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ook koko
BOTANICAL ARRANGEMENT
OF
BRITISH PLANTS.
VOL. I.
THE SECOND EDITION.
Rochak Koh ooh ooh ooh ooh ooh



P1.1.to front the Title page Vol.
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OF
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F
G

A
BOTANICAL ARRANGEMENT
OF
BRITISH PLANTS;
INCLUDING
THE USES OF EACH SPECIES,
IN
MEDICINE, DIET, RURAL ECONOMY AND THE ARTS.
WITH
AN
EASY
Introduction to the Study of Botany, &c. &c.
ILLUSTRATED BY COPPER PLATES.
THE SECOND EDITION.
By WILLIAM WITHERING, M.D. F.R.S.
MEMBER OF THE ROYAL MEDICAL SOCIETY OF EDINBURGH, AND
PHYSICIAN TO THE GENERAL HOSPITAL AT BIRMINGHAM,
INCLUDING
A NEW SET OF REFERENCES TO FIGURES.
A
By JONATHAN STOKES, M.D.
LATE PRESIDENT OF THE ROYAL MEDICAL SOCIETY OF EDINBURGH,
CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF THE SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES
OF SCOTLAND; PHYSICIAN AT KIDDER MINST&R.
V OL.
I.
BIRMINGHAM : PRINTED BY M. SWINNEY;
FOR G. G. J. & J. ROBINSON, PATERNOSTER-ROW,
AND : ROBSON, NEW BOND-STREET, LONDON;
J. BALFOUR, AND C. ELLIOT, EDINBURGH.
M.DCC.LXXXVII.

Museurns
ак
306
. N 82.
1737
N: 1

GIFT
Parke Davis & Co
(ii)
8-3-193.4
3r.
TO
Transf.
Museums
10-9-61
PRE
P R E F A ĆE.
С E.
A
124 DE-1-11.
T length the ſecond Edition of the
BOTANICAL ARRANGEMENT makes
its appearance. The Author pleads in
excuſe for its long delay, the multiplicity of
his own profeſſional engagements, and the
very great improvements, both in the pian,
and in the execution of the work. Being
conſcious of the unavoidable imperfection
attendant on a firſt attempt to naturalize
this ſcience, which, in its improved ſtate
was new to the Engliſh language; he re-
queſted the aſſiſtance of others. He is
happy to have experienced that approba-
tion of his deſign, which called forth the
Vol. 1.
affiſtance
a

iv
P R E F A CE,
aſſiſtance he fought for; and the effort of
naturaliſing the doctrines of the Linnæan
School of Botany, has been crowned with
a degree of ſucceſs beyond his moſt fan-
guine expectations.
From the very liberal aſſiſtance he has
met with, the work is now riſen ſupe-
rior to its firſt inſtitution, aiming at very
eſſential improvements in that branch of
Science, which, at firſt, it only attempted
to render more eaſily acceſſible. It may
therefore be neceſſary to enumerate ſome
of the more ftriking features of the preſent
Edition.
The Tranſlation of the Generic and Spe-
cific Characters has been compared with
REICHARD's Edition of the Genera and Spe-
cies plantarum, and the numbers of thoſe
editions have been adopted.
The ESSENTIAL GENERIC CHARAC-
TER is fubjoined to each Generic deſcrip-
tion, and the ARTIFICIAL character is re-
tained at the head of the Claſs.
The particular places of growth of the
rarer plants are carefully enumerated, and
many

P R E F A CE.
many new ones are added, which are in-
cluded between crotchets. This has been
done at the requeſt of ſeveral friends to the
work; their opinion prevailing againſt the
reafons adduced for omitting them in the
firſt Edition *.
The Reader will find in this Edition fe-
veral fpecies, and many varieties of plants,
unnoticed by Linnæus. The Varieties of
preceding authors are marked by Greek
letters; thoſe peculiar to this work by
Arabic numerals.
The Latin Synonyms of Bauhiné, Ge-
tard, Parkinſon, and Ray, which occupied
ſo much ſpace in the firſt edition, are now
omitted; partly becauſe they could be of
little uſe to thoſe who do not underſtand
* Mr. Woodward, to whom the readers, as well as myſelf,
are indebted for many improvements, in almoſt every page of
this work, and whoſe liberality of ſentiment is only equalled
by his induſtry and accuracy in botanical inveſtigation, deſires
me to obſerve that the Habitats, or native places of growth, in
the Northern Counties of England, which ſtand in his name,
belong jointly to himſelf and Mr. Crowe; the plants having
been collected in a journey they took into thoſe Counties,
in the ſummer of 1781.
a 2
the

vi
PRE FACE.
the Latin language, for they who do, may
get the references from HUDSON's Flora
Anglica; and partly to make room for a new
ſet of references to figures, which my friend
Dr. Stokes undertook to furniſh. Theſe
references make one of the moſt valuable .
parts of the preſent Edition. Nothing
ſhort of his extenſive knowledge of the ſub-
ject, joined to an indefatigable induſtry,
could have effected the reformation re-
quired; but the full force of his exertions
will only be underſtood by ſuch as have
laboured at the ſubject themſelves, and
experienced the difficulty of marſhalling
error crowded upon error, into regular
and beautiful order. Theſe references are
expreſſed in the ſhorteſt way poſſible; the
beſt figures are mentioned firſt: The ab-
breviations are explained by the author of
the references, in the catalogue of au-
thors fub-joined
The references to Ray are preſerved, ſo
far as the Varieties he furniſhed rendered
them neceffary.
The Linnæan names have now taken
the lead of the Engliſh ones, and to
facilitate

P R E F A CE.
vii
facilitate their adoption, they are accent-
ed. In the difficult taſk of accentuation I
had the aſſiſtance of my worthy friends
Dr. Arnold of Leiceſter, and the late
Revd. Mr. Newling of Birmingham, whoſe
claſſical attainments, efpecially in Greek
literature, were an ornament to the purity
and urbanity of his manners. The Engliſh
Botaniſt need not now heſitate to pronounce
the Latin names, provided he obſerve to
throw the force of the voice upon that
letter which precedes the mark of accen-
tuation *. At the ſame time, the Engliſh
names are ſtill retained, in order to ſhew
that our language is capable of a regular
nomenclature; which, except in a few
inſtances, is taken from old eſtabliſhed
authors, or from the daily uſe of the in-
habitants of our Iſland.
The 3". Volume is intended to be pub-
liſhed in the courſe of the enſuing year,
and will contain the whole of the Claſs
CRYPTOGAMIA, together with an eaſy
Further directions for the pronunciation will hereafter
be given with the accented Index.
a 3
INTRO-

viii
PRE FACE.
INTRODUCTION to the Study of Botany;
the beſt methods of preparing and preſery-
ing a HORTUS SICCUS, or a collection
of dried ſpecimens of plants; the Glos-
SARY of terms, illuſtrated by plates; the
neceffary INDEXES; the Rules for AC-
CENTUATION; and, more humiliating,
though not leſs neceſſary than theſe, the
table of Errata. The latter may be made
more perfect by the obſervations of others,
and the author will be thankful either for
ſuch, or for any other communications
which can tend to advance a favourite
ſtudy, or to render more compleat an un-
dertaking which has coſt him much labour
and fome anxiety
After all, there is nothing farther from
the wiſhes of the Author than, that the
botanical ſtudent ſhould confine himſelf
to the information which may be obtained
within the limits of this work only, for
its profeſſed intention is to lead him
to other valuable ſources of knowledge
which are at preſent inacceſſible to the
unlearned reader. On this account he has
carefully avoided tranſcribing any thing
from Mr. Lightfoot's excellent work on
the

P R E F A CE.
ix
the plants of Scotland, for, although that
work is at preſent of little uſe to any
but the Latin Botaniſt, as the ſpecific
Characters are given in that language;
yet the tranſlations in theſe Volumes will
fupply that defect, and render the Engliſh
reader capable of receiving much uſeful
and intereſting information, from the va-
luable deſcriptions in Engliſh, which he
has generally fubjoined.
BIRMINGHAM,
24th Auguft, 1787.
A LIST


xi
A
L IS S T
of the Names of thoſe Gentlemen who have favoured
this Edition with their aſiſtance.
D
i
R. ARNOLD, Fellow of the Royal Medical
Society of Edinburgh, Phyſician at Leiceſter,
Mr. BALLARD, Surgeon, near Malvern Wells,
Worceſterſhire.
Dr. BedDoes, Lecturer in Chemiſtry, at Oxford.
Dr. Broughton, late Preſident of the Royal
Medical Society of Edinburgh, Phyſician in
Kingſton, Jamaica.
Mr. BRUNTON, Jun". Perry-hill, near Birming-
ham.
Rev. Henry BRYANT, M. A. Heydon, Norfolk.
James CROWE, Eſq. Tuckſwood, near Norwich.
Rev. SAMUEL DICKENSON, L. L. B. Rector of
Blymhill, Staffordſhire.
John Ford, Eſq. Surgeon in Briſtol.
Mr. HALL, Newton Cartmell, near Ulverſtone,
Lancaſhire.
Mr. HAWKES, Birmingham.
T. F. HILL, Eſq. late of Ely-Place, Holborn,
London; now in Italy.
Mr. J. A. Hunter, Nurſery-man, Perry-hill,
near Birmingham.
Rev. WILLIAM HOLLEFEAR, A. M. Vicar of
Wolvey, near Hinkley, Leiceſterſhire.
Mr:

A L I S T,
&c.
Mr. Jones, late Surgeon in Birmingham.
MARTYN, Efq. Teignmouth.
Rev. Mr. NEWBERRY, Fellow of Exeter College,
Oxon.
Mr. PITCHFORD, Surgeon, in Norwich.
Mr. SAVILLE, Lichfield.
Dr. J. E. Smith, Proprietor of the Linnæan
Collection.
Dr. STOKES, Member of the Royal Medical So-
ciety of Edinburgh, correſponding Member
of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland,
Phyſician at Shrewſbury.
Robert STONE, Eſq. Bungay, Suffolk.
J. Watt, Eſq. Engineer, Birmingham.
Mr. WHATELEY, Surgeon, Old Jewry, London.
Mr. WIGG, Schoolmaſter, Yarmouth.
Rev. Mr. Wood, Leeds, Yorkſhire.
THOMAS J. WOODWARD, Eſq. L. L. B. Bun-
gay, Suffolk.
THE

(
xiii)
Τ Η Ε
DE SIG
zi
TOTWITHSTANDING the very rapid
progreſs of Science from the middle of the
laſt century, it is only ſince the beginning of this
that the ſtudy of Natural hiſtory hath attracted the
general attention of mankind.
Botanical enquiries in particular have been con-
fined to a few individuals; partly from the difficulties
which attended them, and partly from an opinion
that they were only uſeful to the profeſſors of Me-
dicine; but the eſtabliſhment of the LINNÆAN
SYSTEM called forth a number of votaries to
cultivate this amiable Science; and the pupils of
its admirable author convinced mankind, that the
Medical properties of Plants, were far from being
the only circumſtances worthy their attention.
Still

xiv
THE DESIGN.
Still however difficulties remained. An acquain-
tance with one of the Learned Languages was hardly
ſufficient to enable us to underſtand his works.
The novelty of the ſubject compelled him to invent
a variety of new terms; and without, or even with
the advantages of an Academical Education, it was a
very laborious taſk to attain preciſely that idea,
which he wiſhed them to expreſs.
In this ſituation of things, what could be done by
thoſe, who from nature, or from accident, found
themſelves poffeſſed with a taſte for Botanical
knowledge? They ſtudied Botanical plates: but bad
plates conveyed falſe, or inſufficient ideas; and good
ones were too expenſive for general uſe. If they
applied to old voluminous Herbals, the want of me-
thod, the deficiencies, and the long continued at-
tention which was requiſite, fatigued the moſt induſ-
trious diſpoſitions. If they fought for information
in more modern productions, they found ſuch a
multiplicity of terms, formed from the Greek and
Latin languages, with nothing truly Engliſh but the
terminations; that they ſoon began to deſpair of
fucceſs, and then relinquiſhed the ſtudy in diſguſt.
A Deſire to remove theſe difficulties, and to
render the path in this walk of ſcience, as eaſy as
it is delightful, firſt gave riſe to the preſent under-
taking
From

THE DESIGN.
XV
From an apprehenſion that Botany in an Engliſh
dreſs would become a favourite amuſement with
the Ladies, many of whom are very conſiderable
proficients in the ſtudy, in ſpite of every difficulty,
it was thought proper to drop the fexual diſtinctions Sexual Dif-
tinctions.
in the titles to the Claſſes and Orders *, and to
adhere only to thoſe of Number, Situation, and
Proportion. They who wiſh to know the curious
facts which gave birth to this celebrated ſyſtem,
may conſult the Philofophia Botanica, the Sponfalia
Plantarum, in the firſt volume of the Amanitates
Academicæ ; Lee's Introdu&tion, and Milne's Botan.
Di&t. where they will meet with many other very
intereſting Philoſophical diſquiſitions.
All controverſies about ſyſtem are here ſtudiouſly. Of Syſtem,
avoided. Mankind are weary of ſuch unprofitable
diſputes. Every Syſtem yet invented, undoubtedly
may glory in its peculiar beauties, and, with no leſs
reaſon, bluſh for its particular defects. It is ſuf-
ficient for the preſent purpoſe that the ſyſtem of
LIN NÆUS is now very univerſally adopted;
and though confeffedly imperfect, it approaches ſo
near to perfection, that we may perhaps never ex-
pect to ſee any other improvements, than ſuch, as
will be founded upon his plan.
1
* The Linnæan titles however, are ſtill preſerved on the top
of the left hand pages, to accomodate thoſe who have been
habituated to uſe them.
With

xvi
THE DESIGN.
Language.
With reſpect to the language, fome apology is
undoubtedly neceffary. It would be no difficult
matter to render the ſentences more connected.
This would make them lefs awkward, but at the
fame time lefs perſpicuous. Uſe will take off from
the former defect, but nothing can atone for
the latter. The beſt Syſtematic Naturaliſts are
thoſe who entertain preciſe and well-defined ideas,
and communicate them in ſuch a manner, that the
characteriſtic features of what they are deſcribing,
obtrude themſelves upon the eye. *
Terms.
No part of this undertaking demanded more at-
tention, or occafioned more labour, than the fe-
lection of the terms. The old Engliſh Botaniſts
afforded very conſiderable aſſiſtance : ſtill, however, ,
it muſt be confeſſed, that ſome words foreign to
the Engliſh language, are neceſſarily retained: but
wherever theſe occur, or wherever an Engliſh word
is taken in a more ſtrict acceptation than uſual, it
may be found in the Gloſſary; and is there ex-
plained, either by a definition, by the aſſiſtance of
engravings, or by reference to ſome well-known
example.
In quoting examples to explain the terms, it
was thought expedient to uſe the moſt common
and
* LINNÆUS has great merit in the judicious diſpoſition
of his Matter; fo that a glance of the eye catches in a moment
the ſubject in queſtion, without the fatigue of reading page after
page. In this work, the ſame mode of printing is adopted.

THE DESIGN.
xvii
and well-known names of Plants, and likewiſe to
take inſtances from Plants which are frequent in our
gardens, whether naturally growing in this country,
or not.
The Latin terms uſed by LINNÆUS are
thrown into alphabetical order; partly to demon-
ſtrate how little the Engliſh language ſtands in need
of foreign terms, and partly with a view of afford-
ing aſſiſtance to the reader, when he has occaſion
to conſult other writers upon Botanical ſubjects.
а
The Synopſis of the Genera, at the head of each Genera.
Claſs, and the ſub-diviſions of the Orders, will be
found greatly to ſhorten the labour of inveſtigation.
But the ſub-diviſions are not without exceptions :
Thefe, however, as well as the exceptions of par-
ticular ſpecies, are noted under ſuch Claſſes, Or-
ders, or ſub-diviſions of Orders, as the learner from
the contemplation of the Plant in queſtion would
be moſt apt to refer it to. The Generic deſcrip-
tions are tranſlated from REICHARD's edition of
the Genera Plantarum ; but in ſome inſtances, where
the original is evidently more adapted to the foreign,
than to the Britiſh ſpecies, it was neceſſary to natu-
ralize it to our own country, by additional obſerva-
tions, though without the omiſſion of any part of
the original text.
The characters of the Species are tranſlated alſo Species.
from REICHARD's edition of the Species Plantarum :
but

xviii
THE DESIGN.
but as we have a right to expect that the Flora of a
particular country, ſhould be more full and perfect
than one that is meant to contain the productions
of the whole furface of the earth, additional de-
ſcriptions are added to almoſt every Species.
Theſe additional deſcriptions are taken from the
Flora Suecica, the Flora Lapponica, the Species
Plantarum, or the Amoenitates Academicæ of the
ſame author; ſo as to include nearly the whole of
what that ingenious and fagacious naturaliſt, or
his numerous diſciples have ſaid concerning the
native plants of the Britiſh iſles.
After theſe follow original obſervations, the
communications of my friends; others from my
own notes, and ſometimes extracts and remarks
from Leers, Scopoli, Hudſon, Curtis, and other
authors of credit, whoſe names are always ad-
ded, that the reader may judge of the belief
due to the authority.
Many more deſcriptive extracts might have been
taken from HALLER's Flora Helvetica, a work
abounding with original and ingenious obferva-
tions; but the liberal uſe which Mr. Lightfoot
has made of that excellent author, in the Engliſh
annotations to his Flora Scotica, has rendered that
labour in a great meaſure fuperfluous.
Names.
At a time, when the names of Plants are already
tvo numerous, nothing leſs than the plea of indif-
penſable

THE DESIGN:
XIX
a
ſpenſable neceſſity can juſtify the introduction of
new names for any of the Genera: But the intelli-
gent reader will immediately perceive the impoffi-
bility of forming a compleat Engliſh fyſtem, with-
out creating a few Engliſh Generic names. Innova-
tions of this kind are never admitted without an
abſolute neceſſity; wherever that neceſſity appear-
ed, and the old Engliſh Botaniſts afforded no al-
fiſtance, ſuch a name was invented as might be ex-
preſſive of ſome ſtriking characteriſtic of the Plant.
To prevent confuſion, the common Engliſh names
are ſubjoined to each Species, and where the com-
mon name of a Plant cannot be retained for the
Genus, it is generally adopted as the trivial name
of the Species.
So much for the more ſtrictly botanical part ;
but there are other conſiderations relative to plants,
which render this work more generally intereſting
and more extenſively uſeful.
The ſtructure of every leaf and every flower, Peculiarities.
exhibits proofs of Divine Wiſdom: but we are too
apt to paſs, without attention, the phænomena
which are daily preſented to our eyes. In ſome parts
of the vegetable kingdom, there are however ſuch
peculiarities of ſtructure, and ſuch amazing contriv-
ances to anſwer the wiſe purpoſes of the Creator,
that a total diſregard to them would have been un-
pardonable: Theſe therefore are mentioned; in a
Vol. I.
conciſe
a
b

XX
THE DESIGN.
conciſe manner, yet fufficiently full to excite the
attention of the ingenious.
Sleep of
Plants.
Flowers.
Many Plants in the night-time, from a change
in the direction of the leaves and leaf-ſtalks, aſſume
an appearance ſo totally different from what is uſual
to them, that the moſt expert Botaniſt would
hardly be able at firſt ſight to recognize his old
acquaintance. This is called the SLEEP OF
PLANTS; and is noticed under fome of the
Wakeing of Species: as is likewiſe the WAKEING, or
opening of flowers. Moſt flowers when once ex-
panded, continue fo night and day; ſome cloſe
againſt rainy weather, but ſome have their ſtated
times of opening and cloſing independent of
any ſenſible changes in the atmofphere. Thus
the white WATERLILY opens at ſeven in the
morning, and cloſes again at four in the after-
noon. The yellow GOATSBEARD has long been
known to have this property, and is therefore
called by the country people, JOHN GO TO
If kept in a bottle of water, it
will be found to open at three or four o'clock
in the morning, and to cloſe again before noon.
BED AT NOON.
-Oeconomical
Uſes.
The Oeconomical Uſes of Vegetables, have
been too little attended to by men eminent
for Botanical Knowledge. The Theory of the
Science, and the Practical Uſes have been too much
diſ-joined. At length, however, the generality of
mankind are tired with diſputes about Syſtems,
and

THE DESIGN.
xxi
and the vegetable productions of Europe are pretty
well arranged : It is time therefore to think of
turning our acquiſitions to ſome uſeful purpoſe.
Our own countryman, the ingenious and indefati-
gable Mr. Ray, in his journeys through the different
parts of this Iſland, collected a few important facts;
but it is to the induſtry of LINNÆUS and his
Diſciples, that we are indebted for the greater part
of our knowledge upon this ſubject. Mr. Stilling fleet,
with a zeal truly commendable, attempted to ren-
der the Study of the Graſſes ſubfervient to the
great purpoſes of agriculture *; but it was impof-
fible that his plan ſhould be adopted, whilſt the
farmer wanted the means of diftinguiſhing the dif-
ferent Genera and Species.
a
In years
of ſcarcity we are often told, that man- Uſes as food.
kind fuffer, and ſometimes periih by ſamine ; but
ſurely this would never be the caſe, if men were
apprized of the very great number of eſculent Ve-
getables which grow wild and unnoticed in the
fields. Some of them may be uſed with advantage,
even amidſt the luxury of plenty; and others may
eaſily be gathered in quantities ſufficient to fup-
port life, when better or more agreeable food can-
not be had. With this view, the part of the plant
to be preferred, and the uſual mode of dreſſing it,
are mentioned under thoſe Species which have
been found moſt ſuitable for food.
* See his Miſcellaneous Tracts.
b 2.
It

xxii
THE DESIGN.
Uſes for Cat-
tle.
It is a matter of the greateſt conſequence to de-
termine what Species of Plants are preferred by par-
ticular Animals; for what is noxious to one
Animal is often nutritious to another. Thus
the Water COWBANE is a certain poiſon to
cows; whereas the goat browſes upon it greedily,
and with impunity.
MONKSHOOD kills goats,
but does not hurt horſes. Bitter Almonds are poi-
fonous to dogs, but not to men. PARSLEY is
fatal to ſmall birds, while ſwine eat it ſafely; and
Pepper is mortal to fwine, but wholeſome to poul-
try. Many experiments made with this view by
LINNÆUS, and his pupils at Upſal, are given
in the ſecond vol. of the Amanitates Academica.
The reſult of thoſe, which relate to the Britiſh
Plants, will be found under the particular Species.
Many of them were repeated ten and even twenty
different times, and with the precautions men-
tioned below, which are here added for the ſake of
thoſe, who have leiſure and opportunity to purſue
theſe intereſting enquiries.
When horſes, cows, &c. are ſaid to eat the plant, it
means that they eat the Leaves of the plant. Thus
horſes and cows eat a great variety of Graſſes; but
they only eat the leaves; for when left to their own
choice they never touch the flowering Stems. Some
Plants are eaten early in the ſpring, whilſt young and
tender, but are rejected in the ſummer. The ani-
mals choſen for theſe experiments muſt not be over-
hungry, for an empty ſtomach will compel them
to

THE DESIGN.
xxiii
to feed upon plants which nature never deſigned
for them: Nor ſhould they be taken immediately
out of the houſe; becauſe after they have lived a con-
fiderable time upon dry food, they devour greedily
every green vegetable which comes in their way.
The Plants offered to them ſhould be handled as
little as poſſible, for ſome Animals are very nice,
and will refuſe the moſt agreeable food, wheni
defiled by ſweaty hands. Throw the Plant in
queſtion upon the ground; if the Animals refuſe
to eat it, mix it with others which they are known
to like, and if they ſtill refuſe it, the point is clear;
eſpecially if the experiment be repeated with dif-
ferent individuals,
;
ſects.
In its pre-
The Catalogue of Inſects which feed upon the Uſes for In-
different Species of Plants, is confeſſedly very
im-
perfect; but it will ſerve as a foundation for future
obſervations of the ſame kind. Perfection in theſe
matters is not to be attained at once.
ſent ſtate it may not be without its uſe. It will be
ſeen, that Inſects live chiefly upon the products of
the taller Trees, which grow out of the reach of
Quadrupedes, ſuch as the ELM, the Pear, the
LIME and the OAK; or upon the thorny and
ſtinging Plants which repel the attacks of other
Animals, as the Rose, the THISTLE and
the NETTLE; or upon ſuch plants as exiſt every
where in great abundance as the GRASSES; or
laſtly, upon ſuch Plants as other Animals will not
eat,
b 3

xxiv
THE DESIGN.
eat, as the Dock, the WATERLILY, the FIG-
wort and the HENBANE.
Derham ſuppoſes, and with a degree of probabi-
lity on his ſide ; that the Virtues of Plants may be
diſcovered by obſerving what inſects feed upon
them. Thus the Caſſida viridis feeds upon
Lycopus and upon MENTHA, which are plants
of the fame Natural Order, and poſſeſſed of the
fame Virtues. The Phalana Sambucaria feeds
upon ſeveral of the Rundle-bearing plants of the
fifth Claſs, which we know are endued with ſimilar
qualities; and the Papilio Cardamine devours the
Common LADY-SMOCK and the MITHRIDATE,
which are Plants of the ſame Natural Claſs and
have nearly the ſame properties.
Changes.
Many Plants change the appearance of ſome of
their parts, to accommodate certain Inſects with
convenient lodgings: Some of the moſt remarkable
of theſe changes are noticed.
Arts.
Uſes in the It is beyond a doubt, that the Inhabitants of
different countries, and artiſts of different kinds,
know how to apply a number of Plants to anſwer
a variety of purpoſes. Such of theſe as could be ſe-
lected from good authorities, or obtained from pri-
vate information, are ſubjoined in their reſpective
places.
Medical Vir-
tues.
Many people will be ſurprized to find ſo little
ſaid upon the Medical Virtues of Plants; but thoſe
who

THE DESIGN.
XXV
who are beſt enabled to judge of this matter, will
perhaps think, that the greater part of that little
might have been omitted. The ſuperſtition of
former ages, operating upon the ignorance of man-
kind, gave riſe to miracles of every denomination;
and the faſhion of combining a great variety of in-
gredients with a deſign to anſwer any particular
purpoſe, rendered the real efficacy of any of them
extremely doubtful. The dreadful apprehenſions
which men formerly entertained of POISONS,
made them fearful of employing ſubſtances that
were capable of doing miſchief; and therefore they
rejected thoſe which were moſt likely to do good.
A number of Vegetables fit only for food, were
ſuppoſed capable of producing the greateſt altera-
tions in the human body; and at length almoſt every
common Plant was eſteemed a cure for almoſt
every diſeaſe. In this ſituation of things, little ad-
vantage can be reaped from the experience of for-
mer times : we ſhail ſooner attain the end pro-
poſed, if we take up the ſubject as altogether new,
and rejecting the fables of the antient Herbalifts,
build only upon the baſis of experiments well con-
ceived and accurately executed. To facilitate the
work as much as poſſible, the following obſerva-
tions are added.
Certain Plants, capable of producing ſudden
and remarkably deleterious effects upon Animal
Bodies, are called Poiſonous: but Poiſons in ſmall
doſes are the beſt medicines; and uſeful medicines
in
b 4

xxvi
THE DESIGN.
in too large doſes are poiſonous. Even the moſt in-
nocent aliments, in certain quantities, are noxious.
We muſt not diſdain to learn the Medicinal uſes
of Plants from the meaneſt of Mankind; eſpecially
where they uſe their remedies in an uncompound-
ed form ; for what are thofe celebrated medicines
which we import from the Indies at a conſiderable
annual expence, as Ipecacuanha, Contrayerva and
Sarſaparilla, but remedies, by long experience,
approved amongſt the common people in the coun-
tries from which we purchaſe them?
Plants of the ſame Genus have ſomething of the
fame Virtues : Thoſe of the ſame Natural Order
have ſtill a nearer reſemblance; and thoſe of the
ſame Natural Claſs the neareſt of all. Theſe pro-
perties are remarked in the Introductions to the
Claffes.
Plants having honey cups detached from the pe-
tals are generally poiſonous, as the HELEBORE,
the COLUMBINE and the DAFFODIL.
Plants with a milky juice are frequently
poiſonous ; as ſome of the MUSHROOMS, the
SPURGES, and CELANDINE. Others are ſo
but in a leſs degree, as H AWK-WEED, GOATS-
BEARD, SUCCory and LETTUCE.
A
Plants

THE DESIGN.
xxvii
Plants with a ſimple jointed ſtem, ſword-ſhaped
leaves, and fleſhy roots, are generally acrid : thus
the juice of the yellow Flag excites vomiting
and ſneezing.
The pleaſant-taſted and ſweet-ſmelling Plants are
generally wholeſome.
Plants which have an ungrateful ſmell produce
diſagreeable effects, as the Elder, and many
of the FUNGUSSES.
Thoſe which ſmell nau-
ſeouſly, as the HENBANE, are generally poi-
fonous.
Plants which are bitter to the taſte, are ſtomachic,
and deſtroy acidity; as GENTIAN, and Cen-
TAURY.
Acid Plants abate heat and thirſt, and reſiſt
putrefaction ; as the fruit of the CURRANT,
or the leaves of the WoodsORREL.
Aſtringent Vegetables may be diſcovered by the
taſte.
A red colour, indicates acidity; a yellow one,
bitterneſs, or acrimony.
Plants in dry ſeaſons, and growing in dry ſitua-
tions, have moſt taſte. Thus the aromatic Plants,
as THYME, SAGE and MARJORAM are by far
the beſt in dry foils; and every one knows the
inſipidity of Fruits in wet foils and wet ſeaſons.
Plants

xxviii
THE DESIGN.
as
LILY.
Plants which grow in watery ſituations are often
corroſive; Crowfoot and WATER-
But the corroſive aquatic Plants loſe much
of their acrimony when cultivated in a dry ſoil :
Of this, the Garden CELERY is a ſufficient
example.
Roots are in greateſt perfection, when the
leaves firſt begin to put forth.
LEAVES are beſt gathered, when the bloſſoms
are beginning to open.
FLOWERS are in greateſt perfection, when
moderately expanded.
SEEDS muſt be gathered, when they have
attained their full fize and are nearly ripe.
BARKS are beſt in the winter, before the fap
riſes.
Different parts of the ſame Vegetable often ma-
nifeſt very different properties : Thus the leaves of
WORMWOOD are bitter, whilſt the roots are
aromatic. The Seed-veſſels, or Heads of Pop-
PIES are narcotic, but the Seeds have no ſuch
quality.
It will readily be allowed, that theſe rules are
by no means univerſal : The exceptions to moſt
of them are numerous. We muſt be content to
conſider them, as rude and imperfect out-lines,
which the induſtry of future ages will correct and
compleat.
ADVER-

(
xxix )
ADVERTISEMENT,
Β Υ Τ Η Ε
Author of the References to Figures.
M
Y Plan in the new references which I here
offer to the public, has been to afford the
inveſtigating botaniſt as full a collection of refer-
ences to figures, as the ſize of the work would ad-
mit. It is not in every one's power to become
poſſeſſed of a complete collection of figures, and
thoſe who are, cannot eaſily tranſport them to fitua-
tions in which their poffeffor might wiſh to conſult
their contents. Different herbals may, however,
in moſt places be met with, though perhaps not the
individual one referred to in the more portable
works which he may have made the companions
of his journey. On this account, I have thought
I might

XXX
A D VERTISEMEN T.
I might perform no unacceptable office to the
practical botaniſt, to undertake a review of all the
figures to which I could obtain acceſs, and to pre-
fent him in as ſmall a compaſs as poſſible, the reſult
of my examinations, in a collection of all ſuch
figures, placed in the order of their ſuppoſed compara--
tive excellence. By this means, I flatter myſelf, he
will be enabled to derive information from any of
the old herbals. And if poffeffed of a complete
collection of botanical figures, it is poſſible that
amidſt ſo large a number he might be at a loſs
which to conſult, or in which of them he ſhould
confide as the moſt faithful repreſentation of the
plant in queſtion. He may confult all in his pof-
feffion; and then I doubt not, if accuſtomed to the
inſpection of plants and figures, he will form a
very juſt judgment. But if unexperienced, or
preſſed for time, I flatter myſelf that mine will
not at leaſt prove unacceptable. Theſe opinions
I ſubject to the examination of the experienced
botaniſt, without preſuming to inſtruct him. From
fuch I ſhall be happy to receive inſtruction, and to
profit by it, with due acknowledgments, in caſe of
a future edition.
I have inſerted no figures which I have not ex-
amined and compared, unleſs the contrary is ex-
preſſly noticed. In forming the above judgment
I have endeavoured to abſtract myſelf from the
glare of ſplendid calouring, and the lefs obtruſive,
though

ADVERTISEMENT.
xxxi
though not leſs deceitful finiſh of the engraver,
and to conſider with impartiality, which of the
figures may have the merit of giving moſt exactly
the true genius and habit of the plant. The read-
er muſt not therefore be ſupriſed to obſerve a
a wooden cut from the old herbals, ſometimes to
precede an engraving on copper in the Flora danica,
eſpecially in that part of it which has appeared
ſince the unfortunate affair of Struenſee, occafioned
the removal of the ingenious Oeder from the di-
rection of that work.
Theſe references may alſo be productive of fone
benefit to ſcience, in pointing out to the ingenious
artiſt, who employs his pencil in botanical works,
what plants have been already well figured, and
what ſtill remain to be delineated.
There are
ſeveral works which I could mention, where the
number of new figures are exceedingly few, and
the practical botaniſt to poſſeſs theſe, is obliged to
purchaſe a great number of others which have be-
fore appeared in former publications, JACQUIN,
PALLAS, and Dickson, are examples of a juſt
plan. While ſo many plants, natives of theſe
iſlands, and not comprehended within the limits
of the Flora Londinenſis, or cultivated in our
botanic gardens, remain un-illuſtrated by accurate
engravings, the artiſt cannot complain of a want of
ſubjects for his pencil. I could wiſh indeed, that
ſuch deficiencies were ſupplied under the direction
of
a

xxxii
ADVERTISEMEN T.
of an experienced botaniſt, ſuch as our rivals in
ſcience poffeſs, in the perſon of M. L'HERETIR,
or the artiſts of Nuremberg, in the excellent
SCHMIDEL. But if thoſe who ought to be the pa-
trons of ſuch works, leave them to be directed by
artiſts, every true lover of botanical ſcience ſhould
do, what at leaſt he can, to direct their labours,
and render them as conducive as poſſible to the
advancement of ſo uſeful and pleaſing a branch of
knowledge.
A reviſion of the references to figures, appeared
to me to be very much wanting. In the 2 firſt edi-
tions of RAY's Synopſis, as alſo in all his other
works, the names of preceding authors are given
but without any reference to the number of the
volume or page. In the 3d edition, publiſhed in
1724, this deficiency was fupplied by the ingeni-
ous editor DILLENIUS.
The references of Dillenius, were given in the
Flora Anglica of Mr. Hudson, but with the omif-
fion of the references to the firſt edition of Gerard,
to which Dillenius in general, ſeems very juſtly to
have given the preference, and the ſynonyms of
Johnfon's edition, generally quoted by the title of
Gerardus emaculatus, ſubſtituted in their place. In
all theſe citations, there are no marks by which
the reader can be aſſured whether the plant cited
be figured there or not, which neceſſarily occafions
him frequent diſappointment in his reſearches.
Mr.

