, ciliate at the extremity, with long black fibres. Fructification large, fixed by a thick central process to the ultimate lobes; in old age the margin becomes very irregularly fimbriate. 2. B. tenella, greyish white, naked, and of the same colour on both sides, substellate; lobes or laciniæ pinnatifid, ascend- ing, dilated, arched and ciliate at the extremity ; fructification scattered, the disk plane, glaucous or pruinose, black, with an entire border. Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 221. Smith, E. B. t. 1351. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. 56. HAB. On trees and rocks. Swanston wood. Common on stone-walls on the Pentland Hills. Circular and stellate, imbricated. The entire border of the fructifica- tion, much smaller in size, and (usually) pale coloured fibrillä at the ends of the laciniæ, serve to distinguish this lichen from any other na- tive species. 3. B. furfuracea, greyish or brownish green, farinaceous, la- , cinia branched, irregularly linear, attenuated, beneath channel- led, rugose, naked, and purplish black; fructification submar- ginal, cyathiform, the disk reddish, with a thin and inflexed border. Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 222. Smith, E. B. t. 984. Hook. Hook, Fl. Scot. 2. p. 56. HAB. On trunks of trees. Swanston wood. p. Y 2 340 CRYPTOGAMIA. LICHENES. CETRARIA. Plant membranaceous. Lacinia arising from a common centre in a tufted manner, convex on the upper surface, rarely broad and nearly plane, covered with a grey farinaceous substance. Fructification rare, and not found in this neighbourhood. 107. CETRARIA. Ach. 1. C. glauca, glaucous, somewhat shining, sinuate and lobed, beneath blackish brown; lobes cut, lacerate, complicate, curled, ascending; fructification raised, reddish-brown, with a rugulose border. Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 227. Smith, E. B. t. 1066. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 57. Hab. Trunks of old trees and rocks. Pentland Hills, Maughan. Plant membranaceous, very complicate, curled, and laciniate, whitish glau- cous or greenish; lacinia broad or narrow, with sometimes a granular surface. Fructification not conspicuous, and of rare occurrence. 2. C. islandica, olive-brown, bright reddish or pale at the base, whitish beneath ; lobes suberect, irregularly linear, multi- fid, canaliculate, dentato-ciliate, the fertile ones dilated; fructi- fication adpressed, plane, of the same colour as the frond, with a raised entire border. Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 229. Smith, E. B. t. 1330. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 58. . 2 Hab. On the ground in subalpine countries. King's Park. Corstorphine; Dalmahoy ; Pentland Hills, Maughan. Lobes numerous, crowded, erect, and tufted ; the edges either naked, or fringed with short teeth. In the recent state the base is often of a bright orange or red, but in drying turns to a greyish white. In maturity and old age the fructification (which is rare) is large and dilated. 108. STICTA. Schreb. 1. S. pulmonaria, olive green, reticulated, with hollows or pits between the reticulations, villous beneath, with pale and naked eminences; lobes sinuate, divided, truncate; fructifica- tion submarginal, the disk reddish, border subrugose. . Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 233. Smith, E. B. t. 572. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 58. Hab. On trunks of old trees. Pentland Hills, Maughan. Humby wood, Upper surface nearly smooth, somewhat shining, lacunose; beneath papu- lose, with little eminences, which are whitish, and the interstices villous and fuscous. 2. S. scrobiculata, suborbicular, blueish or brownish grey, broad, smooth, scrobiculate, greyish beneath, and downy, with naked white spots ; lobes roundish ; disk of the fructification reddish, with a subcrenate border. Ach. Syn. Lich. p p. 234. . Smith, E. B. t. 497. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 59. Hab. On rocks and the trunks of trees. Pentland Hills, Maughan. Plant coriaceo-membranaceous; lobes very rounded and broad in the young state, and springing from a centre; afterwards spreading in a more irre- gular manner; the margin sometimes crisped, often pulverulent. Upper PELTIDEA. CRYPTOGAMIA. LICHENES. 341 surface impressed with scrobicular lacunæ or hollows, and bearing nume- rous small grey soredia. Fructification small and very rare. 3. S. limbata, orbicular, glaucous brown, rounded, and some- what lobed, greyish and pulverulent at the margin, villous be- neath ; disk of the fructification ferruginous. Ach. Syn. Lich. . p. 286. Smith, E. B. t. 1104. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 59. Hab. Trunks of trees and rocks among moss. Braid Hermitage, Sir J. E. Smith. Moist rocks near Balmuto. Plant subrotund, inciso-lobate ; lobes much rounded, flexuoso-plicate, some- times with an inflexed margin; the pulverulent spots called soredia being most frequently confined to the edge or near it. 109. PELTIDEA. Ach. 1. P. venosa, small, roundish, green, grey beneath, with branched, excurrent, fuscous veins; lobes rounded, divided, sub- entire; fructification marginal, plane, round, somewhat tumid, subcrenulate, obscure or reddish-brown. Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 237. p Smith, E. B. t. 887. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 59. Hab. On the ground, or on moist rocks. Habbie's How, in the Pent- land Hills, very rare. This is a small and beautiful species, and cannot be mistaken for any other It rarely exceeds an inch in diameter. 2. aphthosa, green, smooth, with small scattered brown warts, reticulated beneath with black veins; fertile lobes longer than the barren ones, and somewhat dilated at the extremity; fruc- tification large, red, ascending, with a sublacerate border. Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 238. Smith, E. B. t. 1119. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. a p. 60. HAB. On the ground, among moist rocks and old trees. Pentland Hills, Mr Yalden. Near Habbie's How. A large species, with great and widelyspreading lobes. Fructification ter- minal, very large in old age, transversely oblong, and generally revolute at the sides. Towards the margin of the lobes beneath, the surface is white, nearly naked, or but slightly veined. 3. P. canina, greenish ash-colour, reticulated beneath with grey-fuscous veins; fertile lobes longer than the barren ones, with the edges reflexed; fructification terminal, suberect, revo lute, red, the border thin, subcrenulate. Ach. Syn. Lich. Smith, E. B. t. 2299. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 60. B. rufescens, polyphyllous, concave, reddish-brown, pale red- dish-white beneath, with obsolete veins; lobes rounded, incur- ved, fertile lobules short; fructification terminal, erect, roundish, dark brown, with a nearly entire border. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. . p. 60. P. canina. B.? (Hook). Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 239. Lichen rufescens, E. B. t. 2300, HAB. On the ground, hedge-banks, roofs of old thatched cottages, &c. p. 239. 342 CRYPTOGAMIA. LICHENES. EVERNIA common. B. In the same situations, but most common in such as are rather exposed. Plant sometimes large; the surface appearing under the microscope as if formed of a web of slender fibrilla. Underneath it is very white and beautifully reticulated with downy veins. Fertile lobes suberect, and re- flexed, thus rendering them tubuloso-canaliculate. Colour varying from red to brown, or even black; the margin very thin, subentire or crenu- late. 4. P. polydactyla, glaucous green, naked, glabrous, reticu- lated beneath with fuscous veins; the fertile lobules very nume- rous, elongated with terminal fructification, of an obscure reddish- brown colour ; margin revolute. Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 240. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 60. HAB. On the ground, wall-tops, particularly in subalpine countries. Wall at Craighouse, near Edinburgh. Frond smooth and somewhat shining ; the veins towards the extremities of the lobes of a dirty white. Main lobes rounded, the fertile lobules produced from the margin in a digitate manner, extremely numerous, long, nar- row, the reflexed margins rendering them canaliculate beneath, or even almost tubular. Fructification rounded and reflexed in a similar manner. 110. EVERNIA. Ach. 1. E. prunastri, white or palish, branches or lacinciæ dicho- tomous, multifid, somewhat ascending, linear, attenuated, plane, , rugose, slightly pitted; beneath, very white and subcanalicu- late; disk of the fructification light reddish brown. Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 245. 245. . Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 61. Smith, E. B. t. 859. Lichen stictoceros, E. B. t. 1353. HAB. Trunks of trees. Rosslyn and Colinton woods, Maughan. Auchin- denny woods, Swanston wood. Plant of a rather soft consistence, somewhat tufted, drooping. Fructification rare, generally marginal, always sessile at first, but less so, and very concave in age. 111. CENOMYCE. Ach, * Plant subcrustaceous, uniform. Podetia, subsimple, short, rarely bearing fructification. (Pycnothelia.) 1. C. papillaria, subcrustaceous, uniform, granulated, grey- ish ; podetia ventricose, glabrous, white, simple or branched, the branches very short, confluent and subfastigiate ; fructifica- tion minute, reddish-brown. Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 248. Smith, E. B. t. 907. HAB. On the ground, in moist heathy places. Drumshoreland Moor, Maughan. Plant a granulated crust, the granules sometimes plane and imbricated. Podetia papilliform, swelling, generally barren, fragile, simple, or at most producing 2-3 short branches. Whole plant seldom half an inch in height. CENOMYCE. 343 CRYPTOGAMIA. LICHENES. ** Plant foliaceous. Podetia fistulose, expanding at the sum- mit, and cup-bearing, or attenuated and subulate ; cups closed with a membrane. (Scyphophora.) † Fructification brown or pale. 2. C. alcicornis, foliaceous, pale glaucous or greenish, seg- ments subpalmate, ascending, subdentate, obtuse, inflexed, pi- lose at the margin ; podetia elongato-turbinate, all cup-bearing, smooth, cups regularly crenate, and becoming at length folia- ceous and proliferous; fructification brown. Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 250. Smith, E. B. t. 1392. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. 62. HAB. Heaths, rocks. Dunearn. Pentland Hills. Plant cartilaginous, thickish, variously laciniate; lacinia sublinear, ob- scurely dentato-crenate at the margin, generally split at the extremity P. and inflexed. 3. C. cervicornis, foliaceous, glaucous green, segments erect, multifid, narrow, subdentate; podetia cylindrical, short, gla- brous, brownish, at length black, all cup-bearing; cups small, entire, somewhat plane, proliferous from the centre; fructifica- tion marginal, sessile, brownish-black. Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 251. Smith, E. B. t. 2574. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 62. HAB. On the ground, in heathy and rocky places. Pentland Hills, Sir J. E. Smith. Dunearn. Plants growing in broad tufts, composed of erect and densely crowded seg- ments; segments narrow, glaucous green on one side, white on the other, and black at the base. The podetia seldom rise more than 2 or 3 lines above the segments. The fructiferous masses are minute, simple and sessile, rarely conglomerated. 4. C. pyxidata, foliaceous; segments crenulate, ascending ; podetia turbinate, cupbearing, glabrous, at length granular, rough, greenish grey ; cups regular, the margin proliferous; fructification brown. Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 252. Smith, E. B. t. 1393. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 62. HAB. Heaths. Old walls, &c. Pentland Hills. About Colinton. Podetia in young plants, short, obconical; the base elongated in old plants, pulverulent, granular, subsquamose, pale or greyish. Cups large, cam- panulate, margin somewhat entire or dentate; fructification at first mi- nute, afterwards larger, occasionally very large, always obscure brown. Except in old plants this species is not very frequently proliferous. 5. C. fimbriata, foliaceous, segments small, crenate ; pode- tia elongated, cylindrical, cupbearing occasionally, subulate, very slender, pulverulent, white; cups cyathiform, regular, the mar- gin very entire and crenate, at length proliferous ; fructifica- tion brown. Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 254. Smith, E. B. t. 2438. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 62. B. cornuta, podetia elongated, subulate, simple or branched, 344 CRYPTOGAMIA. LICHENES. CENOMYCE. pulverulent, white, substerile. Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 257. Lichen cornutus, E. B. t. 1836. HAB. Heaths on the ground, and among rocks and on old stumps of trees. Near Edinburgh, Sir J. E. Smith. Rosslyn and Auchindenny woods. A more slender and taller plant than C. pyxidata, and the margin of the cups far more irregular, being in this species dentate, serrate, or fim- briate. 6. C. anomaa, foliaceous, ash-coloured, brittle, segments im- bricated, minute, crenate ; podetia cylindrical, rough and folia- eous, cups turbinate, closed, at length dilated and radiate; fructification marginal, sessile or stalked, brownish-black. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 63. Smith, E. B. t. 1867. Cenomyce gonorega, y. anomaa, Ach. Syn. p. 259. HAB. On the ground in heathy places. Pentland Hills, Sir J. E. Smith. Whole plant from half an inch to one inch in height, seldom naked, but rough and scabrous; scarcely any vestiges remain of the lower cups, but the summits of the podetia are deeply cleft and dilated in a cyathiform manner. The whole is obtuse, and the fructification subglobose and con- glomerated, large when old. 17. C. gracilis, foliaceous, segments very minute ; podetia elongate, subulate, sterile and cup-bearing, smooth, greenish- brown, cups toothed at the margin, at length proliferous; fruc- tífication brown. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 63. Smith, E. B. t. 1264. Cenomyce ecmocyna e gracilis, Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 63. . HAB. Heaths, on the ground. Pentland Hills. Plant subsimple, erect, crowded, and greyish-white in a young state, after- wards branched, but always filiform, greenish or greyish brown. Cups, when present, radiato-dentate at the margin, the fructification on the api. ces of the teeth, small and dark brown. ++ Fructification scarlet. 8. C. digitata, foliaceous, segments minute, expanded, round- ed, crenate; pulverulent beneath, as well as on the cylindrical, yellow-green podetia ; cups narrow, the margin subincurved, pro- liferous, at length large, and the proliferous portions irregular. Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 267. Smith, E. B. t, 2439, Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. * p. 63. HAB. On the ground in heathy places, and stumps of old trees. Pent- land Hills. Cups large and irregular, digitate in a radiate manner, at length becoming almost obsolete, the processes more or less patent, and sometimes branched. Fructification placed on the digitate processes, minute, in very old speci, mens larger, and dark red. 9. C. deformis, foliaceous, minute, segments rather broad, cut, crenate, naked beneath ; podetia long, thick, subventricose, sulphur-coloured, subpulverulent, cup-bearing; cups narrow, CENOMYCE. CRYPTOGAMIA. LICHENES. 345 crenato-dentate, at length dilated and torn ; fructification ses- sile, pedicellate. Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 268. Smith, E. B. t. 1394. p Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 63. p Hab. On the ground in heathy places. Pentland Hills, Maughan. An irregular plant, from 1 to near 3 inches in height. From C. coccifera it differs in the form of the cups; the fructification, the toothed margins, and in being dilated below the cups. Podetia generally very thick, some- what club-shaped, minutely pulverulent, very rarely cylindrical and scaly. 10. C. coccifera, foliaceous, segments minute, rounded, cre- nate, naked beneath; podetia elongato-turbinate, naked, rough with small warts, pale, greyish yellow or grecnish, all cub-bear- ing; cups cyathiform, with spreading fertile margins ; fructifi- cation large, at lengtla podecillate. Ach. Syn. Lich.p. 269. Smith, E. B. t. 2051. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 63. B. cornucopoides, podetia short, cup-shaped; cups dilated, crisped and foliaceous; fructification subpodicillate, at length pro- liferous. HAR. On the ground in heathy places, and on banks and stumps of trees in alpine woods. Podetia much resembling those of C. pyxidata, but somewhat longer, and the margin of the cups less dilated. Colour pale yellowish; the surface pul- verulent. Fructification in a very old state sometimes blackish red. 11. C. bellidiflora, foliaceous, segments minute, inciso-crenate, naked beneath ; podetia elongated, cylindrical, rigid, glabrous, foliaceo-squamose, pale, all cup-bearing; cups narrow, the mar- gin fertile and proliferous; fructification crowded and conglo- Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 270. Smith, E. B. t. 1894. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 64. HAB. On the ground in heathy and mountainous places. Pentland Hills. Podetia covered with beautiful foliaceous eroso-crenulate scales; enlarging and swelling out in old age, and much elongated, from 1 to 3 inches in height. The bright red, large and conglomerate fructification, renders it very conspicuous. *** Plant foliaceous or scarcely so. Podetia (in the dry state), cartilaginous, rigid, fistulose, all attenuated, subulate, branch- ed, their axils generally perforated. (Cladonia.) 12. C. racemosa, podetia elongated, smooth, becoming squa- mose, greenish white, at length inflated, curved, branched ; branches lax, subsecund, with diverging thorn-like apices ; fruc- tification brown and pale. Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 275. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 64. Hab. On heaths. Pentland Hills, Lightfoot North side of Orrock Hill. Branches of the podetia deflexed, curved, somewhat waved and ascending : ultimate and sterile ramuli forked. Little hook-like spines generally merate. 346 CRYPTOGAMIA. LICHENES. BEOMYCES. Lich. p. p. 276. occur on various parts of the podetia. Fructification subglobose, dilute brown. 13. C. furcata, podetia elongated, smooth, livid reddish brown, dichotomous, the axils not perforated ; branches aciculate, cur- ved, the apex forked, diverging, fructification brown. Ach. Syn. 276. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 64. . p HAB. On heaths, and in old barren woods. Dunearn. Pentland Hills. Pretty common, and sufficiently well marked. 14. C. uncialis, podetia elongate, glabrous, pale, dichotomous, axils perforated, open, the summits of the branches patent, short, rigid; fructification terminal, brown. Ach. Syn. Lich. Smith, E. B. t. 174. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 64. HAB. On the ground in heathy places. Glassmont. Pentland Hills. A small plant scarcely more than an inch high, with very short, spreading, rigid branches; pale yellowish white. This species is, in this vicinity, pretty constant to its character. 15. C. rangiferina, podetia elongate, cylindrical, erect, rather rough, ash-coloured, branched, the axils often perforated; ulti- mate ramuli subdiverging, incurved or nodding at the apex; fructification subglobose, brown, clustered. Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 277. Smith, E. B. t. 277. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 65. HAB. On the ground in heathy places, abundant. Common on the Pentland Hills. This is the most common, and one of our largest species, being 3-6 inches in height. The stems are of a small diameter and cylindrical; the branches and branchlets rather short, not unfrequently subsecund. The drooping summits are an excellent character. 112. BOEOMYCES. Ehrh. 1. B. roseus, crust uniform, warty, hoary; podetia very short, ; cylindrical ; fructification subglobose, pale flesh-colour. Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 280. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 65. B. ericetorum, Smith, E. B. t. 372. Hab. Heaths and banks in subalpine countries. Pentland Hills, rare. A very distinct species ; larger than the following. 2. B. rufus, crust uniform, rugose and granulated, pulveru- lent, whitish or greenish grey ; podetia short, subcompressed ; fructification somewhat convex, at length conglomerated, red- dish-brown. Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 280. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 65. . P Smith, E. B. t. 373. HAB. Rocks, stones, banks, &c. Rosslyn and Auchindenny woods. Braid Hermitage. Well distinguished from the preceding by the darker coloured crust and fruc- tification. 113. ISIDIUM. Ach. 1. I. corallinum, crust tartareous, at length cracking, greyish- white; podetia minute, varying in length, cylindrical, smooth, STEREOCAULON. CRYPTOGAMIA. LICHENES. 347 simple or branched, disk of the fructification brownish-grey. Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 281. Smith, E. B. t. 1541. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. P. 66. HAB. Rocks and stones in alpine situations. Blackford Hill, Sir J. E. Smith. Pentland Hills, Maughan. In the latter habitat it is in some places very fine and abundant. The only species of this genus hitherto detected in this vicinity, and there- fore not liable to be mistaken. It sometimes covers a large surface of rock with its thick crust, the podetia of which are of small diameter, and sometimes so crowded as to render the summits only visible, and give the crust a papillose character. 114. STEREOCAULON. Schreb. 1. S. paschale, blueish-grey, branched, granulated, fibrillose ; branches crowded with short ramuli; fructification scattered and terminal, at length convex conglomerated, blackish-brown. Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 284. Smith, E. B. t. 282. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. , p. 66. Hab. Rocks, and on the ground in heathy places. Corstorphine and Pentland Hills, G. Don and E. Maughan. The only species in Scotland. St. botryosum of Acharius scarcely differs from this species; at least I have found plants exactly intermediate, on the Pentland Hills. 115. SPHÆROPHORON. Pers. 1. S. coralloides, pale brown, stem seldom divided, the branch- es lateral, elongated, lax, divaricate, forked, acuminate, fibril- lose ; fructification subglobose, smooth. Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 287. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 67. Lichen globiferus, Smith, E. B. t. 115. HAB. On rocks and on the ground in heathy and stony places. Pentland Hills. From 1 to 3 inches high. Lateral branches remarkably attenuated. 2. S. fragile, greyish, branched; branches dichotomous, short, crowded, fastigiate, naked, round, somewhat obtuse ; fructifica- tion globoso-turbinate, rather warty. Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 287. Smith, E. B. t. 2474. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 67. . HAB. Rocks and stony places in alpine situations. Pentland Hills. This species forms a dense tuft. It is much and shortly branched, the branches glabrous and cylindrical ; when sterile having their apex sub- obtuse ; when fertile, incrassated, and terminating in the fructification. The whole plant is very brittle, in which it differs from the preceding species, as well as in its much smaller size. 3. S. compressum, whitish, branched; branches compressed, set with naked subfibrillose ramuli; fructification subglobose, somewhat depressed above and smooth. Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 287. p Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 67. . 67. Lichen fragilis, Smith, E. B. t. 114. HAB. Rocks in subalpine countries. Dunearn. Somewhat intermediate between the two preceding species, but differing from both in the compressed frond. The branches are not unfrequently distichous. Fructification rare. 348 ALECTORIA CRYPTOGAMIA. . LICHENES. 116. ALECTORIA. Ach. 1. A. jubata, frond rounded, somewhat shining, livid brown or dark brownish-green, and even black, much branched ; branches filiform, pendulous, compressed at the axils; fructification of the same colour as the frond. Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 291. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 67. Smith, E. B. t. 1880. HAB. On rocks and trunks of old trees in subalpine situations. Pent- land Hills, Maughan. Swanston wood. Fructification rare, and very minute. Branches often much entangled, and the general appearance renders the common name which it has received of Mountain-hair very appropriate. 117. RAMALINA. Ach, 1. R. fraxinea, plane, linear-laciniate, grey, smooth on both sides, rugose, pitted, the ultimate segments lanceolate and atte- nuated; fructification marginal, pale flesh-coloured. Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 296. Smith, E. B. t. 1781. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2, p. 68. HAB. On the trunks and branches of trees. Common. The largest species we possess of this genus (from 2 to near 12 inches in length), and subject to considerable variation. The branches or seg- ments are sometimes expanded and broad, but always terminate more or less acutely; the rugose surface frequently assumes a reticulated ap- pearance, as in some of the Sticta. Fructification sometimes very large. 2. R. fastigiata, rounded or subcompressed, smooth, pitted, branched, greyish or glaucous white, branches thickened above and fastigiate; fructification terminal, white, sessile or slightly peltate. Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 296. Smith, E. B. t. 890. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 68. HAB. Trunks of trees, frequent. Swanston wood; Colinton and Gran- ton woods ; Corstorphine Hill; Braid Hermitage, and elsewhere. Growing in tufts, about an inch in height; the branches much crowded, incrassated upwards, and terminated by the plane or subconcave fructifi- cation, which is produced freely. Soredia (or naked powdery collections of sporules) have never been observed in this species. 3. R. scopulorum, frond compressed, smooth, somewhat pitted, branched, pale grey ; branches linear, attenuated; fruc- tification scattered, pedicellated, similar in colour to the frond. Ach, Syn. Lich. p. 297. Smith, E. B. t. 688. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 68. HAB. On rocks near the sea. Caroline Park; Coast of Fife about Petty- cur and Kirkcaldy; King's Park, and elsewhere. Frond 1-2 inches high, tufted, very rigid, brittle, more or less warty or scabrous, sometimes gibbous. Fructification for the most part lateral, and elevated on short stalks, plane at first, then convex and reflexed. Taste bitter. 4. R. farinacea, frond between rounded and compressed, smooth, somewhat pitted, bearing soredia, rigid, branched, CORNICULARIA. CRYPTOGAMIA. LICHENES. 349 ; greyish-white; branches linear and attenuated; fructification scattered, pedicellate, plane, subimmarginate, white. Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 298. Smith, E. B. t. 889. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 68. Hab. On trees. About Edinburgh ; Granton ; Swanston, Corstorphine, Rosslyn, and Auchindenny woods. Abundant. This species varies, says Acharius, with simple or multifid branches, or in being variously fimbriate or proliferous. It also differs considerably in being slender or robust, suberect or pendulous, nearly naked, or thickly covered with soredia. Fructification very rare. 118. CORNICULARIA. Ach. 1. C. aculeata, glabrous, brownish-chesnut, roundish, angu- lose, pitted, subcompressed, nearly naked; branches and branch- lets divaricated, flexuose, prickly; fructification reddish, with the circumference subdentate reflexed. Ach. Syn. Lich. p p. 299. B, spadicea, frond glabrous, chesnut-coloured, plano-com- pressed, somewhat pitted, margin denticulate ; branches and branchlets short, patent, attenuated; fructification reddish- brown, radiated with spinous processes. Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 300. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 69. Lichen hispidus, Smith, E. B. t. 452. HAB. Mountains and heaths, on the ground. Pentland Hills, not un. frequent. The whole plant is scarcely more than an inch high, much branched, the branches patent. It has a very prickly appearance, from the frequent, attenuated short ramuli, and the margin being fringed with subrigid short spines. Fructification obliquely peltate, inflated, with a radiate border. 119. USNEA. Dill. 1. U. florida, somewhat erect, rough, pale greyish or green- ish, set with fine horizontal fibres ; branches patent, nearly simple; fructification plane, very broad, whitish, ciliated, the ci- liæ radiating and elongated. Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 304. Smith, E. B. t. 872. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 70. HAB. On trees. Swanston wood, Maughan. A fine lichen, of 2-4 inches in length, and, from its rigidity, suberect habit, thicker branches, horizontal fibrillæ, more frequent and larger fructifica- tion, distinguished from the following species. 2. U. plicata, pendulous, smooth, pale, branches lax, much di. vided, subfibrillose, the ultimate ones capillary; fructification plane, broad, ciliated, the ciliæ slender, very long. Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 305. . Smith, E. B. t. 257. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 70. HAB. On trees. Balmuto; Pentland Hills; Drumshoreland Muir. It is very difficult to form an opinion respecting the species of this genus. Are the British ones actually distinct from each other? 350 COLLEMA. CRYPTOGAMIA. LICHENES. 120. COLLEMA. Hoffm. * Plant imbricated, plaited, suborbicular, composed of minute , lobes (which are thick and turgid in a moist state). (En- chylium). 1. C. crispum, suborbicular, the central lobes somewhat erect, granulated, those of the circumference depressed, larger, obtuse, crenulate; fructification scattered, rather concave, reddish, with a granulated margin. Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 311. Smith, E. B. t. 834. HAB. On the ground, and on rocks, &c. Walls about Edinburgh, Maughan. The different size of the central and external lobes is the most obvious character. Fructification in a young state often quite immersed. Colour varying, but generally more or less glaucous. 2. C. melænum, orbicular, substellate, imbricated; lobes torn and laciniate, with raised, waved, crisped and crenulate margins ; fructification marginal, plane, similar in colour to the frond, with the border granulated. Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 315. 315. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 71. Lichen marginalis (C. melænum B), Smith, E. B. t. 1924. HAB. Rocks. Walls, &c. about Edinburgh, J. Stewart. Gelatinous, black when dried ; lacinia long and radiating, imbricated, de- pressed, and, from the margins being somewhat elevated, canaliculate, very irregularly lobed, the lobes lacerate and crenate. Fructification when old reddish, and the disk dotted. ** Foliaceous ; lobesmem branaceous, blackish-green. (Latha- grium). 3. C. nigrescens, foliaceous, membranaceous, submonophyl- lous, orbicular, depressed, plaited in a radiate manner, roundly lobed, black-green; fructification central, crowded, at length convex, brownish-red, with a very entire border. Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 321. Smith, E. B. t. 345. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 71. HAB. Trunks of trees, and on rocks. About Edinburgh. Somewhat gelatinous, membranaceous, rugose and plicate on both sides, subpellucid, divided more or less deeply at the circumference into round- ed, entire and waved lobes. Fructification small, numerous, rather raised from the frond; in extreme age black. *** Foliaceous; lobes rounded, membranaceous, thin, glaucous grey, subdiaphanous. Fructification subpedicellate. (Lep- togium). 4. C. tremelloides, foliaceous, membranaceous, thin, subdia- phanous, lead-colour, obsoletely rugose and dotted ; lobes round- ed, cut, entire; fructification scattered, subpedicellate, plane, reddish, at length black, with a pale border. Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 326. Smith, E. B. t. 1981. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 72. 3 LEPRARIA. 351 CRYPTOGAMIA. LICHENES. HAB. Trunks of trees, or on the ground among mosses. Pentland Hills, rare. Gelatinous, membranaceous, marked with smooth impressions of obsolete ruga; lobes broad, rather long, with a cut and lobed margin, lax and crowded. Border of the fructification pale and entire. 5. C. lacerum, foliaceous, membranaceous, subdiaphanous, subrugose, glaucous; lobes small, subimbricated, torn, laciniate, toothed or ciliate; fructification scattered, somewhat concave, red, with a pale margin. Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 327. Smith, E. B. t. 1982. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. . p. 72. Hab. On the ground among mosses. Craiglockhart. Lobes much crowded and variously laciniate, so much so, that the general aspect of the species is liable to be much changed. Lacinia often erect, and frequently densely fimbriate, sometimes toothed or even elongated into very narrow crowded ciliæ. The whole plant is sometimes so dense and cushion-like, that, until it is torn asunder, the structure cannot be examined. 121. LEPRARIA. Ach. 1. L.? latebrarum, grey or whitish, crust forming dense, light, cushion-like tufts, composed of minute granules, intermixed with hyaline, jointed filaments. Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 331. Smith, E. B. t. 2147. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 73. . Hab. Rocks. Braid Hermitage, and in Ravelston wood, Sir J. E. Smith Pentland Hills. Crust extremely light, yet forming dense masses, an inch broad, and half an inch thick, spreading irregularly over shaded rocks.—Certainly not a Lepraria, but I confess myself at a loss to know what to do with it, as well as L. æruginosa, Jolithus, and Chlorina. 2. L.? æruginosa, light verdigris-green ; crust soft, light, pul- verulent, intermixed with branched, jointed, hyaline filaments. Smith, E. B. t. 2182. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 73. Conferva pulveria, Diliz. Conf. Syn. 78. t. D. Hab. Pillars of Rosslyn Chapel, Sir J. E. Smith. (It is abundant on the walls of the crypt). Crust 2–3 lines thick, widely spreading on damp walls, from which it may be separated with facility. Filaments very obvious under a microscope, bearing masses of clustered granules. This and the preceding have a si- milar structure. 3. L.? chlorina, crust thick, pulverulent, greenish-yellow, in the form of little conglomerated villous globules. Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 329. Smith, E. B. t. 2038. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 73. Hab. Rocks in shaded places. Arniston woods. Crust of considerable thickness, and soft texture, surface uneven. doubtful lichen: indeed the whole genus requires revision, and microsco- pical examination. 4. L. flava, spreading, even, thin, slightly cracked, very bright yellow, composed of naked, subglobose granules. Ach. . A very 352 CRYPTOGAMIA. HYPOXYLA. OPEGRAPHA. Syn. Lich. p. 330. Smith, E. B. t. 1350. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 73. HAB. Trunks of trees. About Edinburgh. Rosslyn and other woods, Maughan. The extremely bright yellow colour of this species, unmixed by any shade of even green or red, distinguishes it at first sight. 5. L. botryoides, crust thin, spreading, pulverulent, deep green, and composed of connected and clustered granules. Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 331. Smith, E. B. t. 2148. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 73. Hab. Trunks of trees, abundant everywhere. Too well marked to need farther description; the beaded manner in which the granules are connected is very striking, but the structure of the gra- nules themselves renders the propriety of retaining it in this genus ex- tremely doubtful. 6. L. nigra, crust filmy, greyish, granulated in patches, the granules extremely minute, in thin, even layers, quite black. Turn. & Borr. Lich. Brit. ined. p. 21. (fide Hook.) Smith, E. B. t. 2409. HAB. Trunks of trees, old paling, &c. Colinton wood, Maughan. Sufficiently distinguished by its colour. 7. L. cinereo-sulphurea, very thin, submembranaceous, whit- ish, with its surface scattered over with very minute, aggregated, granules, greenish-yellow at first, afterwards cinereous. Ach. p. 330. HAB. On the trunks of Scotch Firs. Swanston wood. The granules are yellow or greenish-white in the young state, becoming at length grey, or even brownish; scattered at first, but afterwards very crowded. Syn. Lich. XI. HYPOXYLA. De Cand. Grev. I. PSEUDO-LICHENES. Accompanied by a crust. Sporulife- rous mass obscure or not spontaneously emitted. 122. OPEGRAPHA. Pers. 1. O. vulgata, crust between cartilaginous and membrana- ceous, somewhat scaly, greenish-grey; fructification long or roundish, waved, somewhat shining, the disk very narrow. Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 73. Smith, E. B. t. 1811. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. . HAB. On trunks of trees, common. Crust very thin, smoothish, spreading irregularly in the clefts of the bark. Fructification without any peculiar direction. 2. O. notha, crust slightly cartilaginous, and somewhat pul- P. 43. 3 OPEGRAPHA. CRYPTOGAMIA. HYPOXYLA. 353 p. 72. verulent, white; fructification scattered without order, roundish or oval, the disk plane, at length convex, and almost obliterating the border. Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 76. Smith, E. B. t. 1890. HAB. Trunks of trees. Rosslyn woods, and at Braid Hermitage. This species is remarkable for the breadth of its disk, and narrow border. Crust very thin. 3 0. macularis, crust determinate, brownish-black; fructifi- cation minute, very crowded, roundish-elliptical, at length ru- gose and irregular; disk a mere cleft. Ach. Syn. Lich. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 43. O. epiphega, Smith, E. B. t. 2282. HAB. On the bark of trees, very common. No plant can be better marked than the present one. It forms black, rough-looking irregular spots, nearly an inch in length. 4. O. scripta, crust membranaceous, smooth, somewhat shining, whitish, with a black margin; fructification immersed, simple or branched, naked, furnished with a raised border formed by the crust. Smith, E. B. t. 1813. Graphis scripta, Ach. Syr. Lich. p. 81. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 43. HAB. On the smooth bark of trees, not frequent. Auchindenny woods. The linear and parallel branches of the fructification of this species have long been compared to Hebrew or Chinese characters, which in truth they strongly resemble. Crust greenish or brownish-white, growing only on smooth bark (the hazel and holly being mostly preferred). Disk smooth, broad.—This belongs to the genus Graphis of Acharius, but the generic distinction is, in my opinion, too subtle. 123. VERRUCARIA. Pers. 1. V. maura, crust exceedingly thin, smooth, cracked, black; fructification very minute, subglobose, immersed, the apex pro- minent, umbilicated, the interior blackish. Ach. Syn. Lich, p. 95. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 43. Lichen maurus, Smith, E. B. t. 2456. Hab. Stones on the sea-coast. Islands of the Frith of Forth, and the coast in various places. Crust widely spreading, without a regular margin, very thin, and full of mirute cracks; not separable from the stone. Fructification a more or less imbedded tubercle. 2. V. epidermidis, crust exceedingly thin, spreading, quite white; fructification minute, roundish, subelliptical, tubercles semi-immersed, the interior white. Ach. Syn. Lich. . p. 89. HAB. On the bark of the common Birch. Swanston wood. Crust spreading, without a margin, moist while on dead trees. Fructification minute black tubercles, the prominent portion convex-elliptical In a variety on dead bark, they are extremely minute. 3. V. nitida, crust very thin, cartilaginous, olive-green or brownish, smooth ; fructification numerous, hemispherical, some z 354 CRYPTOGAMIA. HYPOXYLA. PORINA what immersed, shining tubercles. Pyrenula nitida, Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 125. HAB. Trees. On hazel branches in Auchindenny wood. The fine shining black tubercles of this species are very conspicuous. The crust has often a reddish tinge, especially when the fructification is abun- dant. It has been described as a Sphæria by some authors. 124. PORINA. Ach, 1. P. pertusa, crust smooth, whitish or greenish-grey; fruc- tification spherules included in irregularly globose warts, open- ing by black orifices. Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 109. Hook. Fi. Scot. 2. p. 45. Lichen pertusus, Smith, E. B. t. 677. HAB. On trunks of trees, frequent. Crust thin, quite smooth. Warts of the same colour, smooth and somewhat polished, very prominent, sometimes almost conglomerated, marked with several minute, black orifices, communicating with as many spherules. p. II. PSEUDO-FUNGT. Destitute of a crust. Sporuliferous mass evident ; often escaping spontaneously. 125. RHIZOMORPHA. Roth. 1. R. subcorticalis, compressed, brown or black, shining, anas- tomosing, often broad and very extensive. Pers. Syn. Fung. 704. Rh. fragilis, Roth. Cat. Bot. 1. p. 232. Rh. patens, Sow. Fung. 392. f. 1, 2. HAR. Between the bark and the wood of trees, especially Firs in decay. The whole year. Extremely common. Variously anastomosing, and forming a rude network, extending for seve- ral feet, and surrounding the tree beneath the bark. The breadth of the main branches is commonly 1-2 lines, but it sometimes is as much as 4-6. The young branches are reddish-brown, and subcylindrical. 2. R. divergens, stem pale reddish, cylindrical, subflexuose, never anastomosing; branches spreading in all directions, free; fructification clavate, regularly patent. Clavaria phosphorea, Sow. Fung. t. 100. ?? Hab. Between the bark and the wood of the stumps of felled Fir trees. Drumshoreland Muir. Autumn. This, assuredly, is not the preceding, to which it bears no resemblance, ei- ther in the recent or the dried state. Fructification plentiful, about 2 lines long, arising from the branches at right angles, gently clavate, and pale at the apex: it is so abundant as to retain a quantity of soil or rotten wood, to remove which requires much patience. I do not think Sower- by's figure is the preceding species; nor am I convinced of its being the present one. 3. R. farinacea, long, straggling, remotely anastomosing, cy- lindrical, or subcompressed, white and pulverulent, reddish- brown within. HAB. In very decayed stumps of trees which are partly filled with soil, or decomposed. The whole year. Braid Hermitage, &c. XYLARIA. CRYPTOGAMIA. HYPOXYLA. 355 P. 4. The main stems very long, 1-) } lines thick, growing as much in the soil as on the wood, sending out capillary branches, anastomosing very irregu- larly at intervals of many inches, flexible and coriaceous when recent, and easily broken, but, when dried, ligneous and unyielding. It requires care and patience to procure a good specimen, as the stems must be fol. lowed by removing the soil and decomposed wood. 126. XYLARIA. Hill. 1. X. hypoxylon, gregarious, branched, compressed, black, white and farinaceous towards the apex, downy at the base. Sphæria hypox. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 5. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. Sow. Fung. t. 55. HAB. On the stumps of decaying trees; gate-posts, &c. near the ground, common. Extremely various in habit, simple or much branched, 1-3 inches long, acute at the apex, or dilated and laciniate. Sporules oval, small, in filia form tubes. 2. X. digitata, gregarious, somewhat tufted, black; peduncles glabrous, more or less united at their base ; receptacle cylindri- cal, terminated by a sterile, acuminate apex. Sphæria digitata, Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 6. HAB. Rotten stumps of trees, frequent. Whole plant 1-2 inches high, remarkable for the receptacle (or fertile pora tion) being placed intermediate between the base and apex. It does not always grow in a digitate manner, but often solitary. Spherules much larger than in the preceding. 3. X. polymorpha, black, gregarious, simple or divided ; pe- duncle passing into a ventricose receptacle, containing spherules beneath its whole surface. Sphæria polymorpha, Pers. Syn. , p. 7. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 4. Sph. digitata, Sow. p. 69. HAB. Rotton stumps of old trees, not frequent. Slateford. Variable in form ; 2-3 inches high, suberose, white within, and, when di- vided, exhibiting the black spherules in a beautiful marginal row. Re- ceptacle often half an inch thick, mostly obtuse at the apex. 127. STROMATOSPHÆRIA. Grev. * Receptacle free ; (not bursting through the bark). 1. St. concentrica, large, black, somewhat hemispherical, sur- face smooth, the orifices of the spherules scarcely at all raised ; within composed of regular concentric strata. Sphæria concen- trica, Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 8. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. P. 4. Sph. fraxinea, Sow. Fung. t. 160. HAB. On trunks, chiefly of Ash trees. About Edinburgh. About Edinburgh. Trees in the Meadows. Receptacle 1-2 inches in diameter, an inch or more high, a part of the inter. nal concentric lines whitish, but at length black and shining. Substance light and suberose. 2. St. deusta, large, pale and carnose, at length brownish- black and rigid, spreading, thick, undulato-rugose, the surface z 2 356 CRYPTOGAM. HYPOXYLA. STROMATOSPHÆRIA. p. 16. dotted with raised points. Sphæria deusta, Pers. Syn. Fung. . 16. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 5. Sph. maxima, Sow. Fung. 5 t. 338. HAB. On rotten stumps of fallen trees about Edinburgh, not frequent. Substance at first carnoso-coriaceous, whitish, pulverulent on the surface; when old, black and fragile. It is often 2 or 3 inches wide, and near half an inch thick, very unequal. 3. St. fusca, brown, hemispherical, depressed, somewhat con- fluent when crowded, the interior of the same colour; spherules very slightly prominent. Sphæria fusca, Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 12. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 5. HAB. On dead branches, chiefly of hazel, common. One to three lines broad, suberose, of a rusty brown colour, smooth, not shining, depressed, very rarely spherical. 4. St. undulata, black, thickish, undulato-rugose, whitish within; mouths of the spherules round, and somewhat promi- nent. Sphæria undulata, Pers. Syn. Fung: p. 21. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 5. HAB. On the decayed branches and trunks of trees, rare. Two inches broad or more, 1-2 lines thick. I have unfortunately mislaid the only specimens I gathered of this species, and can add no farther par- ticulars. 5. St. striaformis, black, gregarious, forming linear or oblong striæ, smooth; spherules very minute, without obvious mouths. Sphæria striæf. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 32. Hook. F1, Scot. 2. P. 6. HAB. On the dead stems of the larger herbaceous plants. About Edin- burgh. Striæ half a line to above a line long, parallel. Spherules globose, appa- rently without orifices, and quite concealed within the receptacle. 6. St. multiceps, black, irregular, mostly free, but sometimes bursting through the bark, spreading, confluent, thickish, green within; mouths of the spherules obtuse, granulated, prominent. Sphæria multiceps, Sow. Fung. t. 395. Har. On dead branches not unfrequent. Rosslyn and Auchindenny woods. Forming coal-black, irregular masses, generally on the outside of the bark, about half a line to a line thick. The inside is always yellow-green. Mouths of the spherules more or less prominent, but varying. ** Receptacle bursting through the bark. + Orifices of the spherules plane, or slightly prominent. 17. St. stigma, black, plane, spreading transversely on the branches, smooth, the inside whitish; mouths of the spherules not prominent. Sphæria stigma, Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 21. p. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 5. . STROMATOSPHÆRIA. CRYPTOGAM. HYPOXYLA. 357 HAB. On dead branches of hazel, and other trees, not unfrequent. Spreading, often quite round a branch, half a line thick, the surface smooth, cracked transversely. Mouths of the spherules nearly quite plane. 8. St. decorticata, black, plane, spreading longitudinally, white within ; mouths of the spherules somewhat prominent, conical. Sphæria decort. Sow. Fung. t. 137.? Sph. stigma, B, Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 21. HAB. On dead branches of cherry, hazel, and other trees, not unfrequent. Spreading much like the preceding, and often extending many inches, but always longitudinally, white within, half a line thick. 9. St. lata, black, plane, widely spreading, somewhat rugose, at first subdistinct, at length confluent, and united by a kind of irregular crust; mouths of the spherules conical, rough and an- gular. Sphæria lata, Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 29. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 6. . HAB. On wood, and dead trees; about Edinburgh. Spreading in an irregular manner for two or three inches, of an opake, dull black; not united at first by a regular receptacle, but gradually acquiring a sort of crust. 10. St. ulmaria, greyish-black, scattered, plano-convex, round- ish, parasitic on elm leaves ; surface papillose with the mouths of the spherules. Sphæria ulmaria, Sow. Fung. t. 374. f. 3. Sph. xylomoides, De Cand. Fl. Franç. Hab. On the fallen leaves of Elm trees, not unfrequent. One to two lines broad, more or less round, depressed, dotted to the naked eye with the numerous, somewhat prominent orifices of the spherules, which are quite white within. 11. St. disciformis, scattered, distinct, very gregarious, round, elevated, plane, dark brown, dotted with the orifices of the sphe- rules; orifices nearly plane, 2-4-cleft. Sphæria discif. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 24. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 5. Sph. depressa, Sow. Fung, t. 216. ? HAB. On dead branches of Beech, Hazel, and other trees, frequent. One to two lines broad; greyish within. Spherules oblong, some of them never reaching the surface. 12. St, elliptica, scattered, gregarious, rather large, elliptical, rusty-brown, smooth, minutely pulverulent, blackish and friable within; mouths of the spherules quite concealed. HAB. On dead branches of Birch trees, rare. Swanston wood. Three to five lines long, acute at each end, bursting transversely through the bark, convex, and rather turgid, quite even or slightly granulated with the concealed spherules.—A very distinct species. 13. St. ribesia, rather small, roundish-elliptical, dull black, bursting transversely through the bark, depressed, rugoso-sul- cate, surface minutely rough with the mouths of the spherules, Pers. Syn. Fung, p. 14. Hook. FI, Scot. 2. . p. 5. . 858 CRYPTOGAM. HYPOXYLA. STROMATOSPHÆRIA. Hab. On the dead stems and branches of the Red Currant, frequent. Half a line to near two lines in length, somewhat elevated, but with the surface nearly plane or depressed, and more or less transversely and ir- regularly furrowed. Spherules white within. 14. St. nigro-annulata, gregarious, distinct, bursting through the bark, which is marked with a narrow black ring; disk small, covered by an evanescent membrane, beneath white, pul- verulent, dotted with the black orifices of the immersed sphe- rules. Hab. On the dead branches of the Common Lime tree; not frequent. A beautiful species, of a depressed, conical figure, truncate at the apex, and splitting the bark into 2-3 acute lacinia. The black ring which sur- rounds the base is about a line and a half in diameter. tt Orifices of the spherules more or less spinose. 15. St. nivea, scattered, very gregarious, somewhat conical, roundish, the disk pulverulent, white; orifices of the spherules somewhat prominent and converging. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 38, Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 6. . HAB. On the dead branches of the Oak and White Thorn. Common. Small, not a line in diameter, prominent, whitish, splitting the bark trans, versely. Orifices of the spherules sometimes only papillose. 16. St. prunastri, deep black, bursting transversely through the bark, oblong, elevated; orifices of the spherules crowded, level-topped, acutely 4-sided, and grooved. Pers. Syn. Fung p. 37. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 6. HAB. On dead branches of the Sloe (Prunus spinosus), not unfrequent. Two to four lines long, one to near two lines broad, exhibiting a very dense, even mass of rather blunt spinous orifices. 17. St, quercina, black, round, much elevated, very grega- rious, the orifices thick, irregular, 4-sided. Pers. Syn. Fung. . p. 24. HAB. On dead Oak branches, occasionally. Very gregarious, distinct, but often almost contiguous, 1-2 lines broad, nearly a line high, whitish within. Orifices of the spherules varying in length. 18. St. ferruginea, black, gregarious, sometimes subconfluent, bursting transversely through the bark, ferruginous within ; orifices of the spherules erect, straight, cylindrical, spinose, Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 35. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 6. Hab. On the decayed branches of Hazel, frequent. One to three lines long, sometimes nearly round. Orifices unequal in length, either crowded or piercing the receptacle in a scattered manner. 19. St. corniculata, receptacle very small, black, spherules few, crowded with thickish, cylindrical, elongated, obtuse, co- CUCURBITARIA. CRYPTOGAMIA. HYPOXYLA. 359 arctate orifices, umbilicate at their apex, and piercing the bark Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 40. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 6. HAB. On dead branches of various trees, not unfrequent. Concealed beneath the bark, except the orifices, which are considerably ex- serted. Orifices pretty constantly umbilicate at the apex. 128. CUCURBITARIA. Gray. 1. C. Berberidis, black, elliptical-oblong, bursting longitudi- nally through the bark ; spherules seated on the receptacle, crowded, rugose, somewhat tesselated. Grev. Crypt. Fl. t. 84. Sphæria Berberidis, Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 52. HAB. On the dead stems and branches of the Common Berberry. One to three lines long, acute at each extremity. Spherules round, without an orifice, white within. 2. C. pinastri, clustered; spherules globose, dotted, red, at length black, at first immersed in the receptacle ; tubes contain- ing the sporules attenuated at each extremity. Grev. Crypt. Fl. t. 50. HAB. Dead branches of Spruce Fir. Rosslyn woods. Gregarious, very numerous, a line broad. Spherules at first immersed in the receptacle, at length more or less seated on its surface, irregularly clustered, the mouth very minute, and somewhat papilliform. 3. C. coccinea, very gregarious ; spherules minute, clustered, scarlet, oval, irregular in size, smooth, the mouth papilliform. Sphæria coccinea, Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 49. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p.7. HAB. On the dead branches of various trees, frequent. Varying much in size, being sometimes above a line broad, at others mere- ly consisting of the receptacle and two or three spherules. The fine co- lour, ovate form, and smooth surface of the spherules, distinguish the species. 4. C. decolorans, dull pale red; scattered or crowded on the receptacle; spherules globose, tuberculated and rugose. Spha- ; ria decolorans, Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 49. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 6. . Sph. fragiformis, Sow. Fung. t. 256. HAB. On dead branches of various trees, frequent. One to two lines broad, elevated. Spherules larger than in the preceding, well distinguished by their rugose surface. 129. CRYPTOSPHÆRIA. Grev. * Spherules collected into circular clusters. 1. Cr. faginea, black; spherules few, the mouths elongated, rough, converging. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 44. HAB. On dead branches of Beech trees, not unfrequent. Small. Spherules usually 4-8, the elongated mouths curved upwards ra. ther suddenly, and protruded through the bark. * 360 CRYPTOGAM. HYPOXYLA. CRYPTOSPHÆRIA. 2. Cr. pulchella, black ; spherules aggregated, forming a dense circle; mouths filiform, flexuose, converging, depressed. Grev. Crypt. Fl. t. 67. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 43. HAB. On dead trunks and branches of the Birch tree, and Wild Cherry, Two lines to above half an inch broad. Spherules globose, somewhat shining, with their mouths long in proportion to the breadth of the cluster. Mouths depressed, but ascending at the apex, and sometimes piercing the bark. ** Spherules more or less scattered, or simply aggregated. of Spherules with an orifice. 3. Cr. Gnomon, spherules few, aggregated, globose, black, the orifice suberect, filiform, shining, style-like. Sphæria Gno- mon, Pers. Syn. Fung, p. 61. HAB. On Hazel leaves while yet green, occasionally. Spherules minute, about a dozen growing together, sometimes in an irregu- lar circle, producing a yellow spot on the leaves. 4. Cr. acuta, black, shining, very numerous, ovate-conical, the mouth short, thick, cylindrical, piercing the epidermis like a black point; after the decay of the epidermis, the spherules are naked. Sphæria acuta, Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 62. HAB. On dead stalks of Nettles, rarely on other large herbaceous plants. Almost invisible while the epidermis remains, but afterwards the spherules are exposed, very numerous, almost crowded, acute to the naked eye, very harsh to the touch, and many resembling large-bellied bottles in miniature. 5. Cr. millepunctata, spherules black, minute, very numerous, globose, white within, immersed in the substance of the bark, the mouth very short, scarcely piercing the epidermis, which seems covered with innumerable black dots. HAB. On dead branches of the Ash tree, frequent. Nothing is visible of this species to the naked eye, but the black dots on the epidermis. The spherules, which are in the substance of the bark, fall with it. 6. Cr. Taxi, minute, scattered ; spherules depressed, the mouth very short, not exserted; epidermis of the leaf convex and slightly ruptured; sporules naked, extremely minute. Grev. Crypt. Fl. t. 13. Sphæria Taxi, Sow. Fung. t. 394. f. 6. HAB. On dead leaves of the Yew and Silver Fir; frequent. Spherules 4–8 on a leaf, forming a line on each side the midrib, the orifice very obtuse, and piercing either side of the leaf indifferently. 17. Cr. strobolina, black, roundish-oblong, scattered, bursting through the epidermis; orifice ? irregular, papillose. Sphæria strobolina, Moug. et Nest. Pl. Exsicc. No. 572. Hook. FI, Scot. 2. p. 8. . CRYPTOSPHÆRIA. 'CRYPTOGAM. HYPOXYLA. . 361 a HAB. On the scales of dead Fir cones. About Edinburgh. Very irregular, mostly oblong, the surface uneven. Orifice dubious. 8. Cr. Lauri, scattered, rather minute, plano-convex, black- ish, splitting the epidermis in the centre, and becoming umbili- cated; sporules naked, very minute. Sphæria Lauri, Sow. Fung. t. 371. f. 4. HAB. On the dead Leaves of the Common Laurel. Slateford and else- where. Scattered over the whole leaf, half a line broad, circular, rather prominent, the epidermis so closely attached and transparent as to seem a part of the plant, but splitting at the apex into 2-4 laciniæ. 9. Cr.? bifrons, scattered, black, shining, plane, the margin slightly raised, the epidermis united with the plant, and burst- ing at the centre into 3–5 acute segments; sporules naked, ob- long, in 3-5 distinct masses. Sphæria bifrons, Sow. Fung. t. 316. HAB. On dead leaves of the Holly. About three-fourths of a line broad, occupying the whole substance of the leaf, and the epidermis of each side appearing as if incorporated with it. The interior is solid, dark brown, the centre containing mostly three ovate masses of sporules, which escape generally by the upper, but often by the under, surface. 10. Cr. aurantia, gregarious, often crowded; spherules yel- lowish, globose, somewhat carnose; mouths short, cylindrical, very obtuse, exserted, surrounded at their base by an orange web. Sphæria aurantia, Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 68. . HAB. On decaying Agarics and Boleti, rare. Newliston woods, Messrs. Wauch and Greville. Spherules succulent; mouths papilliform, penetrating a filamentous stratum. 11. Cr. Tamariscinis, scattered, under the epidermis, which is very convex and ruptured in the centre; mouth very short, ob- tuse, not exserted; sporules oval, in filiform tubes. Grev. Crypt. Fl. t. 45. Hab. On the dead branches of Tamarix germanica, in the garden of Da- vid Falconer, Esq. Carlowrie. Spherules globose slightly depressed, their black colour appearing through the epidermis. 12. Cr. semi-immersa, scattered, globose, with a very short, rounded, umbilicated mouth ; at first the mouth only visible, at length the spherule itself semi-exserted, falling out in decay, and leaving a cavity. Sphæria semi-immersa, Pers. in litt. HAB. On dead branches of Honeysuckle. About Edinburgh. Unequally scattered, black, shining, the older spherules intermixed with the young ones, the latter appearing like mere dots. 13. Cr. Herbarum, spherules minute, scattered, very nume- rous, black, round, depressed, orifice papilliform, piercing the 362 CRYPTOGAM. HYPOXYLA. CRYPTOSPHERIA. epidermis like minute dots, at length naked when it decays. Sphæria Herbarum, Pers. Syn. Fung: p. 78. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 7. Hab. On the dead stalks of large herbaceous plants, especially on the Umbelliferæ ; very common. Minute, very gregarious, mostly round, sometimes oval, depressed, often almost plane, the orifice very small 14. Cr. nebulosa, spherules excessively minute, scattered, forming dark greyish, cloud-like, longitudinal spots on the smooth stalks of plants, the orifice somewhat acute, penetrating the epidermis. Sphæria nebulosa, Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 31. : . Hab. On the stalks of large herbaceous plants, as various Lilies, Day- lilies, &c.; frequent. Spots half an inch long or more, 2-3 lines broad, forming a grey ground on which the orifices of the spherules appear like deep black scattered dots. tt Spherules without an evident orifice. 15. Cr. capillata, parasitic on the leaves of dead grasses ; scattered, brown-black, white within, flatly hemispherical, the apex furnished with a tuft of black, rigid, diverging hairs. Grev. Crypt. Fl. t. 69. Sphæria capill. Nees, Syst. t. 43. f. 346. HAB. On the dead leaves of Holcus mollis. Auchindenny woods. Very minute, but the black tufts of bristly hairs quite obvious, being one- third of a line broad. 16. Cr. Ægopodii, scattered or in small groups, minute, blackish, roundish, producing pale spots on the leaf. Sphæria Ægopodii, Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 89. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. . p. 8. Hab. On the leaves of Ægopodium Podagraria, while yet green, frequent. Spherules of unequal size, rugose under the microscope, black and somewhat shining 17. Cr. punctiformis, scattered, very gregarious, punctiform, somewhat shining, rarely dehiscent. Spharia punctif. Pers, . Syn. Fung. p. 90. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 8. HAB. On dead Oak, Ivy, and other leaves; frequent. Very numerous, generally producing white spots on the leaf, collapsing. The var. on Ivy leaves (which may prove distinct) is larger, and often dehiscent, besides the leaf being of an uniform colour. 18. Cr. microscopica, excessively minute, very gregarious, so as to form dark cloud-like irregular spots on the leaf. HAB. On dead leaves of Portugal Laurel. About Edinburgh. Finely punctiform. Cloud-like spots at first circular, at length confluent, the spherules very crowded, shining. 19. Cr. glauco-punctata, spherules very numerous, puncti- form, glaucous or blueish-black, rendering the leaf pale. HAB. On dead leaves of Ruscus aculeatus. Slateford. SPHÆRIA. CRYPTOGAMIA. HYPOXYLA. 863 Spherules very minute, rendering the leaf somewhat clouded; under the microscope shining, somewhat dehiscent, and with a white point in the centre. 20. Cr. nitida, punctiform, black, collected into small groups, prominent, convex, very shining: Hab. On living leaves of Geranium robertianum. Not unfrequent about Edinburgh. Scarcely appearing to be of this genus at first sight, but the epidermis really surrounds the spherules, and is closely united to them. Under a pocket-lens, the highly polished spherules are very striking. 130. SPHÆRIA. Haller. * Spherules with an orifice. + Spherules not hairy. 1. S. spermoides, black, globose, nearly smooth, crowded, the orifice minute, slightly papilliform. Grev. Crypt. Fl. t. 6. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 75. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 7. HAB. On rotten wood, not unfrequent. Spherules opake, black, usually excessively crowded. Sporules oblong, escaping in the form of a white powder. 2. S. Peziza, fine red, minute, smooth, gregarious, globose, with a very minute papilliform orifice; spherules at length col- lapsed and concave.Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 66. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p.7. p. 7. HAB. On dead, rather dry wood, frequent. Spherules growing in very irregular clusters, extremely minute, brittle. 3. S. Doliolum, black, scattered, gregarious, roundish-ovate, acute, shining, the mouth papilliform. Pers. Syn. Fung, p.78. Hook. Fl. Scot, 2. Hab. On dead stalks of large herbaceous plants, especially the Umbelli- feræ. Spherules scattered, or so crowded as to be contiguous, somewhat conical, the mouth round, papilliform. 4. S.? Patella, much scattered, black, cylindrico-globose, plane at the apex when moist, when dry collapsed, the margin rounded and plicate, Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 76. Hook. FI. Scot. 2. p. 7. HAB. On the dead stalks of large herbaceous plants, chiefly the Umkel- liferæ, after the epidermis has been removed. Spherules attached by the whole base, elevated, somewhat shining, remark- ably concave from collapsion.--This plant scarcely belongs to the genus ; the sporuliferous tubes within are erect and fixed. +t Spherules hairy, or arising from a hairy stratum. 5. S. byssiseda, rather large, brownish-black, shining, globose, with a papilliform orifice, arising from a dense, brown, filamen- 364 CRYPTOGAMIA. HYPOXYLA. SPHÆRIA. tous stratum, which sometimes partly envelopes the spherules. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 67. Hab. On dead branches of trees. Abercorn Park, Duddingston. Filamentous stratum, widely spreading, Spherules numerous, often very crowded, nearly a line in diameter. 6. S. hirsuta, gregarious, somewhat clustered, quite black, spherules roundish-ovate, somewhat tuberculate, with short, ri- gid, scattered hairs; orifice obtuse. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 73. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 7. Hab. On dead branches, wood, &c. Rosslyn woods. Spherules small, the hairs short, black, shining, appearing to be disposed in fasciculi. 7. S. pilosa, spherules minute, crowded, roundish, when young appearing like one mass of diverging brown hairs, at length al- most naked towards the apex, and black; orifice minute papil- liform. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 73. Hab. On dead wood in shady mossy places. Braid Hermitage. Sporules covered with rigid, diverging, shining hairs, which in age seem to be, as it were, worn off by attrition. 8. S. calva, black, gregarious, hemispherical, minutely gra- nulated, the apex naked, somewhat shining, the base hairy; ori- fice papillose. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 74. HAB. On dry rotten branches and dead stalks of large herbaceous plants. Auchindenny woods. Spherules somewhat depressed, sessile on rather a broad base; when young covered with hairs, the upper half becoming quite naked. 9. S. aurea, gregarious very crowded, ovate, somewhat acu- minate, orange; orifice indistinct, but the sporules escape in a pulverulent form. Grev. Crypt. Fl. t. 47. HAB. On decaying large fungi. On the pileus of Polyporus squamosus, Newliston woods, Messrs Wauch and Greville. Spherules very minute, smooth, densely crowded into clusters several lines broad, and spreading irregularly. Sporutes in filiform, hyaline tubes. ** Spherules without an evident orifice. 10. S. moriformis, gregarious, obovate, deep black, smooth, tuberculated. Pers. Syn. Fung: p. 86. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 8. Sph. claviformis, Sow. Fung. t. 337. HAB. On dead wood and decayed branches, not unfrequent. Spherules often contiguous, and arranged in lines, at other times more ge- nerally scattered, of different sizes, very rugose. 11. S. rugosa, minute, black, scattered, globose, very rugose , and tuberculated, parasitic on the pileus of Polyporus abietinus, Grev. Crypt. Fl. t. 39. HAB. On dead Polyporus abietinus, rare. Carlowrie. POLYSTIGMA. CRYPTOGAMIA. HYPOXYLA. 365 Spherules globose or oval, so rugose as to be almost tesselated. Sporules subglobose, in filiform hyaline tubes. 12. S. pulvis-pyrius, spherules black, minute, very numerous, crowded, roundish, somewhat tuberculate, and often with a transverse furrow. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 86. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. . . . p. 8. HAB. On dead, dry wood, frequent. Spherules minute, very black, seed-like, generally so crowded as to be conti. guous. 131. POLYSTIGMA. Pers. 1. P. rubrum, reddish-orange, plane. Pers. in Moug. et Nestl. No. 270. De Cand. Fl. Franç. v. 5. p. 164. Xyloma rubrum, Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 9. HAB. On the living leaves of Prunus spinosus. Auchindenny woods. Two to four lines broad, plane, somewhat carnose, of an irregular form, the surface dotted with the orifices of the fructification. 2. P. typhinum, pale yellow-orange, investing the culms of living grasses. De Cand. Mem. du Mus. d'Hist. Nat. v. 3. Sphæria typhina, Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 29. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. P. 6. Hab. On the culms of living grasses, occasionally. Investing the culms of grasses for half an inch or more, carnose, pale at first, at length yellow, the surface slightly granulated. 132. NÆMASPORA. Pers. 1. N. Carpini, spherules depressed, black, immersed, sporules large, ovate, escaping in the form of thick, black tendrils. Sow. Fung. t. 376. HAB. On dead branches of Hornbeam, Sycamore, and other trees. Car- lowrie. Tendrils irregular, large, often nearly an inch long. Sporules dark-coloured under a high power of the microscope. 2. N. filamentosa, spherules very small, grey-black; sporules excessively minute, dust-like under a high magnifying power, escaping in the form of long, capillary, entangled, dull orange tendrils. Hab. On dead branches. About Edinburgh. Tendrils half an inch long or more, slender, tortuous, tenacious. Sporules pale yellowish when highly magnified. 3. N. Rosarum, spherules waved when divided horizontally, elevating the epidermis, orifice blackish, with a cottony margin; sporules very minute, forming a single, short, slightly tortuous whitish tendril. Grev. Crypt. Fl. t. 20. HAB. On dead branches of most Roses; frequent. Minute, slightly prominent, somewhat regularly scattered. Spherules black- 3 366 CRYPTOGAMIA. HYPOXYLA. PHACIDIUM ish-brown. Sporules under a high magnifying power dust-like, and almost colourless. 133. PHACIDIUM. Fries. 1. Ph. coronatum, orbicular, subhemispherical, depressed, black, dehiscent in numerous acute segments; disk pale green- ish or yellowish. Grev. Crypt. Fl. t. 52. Xyloma pezizoides, Pers. Syn. Fung: p. 105. Peziza comitialis, Šow. Fung. t. 118. HAB. On dead Oak and Beech leaves in woods, frequent. Scattered, at first resembling a plane black circular spot, nearly a line broad; at length bursting in the centre, the segments becoming erect and slightly revolute. In dry weather it is generally closed. 2. Ph. dentatum, four-sided, small, black, on whitish spots on the leaf, splitting into 4-5 acute segments; disk dingy. Schm. et Kunze, Mykol. Hefte, p. 41. Sphæria punctiformis, 7, Pers. . y Syn. Fung: p. 91. Xyloma lichenoides, De Cand. Syn. Fí. Gall. p. 53. HAB. On Oak leaves in woods. Rosslyn woods. White spots on the leaf, about a quarter of an inch broad, on which 3-6 plants are scattered, much smaller than the preceding. 134. STILBOSPORA. Hoffm. 1. St. microsperma, black, granulated, irregularly ovate, at length shapeless ; sporules ovate, attenuated at each extremity. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 96. HAB. Mostly on dead branches of Beech, but also on various other trees, not unfrequent. Scattered, black, bursting through the bark, somewhat tuberculated. 2. St. biloculata, black, roundish, bursting through the bark ; sporules ovate, obtuse, 2-celled. HAB. On dead branches of Furze (Ulex europeus), frequent. Scattered, sometimes crowded, dull black, raised, the surface plano-convex. 135. HYSTERIUM. Pers. 1. H. quercinum, bursting through the bark, oblong-elliptical, flexuose, somewhat ventricose, greyish-brown. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 100. HAB. On dead Oak branches, frequent. Auchindenny and Rosslyn woods. Gregarious, bursting through the bark in no particular direction, 2-3 lines long. 2. H. pulicare, gregarious, black, oblong or roundish-ellipti- cal, obtuse, somewhat striate. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 98. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 8. Hab. On the rugged bark chiefly of Oak trees. Braid Hermitage. At first sight resembing an Opegrapha, but there is no crust; very grega- rious, lying on the bark in all directions. Sporuliferous tubes clavate, con- 3 HYSTERIUM. CRYPTOGAMIA. HYPOXYLA. 367 taining 3-4 yellow, narrow, pyriform bodies, divided by several articula- tions. 3. H. angustatum, gregarious, linear, narrow, parallel, smooth, of a dull black. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 99. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 8. Hab. On dead wood and stumps of trees where the bark has fallen ; rare. Slateford. Minute, very narrow, 1-2 lines long, growing in a lon gitudinal dirction Substance rather soft. 4. H. Fraxini, convex, tumid, oblong-elliptical, very black, disposed in a subconcentric manner; sporules large, oblong, yellow. Grev. Crypt. Fl. t. 72. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 100, Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 8. Sphæria sulcata, Šow. Fung. t. 315. HAB. On dead Ash branches, frequent. Slateford, Craiglockhart, &c. At first bursting through the bark, at length naked, corneous, obtuse. Spo- rules 6-8 in clavate tubes. 5. H. Pinastri, minute, oval-elliptical, depressed, the margin plane, paler, often bounded by a darker line, the centre slightly raised. Grev. Crypt. Fl. t. 60. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. xxviii. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 8. Hab. On dead leaves of various species of Fir, but chiefly the Scotch. Fir. Very common. Scattered, growing longitudinally on each side the leaf, scarcely a line long. black. Sporules oblong, minute. 6. H. Juniperi, very minute, oval, shining, somewhat plane, growing longitudinally on the leaf; sporuliferous tubes clavate, acuminate at the apex. Grev. Crypt. Fl. t. 26. HAB. On dead leaves of the common Juniper. Pentland Hills. Regularly oval, parallel with the nerve of the leaf, the dehiscence not ex- tending to the extremities. 17. H. gramineum, very minute, linear-elliptical, black, most- ly on the ribs of the leaf or culm. Pers. Grev. Crypt. Fl. t. 87. HAB. On the dead leaves and culms of various grasses, common. Gregarious, growing longitudinally and parallel, oblong or linear elliptical Sporuliferous tubes few. 136. XYLOMA. Pers. * Large, compound, confluent. 1. X. acerinum, black, spreading in large irregular spots, which are either uniform, or composed of somewhat distinct dots; dehiscence irregular and rugose. P Pers. Syn. Fung. p. . 104. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 9. X. punctatum, Pers. I. c. p. 104. . HAB. On living leaves of the sycamore. (Acer pseudo-platanus), very common. Spots from one-fourth to above half an inch broad, quie black, the surface rugose, marked in age with gyrose lines. Perithecia contiguous, varying in form, mostly linear-flexuose, not always bursting. 368 CRYPTOGAMIA. HYPOXYLA. ASTEROMA. 2. X. salicinum, large, irregular, very thick, black, white within. Pers. Syn. Fung: p. 103. HAB. On living leaves of Salix capræa, not common. Rosslyn woods. Spots very thick, solid, firm, from one-fourth to half an inch broad, of no regular form, somewhat shining, the surface unequally rugose. ** Small, mostly punctiform, distinct, gregarious. 3. X. salignum, gregarious, sometimes crowded, roundish, slightly convex, brown, at length blackish. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 106. Hab. On decaying leaves of Salix capræa, not unfrequently ; Rosslyn woods. Spots about one-third, rarely half a line broad, at first pale yellowish-brown. 4. X. populinum, gregarious, rarely scattered over the whole surface, flattish, irregular, smooth, dull black. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 107. HAB. On the leaves of the aspen, not common. Near Kirkliston. Brownish at first, at length opake black, of no regular form, nearly a line broad. 5. X. Geranii, scattered, black, unequal in size, plane, the surface rugose, and somewhat papillose in the centre. HAB. On the living leaves of Geranium sylvaticum. Auchindenny woods. From half a line to a line broad, dull black, rarely crowded. 6. X. fagineum, minute, crowded, often in circular groups, round, black, shining, plane, rugose. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 107. HAB. On dead leaves of the beech, (Fagus sylvaticus). About Edin- burgh. Balmuto. Extremely minute, quite black, very shining under a pocket magnifier, the centre depressed. 7. X. alneum, very minute, regularly scattered, black, shining, round rugoso-papillose, within convex. Pers. Syn. Fung: p. 108. Hab. On the living leaves of Alnus glutinosus, rather rare. Rosslyn and Auchindenny woods. Punctiform, regularly distributed mostly over the whole leaf, without any disposition to become crowded in particular parts. 8. X. concava, minute, roundish, regularly scattered, black, shining, smooth, the upper half separating. Sphæria concava, Sow. Fung. t. 307. HAB. On dead leaves of the holly, very common. About one-fourth of a line broad, roundish, the upper half at length sepa- rating, and the lower one becoming concave after the escape of the spo- rules. 137. ASTEROMA. De Cond. 1. A. Ulmi, filaments black, radiating, subdichotomous, at AMANITA. CRYPTOGAMIA. FUNGI. 369 length covered with confluent, rugoso-plicate, shining black tu- bercles. HAB. On living leaves of the different species of elm. Not unfrequent. From 1-3 lines broad, the filaments distinct at the circumference, their branches divaricating. 2. A. Alchemillæ, filaments very minute, extremely fine, branched; at length bearing subdistinct black tubercles ; pro- ducing a pale spot on the leaf. HAB. On living leaves of Alchemilla vulgaris. Auchindenny woods. One or two lines broad. Filaments so fine as often to be almost invisible to the naked eye, previous to the production of the tubercles. The pale on the leaf is the best guide to it. XII. FUNGI. Link. Grev. . Div. I. Plants zvith a pileus or cap ; hymenium on the under surface, in the form of straight, simple lamellæ, (gills,) (AGARICOIDEA). 138. AMANITA. Dill. 1. A. muscaria, margin of the pileus striated, orange-red, shining, warty, rarely naked; volva vanishing, scaly ; stipes bul- bous. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 253. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 19. Agari- Cus muscarius, Sow. Fung. t. 286. Fries, Syst. Mycol. v. 1. p. 16. HAB. Borders of woods, in autumn. Swanston wood, &c. It is not surprising that this splendid fungus should have received the name of Imperialis from Batsch, for there is no one which so well deserves pre- eminence. The pileus varies occasionally in colour, from blood-red to orange, whitish and brown; 3-7 inches broad, fleshy, convex, at length nearly plane. Lamella white, broad. Stipes 4-9 inches high, 1-1 inch thick, white, or pinkish, solid, or with a slight cavity, bulbous. Veil in the form of a deflexed collar. a a 139. AGARICUS. SERIES I. Veil variously formed, or none. Lamellæ not chan- ging colour, mostly white. Sporules white. (Leucosporus, Fries.) A. Furnished with a veil. Sect. 1. (LEPIOTA, Pers.) Veil general, forming a subpersistent annulus. Stipes subsolid or filled with a fi- brous mass, the surface fibrillose. Pileus more or less fleshy, ovate, becoming campanulate, at length spreading and umbonate. Lamella unequal, white, in a few varieties sometimes yellow.–Solitary fungi* growing on the ground, not speedily decaying. * One species Ag. melleus, is an exception, and grows often in dense clus- ters, though sometimes single ; and Ag. granulosus is occasionally found grow- ing 2 or 3 together from the same root. Аа 370 CRYPTOGAMIA. FUNGI. AGARICUS. 1. Ag. procerus, large; pileus scaly, lamellæ distant, white; stipes very long, bulbous, collar free. Curt. et Hook. Fl. Lond. ed. 1. & 2. with a fig. Sow. Fung. t. 190. Pers. Syn. p. 257. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 23. Fries. Syst. Mycol. v. 1. P. 20. Hab. In open woods, in autumn. About Rosslyn, Carlowrie, &c. Pileus 3-7 inches broad, spreading, broadly umbonate, dingy white, with dark scurfy scales formed out of the epidermis. Lamella distant, white. Stipes long, cylindrical, firm, half an inch thick, somewhat scaly, hollow, but filled with a silky fibrous mass. Annulus free, thicker at its lower margin. A very fine Agaric, with a good deal of the habit of an Amanita. In some of the Highland birch woods it grows in prodigious abundance. 2. Ag. clypeolarius, inodorous ; pileus white, with the epi- dermis broken into feruginous scales ; lamellæ white, numerous; stipes subsquamose; collar mostly fugacious. Sow. Fung. t. 14. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 23. Fries, Syst. Mycol. v. 1. p. 21. Ag. colubrinus, Pers. Syn. Fung: p. 258. Hab. In woods, borders of shaded fields. Duddingston, rare. Pileus 1-2 inches broad, whitish, with reddish scales, umbonate. Lamella white, free, very numerous. Stipes 2-3 lines thick, 2-3 inches long, whitish or pale brownish, covered, more or less, with minute evanescent woolly scales, somewhat bulbous at the base. Collar generally vanishing. Whole plant without taste or smell. Bearing some resemblance to Ag. procerus, but smaller and more delicate. It varies much in size. The annulus is sometimes very fugitive, but I have also seen it persistent, and even free, as in Ag. procerus. 3. Ag. cristatus, highly odorous, surface of the pileus white, with reddish scales; lamellæ distinct ; stipes smooth; collar fu- gacious. Bolt. Fung. t. 7. Fries, Syst. Mycol. v. 1. p. 22. Ag. colubrinus, var. y. Pers. Syn. Fung. 259. HAB. In bare places in woods, orchards, &c. At Foxhall, near the river side, Captain Wauch. Garden at Millburn. Autumn. Much smaller than the preceding. Pileus -14 inches across, white, um- bonate, epidermis collected into reddish, and often revolute scales. La- mella white, rather numerous, free. Stipes 14 inches high, scarcely 2 lines thick, silvery white or pale reddish, smooth, Collar fugacious. Taste and smell strong and ungrateful. 4. Ag: granulosus, pileus, with furfuraceous scales, reddish- yellow ; lamellæ fixed, white; stipes subsolid, covered below the veil with squarrose scales. Pers. Syn. Fung: p. 264. Fries, Syst. Mycol. v. 1. p. 24. Ag: croceus, Sow. Fung. t. 19. HAB. In woods, especially among fir-trees, in Autumn. Swanston wood. Balmuto. Pileus convex, becoming nearly plane, reddish-yellow, rough with scales, sometimes smooth in the centre, ?-1} inches broad, obtusely umbonate, Lamella yellowish-white, adnate with the stipes, numerous. Stipes 2-3 lines thick, 2-3 inches high, nearly straight, firm, subfistulose at the top, and somewhat thicker at the base, rough from the annulus downwards with squarrose, brownish scales.-Growing sometimes in small clusters. of 3 or 4 together, but generally single and scattered. AGARICUS. 371 CRYPTOGAMIA. FUNGI. 5. Ag, melleus, tufted, rarely single; pileus dingy yellowish or reddish, rough with scales formed of black, rigid, fascicu- lated hairs ; lamellæ slightly decurrent; stipes whitish, fibril- lose, with a large annulus. Bolt. Fung t. 141. Fries, Syst. Mycol. v. 1. p. 30. Ag. stipitis, Sow. Fung. t. 101. . Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 20. Ag. polymyces, Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 269. HAB. At the roots of old trees, particularly such as have been felled, and sometimes singly on the ground in woods. Woods at Carlowrie and Newliston. Balmuto, growing gregariously in an open field. Autumn. Pileus spreading, margin mostly rounded and substriate, umbonate, 2-6 inches broad, brownish-yellow, dingy olive, or reddish brown, rough and almost bristly with scales of fasciculated black hairs. Lamellæ dingy white, becoming tinged with red, more or less decurrent, and sometimes forming regular streaks on the stipes down to the collar. Flesh rather thick white. Stipes 3-6 inches long, half an inch or more thick, firm, solid, somewhat incrassated at the base, generally whitish, or with a reddish tinge, fibrillose or slightly scaly. Collar large, persistent, spread- ing. Sporules very numerous. SECT. 2. (LIMACIUM, Fries.) Veil general, slimy, thin, extremely fugacious. Stipes firm, solid, or filled with a spongy mass, somewhat scaly or spotted. Pileus fleshy, convex, becoming more or less plane, firm, very slimy when young. Flesh white. Lamella always adnate with the stipes and decurrent, thickish, distant, unequal, white.--Fungi of a mo- derate size, solitary, growing on the ground, autumnal, not quickly decaying. 6. Ag. eburneus, white ; pileus smooth, umbonate; lamellæ broad, distant, very decurrent ; stipes white, scurfy, solid, be- coming hollow in age. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 364. Fries, Syst. Mycol. v. 1. p. 33. Ag. virgineus, Sow. Fung. t. 32. and Ag. . . . nitens ? t. 71. and Ag. cossus, t. 121. HAB. In open pastures, rarely in woods. Autumn. Common about Edinburgh. Pileus white, smooth, slimy when young and in wet weather, shining when dry, 1-2 inches broad, more or less umbonate, the margin turning up in age. Lamella distant, white, thick, very decurrent, broad. Stipes 1-3 inches high, slightly crooked, firm, scurfy or nearly smooth, often at- tenuated at the base, solid, becoming hollow in age. SECT. 3. (TRICI (TRICHOLOMA, Frics.) Veil very fugacious, partial, fibrillose or floccose. Stipes fleshy, firm, scaly, fibril- lose, or with the fibres so arranged as to produce a striated appearance. Pileus fleshy, either. compact, hemispherical, at length spreading, rounded, gc, thinner and campanulate while young : margin thin, at first inflexed, and united with the veil. Lamelle unequal, juiceless, posteriorly obtuse. --Large fungi, remaining . a considerable time, solitary or gregarious, mostly growing on the ground. Many are esculent. 7. Ag. rutilans, pileus obtuse, convex, deep yellow, more or less covered with crimson-red squamulose fibres; lamellæ round- ed, numerous, yellow; stipes solid or partly hollow, streaked with red. Pers. Syn. Fung: p. 320. Fries, Syst. Mycol. v. 1. . . p. 41. Ag. Xerampelinus, Sow. Fung. t. 31. A a 2 372 CRYPTOGAMIA. FUNGI. AGARICUS. HAB. In woods, on the ground about the rocks or stumps of felled trees, particularly firs. Swanston wood, and on Dundas Hill, in autumn. Pileus convex, rarely becoming quite plane, 2-5 inches broad, fleshy, but not hard, purplish or crimson-red at first, but as the epidermis separates, becoming partly of a deep yellow, with the woolly coloured remains of the epidermis scattered over it. Lamellæ numerous, broad, yellow, thick- ish, partly adnate with the stipes. Flesh yellow, rather spongy. Stipes firm, unequal, incrassated at the base, solid, rarely hollow, 2-4 inches high, 4- of an inch thick, yellow, variegated with red. B. Stipes destitute of a veil. Sect. 4. (RUSSULA, Pers.) Veil none. Stipes equal, smooth, firm, spongy within. Pileus with a fleshy disk and thin margin, hemispherical, becoming plane, with the centre depressed ; epidermis sometimes viscous. Margin only involute in the youngest state. Flesh firm, juice- less, white, with a subvesiculose structure. Lamellæ juiceless, either entirely equal, or with short ones intermixed, sometimes forked, thickish, somewhat rigid, yet brit- tle, sometimes appearing decurrent, from the stipes expanding into the pileus. Sporules occasionally yellowish.—Rather large fungi, rigid, remaining a consi- derable time, solitary, on the ground, chiefly occurring towards the end of summer. Colour of the pileus various. 8. Ag. nitidus, pileus thin, with a sulcate margin ; lamellæ broad, subdistant, equal, yellow. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 444. Fries, Syst. Mycol. v. 1. p. 55. Ag. nauseosus, Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 446. and Ag. vitellinus, p. 442. Ag. integer, Sow. Fung. t. 201.? (the yellow one.) Hab. In woods, pretty common. Dundas Hill. Autumn. Pileus somewhat fleshy, convex, becoming nearly plane, margin very thin, 1-2 inches broad, colour various, mostly yellow, with an occasional tinge of purple. Flesh white, spongy. Lamelle subdistant, yellow, regularly equal , connected by veins. Stipes 1-1} inches long, white or yellowish, solid, spongy. Taste not acrid, but rather nauseous. 9. Ag. emeticus, pileus compact, somewhat depressed in the centre, with the margin at length sulcate; lamellæ broad, sub- equal, very white. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 439. Fries. Syst. Mycol . v. i. p. 56. Ag. integer, Sow. Fung, t. 201. 1 . Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 20. Ag. ochroleuca, Pers. Syn. 443. HAB. In woods, and under trees in various situations, extremely com- mon from summer to the beginning of winter. Pileus 2–5 inches broad, glutinous when young, smooth, hemispherical, at length plane, depressed in the centre, margin thin, striato-sulcate, of a great variety of colours, purple, rose-red, blueish, fuscous, yellow, or even white. Lamella subdistant, broad, rigid, thickish, connected together by small threads or veins, intermixed with a very few smaller lamellæ, al- ways white. Stipes 2–3 inches high, firm, solid, white, or tinged with the colour of the pileus. Taste acrid. 10. Ag. adustus, large, pileus depressed, ash-coloured-olive, at length dark, and as if burnt, margin smooth ; lamellæ un- equal, distant, white, thick ; stipes short, solid, very robust. AGARICUS. CRYPTOGAMIA. FUNGI. 373 60. Ag Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 459. Fries, Syst. Mycol. v. 1. p. 60. nigricans, Bull. t. 212–370. f. 2. & 579. B. elephantinus, pileus yellowish-brown; lamellæ yellowish- white ; stipes solid, white. Ag. elephantinus, Sow. Fung. t. 36. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 20. Han. In woods and shaded places, rather rare about Edinburgh. Dun- das Hill, and at Balmuto. Autumn. Pileus large, inelegant, 4-7 inches broad, rather pale when young, and glu- tinous, becoming yellowish dingy brown and cracking, at length black- ish, as if it had been exposed to fire. Flesh white, sometimes changing, on being broken, to a reddish or blackish colour. Lamella very distant and thick, dingy white. Stipes 2-3 inches high, 2 inches thick, dirty white. a SECT. 5. (GALONRHEUS, Fries. LACTIFLUUS, Pers.) Veil none. Stipes naked, equal, cylindrical, firm, expanding into the pileus. Pileus fleshy, firm, plano-depressed, umbilicate, margin smooth or tomentose, involute when young. Flesh firm, juicy. Lamella lactescent, unequal, often forked, nar- row, adnate and decurrent. Large or moderately sized fungi, solitary, growing on the ground, firm, lasting some time, aromatic, of an acrid taste, found in sum- mer and autumn. The stipes as well as the pileus is generally lactescent ; but in- dividuals of various species sometimes occur entirely without juice. * Margin of the pileus involute, tomentose, (poisonous). 11. Ag. torminosus, pileus glabrous, pale, with a yellowish, brownish, or greyish tinge, margin tomentose; stipes mostly hol- low in part, smooth. Sow. Fung. t. 103, Pers. Syn. t. 430. Fries, Syst. Mycol. v. 1. p. 63. Ag piperatus, Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. . p. 20. HAB. In woods, thickets, borders of fields, &c. in summer and autumn. Dundas Hill, and probably in many other places. Pileus 2–5 inches broad, pale, brownish, glutinous or dry, convex, becom- ing depressed, and often hollowed, very tomentose or fibrillose at the in- volute margin. Lamelle whitish or with a tinge of red, numerous. Flesh white. Stipes solid, scarcely central, yellowish-white, about 2 inches high. The juice is white like milk, and does not change colour, ex- tremely acrid. Highly poisonous. Dr Withering correctly ascertained this to be the pipe- ratus of Linnæus. 12. Ag. Celicioides, pileus tomentose, dingy pale reddish, or salmon-colour ; lamellæ yellowish, stipes robust, partly hollow, Fries. Syst. Mycol. v. 1. p. 63. Ag. necator, v. 2. With. Bot Arr. ed. 6. v. iv. Hab. In woods, or in grassy places under large trees. Braid Hermitage, in autumn. Pileus depressed, margin rounded, involute, 2-4 inches broad, reddish-buff, sometimes glutinous, very tomentose, becoming fibrillose at the margin. Lamellæ yellowish, irregular and often branching, apparently decurrent, from the expansion of the stipes into the substance of the pileus. Flesh yellowish-white, darker towards the surface. Stipes about 2 inches high, p. 227.2 374 CRYPTOGAMIA. FUNGI. AGARICUS near 1 in diameter, dingy white, yellow, or brown. No juice, but there is considerable moisture on the surface of the pileus, which seems to originate from the plant. ** Pileus glabrous, glutinous, marginated. (Acrid but edible.) 