A D V ER TISEMEN T.
xxxiii
Mr. Lightfoot in his Flora Scotica, has given
us references to figures, evidently the reſult of ac-
tual obſervation. But they are confined to the
plants of Scotland and the Hebrides, and the ad
edition of Ger. ſeems the only one of the older au-
thors whom he refers to.
In the laſt edition of the Species plantarum, pub-
liſhed by REICHARD, under the title of Syſtema
plantarum, there are many new references to figures,
but they are merely tranſcripts from the authors
cited.
But figures, without a ſyſtem to conduct the read-
er to them, are almoſt uſeleſs, and there are ſome
plants which have ſo great a reſemblance to each
other in their external form, that even when
growing, they are with difficulty diſtinguiſhed.
The ſtructure however of their minuter parts, fre-
quently affords unambiguous marks of diſtinction.
Hence the utility of thoſe ſhort characteriſtic de-
fcriptions, called by Linnæus, the ſpecific character.
Ray had the merit of eſtabliſhing Claſſes on bo-
tanical principles, and TOURNEFORT that of dif-
tinguiſhing Genera by ſtill more exact modes of dif-
crimination ; but it was left for LIN NÆU S to diftin-
guiſh ſpecies by certain and unambiguous charac-
teriſtics drawn from the ſhape, ſituation, and pro-
portion of the parts. MICHELI indeed had
made ſome advances towards this mode of diſcri-
mination;

xxxiv
ADVERTISEMEN T.
mination ; but the marks which he fixed upon,
were frequently ambiguous, and not ſufficiently
characteriſtic, LINNÆ us after the example of M1-
CHELI, conſidered theſe characteriſtical deſcrip-
tions as the name of the plant, and he even laid
down a rule that they ſhould not conſiſt of more
than 12 words. But it being diſcovered that ſuch
names could with difficulty be retained in the me-
mory, or employed in converſation, and as genera
were already diſtinguiſhed by a ſingle name, Lin-
næus was inſenſibly led to denote the ſpecies of
each genus by an epithet expreſlive of the particu-
lar ſpecies, or a name rendered familiar by long
uſage. Theſe he called by the modeſt title of No-
mina trivialia : or trivial names. But they were foon
found of great importance in facilitating the diffu-
fion of botanical knowledge, and they have been
adopted by almoſt all intelligent botaniſts. Some
indeed, who have in general adopted them, do not
appear to have been fully ſenſible of their value,
and of the miſchiefs which muſt neceſſarily ariſe
from arbitrarily changing them. Many of the
words of the Engliſh language might be rendered
more harmonious, we might latiniſe them after the
manner of Johnſon, or italianiſe them, on the model
exhibited by the author of Letters on literature,
but were fuch innovations to become general, our
beſt writers would be robbed of all the graces of
ſtyle, and Gray, and Gibbon, become in a few
years, as obſolete as Chaucer. Nobotaniſts of the
Linnæan
a

A D V E R T I S E M E N.T.
XXXV
Linnæan ſchool, have been fo faulty in this re-
ſpect as thoſe of our own country. Were they
men of inferior talents that committed theſe faults,
I ſhould only remark, how much eaſier it is to change
a name than to diſcover the effential character of a
newgenus or ſpecies. But the faults which I complain
of, originate, I am perſuaded, not from a love of ſelf-
diſtinction, but from not fufficiently attending
to the importance of poſſeſſing an eſtabliſhed no-
menclature. Where fpecies have been referred
to wrong genera, or genera eſtabliſhed on erro-
neous principles, changes in the generic name
muſt inevitably take place, but the trivial, or Spe-
cific name, as it ought rather to be called, ſhould if
poſſible remain unaltered. Mr. Hudson in his
2d edition, has changed Ononis arvenſis of Linnæus
and the ift edition of his own work to 0. inermis ;
Alopecurus monſpelienſis and paniceus to ariftatus;
Agroſtis capillaris to polymorpha ; Melica nutans to
montana, becauſe it had been called Gramen aven-
aceum locuſtis rubris montanum by C. Bauhine ;
Brontus mollis to polymorphus, arvenſis to ere&tus, and
madritenſis to muralis ; Paſtinaca ſativa to Sylveftris ;
Agaricus virens of Scop. & Schaeff. to viridis ; Car-
duus acanthoides to criſpus, and criſpus to acanthoides,
Sparganium ere&tum to ramofum, &c.
c Mr. LIGHT-
FOOT has changed Serapias longifolia to paluftris ;
and Mr. CURTIS, in ſpite of all the arguments
I could urge to him at the time, changed Boletus
rugoſus of Jacq. to lucidus; and Agaricus crenulatus
Vol. I.
of
с

xxxvi
A D VERTISEMEN T.
of Muller to plicatilis, though Mr. Lightfoot had
already given the name of plicatus to a ſpecies
of the fame genus. When a judicious botaniſt has
communicated to the public a new ſpecies, and has
diſtinguiſhed it by a name conformable to the prin-
ciples of the Linnæan nomenclature, it would pre-
vent much confufion if fucceeding obſervers were
to adopt the name already given, and be but a
proper compliment to the diſcoverer of a new
fpecies. Mr. Hudſon, and Mr. Lightfoot, are
not to blame for the many ſpecies to which they
have given different names, as their reſpective
works appeared about the ſame time, but it could
be wiſhed that botaniſts, eſpecially in the ſame
kingdom, would more freely communicate ſuch
plants as appear new to them, and which they pro-
poſe to name. But I truſt the learned, candid,
and ingenious poffeffor of the herbarium, library,
and manufcripts of the two Linnæi, will be the
means of preventing the evils here complained of.
Senſible as I am of the importance of figures in the
preſent ſtate of botany; I am inclined to believe,
when the Linnæan principles of diſcrimination
ſhall have been carried to their full extent, that
ſpecies, as well as genera, may be diſtinguiſhed in ſo
clear and unambiguous a manner, that figures may
be rendered of far leſs importance, and their uſe
principally confined to the Fungi, Lichens, and
Medicinal plants, which laſt it is of importance to
know in every ſtage of their growth. Whatever
occurred
3

ADVERTISEMEN T.
xxxvii
occurred to me during the courſe of the work, that
could tend to the improvement of the ſpecific cha-
racters, or to facilitate the inveſtigation of plants,
has been added. Where any circumſtance ap-
peared worthy of forming a part of the character
itſelf, it has been given alſo in Latin at the bottom
ofthe page, but where it was only neceſſary to cor-
rect parts of the ſpecific character, ſuch obſerva-
tions have been placed immediately after it, with a
view to facilitate the labour of inveſtigation, but
printed in italics, to diſtinguiſh mere corrections
from circumſtances eſſential to the ſpecific cha-
racter.
Such are the views which have engaged my at-
tention in the part which I have taken in the pre-
ſent edition of the Botanical Arrangement. No
phyſician who has felt the wiſh to make himſelf
maſter of the diſcoveries made in his profeſſion,
during the laſt and preſent century, but muſt have
become fully ſenſible of the importance of botani-
cal knowledge, and it is Linnæan botany alone
which can tranſmit with certainty to our poſterity,
thoſe diſcoveries which the preſent age has made
of the powers of vegetable remedies. For want of
it, we have been but little benefitted by thoſe of
the Greek phyſicians, and we cannot expect to
read their obſervations on the materia medica with
any advantage, till a botanical voyage to Greece and
the
C 2

xxxviii
ADVERTISEMEN T.
the Archipelago, propofed by the late Mr. Stil-
lingfleet, fhall find a patron, and introduce into
our gardens the plants uſed in medicine by the
Greeks.
KIDDERMINSTER,
10th Auguſt, 1787
ABBREVIATIONS.
EMPAL. Empalement.
BLOSS. Bloſſom.
POINT. Pointal.
S. Vess. Seed-vefſel.
Capſ. Capfule.
Ess. CHAR. Effential Character.
B. Barren flowers, or flowers with only Chives.
F. Fertile flowers, containing pointals, and pro-
ducing Seed.
H. hermaphrodite flowers, or flowers containing
both Chives and Pointals.
A. Annual, enduring only for 1 year, or a
ſhorter time.
B. Biennial, enduring for 2 years.
P. Perennial, enduring many years.
S. Shrub.
T. Tree.
CATA-

CATALOGUE of BOTANICAL WORKS
CITED in this EDITION,
By the AUTHOR of the REFERENCES.
N. B. (1) Roman numerals expreſs the number
of the volume, faſciculus, or ſection, in which the
figure is to be found.
(2) Arabic numerals ſignify in works of plates, the
number engraved on the plate referred to, and
in printed books, the page where ſuch figure is
to be found,
(3) A fecond ſet of Arabic figures, marks out the
particular figure referred to, in the plate or page
already cited.
3
(4) abr. fignifies abridged ; cop. copied ; repr. re-
printed. The blocks from which the wooden cuts
of the old authors as Dodonæus, Lobel, and
Cluſius were taken, being the property of Plan-
tin of Antwerp, their common bookſeller, the
ufe of theſe blocks was purchaſed by Johnſon,
the editor of Ger.em.—Theſe authors I have ge-
nerally placed in this order, Cluf.—Dod.-Lob.
but in the more common plants, Dodonæus ſeems
to have been the original publiſher, in the more
curious ones, Clufius.
-
-
C 3
ACT.

xl
CAT A LO GUE OF
ACT. upſ
. Nova aaa
CT. upſ. Nova acta reg. focietatis fcientia-
rum Upſalienſis. Tom. I. 1773.—II. 1777.
III. 17
Adanſon. Adanſon familles des plantes, Tomes
II. 8vo.
Aldrovandi. Dendrologia. fol. 1671.
Allion. Stirp. ped. Allionii rariorum Pedemontii
ſtirpium ſpecimen I. 4to. 1755.
Alpin. Ægypt. 1. Alpini hiſtoria Ægypti na-
turalis, pars I. 4to. 1735.
Alpin. Ægypt. Vefling. Alpini hiſtoria Ægypti
naturalis, pars II. 4to. 1735.
Amman. Ammani ſtirpium rariorum in imperio
Rutheno ſponte provenientium icones & deſcrip-
tiones. 4to. 1739. [In the ſtyle of Gmelin fibir.)
Amoen. acad. Amoenitates academicæ, feu dif-
ſertationes variæ phyficæ, medicæ, botanicæ.
Tomi VII. 1749.--1769. 8vo. [Academical dif-
ſertations publiſhed under the auſpices of Linnæus,
who either compoſed them, or ſupplied their au-
thors with the neceffary materials, as is the prac-
tice in the foreign univerſities.]
Aso. Affo fynopſis ftirpium Arragoniæ. 4to.
1779
Barr. Barrelieri plantæ per Galliam Hifpaniam
& Italiam obſervatæ, iconibus aeneis expreſſæ. fol.
1714.
Baft. Bafteri opuſcula ſubſeciva, 4to. Tom. I.
1762.-II. 1765.
Batſch

BOTANICAL WORK S.
xli
Batſch. Elenchus fungorum, 1783. 4to.
Battar. Battarræ fungorum agri Ariminenſis
hiſtoria, 4to. 1759.
Beleval, opuſcules (publiſhed by M. Brouſſonett,
F. R. S. and Academy of Sciences at Paris, and
perpetual fecretary to the Roy. Soc. of Agricul-
ture of Paris.) 1785. 8vo. 5 plates.
Bellon. Bellonii obfervationes in Cluf. exot.
Bergen de alóïde. Francof. ad Viadr. 1753. 4to.
Bergen flora Francofurtana. 1750. 12mo.
Bergië materia medica. 8vo.
Berkenhout's clavis anglica linguæ botanicæ Lin-
næi, or botanical lexicon. 1766. 12mo.
Outlines of the natural Hiſtory of
Great Britain and Ireland. Vol. 2d. 1770. 8vo.
.
Blackſt. Blackſtone fpecimen botanicum quo
plantarum plurium rariorum Angliæ indigenarum
loci natales illuſtrantur. 12mo. 1746. [Plates 2.]
Blackft. cat. Blackſtone catalogus plantarum
circa Harefield. 1737. 8vo.
Blackw. Herbarium Blackwellianuin emendatum
et auctum a Trew. Tom. III. fol. 1757.-Tom.
IV. 1760.-Tom. V. 1765.--Herbarii Black-
welliani auctarium a Ludwig. Tom. VI. 1773.
[The original, of which this is a copy, was the
work of Mrs. Elizabeth Blackwell, who executed
this very uſeful, and in many reſpects, excellent
work, as a means of ſupporting her huſband, then
confined for debt.]
Blair's botanic effays. 8vo. London. 1720.
C4
Boccon

xlii
CATALOGUE OF
I
Boccon rar.
Boccone icones & deſcriptiones
Tariòrum plantarum Siciliæ, Melitæ, Galliæ, &
Italiæ. 4to. Oxon. 1674. [Figures characterif-
tic, but ſmall, and apparently from dried ſpecimens. ]
Boehm. Boehmeri, flora Lipfiæ indigena. 1750. 8vo.
Boerh. Boerhaavii index alter plantarum quæ
in horto academico Lugduno Batavorum aluntur.
pars I. [Plates 12.]-II. [Plates 27.] 1720. 4to.
Bolt. Bolton's filices Britannicæ, or hiſtory
of Britiſh proper Ferns. 1786. 4to. by James Bol-
ton of Halifax. (Neat etchings, coloured, but ſome
better figured before, and many on a reduced ſcale;
a practice reprobated by all good modern botaniſts.
Plates of Polypodiums and the larger Ferns, ſhould
be of the larger folio fize.]
Bot. Arr. Withering's botanical arrangement.
ed. I. 2 Vols. 8vo. 1776.
Breyn. cent. Breynii exoticarum aliarumque
minus cognitarum plantarum centuria I. 1678. fol.
Breynii pr. Breynji prodromus fàfciculi rariorum
plantarum. II. ordus. 1689. fol.
Britiſh Herbal 4to. [Figures, ſome of the laſt
I believe, which have been cut in wood.]
Broughton enchiridion botanicum. 12mo. 1782.
Bryant. Bryant's hiſtorical account of 2 ſpecies
of Lycoperdons. 1783. 8vo.
Bulliard.. Plantes veneneuſes de la France, &
Champignons de la France. par M. Bulliard. fol.
[Taken off in colours. The Mufhrooms pleaſing,
the reſt too much reſembling tapeſtry figures.]
Buxb.

BOTANICAL WORK S.
xliii
Buxb. Buxbaumii plantarum minus cognitarum
centuria. I.--V. 4to, 1728.-1730.
Cam. epit. Camerarii de plantis epitome Mat-
thioli novis plane & ad vivum expreſſis iconibus,
&c. 1586. 4to.
Cam. hort. Camerarii hortus medicus & philo-
ſophicus. 1588. 4to. [Plates 47-)
Catalogus plantarum horti medici, Oxonienfis.
12 mo. 1648.
C. B. pin. Caſpari Bauhini pinàx theatri bota-
nici. 1623. 4to. [A collection of the names of all
preceding authors. ]
C. B. pr. Caſpari Bauhini prodromus theatri
botanici. 1620. 4to. [Many figures from Cluſ.
and others. Hall.]
C. B. th. Caſpari Bauhini theatri botanici five
hiſtoria plantarum. Liber. I. 1658. fol.
Chabr. Chabræi ſtirpium ſciàgraphia & icones.
1677. fol. [A republication of the figures of
7. B. hiſtoria with names and a ſhort account
of the plants. ]
Chenal. De la Chenal obſervationes botanico-
medicæ. 1776. 4to.
Cluſ. Cluſii rariorum plantarum hiſtoria. 1601.
fol. [An original writer. He continued publiſh-
ing from 1576, to 1605. He died in 1609, at the
age of 84. Figures 1166.]
Cluſ. exot. Clufii exoticorum. libr. x 1605.
fol. [Figures 237.]
Clus.

xliv
CATALOGUE OF
Cluſ. app. alt. Ad rariorum plantarum hiſtoriam
Clufii altera appendix (with the former figures 19.]
Cluf. cur. Clufii curæ pofteriores. 1611. [with
Cluf. exot. Figures. 41.]
Col. ecphr. Columnæ minus cognitarum rariò-
Tumque noftro coelo orientium ftirpium εκφρασις.
1616. 4to. [Figures 203.]
Col. phytob. Columnæ Quto Bucavos. 1744. 4to.
[The firſt botanical engravings on copper. Fi-
gures 39.]
Crantz. crucif. Crantz claffis cruciformiuni emen-
data. 1769. 8vo.
Crantz. Crantz ſtirpium Auftriacarum partes
VI. 1769. 4to.
Crantz. umb. Crantz claffis umbelliferarum emen-
data, 1767. 8vo.
Curt. cat. Curtis's catalogue of Britiſh medicinal,
culinary, and agricultural plants, cultivated in
the London Botanic garden, 1783. 12mo.
Curt. Curtis's Flora Londinenfis, or plates and
deſcriptions of ſuch plants as grow within the en-
virons of London. 4 Vols. and 10 No's. of the
5th Vol. in all 58 No's. 1776, to 1787. fol. [An
admirable work, but the paper on which the plates
are taken off ſhould be better, and compleat de-
fcriptions are ſometimes wanting. ]
Curt. obf. Obſervations contained in a Cata-
logue of certain plants growing wild, chiefly in the
environs of Settle, Yorkſhire, obſerved by W.
Curtis in a 6 weeks botanical excurſion from
London
a

BOTANICAL WORKS.
xly
London, made at the requeſt of J. C. Lettſom,
M. D. F. R. S. &c. in the months of July and Au-
guſt, 1782, -and publiſhed in the Fl. Lond. No's.
45, and 48.
Cutl. An account of ſome of the vegetable
productions naturally growing in the neighbour-
hood of Ipſwich in New England, botanically
arranged, by the Rev. Manaſſeh Cutler, fellow
of the American Academy and Medical Society,
and member of Philof. Society at Philadelphia.
In the Memoirs of the American Academy of
Arts and Sciences. Vol. I. from p. 396 to p.
493. Boſton, 1785. 4to.
Dil. elth. Dillenii horti Elthamenſis plantarum
rariorum icones & nomina. Lugd. Bat. 1774. fol.
[Figures 417, drawn and etched by himſelf. Hall.]
Dill. Dillenii hiſtoria Muſcorum. 1763. 4to.
[Figures of near 600 ſpecies drawn and etched
by his own hand.]
Dickſ. Dickſon faſciculus plantarum cryptogami-
carum Britanniæ. 1785. 4to.
Dod. Dodonæi ſtirpium hiſtoria pemptades ſex
five libri xxx. 1616. Fol. [Figures 1330, ſome from
Cluf. and Lob. He began publiſhing in 1552,
and died in 1585.]
Eſchenboch obſervationes botanicæ. Lipſiæ 1784.
4to.
Evelyn, ſee Hunter.
Fabric.

xlvi
CATALOGUE OF
Fabric. helm. Fabricii enumeratio methodica plan-
tarum horti medici Helmſtadienſis. 1776. 12mo.
Fl. dan. Icones plantarum fponte naſcentium
in regnis Daniæ & Norvegiæ in ducatibus Sleſvici &
Holſatiæ, &c. ad illuſtrandum opus Floræ danicæ
nomine infcriptum. Tom. V.
Faſciculi xv.
1766.-1782. fol. The 3 firſt volumes by Oeder,
and by far the beſt; the 2 laſt by Muller.
Fl. lapp. Linnæi flora Lapponica exhibens plan-
tas per Lapponiam creſcentes. 1737. 8vo. [Fi-
gures characteriſtic.]
Fl. Rof: Flora Roſſica. Petropoli. 1784. Folio.
Fl. fuec. Linnæi flora Suecica, exhibens plantas
per regnum Sueciæ creſcentes. ed. II. 1755.
8vo. [Plate 1.]
Fuchſ. Fuchfii de hiſtoria ſtirpium comentarii,
inſignes, &c. 1542. fol. [Outlines well done
for the age.]
Garid. Hiſtoire des plantes qui naiſſent aux en-
virons d'Aix, & dans pluſieurs autres endroits de la
Provence ; par M. Garidel. 1715. fol. [Fig. 101.]
Gars. Les figures des plantes & des animaux d'
uſage en medicine, decrits dans la matiere medical
de M. Geoffroy, deſſinés d'après nature par M.
de Garſault. Tomes V. (1764.) 8vo. [Figures
643, from nature. HALL:]
Gen. pl. Linnæi genera plantarum, edente Rei-
chard. Francof. 1778. 8vo.
Ger.

BOTANICAL WORKS.
xlvii
Ger. Gerard's hiſtorie of plants. 1597. fol.
[Johnſon the editor of the 2d. edition informs us,
that the ground-work of this work was a M.S. tranf-
lation of Dodonæus by Dr. Prieſt, but to give it
the air of an original, diſpoſed in the method of
Lobel, then reſident in England, and botaniſt to
the King, and illuſtrated by figures taken from
the blocks of Tabernæmontanus procured from
Frankfort, by Mr. Norton, who was the common
patron of Prieſt and Gerard. This will explain
why I ſometimes fay of a fig. reprinted in Ger. em.
& cop. in Park & Ger. (ed. I.) Notwithſtanding
this, Gerard had the hardineſs to fpeak of Prieſt
and himſelf, in the following terms, “ And ſince
" that Dr. Prieſt one of our London College
“ hath (as I heard) tranſlated the laſt edition of
"Dodonæus, and meant to publiſh the fame, but
being prevented by death, his tranſlation like-
" wife periſhed. Laſtly myſelf have preſumed to
• ſet forth unto the view of the world the firſt
** fruits of theſe myne own labours." Haller fays
there are about 16 original figures.]
Ger. em. Gerard's herball, or generall hiſtorie
of plantes, very much enlarged and amended, by
Thomas Johnſon. 1636. fol. [Figures 2821
from the blocks of Dodonæus, Lobel, and Clufius,
with ſome original ones. HALL.]
Ger. prov. Gerardi (Ludovici) flora,
Gallo
Provincialis. 1761. 8vo. [Engravings too deli-
cately neat.]
GERM.

xlviii
CATALOGUE OF
tarum.
GERM. Syn. Vollſtandiges ſyſtematiſches ver-
zeichniſz aller gewachſe Teutſchlandes, &c. Erſter
Baud. Leipzig 8vo. 1782. [Aninduſtrious collation
of the ſynonyms of the plants of Germany. It has
merit in the novelty of the arrangement, and has
proved peculiarly uſeful to me in affording as far
as the middle of the claſs Pentandria, a reference
to the pages of the works of the older botaniſts,
their names only being given in the Pinax of C.
Bauhine. I am ſorry however, it is not in my
power to praiſe the author for the detection of old
errors, or the diſcovery of many new facts.]
Giſek.--or Gies. Giſeke & Schulze icones plan-
1777. fol. [They are rather ectypa, or
impreſſions taken from living plants, coloured, but
ill done.]
Giſeke. Index Linnæanus in Plukenetii opera,
& Dillenii hiftoriam mufcorum. 1779. 4to.
Gled. Gleditſchii methodus fungorum. 1753.8vo.
Gleditſchii Syſtema plantarum Berolini. 1764.8vo.
Confideratio Ekieriſeos Siegeſboc-
kianæ. Berol.
1745.
Gmel. Gmelin flora ſibirica, five hiſtoria planta-
rum Sibiriæ. Tomi IV.-1747.—1749.—1768.
1769.-4to. [Figures hard and unexpreſlive, ap-
parently from dried ſpecimens.]
Gmel. fuc. Gmelin (Samuel Gottlieb) hiſtoria
fucorum. 1768. 4to.
Gmel. tub. Gmelin (J. Fred.) enumeratio ſtir-
pium agro Tubingenſi indigenarum. 1776. 12mo-
Gorter.
.
12mo.
-
-

xlix
1xix
BOTANICAL WORKS.
a
Gorter. ingr. Flora Ingrica ex ſchedulis Ste-
phani Kraſcheninnikow confecta & propriis obſerva-
tionibus aucta a Dav. de Gorter. 1761. 8vo.
Goüan A. Gođani flora Monſpeliaca. 1765. 8vo.
Goüan. hort. Goŭani hortus regius Monſpeli-
enfis. 1762. 8vo.
.
Goüan. ill. Gođani illuſtrationes & obſervationes
botanicæ. 1773. fol.
Gunn. Gunneri flora Norvegica. Pars I. & II.
1766. 1772. fol. [Figures good.]
Hagen tentamen hiſtoriæ Lichenum. 1782. 8vo.
Hall. biblio. Halleri bibliotheca botanica.
Tomi II. 1771, 1772. 4to. [The index ſhamefully
incorrect.]
Hall. gott. Halleri enumeratio plantarum horti
regii & agri Gottingenſis. 1753.
Hall. opufc. Halleri opufcula botanica. 1749.
&
1 2mo.
I 2mo.
Hall.—or Hall. hift. Halleri hiſtoria ſtirpium in-
digenarum Helvetiæ. Tomi III. 1768. fol. [The
plates re-impreſſions, of thoſe of the ſtirpium. A
great man but I am afraid toojealous of the fame of his
co-temporary Linnæus, to adopt his improvements
in the language of botany, and in the diſcovery of
trivial names. An accurate and careful obſerver, his
knowledge of ſpecies very extenſive, and ideas of
genera formed on a cautious and exact compariſon
of the ſtructure of parts.]
Hall.

1
CATALOGUE OF
Hall. ftirp. Halleri enumeratio methodica ſtir-
pium Helvetia indigenarum. Tomi II. 1742.
fol. (Figures 77.)
Happ. Happé icones plantarum cryptogamiæ.
Decuria I. II. III.
fol. 1782.
Hartmann primæ lineæ inſtitutionum botanica-
rum. 1766. 8vo.
Hedw. hiſt. Hedwigii fundamentum hiſtoria
muſcorum frondoforum. Pars I. & II. 4to.
Lipſiæ. 1782.
Hedw. ftirp. Cryptogamicæ Faſc. I. II. Lipfiæ,
1785, 1786.
Hedw. theoria. Generationis & fructificationis
plantarum cryptogamicarum. 4to. Petropoli. 1784.
Herm. hort. Hermanni horti academici Lugduno-
Batavi catalogus. 1687. 8vo. (Figures 107.)
Hermanni paradiſus Batavus.
1698. 4to.
Hift. de l'Academ. Hiſtoire de l'Academie
Royal des Sciences. Paris.
Moriſoni plantarum hiſtoriæ univerfalis
Oxonienfis pars II. 1680. fol.-pars III. quam
.
explevit & abſolvit Jacobus Bobartius. 1699. fol.
-(Figures 3586. The iſt part intended to com-
prehend trees and ſhrubs, was never publiſhed.
The references are made to fections, plates, and fi-
gures. The original figures chiefly by Bobart, and
good.)
Hoffm. Hoffmanni enumeratio Lichenum, Faſc.
I. II. III. 1784, 1785, 1786. 4to.
Hort.
I
Herm. par.
H. ox.

BOTANICAL WORKS.
li
Hort. upſ. Linnæi hortus Upſalienfis; exhibens
plantas exoticas horto Upſalienſis academicæ a ſeſe
illatas. 1748. 8vo. (Plates 3.)
Hudſ. Hudſoni flora Anglica. ed. II. Tomi II.
1778. 8vo.—ed. I. 1762.
Hunt. evel. Sylva, or a diſcourſe on Foreſt
Trees, by J. Evelyn, with notes by A. Hunter,
M.D. 1776. 4to. ed. I.-1786. 4to. 2 vols. ed. II.
[Figures by J. Miller, with the parts of fructification.]
I
I 2mo.
Jacq. enum. Jacquin enumeratio ftirpium plera-
rumque quæ fponte creſcunt in agro Vindobonenſi,
montibuſque confinibus. 1762.
Jacq. ft. Jacquin flora Auſtriaca five plantarum ſe-
lectarum in Auſtriæ Archiducata fponte creſcentium
icones. Tomi V. 1773, &c. fol. [Admirable, and
wanting nothing but the parts of fructification apart.]
Jacq. hort. Jacquin hortus Vindobonenſis. Tomi
III. 1770, 1772, 1774. fol.
Jacq. miſc. Jacquin miſcellanea Auſtriaca. Tomi
II. 1778, &c. 4to.
Jacq. obſ. Jacquin obſervationes botanicæ.
Partes IV. 1764, to 1771. fol.
Imit. Imitated.
F. B. Hiſtoria plantarum univerſalis auctoribus
Johanne Bauhino & Cherlero, quam recenſuit & au-
xit Chabræus, juris vero publici fecit Graffenried.
Tomus I. 1650. (a) in the references ſignifies the firſt
part conſiſting of p. p. 602.-(b) the 2d part of p.
p.
p. 440.-Tom. II. 1651.-Tom. III. (a) or the
Vol. I.
d
firſt
I

lii
CATALOGUE OF
firſt part conſiſting of p. p. 212, (6), or 2d part of
p. p. 882. [Containing in all, according to Trew
in Blackw. 3577 figures.] Fol.
Fonft
. Jonſtoni dendrographia five hiſtoria natu-
ralis de arboribus & fructicibus. 1662. fol.
Kolpin florae Gryphicæ fupplementum. 1769.
12mo.
Kram. Kramer elenchus vegetabilium & ani-
malium Auftriæ inferioris. 1756. 8vo.
Lammerſdorff de Filicum fructificatione. 1781.8vo.
Leers flora Herbonenſis exhibens plantas circa
Herbonam Naffoviorum creſcentes. 1775. 8vo.
[The minuter parts admirably done, but the larger
parts not equally characteriſtic.]
Lee's introduction to Botany. 8vo.
Leyſ. Leyſeri flora Halenſis. 8vo. ed. ult. 1783-
Lightf. Flora Scotica, or a ſyſtematic arrange-
ment of the native plants of Scotland and the He-
brides, by the Rev. John Lightfoot, A. M. 2 vols.
1777. 8vo. [Little has been extracted from this
valuable work which does ſo much credit to its au-
thor and patron, it being acceſſible to the Engliſh
reader.]
Linn. Linnæus's works.
.
Linn. amoen acad.—ft. lapp.-- ft. fuec. -- gen. pl.
-hort. upſ.-mant. pl.-mat. med.-Sp. pl.-Syft.
nat.-Syft. pl.-phil. bot. See the ſeparate articles
of amoen. acad. &c.
Linnæi fundamenta botanica, 1747.
8vo.
Linnæi

BOTANICAL WORKS
liii
Linnæi bibliotheca botanica, 1747. 8vo.
Linnæi claſſes plantarum, 1747. 8vo.
Linnæi termini botanici a Hope, editi. Edinb. 8vo.
Rotheram editi, 1779, 12mo.
Giſeke, 1781. 8vo.
Linn. (the ſon,) or ſuppl. Linnæi (filii) fupple-
mentum plantarum. 1781. 8vo.
Linn. (the fon) dec. Linnæi(filii) decas plantarum
rariorum horti Upſalienſis, decas I. & II. 1762,
1763. fol.
Linn. (the ſon) faſc. Linnæi (filii) plantarum rari-
orum horti Upfalienſis faſcic. I. fol. [Theſe works
are characteriſtic outlines and pleaſe me much. I
wiſh fuch were more common, and if coloured
would I think generally pleaſe. Thoſe of Jacquin
are little more than outlines. ]
Lipp enchiridium botanicum. 1779. 8vo.
Lob. adu. L'Obel (Jacobi I. Mag. Brit. Fran.
& Hib. regis Botanographi, five plantarum hiſtoriæ
phyfica tam indigenarum & Britanniæ inquilinarum
quam exoticarum ſcriptoris) adverſaria, eorumque
pars altera & illuſtramenta. Lond. 1605. fol. p. p.
549. [Figures 273.]
Lob. obf. Lobel plantarum ſeu ſtirpium hiſto-
ria, (title page) ſtirpium obſervationes (title at
the beginning of the work, p. 9. and the running
title) 1576. fol. [Figures 1495, from Clufius and
Dodonæus, with a few new ones of his own.]
Lob. ic. (Lobelii) plantarum feu ſtirpium ico-
nes. 1581. [In a long form reſembling a muſick-
book.
d 2

liv
CATALOGUE OF
book. Figures thoſe of the adv.and obf. in all 2191
according to Haller, 2173 according to Trew. He
began to publiſh in 1570 and died in 1616, then in-
tending a larger herbal.
What he had prepared
for this work is ſaid to have fallen into the hands of
Parkinfon.]
Lobelii nova ftirpium adverſaria, auct. P. Pena,
addit. Gal. Rondeletii. Fol. Antverpiæ. 1576.
Loef. Plantæ hiſpanicæ & Americanæ. [Re-
publiſhed at the end of the 2d vol. of Dr. Forf-
ter's tranſlation of Boffu's travels through Louiſi-
ana, from p. 87 to the end. ]
Lon. Loniceri botanicon, plantarum hiſtoriæ.
1565. fol. [Figures 723.]
Ludw. Ludwig ectypa vegetabilium (impreffions
of living plants taken by means of printer's ink) Faſc.
VIII. 1760 to 1764. fol. (This is by farthe moſt cer-
tain method of tranſmitting to poſterity the know-
ledge of ſuch fpecies as have been found of greateſt
importance to mankind.)
Lyons faſciculus plantarum circa Cantabrigiam.
1763. 8vo.
Magn. bot. Magnol botanicum monſpelienfe
five plantarum circa Monſpelium nafcentium wWTO-
γνωμών.
gvoj.cov. 1676. 12mo. [Figures 23. ]
Mant. pl. Linnæi mantiffa plantarum generum
editionis VI, & ſpecierum editionis II. 1767, pub-
liſhed at the end of Syſt. nat. Tom. II. ed. 1 2ma.
1767. 8vo. pars altera (the pages continued from
the iſt part) 1771. 8vo.
Марр.

BOTANICAL WORKS.
lv
-
Mapp. Mappi hiſtoria plantarum Alfaticarum.
1742. 4to.
Marſhall, Arbuſtrum Americanum. Philadelph.
1785.
Mart. Martyn catalogus horti botanici Cantabri-
gienſis. 1771. 8vo.—Mantiffa plantarum horti
botanici Cantabrigienſis. 1772. 8vo.
Mat. med. Linnæi materia medica, curante
Schrebero. 1772. 8vo. [Plate 1.]
Matth. Matthioli commentarii in Dioſcoridem.
1565. fol. [Figures 932. Many of them cha-
racteriſtic, but his deſigner more of the ſpirit of a
painter than a botaniſt.]
Mattuſcka enumeratio ftirpium in Sileſia fponte
creſcentium. 1779. 8vo.
Merr. Merrett pinax rerum naturalium Britan-
nicarum.
1666.
Mich. Michelinova plantarum genera. 1729. fol.
Mieg. Specimen II. obfervationum botanicarum.
1776. 4to.
Mill. Miller's (Philip) abridgement of his gar-
dener's dictionary. 1771. 4to.
Mill. ic. Miller's plates to the folio edition of
his gardener's dictionary. fol.
Mill. ill. Miller's (John) illuſtration of the fex-
ual fyftem. 1777. fol. [Unneceffarily expenſive, by
giving 2 plates of each plant. Many plants well
figured for the firſt time. I wiſh we could have
faid all of them.]
Mill.
I 2mo.
d3

lvi
CATALOGUE OF
Mill. off. Miller (Jof.) botanicum officinale,
or a compendious herbal. 1722. 8vo. (In this
book many of the Latin names of plants are accent-
ed. Veronica is given with the i ſhort.)
Milnes botanical dictionary. 8vo.
Moench enumeratio plantarum indigenarum Haf-
fiæ praeſertim inferiores. Pars I. 1777. 8vo.
Mont. Monti catalogi ftirpium agri Bononien-
fis prodromus, gramina ac hujuſmodi affinia com-
plectens. 1719. 4to. [Plates 3-]
Moriſ
. umb. Moriſon plantarum umbelliferarum
diſtributio nova. 1672. fol. Tab. 12.
.
Mull. flora Fridrichſdalina five methodica de-
fcriptio plantarum in agro Fridrichſdalina fimulque
per regnum Daniæ creſcentium. 1767. 8vo.
Murr, prodr. Murray prodromus defignationis
ſtirpium Gottingenſium. 1770.
Muntingius de vera herba Britannica. 1681. 4to.
Munt. Muntingii phytographia curioſa edente
Kiggelaer. Pars I. II. 1702. fol. [Figures 264.]
Nat. delin. Nature delineated. (A tranſlation
of Spectacle de la Nature.) 4 vols. 1740.
.
Neck. Necker methodus mufcorum. 1771. 8vo.
Neck. gallo-belg. Necker deliciæ Gallo-Belgicæ
fylveſtres. 1768. 12mo.
Neck. phys:
Necker phyſiologia muſcorum.
I 2mo.
I 2mo.
1774 8vo.
Oeder. Author of the firſt 3 vols. of the Fl. dan.
3
to plate 540.
Park.

BOTANICAL WORKS.
lyii
Park. par. Parkinſon's Paradiſus terreſtris, or
a garden of all ſorts of pleaſant flowers, &c. with a
kitchen garden, and an orchard of all forte of fruit-
bearing trees. 1629. fol. [Figures 832, rude,
abridged, but frequently expreſſive, many on the
fame block.]
Park. Parkinſon's theatrum botanicum; the
theater of plants, or an herball of large extent, &c.
with the chiefe notes of Dr. Lobel, Dr. Bonham,
and others inſerted therein, &c. by John Parkinſon,
King's Herbariſt. 1640. fol. [Fig. 2716.] [Many
figures intended by Lobel for a general herbal fell
into Parkinſon's hands, and are ſaid to be inſerted
in this work. The greater part of his figures are
copies of Ger. em. but there are many new ones.]
Pena. See Lobel.
Pechey's complete herbal. 12 mo.
Penn. Scotl.—hebr.-wales. Pennant's tours in
Scotland and Wales, and voyage to the Hebrides.
Pet. Ray's Engliſh herbal illuſtrated by figures,
by James Petiver, (compoſing the former half of
the 2d vol. of his Opera in fol.)
Pet. concord. Graminum, mufcorum, fungo-
rum, ſubmarinorum, &c. Britannicorum concordia;
a methodical concordance of Britiſh Graffes, &c.
[The laſt article but one in the 2d vol, of his
works. Here may be ſeen the firſt beginnings of
an Engliſh botanical nomenclature revived by Stil-
lingfleet, and extended to the whole of the Britiſh
Flora, in the iſt edition of the Bot. Arrang. and
partially
a 4-

lviii
CATALOGUE OF
partially adopted in the laſt edit. of the Fl. Ang.
- Here alſo is found the modes of reference adopt-
ed by Mr. Lightfoot in the Fl. Scot. and which has
been purſued, I flatter myſelf, with ſome improve-
ments in this edition of the Bot. Arrang.]
Pet.
gaz. Petiver gazophylacium naturæ & artis.
(The plates in fol. compoſing the former part of the
iſt vol. of his works, the deſcriptions, the latter
part of the 3d vol. in 8vo.)
Pet. muſ. Muſeum Petiverianum 1695. (form-
ing with the deſcriptive part of the Gazophyla-
cium, 1702, the 3d vol. of his works.) 8vo.
Phil. bot. Linnæi philofophia botanica. 1751. 8vo.
Philoſ. Trans. Philoſophical Tranſactions.
London.
Pluk. Plukenetii phytographia, 1691. [Forming
Tom. I. of his works in Tomi IV. 1769, 4to ;-
and the latter ends of Tom. III. and IV. One of
the greateſt collections of ſpecies. Figures 2715.]
Pluk. alm. Plukenetii almageſtum botanicum,
1696. (Forming Tom. II. of his works.)
Pluk. amalth. Plukenetii amaltheum botanicum,
1705 (Compoſing the former part of Tom. IV.
of his works.)
Pluk. mant. Plukenetii almageſti botanici man-
tiſſa. 1700. (Compoſing the former part of Tom.
III. of his works.)
Pollich hiſtoria plantarum in palatinatu electorali
fponte creſcentium Tomi III. 1777. 8vo. [The
largeſt collection of complete original deſcriptions,
The

BOTANICAL WORKS.
lix
The parts of the deſcription are not placed in any
fixed order.]
-
R. cat.
Ray. or R. fyn. Raii fynopſis methodica ſtir-
pium Britannicarum editio ztia. 1724, 8vo. [Fi-
gures 67, which with numerous additions by the
editor Dillenius.—ed. I. 1690. ſmall 8vo.]
Raii catalogus plantarum Angliæ & in-
fularum adjacentium. ed. I. 1670 ;-ed. II.
1677, 12mo.
R. hiſt. Raii hiſtoria Tomi III. 1686 and 1704.
fol. [A collection of the beſt deſcriptions of all
the then known plants, with new ones, arranged in
a ſyſtem of his own. ]
Reich. Reichard in his edition of Linn. ſp. plant.
intitled ſyſtema plantarum. A mere compiler.
Reich. fl. Reichard flora moeno-fractofurtana
enumerans ſtirpes circa Francofurtum ad moenum
crefcentes. Pars I. 1772; pars II. 1778.
Reich. hort. Reichard enumeratio ſtirpium horti
botanici Senkenbergiani qui Francofurti adMoenum
eft. 1782. 12mo.
Reich. Syl. Reichard fylloge opufculorum bota-
nicorum. 1782. 8vo.
Relh. Relhan floræ cantabrigienfis exhibens plan-
tas agro cantabrigienſi indigenas. 1785. 8vo.
Relh. Suppl. Relhan floræ cantabrigienſi ſupple-
mentum. 1786. 8vo.
Renialmi ſpecimen hiſtorice plantarum. 1611,
4to. [Figures among ſome of the firſt on copper,
and

1x
CATALOGUE OF
and ſcarely ſince excelled. Moſt of his genera andfi-
gures are diſtinguiſhed by ſingle Greek names, after
the example of the aſtrological botaniſtThurnieffer.]
Retzi floræ fcandinaviæ prodromus.
Retz. A.
1779. 8vo.
I
Retz. or Retz obf. Retzii obſervationes botanicæ
faſciculus I, 1779; II, 1781; III, 1783, fol.
[conſiſting of original obſervations illuſtrated with a
few figures.]
Reyg. Reyger tentamen floræ gedanenſis.Dantiſci
1764. 12mo.
Riv. Rivini ordines plantarum flore monopetalo,
& tetrapetalo. Lipfiæ, 1690 and 1691. fol. [Fi-
gures 379, the moſt excellent which had then
appeared.]
Roi. Du Roi diſſertatio inauguralis obſervationes
botanicas fiſtens. 1771. 4to. (His ſpecific cha-
racters unneceſſarily long and diffuſe.]
Roſe's elements of botany. 1775. 8vo.
.
Roth beytr. Roth beytrage zur botanick, (in
German with Latin deſcriptions) Bremen 1782.
12mo.
Roth. verz.
Roth verzeichniſs derjenigen pflan-
zen, (in German with Latin deſcriptions.) Alten-
burg, 1781. 12mo,
Rouſſeau's letters on botany tranſlated, with ad-
ditional letters by T. Martyn, B. D. 1785. 8vo.
Rottb. Rottböll deſcriptionum & iconum rariores
& pro maxime parte novas plantas illuſtrantium.
1773. fol.[Numerous figures of foreign Graffes, &c.]
Rüling

BOTANICAL WORKS.
Ixi
Rüling ordines naturales plantarum. Goetting.
1774. 8vo.
Ruppii flora jenenfis five enumeratio plantarum
tam fponte circa Jenam et in locis vicinis nafcentium,
quam in hortis obviarum, 1726. 12mo. [Plates 9.]
Rupp. ab Hall. Ruppii flora jenenſis edente
Hallero. 1745. 12mo. [Plates 10, 4 of the old
ones and 6 new ones.]
Rutty's eſſay towards à natural hiſtory of the
county of Dublin. 2 vols. 1772. 8vo.
Sabbat. Sabbati hortus romanus fecundum fyf-
tema Tournefortii. Tom. IV. 1772.-1777. folio,
Schaef. Schaeffer fungorum qui in Bavaria &
Palatinatu circa Ratiſbonam naſcuntur icones.
Tomi IV. 1762 to 1774. 4to.
Schaeffer botanica expeditior. 8vo. [A labori-
ous but trifling and uſeleſs work, conſiſting of bota-
nical tables on copper-plates.] Ratiſbonæ, 1762.
Scheuch. Scheuchzeri agroftographia, five gra-
minum, juncorum, cyperorum, cyperoidum iiſque
affinium hiſtoria, edente Hallero. (With an ap-
pendix by the editor, and a re-impreſſion of the
plates of Scheuchzer's prodromus.) 1775, 4to..
[The figures 199, thoſe of the Agroſtographia bear-
-ing no fort of compariſon with the accuracy of the
deſcriptions.]
Scheuch. it. J. Jacobi Scheuchzeri itinera per
Helvetiæ alpinas regiones. 1723. 4to.
Schmid. Schmidel iconès plantarum & analyſes
partium, curante & edente Keller pictore norim-
bergenfi.
.

lxii
CATALOGUE OF
bergenfi. 1762. fol. --Manipulus II. curante &
edente Biſchoff chalcographo norimbergenſi, 1776.
fol. [p. 95 to 138, tab. 26 to 50, no deſcriptions of
tab. 36 to 50. - This work does great honour to
the author and to the artiſts of Nuremberg. ]
Schmid. blaf. Schmidel de Blaſia, 1759, 4to.
Schmid. buxb. Schmidel de Buxbaumia, 1758, 4to.
Schmid. jungerm. Schmidel de Jungermannia,
1760. 4to.
Scholler flora barbienſis. Lipſ. 1775. 8vo.
Schreb.
Schreber Beſchreibung der Graſer.
Plates 1 to 40.-(in German) Leipf. 1774. fol.
[Did this ingenious botaniſt mean to compel other
nations to learn German, or to confine his commu-
nications to his fellow citizens ?]
Schreb. ic. Schreber icones & deſcriptiones plan-
tarum minus cognitarum. Decas I. 1766. fol.
Schreb. mant. Schreber mantifſa editioni quartæ
Linnæi materiæ medicæ. 1782. 8vo.
Schreb. phaſc. Schreber de phaſco. 1770. 4to.
Schreb. Spic. Schreberi fpicilegium flora Lipficæ.
1771. 8vo.
Schreb. vert. Schreberi plantarum verticillatarum
unilabiatarum genera & fpecies. 1774. 4to.
Scop. Scopoli flora carniolica exhibens plantas
Carnioliæ indigenas. Tomi II. 1772, 8vo.
Scop. ann. Scopoli annus I, II, & III. hiſtorico-
naturalis. 1769; IV, 1770 ; V, 1772, ſmall 8vo.
Scop. ſubt. Scopoli plantæ fubterraneæ. 12mo.
Scopoli

BOTANICAL WORKS.
lxiii
Scopoli Introductio ad Hift. naturalem. 8vo.
Pragæ. 1777
Seguieri plantæ veronenſis, ſeu ftirpium quæ in
agro Veronenſi reperiuntur methodica fynopſis.
Tomus I. 1745. 8vo.
Spalowſky diſſertatio inauguralis de Cicuta, Flam-
mula Jovis, Aconito. Pulſatilla, Gratiola, Dictamno,
Stramonio, Hyoſcyamo, & Colchico, 1777. 8vo.
[Characteriſtic figures. Quoted under the title
of Stoerck.]
Sp. pl. Linnæi ſpecies plantarum, exhibentes
plantas rite cognitas ad genera relatas. Editio 2da.
Tom. I. 1762 ; II, 1763. 8vo. [The founda-
tion of alltrue botanic knowledge reſpecting ſpecies.]
Stilling. Stillingfleet's miſcellaneous tracts. 1762,
8vo. [Several of the drawings by Mr. Price, a
country gentleman of Herefordſhire.]
Stoerck. [See Spalowſky.]
St. Jonathan Stokes, M. D.
Stechmann de Artemiſiis, 1775. 4to.
Swert. Swertii florilegium. Tomi II. fol. Frank.
1612. [Figures 560, on copper, but coarſe.]
Syft. nat. Linnæi fyftema naturæ. ed. XII. Tomi
III. 1766, and 1767, 8vo.
Syft. pl. Linnæi fyftema plantarum curante
Reichard. Tomi IV. 1779, & 1780. 8vo.
Syft. veg. Linnæi fyftema vegetabilium, editio
XIV. (meaning the 14th republication of the vege-
table part of the ſyſtema naturæ) curante Murray.
1784. [Containing new ſpecies added by Jacquin
& Murray]-ed. XIII. 1774. 8vo.
Thal.

Ixiy
CATALOGUE OF
Thal. Thalii fylva Hercynia five catalogus
plantarum fponte naſcentium in montibus et
locis vicinis Hercyniæ quæ refpicit Saxoniam.
1588. fmall 4to. (publiſhed with Camerarii hort.)
[Figures 14.]
Thurneiſfeiri or Turnieſſeri hiſtoria five deſcrip-
tionum plantarum omnium liber I. 1578. fol.
(Treating of umbilliferous plants in ovals about 3
inches long, with coloured ornamented borders,
and each plant diſtinguiſhed moſtly by one, but
ſometimes two Greek words. p. p. 156.) An af-
trological botaniſt.
Tilli catalogus plantarum horti Piſani. 1723.
fol. [Figures 83.]
Tourn. Tournefort inſtitutiones rei herbariæ.
Tom. III. 1700. 4to. [The foundation of the true
knowledge of genera. Plates 489.]
Trag. Tragi de ftirpium maxime vero earum
quæ in Germania nafcuntur commentarii, interprete
Kybero. 1552. ſmall 4to. [Chiefly imitations of
Fuchfius. ]
Trew plantæ rariores edente Keller. 1763. fol.
Vaill. Vaillant botanicon pariſienſe ou denom-
brement par ordre alphabetique des plantes qui ſe
trouvent aux environs de Paris. 1727. fol.[Fig. 840.]
Vandelli Faſciculus plantarum. 4to. 1771.
Volck. Volckameri flora Noribergenfis, five ca-
talogus plantarum in agro Noribergenfi tam ſponte
nafcen-

BOTANICAL WORK S.
lxy
nafcentium, quam exoticarum in viridariis ac me-
dico horto enutritarum. 1700. 4to.
Walc. Walcott flora Britannica indigena. No.
I. to XIV.-[I wiſh this ingenious gentleman would
reſume his work, becoming as curious as Mr. Cur-
tis in the ſelection of characteriſtic ſpecimens, and be-
ginning the propoſed continuation with ſuch plants
as are not included within the limits of the Flora
Londinenſis. The parts of fructification might be
added, and perhaps it would be well to colour ſome
copies in the manner of the works of Jacquin.]
Walther Deſignatio plantarum quas hortus Wal-
theri pathologiæ profefforis Lipfienfis complectitur.
1735
8vo.
Warner plantæ Woodfordienſes ; a catalogue of
the more perfect plants growing fpontaneouſly
about Woodford in Eſſex, 1771. 12mo.
Weber. Weberi fpicilegium flora goetingenſis
plantas imprimis crytogamicas Hercyniæ illuſtrans.
1778. 8vo.
Weig. fl. Weigel flora pomerano-rugica exhi-
bens plantas per Pomeraniam anteriorem fuecicam
& Rugiam fponte naſcentes. 1769. 12mo.
Weig. hort. Weigel hortus Gryphicus. 1782.4to.
Weis, Plantæ Cryptogamicæ Floræ Gottingenſis.
8vo. 1770.
Wieg. Wiegel obſervationes botanicz. 1772.
4to. [Rather too fond of change.]
Wiggers

1xvi
CATALOGUE OF, &c.
Wiggers primitiæ floræ Holſaticæ. 1780.8vo. [His
novelties will generally bear examination.]
Wilcke flora Gryphica exhibens plantas intra mi-
liare ſponte nafcentes. 1765. 12mo.
Willich obf.
Willich obfervationes botanicæ
(publiſhed in an inaugural diſſertation 1747, and
republiſhed in Reichard fylloge, p. 82 to 94)-de
plantis quibufdam obſervationes, Gotting. 1762.
[republiſhed in Reich. fylloge, p. 94 to 142.-A
very ingenious obſerver.]
Willich ill. Willich illuſtrationes quædam bota-
nicæ. Gotting. 1766. (republiſhed in Reich. fyl-
loge, p. 142 to the end. In the firſt 5 leaves, of
5
fheet K, the pages are repeated.)
With. William Withering. M. D.
Wulf flora boruſſica. 1765. 8vo.
[Wulff] genera plantarum vocabulis characteriſ-
ticis definita. [Dantiſci] 1776. [I once formed a
botanical language on a plan ſomewhat ſimilar, but
I ſoon diſcovered that in proportion as plants reſem-
bled each other, the difficulty of diſtinguiſhing the
founds or combinations of letters expreſſive of them,
muft proportionably increaſe. Languages formed
on plans of this kind, muſt be full of ſuch ambi-
guous names as Clutia, and Cluſia.]
Zanon. Zanonii rariorum ftirpium hiſtoria, edente
Montio. Bonon. 1742. [Figures rude, but we muſt
recollect that they were firſt publiſhed in 1675.]
Zinn catalogus plantarum horti academici & agri
Gottingenfis. 1757. 8vo.
Claſs.

Claſs 1.
Μ Ο Ν Α Ν D RI Α.
I
1. C H I V E.
Order 1.
Μ Ο Ν Ο G Υ Ν Ι Α,
1. POINT A L.
11. HIPPU'RIS.
10. SALICOR'NIA.
Empalement o. Bloſſom o.
Empal. i leaf. Blof. o.
+ Aphanes.
Order II.
DI Gr N 1 A.
II. POINT A LS.
13. CALLITRICHE.
Empal. o. Bloſs. 2 Petals. Cap-
ſule 2 Cells.
Vol. I.
B
11. HIP-

2
MONANDRIA MONOGYNIA.
11. HIPPURIS. Mare's-tail.
EMPALEMENT, 0.
BLOSSOM, 0.
Chive, Thread ſingle, growing upon the receptacle of the
flower. Tip flightly cloven.
Pointal, Seed-bud oblong, ſuperior. Shaft fingle; awl-
ſhaped, upright, longer than the chive; ſituated
betwixt the chive and the ſtem. Summit ſharp.
SEED-VESSEL, O.
SEED, ſingle, roundiſh, naked.
ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Cup o. Petals o. Summit un-
divided. Seed 1.
common
HIPPU'RIS vulgaris. Leaves in eights, awl-ſhaped.
Linn. fuppl. 81.
Giſeke. 32. Fl. dan. 87. 7. B. iii. 732. fig. on the left hand the
beſt. Ger. 953. C. B. th. 243. 4. Park. 1200. 4. Seguier i. 2?
not in flower. (Dod. 113. 2. reprinted by Ger. em. 1114. 6. is an
Equiſetum, as is evident from the ſpike which terminates the left hand
ſtem). Parts of Fructification. Vaill. Mem. de Paris. 1719. 1. 3.
Leaves narrow; growing in whorls round the joints, 12 or more
at each joint. Flowers equal in number to the leaves. Stem ſtraight,
jointed. The flower of this plant is found at the baſe of each leaf, and
is as ſimple as can be conceived, there being neither empalement
nor bloffom; and only i chive, I pointal, and i feed. LINN.
Leaves to 13 in each whorl. Flowers with only Pointals ſometimes
intermixed in the ſame whorl. Tip when young, truly fitting; its
cells of a dark red. SCOP.
Mare's-tail. Paddowpipe.
Muddy ponds and ditches, not common. [About a mile from
Stafford, on the foot-road to Aſton. W.1
P. May.
It is a very weak aſtringent. Goats will eat it, but Cows, Sheep,
Horſes and Swine refuſe it.
a
10. SALI

I. CHIVE
3
I. POINT AL.
10. SALICOR'NIA. Glaſs-wort.
EMPAL. 4 edged, lopped, diftended, permanent.
Bloss. ô.
CHIVE. Thread ſingle, undivided, longer than the сир.
Tip double ; oblong; upright.
Point. Seed-bud oblong egg-ſhaped. Shaft fimple, ſtand-
ing under the chive. Summit cloven.
S. Vess.o. The cup diſtended and blown up includes
the feed.
Seed fingle.
Ess. CH. Cup bellying; entire. Petals o. Seed 1.
Obs. The number of chivés not very certain ; ſometimes there
are 2 in each flower. See Philof. Tranſ. vol. 57. pl. 312.
SALICOR'NIA herba'cea. Herbaceous, ſpreading. jointed
Joints flattend and between nick'dand cloven, at the end.
Fl. dan.303.cop.in Blackw.auct.598. Math. 465. Dod.82.1. reprint.
by Lob.adv. 170. 2. and Ger. 535. I. Pet.9.3. H. ox. V. 33.
8. J. B. iii. 705. 2. n. 1. 11. 111. Park. 280. 4. Barr. 192.
Spike jointed. Flowers near together at each joint. BASTER.
Flowers 3 together on each ſide the ſtem, in the clefts of the
joints. Joints thicker at the end, and blunt. Stem wide-fpreading.
Glaſs-wort. Salt-wort. Sea-graſs. Marſh Samphire.
Sea-ſhore, common.
A. Aug. Sept.
From the aſhes of this plant, a foffil alkaly is obtained, which
is in great requeſt for making ſoap and glaſs. It is chiefly made
on the coaſt of the Mediterranean, and is called Soda. The
green plant ſteeped in falted vinegar makes a pickle very little
inferior to Samphire. The whole plant has a ſaltiſh taſte, and
is greedily devoured by cattle.
Salicornia europæa herbacea. Huds. 6. B.
2.
SALICOR'NIA fruticoſa. Stem upright, ſhrubby. woody
Pet. 9.4.
Evergreen ; much larger than the S. herbacea. Spikes different,
never ſeen in Sweden, though the herbacea very common ; the
difference however very
little if any. LINN.
Foints nearly of an equal thickneſs ; blunt'; near together. Stem
more branched than the herbacea. Ger. Prov. 328.
LIGHTFOOT and Hudson regard it only as a variety of the for-
mer ſpecies.
Salicornia europæa fruticoſa. Huds. g. do mo
y
B 2
Near

4
MONANDRIA DIGYNIA.
Near the iſle of Sheepy, and in the iſle of Grain in the
Thames.
P. Aug. Sept.
Order II.
DIGYNIA. 11. POINTALS.
13. CALLIT'RICHE. Star-graſs.
EMPAL. o.
Bloss, Petals 2, bowed inwards, channelled ; tapering
to a point, ftanding oppoſite to each other.
Chive. Thread ſingle, long, crooked. Tip ſimple.
Point. Seed-bud, nearly round. Shafts 2, hair-like,
crooked. Summits ſharp.
S. Vess. Capſule roundiſh, a little compreſſed; with
4 angles, and 2 cells.
Seeds. Solitary, oblong.
Ess. Ch. Cupo. Petals 2. Caps. 2 Cells. 4 Seeds.
Oes. In the firſt ſpecies the chive and pointals are in ſeparate
flowers.
HUDSON'S GENERIC DESCRIPTION.
B. Flowers with only Chives.
EMPAL. o.
Bloss. Petals 2, oppoſite, oblong, concave, approaching.
Chive. Thread 1, very long, ſtraight. Tip roundiſh, undivided.
Point. S. Vess. SEEDS. O.
F. Flowers with Pointals on the ſame Plant.
EMPAL, Bloss. as in B.
Point. Seed-bud ſuperior; flattened. Shafts 2, thread-ſhaped, very long.
S. Vess. Caps. inverſely heart-shaped, flattened ; of 2 cells, 4 valves.
See. Single, oblong.
H. Flowers with Chives and Pointals on the ſame Piant.
EMPAL. Bloss. CHIVE, as in B.
POINT. S. Vess. SEEDS, as in F. (St.)
vernal
CALLITRICHE ver'na. Upper leaves oval. Chive
and pointals in ſeparate flowers. —
Stems feeble, numerous. Bloſs. ſmall, white. Upper leaves
growing near together in form of a ſtar; lower ones in pairs.
It flowers in the Spring.
Water Starwort. Water Fennel. Star-headed Water Chickweed.
VAR

I. CHIVE, II. POINTALS.
5
;
VAR. 1. Lower leaves ſtrap-ſhaped, blunt, as if lopped; a
line in breadth. HALL.-Leaves oblong. Chives, and pointals in
different plants. Fruit nicked at the end. Scop. (St.)
Ger. 830. 3. Park. 1258. 10.
Park. 1258. 10. Pet. 6. 3.
Barren and the fertile flowers frequently oppoſite to each other,
on different ſides of the ftem, in the boſom of the correſponding
leaves. Mr. Wood.
All the leaves fitting. Lower leaves ſpear-ſhaped, oppoſite, diſtant.
Upper leaves ſlightly notched at the end. Fertile flowers in the bo-
fom of the lower leaves ; barren ones amongſt the upper leaves,
which are crouded together. Petals thick, flat, bowed inwards at
the edge like a creſcent. When magnified they appear to be a
collection of air veſſels, and are undoubtedly intended to float the
fiower. WITH. Pl. 13. f. 1.
In ditches and ſtill waters, frequent.
A. Apr. Aug.
A Horſe refuſed it. ST.
VAR. 2. All the leaves roundiſh, on leaf-ſtalks, very
entire ;
in pairs, except the lower ones. Roots from the inſertions of the
leaves. HALL. 553. (St.)
Fl. dan. 129. 7. B. iii. 786. 2. Park. 1263. 2.-Parts of
fructification. Veill. 32. 10.
Chives 2. VAILL.
VAR. 3. Leaves egg-ſhaped. Chives and pointals in various
diſpoſitions. Scop. Creeping, ſtriking roots into the earth.-
DILL. in R. Syn. 289. (St.)
In places where water, that has ſtood during the winter, has
been dried up:
CALLITRICHE autumna'lis. All the leaves ſtrap- autumnal
ſhaped, cloven at the end. Chive and pointals in the
fame flower.
Pet. 6. 4. Gmel. iii. I. 2. bad.
Leaves oblong. Chives and pointals in different plants. Scop.
Bloſs. yellowiſh white. WITH.
Ditches and ſtill waters, frequent.
A. Sept.
It ſometimes grows fo thickly matted together as to allow one to
'walk
upon
it without ſinking.
Obs. SCOPOLI regards the C. verna (1.) and the C. autum-
nalis, as the ſame ſpecies, combining them together under the
name of C. fontana; making the C. verna (3.) a diſtinct fpe-
cies, by the title of C. ſtagnalis. Mr. HUDSON conſiders them
all as one ſpecies, which he calls C. aquatica ; giving as a ſpecific
character-" Leaves notched at the end." (St.)
Claſs
B 3