13. Ag. deliciosus, pileus glutinous, obscurely zoned, dingy orange or reddish, very pale when dried; lamelle and juice orange; stipes becoming hollow, glabrous. Sow. Fung. t. 202. Pers. Syn. Fung p. 432. Fries, Syst. Mycol. v. 1. p. 67. p HAB. In woods, especially among fir-trees, and in shaded places. July to November. Ravelston wood, Withering. Hallyards, Messrs Wauch and Greville. Pileus 2–4 inches broad, plano-depressed, sometimes approaching towards funnel-shaped, orange or reddish, becoming dingy pale, and in decay greenish, glutinous, smooth, obscurely zoned. Lamelle apparently de- current, bright reddish orange, frequently but not regularly dichoto- mous, narrow, turning green on being wounded. Flesh pale orange. Stipes solid, becoming hollow, about 2 inches high, orange, somewhat attenuated at the base. The whole plant is exceedingly juicy, and exudes an orange milky fluid on being injured. It is more or less acrid, but much esteemed. *** Pileus not glutinous, margin naked. (More or less acrid. Subdulcis and plumbeus have been eaten.) 14. Ag, subdulcis, pileus glabrous, polished, reddish ; lamel- læ flesh-coloured, at length ferruginous; juice white, not chan- ging colour; stipes firm, smooth, becoming hollow. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 433. Fries, Syst. Mycol. v. 1. p. 70. Ag. lactifluus, p Sow. t. 204. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 19. HAB. In woods, extremely common. Swanston wood. Dundas Hill, &c. Summer and autumn. Pileus 1-3 inches broad, convex, becoming depressed, at length often ap- proaching to funnel-shaped, sometimes umbonate, margin rounded, some- what involute, compact, buffish red, often obscurely zoned, very regu- lar in form. Lamelle numerous, pale buff, becoming reddish, decur- rent. Stipes about 2 inches high, longer in peculiar situations, cylindri- cal, thickish, buff, often tinged or streaked with red, straight or slightly crooked, firm, becoming hollow in age. Taste mild at first, rather nauseous afterwards, and sometimes, though rarely, acrid. 15. Ag. plumbeus, pileus large, dry, zoneless, dark fuscous or deep dingy grey ; lamellæ yellowish, rather numerous ; juice white. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 435. Fries, Syst. Mycol. v. 1. p. 73. Ag. Listeri, Sow. Fung. t. 245. HAB. In woods; Dundas Hill. According to Fries, often in moist pla- ces among Polytricha. Autumn, rare. Pileus large, 3-5 inches broad, convex, becoming depressed, firm, never zoned or glutinous, margin mostly involute, dark fuliginous grey or brown. Flesh compact, white. Lamella numerous, yellowish, varying AGARICUS. 395 CRYPTOGAMIA. FUNGI. with different shades. Stipes 2-3 inches long, firm, thick, brownish or dingy olive. 16. Ag. piperatus, pileus depressed, becoming infundibuli- form, glabrous, whitish ; lamellæ very narrow, crowded; stipes solid, white, thick ; juice white, very acrid. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 429. Fries, Syst. Mycol. v. 1. p. 76. p HAB. Woods, borders of fields, &c. Autumn. Dundas Hill, and at Balmuto. Pileus 3–6 inches broad, not glutinous, white or yellowish, margin deflexed, involute, “generally set sloping on the stipes," (With.), smooth. Lamella very crowded, straight, very narrow, linear, repeatedly dichotomous, white or yellowish. Stipes scarcely 2 inches high, I thick or more, smooth, very firm, whitish. Juice very abundant, and excessively acrid and bit- ter. It is nevertheless eatable, according to Fries. This plant is sometimes monstrous, and irregular ; Withering mentions their attaining the diameter of 10 inches. The stipes is not unfrequently thicker than it is long. It has been used in medicine, and thought use- ful in dissolving calculi,—a property we may safely venture to deny it. SECT. 6. (CLITOCYBE, Fries. Part of GYMNOPUS and OMPHALIA, Pers.) Veil none. Stipes equal or attenuated above, not bulbous, smooth, tolerably firm. Pileus more or less fleshy, either continuing convex, or becoming depressed, and sometimes at length infundibuliform. Lamelle unequal, juiceless, not changing colour, tenacious, variously fixed or free. Sporules white. Colour various.- Large or moderate sized fungi. * Pileus dry, smooth. Lamellæ numerous, decurrent or attenuato-adnate. 17. Ag: giganteus, very large, whitish or very pale brown; pileus becoming infundibuliform ; lamellæ numerous, decurrent, becoming reddish; stipes solid, very thick. Sow. Fung. t. 244. Fries, Syst. Mycol. v. 1. P. 80. HAB. Meadows and pastures. Newliston, Captain Wauch. Autumn. Pileus 4–12 inches broad, broadly funnel-shaped, rarely lobed, whitish. Flesh white, thin for the size of the plant. Lamelle numerous, decur- rent, white, becoming reddish. Stipes about 2 or 3 inches high, very thick and firm, similar in colour to the pileus. This is one of those species which form those circles known by the name of Fairy Rings, the origin of which is still as obscure as ever. 18. Ag. gilvus, large, pileus convex, umbonate, at length ini- fundibuliform, smooth, firm, yellowish-white; lamellæ nume- rous, decurrent, whitish; stipes straight, solid, subradicating. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 448. Fries, Syst. Mycol. v. 1. p. 80. Ag. pileolarius, Sow. Fung. t. 61. Hab. Woods, especially among beech-trees. Autumn. Newliston woods, Messrs Wauch and Greville. Pileus compact, 3-4 inches broad, “ moist, but not glutinous,” (Fries.) smooth, margin involute, yellowish-white or pale reddish, umbonate. Lamelle numerous, narrow, pale, sometimes branched, decurrent. Stipes 2-6 inches long, 1-8 of an inch thick, cylindrical, firm, somewhat incras- 376 CRYPTOGAMIA. FUNGI. AGARICUS sated at the base, solid, the same colour as the pileus, subradicating, (penetrating somewhat into the ground). 19. Ag. odorus, fragrant, smooth, dull, blueish-green, umbo- nate, convex, becoming plane; lamellæ numerous, adnato-de- current. Grev. Crypt. Fl. t. 28. Sow. Fung. t. 42. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 323. Fries, Syst. Mycol. v. 1. p. 90. . HAB. In moist woods, among dead leaves. Foxhall, Hallyards and Newliston woods, Captain Wauch. Woods at Carlowrie. Autumn. Pileus 2–3inches in breadth, pale grey, blueish-grey, or greenish, smooth, con- vex at first, becoming gradually plane, umbonate, rarely depressed, mostly subregular, but sometimes repand, not very fleshy. Lamella somewhat decurrent, whitish, straight, irregular, changing to pale flesh-colour. Stipes 1-2 inches high, seldom straight, firm, 2 lines thick, whitish or greenish, solid. A beautiful species, with an odour like woodroof. 20. Ag. dealbatus, scentless ; white, pileus unequal, thin, smooth; lamellae adnate, numerous; stipes solid, equal, gla- brous. Var.y. pileus repand, lobed, umbonate, stipes short, slender. Sow. Fung. t. 123. Fries, Syst. Mycol. v. 1. p. 92. HAB. In pastures, waste places, &c. very common in autumn. Pileus smooth, slightly fleshy, plane, umbonate, sometimes depressed from the turning up of the margin, 1-4 inches broad, white. Lamelle narrow, irregular, white. Stipes short, crooked or straight, rather tough, smooth, white.-Subgregarious, polymorphous. ** Pileus dry. Lamella very distant, arched, decurrent. 21. Ag. pratensis, firm; pileus compact, convex, becoming partially expanded, smooth, brownish buff with a pink tinge; lamellæ decurrent, thick; stipes short, solid, attenuated below. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 304. Fries, Syst. Mycol . p. 99. Ag: ful- vosus, Bolt. Fung. t. 56. (very bad). Ag. miniatus, Sow. Fung, t. 141. (good). Hab. In open and dry pastures, as well as in meadows and more moist situations. King's Park, very common. August to November. Pileus variable, often monstrous, firm, 1-2 inches broad, compact, margin thin, very dry, smooth, deep buff, convex, more or less umbonate, rarely becoming quite plane, but frequently remaining obtusely conical. La- mella very distant, thick, arched, decurrent, reddish buff. Stipes 1-2 inches high, &- an inch thick, firm, generally somewhat crooked, attenu- ated towards the base, same colour as the pileus, but rather paler, solid, spongy in the centre. *** Pileus moist, glutinous. Lamellæ various. Stipes hollow. (Mild, but not eaten). Ag. psittacinus, green, changing to yellow ; pileus cam- panulate, spreading; lamellæ adnate, rather distant; stipes equal, smooth. Grev. Crypt. Fl. t. 74. Sow. Fung. t. 82. Pers. Syn, Fung, p. 335. . Fries. Syst. Mycol. v. 1. P. 102. a AGARICUS. CRYPTOGAMIA. FUNGI. gryny HAB. Pastures, meadows. King's Park, very common. Summer and autumn. Pileus about 1 inch in breadth, conical, at length spreading, rarely concave from the margin turning up, smooth, glutinous, green at first, partly changing to yellow, of various intensity, often cracking: Lamelle slightly adnate, bright yellow, often shadowed with green, subdistant, thick, broad in the centre. "Stipes hollow, splitting, green, yellow at the base, very viscous, 2–3 inches high, about 2 lines thick. 23. Ag. ceraceus, pileus nearly plane, slimy, substriate, yel- low ; lamellæ adnato-decurrent, distant ; stipes rather unequal, gradually attenuated towards the base. Sow. Fung. t. 20. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 337. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 23. Fries. Syst. Mycol. v. 1. p. 102. HAB. Meadows and pastures, autumn. About Edinburgh, rare. Pileus plano-convex, nearly 1 inch in breadth, yellow, shining, dry and sometimes concave in age. Lamella rather broad, distant, yellow, decur- rent. Stipes rather slender, 2-3 inches long, hollow, often compressed, yellow, attenuated at the base.--Plant subgregarious. 24. Ag. conicus, pileus conical, glutinous, mostly yellow or crimson ; lamellæ crowded, ventricose, attenuated and free; stipes substriate, splitting. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 335. Fries. Syst. Mycol. v. 1. p. 103. Ag. aurantius, Sow. Fung. t. 381. . Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 22. HAB. Meadows, pastures, grassy moors, &c., very common in summer and autumn. King's Park and elsewhere around Edinburgh, abundant. A polymorphous plant, especially in regard to colour. Pileus acutely coni- cal, smooth, slimy, particularly while young, fleshy, margin striate, irre- gular, frequently lobed, 1-2 inches from the base to the apex of the cone, becoming partly expanded in age, the margins sometimes turning up, and even revolute, mostly some shade of deep yellow, orange or bright red, often intermixed with each other, in some varieties brown or even nearly black, the brightest colour then remaining longest at the margin. Lamelle numerous, more or less deep yellow, ventricose, but attenuated towards the stipes, to which they are frequently slightly attached. Stipes hollow, with a great tendency to split, variously coloured like the pileus, 2-3 inches high, diameter various. **** Pileus dry, minutely squamulose or scurfy. Lamella usually arched and decurrent. 25. Ag. laccatus, gregarious, pileus scarcely fleshy, tough, farinaceous with minute scales, pale or deep flesh colour, disk depressed in age ; lamellæ distant ; stipes long, elastic. Fries. Syst. Mycol. v. 1. p. 107. Ag: farinaceus, Sow. Fung. t. 208. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 453. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 22. HAB. In moist woods, and in pastures under trees, very abundant. Dundas Hill. Newliston woods. Abercorn Park, Duddingston. Bal- muto, &c. Pileus flesh colour, or pinkish brown, darker in wet weather, becoming pale, farinaceous from very minute scales, striate when moist, convex, or even campanulate, becoming depressed in the centre, sometimes nearly plane; margin irregular, often undulate, and in age frequently collapsed and rol- 378 CRYPTOGAMIA. FUNG1. AGARICUS. led, 1-1} inches broad. Lamella distant, thick, arched, somewhat decur- rent, pink, sometimes branched, farinaceous, often with a sort of bloom. Stipes hollow, 3-5 inches high, crooked, unequal, 2-3 lines thick, flesh colour or pale brown. 26. Ag. amethystinus, pileus convex, becoming depressed, somewhat squamulose, purple; lamella distant, thick, violet- purple; stipes purple, hollow when old. Sow. Fung. t. 187. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 465. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. P. 20. HAB. In woods. Dundas Hill, and probably common elsewhere about Edinburgh. Autumn. Pileus convex, becoming depressed by age, 1-2 inches broad, rich purple, fading when dry, minutely squamulose, margin even or waved. Lamella very distant, thick, slightly decurrent, margin more entire than in the preceding, deep, clear violet-purple. Flesh purple, fibrous. Stipes 2-4 inches long, unequal, attenuated towards the base, subsolid, hollow when old, greyish purple, seldom straight. ***** Pileus thin, not glutinous. Lamella almost free ;- somewhat fragile. 27. Ag. compressus, pileus subcarnose, irregular, smooth, thin, fuscous; ſamella distant, white; stipes hollow, whitish, compressed Sow. Fung. t. 66. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 363. Fries, Syst. Mycol. v. p. 115. Hab. In fir-woods and in pastures. Swanston wood, and in fields about Edinburgh. Autumn. Pileus campanulate, at length nearly plane, dry, smooth, thin, brittle, pel- lucid, 2-3 inches broad, dark grey brown, lighter at the margin. Lamelle distant, thickish, white, almost free, broad towards the stipes, and trun- cate, sometimes forked at the outer end," (With). Stipes hollow, 2-3 inches high, 4- an inch in diameter, compressed, often splitting, twisted or irregular.—Whole plant brittle, and of a watery substance. ****** Pileus fleshy, viscous. Lamella scarcely fi xed. Stipes radicating 28. Ag. radicatus, pileus rugose, glutinous, tough ; lamellä white ; stipes tall, rigid, with a long fusiform root. Sow. Fung. t. 48. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 313. Fries. Syst. Mycol. v. 1. 1. p. 118. Hab. In woods, especially by the sides of the rotten stumps of felled trees. Autumn. Newliston wood, and at Foxhall. Woods at Balmuto, abundant. Pileus 2–5 inches in breadth, yellowish or greenish brown, viscous, rugose, tough, elastic, broadly conical, at length plane, umbonate. Lamelle white, distant, scarcely attached to the stipes. Stipes 4-8 inches high, gradually attenuated upwards, straight, yet twisted, firm and tough, greenish or whitish brown, with a very long fusiform root. The pileus is so tough and elastic, that it may be folded between the fingers without injury. The root is often a foot long, and said by Fries to be perennial. 29. Ag. velutipes, pileus nearly plane, brown orange, gluti- nous; lamellæ ventricose, yellowish; stipes incurved, velvety AGARICUS. CRYPTOGAMIA. FUNGI. 379 and reddish brown, or blackish towards the base. Sow. Fung. t. 263. and 384. f. 3. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 314. Fries, Syst. Mycol. v, 1. p. 119. HAB. Woods, borders of fields, waste places, &c., on rotten stumps of hollow or felled trees. The whole year, but chiefly in the autumn. Very common. Pileus 1-3 inches broad, convex, at length nearly plane, thin, smooth, soft, brownish orange, regular or repand, sometimes waved at the margin, when very young, involute. Lamelle numerous, white, at length yellow, unequal, some slightly adnate, others free, truncate. Stipes incurved, unequal, hollow, 2-9 inches long, near of an inch in diameter, pale above, below reddish-brown or blackish, and villose or velvety. ******* Pileus tender, not glutinous. Lamella free, numerous, white. Stipes thicker at the base. 30. Ag. dryophyllus, variable; pileus thin, watery, smooth, plane, sometimes depressed ; lamellæ free, soft; stipes hollow, splitting, becoming thicker towards the base, pinkish or yellowish- white, more coloured at the summit. Sow. Fung. t. 127. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 452. Fries, Syst. Mycol. v. 1. P. 124. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 24. HAB. Woods, pastures and meadows, from May to October, frequent. Balmuto. Braid Hermitage. Craiglockhart, &c. Plant solitary or tufted, very variable in point of size. Pileus whitish, pinkish, yellowish, or livid, 1-3 inches broad, plane, sometimes depres- sed, somewhat fleshy, thin, tender, easily injured, of a watery substance. Lamelle free, white, or very pale flesh-colour, soft, tender, entire or ser- rate, numerous. Stipes hollow, 2–3 inches long, about -} of an inch thick, shining, splitting, sometimes twisted, same colour as the pileus, but the summit of the stipes is generally darker and pinkish. The whole plant is fragile, and the pileus is easily detached from the stipes. ******** Pileus subcoriaceous, dry. Lamella free, distant, pale. 31. Ag. peronatus, pileus dry, leathery, convex, at length nearly plane; lamellæ distant, pale reddish or buffish ; stipes solid, clothed towards the base with a woolly or strigose mass. Sow. Fung. t. 37. Pers. Syn. Pers. Syn. Fung: p. 331. Fries, Syst. . Mycol. v. 1. p. 126. Hab. In oak woods among rotten leaves. Autumn. Foxhall, Captain Wauch. Newliston woods and Dundas Hill. Pileus 1-2} inches broad, convex or campanulate, at length nearly plane, some- what umbonate, yellowish or pale reddish, and growing paler in age when the surface becomes subrugose or broadly striate, and very coriaceous. Lamelle distant, but varying, narrow, pale, reddish buff, free, but touch- ing the stipes. Stipes 2–3 inches long, scarcely two-eighths of an inch thick, cylindrical, smooth, solid, tough and firm, pale yellowish, opake, sur- rounded towards the base with a yellow woolly mass. Whole plant very coriaceous and juiceless; dries remarkably well. 32. Ag. oreades, pileus tough, subumbonate, reddish, be- coming buffish or very pale, opake ; lamella distant, whitish; a 880 CRYPTOGAMIA. FUNGI. AGARICUS. stipes solid, firm, cylindrical, thickest under the pileus, pale. Fries, Syst. Mycol. v. 1. p. 127. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 21. Ag. pratensis, Sow. Fung. t. 247. (not good.) Hab. In meadows and pastures, frequent. May to November. Caro - line Park, and probably common elsewhere. Pileus convex, or very obtusely conical, rarely becoming quite plane, gene- rally umbonate, 1-2 inches broad, buffish, at length nearly opake white, coriaceous, tough, edge often turning up in age; “ there is frequently a sudden depression of the border at some distance from the centre," (With.) Lamella distant, rather broad, free, buffish white. Stipes solid, whitish, cylindrical, firm, 2-3 inches high, becoming suddenly enlarged under the pileus, so as to be contiguous to the lamellä, and make them appear adnate at first sight. This species frequently forms Fairy-rings. It is eaten in France, and thought nearly equal to the true Moucheron. SECT. 7. (COLLYBIA, Fries. Part of MYCENA and OMPHALIA, Pers.) Stipes hollow, often, however, so slender, that a line is all that is visible, equal, firm, cylindrical, often radicating. Pileus carnoso-membranaceous, not brittle, convex, at length plane, often depressed in the centre, smooth, not glutinous. Lamelle obtuse towards the stipes, either free or fixed, never decurrent, unequal, juiceless, entire. General colour white, rarely yellowish.--Small, dry, persistent fungi, often gregarious, sometimes on the ground, but commonly on dead leaves, sticks, &c. The pileus very rarely attains 1 inch in breadth. * Pileus scarcely umbilicated. Lamelle distinct from the pileus. Stipes white or pale reddish. 33. Ag. tuberosus, pileus plane or somewhat umbonate; la- mellæ adnate, numerous; stipes subfistulose, slightly tomen- tose at the base, and springing from a reddish tuberous root. Grev. Crypt. Fl. t. 23. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 374. Fries, Syst. Mycol. v. 1. P. 133. Hab. In woods on the black remains of some of the larger Agarics of a former season, and among moss and dead leaves. Autumn. Woods. Balmuto. Plant gregarious. Pileus 1- of an inch broad, plane, smooth, rarely sub- umbonated, white, or tinged with brown, thin, dry. Lamella very nume- rous, white, adnate, narrow. Stipes -2 inches high, slender, subfistu- lose, smooth, white, often curved towards the base, and springing from a chesnut-coloured tuber. 34. Ag. clavus, pileus plano-convex, reddish orange; lamella white, rather broad, fixed; stipes very slender, subsolid, whi- tish. Pers. Syn. Fung: p. 392. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 21. Fries, Syst. Mycol. v. 1. p. 134. HAB. On dead sticks, &c. among leaves and moss. Autumn. Balmuto. Craiglockhart woods, and elsewhere, but not common. Plants minute, subgregarious. Pileus about 2 lines broad, slightly umbili- cate, delicate, convex, thin. Lamelle broad, adnate, white, not nume- rous. Stipes filiform, about an inch long, whitish: a longitudinal secu tion shows a mere line down the centre. Root sometimes long. : AGARICUS. CRYPTOGAMIA. FUNGI. 881 m p. 35. Ag. ramealis, gregarious; pileus nearly plane, white, sometimes changing to reddish ; lamellæ adnate, white; stipes short, minutely furfuraceous, marked within with a white line. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 375. Fries, Syst. Mycol. v. 1. p. 135. Hab. On small dead sticks and twigs, in woods, hedges, &c.: frequent during the whole year. Pileus opake, white, smooth, plane, in age somewhat wrinkled and depressed in the centre, 3-4 lines broad. Lamella subdistant, narrow, white. Stipes short, 2-9 of an inch high, half a line thick, rather firm, whitish or red. dish white, minutely squamulose. ** Pileus mostly plicate. Lamellæ and pileus homogeneous. Stipes subcorneous, of a dark colour. 36. Ag. Rotula, pileus convex, umbilicate, plicate ; lamellæ attached to a collar surrounding the stipes, white; stipes hol- low, striate, black below. Sow. Fung. t. 95. Pers. Syn. Fung. 467. Fries, Syst. Mycol. v. 1. p. 136. Merulius collariatus, Hook. Fl. Scot. 2 p. 25. HAB. In woods, on sticks, dead leaves, &c. the whole year. Foxhall, Captain Wauch. In moist woods about Edinburgh. Plant gregarious, often with an elongated, branching stipes. Pileus thin, more or less convex, one-eighth to three-eighths of an inch broad, white, plicate, dimpled in the centre, margin somewhat crenate. Lamella white, distant, attached to a collar similar in substance to themselves, which sur- rounds, but does not touch the stipes. Stipes filiform, frequently branched and sarmentose, hollow, white above, and black below, corneous. 37. Ag, androsaceus, pileus convex, plicate, white, sometimes tinged with brown ; lamellæ simple, adnate, white; stipes hol- low, furrowed, very glabrous, purplish brown or black, except at the summit. Sow. Fung. t. 93. Sow. Fung. t. 93. Fries, Syst. Mycol. v. 1. p. 139. Merulius androsaceus, Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 25. Hab. In woods among dead leaves, on sticks, &c. The whole year, very common. Plant gregarious. Pileus convex or plane, scarcely depressed in age, 2-3 lines broad, thin, white. Lamella white, subdistant, adnate. Stipes fili- form, 1-2 inches long, hollow, tough, twisted when dry, white at the top, black below. This species often produces very slender barren stems, which are much branched and entangled, some of the branches being as fine as a human hair. Fries has rightly conjectured it in this state to be Rhizomorpha seti- formis of Persoon. 38. Ag. epiphyllus, pileus nearly plane, rugose ; lamellæ few, adnate, resembling white prominent veins; stipes hollow, very minutely velvety, reddish-brown below. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 468. Fries, Syst. Mycol. v. 1. p. 139. Ag. squamula, Sow. . Fung. t. 93. Merulius squamula, Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 25. HAB. In woods on dead leaves, especially those of the ivy. Autumn. Foxhall, Captain Wauch. Plant gregarious. Pileus white, nearly plane, at length umbilicate, 2-5 . 382 CRYPTOGAMIA. FUNGI. AGARICUS lines broad, rugoso-plicate. Lamella very few, remote, white, adnate. Stipes -1 inch long, very slender, hollow, white at the top, dark below, almost smooth to the naked eye. 39. Ag fætidus, pileus convex, umbilicated, plicate, reddish- , brown ; lamellæ adnate, pale yellowish ; stipes hollow, reddish- brown, velvety. Fries, Syst. Mycol. v. 1. p. 138. Merulius p. fætidus, Sow. Fung. t. 21. Hab. On dead branches of trees in woods. Autumn. Foxhall, Captain Wauch. Plant gregarious. Pileus convex, rarely quite plane, plicate, reddish-brown, 1- of an inch broad, thin, glabrous. Lamellæ adnate, narrow, yellowish, distant. Stipes about an inch long, thin, dark brown, minutely velvety or hairy.-Smell disagreeable. SECT. 8. (MYCENA, Pers.) Stipes with a fine hollow, slender, subcartilaginous, separating from the pileus, villose at the base, and mostly radicating, never bulbous. Pileus membranaceous, conical, at length campanulate, rarely more expanded, substriate, smooth, more or less transparent. Lamella unequal, ascending, and attenuated towards the stipes. Sporules white. Colour various.—Rather small fungi, of little substance, slender, not evanescent, generally gregarious or tufted, often with a strong smell. None are edible. * Pileus more or less brown. Stipes smooth. 40. Ag. alliaceus, stinking; pileus becoming nearly plane, subcoriaceous; lamellæ free, whitish; stipes tall, covered with a sort of bloom, dark purplish, brown below, velvety at the base. Sow. Fung. t. 81. Pers. Syn. Fung: p. 375. (in part). Fries, Syst. Mycol. v. 1. p. 140. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 23. Ag. por- reus, Pers. Syn. Fung: p. 376. (excluding Syn. Bull.) Pers. . Syst. Mycol. v. 1. p. 128. (in part.) . Hab. In woods among dead leaves, in autumn. Rare. Foxhall, Cap- tain Wauch. Pileus campanulate, at length nearly plane, remotely striate, 1-1 inch broad, yellowish-brown, dry, thin, but not tender. Lamelle subdistant, whitish, free or nearly so. Stipes 3-4 inches long, 2 lines thick, hollow, shining, dark rich brown or blackish, pale at the top, velvety towards the base, sometimes only at the base, dry.—Plant generally smelling of garlic, but not constant in this respect. Much confusion exists between Ag. Alliaceus and porreus of authors, which Fries, in his late work, has rather increased than removed ; as is evident under Ag. porreus, where he quotes Bulliard and Sowerby, whose figures are very different. In the former the stem is solid, very hairy, and much attenuated upwards; the lamellä are numerous, and the whole habit different from the figures of the latter, the stems of which are hol- low, comparatively smooth, nearly equal, and the lamellæ distant. 41. Ag: galericulatus, scentless, pileus brownish ; lamellæ whitish, adnate, with a decurrent process ; stipes smooth, tena- cious, strigose at the base, and radicating. Sow. Fung. t. 165. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 376. Fries, Syst. Mycol. v. 1. p. 143. HAB. By the sides of rotten stumps of trees, and among grass and moss, extremely common. Autumn. 2 AGARICUS. CRYPTOGAMIA. FUNGI. 383 Plant very variable, scentless, insipid, tenacious, gregarious or solitary. Pileus more or less membranaceous, campanulate or conical, subrugose, more or less striate, 4-8 of an inch in diameter, various shades of dilute brown, sometimes brownish-white. Lamella subdistant, whitish, rather narrow, adnate. Stipes various, sometimes very long, rigid, scarcely shin- ing, glabrous, except at the base which is strigose or woolly, hollow, pale, but of various shades of colour, most frequently blueish-grey or purplish.-In a variety which grows solitary, the stem is filiform, long, and less firm. ** Stipes rigid, strongly striate. Pileus dark blueish-grey. 42. Ag. polygrammus, pileus obscurely striate, blueish-grey ; lamellæ attenuated and subadnate, whitish ; stipes long, rigid, striate, glistening Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 377. Sow. Fung t. 222. Fries, Syst. Mycol. v. 1. p. 146. HAB. In woods among dead leaves, and at the roots of trees, particularly hazel. Autumn. Among the hazel trees in the garden at Foxhall. Plant gregarious, frequently tufted. Pileus conical, becoming campanulate, the margin at length turning up, in which state the centre appears um- bonate, 1-1 inch broad, striate, tenacious, cinerous or blueish-grey. La- mella almost free, whitish, narrow. Stipes 3-5 inches long, or more, hol- low, firm, rigid, strongly striate, blueish, with a silvery lustre, rarely brownish. *** Pileus bright reddish, or rose-purple. Stipes smooth. 43. Ag. strobilinus, bright red; pileus acutely umbonate, with a striate margin; lamellæ fixed, dilute, reddish; stipes firm, strigose and pale at the base. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 393. Fries, Syst. Mycol. v. 1. p. 150. Ag. coccineus, Sow. Fung t. 197. HAB. In woods, on dead leaves and twigs, or on the cones of the Scotch fir. Autumn. Balmuto. Plant subgregarious, subfasciculate. Pileus 3-5 lines broad, campanulate, with a rather short fleshy umbo, smooth, bright red or red orange, striate at the margin. Lamellæ adnate, with a decurrent process, distant, whit- ish-red, edges dull and darker red. Stipes hollow, 1-2 inches long, firm, smooth, pale red, strigose at the base and whitish, often with a long root. An elegant and rare species, as would appear from the few writers who have noticed it. 44. Ag. roseus, pileus between fleshy and membranaceous, convex, pale, rose-purple; lamellæ ventricose, rather paler than the pileus; stipes smooth, villose at the base. Sow. Fung. t. 72. Ag: purus, Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 339. Fries, Syst. Mycol. v. 1. p. 151. HAB. In shaded woods, frequent. Balmuto. Abercorn Park, Dudding- ston. Autumn. Scattered, solitary or subgregarious. Pileus 4-2 inches broad, convex, ob- tuse, smooth, very delicate, dilute rose-colour. Lamelle broad, ventri- cose, adnate, rather numerous, pale rose. Stipes unequal, hollow, 2-4 inches long, glabrous, somewhat incurved at the base, which is strigose, colour pale rose. The colour of the whole plant varies from purplish, 384 'CRYPTOGAMIA. FUNGI. AGARICUS. rose, and lilac to brownish, very pale, and, according to Fries, even to a yellowish hue. SECT. 9. (OMPHALIA, Pers.) Stipes solid, generally becoming hollow in age, not bulbous. Pileus membranaceous, or slightly fleshy, sometimes even carnoso-coriaceous, while young umbilicated, afterwards either plane or wholly funnel-shaped, margin reflexed or patent. La- mellæ adnate or decurrent, unequal, juiceless. Sporidia white. Colour various. * Small. Pileus submembranaceous. Lamellae decurrent. 45. Ag: fibula, pileus convex, glabrous, orange-yellow; la- mella whitish, distant ; stipes yellowish. Sow. Fung. t. 45. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 471. Fries, Syst. Mycol. v. 1. p. 164. Ag: parvus, Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 22. p. Hab. On the ground, in woods among moss, and in pastures. Autumn. Slateford, Craiglockhart, Braid Hermitage, &c. Pileus 2-5 lines broad, depressed in the centre, margin turned down, pale in age, striate when moist, reddish orange. Lamella broad, distinct, very decurrent, orange. Stipes solid in the young plant, at length hollow, 1-1 inch long, very slender, pale orange. 46. Ag. muralis, pileus convex, umbilicated, striate; lamellä broad, pale ; stipes solid, short, thickish. Sow. Fung. p. 322. Fries, Syst. Mycol. v. 1. p. 165. . HAB. On walls capped with turf, and in pastures. Autumn. About Edinburgh. Plant gregarious. Pileus convex, umbilicated, 3-1 inch broad, reddish- brown, striate, margin often turned up in age. Lamella broad, pale whitish-brown, distant, decurrent. Stipes short, 1- of an inch high, thickish, usually subincurved, pale brown, solid. 47 Ag. ericetorum, pileus depressed in the centre, margin turned down, striate; lamellæ distant, rather broad, white; stipes short, pubescent at the base. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 472. Fries, Syst. Mycol. v. 1. p. 165. Hab. On the ground, in sandy and heathy places. May to November. Pentland Hills. Plant subgregarious. Pileus 4-1 inch broad, depressed in the centre, mar- gin deflexed, and sometimes waved, striate, whitish, whitish-brown or yellow, darker when moist. Lamelle broad towards the stipes, whitish, decurrent. Stipes 1-1 inch long, about 1 line thick, whitish or yellowish, paler below and pubescent. Liable to some variation in regard to colour, and the length and firmness of the stipes. ** Plants somewhat larger. Lamella not decurrent. 48. Ag. fragrans, odorous; pileus nearly plane, pale yellow- ish or brownish-white when dry ; lamellæ numerous, whitish; stipes hollow, white. Sow. Fung. t. 10. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 455. Fries, Syst. Mycol. v. 1. p. 171. Hab. In meadows and pastures. Autumn. I have mislaid my note of this species, but as far as I can recollect, it was gathered at Carlowrie. 3 AGARICUS. CRYPTOGAMIA. FUNGI. 385 1 Pileus 1-2 inches broad, plane, sometimes slightly depressed in the centre, subflaccid, smooth, striate at the margin when moist, colour pale, livid- yellowish or brownish; “ stone-colour" (With). Lamella, rather nume- rous, white. Stipes 2-3 inches high, 2-3 lines thick, solid, fibrous, whit- ish, somewhat attenuated upwards. 49. Ag. cyathiformis, pileus somewhat fleshy, funnel-shaped, smooth, dark brown grey, margin reflexed ; lamellæ distant, greyish ; stipes elastic, attenuated above. Fries, Syst. Mycol. v. I. p. 173. Ag. sordidus, Dicks. . Sow. Fung. t. 363. Ag. tardus, Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 461. Hap. On the ground, in woods, in waste places, and among grass, &c. Autumn and mild winters. Foxhall, Captain Wauch. Pileus brown or fuliginose, 1-2 inches broad, smooth, becoming paler when dry, funnel-shaped. Lamella adnate, but on account of the form of the pileus seemingly decurrent, brownish, always paler than the pileus, not very numerous, sometimes forked. Stipes 2-4 inches long, solid, at length hollow, subfibrillose, villous at the base, brown. SERIES II. Veil none. Lamella changing colour. Sporules rose-coloured. (HYPORHodius, Fries.) Sect. 1. (CLITOPILUS, Fries.-Part of GYMNOPUS, Pers.) Stipes tolerably firm, subequal, separating from the pileus. Pileus fleshy, campanu- late or convex, at length nearly plane, not glutinous, regular, rarely umbilicated. Lamella unequal, changing colour, never mich decurrent. Colour various. Fungi of a moderate size, nearly scentless, mild. Not edible. 50. Ag. phlebophorus, pileus convex, at length plane, clear olive or yellowish-brown, smooth, but minutely rugose, as if veined towards the centre; stipes hollow, rather twisted ; la- mellæ ventricose. Ditm. in Sturm's Fung. t. 15. Fries, Syst. Mycol. v. 1. p. 200. HAB. On rotten wood, saw-dust, &c. July—October, rare. In a saw- pit at Foxhall, Messrs Wauch and Greville. Pileus 1-2 inches broad, slightly convex or plane at maturity, submembrana- ceous, and thin for the size of the plant, but rather firm, pleasant yellowish- brown, apparently marked with branching veins from the centre, which are in reality prominent rugose folds of the epidermis. Lamellæ rather numerous, broad, ventricose, free, white, changing to rose-colour from the sporules. Stipes 2-4 inches long, 3-4 lines thick, whitish, somewhat twisted, mostly hollow, frequently incurved at the base, which is slightly thickened. Sect. 2. (LEPTONIA, Fries.- Part of GYMNOPUS, Pers.) Stipes separating from the pileus, when young filled with a fibrous mass, afterwards subhollow, equal. Pileus campanulate or convexo-plane, never viscous or striate, surface fibrillose. Flesh very thin. Lamella subobtuse next the stipes, fixed or free, never decurrent, rather broad, at length rose-coloured. Colour cæruleous or grey.-Small, durable, scentless, insipid fungi. Not used as food. 51. Ag. chalybeus, pileus somewhat squamose, blue; lamella blueish-white, adnate, at length purple ; stipes solid, smooth, blueish. Pers. Syn. Fung: p. 343. Fries, Syst. Mycol. v. 1. p. 203. Ag. columbarius, Sow. Fung. t. 161. B b 386 CRYPTOGAMIA. FUNGI. AGARICUS Hab. Pastures, very common. July to September, Pileus campanulate, obtuse, slightly scaly, 1-1 inch broad, becoming darker in age. Lamella blueish, adnate, serrulate. Stipes 1-2 inches long, 1 line thick, rather fragile, solid, blue.—A beautiful species. SERIES III. Furnished with a cobweb-like veil. Lamello changing colour. Sporules ochraceous. (CONTINARIA, Pers.) Sect. 1. (INOLOMA, Fries.—Part of CORTINARIA, Pers.) Veil in the form of free cobweb-like marginal filaments, fugacious. Stipes solid , bulbous, fibrillose, fleshy. Pileus fleshy, convex while young, at length expanded, fibrillose or viscous, regular. Substance succulent. Lamellæ adnate, broad, changing colour. Sporules copious. Colour of the pileus and the lamella more or less violet.—Rother large fungi, firm, subsucculent, growing on the ground. None but Ag. violaceus have been tried as food. 52. Ag. violaceus, pileus very convex, dull or brownish-vio- let; lamella distant, violet ; stipes spongy, greyish-violet within. Sow. Fung. t. 209. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 20. Fries, Syst. Mycol. v. 1. p. 217. Ag. hercynicus, Pers. Syn. p. 278. HAB. In woods. Autumn. Balmuto. Dundas Hill, and elsewhere, frequent. Pileus 3-5 inches broad, convex, sometimes a little depressed in the centre in very old plants, margin rounded, faint violet or violet-brown, colour brightest at the margin, smooth, or sometimes fibrillose, or somewhat squamose, fleshy. Lamella adnate, more or less violet, numerous, irre- gular in length. Stipes tomentose in young plants, 3-4 inches long, - of an inch in diameter, bulbous, solid, spongy, flesh tinged with violet. 53. Ag. glaucopus, compact, rounded ; pileus olivaceous, or brownish-grey, glutinous while young; lamellæ reddish-brown, tinged with violet; stipes thick, tinged with violet. Sow. Fung. t. 223. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 282. Fries, Syst. Mycol. v. 1. p. 225. . HAB. In woods, Balmuto. Newliston woods, &c., not unfrequent. Autumn. Pileus 2-4 inches broad, convex, margin much rounded, glutinous when young, afterwards seeming varnished, colour rather various, chiefly pale reddish-brown, with a violet tinge towards the margin, which is mostly villose. Lamelle adnate, cinnamon colour, numerous, serrulate. Stipes 2-3 inches long, solid, often 1 inch in diameter, whitish, tinged with pur- ple, woolly when young, bulbous at the base. Flesh white, tinged with pink or violet.—Whole plant compact, insipid ; frequently gregarious. SECT. 2. (DERMOCYBE, Fries.- Part of CORTINARIA. and GYMNOPUS, Pers. Veil dry, cobweb-like, very fugacious. Stipes subequal, scarcely even bulbous, fie brillose, firm, solid, at length often hollow. Pileus more or less fleshy, margin thin, convex, or slightly conical, often umbonate, fibrillose. Lamelle unequal, broadish, numerous. Colour various.--Medium or small fungi remaining a long time ; not eaten. 54. Ag. cinnamomeus, pileus glabrous, subcarnose, obtusely umbonate, cinnamon colour; lamellæ numerous, adnate, yel- low-cinnamon ; stipes yellowish, rarely straight Sow. Fung: AGARICUS. CRYPTOGAMIA. FUNGI. 387 t. 206. Pers. Syn. Fung: p. 297. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 22. Frues, Syst. Mycol. v. 1. p. 229. Ag. croceus, Pers.Syn. p. 297. Hab. In woods, frequent. Newliston woods; Dundas Hill; Carlowrie, &c. Pileus convex, or even obtusely conical when very young, becoming nearly plane, obtusely umbonate, 1-2) broad, deep reddish cinnamon colour, often cracking at the margin, which is thin and sometimes fibrillose, smooth, somewhat fleshy. Flesh yellowish. Lamelle numerous, adnate, yellow cinnamon, broad, margin often notched. Stipes 2–3 inches long, 2-4 lines thick, equal, fibrillose, yellow, solid, hollow in old large plants ? 55. Ag. helvolus, pileus pale reddish-buff, ümbonate, sub- farinaceous; lamellæ cinnamon colour, broad, numerous ; stipes ; whitish, often with a few remains of the veil attached. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 273. Ag. hinnuleus, Sow. Fung. t. 173. . Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 21. Hab. In woods, borders of fields, &c. Autumn. Swanston woods, among beech and pine trees. Pileus plano-convex, bluntly umbonate, 1-3 inches broad, farinaceous, cin- namon-buff colour, the farinaceous matter whitish, margin thin, uneven. Lamelle numerous, broad, adnate, but easily detached, and in old plants nearly free, cinnamon. Flesh white. Stipes 2-3 inches high, solid, 2-4 lines thick, whitish, or tinged with brown. The remains of the veil are often left for a long time on the stipes, in some instances producing the effect of a collar. SERIES IV. Veil not cobrveb-like. Veil not cobweb-like. Lamella changing colour. Sporules ferruginous. (DERMINUS, Fries.) A. Veil distinct. Sect. 1. (PHOLIDITA, Fries.- Part of LEPIOTA and GYMNOPUS, Pers.) Veil dry, annular, either membranaceous or floccose and radiate. Stipes cylindrical, subsquammose, rarely bulbous. Pileus convex, at length nearly plane, not umbili- Lamella unequal, juiceless, changing colour. Sporules ferruginous. 56. Ag. floccosus, tufted; pileus fleshy, brownish or reddish- yellow, scaly with fasciculated filaments; scales revolute; stipes squarrose with scales. Grev. Crypt. Fl. t. 2. Sow. Fung: t. 284. Ag. squarrosus, Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 268. Fries, Syst. Mycol . v. 1. p. 243. . HAB. On rotten stumps of felled trees, common. Carlowrie. Balmuto. Aberdour. Duddingston, &c. Autumn. Plant tufted, tufts sometimes very large. Pileus 2-5 inches broad, more or less convex, obtusely umbonate, covered with revolute brown scales. Lamelle numerous, irregular, rather narrow, pale yellowish, or greenish. Stipes 3–7 inches long, solid, squarrose with scales ; equal or attenuated at the base, colour same as the pileus. Veil attached to the stipes in the form of a collar, sometimes ragged, and partly adhering to the margin of the pileus. 57. Ag: mutabilis, pileus scarcely fleshy, glabrous, striate when moist, dull cinnamon colour, becoming pale; lamellæ subdecurrent, numerous, reddish-brown; stipes hollow, subin- B b 2 388 CRYPTOGAMIA. FUNGI. AGARICUS curved. Fries, Syst. Mycol. v. 1. p. 245. Ag. Xylophyllus, Sow. Fung. t. 167. (good). Ag. caudicinus, Pers. Syn. p. 271. HAR. On trunks of trees, rotten wood, and on the ground. May to No- vember. Craiglockhart. Newliston woods. Pileus nearly plane, subumbonate, smooth, rarely squamulose, nut-brown and striate when moist, becoming pale in drying. Lamello numerous, dull reddish-brown, rather broad, slightly decurrent. Stipes 1}-3 inches long, about 2 lines thick, hollow, subincurved, rarely straight, whitish- brown. Veil distinctly annular, but fugacious. B. Veil very fugacious or simply marginal. SECT. 2. (I NOCYBE., Fries.- Part of CORTINARIA and GYMNOPUS, Pers.) Veil formed of a continuation of the fibres of the pileus, very fugacious. Stipes solid, rarely hollow, firm, scaly or fibrillose. Pileus more or less fleshy, campanulate, convex, at length expanded, subumbonate, dry, firm, scaly or silky, with innate longitudinal fibres. Flesh white. Lamella free, or nearly so, appearing adnate afterwards, from the change of form in the pileus, numerous, ventricose, whitish, often denticulate and discoloured at the margin. Colour whitish, subfuscous, &c. –Medium or small fungi, solitary, growing on the ground, persistent. Probably poisonous. 58. Ag. scaber, pileus fleshy, obtuse, scaly, brownish-grey ; lamellæ free, or nearly so; stipes solid, fibrillose. Sow. Fung. t. 207. Pers. Syn. Fung: p. 301. Fries, Syst. Mycol. v. 1. p. 225. HAB. On the ground, in woods, borders of moist fields, &c. Autumn. Foxhall, Messrs Wauch and Greville. Pileus -] inch broad, campanulate, subumbonate, dingy greyish-brown, scaly. Lamella pale dingy brown, rather numerous, nearly free. Stipes 1-1] inches long, 2-3 lines thick, solid, whitish, fibrillose, furnished with a sort of bark-like external coat.—Sometimes subgregarious. 59. Ag. rimosus, pileus dry, campanulate, at length nearly plane, surface splitting longitudinally, pale shining brown; stipes solid, somewhat tuberous at the base. Sow. Fung, t. 323. . Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 310. HAB. Woods, waste places, &c. June to September. Abercorn Park, Duddingston Pileus 1-2 inches broad, campanulate, becoming plano-convex, umbonate, pale sattiny brown, sometimes darker, surface splitting into numerous longitudinal small clefts. Lamella numerous, subadnate, pale brown, slightly ventricose. Stipes solid, 2-4 inches long, 2 lines thick, firm, whitish, somewhat tuberous at the base, rarely quite straight. Sowerby's plate represents the variety with a dark coloured pileus ; the colour, however, depends a good deal on the weather, being much paler in warm sunny days. 60. Ag: geophyllus, pileus conical, at length expanded, um- bonate, silky; lamellæ subadnate; stipes solid, slender, sprink- led with white pulverulent particles. Sow. Fung. t. 142. Pers. Syn. Fung, p. 340. Fries, Syst. Mycol. v. 1. p. 258. AGARICUS. CRYPTOGAMIA. FUNGI. . 389 HAB. On the ground, in woods and shaded places. July to October. Granton woods. Plant gregarious. Pileus conical, becoming campanulate, at length spread- ing, sharply umbonate, ?-1 inch broad, whitish, brown, or even violet, often cracking at the margin and on the surface of the pileus. Lamella reddish-brown, often tinged with violet, rather broad, not numerous. Stipes 1-3 inches long, firm, solid, fibrillose, 1-2 lines thick, crooked, equal. SECT. 3. (GALERA, Fries.—Part of MYCENA, Pers.) Veil floccose, very fugacious, but certainly present. Stipes hollow, slender, separa- ting from the pileus, rarely naked, but mostly covered with a sort of bloom or fi- brille. Pileus membranaceous, conical, afterwards campanulate, rarely more expanded, substriate when moist, becoming paler when dry, wholly without scales or superficial fibres. Lamella either touching the stipes or adnate. Colour mostly red- dish-buff.-Slender, fragile fungi, mostly on moist ground. No smell, and useless. 61. Ag. tener, pileus obtusely conical, striate when moist, when dry smooth, ochraceous; lamellæ adnate, linear ; stipes long, glabrous, fragile. Sow. Fung. t. 33. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 386. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 22. Fries, Syst. Mycol. v, 1. P. 265. HAB. Pastures, grass-plots, &c., extremely common. May to November. Pileus very obtusely conical, smooth, deep rich buff, about half an inch from the base to the apex of the cone. Lamella not numerous, adnate, rich reddish-brown, about 1 line broad, sometimes reaching below the margin of the pileus. Stipes hollow, 3-4 inches long, scarcely more than 1 line thick, striate towards the top, brown, fragile. The whole plant is of a deeper colour in moist weather, when it acquires a subpellucid appear- ance. 62. Ag. Hypnorum, minute ; pileus campanulate, striate when moist, reddish-buff, becoming pale; lamellæ adnate, rather broad, distant; stipes somewhat crooked, filiform. Pers. Syn. Fung. . p. 385. Fries, Syst. Mycol. v. 1. p. 267. Ag. acicula, Sow, , Fung, t. 282. HAB. On the ground, among moss. Autumn. Foxhall, Captain Wauch. Pileus reddish, brownish, buffish-red, &c., very small, not {th of an inch in diameter, conical, at length campanulate, striato-sulcate when moist, membranaceous. Lamella few, adnate, reddish-brown, rather broad. Stipes about an inch high, filiform, hollow, rather paler than the pileus, slightly crooked. This plant is liable to much variation, and Fries has no fewer than five varieties. It is very common, and in a short time the varieties will pro- bably be discovered in this vicinity. y and , grow in bogs. Sect. 4. (TAPINIA, Fries.