6
Claſs II.
D I A N D R I A;
II. G H I y E S.
Order 1.
MONOGYNIA; 1. POINTAL.
+ Lepidium ruderale. Salix hermaphroditica. Fraxinus excelfior.
* Bloſs i regular petal; beneath.
18. LIGUS'TRUM. Bloſs, with 4 clefts. Berry with
4 feeds.
** Bloſs. 1 irregular petal ; beneath. Seeds in a capſule.
26. VERONICA. Bloſs. with 4 diviſions in the bor-
4
der, the lower ſegment narroweſt,
33. PINGUIC'ULA.
Bloſs. gaping, ending in a Spur.
Empal. cloven into 5 parts.
34. UTRICULA’RIA.
Bloſs. gaping, ending in a Spur.
Empal. 2 leaves.
*** Bloſs. I irregular petal ; beneath. Seeds naked.
36. Ly'COPUS.
Bloſs. nearly equal. Chives dif-
tant from each other.
- Bloſs. gaping. Threads very ſhort,
each ſupporting a croſs thread,
+ Salicornia herbacea.
**** Bloſs. fuperior.
25. CIRCÆ'A.
Cup 2 leaves. Bloſs. 2 petals, in-
verſely heart-ſhaped.
42. SA L’via.
Order II.
DIGYNIA; II. POINTALS.
46. ANTHOXANTHUM. Empal. Huſk oblong, containing
i flower. Bloſs. 2 huſks, fur-
niſhed with awns.
* Bufonia.
18. LI-

II. CHIVES, I. POINTAL.
7
18. LIGUS'TRUM. Privet.
cominon
EMPAL. Cup 1 leaf; tubular ; very ſmall; with 4 up-
right blunt teeth in its rim.
Bloss. I petal ; funnel-ſhaped. Tube, cylindrical,
longer than the cup. Border expanded ; divided
into 4 egg-ſhaped fegments.
Chives. Threads 2; fimple, oppoſite. Tips upright,
nearly as long as the bloſſom.
Point. Seed-bud nearly round. Shaft very ſhort. Sum-
mit thick, blunt, cloven.
S. Voss. Berry globular; ſmooth; of 1 cell.
Seeds.
4, convex on one ſide ; angular on the other.
Essent. CHARACT. Bloſs. 4 clefts. Berry 4 ſeeds.
4
LIGUS'TRUM vulga're.
Mill. 162. 2. Math. 170. Blachw. auct. 140. Ger. 1208. 7. B.
i. 528. 2. copied by Johnſt
. 73.9. Fuchs. 480, copied by Tra-
gus, 1005. Ger. em. 1994. Swert. ii. 38. 4. (Park. 1446, is
the figure of a Euphorbia.)
Bloſs. white, in bunches, terminating. Berries black.-
Leaves ſometimes growing by threes, and ſometimes enlarged at
the baſe. Berries egg-ſhaped, continuing through the winter. Scop.
Fruit ſometimes white, and Berry ſometimes with 2 cells. Du Roi.
Shaft as long as the chives. Mr. HOLLEFEAR.
Segments of the Bloſs. thick and fleſhy. Chives generally 2, ſome-
times 3 or 4, in each flower. Threads, Tips, Pointal, white.
Leaves betwixt egg and ſpear-ſhaped, very entire ; growing in op-
poſite pairs. Fruit-ſtalks a little woolly when magnified ; every other
part of the plant perfectly ſmooth. Leaves ſometimes variegated
with white. WITH.
Privet. Prim. Print.
Hedges in gravelly foils.
S. June. July
The berries are filled with a dry, ſpongy, violet pulp, from
which a roſe-coloured pigment may be prepared. Scop.
It is planted to make hedges ;-it grows faſt, and may be raiſed
from cuttings. Mr. SOUTHALL.
With the addition of allum, the berries dye wool and ſilk of a
good and durable green ; for this purpoſe they muſt be gathered as
foon as they are ripe-the leaves are bitter, and ſlightly aftringent.
-Oxen, Goats, and Sheep eat it, Horſes refuſe it.
The Inſects obſerved to feed upon this plant are the Sphinx Li-
guſtri and Phalana Syringaria,
26. VERO-
B 4

8
DIANDRIA MONOGYNIA,
;
26. VERONI'CA. Speedwell.
EMPAL. Cup with 4 diviſions ; permanent. Segments
4
ſpear-ſhaped, ſharp.
Bloss. Wheel-ſhaped ; of 1 petal. Tube nearly as
long as the cup. Border flat, divided into 4 egg-
ſhaped ſegments. Lower ſegment narroweſt, that
oppoſite to it the broadeſt,
Chives. Threads 2; thinneſt at the bottom; aſcend-
ing. Tips oblong.
Point. Seed-bud compreſſed. Shaft thread-ſhaped, de-
clining; as long as the chives. Summit ſimple.
S. Vess, Capſule inverſely heart-ſhaped, compreſſed at
the point ; with 2 cells and 4 valves. .
SEEDS. Several ; roundiſh.
Ess. Char. Border of the bloſs. weith 4 diviſions ; the lower
Segment the narrowejl
. Caps. 2 cells.
Oes. The tube of the bloſs. is different in different fpecies;
in moſt very ſhort, but in the 3 firſt longer.
;
Spiked
* Flowers in ſpikes.
VERONICA Spica'ta. Spike terminating. Leaves
oppoſite, blunt, fcolloped. Stem aſcending; undivided.--
With a ſingle ſpike.- Fl. dan. 52. Clus. i. 347. 3. reprinted by
Lob. obs. 259.3, and Ger. em. 627.4. Vaill. 33. 4. 7. B. iii.
282. 3 and 4. original: H. ox. iii. 22. 4. (iark. 550 is the
V. Spuria.). With 2 or more ſpikes--(Specimen with 3 Jpikes given
me by the ſon of Prof. Jacquin, but by no means the plant, figured
by Clus. i. 346.2, reprinted by Ger. em. 628. 6. and 1. B.
iii. 284. 1. to which Scopoli and Reichard refer as a var. of this
Species; or J. B. iii. 282.2, referred to by Scopoli, which Bau-
hine expreſsly tells us is a copy of Fuchfius's fig. of The V.officinalis.)
Spikes ſometimes more than one. Bloſs. blue, white, or fleih-
colcured. REICH.
Leaves ſpear-ſhaped, toothed, ſomewhat hairy ; running down
the leaf-ſtalks. Flowers let clofe. Scop.
Upright
SCOPOLI's Distribution of the Species.
1. Leaves blunt.
V. fruticulofa, ſerpyllifolia, Beccabunga.
2. Leaves pointed.
(a.) upright.
v. Anagallis, Chamædrys, montana, fpicata, arvenſis.
(b) trailing
V. officinalis, fcutellata, agreſtis, hederifolia, triphyllos.

II. CHIVES, I. POINTAL,
9
Upright ſpiked male Speedwell, Smalleſt Fluellin.
Mountainous moiſt paſtures. (Cavenham heath near Bury,
Suff. Mr. WOODWARD.)
P. June.
Cows and Sheep will eat it, Goats and Horſes refuſe it,
VERONICA hybrida. Spikes terminating. Leaves Welſh
oppoſite, bluntly ſerrated, rough. Stem upright.--
Ray. 11. good.
Stems ſimple, aſcending, about a ſpan long. Spike oblong, ter-
minating, Leaves oval, rather blunt, downy, green on both
ſides ; ſerratures large, blunt. Leaf-ſtalks bordered. Linn.
Bloſs. blue; the tubular part hairy within. Leaves thick and
fleſhy ; rough with ſhort white hairs, which grow out of ſmall pro-
minent glands. With.
Veronica ſpicata hybrida. Huds.
Welſh Speedwell. Bugle-leaved Speedwell
.
On Craig Wreiddin, Montgom. [Near Penny-bridge in Lanca-
ſhire, Mr. WOODWARD.]
P. July
-
VERONI'CA officina'lis. Spikes on lateral fruit- common
ſtalks. Leaves oppoſite. Stem trailing: -
Ludw. ect. 100. Curt. n. 33. fafc. 3. Fl. dan. 248. Ger. 502. I.
Riv. 93. 2. Veronica. J. B. iii. 282. 1. Black. 143. Fuchs.
166, copied by Iragus 207, and 7. B. iii. 282.2. Math.
693, copied by Dod. 40. 3, reprinted by Lob. obs. 250, 2. and
Ger. em. 626. 2, again copied by Park. 550. 2. and in the H.
ox. iii. 22.7. (Dod. 40. 2. reprinted by Lobel. obs. 250. I.
and Ger. em. 626. 1. and cop. by Fark. 550. I. ſeems to be
a different plant; for in none of the ſpecimens which I have exa-
mined, nor in the preceding figures, are any of the ſtrap-ſhaped
leaves to be found which garniſh the lower part of the fruit-ſtalk in the
figures last referred to.)
Stems ſcattered on the ground, throwing out roots from the low-
ermoſt knots. Leaves aſcending, toothed. The whole plant hard
and dry. Fruit ripe in Sept. Scop.
Little fruit-ſtalks ſhorter than the floral leaves.—Tube of the Bloſs.
about half as long as the cup; white. Border pale purple: the
broadeſt ſegment marked with 6 or 7 deeper purple ſtreaks ; the
narroweſt ſegment with 3, and each of the lateral ſegments with 4.
Tips arrow-ſhaped. Stems cylindrical, woolly. Leaves oppoſite,
egg-ſhaped, ferrated ; hairy underneath, and at the edges. Floral-
leaves ſtrap-ſhaped. Some of the Fruit-ſtalks are ſo near the end of
the ſtem that at firſt view they appear terminating, but upon more
accurate examination we find one or more pairs of leaves beyond
them. With.

10
.
DIANDRIA MONOGYNIA.
a
Common Speedwell. Male Speedwell. Fluellin.
Barren ground; heaths.
P. May. June.
The leaves have a ſlight degree of aſtringency and bitterneſs. An
infuſion of them is recommended by Hoffman, as a ſubſtitute for
tea, but it is more aſtringent and leſs grateful.
It is eaten by Cows, Sheep, Goats, and Horſes. Swine refuſe it.
Shrubby
-
** Flowers in broad bunches.
VERONI'CA fruticulo'ſa ? Broad-topped ſpike ter-
minating. Leaves fpear-ſhaped, blunt. Stems fome-
what ſhrubby.-
Hall. 16. 1. Fl. dan. 342. Pona in Clus. ii. 337. 1. reprinted by
Ger. em. 628. 5. and copied by Fark. 551. 1.—not the V. Saxa-
tilis as Hall. and the German ſynonyms ſuppoſe, as is evident from
the deſcription of the colour of the bloſſoms.
Shoots perennial. Stems trailing and perennial at bottom, upright
and dying down at top. Leaves fomewhat ſcolloped ; upper ones
larger, ſmooth. Fruit large. Empal. with 4 clefts; ſlightly pu-
beſcent. Bloſs. white; with bloody ſtreaks. Fruit-ſtalks longer than
the floral-leaves. Linn.
Stems fimple ; always upright. Leaves egg-ſpearſhaped, or ob-
-
long; concave, pointed, toothed here and there. Bloſs. fleſh-co-
loured ; ſometimes white ; not large. Empal. fegments tapering
to a point. Caps. egg-ſhaped, blunt, not nicked at the end. Scop.
Leaves oppoſite. Cups ſmooth. Fruit-ſtalks longer than the floral
leaves. JACQ.
Veronica fruteſcens. Scop.
Mountains. Ben Nevis, Scotland. Mr.Hudson. S.May. June.
Mr. Lightfoot had inſerted on the authority of others the
V. alpina, but the examination of a ſpecimen proved it to be
only a ſlight variety of the V. Šerpyllifolia.
+ Beſides the above references, Mr. HUDSON has given alſo the
following to what HALLER (545 B) conſiders as a variety of the V.
fruticulofa; but SCOPOLI and LINNÆUS THE SON, (Suppl. 85.) think it
a diſtinct fpecies, which they have called the
rock VERONICA (ſaxatilis ?) Broad-topped ſpike terminating.
Leaves oppoſite. Empalements (omitted by Linn. but probably from
an error of the preſs) ſmoothill. Fruit-ítalks longer than the
leaves. JACQ. enum. p. 200.
Clus. i. 347. I. copied by Park. 551. 7. and H. ox. iii. 22. 5.
(not the V. fruticulofa as the German ſynonyms make it, as is evi-
dent from the deſcription copied from Cluhus.) 7. B. iii. 284.3.
(Pluk. 232. 5. Hall.)
Stems branched, wide-ſpreading, producing buds. Leaves ſit-
ting, nearly egg-haped, blunt, flattify, very entire, (But both
J. B.

II. CHIVES, I. POINTAL.
11
a
VERONICA ſerpyllifolia. Bunches terminating, ſmooth
nearly reſembling a ſpike. Leaves ſmooth, egg-ſhaped,
{colloped.
Leaves with 3 fibres, CURT.
Curt. n. 5. faſc. i. Fl. dan. 492. Walc. Dod. 41. 1. reprinted
by ob. Lobs, 250. 4, and Ger. em. 627. 2. 7. B. iii. 285. 1.
Riv. 99. Veronica minima repens. Id. t. 93. f. 147. 2. V. erecta
Sylveſtris? Pluk. 233. 4. Ger. 503. 3. (Gouan. illuftr. 1. 2. has
every appearance of being a diftinet ſpecies.)
Leaves elliptical, feldom more than 4 pair, the reſt alternate.
Bloſs. white; the 3 upper ſegments marked with blue lines ; the
throat and tube of a greeniſh tinge. Threads white. Tips blue.
Shaft reddiſh. Summit white, circular, flat. Fruit-ſtalks ſhorter
than the floral-leaf immediately below it, pubeſcent, hairs knobbed.
Empal. not ſo hairy as the fruit-ſtalks. Scop.
It is difficult to diſtinguiſh this from the V. ſpicata, in which
Linnæus ſays the flowers form a “terminating Spike," and in this he
ſays they form a “terminating bunch nearly reſembling a ſpike.” Lin-
næus gives no other difference by which they can be diſtinguiſhed,
and it is evident that this is hardly ſufficient. The ſtem in the ſerpyl-
lifolia is often undivided as well as in the ſpicata, and when it is
branched it is only near the root. Cup deeply divided into 4 equal
ſpear-ſhaped ſegments, not evidently hairy. Bloſs. pale blue ; up-
per ſegment with 5 or 8 purple lines, lateral ſegments with 3 ;
ſmalleſt ſegment white. Tips blue. Seed-bud nearly heart-ſhaped ;
Shaft permanent; blue towards the top; Summit whitiſh. S. Ver.
fringed with hairs round the edge. Stem cylindrical, aſcending ;
ſeveral riſing from the ſame root, but frequently each has its own
particular root; bearing from 5 to 7 pair of leaves; moſtly oppo-
fite; the upper ones intermixed with the flowers. Leaves egg-
ſhaped, fitting, ſmooth, very ſlightly ſcolloped. Upper floral-leaves
J. B. and Clus, and even Scop. himſelf in his firſt Ed. defcribe
them as minutely ſcolloped here and there, as they are in a
ſpecimen given me by the Son of Profeſſor JACQUIN. ST.)
Broad-topped ſpike ſometimes running into a bunch. Empal, and
Caps, with a very night hairineſs, but ſometimes quite ſmooth.
Bloſs. ſegments roundiſh, very blunt. Floral-leaves ſometimes al-
ternate. Jace:
Veronica fruticans. JACQUIN.
The Higher Alps. SCOP.
June. July. JACQ.
Mr. Hudſon fubjoins to each ſynonym a mark of doubt.
Not having ſeen Mr. Hudſon's ſpecimen, I can only offer the above
ſynonyms, to enable ſome Botaniſt on the ſpot to aſcertain this very
dubious plant. Dr. STOKES.
3

12
DIANDRIA MONOGYNIA.
o alternate, ſpear-ſhaped, twice as long as the fruit-ſtalks, Flowers on
ſhort fruit-ſtalks, one riſing out of the boſom of each floral-leaf,
and forming altogether a long, leafy, ſpike-like bunch, terminat
ing. With
Smooth Speedwell. Pauls Betony,
Meadows and paſtures, not uncommon,
Horſes, Cows, Goats, and Sheep eat it.
P. May
Brook-lime
VERONICA Beccabunga. Bunches lateral. Stem
creeping. Leaves flat ; egg-ſhaped.-
Ludw.ect. 30. Curt. n. 15. faſc. ii. Scheldr. (Brookl.) Riv. 100,
Beccabunga. Walc. Fuch. 725. copied by Tragus 188. Blackw.
48. 1. and 2. Fl. dan. 511. Dod. 593. 1. reprinted by Lob. obs.
248.3. Ger. em. 620. I. copied by Park. 1236. 1. and ill
copied in the H. ox. iii. 24. 24. Ger. 496. 1. (Blackw. auct.
48. 2. Fuch. and Trag. are regarded by Thal. C. B. and Trew
in Blackw. auct. as ſpecifically differing from the other.)
Smooth, ſucculent. Stem cylindrical. Leaves edged with ſhort
teeth, terminated by glands. Bloſs. each ſegment terminated by a
gland, and marked at the baſe with 2 white lines, Scop.
Leaves fitting ; ferrated. Cup with 4 unequal diviſions. Bloſs. blue;
ſometimes white. Tube of the bloſs. much ſhorter than the cup.
.
Border with 4, and ſometimes 5 unequal diviſions. Seed-bud with a
thick, glandular, yellowiſh green ſubſtance under its baſe. WITH.
Brooklime,
Slow ſhallow ſtreams, and near ſprings that ſeldom freeze.P.June.
The leaves are mild and ſucculent, and are eaten in ſallads early
in the Spring. Cows, Goats, and Horſes eat it, Swine refuſe it.
'This, and ſome other ſpecies of Veronica, afford nouriſhment
to the Papilio cinxia, Curculio and Chryſomela Beccabunga.
Pimpernel
VERONICA Anagallis. Bunches lateral. Stem
upright. Leaves ſpear-ſhaped, ſerrated.
Ger. 496. 3. Pet 51. 12. Ger. 496. 2. cop. in Ger. em. 620.2.
Riv. 100. (referred by Trew in Blackro. auct. to his leſſer var. of
V. Beccabunga.) J. B. iii. 791. 1. Blackre. aucl. 48. 3. &
branch. H. ox. iii. 24. 25.
Bunches numerous. Seeds very ſmall. Scop. Bloſs. pale purple.
Long-leaved Brook-lime. Water Pimpernel.
Slow ſtreams and ſhallow ponds. (Ditches about Tamworth. W.)
P. July. Aug.
Cows, Goats, and Sheep eat it. Horſes and Swine refuſe it.
VERO

II. CHIVES, I. POINTAL.
13
VERONI'CA ſcutella'ta. Bunches lateral, alternate. narroza
Little fruit-ſtalks pendant. Leaves very entire ; ftrap- leaved
ſhaped.-
Riv. 96. V. paluſtris anguſtifolia. Fl. dan. 209. J. B. iii. 791. 2.
H. ox. iii. 24. 27.
Bunches ſlender, limber, wide-ſpreading. LINN.
Stems angular. Fruit-ſtalks branched ; ſhorter than the leaves.
Cup finall. Caps. 4 feeds generally in each cell. Scop.
Leaves always finely toothed. JACQ. enum. (as in fig. of Fi.
dan. St.)
Leaves oppoſite ; betwixt ſtrap and ſpear-ſhaped ; ſet with 2 or 3
very
minute teeth ; lower leaves with moſt teeth. Stem often
trailing and ſending out roots from the joints. Bloſs. white or
purpliſh. With.
Poor ſwampy ſoil. [Boggy meadows near Bungay, and in the
fens of Cambridgeſh. Mr. Woodward.] P. June. Aug.
Eaten by Cows, Goats, Sheep, and Horſes. Swine refuſe it.
pair of
-
VERONI'CA montana. Bunches lateral; of only Kalked
few flowers. Cup rough with hair. Leaves wrinkled';
egg-ſhaped, ſcolloped ; on leaf-ſtalks. Stem feeble.-
Bunches elongated, thread-ſhaped. Leaves blunt, ferrated ; fer-
ratures thick. Stem and leaf-ſtalks rough with hair. Linn. the Son,
Capſule longer than the cup. From CURTIS.
Jacq.ft.109. Curt. n. 37 .faſc.iv. H.ox. iii. 23. 15. Pet.51.4. Riv.g3.
Stem creeping. Cups with 4 clefts. Leaves red underneath.
Bunches, as in the V. Scutellata, ſlender; much longer than the
leaves ; with few flowers. Fruit round and flat ; notched at the
top and at the baſe. LINN.
Bloſs. lower ſegment white. Seeds 4 in each cell; flat, egg-ſhaped ;
-
,
with an eye. HALL.gott. 235. Leaves ſometimes heart-ſhaped. Scop.
Mountain Madwort.
Hedges and moiſt woods. [Wood at the weſt end of Powick
Ham, near Worceſter. Dr. Stokes.]
D. May
VERONICA Chamæ'drys. Bunches lateral. Leaves Germander
egg-ſhaped, wrinkled, toothed, without leaf-ſtalks. Stem
feeble. -
Capſule a little ſhorter than the cup. JACQ,
Curt. n.4. faſc. i. Fuch. 872; copied by Trag. 203. and J. B.
iii. 286. 1. Fl. dan. 448. Walc. Ger: 530.4. Riv. 94. V.
prat. latif. Clus. i. 352. 1. reprinted by Ger. em. 657. 3. and
Lobel. obs. 259. 4. and ill copied in H. ox. iii. 23. 12.
Leaves fibred, jaggedly toothed, woolly ; their breadth more than
I-half the length ; lower ones oval, upper ones heart-ſhaped.
Threads

14
,
DIANDRIA MONO GYNIA.
procumbent
Threads at the baſe and point, and throat of the blofs. white. Duſt
white. Shaft whitiſh at the baſe. Summit reddiſh. Seed-bud woolly.
Scop.
Leaves betwixt heart and egg - ſhaped. Fruit-ſtalks and ſeg-
ments of the cup, hairy : theſe hairs, when magnified, appear
terminated by minute globules. (See Pl. 13. f. 2.) Bloſs. a fine
blue. Bunches long, oppoſite, upright. With.
Wild Germander.
Paftures ; fides of hedges.
P. May.
The leaves are a better ſubſtitute for Tea than thoſe of the V. of-
ficinalis, being more grateful and leſs aſtringent. Cows and Goats
eat it, Sheep, Horſes, and Swine refuſe it.
*** Fruit-ſtalks with 1 flower.
VERONI'CA agres'tis. Flowers folitary. Leaves
heart-ſhaped, jagged, ſhorter than the fruit-ſtalk,
Leaves on Leaf-ſtalks. Huds. Stem trailing. Curt.
Curt. 1.7. faſc. i. Fl. dan. 449. Riv. 99. V. fol. chamedryos.
Walc. Fuch. 22. copied by J. B. iii. 367. I. H. ox. iii. 24.
22. Dod. 31. 2. reprinted by Ger. em. 616. 1. and copied by
Park. 764. 4. bad.
Bloſs. blue ; ſometimes white. Linn.
Segments of the cup egg-ſhaped, equal. GOUAN.
Flowers early in April, often in March. Bloſs. with ſome blue and
fome white ſegments. Seeds from 4 to 8 in each cell. Mr.DICKENSON.
Germander-Chickweed.
Paſtures and ploughed fields.
A. April.
Cows, Goats, Sheep, and Horſes eat it.
VERONICA arven'ſis. Flowers folitary. Leaves
heart-ſhaped, jagged, longer than the fruit-ſtalk.--
Sitting. Huds. The lower ones on leaf-ſtalks. Curt.
Col. plyt. 8; well copied by J. B. iii. 367. 2. Curt. n. 23. faſc.
ii. Ger. 489. 8. Ger. em. 613:7; copied by Park. 762. 4. (H.
ox. iii. 24. 21. bad. Seems more to reſemble the V. verna)
(Fl. dan. 515, a different Species? I have ſince obſerved with
pleaſure that the accurate RETZIUS, in his prodr. ftor. Scandinav.
Subjoins a mark of doubt to his reference to this plate.)
Cups longer than the fruit-ſtalk. Scop.
Leaves hairy, marked with 3 longitudinal grooves; upper leaves
3
fitting. Flowers about a month later than the V. agreſtis. Mr.
DICKENSON.
Cup with ſpear-ſhaped unequal ſegments. Gouan. Bloſs. pale blue.
Speedwell--Chickweed.
Old walls; amongſt rubbiſh ; and fallow fields.
A. May
Horſes eat it,
wall
VERO-

II. CHIVES, I. POINTAL.
15
-
.
.
VERONI'CA hederifo'lia. Flowers folitary. Leaves ivy-leaved
heart-ſhaped, flat, divided into 5 lobes.-
5
Curt. n. 19. fafc. ii. Walc. Fl. dan. 428. Riv. 99. V. fol. he-
dere. Dod. 31. 1. reprinted by Lob. obs. 247. 1. and Ger. em.
616. 3; copied by Park. 762.3. F. B. iii. 368. 2. H. ox. iii.
24. 20. (Buxb. cent. i. 40. 1. Mould ſeem from the bloſs. to be a
different ſpecies.)
Seeds with a dimple at the top; 2 in each cell of the capſule. Linn.
Leaves fometimes with 3 lobes. Cup with oblong, heart-ſhaped
3.
ſegments, longer than the bloſs. Bloſs. when fallen off, 4 cornered.
Seeds yellowiſh, wrinkled, adhering to a 4 cornered receptacle :
they ripen in 28 days. Scop.
Root-leaves 2 ; oppoſite, oblong. Mr. HOLLEFEAR.
Stem compoſed of a hollow cylinder, ſurrounding a ſtrong, elaſtic,
thread-ſhaped fibre, as in the Alfine media (ſee Pl. 13. f. 3.) One
fruit-ſtalk ariſes from the boſom of each leaf. Middle ſegm. of the leaves
far the broadeſt. Cupfringed at the edges with long taper white hairs.
Bloſs. blue. Sown in a garden I have ſeen it half a yard high. With.
Small Henbit. Ivy Chickweed.
Hedge banks ; ploughed fields.
A. April. May
VERONICA triphyllos. Flowers folitary. Leaves trifid
with fingered diviſions. Fruit-ſtalks longer than the cup.-
J. B. iii. 368. 1. Fl. dan. 627. habit well expreſſed. Riv. 96. V.
fol. rute. (Ger. em. 612. 5. copied ly Park. 1260. 6, and in
H. ox. iii. 24. 23. very ill done, or a different plant, a conjeflure
juſtified by its fingered leaves, large bloſs. and flowers as it were
in broad-topped ſpikes.)
Leaves ſhorter than the fruit-ſtalks ; reddiſh underneath. Scop.
Root-leaves heart-ſhaped, jagged. Bloſs. blue. Capſules large;
deeply notched. Mr. WOODWARD.
Right, or upright Chickweed.
Sandy fields. [Near Cock-ley Cley, Norfolk, and Bury, Suffolk,
Mr. Woodward.]
A. April. May
Cows, Goats, and Sheep eat it.
VERONICA ver'na. Flowers folitary. Leaves with vernal
fingered diviſions. Fruit-ſtalks ſhorter than the cup.-
Roſe. 2. 1. Fl. dan, 252. H. ox. iii. 24. 21 ?
.
Stem ſtiff, upright. Linn.
Cup much longer than the bloſs. and deeply divided into 4 ſpear-
ſhaped, blunt, unequal ſegments. Bloſs. blue; green at the baſe.
Tips white. Summit ſlightly fringed. Floral-leaves fpearſh. blunt.
Fruit-ſtalks very ſhort. With.
Dry,

16
DIANDRIA MONOGYNIA.
Dry, barren ſoil; old walls and rocks. [Near Bury, in the
moſt dry and driving fand : the plant is frequently nearly buried
in it. Mr. WOODWARD.]
A. April. May.
.
33. PINGUIC'ULA. Butterwort.
EMPAL. Cup gaping; ſmall; ſharp; permanent. Upper
lip upright ; with 3 clefts; lower lip reflected ;
cloven.
BLOSS. I petal, gaping. 'Longer lip ſtraight, blunt,
with 3 clefts ; falling back : ſhorter lip cloven,
ſomewhat blunt and expanding. Honeycup horn-
ſhaped, being a production of the lower and hinder
part of the petal.
Chives. Threads 2 ; cylindrical; crooked; aſcending;
ſhorter than the cup. Tips roundiſh.
Point. Seed-bud globular. Shaft very ſhort. Summit with
2 lips ; upper lip large ; flat; reflected ; covering
the tips ; lower lip ſhort ; very narrow ; upright ,
cloven.
S. Vess. Capſule egg-ſhaped ; of 1 cell; compreſſed,
and opening, at the point.
Seeds. Many ; cylindrical. Receptacle looſe,
Ess. CHAR. Bloſs. gaping ; ending in a Spur. Cup with 2
lips and 5 clefts. Caps. I cell:
PINGUICULA vulgaris. Honeycup cylindrical,
the length of the petal.-
Fl. dan. 93. Clus. i. 310. 2. reprinted by Ger. em. 788. 2. Ger.
644. 7. B. iii. 546. 1. Park. 532. 2. H. ox. v. 7. 13.
Leaves covered with ſoft upright pricklės, fecreting a glutinous
liquor. Bloſs. violet, purple and reddiſh, with white lips, and an
áfh-coloured woolly ſpot on the palate. LINN.
Butterwort. Yorkſhire Sanice.
On Bogs. (Broadmoor, about 3 miles S. Weſt of Birmingham.
Mr. BRUNTON. On the N. W. fide of Malvern hills, but not on
the S. or S. E. fide. Mr. BALLARD.]
P. May.
If the freſh gathered leaves are put into the filtre or ſtrainer
through which warm milk from the Rein Deer is poured, and the
milk is ſet by for a day or two to become aceſcent, it acquires
conſiſtence and tenacity ; the whey does not ſeparate, nor does the
cream ; in this ſtate it is an extremely grateful food, and as ſuch is
uſed by the inhabitants in the North of Sweden. There is no fur-
ther occaſion to have recourſe to the leaves, for half a ſpoonful of
common
this

II. CHIVES, I. POINTAL.
17
a
this prepared milk, mixed with freſh warm milk, will convert it
to its own nature ; and this again will change another quantity of
freſh milk, and ſo on without end. (This did not ſucceed when
tried with Cows milk. Mr. HAWKES.) The juice of the leaves
kills lice; the common people uſe it to cure cracks or chops in
Cows elders. Linn.—The plant is generally ſuppoſed injurious to
Sheep : occaſioning a diſeaſe which the farmers call the Rot. But
it may be made a queſtion, whether the Rot in Sheep is ſo much
owing to the vegetables in marſhy grounds, as to a flat inſect called
a Fluke (Faſciola hepatica ) which is found in theſe wet ſituations ad-
hering to the ſtones and plants, and likewiſe in the livers and bi-
liary ducts of Sheep that are affected with the Rot.-From experi-
ments made on purpoſe, and conducted with accuracy, it appears,
that neither Sheep, Cows, Horſes, Goats, nor Swine, will feed
upon this plant.
PINGUICULA villoſa. Stalk with a ſlight wool- hairy
lineſs.-
Lightf. 6. 1.-F1. lapp. 12. 2.
Stalk very ſlender ; not very evidently pubeſcent. Bloſs. violet-
coloured ; Spur ſtanding out. In all its dimenſions 6 times ſmal-
ler than the P. vulgare. Linn.
Leaves tender and delicate ; the edges approaching. Veins pur-
pliſh. Huds.
Honeycup ſhorter than the petal ; nearly cylindrical, blunt,
LightFoor.
Leaves roundiſh. S. Vel.heart-ſhaped ; of 2 valves.
Marſhes in Dorſetíh. Hampſh. Devonſh. and Cornwall, fre-
quent. HUDS.
Near Air, and in the iſland of Lamlaſh, Scotland. Dr.
HOPE.
P. June. July.
-
--
PINGUIC'UL A alpi'na ? Honeycup conical. Shaft mountain
ſhorter than the petal.-
Fl. dan. 453.—Gunn. ii. 4. 4.-Fl. lapp. 12. 3, from a dried Spe-
cimen.
Blofs: white; woolly ſpot on the palate yellow. Spur converging,
blunt. Threads bowed inwards at the baſe, touching near the ſeed-
bud. Tips flatted, yellowiſh. Caps. 2 edged at the point, pubeſ-
cent ; hairs knobbed. Seeds to 180 ; oblong, brown, ſcored at
;
the point; fixed to a roundiſh, ſtalked receptacle. Scop.
Said to have been found in Orkney, and between Erwin and
Air, but ſuſpected to have been the P. villoſa. Lightf. P.
Vol. I.
с
34. UTRI

18
DIANDRIA MONOGYNIA.
34. UTRICULA'RIA. Bladder-fnout. (Petiv.)
EMPAL. Cup 2 leaves ; leaves very ſmall, egg-ſhaped,
concave, deciduous.
Bloss. I petal, gaping. Upper lip flat, blunt, upright.
Lower lip large; flat; entire. A heart-ſhaped palate
ſtanding prominent betwixt the lips. Honeycup, like
a little horn, grows from the baſe of the petal.
Chives. Threads 2; very ſhort; bent inwards. Tips
ſmall and adhering together.
Point. Seed-bud globular. Shaft thread-ſhaped ; as long
as the cup. Summit conical.
S. Vess. Capſule large ; globular; of 1 cell.
Seeds. Many.
Ess. Char. Bloſs. gaping, ending in a Spur. Cup 2 leaves,
equal. Caps. 1 cell.
Obs. The plants of this genus are very remarkable ; the roots
being loaded with ſmall membranaceous bladders.
greater
UTRICULA'RIA vulga'ris. Honeycup conical.
Stalk bearing but few flowers.-
Fl. dan. 138.-Riv. 79, cop. by Petiv. 36. 11.-Ger. em. 828. 5.
cop. by J. B. iii. 783. 3. and by Park. 1258, 9, with an ad-
ditional fig.--Parts of fructification, Schmied. 21. 12, at the bottom.
Cup permanent ; its lower leaf very ſlightly notched at the end.
Bloſs. full yellow ; with purpliſh red ſtreaks. Honeycup conical,
blunt, lined with minute, ſhining, globular glands. Threads thick,
fleſhy, crooked ; fixed to the baſe of the ſeed-bud. Summit 2 lips;
one very ſmall; the other broad, flat, thin, fringed at the edge.
After the impregnation of the Seed-bud this larger lip cloſes the
aperture of the Shaft. Stalk cylindrical, ſcaly towards the top, and
dividing into three. Leaves in whorls ; thread-ſhaped, greatly
branched and forked; ſet with minute whitiſh harmleſs thorns,
and hollow bags, which have a glandular appearance ; they con-
tain a tranſparent watery fluid, and a ſmall bubble of air. They
are pear-ſhaped but rather compreſſed ; with an open border at
the ſmall end, from the edges of which ariſe 3 or 4 very
lender
fibres, which perhaps are the real roots of the plant. See Pl. 13.
fig. 4. (a) a ſmall branch with its thorns. (b) the open border with
the roots. (c) the cavity of the bag, filled with a bubble of air and
a watery fluid. This fluid, when greatly magnified, appears to
contain a quantity of extremely minute ſolid particles. With.
a
Hooded

II. CHIVES, I. POINTAL.
19
Hooded Water-milfoile.
Wet ditches and ſtagnant waters. [In ſhallow water on Bir-
mingham Heath. W.]
P. July.
lelſer
UTRICULA'RIA mi'nor. Honeycup keeled.---
Schmied. 21.- Fl. dan. 128.-Pluk. 99. 6, cop. by Pet. 36. 12.
Honeycup obſolete; pointing downwards. Mouth of the bloſs.
open, gaping ; without a prominent palate. Roots hair-like, very
flender, ſwimming ; beſet with ſmall membranaceous bladders.
Stalk as long as one's finger, ſimple, very flender; dividing to-
wards the top into 3 fruit - ſtalks with 3 floral leaves. Root-
leaves winged, hair-like; little leaves few ; equal. Cup with the
lower leaf reflected. Bloſs. 2 petals, gaping. Upper lip horizontal,
,
heart-ſhaped, perforated at the baſe, fixed to the receptacle. Lower
lip larger, heart-ſhaped, reflected at the fides ; bellied at the baſe
on the under fide, prominent and keel-ſhaped. Seed-bud egg-
ſhaped. Shaft fimple, ſhort, Summit betwixt egg and tongue
ſhaped. Bloſs. a paler yellow than the preceding ſpecies. Linn.
Ditches and muddy ponds. [St. Faith's Bogs near Norwich.
Mr. PITCHFORD.]
P. June. July
36, LYCOPUS. Gypſie-wort.
EMPAL. Cup i tubular leaf, with 5 ſhallow clefts ; ſeg-
ments narrow and ſharp.
Bloss. I unequal petal. Tube cylindrical, as long as
the cup. Border with 4 clefts ; blunt, open ; ſeg-
ments nearly equal, but the lowermoſt ſomewhat
ſmaller ; the uppermoſt ſomewhat broader than the
others, and notched at the end.
Chives. Threads 2; diſtant ; generally longer than the
bloffom, and bending under its upper ſegment.
Tips ſmall.
Point. Seed-bud with 4 clefts. Shaft thread-ſhaped ;
ſtraight ; as long as the chives. Summit cloven ;
reflected.
S, Vess. None.
Seeds. 4: roundiſh ; at the bottom of the cup. .
Ess. CH. Bloſs. with 4 clefts ; one ſegment notched at the
end. Chives diftant. Seeds 4, rounded.
.
C 2
LYC'O-

20
DIANDRIA MONO GYNIA.
Horehound
-
-
a
2
LYCOPUS europa'us. Leaves indented and ſer-
rated.
Curt. n. 34. faſc. iii.-Riv. 22. Pſeudo - marrub. pal.---Math.
1002.-Dod. 595. 2; repr. by Lob. obs. 283. 2. and Ger. em.
700. 1, and cop. by Park. 1230. 1.-Pet. 32. 5.-H. ox. xi.
9. 20.—Trag. 9. 2.-7. B. iii. 318. 2.
Cup with 4 or 5 clefts ; ſegments unequal, with 3 ſcores on the
inſide, and a rib upon the back, which ſhoots out into a taper
ſharp point. Bloſs. whitiſh, with a tinge of purple ; ſomewhat
hairy within. Tube ſhorter than the cup : upper ſegment ſlightly
notched at the end ; lower one with a few purpliſh ſpots on the in-
fide. Chives, threads crooked. Betwixt theſe 2 chives it is not un-
common to find 2 other ſhorter threads without tips; and I once
found theſe ſhorter threads furniſhed with tips. Seed-bud fitting
upon a yellow glandular receptacle. Shaft crooked. Stem with 4
corners and 4 hollow fides ; a little hairy. Branches oppoſite, riſing
4
from the boſom of the leaves. Leaves a little hairy. Flowers ſeveral
together in the boſome of the upper leaves. With.
VAR. 2. diſſec'tus. Leaves deeply divided.
Barr. 154.-H. ox. xi. 9.21.-Pluk. 45. 1.
Water Horehound.
Sandy ground on the banks of ſtreams and ponds. P. July. Sept.
It dyes black. The juice gives a permanent colour to linen,
wool, and filk, which will not waſh out; travelling gypſies ſtain
their faces with it.-Sheep and Goats eat it. Cows and Horſes re-
fuſe it.-The Caſſida viridis feeds upon it.
jagged
-
30
42. SAL'VIA.

II. CHIVES, I. POINTAL.
21
3
42. SAL'VIA. Sage.
EMPAL. Cup i leaf, tubular, ſcored; enlarging gradu-
ally upwards and compreſſed at the top. Rim up-
right; with 2 lips; lower lip with 2 teeth.
Bloss. A ſingle petal. Tube compreſſed, enlarging
gradually upwards. Border gaping; upper lip con-
cave, compreſſed ; bowed inwards; notched at the
end. Lower lip broad, with 3 clefts ; the middle
ſegment largeſt ; roundiſh, notched at the end.
Chives. Threads 2; very ſhort, ſupporting 2 others
croſs-wiſe by the middle, which have glands at one
end, and tips at the other.
Point. Seed-bud with 4 clefts. Shaft thread-ſhaped ;
very long ; adjoining the chives. Summit cloven.
S. Vess. None; the cup cloſing a little, contains the
feeds in its bottom.
SEEDS. 4; roundiſh.
Ess. CH. Bloſs unequal. Threads fixed tranſverſely to a
little footſtalk.
Obs. The rudiments of two chives appear in the mouth of the
bloſſom, but they have no tips. The glands in moſt ſpecies are
callous, but in a few they appear like tips, and ſometimes contain
a ſmall quantity of duft,
SALVIA praten'fis. Leaves oblong heart-ſhaped, meadow
ſcolloped ; upper leaves embracing the ſtem. Flowers
in whorls with hardly any intermixture of leaves.
Helmet of the bloſſom gummy.-
Fuch. 569; cop. by Trag. 53, and more exactly by Dod. 293. 1;
repr. by Ger. em. 769.3.-Riv. 36.-Ger. 627. 3.--H. ox. xi.
13.10.-Clus. ii. 30. 1. repr. by Ger. em.771.4, and cop. by
7. B. iii. 312. 2. (Lob. obs. 300. 2. and J. B. iii. 311. 2. re-
ferred to in the German ſynonyms, are a reimpreſſion and copy of
Clus. ii. 30. 2, which is a different plant.) Blackw. 258, is S.
verbenaca.
Flowers 6 in a whorl. Cups expanding horizontally ; upper lip
with 3 plaits uniting at the point; the lower with 8 elevated lines.
3
Bloſs. helmet-folded, blunt, hook-ſhaped. Tube filled with a ſweet
liquor, of which bees are very fond. Glands marked with 2 teeth
tapering downwards, bowed inwards, adhering ; cloſing the throat
of the bloſs. Scop.
Cup,
a
a
a
C 3

22
DIANDRIA MONOGYNIA.
Cup, upper lip inverſely heart-ſhaped. Bloſs. bluiſh purple, 4
times as large as the cup. Tips deep purple. Duſt yellow. Stem,
leaves, and fruit-ſtalks hairy; the hairs upon the latter ſupporting
tranſparent globules. Leaves wrinkled. With.
[Surry and Suſſex, common. ST.-Caſtle-hill, Tamworth, W.]
P. July
Sheep and Goats eat it. Cows and Horſes refuſe it.
wild
SAL'VIA verbena'ca. Leaves indented, ſerrated,
ſmoothiſh. Bloſſoms more ſlender than the cup.-
Clus. ii. 31.1; repr. by Ger. em. 771.1, and cop. by Park. 57.8.-
Black. 258.-Barr. 208.-H. ox. xi. 14. 33.-Ger. 628, is a
fig. of ſome other ſpecies.
Cup, its upper lip with 3 very ſhort teeth. Bloſs. blue; its out-
ſide ſprinkled with white globules. Summit a fine deep purpliſh blue.
Stem 4 cornered ; hairy. Flowers 6 in a whorl ; the upper whorls
almoſt contiguous; the lower ones more and more diſtant. WITH.
Wild Clary.
Meadows and paſtures. [Plentiful about Kinfare, Stafford-
ſhire. Mr. BRUNTON.]
P. June.
a
25. CIRCÆ'A. Enchanters-wort.
Empal. Cup 2 egg-ſhaped, concave leaves ; a little bent
outwards; deciduous.
Bloss. Petals 2 ; inverſely heart-ſhaped ; expanding ;
equal ; ſhorter than the cup.
Chives. Threads 2 ; hairlike ; upright ; as long as the
cup. Tips roundiſh.
Point. Seed-bud turban-ſhaped : beneath. Shaft thread-
ſhaped, as long as the chives. Summit blunt;
notched at the end.
S. Vess. Capſule betwixt egg and turban-ſhaped ; covered
with ſtrong hairs; with 2 cells, and 2 valves; open-
ing from the baſe upwards.
Seeds. Solitary ; oblong, narrow towards the baſe.
Ess. CH. Bloſs. 2 petals. Cup 2 leaves, ſuperior. Seed 1 ;
cells 2.
OBs. In moſt plants the ſeeds are produced within the empale-
ment or bloſſom ; but this genus is an exception, the feed-bud
being beneath them. The number 2 prevails here very remark-
ably; 2 leaves to the empalement, 2 petals, 2 chives, 2 cells and
2 valves to the feed veſſel, and ſometimes 2 ſeeds. ST.
CIR-

II. CHIVES, I. POINTAL.
23
-
a
CIRCÆ'A lutetia'na. Stems upright, ſupporting ſe- common
veral bunches of flowers. Leaves egg-ſhaped.
Ger. 280.-Fl. dan. 210. confirmed by OED. HALL. Lightf. and
HUDS. the reference in Syſt
. Veget. being probably an error of
inadvertency.--Lob. obs. 137. 1; repr. by Ger. em. 351. 1; and
cop. by Park.351.1.-J. B. ii.977. 1 ; with a ſingle flower at the
bottom.----Is Curt. n. 37. faſc. iii. ſtem and leaves ſmooth, H.
ox. v. 34. row 3. 1. leaves ſmooth and glofly, and perhaps Fl. dan.
256, a ſmooth var. or the alpina ?
Stem a foot and half high ; upright. Leaves ſomewhat ferrated,
dull. Bunches terminating and lateral. Empal. much thicker and
of a coarſer texture than the bloſſom, and not of the ſame co-
lour. Linn.
Stem woolly. Leaves elliptical, ſlightly hairy. Chives longer than
the cup. Fruit-ſtalks, when the fruit is ripe, bent downwards.
Hairs of the fruit hooked. Scop.
Root toothed. Stem upright, a cubit high ; branching. Leaves
nearly heart-ſhaped, but without the hollow at the baſe: on long
leaf-ſtalks; the edges ſometimes entire, ſometimes undulated,
fometimes ſerrated and fringed; but moſtly ferrated. Fruit-ſtalks
rather long ; ſomewhat hairy, expanding, and on the ripening of
the ſeed, bent back. Bloſs. white, or fleſh-coloured. Empal. greeniſh
red, in texture unlike the bloſſom. HALL.
Bunch moſtly folitary. Emp.green; red at the points. Retz.obs.i.p.9.
Stems ſomewhat creeping, green. The plant correſponds with
Scopoli's character. Mr. WooD.
Whole plant pubeſcent. Leaves heart-egg-ſhaped, taper pointed,
betwixt toothed and ſerrated, the points being directed towards the
end of the leaf, but the margin between the points hollowed out.
Empal. when magnified, beſet with ſhort cylindrical hairs, ending
in heads, juſt ſenſibly thicker than the body of the hair. St.
Leaves a little woolly. Cup with its leaves reflected, betwixt egg
and ſpear-ſhaped ; coloured. Petals reddiſh white, alternating with
the leaves of the cup. Threads thickeſt towards the top ; white.
Tips white. Drift 3 cornered. Seed-bud hairy, egg-ſhaped but com-
preſſed; placed under, and at a ſmall diſtance from, the cup.
Shaft thickeſt upwards, with a double green gland at its baſe. Sum-
mit a fine pink colour. Caps. ſet with white hairs, hooked at the
end. Seeds 2. Stems and branches cylindrical ; a little woolly ;
ſometimes red at the joints. Leaves on leaf-ſtalks, oppoſite ; be-
twixt egg and ſpear-ſhaped ; a little woolly, and glandular at the
edges. Little fruit-ſtalks after flowering, pointing downwards. With.
Inchanters Nightſhade.
Woods and moiſt hedge bottoms, common.
P. July. Aug.
It is eaten by ſheep.
CIRCÆ'A
a
C4

24
DIANDRIA MONOGYNIA.
mountain
CIRCÆ'A alpi'na. Stem proſtrate, ſupporting a
ſingle bunch of flowers. Leaves heart-ſhaped.-
Curt. n. 34. fafc. iii.-H. ox. v. 34. row 3. 2. a very luxuriant
Specimen.--Fl. dan. 256, confirmed by OED. HALL. LIGHTF.
and Huds. the reference in Murray's edit. of Syſt. Veget. to 210,
being a miſtake.
Stem proſtrate, ſcarcely a finger’s length. Leaves heart-ſhaped,
toothed, ſhining. Different from the C. lutetiana, but nearly allied
to it. LINN.
Theſe ſpecies certainly diſtinct-Scop. and Mr. WOODWARD ;
but the ſpecific diſtinctions do not depend on the direction of the
ſtems, the number of the branches, or the colour of the empale-
ment, but in the figure, &c. of the Leaves, which are heart-ſhaped,
toothed, ſmooth. Stem aſcending. Scop.
Of a delicate texture. Stem upright, from 3 to 6 inches high ;
ſmooth. Leaves ſmooth ; deeply' cut at the edges, and more dif-
tinctly heart-ſhaped. Leaf-falks ſmooth. Empal. red. Bunches rather
more numerous than in the C. lutetiana. Cultivated in a garden it
does not become the C. lutetiana, neither is it a variety of that. HALL.
Empal. ſmooth. Leaves deeply cut, or ferrated. Lightf.
Bunch. often only 1, ſometimes 2, or 3. Leaves of a yellower
green. Sometimes fix inches high. Correſponds with Scopoli's
character, and does not materially differ from Mr. Curtis's C. lute-
tiana. If not the C. alpina it is at leaſt a ſtriking variety of the C. lu-
tetiana. Found about Leeds. Mr. Wood.
Two ſpecimens from botanic gardens, and the ſame with Mr.
Wood's, exactly accord with the above deſcriptions, except that they
are 10 inches high. Empal. ſmooth. Stems ſmooth ; joints red.
Leaves heart-ſhaped. Bunches from 1 to 5. Empal. white; its
points green. Retz. obs.i.p.9. Emp. very red. Reyger.ib.
Inchanters Nightſhade.
[Rocky Woods in Lancaſhire, Weſtmorland, and Cumber-
land. Mr. WOODWARD.]
P. July
Sheep eat it.
Order

II. CHIVES, II. POINTALS.
25
Order II.
DIGY N I A. II. POINT A L S.
46. ANTHOXAN'THUM. Vernalgraſs. (Ray.)
Pl. II, fig. 1.
EMPAL. Huſk, 2 valves containing i flower. Valves con-
cave, egg-ſhaped, taper ; the innermoſt the largeſt.
Bloss. Huſk 2 valves, the length of the larger valve of
the empalement. Each valve ſends out an awn
from its back, at the lower part ; and one of the
awns is jointed. Honeycup 2 leaves, very ſlender,
cylindrical. The leaves nearly egg-ſhaped, and one
enfolding the other.
Chives. Threads 2; hair-like ; very long. Tips oblong;
forked at each end.
Point. Seed-bud oblong. Shafts 2; thread-ſhaped. Sum-
mits ſimple.
S. Vess. The Huſk of the bloſſom grows to the ſeed.
Seed. Single, cylindrical, tapering at each end.
Ess. Ch. Empal. huſk of 2 valves, containing 1 flower.
Bloſs. huſk 2 valves ; pointed. Seed 1.
ANTHOXAN'THUM odora'tum. Spike oblong ſweet-ſcented
egg-ſhaped. Florets longer than the awns, fupported on
ſhort fruit-ſtalks.
Curt. n. 9. faſc. i.-Schreb. 5.-Giſeke. 2.-Fl. dan. 666.-Stil-
ling. f. 1. out of bloſs. Mus. ruſt. iv. 2.3.-3. B. ii. 466. 1.-
Anders. Barr. 124, ſingle ſpike good.-C. B. 44. 1.-H. ox.
viii. 4. row 2. 25. and 7. row 3. 25. both bad.-Spike, and
parts of fructification, Leers 2. 1.-Seguier. i. 4. 2.—Mont. 84.
Spike-like panicle. Empal. longer than the bloſs. Petals unequal,
blunt, with a ſlight woollineſs. Awn of one petal ſhorter, upright,
proceeding from the middle of the petal ; that of the other longer,
toothed, proceeding from the baſe. Tips reddiſh, cloven at each
end; cleft ſtraddling. Seed-bud tapering. Shafts twice as long as
the chives. SCOP.
Empal. The outer valve ſkinny, and ſheathing the baſe of
the inner, which is much ſtronger. Threads ſhort, at the
firſt opening of the bloſſom, afterwards very long. Summits
woolly.
--
-

26
DIANDRIA DIG YN IA.
.
woolly. It is remarkable, that before the expanſion of the bloſs.
the Seed-bud and one end of the Tips are incloſed in the Honeycup.
Straw cylindrical, frnooth ; when magnified it appears ſcored with
green lines. Leaves ſcored ; ſheathing the ſtraw; 2 or 3 upon
each flowering ſtem. Straw with ſhining joints. WITH.
Empal. Valves ſprinkled over with minute yellow dots, ſimilar to
thoſe of the Ribes nigrum, whence poſſibly its ſweet ſcent ; fome-
times ſcattered over with ſoft white hairs. Bloſs. double. The outer
entirely different from that of any other of the Graſſes, ſhorter
than the leſſer valve of the empalement, its outſide covered to near
the top with ſtiff brown hairs lying flat ; valves ſtrap-ſhaped, cloven
at the end, keeled, upright, ſtanding ſeparate, that with the twiſted
awn narrowing downwards, and juſt ſenſibly ſhorter ; awns up-
right, the longer where even with the top of the bloſſom bent aſide,
below the flexure twiſted, dark brown, above whitiſh, tapering;
the ſhorter as long as the empalement, inſerted above the middle of
the valve, ſtraight, browniſh, tapering. The inner (Nectarium, Linn.)
reſembling the bloffom of a Poa, ſmooth ; outer valve, oblong-
roundiſh, yellowiſh brown, membranaceous at the edge: inner
valve membranaceous, as narrow again.-Haller makes it one of
his 2-flowered Avenas, but it is a genus truly diſtinct from all others.
It has the awn of the Avena, the bloſs. of the Poa, and the double
one of the Phalaris. In a natural arrangement it ſhould ſtand be-
tween the Poa and Avena. St.
Spring graſs.
Meadows and paſtures, common.
P. May. June.
This is one of the earlieſt of our graſſes, and is ſaid by Linnæus
to occaſion the delightful ſmell of new-mown hay. Mr. Curtis
fays that the leaves, rubbed betwixt the fingers, impart a grateful
odour. Boccone ſays a diſtilled water is prepared from it, as the
vehicle of ſome perfumes. If it be gathered whilſt in bloſſom,
lapped in a
a paper and carried in the pocket, it retains the ſmell of
new-mown hay for a long time. W.
Cows, Goats, Sheep, and Horſes eat it.
Claſs

27
Claſs III.
TRI A N D R I A;
III. CHI VE S.
2
Ті.
HIS Claſs comprehends, beſides other plants, the
greater part of thoſe vegetables commonly called
Grasses, and ſome others nearly allied to them. Al-
though the flowers in theſe are generally diſregarded,
they will not, to an attentive obſerver, appear leſs cu-
riouſly conſtructed, than thoſe which boaſt of
gayer co-
lours and more conſpicuous parts.
NATURAL CHARACTER OF GRASSES,
EMPAL. A huſk; generally compoſed of 2 valves: the
larger valve hollow; the ſmaller flat.
Bloss. Strictly ſpeaking, none : but, inſtead thereof,
a Huſk of 2 valves, dry and ſkinny. Honeycup of 2
leaves; oblong; very ſmall; ſuperior.
Chives. Threads 3 ; hair-like. Tips oblong; with 2 cells.
Point. Shafts 2; downy ; reflected. Summits downy.
S. Vess. None.
Seed. Single; incloſed either by the bloſſom or the
empalement ; oblong; tapering at each end.
Stem. Simple, ſtraight, hollow; with'knots or joints:
it is commonly called a Straw.
Leaves. Entire ; narrow; tapering to a point: 1 placed
at each joint of the ſtraw.
MARTYN Cat. Cant. p. 11.
Beſides the plants which fall under this claſs, there
are others of the graſs kind that differ in ſome of their
characters, and are arranged accordingly. Thus, the
ANTHOXANTHUM, or Vernalgraſs, has only two chives,
and the Holcus, or Softgraſs, has its chives and point-
als variouſly diſpoſed upon the ſame plant ; (See the
figures in the plate of Graſſes, copied from the Amanitates
Academic. LINN.)
The great folicitude of nature for the preſervation of
graſſes is evident from this ; that the more the leaves
a
are

28
TRI A N D R I A.
are conſumed, the more the roots increaſe. The great
author of nature deſigned, that the delightful verdure
of theſe plants ſhould cover the ſurface of the earth,
and that they ſhould afford nouriſhment to an almoſt
infinite number of animals. But what increaſes our ad-
miration moſt, is, that although the Grasses conſtitute
the principal food of herbivorous animals, yet, whilſt
they are left at liberty in the paſture, they leave un-
touched the ſtraws which ſupport the flowers; that the
ſeeds may ripen and fow themſelves. Add to this,
that many of the ſeemingly dry and dead leaves of
Graſſes revive, and renew their verdure in the ſpring.
And on lofty mountains, where the ſummer heats are
hardly ſufficient to ripen the ſeeds, the moſt common
Graſſes are, the Festuca ovina (Sheep's Feſcue ;) the
Poa alpina (Mountain Meadowgraſs ;) and the Aira caſ-
pitoſa (Turfy Hairgraſs ;) all which are viviparous, and
conſequently propagate themſelves without ſeeds.
In general, the leaves furniſh paſturage for cattle; the
ſmaller ſeeds are food for birds, and the larger for men.
But ſome are preferred to others; as, the FESTUCA
(Feſcue) for Sheep; the Poa (Meadowgraſs) for Cows;
the PHALARIS (Canary) for Canary-birds and Linnets;
the AVENA (Oat) for Horſes; the SECALE (Rye) Hor-
DEUM (Barley) and TRITICUM (Wheat) for Man.
Variety of Insects too derive their nouriſhment from
graſſes; as the Papilio mæra, Pap. Ægeria, Pap. Galathea,
Pap. Jurtina, Pap. Cinxia, Phalana quercifolia, Ph. Potato-
ria, Ph. culmella, Chryſomela Graminis, and ſeveral others
which will be mentioned under the different ſpecies.
No part of Botany appeared to me more difficult than
the ſtudy of GRASSES; but the method of accurate dif-
ſection and obſervation once adopted, nothing was
more certain or more eaſy. However, when the great
importance of the ſubject is conſidered, we cannot la-
bour too much to fix the public attention to it, by ren-
dering it as eaſy as poſſible: for which reaſon the excep-
tions are carefully noted under each ſubdiviſion of the
orders, and in the following plate an example is ſelected
from each genus. To gain a clear idea of the ſtructure of
the flowers, they muſt be examined juſt before the Tips
diſcharge their duft; and by comparing them in that ſtate
with the figures in the plate, and with the generic de-
fcription,


Plate 11
ddd
GRASSES
to front page 29
d
е ее
AAS
B.
ccc
b
Q
с
с
A
d
3
a
7.
Panicum
6
5
4
Seruto
a
6
2
1
Schênus
Anthoxanthum
a
Cyperus
2
Phleum
Alopecurus
6A
666
Eriophoru i
т
Nardus
6
6
b
B
6.
a
ho
a
a
116
12
a
d
11
Milium
(10
Phalaris
Agrostis
a
Melica
17
Briza..
a
Aira
V15
d
13
Dactylid
e
е в
6
6
6
C '18 a
Роа
b
с се
Ve
eco
MA
20
d
a 22
Bromus
Arundo
119
Feftu ca
124
DO
Triticum
a
23
Secale
21
Avena
fff
b
a
a
a
6
a
6
a
616
30
Holcus
a
a
14
a
a
a
na
a
Stipa
6
a
28
hi
B
A
25
If
g
a
a
6
Hordeum
20
27
Lolium
6.
C'arex
31
MRottbollia
Elymus
Cynojurus
29
From Linn.aman.acad V.11.7.2 and 3,at p.196.

III. CHI VE S.
29
ſcription, every difficulty will ſoon be ſurmounted. The
Botanic Microſcope will be found extremely uſeful in
diſſecting the minuter parts.
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.
a
Fig. 1. ANTHOXAN'THUM (Vernalgraſs.) a a huſks of the empale-
ment. b the awn of the inner valve of the bloſſom,
twiſted and jointed. c the ſtraight awn of the outer
valve of the bloſſom. d d the two tips. e e the two
ſhafts.
Fig. 2. Schoe'NUS (Ruſhgraſs.) The fix petals, the three chives,
and tips; the feed-bud, the ſhaft, and the ſummit
cloven into three parts.
Fig. 3. Cype'rus (Galingale.) a the tiled ſpike pointing from
two oppoſite lines. b the ſcale of the empalement.
cc c the tips. d the ſhaft. ee e the ſummits.
Fig. 4. Scirpus. (Clubgraſs.) b the tiled ſpike. a the ſcale of the
.
empalement. cc c the chives and tips. d the ſeed-
bud, a little woolly.
Fig. 5. ERIOPH'ORUM (Cottongraſs.) a the woolly tiled ſpike. b the
ſcale of the empalement including the hairy feed-bud,
the chives, and the pointal.
Fig. 6. Nar'dus (Matgraſs.) A the ſpike pointing one way.
cc c the bloſſoms. B one of the flowers a little mag-
nified. a the lower and larger valve which embraces
the ſmaller valve b, which is here drawn out of its na-
tural ſituation. cc c the tips.
Fig. 7. PAN'ICUM (Panic.) bh the two equal valves of the em-
palement. a the third ſmaller and outer valve. c c the
valves of the bloffoms. d d d the tips. ee the downy
fummits of the ſhafts.
Fig. 8. ALOPECU'RUS (Foxtail.) a a the valves of the empalement.
b the ſingle valve of the bloſſom, with the awn c pro-
ceeding from its baſe. d d d the tips.
Fig. 9. Pale'um (Timothygraſs.) a a the huſks of the empalement
opened and magnified to ſhew the bloſſom. 6 the flo-
ret in its natural ſtate to fhew the two points at the
top of it. cc c the tips.
Fig. 10. PHALA'ris (Canary.) a a the keeled huſks of the empale-
ment. b b the huſks of the bloſſom. cc the tips.
Fig. II. MIL'IÚM (Millet.) a a the huſks of the empalement.
b b b the tips. cc pencil-ſhaped ſummits.
Fig. 12.