—Part of OMPHALIA, Pers.) Veil marginal, villose, fugacious. Stipes equal, expanding into the pileus. Pileus more or less fleshy, smooth, naked, plano-convex when young, with a villose invo- lute margin, afterwards depressed, and broadly umbilicate. Lamellæ adnato-de- current, numerous.—Persistent fungi, mostly on the ground ; not edible. 63. Ag. involutus, compact ; pileus depressed, ochrey-brown, with a tomentose involute margin ; lamellæ mostly dichotomous; a 390 CRYPTOGAMIA. FUNGI. AGARICUS. stipes thick, often excentrical. Pers. Syn. Fung: p. 448. Fries, , Syst. Mycol. v. 1. p. 271. Ag. contiguus, Sow. Fung. t. 98. HAB. On the ground in woods; frequently on turf-walls and banks. Autumn. Foxhall, Captain Wauch. Balmuto. Newliston woods, &c. Pileus 2-3 inches broad, depressed in the centre, margin much rounded, in- volute and villose, yellowish or ochrey-brown, very smooth when dry. Lamella rather numerous, sometimes simple, but mostly irregularly forked, brown-yellow, somewhat decurrent. Stipes 2-3 inches long, solid, firm, sometimes hollow in old plants, 1-1 inch thick, brownish-buff, frequently stained or spotted, often not central, and incurved at the base. SERIES V. Furnished with a veil, not cobweb-like. Lamella changing colour, mottled, more or less dissoluble. Sporules brownish-purple. (PRATELLA, Pers.) SECT Sect. 1. (PSALLIOTA, Fries.—Part of PRATELLA and LEPIOTA, Pers.) Veil in the form of a collar, subpersistent, partial. Stipes firm, subequal, separating from the pileus. Pileus more or less fleshy, convex or broadly campanulate, either viscous or furnished with scales or fibrilla. Lamelle free or fixed, broad, becom- ing dark.—Some are edible. Traces of a nearly general veil are seen in Ag. campestris, Georgii and æruginosus. 64. Ag. campestris, pileus white, fleshy, dry, subsquamose or sericeous ; lamellae free, ventricose, pink, changing to dark fuscous; stipes solid, white, with an annular veil. Sow. Fung. t. 305. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 418. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 21. Fries, Syst. Mycol. v. 1. p. 281. . Hab. Pastures and meadows, less frequently in woods. Extremely com- mon. April–September. Plant frequently gregarious. Pileus fleshy, convex, at length plane, 2-5 inches broad, white, changing to yellowish or brownish, subsquamose or nearly smooth. Flesh white. Lamella numerous, free, rose-pink, chan- ging to deep purplish-brown, broad. Stipes 2–3 inches long, 1- of an inch thick, white, firm, solid, bulbous at the base, furnished with an annular veil. This is the well known Mushroom of the English market, and frequently cultivated by artificial means. 65. Ag. Georgii, pileus very fleshy, convex, white or pale yellowish, mostly smooth; lamellæ broad, whitish, at length deep purple-brown ; stipes thick, with a persistent collar. Sow. Fung. t. 304. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 21. . HAB. In meadows, woods, and near buildings, &c. Autumn. Frequent. Plant gregarious. Pileus convex, at length nearly plane, 4-12 inches broad or more, somewhat scaly, white or yellowish, at length discoloured, ra- ther tough. Flesh thick, white, turning yellowish on being cut, and in some specimens exuding a yellow juice. Lamella numerous, white, or very pale flesh colour, changing at length to deep purplish-brown, broad, free. Stipes 2–5 inches long, 4-1 inch thick, solid, whitish or yellowish, nearly smooth, and furnished with a strong persistent collar. Ag. Georgii derives its name, according to Parkinson, from springing up about the time of St George's day. It is unquestionably the largest of the Bri- tish agarics. It has been known to weigh 14 lb. Mr Hopkirk mentions AGARICUS. CRYPTOGAMIA. FUNGI. 391 one that weighed 5 lb. 6 ounces, and measured 43 inches in circumference; but Mr Stackhouse found it to attain the enormous size of 18 inches in diameter, which is 54 in circumference, having a stem as thick as a man's wrist. The best distinguishing marks are,—the extreme paleness of the lamella at the period of the bursting of the veil, compared with the true mushroom; the greater convexity and thickness of flesh at the same pe. riod, and shortly afterwards the more yellowish and tough pileus. 66. Ag: semiglobatus, pileus hemispherical, smooth, gluti- . nous, reddish-yellow; lamellæ adnate, mostly horizontal, darkly mottled; stipes hollow, crooked, firm, glabrous. Sow. Fung. t. 248. Pers. Syn. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 407. Fung. p. 407. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 23. . Ag. virosus, Sow. Fung. t. 407. & 408. HAB. Pastures, meadows, and grassy woods. Extremely common. May to November. Pileus -14 inches diameter, hemispherical, rarely in large specimens be- coming plano-convex, yellow, or reddish-orange, very slimy, smooth. Lamellæ rather numerous, broad, horizontal, (extending in a straight line or nearly so from the margin of the pileus to the stipes), broad, much mottled with the purplish-black sporules. Stipes 3-6 inches long, pale yellowish, firm, more or less crooked, hollow, glutinous, furnished with a more or less perfect annular veil. 67. Ag. æruginosus, pileus fleshy, yellow, but being covered with a blue slime, appearing greenish ; lamellæ adnate, purple- brown ; stipes hollow, squamose. Sow. Fung. p. 264. Pers. Syn. Fung p. 419. Fries, Syst. Mycol. v. 1. p. 286. Hae. On the ground in woods, meadows, or on rotten stumps, &c. Au- tumn, very common. Foxhall, Captain Wauch. Abundant elsewhere. Pileus 1-4 inches broad, convex, at length nearly plane, umbonate, verdi- gris-green, very slimy, the slime blue, which, when removed, leaves the pileus of a yellowish or reddish-yellow colour. Flesh white, tinged with blue. Lamella rather numerous, purplish-brown, adnate, broad. Stipes 2-3 inches long, 3-6 lines thick, whitish, verdigris-green, hollow, fur- nished with a subpersistent white collar. 'In old plants the glutinous matter which covers the pileus is often partially washed off by the rain, or removed by other causes. Sect. 2. (HYPHOLOMA, Fries.- Part of COPRINUS and PRA- TELLA, Pers.) Veil, a web-like curtain, fugacious, fixed to the stipes, and to the margin of the pileus. Stipes somewhat hollow, firm, separating from the pileus. Pileus fleshy, convex, at length nearly plane. Lamella adnate, numerous, becoming more or less moist. -Tufted fungi, growing mostly from rotten stumps. 68. Ag. lacrymabundus, pileus fleshy, very fibrous, pale yel- low-brown; lamellæ dull reddish-brown, exuding a thin grey fluid , stipes hollow, fibrillose, thickest at the base. the base. Sow. Fung. t. 41. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 23. Fries, Syst. Mycol. v. 1. p. 287. Ag. velutinus, Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 409. HAB. In woods, borders of fields, road-sides, &c. chiefly on or near old stumps of felled trees. Autumn. Caroline Park. Tufted. Pileus convex, at length nearly plane, often irregular, fleshy, 2-4 inches broad, pale yellowish-brown, surface very woolly or fibrous. Lą 392 CRYPTOGAMIA. FUNGI. AGARICUS. mellæ numerous, adnate, pale, becoming reddish, at length brownish- purple, broad, exuding a thin, grey, transparent fluid at their margins. Stipes 2-4 inches long, 2-4 lines thick, whitish or whitish-brown, hollow, fibrillose, somewhat incrassated at the base. Veil leaving traces and por- tions on the stipes and margin of the pileus. 69. Ag. fascicularis, pileus somewhat fleshy, umbonate, ochra- ceous, or reddish-orange ; lamellæ greenish, numerous; stipes hollow, rather slender, long. Sow. Fung. t. 285. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 421. Fries, Syst. Mycol. v. 1. p. 288. Hal. On rotton stumps of trees, or near trees. May to November. Very common about Edinburgh. Tufted. Pileus 13-2 inches broad, plano-convex, umbonate, yellowish, red. dish-buff or brownish-orange, smooth, margin thin. Lamelle adnate, nu- merous, rather narrow, pale yellowish, at length greenish, mottled. Stipes 2-9 inches long, about 2 lines thick, equal, hollow, yellowish. Veil very fugacious, scarcely leaving a permanent trace upon the stipes. Taste ex- tremely bitter. When growing out of a hollow tree, &c. the stipes is very long. The sur- face of the pileus of some of the plants is often completely discoloured by the falling of the sporules of those immediately above them. 70. Ag. lateritius, pileus fleshy, obtuse, brown-orange, la- mellæ slightly greenish ; stipes filled with a spongy mass, stain- ed by the veil. Pers. Syn. Fung, p. 421. Fries, Syst. Mycol. v. 1. p. 288. HAB. On rotten stumps of trees, or among grass, but attached to roots of trees. May to October. Auchindenny woods, and probably in many other places. Tufted. Pileus fleshy, brown-orange, paler at the margin, when young se- · riceous, 2–5 inches broad, convex, sometimes glutinous, rarely scaly, Lamella adnate, rather broad, pale, greyish, at length somewhat greenish, numerous. Stipes 2-5 inches long, about įd of an inch thick, firm, cylin drical, crooked, scarcely quite solid, but filled with a fibrous spongy mass. Flesh yellowish-white. Veil fugacious, staining the stipes more or less. Taste bitter. SECT. 3. (COPRINARIUS, Fries.- Part of COPRINUS and PRA- TELLA, Pers.) Veil attached to the margin, rarely annular, mostly very fugacious. Slipes hollow, slender, subfragile, separating from the pileus. Pileus slightly fleshy or membra- naceous, smooth, subpersistent. Lamella subdeliquescing. Sporules black. 71. Ag. semiovatus, pileus somewhat fleshy, obtusely campa- nulate, glutinous, yellowish or brownish white; lamellæ adnate, greyish-black; stipes long, white; veil annular, entire. Sow. Fung. t. 131. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 408. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. Fries, Syst. Mycol. v. 1, p. 300. HAB. On dung in pastures, from spring to autumn; very common. Pileus campanulate, but very obtuse at the summit, -1] inches from the base to the apex, not expanding at the base without cracking, yellowish- white, glutinous, smooth, polished," wrinkled when old like wash-lea- ther," (With.) Lamelle 2-3 lines broad, vanishing towards the margin of the pileus, very dark grey, numerous. Stipes 3-6 inches high, white p. 25. AGARICUS. CRYPTOGAMIA. FUNGI. 393 hollow, rather firm, 2-3 lines thick, shining, somewhat bulbous, sprinkled with the dark sporules. Veil rather fugacious. 72. Ag. titubans, pileus membranaceous, plicate, viscous, yel- low; lamella scarcely attached to the stipes, pale purplish, at length brown flesh-colour ; stipes equal, shining. Sow. Fung. t. 128. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 415. Fries, Syst. Mycol. v. 1. p. 304. Hab. On horse and cow dung. Autumn. Foxhall, Captain Wauch. Carlowrie. Pileus conical, at length plane, 1-4 of an inch broad, membranaceous, pli- cate, pale yellow, deepest in the centre, and smooth. Lamella distant, pale, at length brown-red or flesh colour, narrow, mottled. Stipes scarce- ly more than 1 line thick, 3-4 inches long, hollow, weak, yellow.—A very elegant species, possessing, according to Withering, a strong and disa- greeable smell. 173. Ag. disseminatus, gregarious, small, pileus ovato-campa- nulate, plicate; lamellæ subadnate, whitish, at length grey ; stipes incurved, glabrous. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 403. . Fries, Syst. Mycol. v. 1. p. 205. Ag. striatus, Sow. Fung. t. 166. HAB. On decaying trunks, and rotten stumps of felled trees, extremely common. Spring to autumn. Crowded. Pileus ovate, conical, at length campanulate, 3-1 an inch from the base to the apex, striated and plicate, membranaceous, pale buff or reddish-brown, at length grey, becoming flaccid and dissolving. Lamella distant, narrow, pale brown. Stipes 1-3 inches long, slender, weak, brittle, crooked, hollow, pale yellowish, whitish or greyish.—Particularly partial to old willow trees, and when growing on a stump of a felled tree often covering nearly a square yard. SERIES VI. Lamello free, dissolving along with the pileus. Veil general. Sporules black. (COPRINUS, Pers.) Stipes hollow, straight, fragile, subsquamose, white. Pileus membranaceous rarely somewhat fleshy, ovato-conical when young, becoming campanulate, at length tear- ing and revolute, dissolving ; more or less covered with separating flocculi ( the re- mains of the veil), and separating from the stipes. Lamella white, at length blackish._Fugacious fungi, mostly on dunghills, rich grassy places, and rotlen trunks of trees, delighting in rainy or moist weather. Taste nauseous. Not edible. 74. Ag. comatus, pileus somewhat fleshy, white, scaly; la- mellæ white, changing to red-purple and to black; stipes subbul- bous; veil annular, moveable. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 395. Fries, Syst. Mycol. v. 1. p. 307. Ag. cylindricus, Sow. Fung. t. 189. Hab. In rich grass, waste 'ground near stables, and in kitchen-gardens. Very common. Autumn. Subgregarious. Pileus cylindrical when young, at length conico.campanu- late, 3-6 inches from the base to the apex, white, with the surface form- ed into large woolly scales, at length changing to a pinkish hue, and at last splitting, turning up, and dissolving into a black fluid. Lamella crowded, contiguous, broad, white, changing to a pink-brown and black free. Stipes white, hollow, fibrous within, cylindrical, bulbous, 994 CRYPTOGAMIA. FUNGI. AGARICUS 75. Ag. atramentarius, tufted ; pileus somewhat fleshy, grey, becoming reddish-brown, smooth, scaly at the apex; lamellä ventricose, white, changing to purplish-brown; stipes equal, naked. Fries, Syst. Mycol. v. 1. p. 309. Ag: fimetarius, Sow. Fung. t. 188. Ag. plicatus, Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 396. Hab. In villages, and in the neighbourhood of dunghills, also at the roots of trees, extremely common. Autumn. Tufted. Pileus brown-white or silvery grey, darker at the summit, re- maining campanulate for a considerable time, above 2 inches from the base to the apex, obtusely and irregularly plicate, unequal, at length be- coming plane and revolute. Lamelle free, silvery, grey, changing to black, contiguous to each other, ventricose, dissolving in age. Stipes hollow, white, 3-8 inches long, cylindrical, about 3d of an inch thick. This species is well marked by the large folds or plaits which often extend from the base to the very apex of the pileus. 76. Ag. micaceus, tufted ; pileus membranaceous, furrowed, furfuraceous, brown-orange; lamellæ pale, changing to black; stipes equal, fragile. Fries, Syst. Mycol. v. 1. p. 309. Ag. fer- : rugineus, Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 400. Ag. congregatus, Sow. , Fung. t. 261. (excellent). Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 23. . Hab. At the roots of trees, gate-posts, &c. extremely common. May to November. Tufted. Pileus ovato-companulate, 1-1} inches from the base to the apex, striated and furrowed, brownish-orange or yellow, sometimes ferruginous, surface sprinkled with shining particles, in age turning up, becoming plane, and dissolving into a blackish fluid. Lamelle numerous, free, whitish, passing from brown-grey and reddish to black. Stipes 3-5 inches long, 3-5 lines thick, white, fragile, cylindrical, somewhat atte- nuated upwards. 77. Ag. cinereus, pileus furrowed, subtomentose, cinereous, smooth on the summit; lamellæ linear ; stipes tall, attenuated upwards. . Pers. Syn. Fung: p. 398. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 24. Fries, Syst. Mycol. v. 1. P. 310. HAB. In gardens, rich meadows, and on dung. Very common. July to October. Pileus conico-campanulate, 1-2 inches broad, dark grey, furfuraceous or mi- nutely scaly, smooth at the apex, plicate, membranaceous, very fuga- cious, soon becoming plane and revolute, and dissolving. Lamella 1 line broad, dark grey, free, very tender. Stipes 5-9 inches high, hollow, white, about 3 lines thick, brittle, delicate, attenuated upwards, and “swelling below like the stem of an onion,” (Bolt.) sometimes scaly. Extremely rapid in its growth, attaining perfection and dissolving in the course of a few hours. At its first appearance, it is covered with the de- licate frosted remains of the veil. 78. Ag. niveus, pileus campanulate, farinose with minute scales; stipes snow-white, tomentose ; lamellæ narrow, at length brownish-black. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 400. Fries, Syst. Mycol. p v. 1. p. 311. Hab. On dung, frequent. Autumn. Pileus campanulate, straight, at length expanded and revolute, 4-1 inch broad, white while young, and covered with delicate white farinose scales, AGARICUS. CRYPTOGAMIA. FUNGI. 396 young, af- membranaceous, turning reddish and at last black. Lamella very narrow, free, but touching the stipes, distant, white, soon becoming reddish and black. Stipes 2-4 inches long, about 2 lines thick, white, fragile, some- what attenuated upwards, hollow but fibrous. 79. Ag plicatilis, very tender, pileus conical, at length plane, umbilicated, plicate ; lamellæ not reaching to the stipes, distant, dark grey; stipes smooth, weak. Sow. Fung. t. 364. Hoole. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 24. Fries, Syst. Mycol. v. 1. p. 312. Ag: pul- cher, Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 404. Hab. On dung, and in kitchen-gardens, extremely common. Spring to autumn. Plant extremely fugacious. Pileus cylindrical, furfuraceous, at length plane, nearly naked, umbilicated, grey, yellowish-brown in the centre, beautifully plicate, membranaceous, subpellucid. Lamella free, dark grey, subdistant, very narrow, tender. Stipes 1-3 inches long, very slender, fragile, smooth, grey tinged with brown, sometimes white, hollow. A beautiful object, and so regular as to appear almost artificial. 80. Ag: ephemerus, ovato-campanulate, scaly while terwards glabrous, becoming expanded and revolute, greyor tinged with brown, very thin, splitting; lamellæ distant; stipes naked. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 149. Fries, Syst. Mycol. v. 1. p. 313. Ag. stercorarius, Sow. Fung. t. 262. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 23. HAB. On dunghils. May to autumn ; very common. Very fugitive. Pileus campanulate, gradually becoming expanded and plane, splitting and revolute, while young squamose, white, often tinged with brown, at length dark grey-black and deliquescing, 5-14 inches broad. Lamella white at first, then purplish, afterwards black and more distant, somewhat ventricose. Stipes 2-5 inches long, 1-2 lines thick, white, glabrous, brittle, slightly attenuated upwards, hollow. 81. Ag. radiatus, very delicate and fugacious, pileus grey, furfuraceous, at length splitting in a radiated manner, glabrous, brownish in the centre; stipes filiform. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 407. Fries, Syst. Mycol. v. 1. p. 314. HAB. On dung, not uncommon. May to November. Pileus 1-2 lines broad, exceedingly delicate, ovate when young, and yellow- ish-brown, at length plane, and grey, the lamellæ forming angles at the margin, producing the effect of the “ spokes of a wheel,” centre ochra- ceous, striate, splitting. Lamella few, narrow. Stipes filiform, 1-13 inches long, very weak, destroyed by a breath. SERIES VII. Stipes decidedly excentrical, or lateral, or none. (PLEUROTUS, Fries.) 82. Ag. ulmarius, pileus compact, smooth, pale whitish ; la- mellæ adnate or subdecurrent, whitish ; stipes strong, ascend- ing, incrassated at the base, excentrical. Sow. Fung. t. 67. Pers. Syn. p. 473. Fries, Syst. Mycol. v. 1. p. 186. Hab. On the trunks of living trees, chiefly Elms. Autumn. Trees at Carlowrie; rare. Pilous obtuse, 3-5 inches broad, smooth, subcoriaceous, but within very 396 CRYPTOGAMIA. FUNGI. AGARICUS. white, soft, yet of close texture, thick, sometimes marbled with livid spots. Lamella numerous, broad, white, adnate or somewhat decurrent, irregular. Stipes excentrical, ascending, 2–3 inches long, about 1 inch thick, solid, firm, incrassated at the base, white, sometimes furfuraceous. -Single or in tufts, varying a good deal in its texture. 83. Ag. ostreatus, tufted; stipes sublateral or none; pileus smooth, fleshy, pale blueish-grey or brown ; lamellæ whitish, of- ten anastomosing at the base. Sow. Fung. t. 421. Sow. Fung. t. 421. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 477. Fries, Syst. Mycol. v. 1. p. 182. HAB. Trunks of trees. Spring to autumn. Dundas Hill, rare. Tufted. Pileus at first dark grey, then brownish, at length becoming pale, . sometimes yellowish, 2-7 inches broad, smooth, plano-convex, margin rounded and involute, coriaceous. Lamella numerous, whitish, decurrent, broad, anastomosing at the base. Stipes when present, almost lateral, so- lid, very short, frequently wanting, especially in large plants. 84. Ag. mollis, gregarious; pileus soft, smooth, gibbous, pale yellow-brown ; lamellæ pale reddish-brown, somewhat ventri- cose ; stipes none. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 480. Sow. Fung. t. 98. HAB. On trunks of decaying trees, and rotten stumps of felled trees. Autumn. Foxhall, Captain Wauch. Abercorn Park, and elsewhere, in woods. Gregarious. Pileus soft, becoming less so in age, 1-2 inches broad, plano- convex, pale yellowish or brownish, slightly fleshy, smooth. Lamella ra- ther distant, or not numerous, pale reddish-brown, somewhat ventricose towards the base, much attenuated towards the margin. Stipes none. 85. Ag. variabilis, pileus membranaceous, white, cottony, at first subresupinate, at length reflexed ; lamellæ whitish, after- wards pinkish-buff . Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 483, Fries, Syst. Mycol. v. 1. p. 275. A. niveus, Sow. Fung. t. 97. Hab. On sticks in damp woods and hedges. Spring to autumn, very common. Often gregarious. Pileus 1-1 inch broad when reflexed, at first subresupi- nate, and involute, surface fine white, cottony. Lamellæ numerous, at first white, at length reddish or pinkish-buff. Div. II. Plants mostly furnished with a stipitate or sessile pi- leus, but sometimes resupinate or effused. Hymenium either in the form of obtuse subparallel veins, or irregular sinuous or pore-like folds. (CANTHARELLIDEE). 140. CANTHARELLUS. Adans. * Furnished with a stipes. 1. C. cibarius, rich buff-yellow; pileus fleshy, irregular, , smooth ; veins tumid ; stipes solid, attenuated at the base, Fries, Syst. Mycol. v. 1. p. 318. Merulius cantharellus, Pers. Syn. Fung: p. 488. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 25. Agaricus can- p , tharellus, Sow. Fung, t. 46. CANTHARELLUS. CRYPTOGAMIA. FUNGI. 397 HAB. In woods, particularly of fir trees, borders of fields, &c. common, Foxhall, Captain Wauch. Balmuto. Summer and autumn. Pileus 2–4 inches broad, often irregular and somewhat lobed, repand, de- pressed, margin rounded and often involute, yolk-of-egg yellow, but va- rying in shade, scentless when recent, but in a few hours smelling like ripe apricots. Veins of the hymenium subdistant, thick, dichotomous, sometimes anastomosing. Stipes 1-2 inches long, firm, attenuated at the base, solid, 2-3 lines thick, same colour as the pileus, smooth. 2. C. lutescens, pileus submembranaceous, funnel-shaped, , waved, yellowish or olivaceous brown; veins anastomosing; sti- pes hollow, yellow. Fries, Syst. Mycol. v. 1. p. 320. Merulius lutescens, Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 489. Agaricus cantharelloides, Sow. Fung. t. 47. HAB. Moist woods, rare. Balmuto. Summer and autumn. Pileus 1–3 inches broad, depressed, at length infundibuliform, yellowish li- vid-brown. Veins of the hymnenium decurrent, anastomosing, flexuose, yellow or flesh colour. Stipes 2-3 inches long, hollow, yellow, 2-3 lines thick, unequal.—Plants single or gregarious; scarcely edible. ** Sessile-(on mosses in damp places). 3. C. lobatus, horizontal, sessile, lobed, membranaceous, di- lute brown; veins branched. Fries, Syst. Mycol. v. 1. p. 323. Helvella imembranacea, Sow. Fung. t. 348. Hab. On mosses, &c. in bogs and damp places. Duddingston Loch, among the reeds. Pileus 3-1 inch broad, plane, membranaceous, dilute pale brown, lobed, at- tached at the edge, or nearly so, to mosses, by means of a few fibres. Veins of the hymenium branching Not to be confounded with C. muscigenus or retirugus. The latter has fre- quently been associated with it. 141. MERULIUS. Hall, , 1. M. lacrymans, effused, large, yellow-ferruginous, or deep orange, margin white, and cottony; veins large, forming irre- gular pores by their sinuosity. Fries, Syst. Mycol. v. 1. p. 328. M. destruens, Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 496. . Boletus lacrymans, Sow. Fung. t. 113. and Bol. arboreus, t. 346. HAB. Rotten wood in vaults and cellars. Rotten wood in the open air in long continued wet weather. Very common. The whole year. Whole plant generally resupinate, soft, tender, at first very light, cottony and white. When the veins appear they are of a fine yellow, orange, or reddish-brown, forming irregular plicæ, most frequently so arranged as to have the appearance of pores, but never any thing like tubes. Some- times the pileus or substance of the plant, from its situation, produces pendant processes like inverted cones. “ The whole fructification often forms a circle of 1-8 inches in diameter.” Except in favourable situa- tions, it does not produce fructification, and resembles a dry pithy cottony substance, whence it has been called the dry rot. When in a perfect state, the sinusus contain drops of clear water, which have given rise to the specific name. It is often very injurious to timber and wood-work. 398 DÆDALEA. CRYPTOGAMIA. FUNGI. p. 550. Div. III. Plants with a stipitate or sessile pileus. Hymenium sinuous ; either irregular sinuosities of the same substance and teature as the pileus, or anastomosing lamella, some- times forming elongated and very flexuose pores. 142. DÆDALEA. Pers. OBS.—This genus approaches most near to Polyporus; but, when the hymenium is composed of sinuose lamella, so much anastomosing as to produce elongated pores, the latter are more variable in figure and more flexuose than in the genus Poly- porus. * Furnished with a stipes-(rarely sessile). 1. D.biennis, pileus somewhat corky, depressed, rather velvety, subferruginous ; hymenium composed of labyrinth-like pores, , grey flesh colour; stipes irregular, central, or nearly lateral, rarely almost wanting. Fries, Syst, Mycol. v. 1. p. 332. Boletus 1 biennis, Sow. Fung. t. 190. Sistotrema bienne, Pers. Fung, . HAR. On the ground, and on rotten wood. Autumn. Newliston woods, Messrs Wauch and Greville. Pileus convex when young, at length plane or even depressed, velvety or hispid, 1–3 inches broad, irregular, furnished underneath with large, ir- regular, very flexuose or labyrinth-like pores, greyish or flesh coloured. Stipes when present very irregular, unequal, even grotesque, 1-2 inches high, of various thickness, ferruginous, sometimes wanting, when the pi- leus becomes dimidiate, as growing from the side of a rotten post. In this situation it is even sometimes imbricated.-_When dry, it is hard and woody. ** Sessile and dimidiate. 2. D. quercina, sessile, pale, with a woody aspect ; pileus sub- erose, rugose, glabrous; hymenium contorted, sinuous, anasto- mosing. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 500. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 26. . Fries, Syst. Mycol. v. 1. p. 333. Agaricus quercinus, Sow. Fung. t. 181. HAB. On the trunks of Oak trees, but particularly on old posts and paling, &c. The whole year. Perennial. Size and form very various. Substance mostly corky and even woody in old plants, thick and tough. Lamella thick, irregular, flexuose, branching and anastomosing, often forming large shapeless pores. Sowerby's plate is excellent. Used as a styptic in stopping hæmorrhages. Div. IV. Plants with a fleshy or corky pileus, stipitate, sessile, resupinate or effused. Xymenium porous or tubular. 143. POLYPORUS. Michel. * Furnished with a stipes.—(Very short in P. squamosus). 1. P. perennis, pileus coriaceous, velvety, zoned; pores mi- nute, at length lacerating; whole plant cinnamon colour; stipes POLYPORUS. CRYPTOGAMIA. FUNGI. 399 central. Fries, Syst. Mycol. v. 1. p 350. Boletus perennis, Sow. t. 192. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 518. HAB. On the ground in sandy places, about the roots of trees. Road sides in sandy woods ; common. The whole year. Dundas Hill. Gregarious. Pileus coriaceous, thin, 1-3 inches broad, soft and velvety, marked with 2 or 3 concentric circles of colour, depressed in the centre, sometimes completely infundibuliform, occasionally fimbriated at the margin, and even waved. Pores small, roundish, or slightly angular, very shallow towards the margin of the pileus, or even disappearing, decur- rent. Stipes 1-1 inch long, coriaceous or woody, very tough, unequal, often velvety, somewhat bulbous at the base.—The pilei, and even stems of several plants, are frequently found growing into each other, and form- ing one mass; whence Schumacher's name of confluens. 2. P. varius, pileus rigid, glabrous, smooth ; pores small, , roundish, pale ; stipes short, smooth, pale, becoming suddenly black at the base, Fries, Syst. Mycol. v. 1. p. 352. Boletus varius, Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 523. B. badius, Pers. Syn. p. 523. B. variegatus ? Sow. Fung. t. 368. B. lateralis, Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 27. B. nummularius, Sow. Fung. t. 89. Pers. Syn. p. 519. HAB. On the trunks of trees, and on fallen branches and even small sticks, in woods. Frequent, the whole year. Foxhall and Newliston woods, Captain Wauch. Balmuto; Dundas Hill; Auchindenny woods; Abercorn Park, &c. Extremely variable, and sometimes altogether wanting a stipes. Substance white, somewhat carnose when very young, at length very hard. Sur- face of the pileus smooth, not varnished, whitish, yellowish, or reddish- brown. Pores unequal, short, toothed under a magnifier, within pale di- lute cinnamon colour, but the sporules white.—Sometimes solitary, at others gregarious, and even tufted. When furnished with a stipes, va- rying from half an inch to four inches in diameter. When tufted or im- bricated, the whole mass is sometimes 4 or 5 inches broad. 3. P. squamosus, large, pileus fleshy, pale, dirty yellowish, with broad dark-coloured scales ; pores large, angular, whitish, becoming mere reticulations at the base; stipes very short, sub- lateral. Fries, Syst. Mycol. v. 1. p. 343. 343. Boletus squamosus, Sow. Fung. t. 266. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 27. B. platyporus, Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 521. HAB. Trunks of trees, and on the stumps of felled trees, particularly the Ash. Extremely common. June to October. Solitary or gregarious. Pileus often very large, 6–12 inches broad, pale yel- lowish, more or less squamose, the scales broad, dark, quite depressed. Substance fleshy, spongy, much infested with maggots. Pores large, very short, frequently pentagonous, and in some specimens little more than reticulations, whitish or yellowish. Stipes generally extremely short, expanding immediately into the pileus; sometimes, however, in peculiar situations, it is long and branched, but then scarcely producing a pileus: in this state, it is Bol. rangiferinus of Withering. 400 POLYPORUS. CRYPTOGAMIA. FUNGI. ** Sessile, (sometimes with an excessively short stipes as in P. betulinus). + Pileus sessile or dimidiate, not reflexed. 4. P. betulinus, pileus subsessile, not dimidiate, compact, smooth, pale whitish-brown; pores white, small, unequal. Fries, Syst. Mycol. v. 1. p. 358. 358. Boletus betulinus, Sow. Fung. t. 212. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 535. HAB. On trunks of Beech trees, rather rare. Summer and autumn. Rosslyn woods. Pileus 4–6 inches broad, smooth, when young sometimes with a short stipes, which almost wholly disappears in maturity, fleshy at first, afterwards becoming dry, and some time after gathering remarkably light and friable, pale brown, epidermis separating from the white substance of the pileus. Form roundish or subreniform, with a somewhat tumid margin. Pores white, unequal, very minute, mouths dentate.--Taste and smell some- what acid. 5. P. salicinus, sessile or dimidiate, between suberose and co- riaceous, roundish, smooth, white, at length brownish; pores white, becoming yellowish-brown, short, irregular. Bol. salicinus, Sow. Fung. t. 227. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 27. B. suaveolens, . var. B. Fries, Syst. Mycol. v. 1. p. 366. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 530. HAB. On decaying and dead Willow trees. In a wood near Lasswade, Dr Parsons. Foxhall, Captain Wauch. Summer and autumn. Pileus 3-7 inches broad, white at first, gradually changing to brownish, eia ther sessile or dimidiate, horizontal, roundish, convex, margin irregular, smooth, coriaceous or corky according to its substance, which varies in thickness. When dried, light, dry, and hard. Pores short, variable, white, at length yellowish-brown. Smell none, or very slight. I do not think that Persoon is right in making this plant a variety of P. suaveolens. Fries, who acknowledges having followed Persoon, with- out additional data, seems very doubtful whether he is correct. P. sua- veolens has, according to Bolton, a smell like aniseeds ; and Linnæus men- tions, that the Laplanders carry it about them when they visit their mis- tresses, in order to render themselves more agreeable. 6. P. hispidus, pileus dimidiate, large, somewhat fleshy, thick, villose, ferruginous ; pores yellowish, pale, and fringed at the orifices. Fries, Syst. Mycol . v. 1. p. 362. Grev. Crypt. Fl. t. 14. Boletus hispidus, Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 526. Bol giosus, Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 27. Bol. velutinus, Sow. Fung t. 345. HAB. On the trunks of Ash, Oak and Sycamore trees; not very frequent. Foxhall, Captain Wauch. Carlowrie and elsewhere. Autumn. Pileus dimidiate, horizontal, very thick, 5–18 inches across, roundish, often irregularly divided into 2 or 3 large lobes, convex, very villose, even shaggy, ferruginous at first, and somewhat orange at the margin, at length black in- age. Flesh yellow-ferruginous, zoned, difficult to cut, but tearing easily in the direction of the fibres. Pores long, yellowish, roundish, pale and fringed at their orifices. Sporules bright yellow. 7. P. fomentarius, pileus subtriangular, glabrous, dark brown- Bol. spon- 3 POLYPORUS. CRYPTOGAMIA. FUNGI. 401 ish-grey, soft within, margin pale glaucous, as well as the pores (which are very minute), but at length ferruginous. Fries, Syst. Mycol. v. 1. p. 374. Boletus fomentarius, Sow. Fung. t. 133. Pers. Syn. p. 536. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 28. HAB. On trunks of trees, especially old decaying Birches. On birch trees about Edinburgh, rare. Swanston wood. The whole year. Pileus large, 3-8 inches in diameter, externally hard, somewhat banded particularly towards the margin, with grey and dark zones, strongly re- sembling a horse's hoof, sometimes much flattened. Pores stratified, or in a succession of layers, long, very slender, naked. Substance reddish- brown and spongy. Much used on the Continent for making Amadou ; also very generally in the Highlands of Scotland for the same purpose by the shepherds, who manufacture it for themselves, 8. P. igniarius, hard; pileus thick, obtuse, smoothish, mostly ferruginous, blackish at the base, banded, margin convex; pores minute, greenish, at length cinnamon colour. Fries, Syst. Mycol. v. 1. p. 375. Boletus igniarius, Sow. Fung. t. 132. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 534. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 28. p. HAB. Trunks of trees; particularly Plum and Cherry trees. Foxhall, Captain Wauch. Garden at Carlowrie, and elsewhere. Perennial. Pileus somewhat like a horse's hoof, irregular, rugose, banded with convex zones, reddish-brown, at length blackish, smooth, hard throughout, and not fit for converting into amadou. Pores very minute, slender, yellow- ish or greenish-grey, at length cinnamon.—The pileus is apt to change its form, according to its situation ; and when growing on the under surface of a horizontal cherry tree branch, it becomes as it were perpendicular, and the pores form a horizontal and circular surface beneath. tt Pileus more or less reflexed, mostly thin. 9. P. cæsius, pileus fleshy, subsericeous, white, changing to blueish ; pores minute, white, irregular, lacerating. Fries, Syst. Mycol. v. 1. p. 360. Boletus cæsius, Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 526. Sow. Fung. t. 226. Hab. On the decaying or dead trunks of Fir trees, especially such as lie prostrate. Woods, Balmuto. Pileus 1-3 inches broad, reflexed, sometimes imbricated, white at first, at length glaucous or blueish, soft and easily injured, but when old rather tough, and at length dry and hard. Pores small, white, irregular, often oblique, lacerating, of various lengths. Flesh tender, and turning blueish when injured, as does also the surface of the pileus. 10. P. velutinus, imbricated, scarcely reflexed, whitish or brownish-grey; pileus between corky and coriaceous, thin, vel- vety, obscurely zoned; pores excessively short, minute, round, whitish. Fries, Syst. Mycol. v. 1. p. 368. Boletus velutinus, Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 539. and Bol. lutescens, p. 539. Hab. On trunks and stumps of trees, generally close to the ground, not rare. Spring to autumn. Abercorn Park, Duddingston. More or less imbricated. Pileus 2-3 inches broad, velvety, undulated, ob- scurely zoned, smooth, margin thinner than in the following species, be- tween corky and leathery, margin shrinking and curling inwards when сс 402 CRYPTOGAMIA. FUNGI. POLYPORUS. mon. dried; colour various, whitish, with a minutely-cottony margin, yellowish- fuscous, or brownish-grey; the latter is the most common. Pores whitish or yellowish, minute, round, very short, often disappearing towards the margin. 11. P. versicolor, pileus mostly reflexed, coriaceous, villose, variegated by zones of different colours; pores round, white, short. Fries, Syst. Mycol. v. 1. p. 368. Boletus versicolor, Sow. Fung. t. 229. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 540. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 27. . HAB. On trunks and stumps of trees, gate-posts, &c. extremely com- Summer and autumn. Tufted, subimbricated, coriaceous, thin, at first plane, with the commence- ment of the pores uppermost, at length reflexed. Pileus 1-3 inches broad, velvety, zoned with various colours, margin often naked, smooth, several pilei frequently growing into each other. Pores short, white, round.- Whole plant very tough. The most common, and one of the most handsome species of Polyporus in this country. 12. P. abietinus, effused, but at length mostly reflexed ; pi- leus thin, coriaceous, villose, white; pores violet, at length brownish and toothed, lacerating. Fries, Syst. Mycol. v. 1. p. 370. Boletus abietinus, Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 541. Sisto- trema violaceum, Pers. Syn. p. 551. Hab. On dead or decaying Fir trees, very frequent. Autumn. Swan- ston wood; Dundas Hill, &c. Often imbricated, very thin, tough, white, villose or almost cottony, mark- ed by a few depressed obscure zones, undulated, becoming greenish in decay. Pores when young entire, angular, toothed, short, pale violet, in age lacerating in all directions, so as scarcely to retain the character of a Polyporus, becoming pale and brownish. The violet colour is always most bright and permanent at the margin. ttt Pileus effused and resupinate, (scarcely ever reflexed.) 13. P. ferruginosus, effused, thick, portions sometimes grow- ing out horizontally, ferruginous; pores roundish, very unequal ; flesh none. Fries, Syst. Mycol. v. 1. p. 378. Boletus ferrugi- , nosus, Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 544. HAB. Rotten logs of wood and sticks, on the under side ; in damp places. Braid Hermitage. Summer and autumn. Effused, spreading while young over every thing in its way, as leaves, small twigs, and even grass, in the form of a delicate byssus-like web, of reddish-ochrey colour. Pores first appearing in the centre, roundish, very unequal. It sometimes grows horizontally from a branch, and not reflexed ; in such a case, the surface of the pileus is villose or cottony, reddish-buff. Flesh none. Before the pores make their appearance, this plant might almost be taken for a conferva. 14. P. medulla-panis, effused, somewhat waved, hard, dry, white; pores unequal, not minute. Fries, Syst. Mycol. v. 1. 380. Bol. medulla-panis, Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 544. HAB. On decaying, prostrate trunks and branches of trees. Spring to autumn. Dundas Hill, . p. BOLETUS. CRYPTOGAMIA. FUNGI. 403 Effused, white, becoming yellowish in age, roundish, tolerably defined, dry, thickish, following in some degree the inequalities of the wood. Pores elongated, roundish, straight or oblique, according to situation. Flesh al- most none. 15. P. vulgaris, broadly effused, thin, dry, smooth, white; pores minute, subequal. Fries, Syst. Mycol. v. 1. p. 381. Bol. proteus, Bolt. Fung. t. 166. HAB. On decaying wood, and at the bottom of posts, &c. spreading over leaves, &c. Very frequent. The whole year. Effused sometimes to the breadth of a foot, smooth, not a line thick, not to be separated from the wood without destroying it, margin, when young, very thin and pubescent. Pores straight or oblique, roundish. There is a variety of this, which Fries thinks may prove distinct. It is very broadly and irregularly effused, thin, white, producing long slender pores, the flesh scarcely half a line thick, but hard and perennial. Hab. On the trunks of Fir trees, incrusting lichens, &c. 16. P. incarnatus, effused, coriaceous, very thin, submargi- nate; pores orange-flesh colour, minute, round, suboblique. Fries, Syst. Mycol. v. 1. p. 379. Boletus incarnatus, Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 546. Hab. On trunks of Fir trees, especially when in a state of decay. Sum- mer and autumn. Drumshoreland Muir. Effused, irregular in form, thin, coriaceous, sometimes without but often with a margin, which is white and cottony and rather thick, as if it had a tendency to become reflexed. Pores very short, minute, round, sub- equal, straight or oblique, and of a fine flesh colour, approaching in some cases to orange. Sometimes small cottony protuberances occur among the pores, which have the appearance of small pilei, with pores under- neath.-A beautiful species. 144. BOLETUS. Dill. * Tubes wholly adnate with the stipes, or decurrent. 1. B. luteus, pileus glutinous, varying from bright yellow to fulvous; tubes adnate, yellow; stipes firm, with an annular veil. Sow. Fung. t. 265. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 27. Fries, Syst. Mycol. v. 1. p. 386. B. cortinatus, Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 303. HAB. In woods, borders of fields, road-sides, &c. extremely common. Autumn. This species being the only British one which possesses an annular and permanent veil, it is unnecessary to describe it farther. 2. B. bovinus, pileus slightly glutinous, reddish brown, thin ; tubes adnate, compound, yellowish; stipes smooth. Fries, Syst. Mycol. v. 1. p. 388. Bol. gregarius, Fl. Dan. t. 1018. (not characteristic except the one shewing the tubes). With. Bot. Arr. ed. 6. v. iv. p. 382 HAB. Fir woods. Very common in subalpine countries. Plantations at the foot of the Pentland Hills. Summer and autumn. Gregarious. Pileus nearly plane, somewhat glutinous, thin, 2-3 inches broad, pinkish or reddish-brown. Flesh white, not changing colour. Cc 2 404 CRYPTOGAMIA. FUNGI. BOLETUS. Tubes 2-3 lines long, greyish-yellow, at length sometimes ferruginous, slightly decurrent, convex, angular, rather large, irregular, composed of 2 or 3 smaller ones. Sporidia pale ochraceous. Stipes 2-3 inches long, about half an inch thick, smooth. 3. B. piperatus, pileus reddish or brownish-yellow, smooth ; tubes adnate, somewhat decurrent, large, ferruginous; stipes smooth, deep yellow. Sow. Fung. t. 34. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 507. Fries, Syst. Mycol. v. 1. p. 388. . . HAB. Woods and thickets, common. Dundas Hill, &c. Pileus at length plane, 1-3 inches broad, moist, or even glutinous, reddish- yellow or brownish. Flesh yellow, not changing colour. Tubes large, subdecurrent, angular, reddish-yellow or ferruginous. Stipes 1-2 inches long, 3-4 lines thick, more or less deep yellow.- Taste remarkably acrid and pungent. 4. B. subtomentosus, pileus rounded, dry, subtomentose, reddish or olivaceous; tubes adnate, large, angular, yellow; stipes very firm, smooth. Pers. Syn. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 506. Fries, Syst. Mycol. v. 1. p. 389. HAB. Woods, very common. Newliston woods; Dundas Hill, &c. June-October. Pileus 2-4 inches broad, more or less convex, of various colours, but chiefly some shade of red, olive or yellow, or their combinations, very dry, to- mentose, the surface cracking in age and dry weather into areola, and sometimes thus variegating the whole surface. Flesh yellowish, changing slightly to blue. Tubes yellowish, large, often somewhat decurrent. Stipes 1-2 inches long, very firm, yellow, streaked more or less with red, glabrous, generally crooked, particularly at the base, which is often sud- denly attenuated. This is an edible species, and, according to Fries, plentiful in Europe, Asia, and America. ** Tubes nearly or entirely free; (i. e. not in contact with the stipes). 5. B. luridus, pileus convex, subtomentose, mostly olivaceous; tubes nearly free, round, yellow, the orifices crimson-red ; stipes thick, reticulated with crimson-red. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 512. Fries, Syst. Mycol. v. 1. p. 391. B. rubeolarius, Sow. Fung t. 150. Pers. Syn. p. 512. Hab. In woods, frequent. Dundas Hill. Summer and autumn. Pileus 2-6 inches broad, very convex, subtomentose, olivaceous, growing darker in age, juicy. Flesh yellowish, instantly changing to blue. Tubes yellow, 1-8 of an inch long, minute at the mouth, and of a fine crimson- red. Stipes 2-4 inches long, very thick and bulbous towards the base, yellow above, deep crimson or red below, or reticulated with red.-Poison- ous; at least to dogs. 6. B. edulis, pileus convex, smooth, cinereous, yellow or brown ; tubes nearly free, roundish, minute, whitish, at length yellowish ; stipes thick, reticulated; flesh white, not changing colour Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 510. Sow. Fung. t. 111. HAB. In woods, frequent. Near Rosslyn, and probably in many other places about Edinburgh. Autumn, SISTOTREMA. CRYPTOGAMIA. FUNGI. 405 Pileus very convex, compact, fleshy, soft, smooth, almost shining, reddish- brown, dingy yellow, cinereous, or whitish, 3-6 inches broad. Flesh white, either not changing colour, or slightly reddish, taste grateful. Tubes long, white, at length yellowish or greenish. Stipes thick, 4-6 inches long, fleshy, subequal, pale or tinged with brown, reticulated. Sporules dark ochraceous. 7. B. scaber, pileus convex, glabrous; tubes free, round, whitish ; stipes firm, attenuated upwards, scabrous. Sow. Fung t. 175. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 505. B. aurantiacus, Sow. Fung. t. 110. Hook. Fl. Scot, 2. p. 26. HAB. Woods, shaded fields, &c. Summer and autumn. Swanston wood. Abercorn park and elsewhere. Pileus convex above and below, 2–5 inches broad, humid, somewhat gluti- nous, sometimes scaly, and sometimes dry and cracked, of various colours, orange-red, brownish, olivaceous, livid, or dark grey. Flesh white, either not changing or turning blackish. Tubes long, white, minute, obtuse, at length dingy. Stipes whitish, long, attenuated above, particularly when close to the pileus, scabrous with dark furfuraceous little scales.-In young plants there is a floccose marginal veil, which is extremely fugacious. a Div. V. Plants having their hymenium composed of inter- rupted tooth-like lamella. 145. SISTOTREMA. Pers. 1. S. confluens. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 551. Fries, Syst. Mycol. v. 1. : p. 426. Hydnum sublamellosum, Sow. Fung. t. 112. Hab. In woods on the ground, and on sticks, &c. Foxhall, Captain Wauch. Autumn. Gregarious, often anastomosing, or 2 or 3 growing into each other, scent- less, brittle, whitish, at length yellowish or tinged with brown. Stipes attenuated below, central or lateral, about an inch high. Pileus about 1 inch broad, somewhat depressed. The tooth-like plates of the hyme- nium, entire, or jagged. Div. VI. Stipitate, sessile, or resupinate fungi ; hymenium consisting of soft conical spines, or subulate processes. 146. HYDNUM. Linn. * Furnished with a stipes. 1. H. repandum, pileus fleshy, smooth, subrepand, buffish ; subulate processes of the hymenium, unequal, pale ; stipes un- equal, thick. Sow. Fung. t. 176. Pers. Syn. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 555. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 28. Fries, Syst. Mycol. v. 1. p. 400. p HAB. Woods, frequent. Balmuto. Newliston woods and Foxhall, Cap- tain Wauch. Autumn. Pileus irregular, repand, sometimes almost lobed, 2-6 inches broad, smooth, brittle, depressed, margin frequently much rounded. Flesh pale, not changing Subulate processes irregular, unequal, mostly entire, but sometimes jagged at the apex, and then, even somewhat hollow. Stipes thick, unequal, 13-2 inches long, expanding into the pileus. Colour of 406 CRYPTOGAMIA. FUNGI. THELEPHORA. common. the whole plant, pale buff, pinkish, or somewhat reddish.–Solitary or gregarious. 2. H. auriscalpium, pileus coriaceous, tomentose; stipes la- teral, tomentose. Sow. Fung. t. 267. Sow. Fung. t. 267. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 28. Fries, Syst. Mycol. v. 1. p. 406. p . Hab. In fir-woods, on the cones and small fallen branches, extremely The whole year. So well marked by the tomentose dark coloured pileus, lateral and tomen- tose stipes (near 2 inches high) of a similar colour, that farther descrip- tion is unnecessary. The diameter of the pileus is about of an inch, and from its colour, is rather difficult to detect. ** Pileus resupinate. 3. H. spathulatum, effused, white, at length yellowish, with a byssoid margin ; processes of the hymenium oblique, suben- tire, compressed, villose at the apex. Fries, Syst. Mycol. v. 1. . Sistotrema spathulatum, Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 553. Hab. Prostrate trunks of trees. The whole year. Auchindenny woods. January. Effused, roundish or irregular, margin byssoid, delicate, white. Processes of the hymenium irregular, compressed, mostly entire, smooth, dilated towards the apex, and villose, white, at length yellowish, oblique. p. 423. Div. VII. Substipitate and laciniate, or effuso-reflexed or re- supinate plants. Hymenium warty, minutely hairy, pap- pillose or smooth. (THELEPHORIDE E.) 147. THELEPHORA, Pers. . * Pileus striato-fibrous ; either furnished with a sort of stipes or sessile. Growing on the ground. 1. Th. caryophyllaa, somewhat tufted, stipitate or sessile ; pileus irregular, rarely quite entire, striato-fibrous, purplish- brown, margin often laciniate. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 565. Fries, Syst. v. 1. P. 43. Pers. Mycol. v. 1. p. 112. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. Auricularia caryophyllea, Sow. Fung. t. 213. Th. laciniata, Pers. Syn. p. 567. Fries, Syst. p. 431. . . Hab. On the ground, or attached to roots, branches, &c. in contact with the ground, especially in fir-plantations, very common. Autumn. A variable plant, having sometimes an entire funnel-shaped pileus, with a stipes } of an inch high, at others, sessile and imbricated with an irregu- lar, almost horizontal pileus. The upper surface is always more or less fibrous, and sometimes marked by one or two obscure zones; but the margin is not so constant, being often only slightly villose or strigose, while in some varieties it is almost laciniate. Tlymenium somewhat smooth, obscurely veined, minutely papillose, and much the same colour as the superior surface. Substance thin and coriaceous, and, like all the Thelephore, preserves its character in drying. 2. Th. terrestris, irregularly tufted, dark fuscous; pileus p. 29. THELEPHORA. CRYPTOGAMIA. FUNGI. 407 rather thick, striato-fibrous, sessile, often imbricated, sometimes with a very short lateral stipes. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 506. et Mycol. v. 1. p. 113. Fries, Syst. v. 1. P. 431. HAB. On the ground in woods, among fir-trees. Swanston wood. Very irregular in its growth. Pileus thickish, dark dingy brown or even blackish, strigose, very rarely with a stipes, but growing at once from a mass of dead fir-leaves and sticks. Hymenium mostly resembling the preceding, of which indeed this may be a variety. The much thicker pileus is one of the chief diagnostic marks, and the figure given by Nees in his System, is very characteristic. a The upper ** Efused, at length decidedly reflexed and horizontal. 3. Th. intybacea, imbricated, velvety, zoned, pale reddish- buff; hymenium smooth, irregularly papillose, buflish, at length ferruginous, sometimes shooting out into rude stems, anastomo- sing, and producing irregular pilei. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 567. et Mycol. v. 1. p. 110. Fries, Syst. v. 1. p. 431. . HAB. On stumps of trees, generally in contact with the ground. Autumn and spring. Auchindenny woods. Braid Hermitage. Rare. Pileus very irregular, mostly imbricated and sublobed, or even waved at the margin ; a large portion generally remaining effused. surface is zoned, and rather pale; the hymenium pale buff, smooth, more or less papillose, turning in age to a dingy ferruginous colour. When in a favourable situation near the ground, it produces occasionally several short stems, which expand into irregular pilei, frequently anastomosing with each; but these stems appear to be rather the effects of luxuriant growth than a permanent character of the plant. It is a large species. 4. Th. hirsuta, effuso-reflexed, coriaceous, strigose; hyme- nium smooth, yellowish or orange-buff. Pers. Syn. Fung. . p. 570. et Mycol. v. 1. p. 116. Fries, Syst. v. 1. p. 439. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 29. Auricularia reflexa, Sow. Fung. t. 27. Hab. On stumps and branches of trees, prostrate trunks of trees, &c.; extremely common. Perennial. Frequently much imbricated, but often attached in one reflexed pileus for many inches long, on small prostrate branches ; hairy and strigose, zoned, margin entire, lobed or waved, thin and coriaceous. Hymenium very smooth, buff-yellow or somewhat orange. The colour, however, of the hymenium is apt to vary in shade. 5. Th. purpurea, imbricated, subcoriaceous, zoned, hirsute ; hymenium smooth, purple. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 571. et Mycol. v. 1. p. 121. Fries, Syst. v. 1. p. 440. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 29. . Auricularia persistens, Sow. Fung. t. 388. f. 1. HAB. On stumps of trees, gate-posts, &c. Perennial. Frequent. Fox- hall, Captain Wauch. In most woods about Edinburgh. In a young state circular, with the margin slightly thicker and paler; when older it becomes reflexed, white, substrigose, marked with brownish de- pressed zones. Hymenium smooth, purple, becoming pale or brownish in drying.--The individual plants are about one inch in diameter; but by a number growing together, a space of several inches long is frequently covered. . 408 CRYPTOGAMIA. FUNGI. THELEPHORA. 6. Th. rubiginosa, imbricated, rigid, somewhat zoned, pur- plish, reddish-brown, glabrous ; hymenium papillose, minutely velvety, rubiginose, paler at the margin. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 567. et Mycol. v. 1. p. 120. Fries, Syst. v. 1. p. 436. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 29. Auricularia ferruginea, Sow. Fung. t. 26. HAB. On the stumps and fallen trunks of trees, frequent. Perennial. Auchindenny woods. January. Several inches broad, many growing together and into each other, while young entirely resupinate, with the hymenium subvelvety, rubiginose, margin pale, thin, circular ; when old reflexed, the reflexed portion more or less zoned or banded, glabrous, unequal, dingy and blackish. Hyme- nium minutely velvety, smooth, reddish, with a purplish tinge, becoming dark ferruginous in age. Substance very coriaceous, hard and rigid. Sometimes it is resupinate from first to last, but this is rare. *** Resupinate or broadly effused, the margin more or less free, and sometimes a very small portion reflexed. 7. Th. corylea, broadly effused, thickish, the margin slightly reflexed; hymenium ochraceous, uneven, unequally papillose. Pers. Mycol. v. 1. p. 126. Th. rugosa, var. B. Pers. Syn. p. 569. Fries, Syst. Mycol. v. 1. p. 439. HAB. On decaying and dead hazel-trees. The whole year ; common. Auchindenny woods. January. Generally entirely resupinate, but the margin sometimes subreflexed, brown, marked with 2 or 3 narrow zones, resembling thin layers of the pileus overlaying each other, margin entire, sometimes slightly thickened. Hymenium smooth, but unequal, with rounded protuberances, (apparently from the inequality of the surface beneath), intermixed with papillæ. Whole plant several inches broad, but when growing on the small bran- ches, it sometimes almost entirely surrounds them, becoming interrupted at intervals, and slightly reflexed. The surface is not unfrequently cracked. 8. Th. ochracea, effused, very broad, thin; hymenium some- what of an ochrey pale yellow, smooth, or with scattered un- , equal false papillæ. Fries, Syst. v. 1. p. 446. 446. Pers. Mycol. 7. 1. p. 137. HAB. On rotten trunks and branches of trees, frequent. Woods about Edinburgh. Autumn. Covering a large surface, being often a foot broad or more, mostly resupi- nate, but sometimes slightly reflexed, or rather detached at the margin, adhering closely to the wood, margin entire in old plants, but villose when young. Hymenium smooth, ochraceous, sometimes with a faint purplish tinge, papillæ rather large, irregular and spurious, being produced by the asperities of the wood. It resembles some states of the preceding species. 9. Th. radiato-rimosa, resupinate, margin free, whitish, hir- sute ; hymenium fuscous, smooth, somewhat shining, and faint- ly zoned towards the margin, cracking in a radiated manner. HAB. On damp hewn fir-timber in the dock-yard at Leith. Autumn. About 3 or 4 inches broad, subcircular, growing into, or overlaying each other, thin, resupinate, margin free, whitish, somewhat cottony, entire. Hymenium smooth, reddish brown or fuscous, rather paler towards the y a THELEPHORA. CRYPTOGAMIA. FUNGI. 409 a margin, which is somewhat glossy, and faintly marked with narrow zones, the surface splits in age, in a direction from the centre to the circumfe- rence, and often completely through the whole substance, producing the effect of having been cut with a knife. 10. Th. sanguinolenta, circular, effused, margin sometimes free, rarely reflexed; hymenium pale whitish-brown, pruinose, silky and minutely byssoid at the margin, turning red when wounded. Fries, Syst. v. 1. p. 4:40. Th, sericea, var. B. Pers. Mycol, v. 1. p. 117. Hab. On decaying and dead trunks of fir-trees, frequent. Braid Hermi.. tage, in November. From 1-2 inches broad, very gregarious, confluent, thin, closely following the inequalities of the bark, minutely byssoid, especially in the young state. Hymenium whitish or pale brownish, with a light purplish bloom, sericeous or silky, with minute adpressed hairs, particularly at the mar- gin, uneven from the inequalities of the bark, turning to a blood-red colour when scratched or wounded. Very few minute papillæ or none. 11. Th. corium, coriaceous, broad, thin, margin free, with the surface tomentose; hymenium smooth, minutely reticulated, buff, becoming darker in age. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 574. Th. incarnata, var. B.? Pers. Mycol. v. 1. p. 131. HAR. On dead trunks and branches of trees. Woods about Edinburgh in autumn. Rare. Several inches long, the breadth depending on the size of the branch to which it is attached, thin, coriaceous, much resembling buff kid-leather, margin free, hirsute, with a few band-like depressions. Hymenium light buff or whitish while young, becoming dark in age, with a ferruginous or reddish tinge, minutely reticulated.--I have not observed any papilla on this species. 12. Th. sinuans, roundish, thick, often confluent, margin waved, splitting; hymenium tuberculose, yellowish or reddish- brown, cracking Pers. Mycol. v. 1. p. 128. p Hab. Branches, chiefly of oak-trees. Autumn and winter. Auchindenny woods. About 1 inch broad, with a very flexuose and free, but not reflexed margin. When several grow together, they are apt to become confluent. Hy- menium in old plants much cracked and divided; very irregularly tuber- culose ; tubercles sometimes very large and rounded. **** Wholly resupinate, effused, substance various. + Hymenium dull flesh-colour, cinereous or purplish brown 13. Th. quercina, resupinate, rigid, nearly black beneath ; hymenium flesh-colour, rugose and papillose, at length cracking . Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 573. et Mycol. v. 1. p. 124. . HAB. On the fallen branches of oak trees. Very common. Spring and autumn. Spreading along dead branches for several inches, rigid, easily broken, very dark, even black, and not fibrous underneath. Hymenium flesh-colour, sometimes reddish or approaching to orange, rugose, very papillose to- wards the centre, cracking in age, and the margin often revolute.-It - 410 CRYPTOGAMIA. FUNGI. THELEPHORA generally attaches itself to the smaller branches, and is therefore narrow in proportion to its length. 14. Th. fraxinea, very thin, effused, cracking and becoming involute, very dark beneath ; hymenium brownish-grey, mi- , nutely farinose, papillose. Pers. Mycol. v. 1. p. 145. Th. cinerea, var. B. Pers. Syn. p. 580. HAB. On dead and decaying ash-branches. Very common. Autumn. Commencing in the form of a minute tubercle, which gradually expands to a line or two in breadth, when it begins to assume the character of a thelephora, and is papilliform in the centre; it increases to the diameter of an inch or more, and becomes confluent with others; it is thin, effused, very liable to crack into distinct portions in age and dry weather, and has a tendency to become involute at the margins. Hymenium greyish or purplish-brown, farinose under a pocket lens, and rather regularly papil- Lose. 15. Th. Tilia, effused, extremely thin, margin adpressed, minutely villose ; hymenium purplish-grey, covered with small unequal papillæ. Pers. Mycol. p. 147. HAB. On dead branches, chiefly of the lime-tree. Woods about Edin- burgh. Autumn 1822. Effused, very adnate, extremely thin, form irregular, margin remarkably adpressed, minutely villose, but not invariably so. Hymenium cinere- ous or purplish-grey, somewhat brownish in age, glabrous, very papillose, but the papillæ unequal, small. 十​十 ​++ Hymenium very pale yellowish or buffish. 16. Th. epidermea, effused, thin, smooth, margin delicate and byssoid ; hymenium whitish at first, at length very pale buff; papillæ scattered, or none. Pers. Mycol. v. 1. p. 136. HAB. On dead and decayed trunks and branches of trees. Braid Her- mitage. November. Effused, irregular, 2 or 3 inches broad, but the byssoid margin seems to proceed without any regularity, extremely thin, and following all the inequalities of the bark. Hymenium smooth, very pale yellowish-buff, scattered over with a few rounded papillæ, or quite plane. In drying the substance is inclined to crack, and the fracture is byssoid. The papillæ, especially the large ones in many species, seem to owe their origin to the asperities of the surface on which the plant grows. Papillæ are thus formed in several species by incrusted sphæriæ ; in my speci- men of Thel. epidermea, they are formed by an incrusted stilbospora. 17. Th. incrustans, effused, spreading over moss, &c. mar- , gin fibrous; hymenium very unequal, tuberculose, yellowish. . Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 577. Fries, Syst. Mycol. v. i. Th. sebácea, Pers. Syn. p. 577. et Mycol. v. 1. p. 135. . HAB. On the ground, and on the mossy trunks of trees, not unfrequent after much rain. Braid Hermitage. Autumn. Plant 1-4 inches broad, soft, fibrous at the margin, spreading over mosses and culms of grass, small twigs, or any thing which lies in its way, and often so completely enveloping them as to make them resemble minute stalactites. Hymenium smooth, very irregular and uneven, tuberculose and papillose. p. 448. MERISMA. 411 CRYPTOGAMIA. FUNGI. +++ Hymenium white, discoloured only in extreme decay. 18. Th. calcea, effused, unequal in thickness, hard ; hyme- nium white, glabrous, cracked in different directions, so as to be often tessellated, obtusely papillose. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 581. et Mycol. v. 1. p. 153., exclud. var. y. Hab. On decaying wood and trees; frequent. Braid Hermitage, on a dying elm-tree. Autumn. Unequal in thickness, effused, hard, extending over several inches. Hyme- nium white, discoloured in age, much cracked, papillose, sometimes, how- ever, quite plane and smooth. 19. Th. Sambuci, effused, membranaceous, thin, margin en- "tire ; hymenium very white, glabrous, subpapillose. Pers. Mycol. v. 1. p. 152. 1 152. Th. calcea, var. y. Pers. Syn. p. 581. Th. cre- . tacea, Fries, Obs. Mycol. v. 1. p. 153. Hab. On decaying elder-trees, not unfrequent. Slateford. Autumn. Very thin and membranaceous, of a chalky whiteness, and often lining the small hollows in decaying elder-trees, growing indiscriminately on the bark and wood. 148. MERISMA. Pers. . * Subdecumbent, laciniate. 1. M. cristatum, subdecumbent, pale greyish or yellowish, branches effused, plane, expanding, fimbriato-laciniate. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 583. et Mycol. sect. 1. p.. 156. 156. Clavaria laci- niata, Sow. Fung. t. 158. Thelephora cristata, Fries, Syst. v. 1. p. 434. Has. On the ground, among mosses in woods. Autumn. Craiglockhart. Effused when young, and incrusting the moss among which it grows, at length producing expanded, compressed, broadly-branched fronds, ele- gantly fimbriated or laciniate at the margin. Colour pale grey, becoming yellowish in age, and of a firmer substance. ** Erect, much branched. 2. M. fætidum, erect, purple-brown, branches compressed, palmate, folded, paler at the summits. Grev. Crypt. Fl. t. 46. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 584. M. palmatum, Pers. Mycol. v. 1. p. 157. Cl. anthrocephala, Soro. Fung. t. 156. T'helephora palmata, Fries, Syst. v. 1. p. 432. Hab. On the ground in woods. Autumn. Balmuto. Plant 1-4 inches high, rich purplish-brown, much tufted, branches crowded, plane and palmate towards the summit, which is paler, often whitish, mi- nutely pubescent. In age becoming blackish.—Smell abominably bad a few minutes after gathering. 412 CLAVARIA CRYPTOGAMIA. FUNGI. Div. VIII. Erect, filiform or club-shaped, simple or branched plants, of a carnose substance. Pileus and stipes con- fluent or obscurely distinct. Hymenium smooth, cccupy- ing more or less of the whole surface. 149. CLAVARIA. Vaill. p. 471. * Much branched. 1. Cl. pratensis, yellow, tufted ; stipes short, producing nu- merous short geniculate, divaricate branches, the ramuli subfas- tigiate, obtuse. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 590. et Mycol. v. 1. p. 169. Fries, Syst. v. 1. p. 471. With. Bot. Arr. ed. 6. v. 4. p. 438. Cl. fastigiata, Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 29. Hab. In meadows and mossy pastures. Autumn. Very frequent. 1-2 inches high, but seldom more than one, moist, subviscous, accord- ing to Fries. Branches geniculate, short, obtuse, fasciculated, often crowded, frequently somewhat incrassated at the summit, which is pro- bably owing to the commencement of young branches. 2. Cl. corniculata, yellow, erect, much branched in a dicho- tomous manner; branches slender, with acute summits. Pers. Syn. Fung. t. 589. et Mycol. v. 1. p. 171. Fries, Syst. v. 1. Cl, muscoides, Sow. Fung. t. 157. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 30. HAB. Meadows, grassy woods, &c. Autumn, frequent. Dalmahoy, Coun. tess of Morton. Carlowrie. Plant 2-4 inches high, solitary, branched in a straggling but dichotomous manner, dry, very smooth, except at the base, which is somewhat tomen- Branches elongated, slender, attenuated, often subcompressed, some acute, others obtuse, often rounded at the axils. 3. Cl. abietina, dull ochrey-yellow, much branched, white and tomentose at the base, turning green when bruised; branch- es erect, crowded, slightly rugose, with acute, often forked sum- mits. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 589. et Mycol. v. 1. p. 164. Fries, Syst. v. 1. p. 469. HAB. In fir-woods, or under fir-trees. Autumn, rare. In a wood at Balmuto. Plant gregarious, 11-4 inches high, compact, shrub-like. Summits of the branchlets attenuated and acute, frequently forked, but so minutely as to appear like subulate teeth. It is extremely well marked, by changing to a green colour, if bruised or injured, and also when submitted to pres- sure in drying. 4. Cl. coralloides, white, erect, stipes thick ; branches elon- gated, irregular, unequal, mostly acute. Sow. Fung. t. 278. upper fig. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 29. Fries, Syst. v. 1. p. 467 CI. alba, Pers. Mycol. v. 1. p. 161. tose. CLAVARIA CRYPTOGAMIA. FUNGI. 413 HAB. On the ground in shaded places, and after much rain. Occasion ally about Edinburgh in the autumn. Very smooth and white, but sometimes with a violet tinge at the base, ac- a cording to Fries. 2-4 inches high, and the only white branched species with acute summits in this neighbourhood. 5. Cl. cristata, white or cinereous, tufted, branched, smooth ; branches dilated at the summit and jagged, or shortly, but acute- ly laciniate. Pers. Syn. p. 591. et Mycol. v. 1. p. 166. 166. Fries, Syst. v. 1. p. 473. . . Hab. Woods, in autumn. Balmuto. Plant 1-3 inches high, polymorphous, variously branched, and always dilat- ed or somewhat deformed towards the summit, which is more or less jagged, laciniate or fimbriate. Colour mostly white, sometimes cinereous and dingy A variety of this plant is sometimes infested with a parasitic minute black sphæria. 6. Cl. cinerea, grey, often with a blueish or purplish tinge, much branched, unequally incrassated, rugose, often subcom- pressed ; summits either very obtuse or somewhat acuminate. Grev. Crypt. Fl. t. 63. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 586. Fries. Syst. v. 1. p. 468. 468. Ci. fuliginea, Pers. Mycol. v. 1. p. 166. Cl. gri- sea, Pers. Syn. p. 586. Fries, Syst. v. 1. p. 468. p Hab. On the ground, in woods or among grass in moist or shaded places. Very frequent. Foxhall and Newliston woods, Captain Wauch. Bal- muto. Plant 1-4 inches high or more, solitary or gregarious, tufted, much branch- ed, pale, cinereous, blueish or purplish-grey, or even somewhat of a pur- plish flesh-colour. Stipes very short, 2-1 inch thick, dividing immediate- Îy into several thick irregular branches. Branches unequal, rugose, smooth, often producing a number of little incrassated divisions ; sum- mits somewhat dilated, subcompressed, mostly obtuse, and knobby or even very bluntly palmate. Sometimes, however, the branches are un equally cylindrical, and terminate somewhat acutely. 7. Cl. cornea, yellow, gregarious, half an inch high, branched or nearly simple, viscose, stipes of several plants connected at the base. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 596. Sow. Fung. t. 40. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 30. Har. On prostrate and decaying fir-trees, and on fir-timber in damp places ; springing out of the cracks in the wood for several inches to- gether. Autumn, very common. From 3 to 4 an inch high, orange-yellow, simply branched, branches some. what aculeate, when very young soft, when old, dry and quite corneous. ** Simple, rugose, often obtusely divided at the summit into a few processes resembling branches. 8. Cl. rugosa, white, gregarious, incrassated, rugose, simple or branched, branches few, short, obtuse. Pers. Syn. p. 594. et Mycol. v. 1. p. 173. Fries, Syst. v. 1. p. 474. Či. coralloi. des, Sow, Fung. t. 278, lower fig 414 CRYPTOGAMIA. FUNGI. CLAVARIA HAB. On the ground in woods, and in moist shaded places. Autumn. Very common. Plant 1–3 inches high, white, rugose, not very brittle, solid, at length hol- low in old plants, smooth, incrassated or very club-shaped, obtuse, simple, or with the summits divided into a few obtuse processes or deformed un- equal branches.--Intermediate between the branched and simple clavariæ. *** Simple. 9. Cl. inæqualis, yellow, or yellow-white, tufted or grega- rious, fragile, unequal, ventricose, deformed, somewhat acumi- nate, often bifurcate and irregular at the apex. Pers. Mycol. v. 1. p. 178. Fries, Syst. v. 1. p. 481. Cl. vermiculata, Sow. Fung, t. 253. Hab. Meadows and pastures, and grassy woods. Autumn. Very fre- quent. Plant 1-3 inches high, somewhat tufted or gregarious, of various sizes and forms, fragile, compressed or angular, or channelled, often bifid, and va- riously cut or jagged at the apex, more or less ventricose in the centre, smooth and mostly yellow, though occasionally whitish. 10. Cl. helvola, yellow, gregarious, cylindrical, equal, smooth, obtuse, slender below and paler, apex frequently of a cinnamon colour. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 598. et Mycol. v. 1. p. 180. 180. Fries, Syst. v. 1. p. 482. Hab. Meadows and pastures and moist ground. Autumn, frequent. Plant 1-2 inches high, about 1 line thick, almost linear, somewhat flexuose. This plant appears to be rather confused in its varieties, as enumerated by Persoon. But I have no recent specimens by me, and without them it is impossible to decide. 11. Cl. vermicularis, pure white, tufted, crowded, subulate, flexuose, solid, but with a small perforation, mostly somewhat connected at the base. Fries, Syst. v. 1. p. 484. Čl. vermicu- Cl lata, var. B. Pers. Mycol. v. 1. p. 184. Hab. Meadows and pastures. Autumn, frequent. Balmuto. Abercorn Park. Plant 2–4 inches high, growing in crowded tufts, and though always sim- ple upwards, yet from juxtaposition often somewhat connected at the base, yet evidently not branched, solid, with a small perforation ; very white, cylindrical, subulate, and mostly tinged with yellow at the apex, which is also more or less flexuose, sometimes incurved. It is occasion- ally subcompressed and furrowed, the substance fibrous. Fibres under the microscope large and jointed. 12. Cl. fragilis, yellow or white, gregarious, sometimes sub- , cæspitose, solid or hollow, very brittle, rather firm, attenuated at the base, subrugose in age, and often crooked. Grev. Crypt. Fl. t. 37. Fries, Syst. v. 1. p. 484. Cl. eburnea, Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 603. et Mycol. v. 1. p. 183. Cl. gracilis. Sow. Fung. t. 232. HAB. On the naked soil in damp woods. Autumn. Foxhall, Captain Wauch. Slateford ; Balmuto, &c. Frequent. Plant 1-2 inches in height, gregarious, and sometimes in tufts of 3 or 4 to- gether, often scattered, much attenuated towards the base, cylindrical 3 PHACORHIZA. CRYPTOGAMIA. FUNGI. 415 or subcompressed, either solid or minutely hollow, rather firm between the fingers, but remarkably brittle, smooth while young, but rugose in age, of every shade from white to yellow ; in this part of the country I have not seen a single white specimen. It is often crooked. 13. Cl. uncialis, white, gregarious, round, club-shaped, ob- tuse, much attenuated at the base, smooth, not brittle. HAB. On the dead stems of the larger herbaceous plants, rotten twigs, &c. Autumn. Foxhall, Captain Wauch. Height various, rarely exceeding one inch. Whole plant white, becoming tinged with yellow in decay, very gregarious, but not cæspitose, straight or very slightly flexuose, regularly incrassated upwards, and obtuse at the apex, smooth, and attached at the base by a few minute white fibres. This species cannot be confounded with the preceding, the difference of ha- bitat being alone sufficient to distinguish it. It approaches very near to Cl. virgultorum and Cl. tortilis of Persoon; but from the former it differs ; in being incrassated upwards, villose at the base, and in being much shorter; from the latter, in not having a dark coloured and twisted stipes. 14. Cl. setipes, white, minute; hymenium oblong or ovato- clavate, passing suddenly into a filiform pilose stipes. Cl. tri- chopus, Grev. Crypt. Fl. t. 49. Hab. On dead leaves, &c. in woods and moist places. Balmuto. Au- tumn. White, 1-2 lines high, gregarious. Stipes filiform, pilose, occupying about two-thirds of the plant, suddenly dilated into an obtuse, oblong or cla- vate, smooth hymenium.—The name of trichopus is preoccupied. 150. PHACORHIZA. Pers. 1. Ph. filiformis, white, filiform, elongated, somewhat villose at the base; radicular tuber, dark fuscous, lenticular. Clavaria phacorhiza, Sow. Fung. t. 253. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 607. and Mycol. vol. 1. p. 192. Typhula phacorhiza, Fries, Syst. v. 1. p. 495. HAB. On the ground in woods, walks, &c. among dead grasses, &c. Autumn Balmuto. Elongated, filiform, 2-3 inches long, smooth, straight or flexuose, mostly simple, but in abortive plants growing beneath a covering of dead leaves, frequently much branched and entangled, and 4 or 5 inches long, the branches extremely fine *. 2. Ph. erythropus, gregarious, minute; hymenium smooth, white, short, terminating in an elongated, filiform, dark pink- red stipes. Grev. Crypt. Fl. t. 43. Clavaria erythropus, Pers. Syn. Fung: p. 606., and Mycol. vol. 1. p. 191. Typhula ery- thropus, Fries. Syst. v. 1. p. 495. HAB. On sticks, leaves, or often springing from within decaying culms of grasses, and thus concealing the tuber. Autumn. Balmuto. * I have extended Persoon's genus Phacorhiza, and made it include all those clavariform plants which arise from a radicular tuber.-See Scott. Crypt. FL. t. 43. 416 CRYPTOGAMIA. FUNGI. GEOGLOSSUM p. 194. Whole plant scarcely more than half an inch high. Hymenium 2-3 lines long, white, cylindrical, smooth. The stipes is much thinner, dark, pinkish, filiform, arising from the centre of a depressed, rugose, blackish tuber, about 1 line in diameter. 151. GEOGLOSSUM. Pers. 1. G. hirsutum, stipes birsute, deep black ; hymenium some- what plicate. Pers. Syn. Fung: p. 608., and Mycol. vol. 1. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 30. Fries. Syst. v. 1. p. 488. Clavaria ophioglossoides, Sow. Fung. t. 83. HAB. On the ground in woods, bogs and meadows. Autumn. Foxhall, Messrs Wauch and Greville. Two to three inches high, hymenium plicate, the margin prominent. 2. G. viscosum, smooth, very slimy in moist weather, black ; hymenium cylindrical, rounded at the apex, confluent with the stipes, which is thin and attenuated downwards. Grev. Crypt. Fl. t. 55. Pers. Syn. Fung: p. 609., and Mycol. vol. 1. p. 197. Fries, Syst. v. 1. p. 489. Hab. In moist meadows, pastures, &c. in autumn. Foxhall, Captain Wauch. A small species, 1-14 inches long, cylindrical, very slimy when young, and in moist weather. Hymenium very confluent with the stipes, somewhat incrassated towards the summit. Stipes about 1 line thick, olive-black at the base. Div. IX Pileus and stipes distinct. Hymenium on the exter- nal surface of the pileus, which is either even, undulated, or furnished with large cells. (HELVELLOIDEA.) In the genus Phallus, the cells of the pileus are only visible after the slime which contains the sporules has fallen.—Not strictly belonging to the Helvelloidea. 152. LEOTIA. Pers. 1. L. uliginosa, yellow, subgregarious ; pileus orange-yellow, obtuse, hollow, margin connate with the stipes. Pers. Mycol. p. 200. L. Ludwigii, Dicksoni, Bulliardi, and laricina, Pers. Syn. Fung: p. 611 —614. Leotia epiphylla, Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 30. Clavaria epiphylla, Sow. Fung. t. 293. Mitrula palu- dosa, Fries, Syst. v. 1. p. 491. . Hab. In bogs, wet ditches, &c. among brush-wood, on dead leaves, or on the ground among moss. May-August. Ravelrig-toll Moss among the willows. Gregarious, fragile, smooth, hollow, and often filled with water. Stipes about 1 inch long, whitish or pale yellow. Hymenium very variable in figure, 2-4 lines long, fine orange-yellow. It preserves beautifully, if submitted to slight pressure. 2. L. Mitrula, gregarious, solid; hymenium ovate, yellow- cinnamon; stipes slender, dark brown, flexuose at the base. Grev. Crypt. Fl. t. 81. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 611., and Mycol, vol. 1. p. 199. M. Heyderia Abietis, Fries, Syst. v. 1. p. 492. . HELVELLA. CRYPTOGAMIA. FUNGI. 417 Clavaria ferruginea, Sow. Fung. t. 84. M. Heyderia pusilla, Fries, Syst. v. 1. p. 493. HAB. In fir woods, and under fir trees. Autumn. Balmuto. Gregarious, 3-1 inch long, dry, growing among dead fir leaves. Stipes flexuose, dark, firm, slender, smooth, but somewhat tomentose at the base. 3. L. lubrica, tremellose ; pileus tumid, spreading, olivaceous, the margin rounded ; stipes orange, cylindrical or unequally compressed. Grev. Crypt. Fl. t. 56. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 613. . et Mycol. p. 201. t. 9. f. 4–7. Fries, Syst. v. 2. p. 29. 29. Hel- vella gelatinosa, Sow. Fung. t. 70. HAB. Moist woods on the ground in autumn. Foxhall, Captain Wauch. Balmuto. Gregarious, almost tufted, 1-3 inches high. Pileus - of an inch broad, of a gelatinous substance, thick, at length collapsing, and becoming thin and corneous when dry. Stipes 2-3 lines thick or more, solid, yellowish- green, changing in age to orange-yellow, passing into the pileus. 153. HELVELLA. Linn. 1. H. Mitra, pileus dark livid, inflated, deflexed and par- tially adnate with the stipes ; stipes deeply furrowed and lacu- nose, white. Grev. Crypt. Fl. t. 36. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 615. et Mycol. v. 1. p. 210. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 31. except syn. Sow. HAB. Woods, hedge-banks, meadows. Autumn. Foxhall, Captain Wauch. Millburn ; Abercorn Park, Duddingston ; Balmuto. Plant 2-5 inches high. Pileus mostly very dark, but sometimes of a pale grey-brown; much deflexed, and more or less united to the stipes, which is the chief distinguishing mark. Stipes hollow, variously sulcate. This plant is very frequently distorted or monstrous. The diameter is even sometimes greater than the height, apparently from the union of 2 or 3 contiguous plants. Helvella Mitra of Sowerby is the following. 2. H. leucophæa, pileus irregularly deflexed, free, often va- riously lobed, yellowish-white; stipes deeply sulcate and lacunose, white. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 616., and Mycol. v. 1. p. 210. Helv. Mitra, Sow. Fung. t. 39. HAB. Woods, borders of fields, &c. Autumn. Foxhall, Captain Wauch. Abercorn Park. About the same size as the preceding. Stipes somewhat bulbous, or ven. tricose towards the base. Pileus quite free, generally more or less lobed, sometimes even crisped, yellowish-white above, pale brownish beneath. 154. MORCHELLA. Dillw. 1. M. esculenta, pileus roundish or oval, margin contracted round the stipes; areolæ much hollowed; stipes white, dilated to- wards the base. Grev. Crypt. Fl. t. 68. Pers. Syn. Fung p. 618., and Mycol. v. 1. p. 206. p Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 31. Helvella esculenta, Sow. Fung. t. 51. left-hand fig. D d 418 CRYPTOGAMIA. FUNGI. PHALLUS. HAB. Woods; borders of fields. Spring. Near Edinburgh, Miss El- liot. Banks of the South Esk, Dr Graham and Mr Macnab. Fox- hall, Captain Wauch. Plant 1-4 inches high. Pileus cellular, like a honeycomb, of a roundish form, and closely contracted round the stipes. Stipes hollow, white.-- The whole plant has an agreeable smell, and is well known as the com- mon eatable Morelle. 2. M. hybrida, pileus short, conical, spreading at the base ; areolæ shallow, partly formed by longitudinal parallel ribs; stipes long, equal, thick, white. Grev. Crypt. Fl. t. 89. , Pers. Syn. Fung: p. 620. M. crassipes, Pers. Mycol. v. 1. P 206. Hel- vella hybrida, Sow. Fung. t. 238. HAB. Woods, in the spring Foxhall, Captain Wauch. Plant 3-5 inches high. Pileus short, and acutely conical, forming nearly an equilateral triangle, more wrinkled and ribbed than cellular, main ribs running somewhat obliquely from the base to the apex of the pileus. Stipes equal, white, hollow, passing into the pileus half-way between the base and the apex, much longer than in the other species of the genus. 155. PHALLUS. Mich. 1. Ph. fætidus, volva large; stipes very cellulose, white; cells of the pileus containing a fetid, dull green, sporuliferous slime. Sow. Fung. t. 329. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 18. Ph. impudicus, Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 242. HAB. Woods, hedges, &c. common. Summer and autumn. Foxhall, Captain Wauch. Balmuto, &c. frequent. About 6–8 inches high. Volva before bursting as large as a hen's egg, but rounder; and several are connected with each other by a kind of running root. Growth wonderfully rapid. The slimy matter which contains the sporules is greedily devoured by flesh-flies ; so that the pileus is most frequently seen with the cells perfectly empty. Smell abominable, but far worse at a distance than when the plant is in the hand. It is known by the names of Stink-horns, and Stinking Morelle. Div. X. Plants of various sizes, sessile or stipitate, more or less cupuliform (always so when young). Hymenium oc- cupying the superior surface. (PEZIZIDEÆ.) 156. PEZIZA. Linn. * Large, carnoso-membranaceous, fragile, externally subfa- rinaceous. + Sessile ; sometimes split and convolute. 1. P. aurantia, gregarious, flexuose, very brittle, white ex- ternally; hymenium fine orange. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 637. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 33. P. aurantiaca, Pers. Mycol. v. 1. p. 222. P. coccinea, Sow. Fung. t. 78. HAB. On the ground in sandy heathy places. Colinton. Road-sides about the Pentland Hills. Autumn. PEZIZA. CRYPTOGAMIA. FUNGI. 419 A very splendid species, {-1} in diameter, remarkably brittle, often much crowded; sometimes split, but rarely with the split edges rolled in. 2. P. umbrina, gregarious, cæspitose, variously contorted, ex- ternally yellowish-brown; hymenium dull reddish-brown. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 638., and Mycol. v. 1. p. 220. P. cochleata, Sow. Fung. t. 5. HAB. In fields, waste places, &c. Summer and autumn. Foxhall, Cap- tain Wauch. Near Edinburgh, Maughan. Abercorn Park, and else- where. Very large and brittle, 1-3 inches high, 2-3 in diameter, cracking and convolute. It is not rare in Scotland. 3. P. vesiculosa, gregarious, cæspitose, globose at first, with the mouth connivent, at length campanulate, splitting, exter- nally whitish, and tomentose at the base. Sow. Fung. t. 4. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 641., and Mycol. v. 1. p. 228. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 33. HAB. On dunghills, roofs of cottages, &c. Autumn. Often much crowded, or densely cæspitose, 1-3 inches high, and as much in diameter. Mouth when young much contracted, but expanding in age, with a tendency to split; never, however, becoming involute at the split margin. Hymenium pale dilute yellow-brown. Substance carnose, com- posed of two plates, with a hollow in old and large plants. 4. P. repanda, sessile, solitary, or somewhat tufted, large, at first hemispherical and concave, at length nearly plain, subrugose and brown within, the outer surface farinose, whitish ; margin crenate. Grev. Crypt. Fl. t. 59. Fries. Syst. v. 2. p. 51. P. granulosa, Pers. Mycol. v. 1. p. 225. HAB. On the ground under Beech trees. Autumn. Foxhall, Messrs Wauch and Greville. Large, 1-4 inches broad, carnose, brittle, gradually expanding till it fre- quently becomes quite plane, sometimes splitting at the edge, waved, somewhat lobed. Margin somewhat reflexed. Base beneath, often pli- cate and radicating. Pileus when splitting never involute. f4 Furnished with a stipës. 5. P. Macropus, subgregarious, large, the pileus hemispheri- cal, slightly hairy and verrucose, ash-coloured, the hymenium mouse-coloured, at length pale; stipes very long, incrassated below. Grev. Crypt. Fl. t. 70. Pers. Syn. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 645., and Mycol. v. 1. p. 236. Fries, Syst. v. 2. p. 57. P. stipitata, Sow. Fung. t. 38.? HAB. Woods in the autumn. Balmuto. Well marked by its long stipes, 2–4 inches high. Stipes about 2 lines thick, cylindrical, even or pitted, solid. Pileus -1 inch in diameter, concave. Hymenium darker than the rest of the plant. Flesh very white. pd 2 420 PEZIZA CRYPTOGAMIA. FUNGI. ** Mostly small and sessile, carnose, externally hirsute, tomen- tose, pubescent or merely ciliate at the margin. + Externally hairy. 6. P. scutellata, sessile, gregarious or scattered, nearly plane, external surface of the margin hispid with black rigid hairs; hy- menium orange red. Sow. Fung. t.24. Pers. Syn. Fung: p.650., and Mycol. v. 1. p. 256. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 33. HAB. On rotten wood; old cow-dung; on the ground among short moss, &c. Very common. Spring to autumn. A very beautiful plant, 2-4 lines in diameter. Hymenium bright orange- red, margin somewhat raised, sometimes in full grown plants almost quite plane. Externally reddish-buff, and hispid with stiff, black, rather long hairs, but not thickly set. 7. P. albo-spadicea, sessile, gregarious, globose, at length quite plane; external surface and margin strigose with reddish- brown hairs; hymenium white. HAB. On the bare soil in moist woods. Foxhall, Messrs Wauch and Greville. Autumn. A fine species, about 2 lines broad, globose when young, gradually be- coming plane. Hymenium white, smooth, with a slight tinge of grey in moist weather. External surface covered with reddish-brown hairs, which form also a border to the hymenium. Tubular thecæ containing 8 sporules. 8. P. sulphurea, sessile, small, gregarious, globose, at length plane, the strigose external surface yellow; hymenium white. Grev. Crypt. Fl. t. 83. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 649., and Mycol. v. 1. p. 250. P. Hydnoidea, Sow. Fung. t. 178. ? HAB. On the decayed stems of the larger herbaceous plants in autumn. Very common on dead nettle stems. About 1 line broad when full grown. While young, the plant resembles a minute strigose yellow ball; and it is often long in expanding, sometimes probably never doing so. The colour of the hymenium and the outer surface is liable to trifling variation.-Sowerby's plant may be a distinct species, but somewhat resembles ours in a young state. 9. P. plano-umbilicato, small, sessile, gregarious; whole plant white, globoso-concave, at length quite plane, ciliate with hori- zontal white hairs at the margin ; hymenium gently umbilicated. HAB. On the decayed stems of Urtica dioica. Summer and autumn. Cap- tain Wauch. Of the same size as the preceding, wholly white, remarkably plane, with a small dimple in the centre of the hymenium, which in old age gains a yellowish tinge. The external surface (by which is always meant the reverse of the hymenium), covered with white hairs, which form a beaue tiful ciliated margin, not in the least raised. The margin is so regular, that if there had been fewer ciliæ, it might have been called pectinate. 10. P. nidulus, sessile, gregarious, very minute, orbicular, , somewhat depressed, substrigose, brown or nearly black. Kunze, a PEZIZA. 421 CRYPTOGAMIA. FUNGI. Fung. Germ. Exsic. fasc. 3. No. 72. Moug. et Nestl. St. Crypt. Exsicc. No. 588. Pers. Mycol. v. 1. p. 250. HAB. On the decayed stems of the larger herbaceous plants. Autumn. Extremely minute, even punctiform, coriaceous, subhirsute, apparently be- coming more so in old age. The German specimens were first found on Convallaria multiflora. It grows, however, on several Umbelliferæ in this country. tt Externally pubescent or tomentose. 11. P. coccinea, stipitate, large, subinfundibuliform, exter- nally white and tomentose; hymenium crimson-red. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 652., and Mycol. v. 1. p. 258. P. epidendra, p Sow. Fung. t. 13. HAB. On dead branches of trees in woods, in spring. Rosslyn woods; rare. Solitary or subgregarious, 1-1 inch in diameter, turbinate or somewhat fun- nel-shaped, carnose. Slipes thick, very variable in length, sometimes above an inch.-A very rich and beautiful species, and still considered rare. 12. P. pulchella, subsessile, small, gregarious, externally very white and villose, mouth contracted ; hymenium varying from dilute yellow to orange. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 653. et Mycol. v. 1. p. 260. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 33. P. bicolor, Sow. Fung. t. 17. P. calycina, Pers. Syn. p. 653. (a stem- med variety). P quercina, Pers. Mycol. v. 1. p. 260. . Hab. On the fallen branches and twigs of trees in woods. On hawthorn and oak branches, according to Persoon; most plentiful in this coun- try on Iarch twigs. Rather variable in the colour of the hymenium, and in being sessile or fur- nished with a short stipes; but always villose and delicately white on the external surface. The mouth is also pretty constantly contracted or only partly open. It is a small species, scarcely 1 line broad, but very beautiful. 13. P. virginea, stipitate, gregarious, small; stipes rather long, pileus hemispherical, subpatulous, villose ; whole plant white. Pers. Syn. Fung: p. 653. et Mycol. v. 1. p. 262. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 33. P. nivea, Sow. Fung. t. 65. p . HAB. On rotten sticks, and dead twigs, &c.; in woods and hedges. Autumn. Slateford, &c. Stipes about a line long. Pileus very white and delicate, scarcely more than a line broad, delicately villose, globose, becoming hemispherical, with the margin at length somewhat spreading. 14. P. granuliformis, sessile, very minute, gregarious, white, subglobose, villose, mouth more or less connivent. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 651. et Mycol. v. 1. p. 267. Pez. sessilis, Sow. Fung. . t. 389. f. 1. P. villosa, Pers. Syn. p. 655. HAB. On decayed stems of herbaceous plants. Autumn. On potato stalks about Edinburgh, common. Very minute, and only open in very moist weather ; frequently much 422 CRYPTOGAMIA. FUNGI. PEZIZA. crowded, 4- a line in diameter. The most common appearance is that of a very minute villose globe. 15. P. plumbea, sessile, minute, gregarious, depressed, ex- ternally fusco-olivaceous, villose ; hymenium smooth, blueish- grey. Grev. Crypt. Fl. t. 11. Hab. On rotten wood, chips, &c. : in damp woods. Autumn. Subglobose at first, becoming gradually concave, at length nearly plane, margin at first connivent, afterwards somewhat raised, thin and subin- volute. A small species scarcely 1 line broad. 