30
TR I ANDRI A.
a
Fig. 12. Agro'stis (Bent.) a a the two pointed valves of the em-
palement. b b the two valves of the bloſſom. cc c the
tips.
Fig. 13. DAC'TYLIS (Cocksfoot.) a the outer and larger valve of
the empalement. b the ſhorter valve. c the keel-
ſhaped valve of the bloſſom. ee e the tips. d the
pa.
nicle pointing one way.
Fig. 14. STI'PA (Feathergraſs.) a a the valves of the empalement.
'
b the outer valve of the bloſſom, with the
awn
jointed at the baſe and twiſted. c the inner valve of
the bloſſom. d d the feathered awn. e e the hairy
ſhafts and ſummits. fff the tips.
Fig. 15. Ai'ra (Hairgraſs.) a a the empalement. b. b the blof-
ſoms, without the rudiment of a third betwixt them.
Fig. 16. Mel'ICA (Melic.) a a the empalement. b6 the fer-
tile bloſſoms with e the rudiment of a third bloſſom
betwixt them.
Fig. 17. BRI'ZA (Quakegraſs.) a a the valves of the empalement.
b b b b b the bloſſoms, of which the outer valves only
are viſible. B one of the bloſſoms taken out of the
little ſpike. cc the outer heart-ſhaped valve of the
bloffom. d d the inner valve inverſely egg-ſhaped.
Fig. 18. Po'a (Meadowgraſs.) A an entire little ſpike.
two huſks of the empalement. b b b b b the bloſſoms.
B one of the florets ſeparated from the little ſpike.
c the outer valve, d the inner valve of the bloſſom.
e e e the forked tips. ff the woolly fummits.
Fig. 19. Festu'ca (Feſcue.) a a the valves of the empalement.
b b b b b b b the bloſſoms of the little ſpike terminating
in ſharp points. c the inner valve of one of the
bloſſoms.
Fig. 20. Bro'MUS (Bromegraſs.) a a the empalement. b b b the
bloſſoms, the outward valves only of which are viſible,
with the awns growing from beneath the point.
Fig. 21. AVE'NA (Oat.) a a the valves of the empalement. bbb
the florets, the outer valves of which are furniſhed with
a twiſted jointed awn, growing from the back. ddd
the inner valves. Cccccc the tips.
Fig. 22. Arundo (Reed.) a a the valves of the empalement.
b b b the woolly bloſſoms.
Fig. 23. SECA'LE (Rye.) a a the valves of the empalement. b b b b
the bloſſoms; the inner valve of which is flat, but the
outer concave and furniſhed with an awn.
ſpike-ſtalk with its little teeth.
Fig. 24.
a a the
Cc the

III. C H I V E S.
31
Fig. 24. TRITICUM (Wheat.) a a the blunt valves of the empale-
ment, embracing the three bloſſoms b bb, the outer
valve only of which is ſeen, furniſhed with an awn.
c c the ſpike-ſtalk.
Fig. 25. HOR'DEUM (Barley.) a a a a a a the fix valves of the em-
palement, two of which belong to each of the bloſſoms
bb b. eee the long awns of the outer valves of the
bloſſoms. e e the naked ſpike-ſtalk as it appears after
the florets are pulled off.
Fig. 26. EL'YMUS (Lymegraſs.) a a a a a a the valves of the em-
palement, two of which belong to each little ſpike b b b.
e the empalement as it appears after the little ſpikes
are taken away.
Fig. 27. LoL'IUM (Darnel.) a a a the empalements of one valve.
b b b the little ſpikes conſiſting of ſeveral florets. c one
of the florets opened to fhew the two valves of the
bloſſom.
Fig. 28. CYNOSU'RUS (Dogstail.) A the fpike pointing all one
way, compoſed of the florets B, in which a repreſents
the fence with many clefts ; b b the valves of the em-
palement containing ſeveral florets, and cc the florets.
Fig. 29. CA'REX (Segg.) a the tiled cat-kin. c the ſcaly empale-
ment of the fertile floret. d the honeycup cloven at
the top. b the ſeed-bud, and g the ſhafts taken out of
the honeycup: hh h the ſummits. e the ſcaly empale-
ment of the barren floret, with the three chives fff.
Fig. 30. Hol'cus (Softgraſs.) a a the barren florets on ſhort fruit-
ſtalks. b the fertile floret, furniſhed with chives and
pointals.
Fig. 31. ROTTBOL'LIA (Hardgraſs.) a a a a a joints of the ſpike-
ſtalk. bc bc bc bc valves of the empalement placed
outwards, the edges of one lapping over that of the
other. ST.
TRIAN

32
T RI A N D R I A.
III. CHI VE S.
Order 1.
MONOGYNIA; I. POINT AL.
65. I'RIS.
48. VALERIA'NA. Bloſs. with 5 clefts, bellying at
the baſe. Seed ſingle.
• 61. CRO'cus.
Bloſs. I petal, but ſo deeply di-
vided as to appear like 6 nearly
upright petals. Summits colour-
ed; rolled in a ſpiral.
Bloſs. ! petal; but ſo deeply di-
vided as to appear like 6 alter-
nate reflected petals. Summits
like petals.
* Flowers with valves like Grasses, and huſky Empalements.
71. ScHQ'NUS.
Bloſs. o. Empal. chaffy; in bun-
dles. (Scales oppoſite but riſing
from the ſame point. St.) Seed
roundiſh.
72. CYPE'RUS.
Bloſs. o. Empal. chaffy ; pointing
from two oppoſite lines. Seed
naked.
Bloſs. o.
Empal. chaffy ; tiled.
Seed naked.
74. ERIOPH'ORUM. Bloſs. o. Empal. chaffy; tiled.
Seed woolly.
Bloſs. 2 valves. Empal. o. Seed
covered.
of Carex ſylvatica.
73. Scir'pus.
75. Nar'dus.
Order

III.
33
CHI VE S.
+ Dastylis cynoſuroides. Bloſs. 2 valves. Empal. 2 valves. St.
UGO
2
...
Order II.
DIGYNIA; II. POINT AL S.
* Flowers ſcattered ; 1 in each empalement.
82. PAN'ICUM. Empal. 3 valves; that upon the back
the ſmalleſt.
84. ALOPECU'Rus. Empal. 2 valves. Bloſs. I valve with
a fimple point; fitting.
83. PHLE'UM. ....... Empal. of 2 valves; lopped; ſharp;
pointed ; fitting
8o. PHAL'ARIS..... Empal. 2 valves. Valves keeled ; equal;
incloſing the bloſſom.
85. Mil'IUM. Empal. 2 valves. Valves diſtended; larger
than the bloſs.nearly equal. (Valves
much larger than the blofs. St.)
86. Agro'stis. .... Empal, 2 valves, (ſometimes only 1. ST.)
.
Values ſharp; ſhorter than the bloſs.
(ſomewhat largerthanthebloſs. St.)
92. DACTYLIS. Empal. 2 valves. The larger and longer
valve compreſſed and keeled.
96. STI'PA.
Empal. 2 valves. Bloſs. terminated by
an awn which is not jointed.
+ Melica nutans. Arundo Epigejos. Arundo Calamagroſtis.
Arundo arenaria.
** Flowers ſcattered; 2 in each empalement.
87. A'ira.
Empal. 2 valves. Florets without the
rudiment of a third.
88. Mel'ica........ Empal. 2 valves. Florets with the rudi-
ment of a third between them.
* Holcus. Avena elatior. Avena flaveſcens. Avena fatua.
Cynoſurus. Dactylis glomerata. Seſleria.
*** Flowers ſcattered; ſeveral in each empalement.
90. Bri'zA.
Empal. 2 valves. Bloſs. heart-ſhaped ;
with diftended valves.
89. Po'a..... Empal. 2 valves. Bloſs. egg-ſhaped ;
with valves ſomewhat ſharp.
(p. 83.) Sesle'ria. Empal. 2 valves. Bloſs.oblong; toothed
at the end. Fence 2 leaves. St.
94. FestU'CA. ...... Empal. 2 valves. Bloſs. oblong; with
ſharp pointed valves,
Vol. I.
D
....
95. Bro'

34
TR I ANDRI A.
97. Ave'NA.
95. BRO'MUS......... Empal. 2 valves. Bloſs. oblong; its
valve with an awn riſing from be-
neath the point.
Empal. 2 valves. Bloſs. oblong : with
;
a twiſted awn upon the back.
99. ARUN'DO.......... Empal. 2 valves. Bloſs. woolly at the
baſe, and without an awn.
+ Rottbollia. Aira cærulea, aquatica. Dactylis glomerata.
**** Flowers on a long toothed ſeat without fruit-ſtalks.
105. Triticum. . Empal. containing many florets.
104. HOR'DEUM... Fence 6 leaves, containing 3 florets.
Flower ſimple. LINN.
Fence 2
leaves. Flowers growing 3 together;
ſimple. Sr.
(p. 122.) ROTTBOL'LIA. Empal. lateral, containing i bloſſom
of 2 valves ; folitary. St. from Sp.
plant, and ſuppl. 13.
102. E'L YMUS....... Fence 4 leaves, containing 2 flowers.
Flower compound. LINN.-Fence 3
leaves. Flowers 2 or 3 together; com-
poſed of from 2 to many florets. ST.
101. Lo'LIUM.
Fence i leaf,containing i flower. Flower
compound.
93. CYNOSU'RUS. . Fence i leaf, fixed to the ſide. Flower
compound
-
I
I
Order 111 .
TRIGYNIA; III. POINTALS.
3 valves,
107. MONTIA..... Bloſs. I petal. Empal. 2 leaves. Caps.
3 3 valves. Seeds 3.
.
112. POLYCAR'pon. Bloſs. 5 petals. Cup 5 leaves. Caps.
110. HOLOS'Teum. Bloſs. 5 petals. Cup 5 leaves. Caps.
opening at the end.
189. TILLE'A. ..... Bloſs. 3 petals. Cup 3
Bloſs. 3 petals. Cup 3 leaves. Caps.
3. Seeds ſeveral.
4 Alfine media. Empetrum nigrum.
48. VA

III. CHIVES, I. POINTAL.
35
SOX
48. VALERIA'NA.
Valerian.
EMPAL. None ; or only a Rim, which is ſuperior.
Bloss. Tube, bellied on the under fide, containing ho-
ney. Border with 5 clefts. Segments blunt.
5
Chives. 3, or fewer than 3 ; awl-ſhaped ; upright; as
long as the bloſſom. Tips roundiſh.
Point. Seed-bud beneath. Shaft thread-ſhaped ; as long
as the chives. Summit thick.
S. Vess. A hard ſubſtance, not opening ; deciduous;
crowned.
Seeds. Solitary; oblong.
Ess. Ch. Bloſs. I petal, Superior; bellying at the baſe on
one fide. Seed 1.
OBs. There is a wonderful diverſity in the parts of the flowers
in different ſpecies of Valerian, as well in number as in figure.
-
VALERIANA ru'bra. Flowers with 1 chive, with red
tails. Leaves ſpear-ſhaped; very entire.
Riv. 3. 2.-Dod. 351, 1. repr. by Lob. obs. 184. 2 - Ger. em.
678. 1; cop. by Park. 123. 11; and by Ger. 550. 1.-H. ox.
7. 14. 15.-7. B. iii. 211. 2.
Red Valerian.
Blofſoms red ; and in gardens there is a variety with white blof-
foms. H. ox. ib. p. 102.
On old walls and rubbiſh; in Devonſhire and Cornwall com-
mon. HUDS.
P. May. Aug.
VALERIA'NA dioi'ca. Chives and pointals on ſmall
different plants. Leaves winged, very entire.-
Root-leaves egg-ſhaped. Stem-leaves winged. HUDS.
Plant with chives, but pointals imperfe&t.
Riv. 2. 3. V. minor.—Fl. dan. 687. 1.-Walc.--Blackw. 484.
-Trag. 62.—Math. 41.–Ger. 917 3.
Plant with pointals, but only rudiments of chives.
Riv. 2. 2. flor. exig.–Fl. dan. 687. 2.-Clus. ii. 55. 2; repr. by
Dod. 350. 1.-Lob. obs. 411.3.–Ger. em. 1075.3, and cop.
.
by Park. 123. 13, and J. B. iii. 211.1.-H. ox. vii. 14. 5.
-Mor. umb. 10. d. e.
Leafy ſhoots ſpring from the crown of the root; the leaves oval
or egg-ſhaped. Leaf-ſtalks long, 3 cornered. Leaves on the ſtem
either winged or with winged clefts. I have examined great num-
D 2
bers
-
-

36
TRIANDRIA MONOGYNIA.
bers of plants, but never yet found one that had the Chives and
Pointals perfectly diſtinct ; and they all produce perfect feeds. Scop.
The diverſities in the parts of fructification are conſiderable; in
fome flowers there are 3 Chives and a very ſhort and minute Poin-
tal ; but in others the Pointal is entirely wanting. The Tips in theſe
are red, and the Bloſs. tinged with red, particularly on the outſide.
Duſt yellow.
Flowers upon other roots have either no Chives, or elſe only rudi-
ments of chives, and a pointal with the Summit cloven into 3 parts.
Bloſs. in theſe plants much ſmaller than the preceding, and only
ſlightly tinged with red. Stems and Leaves in both kinds nearly
alike, but in the fertile plants a tinge of red prevails in them. WITH.
It is ſometimes much ſmaller.
Moiſt meadows, common.
P. May. June.
great
-
narrow leaved
VALERIANA officina'lis. Chives 3 in each flower.
Leaves all winged.
Ludwig. eft. 99.--Math. 40.--Clus. ii. 55. 1; repr. by Dod. 349.
2. Lob. obs. 411. 2. Ger. em. 1075. 2. and cop. by Park.
122.-Ger. 917. 2.—Col. phytob. 26.-H. ox. vii. 14. 2.-
Riv. 1.-Fl. dan. 570; branch and leaf good.-Fuch. 857; cop.
by Trag. 61.
Upper Floral-leaves ſpear-ſhaped. Leaves, all of them, a little
hairy or woolly at the baſe. With.
Great wild Valerian.
Hedges, woods, and marſhes, common.
P. June.
2. Leaves narrower.
Riv. 2, 1.-Garidel 96. at p. 520.
Dry heaths and high paſtures.
It is the latter variety which is in ſo much repute as a medicine.
The root has a ſtrong, and not an agreeable ſmell ; its taſte is
warm, bitteriſh, and ſubacrid ; it communicates its properties to
wine, water, or ſpirit; but it is beſt in ſubſtance, and may be ta-
ken from half a dram to two drams for a doſe. There is no doubt
of its poſſeſſing antiſpaſmodic virtues in an eminent degree. It is
often preſcribed with advantage in hyſterical caſes ; and inſtances
are not wanting where it appears to have removed ſome obſtinate
epilepfies. In habitual coftiveneſs it is an excellent medicine, and
frequently looſens the bowels when other ſtronger purgatives have
been tried in vain.
Cows eat the leaves ; Sheep are not fond of them. Cats are de-
lighted with the roots.-Rats are ſaid to be equally fond of them,
and that the Rat-catchers employ them to draw the Rats toge-
ther. ST.
a
VALE-

III. CHIVES, I. POINTAL,
37
VALERIANA locus'ta Chives 3 in each flower. Lettuce
.
Stem forked. Leaves ſtrap-ſhaped.
B Leaves entire.
Dod. 647. 1; repr. by Ger. em. 310. 1.--Ger. 242 ; cop. by
7. B. iii. 323. 2.
.
Bloſs. bluiſh white. Leaves and Stems fringed at the edges with
fine white hairs. With.
y Leaves pointed.
Fl. dan. 738. H. ox. vii. 16. 36.
d Leaves broad.
7. B. iii. 323.2.
& Upper leaves ferrated.
Ger. 242.-Lob. obs. 412, 2; repr. by Ger. em. 310. 2; cop. by
Park. 812. 3; J.B. iii. 324. 1, and H.ox. vii. 16. n. 36.f.2.
-Riv. 6. 2. Locuſta minima.
3 Lower leaves jagged. Ray and LOBEL.
Lob. adv. 319. 1.
, Taller. Leaves entire. Seeds round, ſwoln. MORISON,
H. ox. vii. 16. 37.
Lamb's Lettuce. Corn Sallad.
Common in corn-fields. A. April. May. , June. July.
The young leaves in Spring and Autumn are eaten as fallad,
little inferior to young Lettuce.
Cows, Sheep, and Lambs, eat it.--A Horſe eat it. ST.
and are very
I
61. CRO'CUS. Saffron.
EMPAL. Sheath i leaf.
Bloss. Tube ſimple, long.
. Border with 6 diviſions ;
upright. Segments equal ; oblong egg-ſhaped.
CHIVES. Threads 3 ; awl-ſhaped, ſhorter than the blof-
fom. Tips arrow-ſhaped.
Point. Seed-bud beneath ; roundiſh. Shaft thread-ſhaped ;
as long as the chives. Summits 3, rolled in a ſpiral;
ferrated.
S. Vess. Capſule roundiſh ; with 3 lobes, 3 cells, and 3
valves.
Seeds. Several, round.
Ess. Ch. Bloſs, with 6 equal diviſions. Summits rolled in
.
Spirals.
CROCUS ſati'vus. Sheath i valve, riſing from the common
root. Tube of the bloſſom very long.--
a officina'lis. Leaves narrower, rolled in at the edges.
autumnal
D 3
Math.
3

38
.
TRIANDRIA MONOGYNIA.
-
-
Spring
Math. 69. 70.--Mill. 111.-Trag. 763.--Fuchs. 441, cop. by
7. B. ii. 637; with the addition of a fig. of it juſt appearing above
ground.--Walc.—Sheldr. (Saffron.)--Tourn. 184.--Ger. 123.
1. 2.-Dod. 213; repr. by Lob. obs. 68.--Ger. 151.-H. ox.
iv. 2.1.-Blackw. 144. 1.-Park. par. 167.
Tips bright yellow. Threads purple. Summits deep orange at the
ends. Seed-bud cylindrical. WITH.
Crocus officinalis ſativus. Huds.
About Cambridge, and Saffron-Walden, Eflex. [About Hali-
fax. Rev. Mr. Wood. In a meadow near the Copper-mills,
Derby. Mr. WHATELY.]
P. Aug. Sept.
B vernus. Leaves broader, with flat edges.
Ger. em. 153. 1.--Clus. i. 205. 2; repr. by Ger. em. 156. 12.
--Ger. 125. I.
Obs. This variety is inſerted on the authority of Mr. Hudſon,
but it is to be regretted that he has not mentioned where he diſco-
vered it. Ray, from whom he has extracted the place of growth,
takes no notice of it. ST.
Crocus officinalis Sylveſtris. HUDS,
The Summits of the Pointal of the officinalis, carefully collected,
and moderately dried, are the Saffron of the ſhops. That collected
in England is preferred to all other. It affords a beautiful colour
to water, wine, or ſpirit, and gives out the whole of its virtues to
them. It hath been holden in high repute as a cordial ; but modern
practice pays no great attention to it, ſince it has been found to
produce no ſenſible effect, even when given in doſes greatly larger
than thoſe generally preſcribed.
a
65. IRIS.

III. CHIVES, I. POINTAL.
39
65. I'RIS. Flag.
EMPAL. Sheaths 2 valves, ſeparating the flowers ; per-
manent.
Bloss. With 6 diviſions. Segments almoſt diſtinct pe-
tals; oblong, blunt. The 3 outer ones reflected;
the other 3 upright and ſharper: all connected to-
gether by the claws.
Chives. Threads 3 ; awl-ſhaped, lying upon the reflected
CHIVES
ſegments. Tips oblong, ſtraight, depreſſed.
Point. Seed-bud beneath, oblong. Shaft ſimple, very
ſhort. Summit very large, conſiſting of 3
diviſions
which reſemble petals; broad, reflected, alternately
preſſing down the chives and ſegments; cloven at
the end.
S. Vess. Capſule oblong, angular ; with 3 cells and 3
valves.
Seeds. Several ; large.
Ess. Ch. Bloſs. with 6 diviſions, alternately refleted. Sum-
mits reſembling petals.
I'R IS pſeud-ac'orus. Bloſſoms not fringed ; the inner- yellore
moſt fegments ſmaller than the ſummit. Leaves ſword-
ſhaped.-
Curt. n. 33. faſc. iii.-Blackw. 261.-Fl. dan. 494.-Dod. 248.1;
repr. by Lob. obs. 31. 1; Ger. em. 50. 2. and cop. by Park. 1219.
-H. ox. iv. 6.11. (Maih. 22. Ger. 46. 2; repr. by C. B. th.
633; Trag. 699; Fuchs. 12; cop. by J. B. ii. 732. 1; the de-
ſcriptions accord, but the habit very different.--Ludw. ect. 101,
cannot be the plant, the 3 inner petals being entire.)
Petals, the 3 outer ones toothed on each ſide next to the chives.
Seed-bud with edges, furrowed. Linn. Bloſs. yellow.
Valves of the empalement ſpear-ſhaped. Petals, the 3 outer and
larger ones ſtreaked with purple lines. Summits cut into fringed
ſegments at the top. Tips compreſſed ; purple. Flowers 3 together
at the top of the ſtem : the 2 outer flowers have each i ſheathing
valve, and the middle flower 2. Stem cylindrical but compreſſed.
Root-leaves ſheathing each other at the baſe ; of a ſilvery white with-
in; ſometimes purpliſh on the outſide. I ſhould be tempted to
deſcribe this flower as having 9 Petals and 3 Shafts; which are con-
nected longitudinally to the 3 innermoſt petals. With.
Sometimes it has a pale yellow flower. Ray. Syn. 375.
Flower de luce. Water flag.
Banks
-
D4

A
TRIANDRIA MONO GYNIA.
Banks of rivers, marſhes, and wet meadows.
P. July.
The juice of the freſh root is very acrid, and hath been found
to produce plentiful evacuations from the bowels when other pow-
erful means had failed. Edin. Med. El. vol. 5. art. 8. It may be
given for this purpoſe in doſes of 80 drops, every hour or two; but
the degree of its acrimony is ſo uncertain, that it can hardly ever
come into general uſe. In ſome caſes it proves diuretic. The
freih roots have been mixed with the food of ſwine bitten by a mad
dog, and they eſcaped the diſeaſe, when others bitten by the ſame
dog died raving mad. The root lofes moſt of its acrimony by
drying.
Goats eat the leaves when freſh; but Cows, Horſes, and Swine
refuſe them : Cows will eat them when dry. The roots are uſed
in the iſland of Jura to dye black. Pennant's Tour, 1772. p. 214.
-
a very
Jinling I'RIS fætidis'ſima. Bloſſoms ſmooth; the inner ſeg-
ments expanding very much. Leaves ſword-ſhaped.
Stem with i angle.
Dod. 247. 2, repr. by Lob. obs. 37. 1, Ger. em. 60, and cop. by
Park. 256, 5.-C. B. th. 56o. 3. B. ii. 73I. 2._H. C. iv.
5.2.-In fruit ; Fuchs. 794; cop. by Math. 991, Trag. 904, and
7. B. ii. 731. 1.-Blackw. 158.-As growing on the ſea-ſhore,
Ger. 53. 1 ; repr. in C. B. th. 564.
Stem cylindrical, as long as the leaves, which cover it, and have
fætid ſmell. Seed-bud like the preceding. Bloſs. of a diſa-
greeable purpliſh afh-colour : not ſmelling in the night - time.
Claws of the outer petals wrinkled and plaited on the under ſurface.
Inner petals larger than the ſummit, expanding. LINN.
VAR. 2. Leaves ſtriped.
Stinking Gladdon, or Gladwyn.
Near Hornſey, and about Charlton Wood, Kent. Huds.
Near Braintree, Effex. [Near Perſhore, Worceſt. Nash. In
the Weſt of England not uncommon in lanes. Bath hills ; Ditch-
ingham, Norf. Mr. WOODWARD.]
P. June. July.
The juice of the root, both of this and the preceding fpecies, is
ſometimes uſed to excite ſneezing ; but it is an unſafe practice.
Violent convulſions have ſometimes been the conſequence.
Neither Horſes, Sheep, nor Cows, eat it.
bulbous-
rooted
I'RIS Xiph'ium. Bloſſoms ſmooth. Flowers in pairs.
Leaves awl-ſhaped, channelled, ſhorter than the item.-
H. ox. iv. 7. 10.--Clus.i. 212, 2; repr. in Ger. 93. 3; and Ger.
em. 101. I; and cop. in 3. B. ii. 705.-Clus. i. 214; repr. in
Ger. em. 102, 6, and cop. in f. B. ii. 704.1.-Swert. i. 35. 5.
-
--12

III. CHIVES, I. POINTAL.
41
-
-In fruit ; Clus. i. 213; repr. in Ger. em. 101. 2; and cop.
in Ger. 93.4.
Bulbous-rooted flower de luce.
This plant has long been an ornament to our gardens ; but Dr.
NASH, in his Hiſtory of Worceſterſhire, informs us, that it has
lately been diſcovered, by the DUTCHESS DowAGER OF PORT-
LAND, by the river-ſide near Fladbury, and in other parts of that
county.
P.
71. SCH'NUS. Ruſhgraſs. (Gerard.)
Pl. II. fig. 2.
EMPAL. Huſk 2 valves; large, upright, tapering to a
point, permanent : containing ſeveral florets.
Bloss. Petals 6; fpear-ſhaped, ſharp, approaching,
permanent : generally tiled ; the outermoſt petals
ſhorteſt. *
Chives. Threads 3, hair-like. Tips oblong, upright.
3
Point. Seed-bud egg-ſhaped, with 3 flatted ſides; blunt.
3
Shaft briſtly; as long as the bloſſom. Summit with
3 clefts ; ſlender.
S. Vess. None ; the petals cloſe upon and contain the
feed until it is ripe.
Seed. Single, ſhining, nearly egg-ſhaped, but with 3
fides a little flatted; thickeſt towards the top.
Ess. Ch. Huſks chaffy, of 1 valve, crowded together.
CH
Bloſs. o. Seed 1, roundiſh ; within the huſks. Linn.
Bloſs. o. Inner Scales longer than the Spikeſtalk, the
lower ones without chives and pointai. ŠT,
Obs. In ſome ſpecies very ſmall briſtles, riſing from the recep-
tacle, ſurround the feed. LINN.
Lower ſcales barren ; upper ones fertile. In the Scirpus they are
all fertile. This ſeems the proper diſtinction of theſe two genera.
Scop.-But in the Scirpus acicularis the outer ſcales are ſometimes
barren. St.
In all the ſpecies which I have examined I have found ſcales of
2 kinds, the lower or outer ones hard, leathery, ſtiff, ſhort, empty,
or barren, not unfrequently ending in an awn or ſpit-point; and
the
* I cannot find theſe 6 petals in any one of the ſpecies. HALL. ST.-As it
ſtands at preſent it is rather a deſcription of a Reftio. ST.-That they are only
a
barren ſcales is evident from their often containing imperfect parts of fructifi-
cation, SCOP.

42
TRIANDRIA MONO GYNIA.
the upper or inner ones longer, membranaceous, ſoft, fertile, awn-
leſs. Thus the Schonus will differ from the Cyperus and Scirpus
as the Uniola from the Briza. Perhaps it may without impropriety
be arranged as a diviſion of the Scirpus. Rotti. St.?
long-rooted
* Straw cylindrical.
SCH@'NUS maris'cus. Straw cylindrical. Leaves
beſet with prickles at the edges, and along the back.-
Lob.ic; repr. by Ger. em. 29. 3, cop. by C. B. th. 221; J. B.
ii. 504. 1; H. ox. viii. 11. 24 ; and Park. 1264. 1.-Branch
of the panicle, G. Mich. 31. Pſeudo-Cyp.-Parts of fructif.
Scheuch. 8.7-II.
A common empalement, Hall.-compoſed of ſcales without
chives and pointal. ST.
Long-rooted baſtard Cyperus.
Marſhes ; bogs. [Bogs in Norfolk. Mr. PITCHFORD.]
P. July. Aug.
It ſerves for thatching inſtead of ſtraw, and often grows in ſuch
quantities in pools as to form floating iſlands. It is hurtful to Cows,
blackheaded
SCH'NUS nigricans. Straw cylindrical, naked.
Flowers in an egg-ſhaped head. Fence 2 leaves, one of
which is long and awl-ſhaped. -
H. ox. viii. 10. 28.-Parts of fructif. Scheuch. 7. 12-14.
General fence 2 valves, notched at the end, with a ſharp point in
the middle. Awn of the outer Valve much longer than the whole
head, and dark brown at the end. Linn.
Round black-headed Bogruſh.
Cyperus nigricans, which fee.
Bogs; marſhes. [Bogs in Norfolk. Mr. PITCHFORD.] P. June.
ferruginous
a
SCHO'NUS ferrugin'eus. Straw cylindrical, naked.
Flowers in a double ſpike. Larger leaf of the fence juſt
as long as the ſpike.---
H. ox. viii. 12.40.
This ſpecies is 6 times ſmaller than the preceding. LỊNN.
See S. rufus, Mr. Smith's remark.
Brown baſlard Cyperus.
Turfy bogs; mountains.
P. July
SCH E'NUS fus'cus. Straw cylindrical, leafy. Little
ſpikes almoſt bundled. Leaves thread-ſhaped, chan-
nelled. -
H..ox. viii. 11. 40.
browon
Very

III. CHIVES,
43
I. POINTAL.
Very much reſembling the Schæn. faſciculatus, (Linnæus muſt
mean the Sch. albus, diſtinguiſhed in the Hort. Cliff by the title of
Sch. floſc. faſciculat.) in height, fize, appearance, and place of
growth, but ſtill a different ſpecies, diſtinguiſhable by its Little
Spikes being brown, growing in cluſtered heads, and not white and
flat-topped as in the Sch. albus. It flowers alſo earlier. Linn.
Panicle ſometimes blackiſh. Strare not ſo tall, 3 cornered, but the
angles blunt. Leaves marked with brown ſpots ; 2 or 3 inches
long, and ſomewhat more than half a line broad. POLLICH.
Schoenus albus (fuſcus) Huds. who with Haller regards it only as a
variety of the albus.
Turfy bogs.
P.
** Strare 3 cornered.
SCHE'NUS compres'ſus. Straw naked, nearly 3 compreſſed
cornered ; flowers in the ſpike pointing two oppoſite
ways. Fence i leaf. -
Straw leafy. Little ſpikes containing ſeveral flowers. Huds.
Leers 1. 1.-Pollich. 1. 2.--Pluk. 34. 9.-A ſpike, Mich. 31. Cy.
perella. K. Scheuch, 11. 6.
Straws round, and ſomewhat flattened ; below the ſpike 3 ſquare.
Fence ſcarcely longer than the ſpike. Little-ſpikes alternate. Scales
fixed without any order to the receptacle. Tips with ſpit-points at
the end. Summits 2. Seed furrounded with 6 rough briſtles. LEERS.
ST.-Specimen from Germany. St.
Scirpus caricis. Retz. fl. fcand. n. 56.
Turf bogs. [Near Ditchingham-Bath, Norfolk. Mr. Wood-
WARD.]
I
-
P. July
SCH'NUS ru'fus. Straw nearly 3 cornered, leafy. brown
3.
Spike nearly egg-ſhaped. Little ſpikes containing i
flower. Fence I leaf. HUDS.-
Root perennial, branched, horizontal, creeping. Straws many,
6 inches high, upright, a little 3 cornered, undivided; leafy at
the baſe. Root-leaves ſlender, ſharp, naked, a little channelled,
almoſt as long as the ſtraw. Stem-leaves 2, on leaf-ſtalks, ſlender,
ſharp, about 3 inches long. Leaf-ſtalk ſheathing, cylindrical, ſcor-
ed, ſmooth. Spike terminating, nearly egg - ſhaped. Little-ſpikes
5 or 6, ſitting, alternate, tiled, reddiſh brown. Fence i leaf,
I ,
ſharp, as long as the ſpike, not quickly decaying. EMPAL. Huſk
of í flower and 2 valves. Valves upright, oblong, concave, per-
manent. Bloſs. Petals 6, ſpear-ſhaped, ſharp, ſkinny ; half as
long as the empalement. Chives. Threads 3, hair like ; ſhorter
than the bloſſom. Tips oblong, upright, yellow. Point. Seed-
bud
2

44
TRIANDRIA MONOGYNIA.
bud egg-ſhaped, 3 cornered. Shaft very ſhort. Summits 3, hair-
like. Seed fingle, 3 cornered, tapering to a point. This ſpecies
3
is very nearly allied to the preceding. HUDSON.
Marſhes, in the Iſle of Skye, and near Glaſgow, Ib. P. July.
The colour of ruſty iron. Straw nearly cylindrical. LIGHTF.
Schænus compreſſus. Var. LIGHTF. *
In mooriſh places ; rare. In the Iſle of Mull. P. July
while-
flowered
SCHE'NUS al'bus. Straw leafy, nearly 3 cornered.
3
Flowers in bundles. Leaves briſtly.-
Gies. 29.--Fl. dan. 320.--H. ox. viii. 9. 39.-Pluk. 34. 11.-
Branch of the panicle, Scheuch. 11. 11.--Mich. 31. 14. 1.-
(Park. in Huds. is the error of a tranſcriber for Raj. hiſt.)
Flowers at firſt white, but turning tawny. Mich.
Leaves ſlightly channelled. HUDS.
White flowered Ruſhgraſs.
Marſhes. [A bog near Heydon, Norf. Mr. Woodward. Bir-
mingham heath. W.]
P. July. Sept.
Goats eat it.
72. CYPE'R US. Galingale. . Ger.)
Pl. II. fig. 3.
EMPAL. Spike tiled; flowers pointing from 2 oppoſite
lines, ſeparated by egg-ſhaped Scales which are
keeled on the back, and bent inwards at the
edges.
BLOSS. None.
Chives. Threads 3; very ſhort. Tips oblong, furrowed.
Point. Seed-bud very ſmall. Shaft thread-lhaped, very
long. Summits 3, hairlike.
S. VESS. None.
SIED. Single, 3 cornered, pointed; not hairy,
Ess. Ch. Huſks chaffy, tiled, pointing 2 ways. Bloſs. o.
Seed 1 ; naked.
CYPE'RUS nigricans. Straw cylindrical, naked,
Spikes in an egg-Chaped head. Fence of 2 leaves. St.
Cyperus fpicis, &c. HALL. n. 1347,
black headed
Schanus
* This is the var. of Schenus compreffus of LIGHTF. t. 24, now al-
lowed to be a diftin&t ſpecies. It has often been deſcribed for the
S ferrugineus, which I believe has never been found in Britain.
Mr. SMITH

III. CHIVES, AI. POINTAL
45
Schænus nigricans, which fee.
Fence. The greater valve from 1 to i line below the other.
Head generally compoſed of two cluſters of ſpikes, each with its
proper fence. Fences and Scales of a black purpliſh brown. Seeds
gloſſy, of a ſnowy or livid whiteneſs, like thoſe of Lithoſpermum of-
ficinale. SCHEUCH. ST.
Scales pointing from 2 oppoſite lines. Spikeſtalk bent alternately
backwards and forwards. Seeds roundiſh approaching to 3 ſquare,
of a pearly luſtre. HALL. ST.
Spikes ſpear-ſhaped, flattened, on very ſhort fruit-ſtalks. Scales
ſpear-ſhaped, from 5 to 6. Seed naked. POLLICH. ST.
Each Seed lies within the correſponding curvature of the ſpike-
ſtalk, and is incloſed by the embracing ſides of the ſcale above it,
as well as by its own; marked lengthways by 3 prominent ribs.-
Every part of the plant rigid.—To arrange amongſt the Cyperuſes
after the monoſtachyos, to which it has the neareſt affinity, and
which it ſeems to connect with the umbelliferous ſpecies. St.
CYPE'RUS longus. Straws leafy, 3 cornered. Flow- engliſh
ers in a trebly compound leafy bundle. Fruit-ſtalks
naked. Spikes alternate.-
H.ox. viii. 11. 13.-Fuchs. 453. cop. by Trag. 915; (but impro-
perly referred by C. B. to his G. rot. vulg.) and J. B. ii. 501. 1.
-Math:26. left half of the fig. cop. in Ger.28.1.-Dod. 338. 2.
repr. by Lob. obs. 40. 1. Ger. em. 30. 1. and cop. by Park. 146.
3. (defcr. n. 4.)-C. B. th. 216.-Blackwer. 316.-Branch of
panicle, Scheuch. 8. 12.-(Pluk. 192. I, and Mont. 1. 2,
quoted by the Germ. Synonyms, appear to be other plants.)
Root long, odoriferous.
Fruit-ſtalks ſometimes to the amount of 12 or 13, forming a fort
of rundle, the outer ſpokes of which are gradually ſhorter and
ſhorter. Little ſpikes flender, tapering to a point, cheſnut-co-
loured. Scop.
Sweet Cyperus. Engliſh Galingale.
Fens and marſhes. [Not found on St. Faith's bogs, as men-
tioned by Mr. Hudſon, Ed. 2.-A ſpecimen of it was by miſtake
ſent to Mr. Hudſon with fome of St. Faith's plants. Mr. Smith.]
P. July.
The root is agreeably aromatic to the ſmell, and warm and bitter
to the taſte. The modern practice diſregards it ; but perhaps it is
not inferior to ſome of the more coſtly medicines brought from
abroad.
73. SCIR-

46
TRIANDRIA MONOGYNIA.
73. SCIR'PUS. Club-grafs.
PI. II. fig. 4.
EMPAL. Spike tiled ; the flowers growing equally from
every ſide, and ſeparated by egg-ſhaped ſcales bent
inwards at the edges.
Bloss. None.
Chives. Threads 3; which continue growing longer.
3
Tips oblong.
Point. Seed-bud very ſmall. Shaft thread-ſhaped, long.
Summits
3,
hairſike.
S. Vess. None.
Seed. Single, 3 cornered, pointed; furniſhed with ſoft
hairs, which are ſhorter than the empalement.
Ess. Ch. Huſks chaffy; tiled on every ſide. Bloſs o.
Seed 1, beardleſs. LINN.
Bloſs. o. Inner ſcales shorter than the ſpikeſtalk, the
lower ones generally producing chives and poin-
tal. Sr.
ST
Oes. Soft hairs in ſome ſpecies grow to the point, in others to
the baſe of the feed.
coinmoi
tall.
-
.
* Spike ſingle.
SCIR'PUS palus'tris. Straw cylindrical. Spike nearly
egg-ſhaped, terminating: -
Fl. dan. 273.-Lob. obs. 44. 1; repr. in Ger. em. 1631. 7, and
cop. by Park. 1196. 1.-H. ox. viii. 10.32.-C. B. 186.-
7. B. ii. 523. 3.-Spike and fructif. Leers 1. 3. (the beſt.)
VAR. B Fl. dan. 167, in the opinion of Mull. fl. fried. confirmed by an
examination.-H. ox. viii. 10. row 3. fig. between 33 and 34.--
Park. 1196.2.-Spike Scheuch. 7. 17.
Straw not perfectly cylindrical. Leaves compreſſed ; of a red-
diſh brown colour at the baſe. Hairs, 3 or 4, at the baſe of each
feed-bud. Scop.
Club-ruſh. Aglet-headed Ruſh.
Banks of rivers, ponds, and ditches; frequent. [B. Near
Stafford, and Severn Stoke, Worceſterſh. ST.]
P. July.
Swine devour the roots greedily when freſh, but will not touch
them when dry. Goats, Horſes, and Hogs eat it. Cows and
Sheep reſuſe it.
a
SCIR'

III. CHIVES, I POINTAL.
47
SCIR'PUS cæſpito'ſus. Straw ſcored, naked. Spike dwarf
terminating, with 2 valves as long as the empalement.
Roots ſeparated by ſcales.-
Straw covered at the baſe with tiled fheaths, the uppermoſt ter-
minating in ſhort leaves. St.
Scheuch. 7. 18.-J. B. ii. 523. 2.-C. B. 79.—(Fl.dan. 167. re-
.
7
ferred to this ſpecies by every author except Muller is a var. of the
S. paluſtris; and H. ox.viii. 10. row 3.35. cannot be the plant, ſince
the ſpike is 4 times as long as the empalement.—Pluk.
.
40.
to be a different plant, the ſame with H. ox. viii. 1o. row 3. 34;
and in Barr. 256. 1. the inner value of the empalement is nearly
twice as long as the outer.)
Straws from 2 to 6 inches high. Spike, the 2 outer ſcales as long
as the ſpike, and performing the office of a fence, but producing
ſeed. Seeds with hairs from the baſe. St.
Dwarf Clubruſh. Deers hair.
Turf bogs and dry heaths.
Goats, Sheep, and Cattle eat it.
6. appears
-
P. July
SCIR'PUS paucif'lorus. Straw ſcored, naked. Spike chocolate-
terminating ; with few flowers ; longer than the valves headed
of the empalement. Lightf.
Scheuch. 7. 19.-Ger. em. 21. 3. cop. by Park. 1270.7.--). B.
ii. 509. 1? (Fl. dan. 167, according to Oed. and which Mr.
Lightfoot refers to, though doubtfully, is a var. of the S. paluſtris.)
Root-leaves as high, or higher than the ſtalks, which they reſem-
ble. Stalks and Leaves ſheathed. Sheaths lopped, and not ending in
a projecting point as in the S. cæſpitoſus. Empal. valves 2, oval, not
ending in a rigid point. (non mucronate. HALL.) LIGHTF-but
Scheuch. deſcribes them as ending in a ſharp point. St.
It ſeems to be a var. of the S. cæſpitoſus. Huds.
Scirpus Bæothryon, inſerted by Ehrhart in Linn. the Son's Suppl.
103 ?-no figure referred to, but the character ſeems to have been
formed from the deſcriptions of Haller and Lightfoot. St.
Highland Mountains. [Ellingham Fens, Norf. Mr. Wood-
WARD.]
-
P. Aug.
-
SCIR'PUS acicula'ris. Straw cylindrical, naked, ſlender
briſtle-ſhaped. Spike egg-ſhaped, conſiſting of 2 valves.
Seeds naked.
Straw 4 cornered. HUDS.
Fl. dan. 287.-Ħ. ox. viii. 10. row 3. 37. Pluk. 40.7. (Fl. dan.
167, another plant, as Oed. acknowledges : Jee Fafc. v. p. 8.
1. 287.)
Leaves

48
TRIANDRIA MONOGYNIA.
Leaves crooked, ſtiff, cylindrical.
Scales 2 on the outſide of the ſpike, egg-ſhaped, ſomewhat point-
ed, as long or only half as long as the ſpike. Scales of the Flowers,
ſhape as the former. POLLICH. In one ſpecimen the 2 outer ſcales
containing no chives or pointal, in 4 others producing feed as the
reſt, as in the fig. of the Fl. dan. whence Mr. Hudſon has very pro-
perly omitted that circumſtance in his ſpecific character. Straw
from 1 to 6 inches high. Forms a fine cloſe
green turf. ST.
Leaſt upright Club-ruſh.
Marſhes and bogs. [Malvern Chace, Worc. St.]
,
P. Aug.
floating
SCIR'PUS flu'itans. Straws cylindrical, naked, al-
ternate. Stem leafy and limber.-
H.ox.viii. 10.31.-Scheuch. 7. 20. (Pluk. 35. 1. Spikes ill done.)
Floating Club-ruh. Ponds ; Ditches.
P. July. Aug.
Bull-ruſh
tall
dwarf
** Straw cylindrical; with ſeveral ſpikes.
SCIR'PUS lacus'iris. Straw cylindrical, naked.
Spikes ſeveral, egg-ſhaped, on fruit-ſtalks, terminating.
Linn.--Empalements fringed, cloven into 3 ſegments,
the middle one awl-ſhaped. St.
a. Fence ſomewhat membranaceous, ſhorter than the panicle.
Spikes rather oblong. HUDS.
H. ox. viii. 10. 1.–Ger. 31.3; repr. in C. B. 178.-7. B. ii.
522. 2. Dod 605. 1; repr. by Ger. em. 35. 3, and cop. by
Park. 1191.1.—Leaves, Trag. 674. I.
Empalements brown, or browniſh cheſnut. Scheuch. St.
B. Fence nearly the length of the panicle. Spikes egg-
ſhaped. Huds.
Ger. 31. 4, repr. in C. B. 181.
Spikes dark cheſnut, or dark brown with a tinge of red. SCHEUCH.
Empalements dark browniſh purple above; below, whitiſh with
purple ſpots. ST.
7. One ſide of the ſtraw flattiſh. Huds.
H. ox. viii. 10. 2.
Scales of the ſpikes cloven, and a little pointed ſubſtance at the
bottom of the cleft. Seed-bud with 5 or 6 hairs at the baſe. Seeds
brown. Scop.
Spikes cheſnut-colour. W.
Empal. fringed with ſhort curled hairs. St.
Bull-ruſh. Rivers ; pools ; fens.
P. July. Aug.
When fodder is exhauſted, Cattle will live upon it. Cottages
are ſometimes thatched, and pack-ſaddles ſtuffed with it. Bottoms
of chairs are very commonly made of this ruſh. If cut at one year
old
a
keeled

111. CHIVES, I. POINTAL,
49
old it makes the fine bottoms. Coarſe bottoms are made of it at
two years old ; and thoſe that are ſtill older, mixed with the leaves
of the Iris pſeud-acorus, make the coarſeſt bottoms of all. Mats are
likewiſe made, either of the Scirp.lacuſtris alone, or mixed with the
aforeſaid leaves.--Goats and Swine eat it. Cows and Sheep refuſe it.
SCIR'PUS Holoſcha'nus. Straw cylindrical, naked. round-headed
Spikes nearly globular, congregated, ſtanding on fruit-
ſtalks ; with a fence of 2, unequal, ſharp, pointed
leaves.-
H. ox. viii. 10. 17.-Mich. 31. (Scirpoides.)-Scheuch. 8. 2-5.
- Pluk. 40. 4.-C. B. 174.-Park. 1194.4.-(Fl. dan. 454,
undoubtedly another plant, though Oeder's error has been copied by
every ſubſequent author.)
Sheaths of the leaves jagged and fringed. 1 or 2 of the heads of
flowers without fruit-ſtalks. Scales roundiſh, but terminated by a
whitiſh ſlender point. Scop.
Sea coaſt.
P. July.
SCIR'PUS roma'nus. Straw cylindrical, naked. Single-headed
Head lateral, compact. Floral leaf bent back. -
Jacq. ft. 448.—Barr. 255. 3:—Head; Scheuch. 8. 6.Pluk. 40.5.
Straws the thickneſs of a thread ; thoſe of the S. Holofchænus as
thick as the S. lacuſtris, and ſharp pointed. Linn.
Frequently many-headed. Scales egg-ſhaped, ſharp, concave.
Tips yellow. Summits white. JACQ,
Moiſt meadows. Marſhy places, near Throgmorton, Worceſ-
terſhire. HUDS. and NASH.
P. July.
-
-
-
SCIR'PUS ſeta'ceus. Straw naked, briſtle-ſhaped. leaf
Spike terminating, fitting. LINN.-Seeds naked. St.
Fl. dan. 311.-Leers. 1. 6.-Rottb. 15. 5. and 6.-H.ox. viii. 10.
23.-Park. 1270. 10 and 9.-Barr. 118. 2, wretched, if really
the plant. (Rottb. 15. 4, which he refers to the S. Setaceus, Mant.
came from the Cape.)
Leaves like briſtles. Straws naked, numerous ; as thick as the
leaves, but twice as long. Spike 1, rarely 2, terminating, egg-ſhaped.
Lowermoft Scale awl-ſhaped, pale, as long as the ſpike. Linn.
The Floral-leaf, called by Linnæus the lowermoſt Scale, is appa-
rently an extenſion of the Straw, ſometimes 2 lines in length, (as
Rottb. 15. 5. Scirp. ſetac. ß; which though gathered near Paris he
fancies to be the Cyperus minimus,) but frequently half an inch or
more, as Fl. dan. Leers, H. ox. and Rottb. 15. 6. Scirp: ſetac. y.
Spikes 2, 3, or 4; or, as on ſome of the ſhorter ſtraws, cnly 1.
Vol. I.
E
SCHEUCH.

50
TRIANDRIA MONOGYNIA.
SCHEUCH. with whoſe remarks, my ſpecimens, all from one root,
perfectly accord ; except that I find no ſtraw with more than 3
ſpikes. ST.
The number of fpikes varies from 1 to 4. Huds. .
Spikes greeniſh brown, tinged with roſe-colour. W.
Leaſt Ruſh. Small Plymouth Ruſh-graſs.
Wet fandy ground.
A. July. Aug.
3 Square
--
*** Straw 3 cornered. Panicle naked.
SCIR'PUS triqueter. Straw 3 cornered, naked.
Spikes, fome nearly ſitting, others on fruit-ſtalks ; as
long as the ſharp-point.-
Pluk. 40. 2.
Sides of the ſtraw flat, not hollowed out. LINN.
S. mucronatus triqueter. Huds.
P.
Banks of the Thames above and below London.
pointed
-
a
SCIR'PUS mucrona'tus. Straw 3 cornered, taper,
naked. Spikes lateral, fitting; crowded together. -
H. ox. viii. 10. 20.- Pluk. 40. i. and 3.-C. B. pr. 22, 1; th.
175.-Head, Scheuch. 9. 4.
Straws 3 cornered, triangular, keeled 3 ways; angles compreſſed.
Sharp-points much longer than the flowers ; bent fideways. LINN.
Empalements ſharp-pointed. 3 awn-like threads at the baſe of the
ſeeds. SCHEUCH.
Pollich's ſhould ſeem to be a different plant, for he deſcribes the
empalement as blunt. Sr.
Spikes ruſty-iron coloured, with ſcales like thoſe of the S. lacuf-
tris. Scop.
Sea-ſhore ; banks of large rivers.
P. July, Aug.
**** Straw 3 cornered, panicle leafy.
3
SCIR'PUS maritimus. Straw 3 cornered. Panicle
cloſe, and leafy. Scales of the little ſpikes cloven into
3 ſegments; the middle ſegment awl-ſhaped.
a and y? C. B. pr. 24. repr. in th. 215. and cop. in Park. 1263.
4. and H. ox. viii. 11.9.-Ger. em. 31. 5. ſeems to be the
ſame.--Panicle, Sckeuch. 9. 9 and 10. probably the same. Speci-
men gathered in England, place unknown.
à Ger. 20.7. repr. in C. B. th. 86.-Ger em. 22. 7. cop. by Park.
1266. 6. right-hand plant, H.ox. viii. 11. 25. and in J. B. ii.
495. 1. left-hand plant.--Dod. 338. 1. repr. in Lob. obs. 39. 2.
confirmed by Mich. and not Cyper-eſculent.-Branch of the panicle,
Scheuch. 9. 7 and 8. (C. B. 214.-Lob. obs. 40. 3. cop. in
Park.
ſalt-marſh
round-rooted
Spreading

III. CHIVES, I. POINTAL.
51
Park. 1264. 3. and the H. ox. viii. 11.8.-. B. ii. 503. 3.-
as alſo Lob. obs. 40. 2. cop. in J. B. ii. 503. 1. ſeem to be
Carexes.)
e Ger. em. 22. 7. cop. in Park. 1266. 6. left-hand plant, and J. B. tufted
ii. 495. 1. right-hand plant. Specimen from tke ſaltmarſh at Shir-
ley Wich, Staffordſh. St.
Leaves ſtiff, and ſharp at the edges. Little ſpikes much longer. LINN.
Panicle ſometimes branched, ſometimes ſimple. Huds. as in the
fig. on the left hand in Park. and that on the right in J. B. ST.
Spikes oblong; the colour of ruſty iron. Seeds the ſame colour;
ſhining, egg-ſhaped but compreſſed, and tapering to a point : 2 or
3 whitiſh, lopped, chaffy ſubſtances, ſhorter than the Shaft, riſe
from the baſe of the Seed-bud. Shaft browniſh red. Summits un-
equal. In ſome ſpecimens the Spikes are fitting, and the Stem-leaves
ſhorter than the Straw ; in others they are longer : and in ſome
the Spikes are ſome fitting, ſome on fruit-ſtalks. Scop.
Sea-coaſt. Salt Marſhes near Yarmouth. Mr. WOODWARD.
P. Aug.
Cows eat it. The roots, dried and ground to powder, have been
uſed inſtead of flour in times of ſcarcity.
.
SCIR'PUS ſylvat'icus. Straw 3 cornered, leafy. wood
Rundle leafy. Fruit-ſtalks naked, trebly compound.
Spikes crowded.-LINN. Empalements entire. St.
C. B. th. 90.-H. ox. viii. 11. 15.-J. B. ii. 504. 2.-Fl. dan.
307.-Lob. adv. 38. 1; repr. by Ger. em. 30. 5, and cop. by
Park. 1171.2.-Branch of the rundle, Leers 1.4. Fl. dan. 307.
Leaves flat. Tips yellow. Seed-bud with 3 or 4 hairs at the baſe. Scop.
Leaves very broad, keeled ; with a blunt, coloured, projection
at the end : the edges and keel rough with ſtrong hairs. Seeds girt
with 4 or 6 ſhort hairs riſing from the baſe of the feeds. LEERS. ST.
Millet Cyperus graſs.
Wet ſhady places. [Ditchingham, Norf. Mr. STONE.] P. July.
Cows, Sheep, Horſes, and Goats eat it. Swine refuſe it.
E 2
74. ERI-

52
TRIANDRIA MONOGYNIA.
74. ERIOPH'ORUM. Cottongraſs.
Pl. II. fig. 5.
Single-headed
EMPAL. Spike tiled; the flowers growing equally from
every fide, and feparated by oblong - eggſhaped
membranaceous, flexible, tapering Scales, which are
flat but turned in at the edges.
Bloss. None.
Chives. Threads 3, hair-like. Tips upright, oblong.
,
Point, Seed-bud very ſmall. Shaft thread-ſhaped, as
long as the ſcale of the empalement. Summits 3,
longer than the ſhaft, reflected.
S. Vess. None.
SEED. 3 cornered, tapering to a point; furniſhed with
foft hairs, which are longer than the ſpike.
Ess. Char. Huſks chaffy; tiled on every ſide. Bloſs. o.
Seed 1, ſurrounded with very long wool.
ERIOPH'ORUM vaginatum. Straw cylindrical ;
ſheathed. Spike ſkinny.
In fruit. Curt. iv. 37.-Fl. dan. 236.-Scheuch. prod. and app.
7.1.-3. B. ii. 514.2.-C. B. pr. 23; repr. in th. 188, and
cop.by Park. 1272.5.-H. ox. viii. 9. row 3. 6. Gr. junceum.
ib. 6. Gr. juncoid.-Park. 1272. 2.-ib. 1.-In bloſſom. Curt.
ib. --Park. 1189. 1.-Spike and parts of fructif. Sceuch. 7. 1–3.
Mont. I. K.
Root-leaves imperfectly 3 cornered, ſharp, with two of the ſides
ſcored. Stem-leaves cylindrical. Sheaths incloſing the ſtraw; the
uppermoſt purple at the baſe. Straw twice as long as the leaves ;
ſcored, cylindrical, but flat on one fide. Spike egg-ſhaped, tiled.
Scales ſkinny ; brown: the lower ones barren; the
upper ones
bearing woolly feeds. Linn.
Spike fingle. Scales brown. Straw bluntly 3 cornered. Sheath
from 1 to 2 inches long, riſing from the joint of the ſtraw ; purple
at the lower, ſkinny and ſpear-ſhaped at the upper part. Another
Sheath, lower down, riſes from the root. Root-leaves 3 cornered,
convex on one ſide, flat on two ſides. With.
Hare's-tail Ruſh. Moſs-crops.
Bogs. [Near Lynn. Mr. PITCHFORD. Very frequent in all the
northern counties. Mr. WOODWARD. Birmingham heath, in the
marſhy valley croſſed by the foot-road to Winſon-green. W.]
P. Febr. April
;
ERI

III. CHIVES, I. POINTAL.
53
-
ERIOPH'ORUM polyſta'chion. Straw cylindrical. many-headed
Leaves flat. Spikes on fruit-ſtalks.-
Curt. iv. 37.-Vaill. 16. 1 and 2.-Leers 1. 5.-H. ox. viii. 9.
row 3. 1. Ger. 27. 1. repr. in C. B. th. 61.--Trag. 683.-
Garid. 44.-Dod. 562. 2 ; repr. in Ger. em. 29**—Barr. 12.
-J. B. ii. 514.1.-Parts of fructif. Mont. (Linagroft.) K.L. I.
Spikes pendant ; generally 3 upon each ſtraw, which riſes out of
a ſheath, formed by 3 browniſh leaves, the outermoſt of which is
much longer than the reſt and green at the end. Leaves ſheathing
the ſtem ; femi-cylindrical, and hollow at the lower part, but ſolid
and 3 cornered towards the top ; tapering gradually to a point. W.
Cottongraſs. Moorgraſs. Moſs-crops.
Marſhes and bogs, not uncommon. [Birming. heath, Aquilate
Meer, near Newport, Shrop. covering ſeveral acres. W.] P. June.
This plant is uſeful in the Iſle of Skie, to ſupport Cattle in the
earlier part of the Spring, before the other graſſes are fufficiently
grown. Pennant's Tour, 1774. p. 308. Poor people ſtuff their pil-
lows with the down, and make wicks of candles with it, but it be-
comes brittle when quite dry.
OBs. The laſt 4 genera are nearly allied to the Grasses, and a
fuperficial obſerver would be tempted to conſider them as ſuch ;
but an attentive peruſal of the generic characters will afford fuffi-
cient diſtinctions. (See the Plate of Graſjes.) *
* Different View of the laſt Four Genera.
ERIOPHORUM. Seeds with hairs longer than the empalement. HALL
Eriopborum. Linn.
SCIRPUS. Seeds with hairs ſhorter than the empalement. HALL.
.
* 1. Scales tiled, -as in the Eriophorum.
S. paluftris. Empal. entire. Spike ſingle, terminating. Straw cylindrical.
S. mucronatus. Empal. ſharp-pointed. Spikes fitting, lateral, Straw z cor-
nered.
S. ſylvaticus. Empal. entire. Spikes in panicles.
S. lacuftris. Empal. cloven into 3 at the end, fringed. Spikes in panicles.
Straw cylindrical.
S. maritimus. Empal. cloven into 3 at the end. Spikes in panicles. Straw
3 ſquare.
** 2. Scales bundled. Spikeſtalk ſhorter than the ſcales.
Schenus compreſus. Spike compound. Little ſpikes pointing 2 ways.
Scbenus albus. Little ſpikes bundled. Outer ſcales ſhorter than the inner.
S. pauciflorus. LIGHTF. Outer ſcales longer than the inner, but ſhorter than
the ſpike. Root-leaves as long as the ſtraw.
S. ceſpitoſus. Outer ſcales as long as the ſpike. Root-leaves ſhorter than
the ſtraw. ST.
MARISCUS. Seeds naked. HALL.
Scbænuss marifcus, Scirpus acicularis, ſetaceus.
E 3
75. NAR-

54
TRIANDRIA MONOGYNIA.
75. NAR'DUS. Matgraſs
Pl. II. fig. 6.
EMPAL. None.
Bloss. 2 valves ; outer Valve long, betwixt ſtrap and
ſpear-ſhaped ; pointed at the end, and inclofing the
leffer Valve, which is ſtrap-ſhaped and ſharp pointed,
Chives. Threads
3,
hair-like; ſhorter than the bloſſom.
Tips oblong.
Point. Seed-bud oblong. Shaft ſingle, thread-ſhaped,
long, downy. Summit fimple.
S. Vess. The bloſſom adheres to the ſeed, without
opening.
SEED. Single, incloſed in the bloſſom ; long and nar-
row, tapering to a point at each end, the upper
part narroweſt.
Ess. CHAR. Cup o. Bloſs. 2 valves.
NAR'DUS ſtric'ta. Spike ſlender, ſtraight ; the flo-
rets pointing in one direction.--
Schreb. 7.–C. B. th.70.-H. ox. viii. 7. 8.-7. B. ii. 513. 2.
--Lob. ic. 9o. 1; repr. in Ger. em. 1631. 3, and cop. by Park.
1199.5–6–7.-Spike, &c. Leers 1.7.-Scheuch. 2. 10.-
heath
-
-
Mont. 31.
I
Spikes yellowiſh white, or violet colour. Florets riſing only from
one ſide. With.
Straw with 1 joint near the baſe, and 1 ſhort briſtly leaf. Root-
leaves numerous, long, thread-ſhaped, a little rough. Spike-ſtalk
convex on one ſide, hollow on the other, with alternate teeth at the
edges, and rough, for the inſertion of the florets. LEERS.
Small Matweed. Heath Matweed.
Heaths and marſhes. [Heaths in Norf. frequent. Mr. Wood-
WARD. Malvern Chace, Worceſt. Mr. BALLARD. Birmingham
heath, St. Lilleſhall pool dam, Shropſh. W.] P. June. Aug.
This graſs is ſtiff and hard to the touch, but being generally ſhort,
it eludes the ſtroke of the fcythe, and takes off its edge, which
makes it diſliked by Mowers.
Goats and Horſes eat it. Cows and Sheep are not fond of it.
Crows ſtock it up, for the ſake of the larya of inſects which they
find at the root.
Order

III, CHIVES, II. POINTALS.
55
Order II.
DIG YN IA.
II. POINT A L S.
82. PANICUM. Panick.
Pl. II. fig. 7:
EMPAL. Huſk with 3 valves*, containing i floret. Valves
3
nearly egg-ſhaped ; the ſmalleſt ſtanding behind the
;
other two.
Bloss. 2 valves. Valves nearly egg-ſhaped, the ſmaller
valve the flatteſt.
Chives. Threads 3 ; hair-like, ſhort. Tips oblong.
Point. Seed-bud roundiſh. Shafts 2 ; hair-like. Sum-
mits downy.
S. Vess. The bloſſom adheres to the feed without
opening
Seed. Single, incloſed in the bloſſom ; roundiſh, but
a little flatted on one ſide.
Ess. Char. Bloſs. 3 valves ; 1 very ſmall.
PAN'ICUM verticilla'tum. Spike whorled. Little rough
bunches in fours. Little fences of 2 briſtles, with i
flower. Straws ſpreading. -
Curt. iv. 44.-H. ox. viii. 4. 11. Ger. 14. repr. in C. B. th.
139; cop. by Park. 1177. 2, and J. B. ii. 469. 1.-Ger. em.
15. 1. (J. B. ii. 491. 2. is a different fpecies.)
Greatly reſembling the P. viride, but the bunches of the Spike
longer, 3 or 4 together, pointing downwards on one ſide. Flowers
green. Pointals purple. I or 2 rough Briſtles to each flower, and
longer than the flower. Little fruit-ſtalks, after the falling off of the
* Valves generally 4. The ift or outermoſt; the 2nd oppoſite to the outermoſt,
and covering the outer valve of the bloſſom ; the 3rd oppoſite and fimilar to the
2d; the 4th between the 3d and the inner valve of the bloſſom, flat, membra-
naceous, and generally ſmaller than the ift.-Mr. Curtis has ſeen and figured it
in the P, Cruſgalli, f. 5. 6.; but calls it a membrane between the empal. and
blofs. It exiſts in the P. glaucum, viride, milia ceum, capillare, patens, and
even in the ſanguinale, where, ftill obſerving its proportion to the outer valve,
it is with difficulty diſcovered. In the patens, with the aſſiſtance of the 3rd
valve, it performs the office of a bloffom incloſing 3 naked chives. In the
P. Dactylon there are only 2.
flowers,
ST.
E 4

56
TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA.
flowers, terminated by a lopped, hollow, white cup. Spike-ſtalk
cloven, with 3 or 4 corners. Straws ſmooth ; ſpreading ; 2 feet
high. Leaves naked. LINN.
Kneed-graſs.
Cornfields between Putney and Roughampton. RaY.
Bat-
terſea fields. CURT.
A. June. July.
green
-
PANICUM vir'ide. Spike cylindrical. Partial fence
including 2 florets; hairy and bundled. Seeds ſtringy.-
Curt. iv. 44.-Ger. em. 17. 3.-Park. 1154.2 and 3:-(Fl. dan.
852, called P. cruſgalli; Mr. WOODWARD.) Ger. 20. 8;
repr. in C. B. th. 138, and cop in H. ox. viii. 2. 10.-3. B.ii.
431. 1.-Spike; Leers 2. 2.-Fructif. Scheuch. 2. 2.
Straw from 12 to 18 inches high ; leafy; with 3 joints ; ſcored
and rough towards the top. Leaves rather broad, rough on the up-
per fide. Spike betwixt cylindrical and egg-ſhaped, unequal in
thickneſs ; green, purpliſh on one ſide. Fruit-ſtalks very ſhort.
Briſtles white, or purpliſh ; ſeveral ſurrounding each floret, and 4
times as long as the floret. The third petal of the bloſs. always
wanting. LEERS.-not always preſent. Scop.
4th valve as ſhort again as the bloſſom, while that of the P.glaucum
is nearly as long as the bloſſom. Bloſſom oval, roughiſh, but
even ; that of the glaucum roundiſh-eggſhaped, rough, and undu-
lated. ST.
Sandy fields. [Corn fields, Ditchingham, Norf. Mr. Wood-
WARD. Many places about Norwich. Mr. SMITH.]
A. July.
looſe
fmooth
PANICUM Cruſgal'li. Spikes alternate and in
pairs. Little ſpikes fub-divided. Huſks awned, and
-
rough with ſtrong hairs. Spike-ſtalk with 5 angles.-
a Awns not above once and a half as long as the empalement.
LINN. 10 awns. CURT.
Curt. iv. 41.-Math. 407.-H. ox. viii. 4. row 1. 15.—Dod.
559. 2, repr. by Lob. obs. 25. 2, and Ger. em. 85.4; and cop.
by Park. 1154. 1.–Ger. 79. 5, repr. in C. B. th. 136.-G. B.
th. 142. (Dod. 561. 3. ſeems a different plant.)
B Awns 10 times as long as the empalement.
Ger. 15. 1. repr. in C. B. th. 137.-7. B. ii. 443. 2.-Ger. em.
16.1, cop.by Park. 1154.4.-Panicle, &c. Leers 2. 3.-Fructif.
Scheuch. 2.2. F. (Fl. dan. 852. is the P. viride. Mr. Woodw.)
Wet corn-fields ; rare. About Batterſea. Near Martha's Cha-
pel, by Guildford. Huds. Between Deptford and Greenwich ;
near Petersfield, by the rivulet, Hants. RaY.
A. Aug.
bearded
-
PAN-

III. CHIVES, II. POINTALS.
57
--
PANICUM ſanguina'le. Spikes fingered ; knotty cock’s-foot
on the inſide the baſe. Flowers in pairs; without awns.
Sheath of the leaves dotted.
Curt. iv. 41.-Schreb. 16.-H. ox. viii. 3. row 1. 2.-Buxb. v.
65.-Clus. ii. 217. 2 ; repr. in Lob. obs. 13. 1; and Ger. em.
27. 2; and cop. by Park. 1178. 1.-Ger. 25. 2. repr. in C. B.
th. 114.-J. B. ii. 444. 1.-(Fl. dan. 388 ? Flowers tiled, and
leſſer Spikeſtalks bare of flowers a conſiderable way up. Separate
Spikeſtalks well done.)-Spikes, &c. Leers 2. 6. not a good reſem-
blance though the only fig. where the knots at the baſe of the Spikes are
repreſented.-Scheuch. 2, 11. G. H.-(Math. 1000 ſeems to be
the var. noticed by Scheuch. p. 102, 103.)
Flowers ſlightly hairy. HALL.
Empal. outer valve very minute. SCHREB. ST.; very often
wanting.
Straw leafy, ſmooth ; with 3 joints, the 2 lower ones procum-
bent, the upper one very long, riſing obliquely. Leaves rather
broad, ſhort, ſmooth. Sheaths of a blood red, ſet with very mi-
nute riſing dots, and briſtly. Valves of the empal. pubeſcent. Seeds
reddiſh, ſhining. LEERS.
Sheaths of the leaves bare, as in the fig of Schreb. and Fl. dan. be-
ſet with ſoft hairs, Scheuch. ; or very hairy, as in Curt. Buxb.
Clus. &c. ſprinkled with a number of minute round brown tu-
bercles, obvious to the naked eye ; but no knots at the inner baſe
of the ſpikes. (Specimens from Germany.) Both circumſtances
wanting in the plant figured by Curtis. St.
Spike-jtalks flattened, as if bordered. Flowers placed in alternate
pairs. SCHEUCH. ST.
Straws leafy. Leaf-ſheaths doted. Spikes on very ſhort fruit-ſtalks.
Spikeſtalks ſomewhat zigzag. Flowers ſometimes in threes, the low-
ermoft on a fruit-ſtalk ſhorter than the flower. Empal. (fome-
times) pubeſcent. LEERS. ST.
A callous hairy ſubſtance between the baſe of the ſpikes and the
ſtraw. LEERS. but not diſcernibly, at leaſt in dried ſpecimens. St.
Dots on the leaf-ſtalks ſcarcely viſible ; LEERS and Curt. in my
ſpecimens very obvious. St.
The longer fruit-ſtalk ſupporting a flower with only a pointal;
Scop. but in my ſpecimens both flowers have chives and pointal ;
but when 3, the uppermoſt has neither. ST.
Empal. valves bordered with a woolly fringe (ſpecimen from the
ſon of Prof. Jacquin); or outer ribs roughiſh, as in Curt. f. 1.11.
12. (ſpecimen from Prof. Leſke, titled P. filiforme, which may
perhaps prove to be our Engliſh ſpecies)—and valve half or 3 times
Thorter than the bloſſom ; the outer one as much ſhorter than
the
a