16. P. cerina, minute, sessile or subsessile, hemispherical, ex- ternally tomentoso-pulverulent, yellowish-olive; hymenium dull ochraceous. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 651. et Mycol. v. p. 263. Moug: et Nestl. Stirp. Crypt. Exs. No. 687. HAB. On decaying dry wood, sawn stumps of trees, &c. Spring to autumn. Very frequent. Slateford, Rosslyn, Auchindenny, &c. Gregarious, often much crowded, scarcely a line broad, sessile, or with a very short thickish stipes. In a dry state it has a very pulverulent oli- vaceous appearance, and without form. It occurs mostly on hard stumps which have been sawn, rarely on scattered branches. th1 Margin ciliated, or furnished with elongated teeth. 17. P. inflexa, stipitate, glabrous, white or yellowish, sub- infundibuliform, margin fringed with inflexed teeth; stipes curved, elongated. Sow. Fung. t. 306. P. coronilla, Pers. Mycol. v. 1. p. 287. Hab. On rotten sticks and stems of large herbaceous plants. Autumn. On dead nettle stems, Foxhall, Captain Wauch. Gregarious, 1-2 lines or more in diameter, 3-4 lines high. Stipes some what curved. Whole plant either white or tinged with yellow. *** Externally glabrous ; carnoso-ceraceous, or somewhat gelatinous. + Stipitate. 18. P. ochroleuca, rather large, ochrey-brown, infundibuli- form, at length concavo-repand, or very plane; stipes elonga- ted, dark at the base. Sow. Fung, t. 115. P. firma, Pers. Syn. Fung: p. 658. et Mycol. v. 1. p. 277. HAB. On rotten sticks and branches. Autumn. Balmuto. Gregarious. Pileus funnel-shaped or cyathiform, at length spreading and often plane, glabrous, margin rather thin, even, 1- of an inch broad. Stipes 1 to 1 inch long, not 1 line thick, sometimes very flexuose and filiform, rather paler and more yellowish than the hymenium, but dark or even blackish towards the base. 19. P. fructigena, gregarious, yellowish or reddish-white, subinfundibuliform, surface of the hymenium plane ; stipes long, subflexuose, and attenuated. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 660. PEZIZA. CRYPTOGAMIA. FUNGI. 423 et Mycol. v. 1. p. 283. Sow. Fung. t. 117. Nees, Syst. t. 38. p. 292. a HAB. On nuts, acorns, beech-mast, &c. in woods. Foxhall, Captain Wauch. Balmuto. Very frequent. Pileus 1-3 lines broad ; hymenium plane, but the form of the pileus is ob- conical from the thickness of its flesh; the colour varies from white, or pale yellow, to a reddish hue, particularly in age. Stipes flexuose, pale, filiform, attenuated downwards. 20. P. infundibulum, gregarious, globoso-infundibuliform, slightly concave ; stipes rather short, attenuated ; whole plant ginous or orange-brown. Pers. Mycol. v. 1. p. 279. P. caly- culus, Sow. Fung. t. 116. Pers. Syn. p. 660. HAB. On rotten wood, dead branches and twigs. Autumn, frequent. Stipes about two lines long, thickening upwards, and passing into a solid funnel-shaped pileus. Hymenium scarcely concave, 2-3 lines broad. 21. P. campanula, gregarious, white, rather small, very mem- branaceous, campanulate, unequal; stipes filiform, short. Nees, , Syst. t. 38. f. 295. Pers. Mycol. v. 1. P. 284. HAB. On small twigs and stems of dead herbaceous plants in moist woods. Autumn. Foxhall, Captain Wauch. Newliston woods. Extremely delicate, membranaceous, white or slightly yellowish, mouth widely open, without being expanded, unequal. It varies greatly in size on the same twig, the larger being 2 lines in diameter, the smaller not 1 line. 22. P. sarcoides, polymorphous, cæspitose, subgelatinous, somewhat firm, purplish-red, externally subvenose; hymenium concave. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 633. et Mycol. 1. p. 320. P.tur- p binata, Pers. Syn. p. 634. HAB. On decaying, and chiefly sawn stumps of trees. Autumn. Fox- hall, Captain Wauch. Variable in size and form, sometimes attaining 1 inch in diameter. Stipes rude, and often irregular, frequently resembling an abrupt termination of the pileus. Substance subgelatinose, tremellose, yet somewhat firm. The following varieties are enumerated by Schumacher, and given in Per- soon's Mycologia. B. obconica, small, substipitate, pileus obconical, margin acute, waved, cre- nate, externally subvenose; hymenium somewhat concave. 7. lobata, subsessile, pileus lobed ; lobes oblongo-ovate, rounded or retuse, erect or decumbent, externally subvenose ; size various. Tremella dubia, Pers. Syn. p. 630. 8. turbinata, substipitate, turbinate, glabrous, margin smooth. 4. cylindrica, cæspitose, small, subcylindrical, glabrous, margin raised; hy- menium somewhat concave. 3. labyrinthiformis, lamellose, cellulose : lacuna or pits unequal. Wherever this species occurs, some of the above varieties will probably be present. I do not know a more polymorphous plant. 十​十 ​++ Sessile or subsessile. 23. P. cribrosa, black, solitary, rather large, very concave ; 424 CRYPTOGAMIA. FUNGI. PEZIZA hymenium cribriform, or full of lacerated irregular pores or sinusus. HAB. On the ground, in sandy or gravelly places among short grass. Autumn. Balmuto. Large, 1-1 inch broad, hemispherical, at length partly spreading, but al. ways deeply concave, wholly black, but deeper within, somewhat rugose at the base externally; margin entire, even. In 1821, this species was discovered by Dr Hooker and myself, in crossing from the west coast of Scotland to Inverness. Those found at Balmuto are precisely the same, but larger. All the specimens I have seen pos- sess the remarkable porosity of the hymenium, which, however, does not appear to be the consequence of regular organization, but to arise from the contraction of the hymenium. This part in drying cracks va- riously in many species; but in P. abietina it often assumes a porous character ; whence a variety of it has been made a species by Persoon, in his Synopsis, p. 640. P. porosa, “ disco demum foraminulosa." 24. P. citrina, yellow, crowded, apparently sessile, but ha- ving a short thick obconical stipes, carnose; hymenium plano- concave. Pers. Syn. Fung. t. 663. et Mycol. v. 1. p. 293. P. aurea, Sow. Fung. t. 150. Hab. On the sawn stumps of trees, and fallen branches. Autumn, very abundant. Extremely gregarious, of various sizes, intermixed with each other, almost confluent. Pileus 1-2 lines broad, hymenium scarcely concave when full grown. Stipes very short, thick, obconical. Substance carnoso-cera- ceous, firm, thickish. Whole plant bright pale yellow. 25. P. aurea, fulvous-orange, gregarious, crowded, minute, nearly plane, subtremella-like. Pers. Obs. Mycol, part 1. p. 41. et Syn. p. 635. et Mycol. sect. 1. p. 304. P. chrysocoma, Sow. Fung. t. 152. ? Bull. t. 376. f. 2.? HAB. On posts and rails, trunks of trees, &c. Autumn. Very com- mon. Numerous, often in long lines, even confluent, scarcely a line broad, near- ly plane. When dry concave, and of a thin, somewhat corneous sub- stance. 26. P. claroflava, yellow, gregarious, minute, obconical, at length somewhat plane, margin raised, obtuse, externally some- what paler. HAB. On decayed wood and branches of trees. Autumn. Braid Her- mitage. Very minute, the largest not half a line broad, always concave. Whole plant very bright yellow, hymenium darker. 27. P. punctata, yellow, very minute, gregarious, punctiform, globular, at length plane or subconvex, margin minutely cre- nate. Grev. Crypt. Fl. t. 63. HAB. On dead oak and beech-leaves in autumn. Balmuto. Very distinct. Bright yellow, but one of the most minute species. 28. P. herbariim, white, gregarious, carnose, at length con- PEZIZA. CRYPTOGAMIA. FUNGI. 425 vex, but sometimes depressed in the centre, turning reddish in age and decay. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 664. et Mycol. v. 1. p. 295. HAB. On the decayed stems of the larger herbaceous plants, especially Urtica dioica. Autumn. Scarcely one line broad, terminating at the base in a point somewhat re- sembling a stipes. Often very crowded, so as to affect each other's shape, and consequently the pileus is frequently waved. 29. P. conigena, white, gregarious, excessively minute, orbi- cular, subimmarginate. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 634. et Mycol. v. 1. p. 303. v. 1. HAB. On the cones of various firs. On cones of the Scotch fir, Foxhall, Captain Wauch. Autumn. Resembling white dots; subsessile. Persoon says it grows also on the bark of fir-trees. 30. P. cinerea, grey, gregarious, depressed, waved, subtre- mellose, margin obsolete. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 634. et Mycol. p. 302. Sow. Fung. t. 64. HAB. On stumps of trees, rotten wood, fallen branches, &c. Very com- mon about Edinburgh, in autumn. Crowded, 1-2 lines broad, either equal, or lobed and waved at the margin. Hymenium pale or dark grey, watery, paler towards the circumference. Substance soft, and sometimes almost gelatinose. 31. P. ochračea, ochrey-brown, minute, gregarious, carnose, thick, obconical ; hymenium minutely granular; at length plane or subconvex. Grev. Crypt. Fl. t. 5. HAB. On fallen trunks and branches of trees. Autumn. Braid Hermi- tage. Not 1 line broad, thick, puckered or rugose at the base, margin equal or subirregular, rounded and depressed. Hymenium sprinkled with minute shining particles resembling grains of brown sugar. In drying it does not change. 32. P. atrovirens, green, gregarious, minute, subtremellose, hemispherical, at length plane ; becoming black in decay. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 635. et Mycol. v. 1. p. 306. HAB. On rotten wood. Autumn. Foxhall, Captain Wauch. Swanston wood, on a rotten fir-tree. Mostly crowded; not a line broad; when young globular and deep green, at length concave or plane, and turning black. Substance gelatinose, soft. **** Coriaceous, mostly black, bursting from the bark of trees. 33. P. prunastri, substipitate, opake, rigid, black, marginate ; hymenium concave. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 673. et Mycol. v. 1. p. 330. HAB. On the trunk and branches of Prunus domesticus and spinosus, Autumn and winter. Auchindenny woods. 426 CRYPTOGAMIA. FUNGI. ASCOBOLUS. 1 It bursts transversely on the branch, and is so much crowded or fascicu- lated as to render each other flexuose. About 1 line broad ; accompa- nied sometimes with subulate processes resembling those of some sphæric, which are not yet satisfactorily understood. 34. P. Cerasi, coriaceous, reddish-black, at first closed, at length expanded and plane. Pers. Syn. Fung: p. 673. et Mycol. v. 1. p. 329. Moug. et Nestl. Stirp. Crypt. Exsicc. No. 494. HAB. On the fallen trunks and branches of the common cherry. The whole year. Rosslyn woods ; Slateford ; Newliston woods, &c. This species has also the sphæria-like subulate ostiola intermixed. Pileus 1 line broad s hymenium gently convex, black, furnished with a regular narrow border. External surface paler. 35. P. Aucupariæ, in roundish tufts; pilei stipitate, subtur- binate, concave, with a rounded margin, intermixed with digi- tate or subulate processes. Pers. Mycol. v. 1. p. 327. Hab. On dead branches of Sorbus aucuparia. Autumn. Craiglockhart. Not 1 line broad, forming tufts 3-5 lines in diameter. The subulate bodies in this instance appear clearly to be abortive plants. 157. ASCOBOLUS. Pers. 1, A. furfuraceus, sessile, gregarious, somewhat concave, olive-green or brownish, externally furfuraceous. Pers. Syn. Fung. t. 676. et Mycol. v. 1. p. 340. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 33. . Peziza stercoraria, Sow. Fung. t. 18. Hab. On old cow-dung, in pastures, &c. Extremely common. Exactly like a peziza, but in mature plants the surface of the hymenium becomes dotted by the black protruding summits of the cells containing the sporules. About 1-2 lines broad. a XIII. GASTROMYCI. Link., Grev. Div. I. Plants of a soft gelatinous substance, mostly uniform, solid, variously folded. Sporules imbedded throughout the substance or towards the surface. 158. TREMELLA *. Dill. * Large. 1. T. mesenterica, sessile, roundish, orange-yellow, variously lobed and plicate. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 622. Fung. p. 622. Smith, E. B. t. 709. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 32. . HAB. On fallen branches of various trees, common. Autumn to Spring. Plant of a fine bright colour, 1-3 inches broad, roundish or depressed, very a * No genus requires more revision than Tremella ; but not having been able to procure specimens of all the British species for microscopical examina- tion, I have continued them for the present in their old situation. riæformis, deliquescens and cruenta, certainly do not belong to the genus. TREMELLA. CRYPTOGAMIA. GASTROMYCI. 427 gelatinous, yet rather tenacious, shrinking much in drying, when it be- comes horny and of a darker colour. 2. T. albida, sessile, roundish, or spreading and somewhat expanded, obtusely lobed and plaited, whitish. Smith, E. B. t. 2117 Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 31. T. candida, Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 624. HAB. On dead branches of trees, not frequent. Autumn. Carlowrie. Half an inch to one inch broad, tender, semipellucid, clustered, at first strongly resembling the brain of an animal, at length yellowish, and, ac- cording to Bulliard, even sometimes blackish. 3. T. arborea, sessile, roundish, rather spreading, thick, not gyrose, plicate beneath, the surface bearing minute white-head- ed processes. Smith, E. B. t. 2448. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 31. T. spiculosa, Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 624. Hab. On dead trees, and even decaying sticks. Autumn. Auchindenny woods, and at Carlowrie. One to three inches broad, an inch thick, very gelatinous, pale, at length brown or blackish ; the upper surface flattish, undulated, sporuliferous. 4. T. sarcoides, “ sessile, gelatinous, reddish-purple, at first club-shaped, then rounded, lobed, plaited or curled, finally blackish.” Smith, E. B. t. 2450. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. P. 32. T. amethystea, Bull. Champ. t. 499. f. 5. HAB. On rotten wood. Autumn to spring, not unfrequent. Much resembling Peziza sarcoides, but more irregular in form. Clavate at first, at length obconical, variously lobed and somewhat clustered, the larger specimens being an inch in diameter. Substance elastic, and some- what tenacious. Black in old age. 5.? T. clavarieformis, gregarious, distinct, tender, gelati- nous, simple, lingulate, dull orange, pulverulent toward the apex. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 629. Jacq. Icon. Pl. t. 648. HAB. On living stems of the common Juniper. Pentland Hills, abun- dantly. Summer and autumn. Not an inch long, about 2 lines thick, semipellucid, pulpy and tender, within almost colourless. Apex often somewhat thickened and minutely granulated. Certainly not T. Sabini of English Botany. ** Small. 6. T. ? diliquescens, gregarious, entire, round, depressed, pulpy, orange-yellow. Bull. T. lacrymalis, Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 628. Hal. On rotten wood, old pales, gate-posts, &c., very common. One to two lines broad, very soft, yielding to the slightest touch, slightly plicate at the base. 17. T. ? cruenta, deep purple, excessively minute, composed of distinct crowded granules containing roundish sporules. Smith, E. B. t. 1800. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 32. 428 CRYPTOGAMIA. GASTROMYCI. PUCCINIA. HAB. Damp walls near the ground. Frequent in Edinburgh. Autumn to spring A fine dark purple colour is all that is perceptible to the naked eye; but the plant often covers a large space. Granules round, subpellucid under the microscope. Div. II. Parasitic plants produced under the epidermis of vegetables (chiefly the leaves), and bursting through it. Sporidia free or fixed by a pedicel, never mixed with fila- ments. 159. PUCCINIA. Mich. * Sporidia many-celled. 1. P. Rosa, hypophyllous; sporidia mucronated, 5–7 celled, with a white filiform stipes, incrassated towards the base, which is furnished with a yellow gland. Grev. Crypt. Fl. t. 15. P. mucronata, a. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 230. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. a p. 17. HAB. On the inferior surface of various roses, particularly Rosa canina, and R. centifolia. Autumn. Very common. This species so often accompanies Uredo Rose, growing even from the midst of it, that it was once thought to be parasitical upon it. 2. P. Rubi, hypophyllous; deep black, tufted ; sporidia 4-celled, obtuse, mucronate, stipes slender, incrassated at the base. De Cand. Fl. Franç. v. 2. No. 582. P. mucronata, ß, Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 230. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 18. HAB. On the inferior surface of the leaves of Rubus fruticosus and coryli- folius. Autumn, very common. The presence of this species is generally indicated by a dull red stain on the upper surface of the leaf. It is more compact than the preceding. 3. P. gracilis, hypophyllous; tufted, of various sizes, black, rather lax, scattered; sporidia 7–9-celled, somewhat attenuated, mucronate, with a slender stipes, incrassated at the base. P. Rubi Idæi, De Cand. Fl. Franç. v. 6. p. 54. . Hab. On the under side of the leaves of the Raspberry, Rubus Idæus. Autumn ; rare about Edinburgh. A very distinct species, differing in the greater number of dissepiments, both from P. Rubi and P. Rose; from the latter also in the absence of the yellow gland at the base of the stipes. I have given it the name of gracilis, in order to avoid the inconvenient double specific appellation of De Candolle. 4. P. Potentilla, somewhat tufted, scattered, black; sporidia cylindrical, 3-4-celled, obtuse, never mucronated; stipes fili- form. Grev. Crypt. Fl. t. 57. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 229. Uredo obtusa, Strauss, in Annal. Soc. Wetterav. v. 2. p. 107. HAB. On the under surface of the leaves of Potentilla Fragaria, argentea, and Tormentilla erecta. Autumn. Near Edinburgh; Rosslyn, &c. PUCCINIA. CRYPTOGAMIA. GASTROMYCI. 429 Very distinct from P. Rose, in the small number of disse piments, the wholly filiform stipes, and absence of the yellow gland at the base. It is frequently accompanied by Uredo Potentille. ** Sporidia 2-celled. 5. P. Asparagi, roundish or ovato-oblong, scattered, black, somewhat convex ; sporidia densely crowded, oblong, obtuse, firmly fixed by the pedicels. De Cand. Syn. Fl. Gall. p. 45. . Moug. et Nestl. Pl. Exs. No. 392. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 17. HAB. On the dead stems of Asparagus and Cabbage plants. Autumn. Rare about Edinburgh. It sometimes becomes confluent, and forms longitudinal lines of half an inch in length. 6. P. Circæa, hypophyllous, deep pinkish-brown, prominent, consisting of a number of distinct aggregated tufts; sporidia oblongo-acute. Pers. Syn. Fung: p. 228. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 17. HAB. On the inferior surface of the leaves of Circea lutetiana and alpina. Autumn. Rosslyn woods. Each tuft is composed of a number of very small ones contiguous to each other, yet scarcely becoming confluent, in which it resembles only one other, a new species growing on Aster macrophyllus in N. America. Co- lour of the upper surface of the leaf pinkish, sometimes with a pale yel- lowish border. 7. P. Chrysosplenii, hypophyllous, small, of various sizes, few together, and confluent, pale brown; sporidia long, some- what waved, much attenuated at each extremity, with an elon- gated stipes. Uredo Circææ, Strauss, in Annal. Soc. Wetterav. v. 2. p. 110. HAB. On the inferior surface of the leaves of Chrysosplenium oppositifo- lium. May. Balmuto. This species certainly resembles P. Circææ in the form of the sporidia, ex- cept that they are more acute, and furnished with a longer stipes; but here the resemblance ends. The remarkable dense, convex, and heaped character, so striking in P. Circææ, as well as its dark colour, is quite wanting in the present plant. 8. P. Aviculariæ, hypophyllous, punctiform, minutely tufted, subrotund, blackish-brown; sporidia crowded, obtusely egg- shaped, with a long flexuose filiform pedicel. De Cand. Fl. Franç. v. 2. No. 589. P. Polygoni aviculariæ, Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 227. Alb. et Schw. 132. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 17. HAB. On the under surface of the leaves, and on the stem of Polygonum aviculare. Not uncommon in the autumn, about Edinburgh. When it occurs on the stem, the form of the plant is oblong or linear. It is often accompanied by Uredo Polygonorum. 9. P. Ægopodii, chiefly hypophyllous, minute, aggregated, rendering the nerves and petioles swollen, dark blueish-grey be- fore bursting ; sporidia nearly black, oval, not contracted in the p. 430 CRYPTOGAMIA. GASTROMYCI. PUCCINIA. centre; stipes short. Uredo Ægopodii, Strauss, in Annal. Soc. Wetterav. v. 2. p. 101. HAB. On the leaves of Ægopodium podagraria. June. Balmuto. It occasionally appears on the upper surface of the leaf, but generally con- fines itself to the petiols and nerves on the under side, which it renders deformed. 10. P. tumida, hypophyllous and on the petiols, conglome- rated, confluent, brownish-grey before bursting; sporidia near- ly black, obtuse, scarcely contracted in the centre, the upper cell sometimes subdivided. Hab. On the leaves, stem, and petiols of Bunium bulbocastanum. Spring. Balmuto. This species produces great deformity on whatever part of the plant it grows, but especially on the petiols, which it often completely surrounds; the whole mass being then several times thicker than the natural diame. ter of the part. The Sporidia vary in thickness, but are all very obtuse at the summit. Stipes very short. 11. P. Menthæ, hypophyllous; round, scattered, nearly black; sporidia of an obtuse irregular figure, with a short fili- form stipes somewhat incrassated at the base. Pers. Syn. Fung. 227. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. P. 17. HAB. On the under surface of the leaves of various Mentha, particularly Mentha aquatica, in autumn. Duddingston Loch and elsewhere, not uncommon. The sporidia vary in regard to form, some being obscurely triangular, ac- cording to Albertini and Schweiniz, others obtusely quadrangular, ac- cording to Persoon. M. Strauss has assuredly fallen into an error in supposing Uredo Mentha of Persoon to be the young state of Puccinia Menthe of the same author. 12. P. Polygoni, hypophyllous ; minute, round, very crowd- ed, reddish brown; upper cell of the sporidia thick, globose, the lower one long and narrow ; stipes short. Pers. Syn. p. 227. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 17. HAB. On the under surface of the leaves of Polygonum amphibium, var. terrestris, in the autumn. Common about Edinburgh. Scattered irregularly over the whole leaf, in fuscous, very minute spots, giving it a discoloured and almost warty appearance. Uredo Polygonorum is very commonly found along with the Puccinia, and the latter is then frequently arranged in a circular manner round the former. 13. P. Centaurea, on both sides of the leaf, and on the stem, in small, nearly black, scattered tufts, surrounded by the re- mains of the ruptured epidermis ; sporidia oval, the two cells nearly equal; stipes very short. De Cand. Fl. Franç. v. 6. p. p. 59. HAB. On the leaves and petiols of Centaurea nigra and scabiosa. About Edinburgh in the autumn, not unfrequent. Colour almost black, but with a ferruginous tinge at the circumference. 14. P. Umbelliferarum, hypophyllous ; minute, very dark, 3 PUCCINIA. CRYPTOGAMIA. GASTROMYCI. 481 scattered; sporidia short, with both cells obtuse, and a short stipes. De Čand. Fl. Franç. v. 6. p. 58, and Uredo Athamantha, v. 2. p. 228. HAB. On the leaves of Myrrhis odorata, Cherophyllum sylvestre, and Pim- pinella saxifraga, in autumn. Carlowrie, and elsewhere. Rather rare. Sometimes attacking the petiols. I have never seen it con- fluent, but frequently scattered in a uniform manner over a whole leaf. On the Continent it has been found on three species of Selinum, two spe. cies of Pimpinella, and on Peucedaneum Parisiense. 15. P. Sanicula, hypophyllous; circular, very variable in size, blackish brown, scattered, rarely confluent ; sporidia very obtuse, with a subelongated stipes. HAB. On the lower surface of the leaves of Sanicula europæa, late in the autumn. Auchindenny woods. This may eventually prove nothing more than a variety of the preceding ; yet its aspect is very different. The stipes is longer, the sporidia not so short, and there is a disposition in the smaller, punctiform pustules to form a circle round the larger ones. 16. P. variabilis, on both sides of the leaf, in minute tufts, nearly black, circular, bordered by the remains of the epider- mis; sporidia variable, very obtuse, rounded, 2-celled, both of- ten subdivided; stipes very short. Grev. Crypt. Fl. t. 75. HAB. On Leontodon Taraxacum, rare. About Edinburgh in summer and autumn. Sometimes one or both cells are subdivided, sometimes neither. 17. P. Heraclei, hypophyllous; blackish brown, irregular in figure, girt by the ferruginous remains of the epidermis ; spori- dia crowded, obtuse, divided, but scarcely contracted in the middle ; stipes very short. Grev. Crypt. Fl. t. 42. HAB. On the inferior surface of the leaves of Heracleum sphondylium, in summer, not rare. Colinton, and near Kirkaldy. This species comes the nearest to P. Umbelliferarum of De Candolle, but from his description I am doubtful if it be really that plant. When the present species occurs (as it does not unfrequently) on the petiols, it be- comes linear or oblong, and attenuated at each extremity. 18. P. Epilobii, hypophyllous ; scattered closely over the whole surface, small, round, brown, depressed ; sporidia much contracted in the centre, nearly resembling the figure 8, the up- per cell the largest. De Cand. Fl. Franc. v. 6. p. 61. Has. On the under side of the leaves of Epilobium palustre. June. Duddingston Loch. I have never met with this elsewhere. It is remarkable for the form of its sporidia. 19. P. Betonicæ, hypophyllous ; very thickly scattered, and becoming contiguous, but very rarely confluent, minute at first, and ferrugineous after bursting ; sporidia short, upper cell ob- tuse; stipes very short. De Cand. Fl. Franc. v. 6. p. 57. 432 CRYPTOGAMIA. GASTROMYCI. PUCCINIA. Enc. Bot. v. 8. p. 247. Uredo Betonicæ, Strauss in Annal. Soc. Wetterav. v. 2. p. 99. HAB. On the inferior surface of the leaves of Betonica officinalis in the autumn. Rare about Edinburgh. Well marked by its ferruginous colour. The nerve of the leaf is scarcely ever attacked. Margin of the ruptured epidermis somewhat permanent. 20. P. pulverulenta, hypophyllous; dark brown, scattered or subconfluent, often concentric ; speridia crowded, pulveru- lent, obtusely oval, slightly contracted in the middle, the lower cell terminating in an abrupt and short stipes. Hab. On the under surface of the leaves of Epilobium montanum and hir- sutum, in summer. Slateford. Banks of the Water of Leith by Can- nonmills, and elsewhere. This cannot be confused with that which grows upon Epilobium palustre, were it only on account of the great difference in the form of the spori- dia. It is remarkably pulverulent, easily displaced, and altogether has more the habit of a Uredo than a Puccinia. 21. P. Adoxa, on the leaf and petiol, crowded, confluent ; sporidia dark brown, pulverulent, upper cell obtuse ; stipes somewhat lengthened. De Cand. Fl. Franç. v. 2. p. 220. . HAB. On the leaves and petiols of Adoxa moschatellina, in summer. Near Edinburgh, Mr Greene. A variable plant with regard to the disposition of its pustules ; frequently occupying a circular spot, and as often covering the whole leaf in the most irregular manner. On the stem and petiols the pustules are much smaller, scarcely confluent, and often irregularly scattered over its whole length. 22. P. Primula, hypophyllous; deep brown, solitary, scat- tered, or concentric and subconfluent; sporidia rather slender, with the lower cell attenuated into a short stipes. HAB. On the under side of the leaves of Primula vulgaris in July. Near Kirkaldy, rare. Often accompanied by a Uredo, and when both are present the Puccinia is frequently arranged in a circular manner round the Uredo. In one in- stance, where the epidermis was not ruptured, I found the two plants growing together; the Puccinia at the base fixed by the pedicels, and the Uredo lying above it. 23. P. Violæ, hypophyllous; minute, scattered, sometimes confluent, irregular in form, nearly black; sporidia short, ob- tuse, small, with a short stipes. De Cand. Fl. Franç. v. 6. 62. HAB. On the lower side of the leaves of Viola canina, in August. Fre- quent about Edinburgh. This must not be confounded with the Uredo, which grows on the same plant, and from which, to the naked eye, it is not dissimilar. The pre- sent individual is however less regular in its figure, the pustules before bursting are of an iron grey, and the sporidia darker. 24. P. Valantia, hypophyllous; very minute, scattered, deep brown ; sporidia thick, obtuse, variable in shape, with the lower p. 2 PucciniA. CRYPTOGAMIA. . GASTROMYCI. 433 cell fusiform. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 227. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 17 HAB. On Galium verum and cruciatum. Summer, not unfrequent. When growing on the stem, it is of an oblong or linear form. 25. P. glomerata, hypophyllous ; tufts circular, depressed, broad, dark fuscous, composed of many smaller ones confluent at the centre ; sporidia oblong, with the lower cell somewhat attenuated. Hab. On the inferior surface of the leaves of Senecio Jacobæa, in spring and summer. Caroline Park, and on the coast of Fife, not rare. Sometimes found on the petiols, always conglomerated but depressed ; the small tufts composing the larger ones of an iron grey colour before the epidermis is ruptured. The leaf is of a pale colour round the tufts. 26. P. Ulmariæ, hypophyllous ; purplish black, scattered in tufts; sporidia variable, generally very obtuse, 2- rarely 3-celled, frequently also divided perpendicularly ; stipes short. De Cand. Fl. Franç, v. 6. P. 56. Uredo Rosa ß Ülmaria, Strauss in Annal, Soc. Wetterav. v. 2. p. 109. . Hab. On the inferior surface of the leaves of Spiræa ulmaria, in the autumn, not common. Carlowrie. A polymorphous plant, particularly in the form of the sporidia. To the naked eye, it has somewhat of the habit of Puccinia Rose. 27. P. caricina, epiphyllous ; brown, eventually black, oval, , often confluent, and forming long lines ; sporidia oblong, with a white filiform stipes firmly fixed at its base, De Cand. Fl. Franc. v. 6. p. 60. Hab. On the upper surface of the leaves of the larger Carices in sum- mer and autumn. Duddingston Loch on Carex paludosa. De Candolle observes, that this plant differs from Uredo caricina (U. oblon- gata of this work), as Puccinia Graminis does from Uredo rubigo-vera. It assuredly can never be confounded with a Uredo ; but I am by no means certain of its not being a variety of Puccinia Graminis, modified by the peculiarity of the cellular structure of those plants on which it is parasitic. The sporidia are densely crowded, elongated, sometimes con- tracted at the dissepiment, the upper cell roundish, and a little thicker than the lower one. 28. P. Graminis, tufts dense, oblong, often confluent and forming long parallel lines, changing from yellowish-brown to black; sporidia elongated, the upper cell the shortest, and of greater diameter ; stipes filiform. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 228. . Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 17. Uredo Frumenti, Sow. Fung. t. 140. p B Arundinis, long, broad; sporidia with the cells nearly ; equal, much contracted at the dissepiments ; stipes very long and filiform. Pers. in Litt. Moug. et Nest. Pl. Exs. No. 292. Uredo striola, Strauss in Annal. Soc. Wetterav. v. 2. p. 105.. Hab. a on the culms and leaves of wheat and many of the larger grasses Bon Phalaris arundinacea and Arundo Phragmites in autumn. The last is abundant in Duddingston Loch. E e 434 CRYPTOGAMIA. GASTROMYCI. UREDO Much uncertainty has existed respecting this plant. M. Strauss, and some other authors, consider it as nothing more than the old state of Uredo linearis, (U. longissima of Sowerby); an opinion so easily refuted by microscopical investigation, that I conceive it unnecessary to dwell upon the subject. It is most injurious to corn, and, in an agricultural point of view, of some importance; but a remedy against its attacks has not yet been discovered, and probably never will. Vid. Sir Jos. Banks in Annals of Botany, v. 2. p. 51, and Kirby in Linn. Trans. v. 5. p. 102. *** Sporidia l-celled. 29. P. globosa, epiphyllous ; minute, scattered, nearly black ; sporidia globose, with a filiform, slender stipes. Grev. Crypt. Fl. t. 29. Hab. On the surface of the leaves of the common bean, in summer and autumn, not common. At first sight not unlike Uredo Faba, which, however, is of a light brown. 161. UREDO. Pers. * Very dark, brown, or reddish. (Nigredo.) 1. U. Geranii, hypophyllous, scattered, dark fuscous, round, very pulverulent, sometimes confluent; sporidia globose. Schleich, De Cand. Fl. Franç. v. 6. p. 73. Grev. Crypt. Fl. t. 8. HAB. On the leaves of various species of Geranium, as pratense, sylvati- cum, pyrenaicum, &c. Coast of Fife ; and in the King's Park. Summer. On the Continent it has been found on several other species. It is a rich coloured plant, particularly when its dark pulverulent spots occur on a leaf, yellow from the first stage of decay. A few sporidia sometimes pos- sess a minute stipes. 2. U. Ficariæ, aggregated, deep brown, chiefly hypophyllous, confluent; sporidia oval, sometimes with a very minute stipes. Alb. et Schw. p. 128. De Cand. Fl. Franç. v. 6. p. 65. HAB. On the under surface and on the petiols of the leaves of Ficaria ranunculoides, in summer and autumn. Rosslyn and elsewhere in shady places. Very pulverulent, and remarkably confluent. Before bursting, it has, as Albertini and Schweiniz observe, a bullated or swollen appearance. 3. U. suaveolens, hypophyllous, scattered, becoming con- fluent, reddish or purplish brown; sporidia globose, greenish under a high power of the microscope. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 221. p Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 15. Hab. On the leaves of Cnicus arvensis, in spring and summer, common. According to Persoon, this plant has an agreeable odour, which, however, I could never perceive. A variety is found on Cnicus lanceolatus, the chief character of which is, that it is much scattered, and not ultimately confluent. 4. U. Polygonorum, hypophyllous, circular, scattered, rarely disposed in a circle round a central one, pale brown ; sporidia globular. Grev. Crypt. Fl. t. 80. De Cand. Fl. Franc. v. 6. p. 71. UREDO. 435 CRYPTOGAMIA. GASTROMYCI. rare. HAB. On the under surface of the leaves of Polygonum amphibium, P.con- volvulvus, and P. aviculare, in summer and autumn. Common. On P. amphibium and aviculare, this species generally occnrs in company with the Puccinia, peculiar to those plants. The sporidia are sometimes furnished with a minute pedicel. 5. U. Primula, hypophyllous, scattered, single, or disposed in a circle round a central one, light brown; sporidia globular or subovoid, and rarely furnished with a minute pedicel. De Cand. Fl. Fran. v. 6. p. 68. HAB. On the lower surface of the leaves of Primula vulgaris, in July, Balmuto. Between Pettycur and Kinghorn. Often found along with Puccinia Primule, but is of a much paler colour. 6. U. Cichoracearum, on both sides of the leaf, dark fus- cous, minute, round, scattered ; sporidia globular, rarely with a minute pedicel. De Cand. Fl. Franç. v. 2. p. 229. U. flos- . culosorum, Alb. et Schw. p. 128. HAB. On the leaves of a great number of Composite ; particularly Leon- todon taraxacum, Hieracium murorum, H. Lawsoni, H. sylvaticum, H. su- baudum, H. pilosella, Hypocheris radicata, sometimes on Lapsana com- munis, in summer and autumn ; extremely common. A common plant, and probably to be found on most of the European Com- posite. It frequently happens that the plants are precisely opposite to each other on the two surfaces of the leaf. In some instances, and espe- cially on Leontodon Taraxacum, the spots are sometimes found in a circu- lar form. I have seen it covering a whole leaf with little circles, each surrounding a single large spot. 7. U. Heraclei, hypophyllous, scattered, sometimes subcon- fluent, roundish, light brown, girt by the remains of the epider- mis ; sporidia oviform, sometimes furnished with a very short, blunt pedicel. HAB. On the lower surface of the leaves of Heracleum Sphondylium, in June. Near Kirkcaldy and elsewhere, not uncommon. Frequently growing along with Puccinia Heraclei ; it sometimes attacks the veins of the leaf, and is then oblong. The sporidia are rather trans- parent, and often granular in the centre. 8. U. bifrons, on both surfaces of the leaf, and opposite to each other, scattered, round, light brown, girt with the remains of the epidermis ; sporidia globose. U. Rumicum, var. B. Ru- micis acetose, Decand. Fl. Franç. v. 6. p. 66. HAB. On both surfaces of the leaves of Rumex acetosa and acetocella, in the autumn. Rosslyn woods, and near Newhaven. This plant, which De Candolle has made a variety of U. Rumicum, in his Supplement to the Flore Française, I cannot but consider as distinct. It is not easy to find characters for such minute and obscure plants as the Uredines, but in this instance the whole habit is different. The spots are much larger than in the U. Rumicum, more regularly placed back to back on the two surfaces of the leaf, and the sporidia are pretty regu- larly globular instead of ovoid. It will be perceived that I have rejected the plant which De Candolle originally called U. lifrons, and which he E e 2 436 CRYPTOGAMIA. GASTROMYCI. UREDO. suspected was not distinct, but retained his name for the species now described, and which he also thought a variety of U. Rumicum. 9. U. Rumicum, on both sides of the leaf, brown, round, minute, often not bursting the epidermis, rarely disposed in a circle ; sporidia ovoid, sometimes with minute pedicels. De Cand. FÌ. Franç. v. 6. p. 66. U. bifrons, Fl. Franc. v. 2. p. 229. HAB. On the leaves of Rumex crispus and obtusifolius, in autumn. Near Edinburgh. About Foxhall, Captain Wauch. Either much scattered or rather crowded, very small or irregular in size, sometimes placed opposite to each other, on the two surfaces of the leaf. They are sometimes surrounded with a brownish coloured ring. Spori- dia ovoid, obtuse. 10. U. Faba, scattered, round, depressed, light brown, girt with the remains of the epidermis; sporidia rounded or sub- oval, rarely with minute pedicels. Grev. Crypt. Fl. t. 95. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 221. HAB. On the leaves and petiols of Vicia Faba, in autumn. Foxhall, Captain Wauch. About Edinburgh, not unfrequent. According to De Candolle, this plant is common to a great number of Euro- pean Leguminose. In this country I have only seen it on the common bean, on Vicia sepium and on Lathyrus arvensis. I am not quite sure, however, of the Uredo on the last being the same species. U. Fabæ has its surface depressed, with the margin surrounded by the remains of the ruptured epidermis. It is rather large, and generally much scattered, though I have seen it so crowded as to materially affect the colour of the leaf. 11. U. Labiatarum, hypophyllous, pale, yellowish-brown, sometimes disposed in a circle round a central one, minute, rarely confluent ; sporidia roundish or egg-shaped, and rather hyaline. De Cand. Fl. Franç. v. 6. p. 72. U. Mentha, Pers. Syn. Fung: p. 220. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 15. HAB. On the leaves of various Labiata, particularly Mentha arvensis, aquatica, piperata and rotundifolia, in summer and autumn. Balmuto. Duddingston Loch, abundant. Pustular and prominent before it bursts, and somewhat shining, afterwards flat, and surrounded by the remains of the ruptured epidermis. Pucci- nia and Uredo Menthæ, supposed by M. Strauss to be different states of the same plant, are distinct even to the naked eye, the former being more compact, and of a much deeper colour. Most of the Pucciniæ are more compact than the Uredines, from their being more or less firmly fixed by their pedicels. 12. U. intrusa, hypophyllous, scattered or partially aggre- gated, reddish-brown, rounded, somewhat prominent, minute, very unequal; sporidia roundish or oval, rarely pedicelled. HAB. On the inferior surface of the leaves of Alchemilla vulgaris, in au- tumn. Auchindenny woods. This species grows intermixed with U. Alchemilla, from which it differs in every respect, but chiefly in form and colour, UREDO. CRYPTOGAMIA. GASTROMYCI. 437 1 13. U. oblongata, on both sides of the leaf, scattered, dis- tinct, oblong, reddish-brown, girt by the ruptured epidermis ; sporidia subglobose, rarely subpedicelled. Link. Grev. Crypt. Fl. t. 12. U. caricina, De Cand. Fl. Franç. v. 6. p. 83. . Hal. On the leaves of Luzula maxima and Carex pendula, in summer. Rosslyn woods. This plant is minute, but may be detected at some distance by the colour of the leaf being changed around each pustule, to a yellow colour in the Carex, and a reddish-crimson in the Luzula. This change of colour fre- quently happens, especially in the latter plant, when there is no evident Uredo; probably the result of an imperfect evolution. A similar in- stance often occurs in Æcidium rubellum, the commencement of which frequently produces a crimson spot on the leaves of various species of Rumex, but the parasite is rarely perfected, except in very moist situa- tions. ** Yellow or orange. (Rubigo.) 14. U. Salicis, hypophyllous, scattered, very minute, round- ed, becoming contiguous, but not confluent; sporidia pyriform, subpedicellate. De Cand. Fl. Franç. v. 2. p. 250. HAB. On the lower surface of the leaves of Salix pentandra, in autumn. Rosslyn woods, not common. The form of the sporidia is too remarkable to be mistaken. Upper surface of the leaf mottled with yellow. Along with the Uredo I have noticed hyaline bodies with globular heads and long pedicels, bearing a near re- semblance to a Puccinia. 15. U. Vitellina, hypophyllous, very minute, convex, orbi- cular, scattered, becoming confluent ; sporidia very minute, glo- bular, transparent. De Cand. Fl. Franç. v. 2. p. 231. HAB. On the inferior surface of the leaves of Salix vitellina, mollissima, and viminalis, in autumn. Old Botanic Garden, Edinburgh. Rosslyn woods and elsewhere. Extremely minute, but prominent, and when examined with a glass, the epidermis found to be often, but slightly ruptured, and remarkably thin and delicate. Soon after the Uredo has appeared, the leaf becomes yel- lowish, with brown dots on the superior surface. 16. U. farinosa, hypophyllous, pale ochrey yellow, distinct at first, soon bursting, becoming_confluent and very pulveru- , lent; sporidia oval. Pers. Syn. Fung: p. 217., var. a. Hook: Fl. Scot. 2. P. 15. U. Capræarum, De Cand. Fl. Franç. v. 6. P. 80. HAB. On the under side of the leaves of Salix Capræa, and, according to De Candolle, on S. aurita. May to autumn, very common. The name is very expressive of the appearance of this plant. It sometimes attacks the fertile Catkins. 17. U. Tussilaginis, hypophyllous, bright orange-yellow, pro- minent, crowded, generally forming circles, and becoming very confluent; sporidia very numerous, subovate. Pers. Syn. Fung, p. 218. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. P. 15. 438 CRYPTOGAMIA. GASTROMYCI. UREDO. Hab. On the under surface of the leaves of the common Coltsfoot, (Tus- silago Farfara), in summer, very common ; (not on T. Petusites, as sta- ted by mistake in Hooker's Fl. Scot). A very beautiful plant, of a reddish orange colour, nearly constant in its disposition to form a circle. M. Strauss thinks that the plant which grows on T. Petasites is the same. No two plants, however, can be more distinct, as will be perceived by referring to Uredo Petasites. M. Strauss has, I suspect, committed more than one error in constituting his spe- cies U. circinalis. 18. U. Senecionis, hypophyllous, orange-yellow, oblong, ir- regular, becoming confluent; sporidia numerous. De Cand. Fl. Franç. v. 2. p. 231. U. farinosa, B. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 218. HAB. On the lower surface of the leaves of Senecio viscosus and S. sylva- ticus, in summer. Braid Hill, B. D. Greene, Esq. King's Park, Edinburgh. This species never shows any tendency to grow in a circular manner, nor is it of so fine a colour as the preceding, with which Strauss has con- founded it. It quickly spreads, and often completely covers the leaf. 19. U. confluens, hypophyllous, depressed, yellow, oblong, concentric, becoming confluent; sporidia nearly oval. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 214. var. B. De Cand. Fl. Franç. v. 2. p. 233. . HAB. On the leaves of Mercurialis perennis, in summer, rare. Rosslyn woods. It is difficult to conceive how M. Strauss could have described this plant as a variety of U. Tussilaginis, the circular mode of growth being the only point of resemblance. That author and Albertini, and Schweiniz, are probably right in identifying the present species with that which is found on several Orchidee. 20. U. Potentilla, chiefly hypophyllous, golden yellow, scat- tered, irregular, convex, becoming confluent; sporidia sub- spherical. De Cand. Fl. Franc. v. 2. p. 232. HAB. On Potentilla Fragaria, in summer. Balmuto. Rosslyn woods. Of a very bright colour, extremely pulverulent, and often accompanied by Puccinia Potentille. 21. U. Rosa, hypophyllous, small, scattered, effused, orange- yellow; sporidia suboval, sometimes with a minute pedicel. ; Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 215. De Cand. Fl. Franç. v. 2. p. 232. HAB. On the lower surface of the leaves of various Roses, in summer and autumn, very common. This species, is very often accompanied by Puccinia Rose, and is frequent in gardens. The upper surface of the leaf is mottled with yellow. It must not be confounded with U. effusa, which is much larger, of a red- dish orange colour, and most common on the veins of the leaf, and on the petiols. 22. U. Ruborum, hypophyllous, golden yellow, suborbicu- lar, becoming effused; sporidia very numerous, irregularly spherical. De Cand. Fl. Franç. v. 2. p. 234. U. Rubi fruti- cosi, Pers. Syn. Fung: p. 218. a UREDO. CRYPTOGAMIA. GASTROMYCI. 439 HAR. On the under surface of the leaves of Rubus fruticosus and Coryli- folius ; very common in summer and autumn. Of a rich deep yellow colour, very pulverulent, often growing along with Puccinia Rubi. The sporidia are dark and granular within, and in a fa- vourable light appear obscurely reticulated. 23. U. effusa, bright reddish orange, broad, pulverulent, hy- pophyllous, and on the nerves and petiols ; sporidia numerous, subglobose. Strauss in Annal. Soc. Wetterav. v. 2. p. 91. Grev. Crypt. Fl. t. 19. U. miniata, var. a. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 216. HAB. On the nerves and petiols of the leaves of Spiræa Ulmaria, and on the leaves, veins, petiols and seed-vessel of various Roses, in sum- mer and autumn; very frequent. Large, often spreading nearly round a petiol or seed-vessel, and distorting them. Colour very fine and bright. 24. U. gyrosa, epiphyllous, much scattered, rather large, yellow, thick, elevated from the leaf, and bursting in a gyrose manner; sporidia subglobose. Rebentisch, Fl. Neomarch. No. 1212. U. Rubi Idai, Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 218. HAB. On the superior surface of the leaves of the Raspberry (Rubus Idæus), in spring and summer, rare. Balmuto. Rosslyn woods. , A singular plant, sometimes rather large, and then very few upon the leaf; generally, however, more numerous, and somewhat smaller. The whole plant has frequently the appearance of a general receptacle, on which minute pustules burst in a gyrose or somewhat circular manner. 25. U. Alchemilla, hypopyllous, linear-oblong, crowded, ar.. ranged in a subparallel manner, orange-yellow, becoming pale ; sporidia spherical. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 215. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. . p. 14. a HAB. On the lower surface of the leaves of Achemilla vulgaris, in May and June, not uncommon. This sometimes becomes so confluent, that M. Strauss has observed it to cover every part of the leaf except the large veins. It is of a fine deep orange colour when in perfection, but grows pale in age and in drying. 26. U. Rhinanthacearum, hypophyllous, and on the petioles and calyx, oblong, thickish, sometimes partly disposed in a cir- cular manner, and subconfluent, deep reddish-yellow; sporidia spherical. De Cand. Fl. Franç. v. 6. p. 80. U. tremellosa, var. d. Strauss in Annal. Soc. Wetterav. 2. p. 90. HAB. On Euphrasia officinalis and Bartsia odontites, in summer and au- tumn. Pentland Hills. On the Continent this species has been found on several angiospermous plants of the class Didynamia. De Candolle mentions having seen a field in which every individual of the natural family Rhinanthacea was attacked with it ; but every other escaped. 27. U, Lini, on both sides of the leaf and stem, suborbicu- lar, prominent, bright orange-yellow, scattered; sporidia oval or even oblong, transparent. Grev. Crypt. Fl. t. 31. De Cand. Fl. Franç. v. 2. p. 23+. U miniata, var. B. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 216. 440 CRYPTOGAMIA. GASTROMYCI. UREDO. Hab. On Linum catharticum, in summer ; common in dry situations. Before bursting it has a beautiful, distended and shining appearance, when examined with a glass. 28. U. Saxifragarum, hypophyllous and on the calyces, rather large, oval, with an indurated disk after the sporidia have escaped ; sporidia bright orange, spherical and granular within. De Cand. Fl. Franç. v. 6. p. 87. Hab. On various Saxifrage. Balmuto; and King's Park, on S. granulata. May, June. The colour of this species is very brilliant. In the Alps and Pyrenees it is common on various species. 29. U. Campanula, hypophyllous, scattered, round, depres- sed, rarely confluent; sporidia yellowish-orange, spherical, sur- rounded by the remains of the ruptured epidermis. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 217 U. tremellosa, var. B. Strauss in Annal Soc. Wetterav. v. 2. p. 90. . . HAB. On the inferior surface of the leaves of various species of Campa. nula, in summer. Balmuto. Salisbury Craigs. Colour bright when in a recent state; soon after drying becoming quite pale. De Candolle observes that it grows on almost all the Campanula. 30. U. Pyrola, hypophyllous, punctiform, scattered or col- lected into small clusters, golden-yellow, scarcely bursting; sporidia ovate or oblong, somewhat transparent and granular within. U. polymorpha, var. s. Strauss in Annal. Soc. Wet- terav. v. 2. p. 87. p HAB. On the under surface of the leaves of Pyrola minor, in June and July. Woods near South Queensferry, and at Ravelrig-toll. A very distinct species, minute and generally aggregated. The surface of the leaf immediately surrounding the clusters is commonly of a brown colour. Many of the pustules never burst. 31. U. Helioscopia, hypophyllous, golden-yellow, scattered, distinct, surrounded by the remains of the ruptured epidermis; sporidia subglobose, minute. De Cand. Fl. Franç. v. 2. p. 232. Ù. Euphorbia Helioscopia, Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 215. var. a. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 14. HAB. On the lower surface of the leaves of Euphorbia Helioscopia, in au- tumn, not rare. Foxhall, Captain Wauch. Minute, distant, round; sometimes on the seed-vessel and stem. It is frequently, (perhaps always), accompanied by small black spots, having the aspect of a Xyloma, but are probably nothing more than the inspis- sated juice of the plant. 32. U. linearis, on both sides of the leaf, oblong or linear, sometimes forming long lines, yellow, becoming reddish or brown- ish in decay ; sporidia globular or suboval. Pers. Syn. Fung, p. 216. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 15. U. frumenti, Sow. Fung. t. 140. and U. longissima, t. 139. . UREDO. CRYPTOGAMIA. GASTROMYCI. 441 HAB. On the leaves and culms of corn and various grasses ; from spring to autumn, extremely common. A very common plant, and perfectly distinct from Puccinia graminis, which Strauss considers as its mature state. It not unfrequently happens that a Uredo and a Puccinia inhabit the same plant, and even lie under the same portion of epidermis. This sometimes happens in Puccinia Menthe. 33. U. æcidiiformis, hypophyllous and on the petiols, some- what aggregated, but generally following the course of the veins, bullated, yellow, bursting in the centre, and much resembling an Æcidium. HAB. On the leaves of Heracleum Sphondylium, in spring. Balmuto. One of the most distinct species I am acquainted with, and not a little re- sembling in habit some varieties of U. candida. The pustules are pro- minent, and, after bursting, the margin remains somewhat erect and en- tire for a length of time. 34. U. Cerastii, chiefly hypophyllous, very minute, regular, numerous, convex, late in bursting, golden-yellow; sporidia roundish, oval or even oblong. U. pustulata, var. B. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 219. Hab. On the leaves of Cerastium viscosum, in summer. About Edinburgh, B. D. Greene, Esq. King's Park, by the ditch-sides. Punctiform, sometimes spreading without being confluent, over the whole leaf, and giving it a deep golden-yellow colour. 35. U. pustulata, chiefly hypophyllous, very minute, pale yellow, subrotund, convex, scattered, or collected into clusters, scarcely bursting ; sporidia suboval. Pers. Syn. Fung: p. 219. exclud. var. B. De Cand. Fl. Franc. v. 6. p. HAB. On the leaves of Epilobium palustre, in spring, rare. Duddingston Loch. This seems to be very distinct from the preceding, with which Persoon united it. 36. U. Sonchi, hypophyllous, depressed, irregular in form, reddish-orange, scattered, becoming partially confluent; spori- dia egg-shaped. U. Sonchi arvensis Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 217, Hook. FI. Scot. 2. p. 15. U. tremellosa, var. y. Strauss in Annal. Soc. Wetterav. v. 2. p. 90. HAB. On the lower surface of the leaves of Sonchus oleraceus and arvensis, in summer, very common. This species often attacks the stem, and sometimes covers a whole leaf. It does not burst freely or regularly, and scarcely rises above the level of the epidermis. I have seen it nearly of a bright scarlet, and assuming all shapes. 37. U. Petasites, hypophyllous, minute, depressed, spread- ing, somewhat aggregated, subconfluent, irregular in form, of a deep orange or orange-red; sporidia oval. De Cand. Fl. Franç. v. 2. p. 236. U. circinalis, var. , Strauss in Annal. Soc. Weta terav. y. p. 89 85. var. a. 9,42 CRYPTOGAMIA. GASTROMYCI. UREDO. HAB. On the lower surface of the leaves of Tussilago Petasites, in autumn, common. This plant bears considerable resemblance to the last. It never grows in a circular manner, but frequently spreads irregularly over a whole leaf; and ought not to have been included by Strauss under his U. circinalis. In the Flora Scotica, U. Tussilaginis is stated to grow on Tussilago Petasites, which mistake probably originated in myself, as I sent the species to Dr Hooker 38. U. Populina, hypophyllous, scattered or crowded, dis- tinct, convex, roundish, large compared with the following, mostly closed, pale, becoming golden-yellow; sporidia very long, obtuse at each extremity. Pers. Syn. Fung: p. 219. var. a. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 15. var. a. . U. cylindrica, Strauss in An- nal. Soc. Wetterav. v. 2. p. 92. t. 11. f. 5. HAB. On the lower surface of the leaves of Populus nigra and balsamifera, in autumn, rather rare. Carlowrie, and near Newhaven. A very distinct and beautiful species, with remarkably long sporidia. In Hooker's Flora Scotica, it is said, on my authority, to grow on Populus tremula also, which is erroneous. 39. U. ovata, hypophyllous, punctiform, prominent, or pa- pilliform, numerous, tawny yellow, mostly closed ; sporidia ovate. Strauss in Annal. Soc. Wetterav. v. 2. p. 92. t. 11. f. 6. B. Betula, colour brighter, more numerous, spreading often on a yellow ground. U. populina, var. ß. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 219. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 15. U. longicapsula, var. ß. De Cand. Fl. Franc. v. 6. P. 84. HAB. a. On populus tremula, in Rosslyn woods; B. on Betula alba, com- mon. Both in autumn. De Candolle unites var. B. and Persoon's U. populina with his U. longicap- sula; but M. Strauss has, with great propriety, separated them. *** Dust white. (Albugo.) 40. U. candida, polymorphous, of various forms, sometimes disposed in a circular manner, quite white, frequently never bursting ; sporidia in great profusion, globular, transparent un- der the microscope. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 223. Uredo Thlaspi, Sow. Fung. t. 340. U. cruciferarum, De Cand. Syn. p. 49. HAB. On plants belonging to the Natural Order Crucifera, (Class Tetra- dynamia, Linn.), attacking the leaves, stems, calyx, and even the seed- vessel ; from the commencement of spring to the end of autumn. Ex- tremely common on Thlaspi Bursa-Pastoris, and Erysimum officinale, Coch- learia armoriaca, and different species and varieties of Brassica, in gar- dens. I believe it to be very doubtful whether there is more than one white Uredo known. **** Dust black-brown, or violet, attacking the fructification of plants. (Ustilago.) 41. U. Segetum, within the fruit and glumes of corn, and va- UREDO. CRYPTOGAMIA. GASTROMYCI. 443 a rious grasses, spreading, and in a short time filling the whole with a profuse black dust, which, under the microscope, con- sists of minute spherical sporidia. Pers. Syn. Fung: p. 224. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 15. 2 . HAB. Within the fructification and glumes of oats, wheat, rye, barley, and many grasses. Summer. A plant known under the name of Smut Brand or Burnt Corn, and produc- tive of great injury to corn when coming into ear. 42. U. urceolorum, attacking the fructification of carices, and forming a black, compact, slightly pulverulent mass, composed of a pale solid nucleus, surrounded by the naked sporidia, which are small and globular. De Cand. Fl. Franç. v. 6. p. 78. U. Ca- ricis, Pers. Syn. p. 225. HAB. On the fructification of several species of Carex, as C. præcox, stel- lulata and panicea. Summer ; not very common. Not unfrequently a line or two in diameter, and nearly globose. 43. U. caries, always inclosed within the grain, and filling it with a uniform, dense, fætid, blackish-brown mass, composed of very minute spherical sporidia. De Cand. Fl. Franç v. 6. p. 78. . Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 16. U. sitophila, Ditm. in Sturm's Deutsch. Fl. t. 34. (Fungi.) HAB. Within the grains of wheat ; late in the summer and in the au- tumn. Corn-fields. The only external change effected by this minute plant on the grains with- in which it is parasitic, is that of making them a little rounder; so that a botanical eye is necessary to detect it. On bruising the grain, the pow- der has an unctuous feel, and a very fotid smell; it is supposed to be a new genus by Ditmar, from the sporules being contained, according to him, in a true peridium. 44. U. antherarum, attacking the anthers and germen of the Caryophyllea, fine purple ; sporidia very plentiful, pulverulent, minute and globular. De Cand. Fl. Franc. v. 6. p. 79. U. vio- 6 lacea, Pers. Syn. Fung: p. 225. HAB. On various Caryophyllee. About Edinburgh, on Lychais dioica, and Cerastium viscosum. Summer. Sporidia resembling those of U. Segetum, under the microscope, and equally minute. 45. U. flosculorum, sporidia very minute, purplish-brown, plentiful, produced within the florets, and often filling them with a pulverulent mass. De Cand. Fl. Franç. v, 6. p. 79. Fari- naria Scabiosæ, Sow. Fung. t. 396. f. 2. Har. On Scabiosa arvensis. Summer. About Edinburgh. Sporidia similar to the preceding in form and size, but of a dull colour. De Candolle mentions that the stamens issue uninjured from the infected florets. 444 Æcidium CRYPTOGAMIA. GASTROMYCI. 162. ÆCIDIUM. * Scattered. 1. Æ. Pini, large, oblong or conical, much scattered, pale orange, bursting with an irregular orifice; sporidia excessively abundant, bright orange. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 213. Grev. Crypt. Fl. t. 7. HAB. On the leaves and small branches of Pinus sylvestris in summer. Drumshoreland Moor, very rare. The largest of the genus, being sometimes more than 2 lines high, and above 1 line in diameter when growing from the bark; on the leaves it is much smaller. 2. Æ. Epilobii, hypophyllous, numerous, distinct, peridia very white, toothed ; teeth beautifully rolled back, brittle and vanishing; sporidia pinkish-orange. De Cand. Fl. Franc. v. 2, . . p. 238. HAB. On the under, and rarely on the upper surface of Epilobium mon- tanum and tetragonus, not unfrequent. Slateford ; Corstorphine Hill; Braid Hermitage, &c. June-August. Very beautiful; regularly dotted over the whole leaf. 3. Æ. Violarum, hypophyllous, and on the petiols ; scat- tered or subaggregated, numerous; peridia whitish, split into many small deciduous teeth; sporidia orange, becoming obscure brown. De Cand. Fl. Franç. v. 2. p. 240. HAB. On the lower surface of the leaves, and on the petiols of Viola canina and tricolor. May and June. Balmuto. Rosslyn and Gran- ton woods. It is very often closely crowded, but never agglomerated. I have never seen the whole leaf covered. 4. Æ. albescens, hypophyllous, and on the petiols, scatter- ed, distinct; peridia very white, split into a few comparatively large teeth ; sporidia yellowish-white; surface of the leaf blis- tered, whitish. Hab. On Adoxa moschatellina. April. Arniston woods. A beautiful species, very remarkable from its general white aspect, partly arising from the surface of the leaf being blistered for some distance round the plant. 5. Æ. Taraxaci, hypophyllous, very numerous, subsessile, scattered, or collected into little clusters; peridia white, split into subrevolute teeth; sporidia fine orange. HAB. On the inferior surface of the leaves of Leontodon Taraxacum, in June and July. Carlowrie. A fine species, spreading over the whole leaf, and generally collected into numerous little clusters, with single ones scattered between them. Spo. ridia somewhat ovate. a ÆCIDIUM. CRYPTOGAMIA. GASTROMYCI. 415 ** Distinctly clustered or irregularly agglomerated. 6. Æ. Periclymeni, hypophyllous ; peridia distinct, but de- cidedly clustered and crowded, prominent, becoming subelonga- ted, the mouth with a few, broad, very delicate deciduous teeth ; sporidia fine orange. De Cand. Fl. Franc. v. 2. p. 597. HAB. On the under surface of the leaves of Lonicera Periclymenum, from June to August. Rosslyn woods, rare. A species intermediate between the Genera Ræstelia and Ecidium, as de- fined by Link; the only difference lies in the one having an elongated peridium, the other a short one resembling a calyx. Æ. Periclymeni is known at first sight by a large yellow spot on the upper surface of the leaf, which is not unfrequently accompanied by a sphacellated or brown decayed portion. 17. Æ. Bunii, hypophyllous and on the petiols, irregularly clustered, and deforming the part on which it grows; peridia somewhat indistinct, round, prominent, and yellowish, with a subentire orifice. De Cand. Syn. Fl. Gall. p. 51. Enc. Bot. 8, p. 241. Hab. On the leaves and petiols of Bunium Bulbocastanum and Pimpi- nella Saxifraga. Balmuto. Spring. According to De Candolle, it is found on several umbelliferous plants, swel- ling and deforming the leaves and petiols, and not unfrequently de- priving the portion of leaf above it of its nourishment. The orifice of the peridium is small, entire, and somewhat depressed. 8. Æ. Jacobææ, hypophyllous, at first prominent, pustular, soon becoming agglomerated, very numerous; peridia splitting into short, brittle, yellowish-white teeth ; sporidia pale orange. HAB. On the lower surface of the leaves of Senecio Jacobaa, from June to August. Between Pettycur and Burntisland. The agglomerated clusters large, depressed, numerous; rendering the leaf yellowish on the superior surface. 9. Æ. Prenanthis, hypophyllous, in widely scattered agglo- merated clusters, but not very crowded; peridia subsessile, split into very white, exceedingly brittle teeth ; sporidia pale. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 208. Fung. p. 208. De Cand. Fl. Franç. v. 2. p. 244. . HAB. On the under surface of the leaves of Hieracium sylvaticum. Sum- mer, rather rare. Balmuto. Rosslyn woods. This plant, which grows in France on Prenanthes muralis and purpurea, will probably be found to be more general than is imagined, and deserve a more comprehensive specific name. It produces a yellowish-brown spot on the upper surface of the leaf. 10. Æ. Urtica, hypophyllous and on the 'petiols and stem; peridia campanulate, agglomerated, rarely single, split into many short recurved teeth ; sporidia ochre-yellow, numerous, ovate. De Cand. Fl. Franc. v. 2. p. 243. HAB. On Urtica dioica. May and June. Duddingston Loch. On the leaves they are often in small clusters of 3-8 together; on the stem 446 CRYPTOGAMIA. GASTROMYCI. ÆCIDIUM. which is more or less swollen and deformed, they are larger, of an oval form, agglomerated, and partly imbedded in the swollen stem as in a re- ceptacle. 11. Æ, confertum, hypophyllous and on the petiols; peri- dia in dense agglomerated clusters, whitish, split into revolute teeth; sporidia yellowish, the leaf whitish around the clusters. De Cand. v. 2. p. 245. Æ. Ficaria, Pers. Obs. Mycol. v. 2. p. 23. Æ. crassum, var. B. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 208. Hab. On Ficaria ranunculoides. May and June. Rosslyn and Granton woods. Well marked by its pale colour, and the whitish circle round the clusters, which are seldom more than 2 lines in diameter, but often smaller. 12. Æ. Grossulariæ, hypophyllous, upon a thickened por- tion of the leaf, which, on the upper surface, is of a fine red colour with a yellow border ; peridia densely crowded, split- ting into yellowish-white revolute teeth; sporidia pale. Grev. Crypt. Fl. t. 62. De Cand. Fi. Franç. v. 6. p. 92. HAB. On the inferior surface of the leaves of Ribes Grossularia, and on the young berries. May-July, common. This species may be detected at a distance by the bright red spots with yellow margins on the upper surface of the leaves; the fruit is some- times attacked by it, and rendered deformed, and of the same red colour; but the plant seldom matures itself on the berry. 13. Æ. Ranunculacearum, hypophyllous; peridia agglome- rated in scattered clusters of various sizes, whitish, with a brit- tle dentated margin ; sporidia yellow. De Cand. Fl. Franç. v. 6. p. 97. Æ. Ranunculi acris, Pers. Syn. Fung: p. 210. , HAB. On the lower surface of the leaves of Ranunculus lingua and acris, in June and July. Duddingston Loch and in Rosslyn woods. De Candolle has no fewer than eight varieties of this species, of which it is very probable some may prove distinct. 14. Æ. Caltha, hypophyllous and on the petiols, aggregated, short, somewhat campanulate, with numerous very minute mar- ginal teeth ; sporidia bright orange, subglobose or oval. Hab. On the inferior surface of the leaves of Caltha palustris. Spring. Dunearn Hill. This plant differs so much from the preceding, that I have little hesitation in describing it as a distinct species; the colour is much brighter and darker, and the margin does not possess that pale and brittle character so remarkable in U. Ranunculacearum ; the form of the peridia also differs. 15. Æ. Berberidis, hypophyllous and on the fruit-stalk, seed- vessel, calyx, and even petals; peridia short or elongated, cy- lindrical, densely crowded, fine orange; sporidia yellow under the microscope, profuse. Grev. Crypt. Fl. t. 97. Pers. Syn. Fung. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 14. Sow. Fung. t. 397. f. 5. HAB. On Berberis vulgaris. May-July. Not uncommon. Carlowrie. a p. 246. 2 ÆCIDIUM. CRYPTOGAMIA. GASTROMYCI. 447 p. 14. This plant is rather variable in its appearance but is always cylindrical, and of a fine orange colour ; on the upper surface of the leaf it produces a bright crimson spot. It is still a popular belief that Berbery-bushes produce the blight in wheat; accidental circumstances may have tended to confirm this opinion, but the two plants are entirely different. 16. Æ. laceratum, hypophyllous and on the petiols and young fruit; peridia elongated, agglomerated, brown, splitting to the base in capillary segments ; sporidia numerous, light brown. De Cand. Fl. Franc. v. 2. p. 247. Sow. Fung. t. 318. Æ. Oxyacantha, Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 206. HAB. On Crategus Oxyacanthus. Summer, James Heriot, Esq. The part on which this parasite grows is always swollen and deformed, and the plant is partly immersed as if in a receptacle. 17. A. cornutum, hypophyllous; peridia 2–12, long, cy- lindrical, slightly curved, yellowish-brown, springing from an orange-coloured thickened portion of the leaf; sporidia nume- rous, greyish, becoming brown. Pers. Syn. Fung: p. 205. Sow. Fung. t. 319. Hook. Fl. Seot. 2. Hab. On Sorbus aucuparia, in summer and autumn. Rosslyn and Auchindenny woods, and elsewhere, frequent. Peridia almost 2 lines in length, very slender. The presence of the plant is marked by an orange or reddish spot on the upper surface of the leaf. ** Growing in circles. 18. Æ. Tussilaginis, hypophyllous, marked on the upper sur- face of the leaf by a yellow or purplish spot ; peridia partly immersed, short, splitting into white revolute teeth ; sporidia beautiful pink-orange. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 209. Sow. Fung. t. 397. f. 1. (bad). Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 14. p Hab. On the under surface of the leaves of Tussilago Farfara, in July and August, common. A beautiful species, and not liable to be confounded with any other.. 19. Æ. rubellum, hypophyllous, producing a crimson spot on the upper surface of the leaf; peridia minute, subimmersed, splitting regularly into small, revolute white teeth; sporidia yellowish-white. Gmel. De Cand. Fl. Franç. v. 2. p. 241. Æ. Rumicis, var a. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 207. Sow. Fung. t. 405. HAB. On the under surface of the leaves of various species of Rumex, in wet places, in May and June, very rare. Duddingston Loch. A very beautiful little plant, too well marked to need farther description. 20. Æ. Allii, hypophyllous, marked by a pale spot on the upper surface of the leaf, and a pale ring round the peridia, which are small, not numerous, splitting into small, brittle, yel... 448 CRYPTOGAMIA. GASTROMYCI. STILBUM : lowish-white teeth ; sporidia pale. Æ. Allii ursini, Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 210. HAB. On the under surface of the leaves of Allium ursinum, in June and July. Rosslyn woods. Peridia sometimes rather remote, but always concentrically disposed. Div. III. Plants sessile or pedicellate, all minute, more or less globular, (except in Erineum), membranaceous or gelati- nous. Sporidia not mixed with filaments; (indistinct in Erineum). 163. STILBUM. Tode. 1. S. vulgare, head roundish, whitish, semifluid, becoming firmer and yellowish ; stipes rather thick, cylindrical. Tode; Fung. Meckl. t. 2. f. 16. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 682. HAB. On decaying stems of herbaceous plants, in autumn ; frequent. Extremely minute, and liable to escape observation. It is still not under- stood, and I regret that it is not the season to procure it for accurate examination ; from its affinity to the true Mucors, I have placed it in this part of my arrangement. 164. PILOBOLUS. Tode. 1. P. crystallinus, stem-like receptacle, inflated upwards, (rarely filiform), pointed ; capitular vesicle, round, depressed, black. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 117. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 9. Mucor urceolatus, Sow. Fung. t. 300. Hab. On horse-dung chiefly, early in the morning, or in very cool, cloudy weather. Very fugacious, and a variable plant in the form of the stem-like recep- tacle, which is sometimes completely filiform. Mr Purton is right in conceiving P. roridus to be a mere variety. 165. ASCOPHORA. Tode. 1. A. mucedo, stipes simple, heads inflated, spherical, dark grey, bursting close to the stipes, which is long and filiform. Link in Berl. Mag. 3. p. 30. t. 2. f. 43. Mucor mucedo, Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 201. Sow. Fung. t. 378. f. 5, 6, 7. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 13. Hab. On various putrid substances, as bread, vegetables, fruit, &c. The whole year, common, Mr Parry. From 1-3 lines in height, white, but changing to grey, very slender ; at the base are often some barren procumbent plants, as in Stachylidium and Penicillium. 166. MUCOR. Pers., &c. 1. M. stercorea, byssus-like, white, becoming yellowish; stipes erect, tall, lax, simple, bearing a minute subglobose head. Hy- drophora stercorea, Tode, Fung. Meckl. 2. p. 7. Mucor ca- ninus, Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 201. 3 ERINEUM. CRYPTOGAMIA. GASTROMYCI. 449 Hab. On dung of various animals, in all seasons, but chiefly in the win- ter after much rain. Plant watery, erect, often curved, crowded, 1-3 inches in height; chan- ging from white to a dirty yellow. It bears a near resemblance to Asco- phora mucedo, and Sowerby's Fig. t. 378. f. 6, 7., from wanting dissec- tions or magnified figures, might pass for either plant. p. 81. P. p. 8. 167. ERINEUM. Pers. * Peridia very minute, forming a velvety spot. 1. E. aureum, on either surface of the leaf, bright gold- colour, effused, sometimes spreading over the whole leaf; peri- dia simple, crowded, club-shaped ; sporules evident, exces- sively minute, yellow. Grev. in Edin. Phil. Journ. v. 6. t. 3. f. 15. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 700. et Mycol. v. 1. p. Kunze, Mykol. Hefte, 2. p. 133. HAB. On the leaves of Populus nigra ; in summer. Carlowrie, and elsewhere about Edinburgh. The only species of a bright yellow colour. 2. E. griseum, hypophyllous, so minute as scarcely to be raised above the surface of the leaf; pale obscure purple, widely effused ; peridia simple, obtusely club-shaped. Pers. Mycol. v. 1. p. 8. Kunze, Mykol. Hefte, 2. p. 135. E. minu- tissimum, Grev. in Edin. Phil. Journ, v. 6. p. 81. t. 3. f. 17. HAB. On the under surface of oak-leaves. Spring and summer. Ross- lyn woods, rare. Somewhat more minute than the last, and, like it, gives the leaf a swollen and distorted appearance. ** Peridia larger, forming a depressed tuft, or plane granu- lated mass. 3. E. acerinum, on the under surface of the leaf, depressed, distinct or confluent, pale, becoming reddish-brown; peridia club-shaped, very rarely turbinate, flaccid, the upper half often inclined. Grev. in Edin. Phil. Journ. v. 6. p. 73. t. 2. f. 1. et 6. Pers. Syn. Fung. t. 700. et Mycol. v. 1. p. 6. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 34. Kunze, Mykol. Hefte, 2. p. 163. Hab. On the under surface of the leaves of Acer pseudo-platanus ; spring to autumn, abundant. The most common species ; making its first appearance on the leaf, only three days after the latter has burst from the bud. Previous to matu- rity it is sometimes of a fine pale sulphur colour. 4. E. pyrinum, mostly on the under surface of the leaf, scat- tered, subeffused, rich reddish-brown: peridia compressed, li- near, somewhat lax, with the apex club-shaped, and often trun- cate. Grev. Crypt. Fl. t. 22. Pers. Syn. Fung: p. 700. et Mycol. v. 1. p. 4. Kunze, Mykol. Hefte, 2. p. 156. , rf 450. CRYPTOGAMIA. GASTROMYCI. ERINEUM. summer. HAB. On the leaves of Pyrus malus and communis. On the common crab-tree, Craigie Hill, Miss Anna Wauch. One of the rarer species. Colour very rich when mature. 5. E. tortuosum, mostly on the under surface, irregularly tufted, whitish, becoming ferruginous ; peridia linear, cylindri- cal, twisted, with rounded summits. Grev. in Edin. Phil. Journ. v. 6. p. 74. t. 2. f. 2. et Crypt. Fl. t. 94. Kunze, Mykol. t Hefte, 2. P. 158. Har. On the leaves of Betula alba ; spring and summer. Ravelrig-toll, among the willows in the moss, and at Bilston Burn. The part of the leaf on which the tuft is situated is generally somewhat swollen. It may be mistaken at first for E. betulinum of Rebentisch, but the peridia of the latter are very short and variously shaped. 6. E. Juglandis, hypophyllous, silky or tomentose, pale, quadrangular ; peridia erect, cylindrical, long and attenuated to a point. De Cand. Fl. Franç. v. 6. p. 15. ex. Scleich. Plant. . Exsic. No. 92. Kunze, Mykol. Hefte, 2. p. 170. P. E. subu- latum, Grev. in Edin. Phil . Journ. v. 6. p. 75. t. 2. f. 4. E. Juglandinum, Pers. Mycol. v. 1. p. 2. HAB. On the lower surface of the leaves of the common walnut ; in Braid Hermitage. A remarkable species, of a quadrangular form, on account of being con- fined between the parallel veins of the leaf, which is somewhat thickened. When I published it under the name of subulatum, I had not received the Supplement to the Flore Française, in which De Candolle has de- scribed it; his name must of course take precedence. 7. E. clandestinum, on the under surface, whitish-pink, be- coming subferruginous, rarely in the form of spots or tufts, but confluent at the margin of the leaf, which is rolled inwards, and conceals it ; peridia short, ovate or club-shaped. Grev. in Edin. Phil. Journ. v. 6. p. 76. t. 2. f. 8. Kunze, Mykol. Hefte, 2. p. 144. E. Oxyacantha, Pers. Mycol. v. 1. p. 7 HAB. On the inferior surface of the leaves of Crataegus Oxyacanthus; in summer, not rare. Rosslyn woods; Carlowrie and elsewhere about Edinburgh. The margin of the leaf is somewhat deformed, swollen, of a paler colour, and has much the appearance of having been the nidus of insects. 8. E. alneum, on the under surface, irregularly tufted, or effused and confluent, whitish, at length dark reddish-brown; peridia shortly branched ; branches thick, bearing several round or ovate lobes. Grev. in Edin. Phil. Journ. v. 6. p. 77. t. 2. f. 7. Pers. Syn. Fung. p.701. et Mycol. v. 1. p. 7. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 34. Kunze, Mykol. Hefte, 2. p. 145. Has. On the under surface of the leaves of Alnus glutinosa ; in summer. Rosslyn woods, rare. Peridia under the microscope very beautiful, divided into 2-4 short, patent, thick branches, clustered with globular sessile heads, or rather lobes, in. which sporules are sometimes to be perceived. LICIA 451 CRYPTOGAMIA. GASTROMYCI. 9. E. roseum, mostly on the upper surface, unequally scat- tered, confluent, fine crimson ; peridia polymorphous, turbi- nate, club-shaped or capitate, the summit frequently truncate. Schultz. Kunze, Mykol. Hefte, 2. p. 15. . E. Betula, Grev. in Edin. Phil. Journ. v. 6. p. 77. t. 3. f. 9. et Crypt. Fl. t. 21. E. betulinum, Pers. Mycol. v. 1. p. 6. in part. HAB. On the upper surface of the leaves of Betula alba ; summer. Ra- velrig-toll moss; Rosslyn woods, and elsewhere. Of a splendid crimson colour, which becomes rather dingy in age. 10. E. betulinum, mostly on the under surface, whitish, at length dark ferruginous, often confluent; peridia short, poly- morphous, sometimes turbinate, but generally with two blunt horn-like patent summits. Rebent. Prod. Fl. Neomarch. Moug: et Nest. No. 200. Grev. in Edin. Phil. Journ. v. 6. p. 79. t. 3. f. 16. Kunze, Mykol. Hefte, 2. p. 149. HAB. On the leaves of Betula alba, very common. Spring and summer. Peridia remarkably excentric in their form, never elongated, white, at length dark brown, never crimson. 168. LICEA. Schrad. ? 1. L. circumcissa, gregarious, sessile, yellowish or chesnut- brown, subglobose; the upper half of the peridium separating like a lid; sporules rarely mixed with one or two filaments. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 196. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 13. Sphæro- . carpus sessilis, Sow. Fung. t 258., (a bad fig. if really this plant). Hab. Between the bark and wood of decayed trees, particularly those which have lain on the ground for some time. Autumn. Very like the eggs of an insect. Sporules bright yellow. I suspect Sower- by's plant to be a distinct species. 2. L. fragiformis, peridia cylindrical, very fragile, densely crowded, forming a roundish or hemispherical mass, dull red, changing to pale brown: sporules brown, in the form of a mi- nute, abundant dust. Nees, Syst. p. 28. t. 8. f. 102. Tubu- lina fragiformis, Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 198. Spharocarpus fra- giformis, Bull. p. 141. t. 384. Hal. On rotten wood, mosses, &c., rare, Swanston wood; Pentland hills. Autumn. Very pulpy in its young state; peridia very thin, and so completely con- tiguous as to form one mass; the summits, however, are distinct, giving the surface of the whole a papilliform appearance. The mass varies from half an inch to two inches in breadth. rf 2 452 GASTROMYCI. SPUMARIA: CRYPTOGAMIA. Div. IV. Plants sometimes of an indeterminate form, but ge- nerally globose or oval. Sessile or stipitate. Sessile or stipitate. Peridium membranaccous or coriaceous. Sporules intermixed with filaments. Sect. I. Minute or small plants. Peridium delicate in most SECT instances, and generally fugacious. 169. SPUMARIA. Pers. 1. Sp. alba, effused, frothy; peridium furnished internally with horn-like grey processes, inclosing brown sporules. Spu- maria mucilago, Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 163. Reticularia alba, Bull. t. 326. Sow. Fung. t. 280. HAB. On rotten wood, grass, leaves, &c. Autumn. Very common. Foxhall, Captain Wauch. Swanston wood, &c. Very unequally effused, either thin or thickish, 1-3 inches broad or more, often attached like froth to grasses and leaves. If hastily bruised it seems nothing but a mass of black powder. 170. RETICULARIA. Bull. 1. R. lutea, effused, of a roundish form, yellow, at first resembling a light froth, becoming firmer, with an unequal, somewhat cottony surface. Sow. Fung. t. 399. f. 2. Fuligo flava, Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 161. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 12. Æthalium flavum, Link. HAB. On leaves, mosses, grass, &c. in autumn. Reducing itself to powder on the slightest touch when mature. Sporules dark blackish brown.. 2. R. hortensis, soft and pulpy when young, either distinct or in the form of veins, quickly becoming confluent, and form- ing large pulverulent branny masses of a reddish-yellow colour, cellular and subGbrous within. Bull. p. 86. t. 424. f. 2. (ex- cellent.) Sow. Fung: t. 399. f. 1. Fuligo vaporaria, Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 161. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. . p. 12. HAB. On tan in hot-beds and stoves, and also in the open air. Spreading remarkably fast, and often covering a space of a foot or more in a a diameter. 171. LYCOGOLA. Mich. 1. L. miniata, globular, gregarious, red, changing to brown ; sporales orange-red, at length purple-grey. Grev. Crypt. Fl. t. 38. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 158. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 11. Lycoperdon epidendrum, Sow. Fung, t. 52. HAB. On rotten wood, very frequent. Auchindenny. Dundas Hill. Craiglockhart, &c. Spring to autumn. Pretty regular in form ; under a lens minutely granular. Well marked by its colour. DIDERMA. CRYPTOGAMIA. GASTROMYCI. 453 2. L. argentea, large, suboval, very fragile, silvery white; sporules profuse, deep brown; filaments few. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 157. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 11. Reticularia Lycoperdon, Sow. Fung. t. 272. HAB. On rotten wood and branches of trees. Autumn. Foxhall, Cap- tain Wauch. Remarkably fragile, 1-2 inches broad, somewhat oval, filled with an im. mense profusion of sporules. 3. L. minuta, minute, white, roundish, depressed, rarely con- fluent, fragile ; sporules black, intermixed with a few filaments. Grev. Crypt. Fl. t. 40. HAB. On decayed leaves, stems of grass, &c. in damp woods. Foxhall, Messrs Wauch and Greville. Autumn. Not more than one line broad, sometimes two or three confluent together, depressed, within very black. Gregarious. Filaments very few. 172. DIDERMA. Pers. 1. D. globosum, sessile, subglobose, smooth, greyish-white; both of the peridia fragile ; sporules globular. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 167. Sturm's Deutschl. Fung. t. 6. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. a p. 12. Hab. On dead beech leaves. Foxhall, Captain Wauch. At Braid Her- mitage, autumn. Balmuto. Not unlike the eggs of some insect. Sporules of a dark colour to the naked eye. 173. LEOCARPUS. Link. 1. L. vernicosus, shortly stipitate, obovate, reddish-brown, shining, crowded, stipes whitish. Link. in Berl. Mag. 3. p. 25. Diderma vernicosum, Pers. Syn. Fung: p. 165. Lycoperdon fragile, Sow. Fung. t. 136. HAB. On the stems of grasses, mosses, &c. Pentland Hills, and Swan- ston Wood. Autumn. A genus very distinct from Diderma, having only one peridium, and no co- lumella. Sometimes surrounding the stems of grasses in a very crowded manner. At first it is quite pulpy, afterwards dry and brittle. Colour a rich ches- nut. 174. PHYSARUM. Pers. 1. Ph. sulcatum, head globose, flattish beneath, grey, in- clined; stipes rather long, pale, weak, sulcate ; sporules dark brown. Link in Berl. Mag. v. 3. p. 27. Hab. On rotten wood. Spring and autumn. Swanston Wood, Pent- land Hills, and elsewhere. The pale, almost white, and furrowed stipes, which is so weak at the sum- mit as to render the head inclined, is the distinguishing mark of this species. 454 CRYPTOGAMIATRICHIA . . GASTROMYCI. 2. Ph. nutans, head globose, flattish beneath, bluish-grey, nodding ; stipes thin, weak, whitish, not furrowed ; sporules and filaments dark brown. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 171. Link in Berl. Mag. v. 3. p. 27. Sphærocarpus albus, Bull. t. 407. f. 3. HAB. On rotten wood and trunks of trees. Autumn. Braid Hermi- tage; probably common. The unfurrowed stipes chiefly separates this from the preceding; but the head also droops far more. 3. Ph. nigripes, head globose, dark grey ; stipes long, firm, black ; sporules and filaments very dark. Link in Berl. Mag. v. 3. p. 27. 27. Sturm's Fung. t. 42. HAB. On rotten wood. Autumn. Damp woods about Edinburgh, as Slateford, &c. ; rare. Sufficiently distinguished by its black, firm, thin stipes. 4. Ph. viride, subglobose, umbilicate beneath, yellowish- green; stipes slender, rather weak, brownish ; sporules and fi- Jaments very dark. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 172. Sturm's Fung: t. 24. Spharocarpus viridis, Bull. t. 481. f. 1. HAB. On rotten wood. Autumn. Swanston wood on the remains of a fallen fir-tree. Stipes rather weak towards the summit, and never of a pink colour, in which this species strikingly differs from Ph. psittacinum. 5. Ph. leucopus, head globoso-depressed, pale glaucous; stipes wery short, thick, pale, at length brownish. Link in Berl. Mag. v. 3. p. 27. w HAB. On dead beech wood. Autumn. Foxhall, Captain Wauch. This species comes so near to Link's Ph. leucopus, that I have not ventured to keep it separate; the only difference being the coloured stipes in our plant. It is very minute, and of an uncommonly stiff and dwarf aspect. Filaments very few. 175. TRICHIA. Pers. * Sessile, effused. 1. T. reticulata, effused, forming an irregular sort of reticu- lation, yellowish or pale brown. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 182, et Icon. Fung. fasc. 2. p. 46. t. 12. f. 1. Nees, Syst. t. 10. f. 111. HAB. On rotten wood. Autumn. Caroline Park. Pulpy, and becoming confluent in small lines while young, thus forming ir- regular interstices. Peridium very thin. ** Ovate. 2. T. ovata, crowded, obovate, ochrey-yellow, bursting at the summit. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 180. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. 12. Trichia turbinata, Sow. Fung. t. 85. HAB. On rotten wood, leaves, sticks, &c. in woods. Autumn. Auchin- denny woods. p. 12 LEANGIUM. CRYPTOGAMIA. GASTROMYCI. 455 Very much crowded, and, after the sporules and filaments have escaped, re. sembling minute cups. 1. T. fallax, shortly stipitate, reddish, at length yellowish, bursting at the apex, plicate beneath. Pers. Syn. Fung p. 177. Sphærocarpus fragilis, Sow. Fung. t. 279. Sph. ficoides, Bull. t. 417. f. 3. HAB. On rotten wood. Swanston wood, autumn. Liable to vary in colour, but constantly plaited at its union with the stipes. The mass of sporules and filaments is yellow. 176. LEANGIUM. Link. 1. L. floriforme, yellow, globose, stipitate; peridium split- ting into lobes, which are beautifully expanded and reflexed. Link in Berl. Mag. v. 3. p. 26. . Sphærocarpus floriformis, Bull. t. 371. Diderma floriforme, Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 164. HAB. On decaying trunks of trees, mosses, &c. Autumn. Swanston wood. This species is furnished with a subjacent thickish membrane, very visible to the naked eye, especially when growing on wood. Peridium straw- coloured, splitting into six or seven irregular segments, which become reflexed. Columella very distinct. Sporules brown. 177. ARSCYRIA. Pers. 1. A. punicea, gregarious, often cæspitose, stipitate, dull crimson; sporules abundant, crimson red. Pers. Syn. Fung, p. 185. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 13. Trichia cinnabarina, Bull. t. 502. Trich. denudata, Sow. Fung. t. 29. HAB. On rotten wood, summer and autumn. Swanston wood. Fox- hall, Captain Wauch. Balmuto ; Slateford, &c. frequent. Of a pale colour in its young state, and very soft and pulpy. Sometimes three or four peridia are produced on the same stipes, as in Sowerby's figure. 2. A. nutans, pale yellow, substipitate, cylindrical, long, weak, drooping, A. flava, Pers. Syn. Fung: p. 184. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 13. Trichia nutans, Bull. t. 502. Sow. Fung. t. 260. HAB. On rotten wood. Summer and autumn. Foxhall, Captain Wauch. Swanston and Auchindenny woods. White and soft in its early state. The whole plant remarkably weak, long, and drooping from the very base; hence the name is very characteristic, and having been given by Bulliard should not have been changed by Persoon. 178. STEMONITES. Gmel. Pers. 1. St. fasciculata, crowded, cylindrical; stipes black, arising from a shining subjacent membrane ; peridia very fugacious, blackish-brown; stipes continued to the summit of the peri- 456 CRYPTOGAMIA. GASTROMYCI. CRATERIUM. p. 13. dium. Pers. Syn. Fung: p. 187. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. Trichia nuda, Sow. Fung. t. 50. HAB. On rotten wood, moss, &c. in shaded places. Summer and autumn. Foxhall, Captain Wauch. Balmuto. About Edinburgh, very fre- quent. Pale when very young ; when mature perfectly cylindrical, of various lengths, sometimes even 1 inch, including the stipes. Subjacent mem- brane very thin, shining. 2. St. papillata, dark brown, globose, stipitate ; stipes pene- trating through the summit of the peridium. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 188. Nees, Syst. t. 10. f. 118. Hab. On rotten wood. Foxhall, Captain Wauch. Autumn. Not so common as the preceding. Well marked by its globular head, and excurrent summit of the stipes. I rather suspect, however, the latter character is not constant. 179. CRATERIUM. Trentepohl. 1. C. leucocephalum, cup-shaped, reddish brown; operculum convex, whitish, very thin, evanescent; filaments white; spo- rules very dark. Grev. Crypt. Fl. t. 65. Ditmar in Sturm's Fung. 1. 11. Arscyria ? leucocephala, Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 183. p. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 13. . Hab. On mosses and stems of grass, &c. Pentland Hills. Foxhall, Messrs Wauch and Greville. Autumn. The habit of this plant is altogether that of a Craterium ; but the lid is of so evanescent a nature as to be seidom seen. Mr Gray has followed Ditmar without acknowledgment. 2. C. vulgare, .campanulate, chesnut colour ; operculum firm, white ; stipes orange ; sporules blackish. Ditmar in Sturm's Fung. t. 9. Cyathus minutus, Sow. Fung. t. 239. . lowest fig HAB. On mosses, sticks, leaves, and rotten wood, in autumn. Woods about Edinburgh. A very beautiful little plant, distinctly bell-shaped ; published under the above name by Ditmar in Sturm's Fungi, which is adopted by Mr Gray in his arrangement of British plants, without acknowledgment: the lat- ter gentleman has also quoted Sowerby's figure as Craterium vulgare in- stead of Cyathus minutus, and has given as a synonym De Candolle's Trichia capsulifer, which is Sphærocarpus capsulifer of Bulliard, t. 470. f. 2. a totally different plant, not even possessing an operculum. SECT. II. Plants large. Peridium of a thicker substance, be- tween membranaceous and coriaceous, more durable, often warty. 180. LYCOPERDON. Mich. 1. L. bovista, large, obconical, soft, whitish, plicate beneath, -scales broad, often indistinct. Pers. Syn. Fung p. 141. Hook. . SCLERODERMA. CRYPTOGAMIA. GASTROM. 457 Fl. Scot. 2. p. 11. Lyc. Proteus, Sow. Fung. t. 332, upper figure. HAB. Pastures. About Edinburgh. Autumn. Turbinate or broadly obconical, 3-4 inches broad. After maturity the upper half vanishes by degrees; and after the sporules have escaped, the remain- der is peziziform and permanent. The scales are very variable, some- times almost obsolete. Colour at first very white, afterwards dark. I should not be surprised if this species prove a variety of Bovista gigantea. 2. L. pratense, white, soft, hemispherical, subsessile, some- what smooth, warts scattered. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 142. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 11. Lyc. Proteus cepaforme, Bull. p. 148. t. 435. f. 2. HAB. Pastures. Summer and autumn after rain. Half sunk in the ground. Peridium variable, globose, sessile, or with a short attenuated stipes, almost quite smooth or scaly with warts, or soft spinous processes, or sometimes cracked in a tesselated manner. It rarely exceeds 2 inches in breadth, is very white when young, and reddish- brown when old, and not unlike in habit to the last species. 3. L. excipuliforme, large, white, variable; peridium sub- globose, covered with spinulose warts; stipes somewhat smooth, long and plicate. Pers. Syn. Fung: p. 143. Pers. Syn. Fung: p. 143. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 11. Lyc. Proteus v. excipuliforme, Bull. p. 148. t. 450. f. 2. f HAB. Pastures. Millburn near Edinburgh, in the autumn. Peridium at first white, afterwards brown, unequally covered with small, soft, rather distinct spines, occasionally, however, only with furfuraceous scales; 1-2, or more, inches in diameter. Stipes 2-3 inches high, 1-1} thick, warty towards the summit, thickened and plicate at the base. 4. L. pyriforme, cæspitose, pyriform, umbonate, pale brown ; scales in the form of minute, slender, spinous processes; root consisting of long fibres. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 148. Bull. t. 32. . Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 11. Lyc. ovoideum, Bull. t. 435. f. 3. Hab. Woods, about the stumps of old decayed trees, road-sides, &c. Summer and autumn. Growing in tufts, and often so much crowded as to compress each other. Peridium sometimes distinctly pyriform, but in this country more fre- quently contracting beneath the head, so as to produce the appearance of a thick stipes. The mouth of the peridium is small, roundish, but irre- gular, and the whole surface generally covered with minute erect scales. This genus is involved in the greatest obscurity, as far as regards the dis- tinction of species. There are abundant figures extant, but they run so much into each other, and the descriptions are so encumbered with va- rieties, and doubtful synonymes, that the task of reconciling them is al- most hopeless. 181. SCLERODERMA. Pers. ( The litlle conglobated masses of sporules are distinctly seen, by tearing the plant asunder before it bursts.) 1. S. verrucosum, large, gregarious, subglobose, yellowish- brown, scales small, numerous; stipes subelongated, incrassa- 458 CRYPTOGAMIA. GASTROMYCI. BovisTA. ted below, lacunose and variously divided at the root. Grev. Crypt. Fl. t. 48. Pers. Syn. p. 154. Lycoperdon verrucosum, Bull. t. 24. Lyc. defossum, Sow. Fung. t. 311. HAB. On the ground in plantations among grass. Newliston woods, Messrs Wauch and Greville. Abercorn park, abundant near the en- trance. Autumn. A large handsome plant, 2-5 inches in diameter, 2-4 inches high, includ- ing the large root. After bursting, which it does at the summit, it dis- charges a large quantity of sporular dust, of a purplish colour. The substance of the peridium is then extremely coriaceous, and the seg- ments of the opening usually rolled back. In this stage it has much the habit of a Lycoperdon. 2. S. cepa, globose, subdepressed, very firm, smooth or warty, sessile, or with a very short thick stipes; root scarcely any. Grev. Crypt. Fl. t. 66. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 155. Tuber so- lidum, With. Bot. Arr. ed. 6. v. 4. p. 443. HAB. On the ground in plantations and pastures. Autumn. Craig- lockhart. Diameter 1-2 inches, very firm, surface often cracked, smooth, but some- times warty. Within, if cut with a knife, blue-black, but if torn asun- а der, blue-grey, as the small conglobated masses of sporules are not then divided. Persoon seems to think the plant described by Vaillant as a different species, because it is so warty as to be rough and papillose ; I have, however, seen this species in every intermediate state, from being merely reticulated and quite smooth, to papillose, and even muricated. 182. BOVISTA. Pers. . . 1. B. nigrescens, large, white, becoming blackish-brown, pli- cate beneath. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 136. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 10. Lyc. Bovista, Šow. Fung. t. 331. , Hab. Dry fields and pastures. Summer and Autumn. Pentland hills. Whitish or blueish grey when young, 1-2 inches in diameter, globose, sometimes slightly depressed. Mouth rather small, ragged. 2. B. gigantea, almost sessile, very large, globular, yellow- ish-white, with scattered, nearly obsolete scales. Lycoperdon giganteum, Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 140. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 11. Lyc. Bovista, Bull. t. 447. HAB. In meadows, pastures, gardens, &c., after rain. King's Park, Edinburgh, Lightfoot. The largest of the genus, and indeed of the whole order, measuring not unfrequently nearly a foot in diameter. Bulliard mentions having seen many of 18, 20, and 23 inches in diameter, and on the authority of others affirms them to attain the enormous bulk of near 9 feet in circumference. The flesh is at first white, afterwards of a greenish-yellow, lastly of a brown-grey. The outer peridium cracks and peels off in large flakes on being handled. Root simple, scarcely thicker than a swan's quill, and very brittle. CYATHUS. CRYPTOGAMIA459 CRYPTOGAMIA. . GASTROMYCI. Div. V. Peridium carnose or coriaceous, cyathiform, or very minute and globular, enclosing lenticular or oval bodies, which contain sporules. (The genus Erysiphe is epiphyl- lous). 183. CYATHUS. Haller ? Pers. 1. C. striatus, obconical, external surface umber-brown, shaggy, internal surface pale greyish, striated. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 237. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 18. Nidularia striata, Bull. p. 166. t. 40. f. A. Sow. Fung. t. 29. HAB. On the ground, or on sticks in damp woods. Foxhall, Captain Wauch. The only species with a shaggy surface. 2. C. crucibulum, hard, woody, subcylindrical, or somewhat campanulate, ochrey-yellow, subtomentose at the base ; smooth and even within. Grev. Crypt. Fl. t. 34. Pers. Syn. Fung p. 238. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 18. Nidularia lavis, Bull. t. 140. Sow. Fung. t. 30. HAB. On decaying wood, sticks, chips, &c., woods and hedges. Foxhall, Captain Wauch. Abercorn woods. Braid Hermitage. Auchindenny, &c. Autumn. When young the whole plant is somewhat tomentose, and of a dceper ochre-yellow. In old age it becomes whitish, or very pale wood colour. 3. C. olla, campanulate, brownish externally, slightly downy; internal surface smooth, livid grey. Pers. Syı grey. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 237. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 18. Nidularia campanulata, Sow. Fung. t. 28. Nid. vernicosa, Bull. t. 488. f. 1. HAB. On the ground, or on old wood, sticks, straws, &c. Autumn. Fields about Edinburgh. More rare than the two first species, and easily distinguished by the ex- panded orifice and leaden grey colour of the inner surface. 184. ERYSIPHE * Rebent. 1. E. Artimesiæ, very minute, on both surfaces of the leaf; filaments forming a dense whitish web. Hab. On Artimesia vulgaris, frequent. Autumn. Frequently scattered over the whole leaf, but sometimes in distinct spots. 2. E. trifolii, on both sides of the leaf, very globular, nearly black, larger than the preceding; filaments giving the leaf a farinose aspect. * I am unable to draw up minutely accurate specific characters of several species of this genus, as dried specimens do not recover sufficiently on being moistened, and some were collected before I had this work in view. The name of the plant, however, on which they grow, will be sufficient as a gene. ral guide to the student. 460 CRYPTOGAMIA. GASTROMYCIGASTROMYCI. . ERYSIPHE. HAB. On the leaves of Trifolium medium and pratense, in autumn. Fox- hall and elsewhere. Conspicuous from the white, pulverulent appearance it gives to the whole plant. 3. E. Berberidis, on both sides of the leaf, forming circular pulverulent spots, at length confluent ; filaments dichotomous at their extremities. De Cand. Fl. Franç. v. 2. p. 275. . Hab. On the common Berberry. Foxhall, in the garden, and in most gardens about Edinburgh in autumn. Filaments sometimes 2 or 3 times dichotomous. 4. E. Lathyri, red-brown, minute; filaments spreading over the whole leaf, pulverulent. HAB. On Lathyrus pratensis, late in autumn. Very frequent in hedges and borders of fields. Sometimes so completely covering a whole plant as to give it a hoary habit. Often occurring with a variety of Uredo Fabe. 5. E. Betula, on the under surface, scattered, very visible, blackish; filaments few, simple, not rendering the leaf whitish. De Cand. Fl. Franç. v. 6. p. 107. . HAB. On birch-leaves. Summer and autumn. Slateford. Very regularly scattered over the whole leaf; filaments very fine at their extremity. 6. E. Robinie, on the upper surface, finely pulverulent; receptacles minute, congregated here and there. HAB. On the leaves of Robinia viscosa. Foxhall garden, Captain Wauch. Autumn. Rendering the leaf slightly pulverulent. 7. E. Arctii, on the under surface, thickly covering the whole leaf; filaments simple ? granuliferous bodies, pyriform, small. HAB. On the leaves of the common Burdock, (Arctium Lappa). Summer and autumn. King's Park and elsewhere, common. I have frequently seen it covering the leaves of a whole plant so thickly as to affect the colour. On account of the pubescence of the leaf it is difficult to examine the filaments. 8. E. Aquilegia, on both sides of the leaf, forming a light pulverulent surface ; receptacles few, scattered, distinct. De Cand. Fl. Franç. v. 6. p. 105. HAB. On the common Columbine (Aquilegia vulgaris ), in gardens, late in the autumn. Foxhall, Captain Wauch. Spots sometimes distinct, and beautifully radiate ? 9. E. Achemilla, on the under surface, very numerous, mi- nute, filaments few, forming no filamentous or pulverulent ap- pearance to the naked eye. HAB. On Achemilla vulgaris, (common Lady’s-mantle). Summer and autumn. Auchindenny woods, and about Edinburgh, not unfrequent. SCLEROTIUM. CRYPTOGAMIA. GASTROMYCI. 461 It is found on rather sickly looking leaves, but requires a botanical eye to detect it. 10. E. Pisi, on both sides of the leaf, so crowded as to darken its colour ; filaments very long and slender. De Cand. Fl. Franç. v. 2. p. 274. . Hab. On the common garden-pea. Autumn. Foxhall, Captain Wauch: Gardens about Edinburgh, frequent. This plant I believe to be the well-known blight or mildew of the pea. When mature, I have seen it give a dark coloured appearance to the leaves from its prodigious abundance. 11. E. Aceris, on the under surface, scattered, at length con- cave; filaments elongated, interwoven. De Cand. Fl. Franç. v. 6. p. 104. HAB. On Maple and Sycamore leaves. Foxhall. Autumn. Not very evident, the receptacles being more obvious than the filaments. 12. E. Lonicera, on both sides of the leaf, very numerous, scattered, minute; filaments presenting to the naked eye a glau- cous pulverulent surface. De Cand. Fl. Franç. v. 6. p. 107. Hab. On the different species of Honeysuckle, in gardens and in woods. Rosslyn woods. Autumn. Filaments short, and terminating in a dichotomous extremity. Much more minute than E. Berberidis, to which it bears some affinity. 13. E. Asperifoliorum, on both sides of the leaf, resembling a mildew, scattered, becoming confluent, pulverulent ; recep- tacles aggregated here and there. HAB. On Symphitum tuberosum, Lycopsis arvensis, &c. About Edinburgh. Autumn. Receptacles rarely produced. Filaments abundant. 14. E. Ranunculi, chiefly on the under surface, partially scattered ; filaments long, flexuose; granuliferous cells oval, containing mostly 4 granules. Har. On Ranunculus acris. Slateford, &c. Autumn. Probably on many other species. Not obvious, as the filaments are few. Div. V. Solid, carnose, or corneous plants, unaccompanied by filaments. Sporules distributed throughout the mass, or not perceptible. (No plants of the genus Tuber have been discovered in this vicinity. The other genera of this division are Sclerotium and Tubercularia. In the former the substance is uniform, and no sporules have been discovered ; in the latter the whole substance seems to be made up of the fructification, except when a short stipes is present, and the surface is sometimes pulverulent.) 185. SCLEROTIUM. Pers. 1. S. subterraneum, gregarious, roundish, but very irregular, tuberculose, orange-yellow within and without, or whitish. Tode, 462 CRYPTOGAMIA. GASTROMYCI. SCLEROTIUM. v. 6. Meckl. Fung. t. 1. f. 5. De Cand. in Mem. du Mus. v. 2. S. Muscorum, Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 120. Hab. About the roots and stems of mosses in damp woods and banks ; sometimes attached to the trunks of trees beneath the surface of the soil. Near Caroline Park. Spring. Extremely irregular in form, 1-4 lines thick, rather spongy when quite fresh; shrinking much in drying. When growing on the trunks or roots of trees, it is somewhat larger, and of a paler colour, and whitish within. 2. S. bullatum, roundish or oval, confluent, corneous exter- nally and black, paler within and concave. De Cand. Fl. Franç. p. 113., and in Mem. du Mus. v. 2. HAB. On various species of gourd, and probably on the common Cucum. ber, if left to putrify. Foxhall, Captain Wauch. Autumn. More or less rounded, and often running into each other, 1-2 lines in dia- meter ; from the concavity within, appearing to rest on its margin. Black, and sometimes slightly granulated on the surface. De Candolle says the interior is nearly white, but it varies in this respect. 3. S. fructuum, rounded or oblong, sometimes confluent, white, at length brown or black, corneous externally, within somewhat hollow and carnose. Sci, varium, B3. Alb. and Schw. p. 75. De Cand. in Mem. du Mus. v. 2. HAB. On putrid fruit. On a decayed peach. Balmuto. I have little doubt of this being Tremella ustulata of Persoon, as Albertini and Schweiniz suggest. It is certainly a Sclerotium, and distinct from Scl. varium, which, indeed, De Candolle suspected. The specimens I have examined were 1-2 lines broad, corneous on the external surface only; within soft, juicy, and partly hollow, which in drying produces a collapse of the plant, and somewhat of a tremelloid character. 4. S. Quercinum, epiphyllous, scattered, globular or subde- pressed, smooth, pale, at length black ; substance very corne- Grev. Crypt. Fl. t. 77. Pers. Syn. Fung: p. 124. Scl. pustula, De Cand. Fl. Franc. v. 6. p. 113., and in Mem. du Mus. v. 2. HAB. On dead leaves of trees, but chiefly oak-leaves, in damp woods. Swanston wood and at Balmuto. Rare ; 4-1} lines in diameter, regular in form ; merely attached to the leaf, or partly penetrating it. 5. S. durum, deep black, oval or elongated, corneous, at length substriate or rugose ; white within. Grev. Crypt. Fl. t. 1. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 121. De Cand. in Mem. du Mus. v. 2. p. 415. t. 14. f. 3. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 10 Sphæria solida, Sow. Fung. t. 314. HAB. On the dead stems of large herbaceous plants, especially potato-stalks and the larger Umbellifere. Extremely common in winter and spring. Generally more or less oblong, 1-2 lines broad, often longitudinally con- fluent, more or less depressed, very corneous. 6. S. salicinum, depressed, epiphyllous, scattered, or very ous. 2 TUBERCULARIA. CRYPTOGAMIA. GASTROMYCI. 463 confluent, reddish fulvous. Pers. in Moug. et Nestl. Pl. Exsic., No. 386. De Cand. in Mem. du Mus. v. 2. HAB. On the leaves of Salix capræa in autumn and winter. Rosslyn woods. Minute, rarely more than half a line broad, but often covering a great part of the leaf; very depressed, when young appearing like a mere stain. 7. S. populneun, minute on both sides of the leaf, numerous, dark, mostly angular and subconfluent. Pers. Syn. Fung: p. 125. De Cand. in Mem. du Mus. v. 2. p. 401. Moug. et Nestl. St. Crypt. Exsicc. No. 384. HAB. On the leaves of Populus tremula, frequent. Reddish, at length black, sometimes roundish, but generally angular, con- fined to a part, or spreading over the whole leaf. It is much less than the preceding, and more depressed. 8. S. Pteridis, black, very minute, roundish or oval, nume- rous, depressed Pers. in litt. Moug. et Nestl. St. Exsic. No. 673. HAB. On the dead stems of Pteris aquilina, often intermixed with Stro. matosphæria striæformis, which is much larger. Autumn to spring. Very common. So minute as to be almost punctiform; usually oval. 9. S. nitidum, minute, somewhat scattered or partially aggre- gate, very black, orbicular, depressed. Pers. in litt. Moug. et Nestl. St. exsicc. No. 674. HAB. On the dead and dry stems of Aconitum Napellus, Hemerocallis flava and fulva, &c. in gardens. Winter and spring, common. Scarcely so minute as the preceding, more regularly orbicular, not so. crowded, and of a more intense black. It is not in the least shining. 186. TUBERCULARIA. Tode. (Some species appear to be furnished with an external coat, others not. This cir cumstance renders the situation of the genus in a system embarrassing.) 1. T. vulgaris, gregarious, deep red, rugose, furnished with , a very short thick pale stipes. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 112. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 9. Clavaria coccinea, Sow. Fung. t. 294. HAB. On decayed sticks and branches, the whole year. Extremely common. Variable in the length of the stipes, which indeed is rather a continuation of the part containing the fructification than a distinct stipes. Some- times it is almost wanting. The summit is somewhat expanded, about 1 line broad. The plant is more or less scattered, and often covers a large branch. 2. T. confluens, gregarious, confluent, depressed, flesh-red, small, somewhat plane, subangular. Pers. Syn. Fung: p. 119. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 9. 464 CRYPTOGAMIA. BYSSOIDEÆ. Fusidium. HAB. On the dead branches of Acer pseudo-platanus, in autumn and spring. Slateford. Braid Hermitage. Smaller than the preceding, and far more depressed ; surface not rounded, but gently convex or quite plane, soft, becoming confluent, and angular, often irregular from the union of one or more together. XIV. BYSSOIDEÆ. Grev. Div. I. Filaments minute, jointed. Sporules free, lying in the centre, or scattered through the whole mass. 187. FUSIDIUM. Link. 1. F. griseum, mass thin, irregular, of a whitish or grey colour. Grev. Crypt. Fl. v. 2. t. 102. Ditm. in Sturm's Deutschi. Fung. t. 17. Link. in Berl. Mag. v. 3. p. 8. HAB. On dead beech and oak leaves, in autumn. Abercorn woods, Duddingston. Forming very irregular, effused spots, one to several lines broad. Fila- ments short, branched. 2. F. flavo-virens, mass irregular, thin, bright yellow or greenish. Grev. Crypt. Fl. v. 2. t. 102. Ditm. in Sturm's Fung t. 18. F. aruginosum, Link. in Berl. Mag, v. 3. p. 8. ? . HAB. In the same situations as the last, but more rare. Abercorn Park. Plant about the same size as the preceding. Filaments longer, and less densely interwoven. Sporules in both species oblong, straight, and equally acuminate at each extremity. 188. SPOROTRICHUM. Link. * Entirely or partially tufted. 1. S. macrosporum, forming a pulverulent hoariness, inter- spersed with very minute tufts; filaments few, branched, strag- gling ; sporules large, obtusely oval. HAB. On the younger leaves of apple-trees, the hawthorn, peach-trees, &c. Very frequent in spring and the beginning of summer. Very common. A very destructive parasite in some seasons, and I suspect of general dis- tribution, for I have detected it on a great variety of plants. To gar- deners it is well known as a kind of mildew or blight, and is commonly taken for an insect. The leaves of the peach-trees, even when protected by glass, are often attacked by it, nor does the fruit itself always escape, in which case it frequently drops off. The leaves are more or less dis- torted by it. As its production is probably the result of a peculiar state of the atmosphere, there is little chance of any means being discovered for its prevention. 2. S. minutum, tufts roundish, minute, very white, filaments loosely entangled; sporules very numerous, oval. Grev. in Wern. Trans. v. 4. t. 68. t. 5. f. 1. 2 TRICHODERMA. CRYPTOGAMIA. BYSSOIDEÆ. 465 Hab. On dung. Autumn and winter. Braid Hermitage. Tufts generally distinct, but sometimes crowded, not more than half a line in diameter : filaments seldom branched ; sporidia oval or suboviform, numerous, rather large for so small a plant. 3. S. sulphureum, tufts yellow, irregular, roundish; fila- ments lax, entangled ; sporules numerous, subglobose. Grev. in Wern. Trans. v. 4. p. 69. t. 5. f. 3. Monilia sulphurea, Pers. Syn. Fung: p. 691.?? HAB. On dung and on damp wood; corks, &c. in cellars. Not rare in Edinburgh, the whole year. Tufts from half to two lines in breadth. Filaments remotely jointed, sel- dom branched. 4. S. aurantiacum, tufts of a reddish-orange colour; fila- ments very slender, much entangled ; sporules globose, ex- tremely minute. Grev. in Wern. Trans. v. 4. p. 70. t. 5. f. 4.. Hab. On dung and in damp cellars, the whole year. Tufted, of a fine reddish-orange, particularly in age ; about a line in dia- meter, often confluent. Filaments very fine, branched and much en- tangled. If the filaments had not been said to be few in S. stercorarium of Link, I should have thought mine the same species. ** Filaments forming an expanded web. 5. S. tenuissimum, very white, forming a web; filaments densely interwoven, very fine; sporules globular, scattered, Grev. in Wern. Trans v. 4. p. 69. t. 5. f. 2. Hab. On the dead bark of trees. Autumn. Braid Hermitage. Pure white, and adhering so close to the bark as to render it difficult to determine at first sight whether it belongs to this order or to the Lichens. It is broadly expanded, the filaments excessively minute, and seldom branched. Sporules round, very minute.-Comes near to s. laxum of Link, but that species has oblong sporules. It may be S. candidum, but does not answer to the whole description. 189. TRICHODERMA. Pers. 1. T. viride, tufted; tufts roundish, composed of snow-white interwoven filaments; sporules profuse, green, at length giving the whole a green colour. colour. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 231. HAB. On rotten wood and damp branches of trees. Autumn and win- ter, frequent. Tufts at first distinct, but at length sometimes contiguous, not confluent ; 1-3 lines broad. The filaments form a sort of lax covering to the spo- rules, which commence escaping at the apex; on which account Link places it among the Gastromyci. 190. TRICHOTHECIUM. Link. 1. T. roseum, tufted; tufts distinct, at length sometimes confluent; filaments white; sporules pink, very numerous, oval. Link in Berl. Mag. v. 3. p. 18. . Trichoderma roseum, Pers. Syn. Fung: p. 231. Gg very minute. 466 CRYPTOGAMIA. BYSSOIDEÆ. SEPEDONIUM. HAB. On rotten wood and damp sticks. Autumn, frequent. Commencing in a small pure white tuft, at length wholly pink, from a pro- а fusion of sporules. Tufts 1-3 lines broad, thickish. 191. SEPEDONIUM. Link. 1. S. mycophilum, spreading widely within putrefying Agari- ci and Boleti ; filaments white; sporules profuse, bright orange- yellow. Link in Berl. Mag. 3. p. 18. Schm..et Kunze, Deutchl. Schwaem. No. 223. Uredo mycophila, Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 214. HAB. Within putrefying Fungi, especially Boleti, in autumn, frequent. Often spreading throughout a whole fungus, which, when infested with it, has a whitish, cottony exterior, and when broken is full of an abundant yellow powdery mass. Div. II. Filaments minute, jointed. Sporules attached to the filaments. 192. ISARIA. Pers. 1. I. microscopica, extremely minute, scattered, simple, club- shaped, very white, filaments and sporidia indistinct. Grev. Crypt. Fl. t. 3. HAB. On Trichia clavata, in damp places. Auchindenny woods, early in spring. So very minute, that it is difficult to examine; the filaments are obscure, but in my specimens the character was sufficiently decided to bear me out in referring it to this genus. It is fixed at its base by a few radiat- ing white fibres. 193. CERATIUM. Albert. et Schw. 1. C. hydnoides, growing in small tufts; filaments subcon- Auent, simple or branched, and fasciculated. Albert. et Schw. p. 358. t. 2. f. 7. Link in Berl. Mag. v. 3. p. 20. t. 1. f. 33. Pers. Mycol. v. 1. p. 43. 43. Isaria mucida, Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 688. HAB. On dead wood. Rare about Edinburgh. Autumn. About a line in height, white. The sporules are projected by means of small elastic hairs from the filaments, and have a glistening appearance. On moistening the plant under the microscope, the whole substance seems to melt away, except a very thin, plicate skin ; and the sporules intermixed with a quantity of minute bodies, are left free. 194. STACHYLIDIUM. Link. 1. S. candidum, filaments branched, erect, remotely jointed, scattered, white; sporules globular. Grev. in Wern. Trans. . v. 4. p. 72. t. 5. f. 6. HAB. On dead wood. Autumn. Near Edinburgh. Spreading on rotten wood and sticks in a scattered manner for an inch or more in breadth, very minute, filaments attenuated at the base, the branches whorled, whorls formed of four short and obtuse ramuli. PENICILLIUM. CRYPTOGAMIA. BYSSOIDLÆ. 467 195. PENICILLIUM. Link. 1. P. sparsum, barren filaments effused, interwoven ; fertile ones simple, somewhat scattered; heads of sporules white. Grev. Crypt. Fl. t. 58. f. 2. P. candidum ejusd. Wern. Trans. v. 4. p. 71. excl. Syn. Hab. On semiputrid stalks of herbaceous plants, in autumn. Near Edinburgh on Arctium Lappa. Spreading in broad lines; the barren filaments forming a very delicate lax web; the fertile ones erect, subdistinct, and very white. 2. P. glaucum, densely tufted, spreading; heads of sporules at length glaucous. Grev. Crypt. Fl. t. 58. f.1. Link in Berl, Mag. 3. p. 17. t. 1. f. 24. 17. t. 1. f. 24. Pers. Mycol. v. 1. p. 40. P. ex- pansum, Link. I. c. Nees, Syst. t. 4. f. 59. Hab. On various putrefying substances, as fungi, fruit, &c. Very com- mon, the whole year. Tufts composed of an entangled mass of minute filaments, nearly a line high, 1-5 lines broad, at length very glaucous. 196. ASPERGILLUS. Mich: 1. A. glaucus, tufted, minute, formed of white erect fila- ments, with little heads, at first white, but when mature of a glaucous colour. Link in Berl. Mag. v. 3. p. 16. t. 1. f. 23. Monilia glauca, Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 691. et Mycol. v. 1. p. 20. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 33. . . HAB. On various putrefying or damp substances, as fruit, the larger fungi, cheese, &c.; the whole year Communicated by Mr Parry. Often spreading to a considerable extent, and varying in shade from a light to a very deep glaucous hue. This is the plant so well known by the name of Blue Mould ; it is rapid in its growth, and, from the profusion of sporules, spreads most quickly when once established. 2. A. laneus, in dense tufts, composed of whitish or yellowish, suberect, entangled filaments, with yellowish heads. Link in Berl. Mag. v. 3. p. 16. HAB. On putrid fungi. About Edinburgh in the autumn, rare. One line in height, spreading over a large surface. Filaments much branch- ed; heads of sporules large for the size of the plant. 3. A. virens, tufts rather dense, filaments entangled, sub- erect; heads as well as the filaments greenish. Link in Berl. Mag. v. 3. p. 16. A. virescens, Pers. Mycol. v. 1. p. 31. HAB. On decaying Agarics, &c. Carlowrie; on Agarics which had been dried and again exposed to moisture. An elegant species, nearly as large as the last, forming broad spots ; heads of the filaments large. 4. A. penicillatus, filaments scattered, gregarious, about a line high, supporting an elongated tuft of beaded sporidia. Grev. Crypt. Fl. t. 32. Gg 2 468 BOTRYTIS. CRYPTOGAMIA. BYSSOIDEÆ. HAB. On damp plants in the herbarium. Of a dark grey colour, very beautiful under the microscope. Sporules form- ing long beaded filaments, a number of which being clustered together, form an elegant and frequently somewhat drooping head. 197. BOTRYTIS. Mich. p. 36. 1. B. diffusa, very lax, tufted, white, branched ; branches few, long, spreading, set with short patent ramuli, bearing round elusters of sporules. Alb. et Schw. p. 362. Grev. in Wern. Trans. v. 4. p. 72. t. 5. f. 7. Pers. Mycol. v. 1. HAB. On the semiputrid stems of the larger herbaceous plants. On Arctium Lappa, near Edinburgh. Autumn. A very beautiful little plant, 2-3 lines high, and forming rather broad lax tufts, pure white. Branches long, few, and gracefully curved, thickly set with very short ramuli, which appear to be little more than pedicels to the clusters of sporules. Sporules round, numerous and minute. 2. B. agaricina, tufted, confluent, white; filaments one line high, branches divaricate; sporules numerous, ovate, large. Link in Berl. Mag. v. 3. p. 15. . 15. Pers. Mycol. v. 1. p. 34. HAB. On decaying fungi, in the autumn; not unfrequent. This species covers dying agarics with a white woolly coat. The sporules are large and extremely numerous. Ditmar's figure is excellent; (in Sturm's Fungi, t. 51). 3. B. effusa, pale purplish-grey, spreading; filaments branch- ed towards the summit ; branches divaricated, short; sporules large, oval, rather numerous. HAB. On the under surface of living leaves of the common Spinach, in autumn. Foxhall, Captain Wauch. About Edinburgh, frequent. Forming effused spots, 2-6 lines broad, and generally rendering the leaf yellowish. Filaments very short, rather lax. At first sight resembling some of the minute Erinea. 4. B. parasitica, somewhat tufted, lax, white, not much , branched; sporulės roundish. Pers. Obs. Mycol. v. 1. p. 96. p t: 5. f. 6. Sow. Fung. t. 359. Pers. Mycol. v. 1. P. 35. HAB. On Shepherd's-purse, (Thlaspi Bursa-Pastoris), parasitic on those parts which are attacked by Uredo candida. Spring and summer. Scarcely a line high, very white, very lax, growing on the stem in prefe- rence to the leaves. 198. ACREMONIUM. Link. 1. A. fuscum, filaments spreading, branched, olive-brown; pedicels of the sporules numerous, alternate. Schmidt. Mykol. hefte 1. p. 79. t. 2. f. 23. Pers. Mycol. v. 1. p. 27. Har. On dead wood and sticks. Braid Hermitage. Autumn. Very similar in some respects to A. verticillatum and alternatum of Link, but differs in being of an olive green colour. The other two species are al ways white. CLADOSPORIUM. CRYPTOGAMIA. BYSSOIDEÆ. 469 199. CLADOSPORIUM. Link. 1. C. Herbarum, tufted, extremely minute, of an olive-green colour, becoming blackish and rigid in old age. Link in Berl. . Mag. v. 7. p. 37. Nees, Syst. p. 66. t. 5. f. 64. Dematium herbarum, Pers. Syn. Fung: p. 699. et Mycol. v, 1. p. 13. . v1 HAB. On dead stems and leaves of herbaceous plants, common. Sum- mer and autumn. Very minute, and, according to Persoon in his new work Mycologia Euro- pæa, containing four varieties, one of which is said to grow upon dried agarics. This I suspect will prove a distinct species. 2. C. velutinum, very minute, spreading on old wood in wide , velvety patches, greenish-black; filaments simple or branched, jointed, somewhat thickened upwards. HAB. On the deck of an old condemned Greenland Whaler at Leith. Spring Patches 1-4 inches in length, very dark, velvety to the eye more than to the touch, on account of the extreme minuteness of the filaments, which, under the microscope, are opake and yellowish, but distinctly jointed. * Div. III. Filaments beaded. 200. ACROSPORIUM. Nees. 1. A. moniloides, filaments simple, forming white spots of one or two lines in length on the living leaves of grasses. Grev. Crypt. Fl. t. 73. res, Syst. p. 53. t. 4. f. 49. Pers. Mycol. v. 1. p. 23. HAR. On the leaves and culms of grasses, particularly Holcus lanatus, early in spring and in autumn. Not rare. A very minute plant, but from being of a white colour, sufficiently visible on the green leaves of many grasses. The little tufts are somewhat de pressed. 2. A. fasciculata, filaments branched, somewhat fasciculated, eerect, in spreading tufts, white at first, at length a fine glau- scous colour. HAB. On putrefying oranges. Commencing at first with minute, distinct, pulverulent white spots, which speedily become confluent and deep glaucous. Div. IV. Filaments without joints. Sporules obscure or wanting 201. TORULA. Link. . 1. T. Herbarum, filaments densely crowded, so as to form a broad black crust. Link in Berl. Mag. v. 3. Pers. Mycol. v. 1. p. 21. Monilia herbarum, Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 639. p. 21. 470 CRYPTOGAMIA. BYSSOIDEÆ. RACCODIUM. HAB. On the dying stems of large herbaceous plants. Pentland Hills. Autumn. Altogether destitute of beauty. It is with difficulty sometimes that a per- feci filament can be obtained, on account of its fragility and rigidity. 202. RACCODIUM. Pers. 1. R. cellare, very soft, lax, much interwoven, of a greenish- black colour; filaments intermixed with irregular granules. Pers. Syn. Fung. p.701. et Mycol. v. 1. p. 67. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 34. Fibrilluria vinaria, Sow. Fung. t. 432. HAB. Vaults and cellars ; upon walls, wine-casks, bottles, &c. Cellars at Leith, Miss Elliot. Whitish, yellowish, or reddish when young, but soon becoming nearly black ; very widely spreading, extremely soft. The irregular granules are probably the fructification. 203. OZONIUM. Link, 1. O. auricomum, very irregular, rigid and diverging when young from a common centre, afterwards straggling ; filaments tawny orange colour, compressed, of various sizes. Link in Berl. Mag. v. 3. p. 21. Pers. Mycol. v. 1. p. 87. Dematium strigosum, Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 695. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 34. HAB. On rotting wood in wet places, particularly under the bark. Autumn, not uncommon. Braid Hermitage, Slateford, &c. A very singular plant, and one which has been long in finding a resting- place. De Candolle arranged it in the genus Byssus, which he made a re- ceptacle for several analogous plants till they should be better under- stood. Persoon, in his new work, has adopted Link's genus Oxonium, under which he has brought together several perplexing species, how judiciously may be questioned. 204. HIMANTIA. Pers. 1. H. candida, mostly on dead leaves ; filaments very fine, white, radiating, dilated at the extremities in a plumose man- ner. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 704. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 35. H. plumosa, Pers. Mycol. v. 1. p. 90. Fibrillaria stellata, Sow. Fung. t. 387. f. 1. HAB. On dead leaves where they lie in heaps exposed to a slight degree of moisture. Autumn to spring. Very common. A beautiful byssus-like plant, with a creeping feathery habit, and of a pure white colour. Filaments capillary, often united into bundles, and sometimes anastomosing. CYLINDROSPORIUM. 47 CRYPT. EPIPHYTÆ. XV. EPIPHYTÆ. Link. (Part of ANANDRÆ EPIPHYTÆ, Link.) Div. I. Plants naked, and conglomerated on the surfuce of dead or living leaves. 205. CYLINDROSPORIUM. Grev. 1. C. concentricum. Grev. Crypt. Fl. t. 29. HAB. On both surfaces of living cabbage leaves (Brassica oleracea). Fre- quent about Edinburgh. May and June. A very extraordinary plant, forming minute speck-like heaps of an oblong shape, but otherwise very irregular, and projecting into little angles and processes. They are disposed in a concentric manner, are pure white, and change in decay to a dirty yellow. Sporules naked, very nu- merous, cylindrical, truncate at each extremity, pellucid. Div. II. Plants bursting through the epidermis of vegetables. Not pulverulent. 206. FUSARIUM. Link. 1. F. tremelloides, minute, roundish or oval, subgelatinous; sporules long, slender, slightly curved. Grev. Crypt. Fl. t. 10. Tremella urtica, Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 628. et Mycol. v. 1. p. 104. . p HAB. On dead stems of the common nettle; not rare in the spring. Abundant about Edinburgh. Very small, more or less convex, always gregarious, and generally so plen- tiful as to give a pinkish or orange tinge to the stalk. INDEX TO THE GENERA. The first column of figures denotes the number of Species in each Genus; the second refers to the page where the Generic Character is given ; the third to the page where the species are described. faisai-ai Acer, Achillea, Acremonium, Acrosporium, Adenarium, Adoxa, Acidium, Ægopodium, Æthusa, Agaricus, Agrimonia, Agrostemma, Agrostis, Aira, Ajuga, Alchemilla, Alectoria, Alisma, Allium, Alnus, Alopecurus, Amanita, Anagallis, Anchusa, Andræa, Anemone, Angelica, Anictangium, Anomodon, Anthemis, 2. xlii 88 2. Anthoxanthum, 1. Anthriscus, 1. Anthyllis, 1. Antirrhinum, 3. Apargia, 3. Apium, 2. Aquilegia, 1. Arabis, 2. Arctium, 1. Arenaria, 6. Arscyria, 2. Artemisia, 4. Arum, 1. Arundo, 2. Ascobolus, 1. Ascophora, 1. Asparagus, 1. Asperocaulon, 2. Aspergillus, 4. Asperugo, 1. Asperula, 1. Aspidium, 7. Asplenium, Aster, 1. Asteroma, 2. Astragalus, 3. Atriplex, 5. Atropa, 1. Avena, 4. cicio liv 182 1. lxxx 468 2. lxxxi 469 I. xliii 98 1. xlii 91 20. lxxvii 444 1. xxxix 70 1. xxxix 66 85. lxxiy 369 1. xliv 105 1. xliv 101 4. xxxiii 16 6. xxxiii 18 1. xlvii 128 2. XXXV 39 1. lxxii 348 2. xli 85 3. xli 75 1. lvi 201 2. Xxxii 14 1. lxxiv 369 2. Xxxvi 49 1. xxxvi 45 2. lxi 223 1. xlvi 122 1. xxxviii 64 1. lxi 229 2. lxii 250 2. liv 181 xxxii 7. xl 71 li 155 xlviii 136 lii 167 xxxix 68 xlvi 121 xlix 143 liii. 171 xliii 98 lxxviii 455 liji 175 lvii 202 xxxiii 17 lxxvi 426 lxxvii 448 xli 77 Ixvii 307 1xxx 467 xxxvi 46 xxxiv 35 1x 221 1x 219 liv 179 1xxiy 368 lii 159 lix 21] Xxxvi 53 xxxiy 10 เ - - 1 - 474 INDEX 1. 3. 2. 3. 1. 1. - 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 5. 2. Ballota, Bangia, Barbarea, Bartramia, Bartsia, Bellis, Berberis, Beta, Betonica, Betula, Bidens, Blechnum, Boomyces, Boletus, Borago, Borrera, Botrychium, Botrytis, Bovista, Brassica, Briza, Bromus, Bryopsis, Bryum, Bunium, Butomus, Buxbaumia, xlvii 132 lxvi 301 xlix 143 lxii 252 xlviii 134 liv 180 xl 82 xxxvii 59 xlvii 131 lvii 203 liüi 174 lx 217 lxxi 346 lxxv 403 XXXV 46 Ixxi 339 1x 217 lxxx 468 lzxix 458 1 146 xxxiii 24 xxxiv 27 Ixvii 307 lxii 265 xxxviii 63 xlii 92 Ixii 251 7. 1. 3. 1. 4. 2. 4. 1. 10. 1. 19. 1. 1. 1. Chrysosplenium, 2. Cichorium, 1. Cicuta, 1. Cinclidotus, 1. Circæa, 1. Cladosporium, 2. Cladostephus, 2. Clavaria, 14. Clematis, 1. Clinopodium, 1. Cnicus, Cochlearia, 3. Collema, 5. Comarum, 1. Conferva, 21. Conium, 1. Convallaria, 1. Convolvulus, 2. Corallorrhiza, 1. Cornicularia, Cornus, 2. Coronopus, 1. Corydalis, 1. Corylus, 1. Crataegus, 1. Craterium, 2. Crepis, 1. Crithmum, 1. Cryptosphæria, 20. Cucurbitaria, 4. Cuscuta, 1. Cyathus, 3. Cylindrosporium, 1. Cynoglossum, 1. Cynosurus, 1. Cystoseira, 2. xliii 93 lii 171 xxxix 66 lxi 231 xxxi 2 lxxxi 469 lxviii 312 lxxv 412 xlvi 122 xlviii 133 liii 172 xlix 140 lxxii 350 xlv 118 lxviii 315 xxxvüi 63 xli 77 xxxvi 49 lv 187 1xxii 349 XXXV 38 xlix 139 li 153 lvii 204 109 1xxix 456 lii 170 xxxviii 62 lxxiii 359 lxxiii 359 xxxvii 60 lxxix 459 lxxxi 471 xxxvi 45 xxxiv 25 lxiv 285 1. xlv 3. - 4. Cakile, 1. Calicium, Callitriche, 1. Calluna, 1. Callithamnion, 3. Caltha, 1. Camelina, 1. Campanula, Cantharellus, 2. Cardamine, 3. Carduus, 69 xlix 139 lxix 328 lv 188 xlii 88 lxvii 311 xlvi 127 xlix 142 xxxvii 50 lxxiv 396 xlix 143 liii 171 lvi 189 lvii 203 xxxix 1. 2. 1. 1. 8. 2. 15. 1. Dactylis, Dædalea, Daphne, Daucus, Delesseria, Dianthus, Dicranum, Diderma, Didymodon, Digitalis, Dipsacus, Doronicum, Draba, Draparnaldia, Drosera, Dyplotaxis, xxxiii 24 lxxy 398 xlii 88 xl 71 lxv 292 xliii 95 lxii 238 lxxviii 453 lxii 244 xlviii 138 xxxiv 4. 34 4. Carex, 35. Carpinus, 1. Carum, 1. Castanea, 1. Cenomyce, 15. Centaurea, 3. Ceramium, 4. Cerastium, 4. Ceratium, 1. Ceratophyllum, 1. Cetraria, 2. Chara, 4. Chærophyllum, 2. Chætophora, 2. Cheiranthus, 1. Chelidonium, 1. Chenopodium, 7. Chondria, - 7. Chordaria, 1. Chrysanthemum, 2. lyi 203 lxxi 342 liv 182 lxvii 310 xliv 102 Ixxx 466 lvii 201 lxxi 340 lxiv 281 xxxix 68 lxviii 321 1 145 xly 119 xxxvii 57 lxv 290 lxv 288 liy 180 liv 179 xlix 141 lxviii 321 xl 74 1 147 1. 1. 1. 2. 1. 1. 1. Echium, Ectocarpus, Empetrum, Encalypta, Endocarpon, osos 1. 3. 1. 3. 4. XXXV 47 lxviii 314 lviii 209 lxi 233 lxx 329 INDEX 475 Epilobium, Epimedium, Epipactis, Equisetum, Erica, Erineum, Eriophorum, Erodium, Ervum, Eryngium, Erysimum, Erysiphe, Erythræa, Euonymus, Eupatorium, Euphorbia, Euphrasia, Evernia, 6. xlii 85 1. xxxiv 38 1. lv 186 6. lix 213 2. xlii 87 0. lxxvii 449 3. XXX1 12 2. 1 148 1. lii 158 1. xxxviii 61 1. 1 1 14. lxxix 459 3. xxxvi 54 1. xxxvii 55 1. liii 174 5. xliv 106 1. xlviii 135 1. lxxi 342 Helvella, Heracleum, Hesperis, Hieracium, Himantia, Himanthalia, Hippuris, Hookeria, Holcus, Hordeum, Humulus, Hyacinthus, Hydnum, Hydrocharis, Hydrocotyle, Hyoscyamus, Hypericum, Hypochæris, Hypnum, Hysterium, 2. lxxvi 417 1. xxxix 65 1. 1 146 7. lii 167 1. lxxxi 470 1. lxiv 285 1. xxxi 1 1. lxii 253 3. xxxiii 18 2. xxxiii 32 1. lviii 209 1. xli 76 3. lxxv 405 1. lviii 211 1. xxxviii 61 1. xxxvi 53 5. lii 163 1. lii 170 46. lxii 253 . 7. lxxiy 366 Ilex, Imperatoria, Iris, Isaria, Isidium, ]. XXXV 40 1. xxxix 67 1. xxxii 9 1. lxxx 466 1. lxxi 346 Fagus, Fedia, Festuca, Ficaria, Fistularia, Fontinalis, Fragaria, Fragillaria, Fraxinus, Fucus, Fumaria, Funaria, Furcellaria, Fusarium, Fusidium, 1. 2. 8. 1. 4. 2. I. 1. 1. 5. 2. 1. 1. 1. 2. lvii 203 xxxii 8 xxxiv 25 xlvi 126 lxvi 300 lxiii 251 xly 115 lxviii 321 xxxii 2 lxiv 283 li 153 lxii 247 lxv 286 lxxxi 471 lxxx 464 Juncus, 10. Jungermannia, 33. Juniperus, 1. xli 77 lxiii 270 lix 211 2. Galanthus, 1. Galeopsis, 3. Galium, 8. Genista, 3. Gentiana, 2. Geoglossum, 2. Geranium, 12. Geum, 2. Gigartina, 4. Glaucium, 1. Glaux, 1. Glechoma, 1. Gloionema, 3. Gnaphalium, 5. Griffithsia, 2. Grimmia, 6. Gymnadenia, , 1. Gymnostomum, 10. Gyrophora, xli 75 xlvii 131 xxxiv 35 li 154 xxxvü 60 lxxvi 416 li 149 xlv 118 lxy 289 xly 119 xxxvii 56 xlvii 130 lxvi 301 liii 176 lxvii 312 lxi 234 lv 184 lxi 226 Ixx 328 Lactuca, Laminaria, Lamium, Lapsana, Lathræa, Lathyrus, Lavatera, Leangium, Lecanora, Lecidea, Lemna, Leocarpus, Leontodon, Leonurus, Leotia, Lepidium, Lepraria, Licea, Lichina, Ligusticum, Ligustrum, Linckia, Linum, Listera, Littorella, Lithospermum, Lolium, Lonicera, 1. liji 166 3. lxiy 282 4. xlvii 30 1. liii 170 1. xlviii 135 2. li 156 1. li 153 1. lxxviii 455 16. lxx 331 18. lxix 324 3. xxxii 6 1. lxxvii 453 liii 166 1. xlvii 133 3. lxxvi 416 2. xlix 140 7. lxxii 351 2. lxxvi 451 2. lxv 286 1. xxxviii 64 1. xxxi 2 2. lxix 322 2. 1. soi o == giá = = a xl 74 3. lv 186 1. lvi 200 3. XXXV 44 1. xxxiii 32 2. Xxxvii 55 Habenaria, Hedera, Helianthemum, Helleborus, 3. 1. 1. 1. lv 185 Xxxvii 56 xlvi 121 xlvii 127 476 INDEX xl a Parietaria, Paris, Parmelia, Parnassia, Pedicularis, Peltidea, Penicillium, Peplis, Peziza, Phacidium, Phacorhiza, Phallaris, Phallus, Phascum, Phellandrium, Phleum, Physarum, Pilobolus, Pilularia, Pimpinella, Pinguicula, Pinus, Plantago, Роа, Polymonium, , Polygola, Polygonum, Polypodium, Polyporus, Polysiphonia, Polystigma, Polytrichum, Populus, Porina, Potamogeton, Potentilla, Primula, Prunella, Prunus, Pteris, Pterogonium, Ptilota, Puccinia, Pulmonaria, Pyrethrum, Pyrola, Pyrus, 1. ΙΣχν 39 1. xlii 91 16. Ixx 335 1. 73 2. xlviii 136 4. lxxi 341 2. 1xxx 467 1. xli 82 35. lxxvi 418 2. Ixxiv 366 2. lxxvi 415 2. xxxiii 14 1. Ixxvi 418 7. lxi 225 1. xxxix 66 2. xxxiii 15 5. lxxviii 453 1. lxxvii 448 1. lix 215 1. xxxix 69 1. xxxi 5 1. lvii 204 5. xxxiv 37 10. xxxiii 21 1. xxxvi 50 li 154 7. xlii 89 3. 1x 222 16. lxxv 398 8. lxvii 308 2. Ixxüi 365 7. Ixii 245 lvii 210 1. Ixxiii 354 7. XXXV 40 7. xly 116 4. xxxvi 47 1. xlvii 134 5. xliv 107 2. lx 218 1. lxii 236 1. lxvi 297 29. lxxvii 428 1. XXXV 45 3. liv 180 xliü 192 xly 09 nincs csains ai ai Quercus, Raccodium, Ramalina, Ranunculus, Raphanus, Reseda, Reticularia, Rhinanthus, Rhizomorpha, Ribes, 2. 3. 3. 3. ต์ ร์ ดร์ ดว์ ซ์ - Lotus, Luzula, Lychnis, Lycogola, Lycoperdon, Lycopodium, Lycopsis, Lysimachia, lii 162 xli 81 xliv 102 lxxviii 452 lxxix 456 lx 215 47 48 4. 1. 2. xxxvi Xxxvi Malva, Marchantia, Marrubium, Matricaria, Medicago, Melampyrum, Melica, Mentha, Menyanthes, Mercurialis, Merisma, Merulius, Milium, Montia, Morchella, Myosotis, Myriophyllum, Myrrhis, Mucor, 3. 3. 1. 1. 1. 1. 3. 5. 1. 2. 2. 1. 1. 1. 2. 4. 1. 2. 1. li 152 li lxiii 279 xlvii 133 liv 181 lii 163 xlviii 135 xxxiii 20 xlvii 128 xxxvi 48 lviii 210 lxxy 411 lxxiv 397 xxxiii 15 xxxiv 33 lxxvi 417 XXXV 43 lvi 202 xxxix 67 lxxvii 448 3. 1. 1. J. 3. 1. 1. 2. 1. 1. Ixxiii 365 xli 75 xxxii 13 xli 77 xlix 144 lxiii 251 Ixvi 300 Ixix 322 xlvi 120 xlviib. Næmaspora, Narcissus, Nardus, Narthecium, Nasturtium, Neckera, Nodularia, Nostoc, Nuphar, Nymphæa, Odonthalia, Enanthe, Ononis, Onopordon, Opegrapha, Ophioglossum, Orchis, Origanum, Ornithopus, Ornithogalum, Orobanche, Orobus, Orthotrichum, Oscillatoria, Oxalis, Ozonium, 1. 2. 1. 1. 4. 1. 4. 1. 1. 1. 2. 1. 9. 9. 1. 1. 1xv 296 xxxviii 62 li 155 liii 174 lxxiii 352 1x 217 lv 183 xlvii 133 lii 158 xli 76 xlviii 138 li 156 lxii 247 lxvi 303 xliii 101 lxxxi 470 lvii 202 1. lxxxi 470 4. lxxii 348 11. xlvi 123 1. 1 148 2. xliv 105 2. lxxviii 452 1. xlviii 135 3. lxxiii 354 2. xxxvii 56 Palmella, Papaver, 3. 4. Ixix 323 xlv 119 INDEX. 477 . Riccia, Rosa, Rotbollia, Rubus, Rumex, Ruppia, 16167121 lxiii 280 xlv 111 xxxiii 33 xlv 114 xli 82 XXXV 42 Stachylidium, 1. lxxx 466 Statice, 1. xl 73 Stellaria, 6. xliii. 97 Stemonites, 2. Ixxviii 455 Stereocaulon, 1. lxxi 347 Sticta, 3. lxxi 340 Stilbospora, 2. lxxiv. 366 Stilbum, 1. lxxvii 448 Stratiotes, 1. xlvi 122 Stromatosphæria, 19. lxxiii 355 Subularia, xlix 141 Symphytum, 2. xxxvi 45 e-ai 3. Sagina, Salicornia, Salix, Salsola, Salvia, Sambucus, Samolus, Sanicula, Saponaria, Saxifraga, Scabiosa, Scandix, Schænus, Scirpus, Scleranthus, Sclerotium, Scleroderma, Scolopendrium, Scrophularia, Scutellaria, Scytosiphon, Scytonema, Sedum, Sempervivum, Senecio, Sepedonium, Sherardia, Silene, Sinapis, Sison, Sistotrema, Sisymbrium, Sium, Smyrnium, Solanum, Solidago, Sonchus, Sparganium, Spergula, Sphacellaria, Sphagnum, Sphæria, Sphærococcus, Sphærophoron, Spiræa, Spiloma, Splachnum, Spongiocarpus, Sporochnus, Sporotrichum, Spumaria, Stachys, . XXXV 42 1. xxxi 1 15. lviii 204 1. xxxvii 59 1. xxxi 6 2. xl 72 1. xxxvii 55 1. xxxviii 61 1. lxiii 95 4. xliir 93 2. xxxiv 34 1. xl 72 3. xxxii 9 9. xxxii 10 1. xlii 94 9. lxxix 461 2. lxxix 457 1. Ix 218 xlviii 137 1. xlvii 134 1. lxv 288 3. lxvi 302 5. xliii 100 1. xliv 107 5. liv 178 1. lxxx 466 1. xxxiv 34 2. xliii 96 2. Tetraphis, Teucrium, Thalictrum, Thelephora, Thelotrema, Thesselinum, Thlaspi, Thymus, Tilia, Torilis, Tortula, Torula, Tragopogon, Tremella, Trichia, Trichoderma, Trichostomum, Tricothecium, Trifolium, Triglochin, Triticum, Trollius, Tubercularia, Tussilago, Typha, 2. lxi 230 1. xlvii 128 2. xliy 123 19. lxxv 406 lxx 330 1. xxxviii 63 2. xlix 139 1. xlvii 134 1. xlvi 121 2. xl 70 8. lxii 231 1. lxxxi 469 1. liii 165 7. lxxvii 426 3. lxxviii 455 1. lxxx 465 6. lxi 242 1. Lxxx 465 11. lii 159 xli 84 xxxiv 31 1. xlvii 127 lxxix 463 liy 177 lyi 188 Ulex, Ulmus, Ulya, Urceolaria, Uredo, Urtica, Usnea, Utricularia, ai izaicini aicina ai ai ai 2 li 155 2. xxxvii 59 7. lxvi 299 lxx 330 45. lxxvii 434 lvi 201 lxxii 349 xxxi 5 Vaccinium, Vaginaria, Valeriana, Variolaria, Vaucheria, Verbascum, Verbena, Veronica, Verrucaria, Viburnum, Vicia, 3. 1. 4. 3. 6. 1. xlii 87 lxvii 305 xxxii 7 lxx 330 lxvii 305 xxxvi 53. xlviii 138 xxxi 3 lxxiii 353 1 147 1. xxxviii 62 1. Ixxy 405 2. 1 145 4. xxxix 64 1. xxxix 70 1. xxxvi 64 1. liy 179 3. liii 165 3. lvi 189 2. xliv 104 5. lxviii 313 4. lxi 223 12. lxxiii 363 7. lxv 294 3. lxxii 347 3. xlv 110 1. lxix 324 1. lxi 231 1. lxy 286 3. lxy 287 5. lxxx 464 1. lxxviii 452 4. xlvii 132 xl 72 li 157 -igrics 478 INDEX 8. Vinca, Viola, Ixxiv 367 2. 6. Xyloma, xxxvi 57 xxxvii 51 Weissia, 7. lxii 236 Zannichellia, Zonaria, Zostera, Zygnema, 1. 2. 1. 4. lv 187 lxvi 297 lvi 188 lxviii 320 Xylaria, 3. Ixxüü 355 Genera, 521.. Species 1794. Phænogamous Plants, 771.-Cryptogamous, 1023. Acotyledons, 1023.-Monocotyledons, 182..Dicotyledons, 589. FINIS. P. NEILL, Printer. hold xn/-/- HE-LOUIS-C-C-KRIEGER. MYCOLOGICAL LIBRARY AND-COLLECTIONS.GIFT OF H HOWARD:A.KELLY.M.D. Euw WAL Buscow ado and un wauwen X4..*****14 いいいいいいいい ​uuluu Watu us TO THE UNIVERSITY HER- BARIUM OF THEUNIVERSI- TY OF MICHIGAN. 1928• 1...KFec.