58
TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA.
the 2d. - The 4th valve, (ſee obs. on the genus, ftill ſmaller, and
figured by Curt. f. 8, is an additional proof that it is truly a Pani-
cum, and not a diſtinct genus, as Haller and others have fup-
poſed. St.
Corn-fields near Batterſea ; and Martha's Chapel, Guilford.
Huds. [At Witchingham, Norf. Mr. Woodw.) A. July. Aug.
creeping
2
PAN'ICUM dac'tylon. Spikes fingered, expand-
ing ; ſoft hairs on the inſide the baſe. Flowers folitary.
The plant ſends out creeping runners. LINN.—Empale-
ment of 2 valves. St.
Clus. ii. 217, repr. by Lob. obs. 12.1, and Ger. em. 28. 3, and
cop. by Park. 1179. 5.-C. B. th. 112. 113; cop. in H. ox.
viii. 3. row 2. 4.-Barr. 753. 1.-H. ox. ib. 6.-Spikes, Mont.
99.--Scheuch 2. 11. 1.
Bloſs. an awn-like thread proceeding from the baſe of the inner
valve. SCHEUCH. ST.
Bloſs. edges ſlightly woolly. Flowers pointing one way. HALL.ST.
Empal. Huſks ſpear-ſhaped, finely tapering, expanding, nearly as
long as the bloſſom. Bloſs. keeled. Shafts and Summits violet.
Pollich. St.
Bloſs. Inner value egg-ſhaped, keeled, as narrow again as the
outer. The awn-like ſubſtance from its baſe apparently the rudi-
ment of a pedicle analogous to thoſe in the Melica, &c. St.
(C. B. 117. a good repreſentation of it. Mr. WOODWARD, but
from the deſcr. a diſtinct ſpecies.)
Sandy grounds, ſea-ſhore. Between Penzance and Market-jeu,
Cornwall. RAY.
P. July
a
84. ALOPECU'R U S. Foxtail.
Pl. II, fig. 8.
EMPAL. Huſk 2 valves containing i floret. Valves equal,
betwixt egg and ſpear-ſhaped; concave, compreſſed.
Bloss. I concave Valve as long as the empalement, with
a long Awn upon the back fixed towards the baſe.
Chives. Threads 3, hair-like. Tips forked at each end.
Point. Seed-bud roundiſh. Shafts 2, like tendrils ; re-
flected; longer than the empalement. Summits
fimple.
S. Vess. The bloſſom incloſes the feed.
SEED. Single ; roundiſh ; covered by the bloſſom.
Ess. CHAR. Cup 2 valves. Bloſs. I valve,
1
ALO-

III. CHIVES, II. POINTALS.
59
-
ALOPECU'RUS praten'ſis. Spiked Straw upright. meadow
Huſks woolly. Bloffoms without awns.-- LINN. Blof-
ſoms awned. Huſks fpit-pointed. ST.-Panicle ſpike-
like, cylindrical. Huds, and St.
Schreb. 19. 1.—Mus. Ruſt. iv. 2.9.-Stillingf. 2, out of bloſſom.-
H. ox. viii. 4. 8. confirmed by Schreb. though denied by Linn.-
Ger. em. 11.1.-Park. 1164. 3.-(Barr. 123. 1. not the plant.)
-Spike, &c. Leers 2. 4.
That the Bloſſoms are awned, beſides the figures Schr. Leers, and
Scheuch. fee Pollich. i. p. 62. and Scheuch. p. 71. Sr.
.
Empal. Keels fringed. Mr. HOLLEFEAR.
Foxtail Graſs. Meadows, very common. P. May. June.
This is the beſt graſs to ſow in low meadow grounds, or in boggy
places which have been drained. Sheep, Horſes, and Goats eat it.
Cows and Swine are not fond of it. LINN. But Dr. PULTNEY
ſays, this is the moſt grateful of all graſſes, to Cattle.
-
.
ALOPECU'RUS agres'tis. Spiked ſtraw, upright. field
Huſks ſmooth.-Spike ſtrap-fpearlhaped. Huſks almoſt
ſmooth. Huds. and pointed. Sr.
Curt. ii. 17.-Schreb. 19. 2.-Fl. dan. 697.-Ger. em. 11. 2.-
Barr. 699. 2.-Buxb. v. 40.1.-J. B. ii. 473. 1.–Ger.9.4;
repr. in C. B. th. 53.5; and cop. by Park. 1169.8.-Spike, &c.
Leers 2. 5.—Mont. 51.-Scheuch. 2. 6. A. B. (Not Barr.
699. 1, as Lightf. ; at leaſt I know of no deſcr. of it's ever having a
bulbous root; nor 14. 1. 2; 124. 2. as the German. fyn.; nor
Park. 1168.7. as Ray; nor Ger. em. 10. 2. as Curt.; nor Fl.
dan. 228, as is evident from the 2 bloſs. in i empal.-H. ox. viii.
4. row 2. 8. is the A. pratenſis.)
B Spike ſhorter. Awns bowed back. Ray Syn.p. 397. n. 2. ſmaller
Corn-fields and road-fides. A. LEERS. P. LINN. July. Aug.
-
-
ALOPECU'RUS bulbo'ſus. Straw upright. Spike bulbous
cylindrical. Root bulbous.
Barr. 699. 1.-C. B. th. 20.-Ray 20. 2. Awns too ſtraight and
Stiff, giving it the habit of a Hordeum, in conſequence of which Lin-
næus has alſo referred it to the H. nodofum.—Anders. bad.-
Spike, Mont. 54. (Barr. 680. 1. and 2. not a Graſs.)
Straw ſlender, about a foot high ; bent at the lower joint. Spike
flender, 1 inch long. Leaves 1 or 1 inch long. Root bulbous,
emitting many fibres and ſtems. RAY.
Florets longer, narrower, and much leſs hairy, than thoſe of the
A. geniculatus. ST.
Straw

60
TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA.
Straw ſometimes ſlightly kneed at the lower joint. Awns ſtiffer,
and the Valves of the empal. ſhorter and more pointed than in the
A. geniculatus. Mr. WOODWARD.
Alopecurus geniculatus bulbofus. HUDS.
In the firſt field, next the road, before you go into Northfleet.
HUDS. [In a ſalt-marſh near Yarmouth. Mr. WOODWARD.]
P. June. July
float
.
long-awned
;
ALOPECU'RUS genicula'tus. Straw aſcending. Spike
cylindrical. Huſks diverging at the point ; hairy.
Huds. blunt. St.
Spike-bearing ſtraw. bent as if broken. Bloſs. without awns,
Linn. Syft. veg. (Awns fometimes ſo concealed within the Empal.
as to make the florets appear awnleſs. St. from SCHEUCH. p.72.1.1.)
a Awns longer than the empalement. LINN. f. lapp. St.
Fl. dan. 861, (confirmed by Mr. Woodward.)-H. ox. viii. 4.
Tow 2. 15.-Ger. em. 14. 2 ; repr. in C. B. th. 42, and cop. by
Park. 1275.7.-Spike, &c. Leers 2.7.-Scheuch. 2. 6.C.D. E.
---(Fl. dan. 564, is an Agroſtis, as Muller has made it, and as is
evident from the bloſs. with 2 valves.)
Empal. Valves oblong, blunt; the keels and fides covered with
ſoft hairs lying flat. St.
Spiked Float-graſs. Spiked Water-graſs.
Pools; wet vallies and meadows, and alſo on very dry hills.
LINN. in which laſt ſituation its ſtraw is ſtill aſcending, and its
awns are as long again as the empalement. St.
B Awns as long as the empalement. LINN. f. lapp.
Awn, from a little below the middle of the back, riſing about
1-3d of its length beyond the empalement, but ſometimes not
riſing up to it. Empalement 2-3ds of a line long. St.
Tab. ic. 217; Tab, hift. i. 512.--I have not ſeen theſe figures.
Whole plant paler. Flowers whitiſh. Spike ſlenderer and ſhort-
er. RaY.
Roots bulbous. Mr. WOODWARD.
Merely a var. of the geniculatus, and not the bulbofus. Huds.
HUDS
A. ang. Ed. I. or A. geniculat. bulbofus. Ed. II.-On walls. Mr.
WoodWARD.
Cows, Horſes, Sheep, and Goats eat it. Swine refuſe it.
ſhort-awned
a
bulbous
>
ALOPECU'R US monſpelien'ſis. Panicle ſpike-like.
Empalements rough. Bloſſoms with awns.-
H. ox. viii. 4. row 2. 3.-Park. 1166. 3; (and 1168.3?)-Pan
bearded
nicle, Bart. 115. 2.
Reſembles

III. CHIVES, II. POINTALS.
61
Reſembles the 4. paniceus, but 3 times as large. Empal. with a
3
tubercle at the bottom. Bloſs. very ſhort , ſhorter than the awn.
Straw and leaves ftiff. Huſks rough, but ſmooth at the edge ; both
valves awned. LINN.
Marſhes and wet paſtures.
A. June. July.
ALOPECU'RUS panice'us. Panicle ſpike-like. hairy
Empalement ſet with ſoft hairs. Bloſſoms with awns.-
Schreb. 20.3; confirmed by the Germ. Syn. but referred by Linn. to
the A. monſp.-Barr. 115.1.-Buxb. v. 66. 1.–Park. 1164.
4?-(Lob. adv. 17. I; is the Lagurus ovatus, Ger. prov. and Fl.
dan. 861, is the Al. geniculatus.)
This ſpecies very much reſembles the A. monſpelienſis, but the
whole plant is foft, and only 5 or 6 inches high. Huſks downy;
woolly at the edges. Awns of the blofs. ſhorter than thoſe of the
empalement. Linn.
Blofs. Valves 2, as ſhort again as the empalement ; hollow,
ſmooth; the outer 3 times as broad as the other; roundiſh-egg-
3
ſhaped, blunt, with 4 teeth ; an awn longer than the valve, iſſuing
from below the point. Inner valve egg-ſpearſhaped, pointed ; with
2 teeth. Empal. ending at the baſe in a hard tubercle. St.
A. July.
;
a
Dry ſoil.
;
83. PHLE'UM. Timothy-graſs.
Pl. II. fig. 9.
EMPAL. Huſk 2 valves, including a ſingle floret: huſk
oblong, ſtrap-ſhaped, compreſſed; open at the end,
and furniſhed with 2 ſpit-points. Valves equal,
ſtraight, concave, compreſſed ; one embracing the
other; lopped ; with a ſharp point at the end of
the keel.
Bloss. 2 valves, ſhorter than the empalement : outer
Valve embracing the inner Valve, which is ſmaller.
Chives. Threads 3 ; hair-like ; longer than the empale-
ment. Tips oblong, forked at each end.
Point. Seed-bud roundiſh. Shafts 2 ; hair-like ; re-
flected. Summits downy.
S. Vess. None. The empal. and the bloſs. incloſing
the feed.
Seed. Single ; roundiſh.
Ess. Char. Empal. 2 valves, fitting, ſtrap-ſhaped, lopped,
with 2 Spit-points at the end. Bloſs. incloſed. Linn.
Empal. 2 valves. Bloſs. 2 valves, membranaceous. St.
Obs.

62
TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA.
Obs. In the Phl. arenarium the empalement is ſpear-ſhaped and
not lopped ; and muſt we confine the title of Phleum to ſuch only
as are ſpiked ? Sr.
.
fea
-
-
PHLE'UM arena'rium. Spike egg-ſhaped, fringed.
Stem branching: -
Bark. 1170. 4. is a good repreſentation of the ſpike, though meant for
the Phl. prat. nodos.-Pluk. 33. 8.-Spike, Mont. 74. good.
(Not Barr. 717.)
Spikes ſcarcely riſe quite out of the ſheaths of the leaves. Linn.
Sheaths of the leaves wider than the ſtraw, eſpecially the upper.
Spikes cylindrical, but tapering at the baſe and point, fromě to
I inch long. Empal. valves tapering off to a point, not lopped,
keel fringed from the middle to the point. Bloſs. hairy. Sch. St.
Straw, when fully grown, bare from 2 to 3 inches above the
up-
per leaf.--Empal. Outer edge fringed towards the top. Bloſs. mem-
branaceous, valves marked with fine teeth at the end. Not carti-
laginous, nor any appearance of a double bloſſom, as in the Pha-
laris. Sr.
Phalaris arenaria. Huds. which ſee.
branched
PHLE'UM panicula'tum. Panicle cylindrical, ſpike-
like. Huſks naked. Straw ſometimes branched. Huds.
Barr. 28. 2. and not the Phl. pratenſe as his editor and Schreber ſup-
poſe.-Bart. 54, a var.? confirmed by Haller.--Ger. 10. I;
repr. in C. B. th. 51, and cop. by 7. B. ii. 471. 3.-Spike ;
Mont. 53.-(Not H. ox. vii. 4. row 3.2, as Hall. as is evident
from the fringed keels of the ſingle floret. Barr. 21. 2. ſeems
awned.)
Root fibrous. Straw a foot high, ſomewhat flanting ; cylindri-
cal, ſmooth, knotted. Leaves ſeveral, alternate, upright, on leaf-
ftalks ; ſword-ſhaped, pointed, ſtringy, rough. Leaf-ſtalk cylin-
drical, very long, fheathing, rough. Leaf-Scale ſingle ; within the
leaf, ſheathing, blunt, membranaceous. Panicle very long, bent to
each ſide ; diviſible into lobes. Huſks tiled, tapering to a point ;
bellying out upwards. Bloſs. awnleſs. Huds.
Straw 2 inches to half a foot high. Leaves in the ſmaller ſpeci-
mens riſing above the ſtraw. Panicles from 1 to 4 inches long,
whitiſh green ; flightly tapering upwards : branches ſtiff, lying
cloſe. Empal. Valves tapering downwards, ſcarcely embracing
each other; obliquely lopped, inverſely triangularly ſpear-ſhaped,
(inverſe deltoideae) marked on the outſide with 3 ribs ending
in very ſhort fpit-points, nearly equal, the outermoft rather
ſmaller. ST.
Phalaris

III. CHIVES, II. POINTALS.
63
Phalaris phleoides, LINN. according to HALL. POLLICH. and
HUDS. ; but it is a different plant; which ſee.
Phleum culmo recto, Sc. HALL. n. 1531. ST.
Gram. typh. aſper. prim. SCHEUCH. n. 61. Sr.
Meadows below King's Weſton, near Briſtol. Newmarket
heath. [Gogmagog hills, Cambridge. Mr. WOODWARD. Bourn-
bridge, Cambridgeſhire. Mr. Crowe.]
P. Aug.
-
-
mon.
-
PHLE'U M praten'ſe. Empalements ſtrap-ſhaped, common
fringed, lopped, awned. Awns ſhort. SCHREB. Awns
ſhorter than the empalement. St. Spike cylindrical,
very long. Keel of the hulks fringed." Huds.
a. Phleum pratenſe. Spike cylindrical, very long, fringed. Straw greateſt
upright.—Linn.
Schreb. 14. 1. 2.-C. B. pr. 10. th. 49. 1.-H. ox. viii. 4. row
3. 1 and 2.-3. B. ii. 472. 2.--Park. 1170. 1.-Spike, &c,
Leers 3. 1.-Mus. ruſt. v. 1.1.-Mont. 52.-(Synonyms of P.
paniculatum alſo referred to by Linn. but the deſcription of C. B. ac-
cords better with the paniculatum.)
Straw bulbous at the baſe. LEERS.
One Value of the bloſs. cloven, the other entire. Scop.
Spike ſometimes 5 inches long. W.
Timothy-graſs.—Herd-graſs in N. America.-In paſtures, com-
P. July
Cows, Horſes, and Goats eat it. Swine refuſe it.-Account of
it in Mus. ruft.-Dr. Pultney ſays, that notwithſtanding the cha-
racter which this graſs acquired from Le Rocques recommenda-
tion, Sheep diſlike it ; neither are Cows or Horſes fond of it.--
But Leers ſays, it affords an excellent paſture for Horſes.
y. P. prat. nodofum. Schreb. and Huds.
bulbous
Phleum nodoſum. Spike cylindrical. Straw aſcending. Leaves
oblique. Root bearing bulbs. LINN.
Schreb. 14. 3. 4. and 5.-Barr. 22. I; cop. by Pet. ii. gram. ital.
4.1.-Fl. dan. 380.-Barr. 53; cop. by Pet. ib. 2.-H. ox.
viii. 4. row 3. 3. and row 2. 21.-Barr. 22.2, cop. by Pet. ib.
3. 16. J. B. ii. 472. 1.-Ger. 10. 2; repr. in C. B. th. 52,
and cop. by Park. 1170. 3, and F. B. ii. 472. 3.-Dod. 562 ;
repr. in Lob. obs. 10. 1.-Ger. em. 12 ; uppermoſt fig. and cop.
by Park. 1170. 2.—and 1170. 4?-Spike, śc. Leers 3. 2.
(C. B. th. 20. is the Alopecurus genic. bulbos. Spike ſoft, awned.)
Very much reſembles the P. prat. but the Root bulbous, (as is
C. B.'s fig. of the P. prat.) Sr.
Straw covered by the fheaths of the leaves. Spike ſmooth. Tips
white. Leaves pointing from oppoſite ſides of the ſtraw ; ſmooth ;
except the edges, which are rough. LINN.
-

64
TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA.
Root compoſed of ſeveral bulbs, connected together. Spike
rougher, an inch and half long; in a very dry foil only half an
inch, and oval. Florets twice as ſmall; the lowermoſt barren and
ſhrivelling. Empal. the ſharp points, when the ſeed is ripe, more
bent in. Being tranſplanted into rich land, it became, the year
following, the true Phleum pratenſe. LEERS.
Cultivated in a garden, the Root becomes fibrous, and the Straw
upright. Huds.
Florets ſometimes with 4 ſhafts and 4 downy ſummits. With.
4
Barren paſtures, and road-ſides, common. P. July. Aug.
mountain
PHLE'UM alpi'num. Spike egg-cylindrical.-black.
LINN.
Fl. dan. 213.-Scheuch. pr. 3. 1.
Empal. Valves iš line long. Awns 1 line long. Scheuch. and
fig. of Fl. dan. Phleum pratenſe.
Said to be found on Craigneulic, above Killin. Lightf. P.
bearded
PHLE'UM crini'tum. Empal. ſtrap-ſhaped, a little
bulging at the baſe ; rough with hair; awned. Awns
hair-like ; very long. Schreb. longer than the em-
pal. ST.
Straw nearly upright. Panicle compact, ſpike-like.
Husks awned. Awns very long. Huds.
Cultivation hath ſhewn that Meffrs. GERARD and GOUAN have
very properly conſidered the following as only varieties. SCHREB.
Alopecurus ariſtatus. GOUAN. HUDS.
Bloſs. 2 valves; one broader than the other, and ſending out a
ſhort awn. GER. PROV. and St.
Huſks ſtrap-ſhaped, diverging at the points. Awns terminating,
very long. Bloſs. very ſmall; awns from the back; fhort. HUDS.
Bloſs. valves 2 ; outer awned and blunt, with 5 teeth. Awn ex-
panding, ſtraight; an extenſion of the middlemoft tooth, genea
Tally longer than the bloſſom, and often extending beyond the
valves of the empalement ; in examining it readily ſeparating, and
often left behind within the valve of the empalement; whence, it
is probable, the accurate Scheuchzer was led to deſcribe it as
awnleſs. Sr.
1. Alopecurus monſpelienſis, which ſee.
2. Alopecurus paniceus, which ſee.
80. PHAL-

III. CHIVES, II. POINTALS.
65
80. PHA L'ARIS. Canary.
Pl. II. fig. 10.
EMPAL. Huſk 2 valves, including a ſingle floret ; com-
preſſed; blunt. Valves boat-ſhaped, compreſſed,
keeled, more blunt upwards; the edges ſtraight,
parallel, approaching.
Bloss. Valves 2, ſmaller than the empalement. Outer
Valve oblong; edges rolled in ; tapering to a point.
Inner Valve ſmaller.
Chives. Threads 3, hair-like, ſhorter than the empale-
3
ment. Tips oblong.
Point. Seed-bud roundiſh, Shafts 2; hair-like. Sum-
mits woolly.
S. Vess. The bloſſom cloſely ſurrounds the feed, like
a ſhell, without opening.
Seed. Single ; covered ; ſmooth; round, but tapering
towards each end.
Ess. Char. Empal. 2 valves, keeled, equal in length, in-
cloſing the bloſſom.
-
PHAL'ARIS canarien'ſis. Panicle egg-ſhaped, ſpike- manured
like. Huſks bellying, hairy. Keel ſmooth. Huds.
Panicle fomewhat egg - ſhaped, ſpike-like. Huſks
keeled. LINN.
Ludw. 117.-Schreb. 10. 2.--Math. 919.-Trag. 669.--Ger.
80.1; repr. in C. B. th. 534.-Dod. 510; repr. by Lob. obs.
26. 1; and Ger. em. 86, and cop. by Park. 1163. 1.-7. B. ii.
442. 2.-H. ox. viii. 3. row 3. 1.-Spike, Mont. 44.-Fruc-
tif. Leers 7. 3.* (Barr. 9. 2. is the Phalaris bulboſa.)
Bloſs. double, griſtly, glofly; valves embracing, keeled: the outer
adhering to the inner and ſeparating along with it from the empale-
ment; valves nearly equal, parallel to, and embracing thoſe of
the inner ; awl-ſtrapſhaped, 3 times as narrow and almoſt as
ſhort again, nearly ſmooth, membranaceous at the edge : the inner
as in the generic deſcript. and hairy.-The outer is noticed in this
ſpecies by Scheuch. who calls it a 4 huſked follicle, but I have
found it equally preſent, though often very minute, in the bulboſa
paradoxa and arundinacea, though not in the erucæformis, which
Linn. obſerves has a near affinity to the Paſpalum. St.
This is a native of the Canary Iſlands, but now propagates itſelf
in Heffe. LINN.
Vol. I.
F
Values

66
TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA.
Valves of the empal. with 2 green ribs on each ſide, and much
larger than the bloſſom. Within thefe are 2 other ſmall, white,
ſkinny valves, not more than half the length of the bloſſom. With.
Road-fides and uncultivated ground. [New's-Wood, adjoining
to Malvern, Worceſterſh. Mr. BALLARD.] A. June.--Sept.
It is often cultivated for the ſake of the feeds, which are found
to be the beſt food for the Canary, and other fmall birds. It nou-
riſhes the Coccus phalaridis.
Sea
PHAL'ARIS arena'ria. Panicle oblong-ſpearſhaped;
fpike-like. Huſks ſpear-ſhaped, the keel fringed. Huds.
confirmed by Mr. WOODWARD.----
Fhleum arenarium. LINN. which fee.
cat's-tail
PHAL'ARIS phleoi'des. Panicle cylindrical, ſpike-
like, ſmooth; here and there viviparous.---
Fl. dan. 531.-Viviparous floret, Scheuch.—2. 5. C.
Spike pale, diviſible into lobes. It ſo exactly reſembles ſome of
the Phleums, that it may be eaſily miſtaken for one of that genus ;
but when you examine the ſpike and preſs it with your fingers, it
ſeparates, and proves to be a panicle ; and the Huſks are not
notched at the end. Flowers different from thoſe of the Phleum.
It is a kind of intermediate plant between the Phalaris, Phleum, and
a
Alopecurus. Linn. Sr. A different plant from the Phleum
paniculatum of Mr. Hudſon. Mr. WOODWARD. ST. Panicle 2
inches long. Flowers have the habit of thofe of the Phalaris ;
none viviparous in the ſpecimen ſent by Mr. Woodward ;
from 1 to 1 line long; compreſſed ; bowed gently inwards
with their fides facing the ſpike-ſtalk. Empal. Valves oblong-ſpear-
ſhaped, keeled, marked with 3 ribs ; edges membranaceous,
which, on the fide facing the ſpike-ſtalk, are ſeparate to the baſe,
and on the outer fide lapping over ; keel roughiſh above, and end-
ing in ſhort, rough, awn-like fpit-points; the outer juſt fenfibly
ſhorter, narrower, and taper-pointed; the inner between lopped
and tapering.
Bloſs. half as long as the empalement, betwixt
griſtly and membranaceous ; awnleſs ; not ribbed ; ſprinkled with
numerous minute dots and a few hairs. A ftiff awn-like thread
riſes from the baſe of the inner valve, 1-3d of its length, analogous
to that of Arundo arenaria. ST. Never found any of the florets
viviparous. Mr. WOODWARD.
[Firſt diſcovered in Gr. Brit. by Mr. WOODWARD and Mr.
Crowe, near Swaffham, Norfolk, in 1780.]
Sheep and Goats eat it. Swine refuſe it.
a
P. July
PHAL'ARIS

III. CHIVES, II. POINTALS.
67
.
.
а
PHAL'ARIS arundina'cea. Panicle oblong, cluf- Reed
tered. Huſks egg-ſhaped. Keel rough. Huds. Panicle
oblong, bellying, large. LINN.
Ger. em. 26. 2. B.-H. ox. viii. 6. 43. B. ib. 41.-Fl. dan. 259.
-Park. 1273. 2.-Ger. 24. B; repr. in C. B. th. 37.-J. B.
ii. 476. 2.B.-C. B. th. 92, poffibly a var.-Branch of the pa-
nicle, &c. Leers 7. 3.-Floret, Mont. 59.-(Ger. 21. 12, repr.
in C. B. th. 94, and cop. by Ger. em. 8.3, Park. 1181. 1, and
7. B. ii. 481. 1 ; and alſo Lob. adv. 3; are not the plant; and
Ger. 7. 2, repr. in C. B. th. is the Poa aquatica. )-Thoſe
marked ß are figures of a var. to be met with in our gardens, with
Striped leaves, which indeed has not been found in a wild ſtate in Gr.
Brit. but differs from the other only in colour.
Leaves broad, ſcored; panicle nearly egg-ſhaped. LINN.
Values of the empal. with 2 ribs on each ſide, and not much
longer than the bloſſom. Values of the bloſs. hairy at the edges, and
furniſhed with a ſmall, ſlender, hairy appendageon each ſide. WITH.
Outer valve of the bloſſom not rolled in. Mr. HOLLEFEAR.
Haller calls it an Arundo ; but in that genus the bloſſom is
ſingle. St.
Banks of rivers.
P. July. Aug.
It is uſed to thatch ricks or cottages, and laſts much longer than
ſtraw. In the province of Scandia they mow it twice a year, and
their cattle eat it. LINN. It is of a hard texture, and cattle are
not fond of it. SCHREB.
Horſes, Cows, Sheep, and Goats eat it. Swine refuſe it.
B Leaves more of a ſea-green. RAY fyn. p. 400. n. 1.
ſea-green
Sea-coaſt of Jerſey, and near Lhanperis.
There is a cultivated variety of this in our gardens with beauti-
fally ſtriped leaves. The ſtripes are generally green and white ;
but ſometimes they have a purpliſh caſt. This is commonly called
Painted Lady-gra's, or Ladies Traces.
F 2
85. MIL'IUM.

68
DIGYNIA
TRIANDRIA
i
85. MI L'IU M. Millet.
Pl. II. fig. 11.
EMPAL. Huſk 2 valves incloſing a ſingle floret. Valves
egg-ſhaped, tapering to a point, nearly equal.
Bloss. 2 yalves, ſmaller than the empalement. Valves
egg-ſhaped ; i larger than the other.
Chives. Threads 3; hair-like; very ſhort. Tips oblong.
.
Point. Seedbud roundiſh. Shafts 2; hair-like. Summits
pencil-ſhaped
S. Vess. The bloffom incloſes the feed, which is very
ſmooth.
SEED. Single, covered, roundiſh.
Ess. Char. Empal. 2 valves, containing 1 floret. Bloſs.
very ſhort. Summits pencil-ſhaped.
Obs. Bloſſom in the M. effuſum nearly as long as the empahent.
Sr.
20
Panick
-
MILIUM lendig'erum. Panicle ſpike-like. Flowers
.
with awns.-
Schreb. 23.3.-Pluk. 33. 6.-Gouan. hort. 1. 2. p. 38 bad, (H.
ox. viii. 3. 12. is not the plant.) --Branch of the panicle, Scheuch.
3
3. II. C.
Straw oblique. Panicle ſpear-ſhaped. Huſks bellying out at the
baſe ; valves unequal. Bloſs. very ſhort, egg-ſhaped, awned ; awn
from below the point, as long as the huſk. HUDS. Bloſs. valves
2, unequal, the ſmaller almoſt imperceptible without a glaſs.
Mr. WOODWARD. Seed contained in the bellying part of the
empalement. GOUAN.
Empal. valves egg-ſpearſhaped, below compreſſed and gloſſy,
above keeled, keel rough. Bloſs. membranaceous, hairy at the
baſe and fides ; outer valve oval, generally awned, hollow, ſlightly
cloven at the end, twice as broad as the other; inner egg-ſpear-
ſhaped, as long as the outer, thinner, notched at the end, marked
longitudinally with 2 lines, one terminating in each tooth. Awn
generally even with the empal. but ſometimes longer, bent afide
obliquely about half-way up, inſerted at the back of the outer valve
at the bottom of the cleft yellowiſh brown; above white. Seed
oval, flatted, ſmooth, amber coloured. In its ſtructure it is an
Avena, and totally different from the Milium effufum. St.
Alopecurus ventricoſus. Huds.
Meadows and paſtures. Ine of Sheepey plentifully. [Cornfields,
Gillingham, Norfolk. Mr. WOODWARD.] A. Aug. Sept.
MIL'IUM

III. CHIVES II. POINTALS.
69
-
MIL'IUM effu'ſum. Flowers without awns, in ſcat- Soft
tered panicles.
Curt. iv. 43.-H. ox. viii. 5. 10.--.Ger. 6. 1, repr. in
C. B. th. 141, and cop. by Park. 1153. 1.-Portion of the panicle,
.
Leers 8.
7.
-Scheuch. 3. 6.-Floret. Mont. 61. (Dod. 561. 2,
cop. in Ger. em. 6. 1, ſeems to be a different plant.)
Bloſs. ſomewhat cartilaginous, gloſſy. Hall. St. like that of
the Phal. arund. but no hairs at the baſe, and not keeled; juſt ſhorter
than the empalement. St.
Millet Graſs. Wet woods, common. [Frequent in Norfolk.
Mr. WOODWARD.]
A. June. July
Horſes, Cows, Sheep, and Goats eat it.
86. AGRO'STIS. Bent.
Pl. II. fig. 12.
EMPAL. Hulk 2 valves, incloſing 1 floret, tapering to a
point, ſomewhat ſmaller than the bloſſom.
Bloss. 2 valves, tapering to a point, one Valve larger
.
than the other.
Chives. Threads three; hair-like; longer than the bloſs.
Tips forked.
Point. Seedbud roundiſh. Shafts 2; reflected, woolly.
Summits fet lengthways with ſtiff hairs.
S. Vess. The Bloſſom adheres to the feed without open-
ing.
Seed. Single; cylindrical, but tapering towards each end.
Ess. CHAR. Empal. 2 valves, containing i floret ; ſomewhat
ſmaller than the bloſſom. Summits longitudinally rough with
hairs. LINN.
Empal. 2 equal, pointed valves, containing 1 floret. Blofs.
2 unequal valves ſmaller than the empal. Summits feathered.
HUDS. ST.
Obs. The A. capillaris has only one petal, and therefore ought
rather to be conſidered as a ſpecies of Alopecurus. Scop.
This is an artificial genus. A. Spicaventi, interrupta, miliacea, and
bromoides, have the ſtructure of Bromus ; canina and arundinacea of
Avena. The laſt Hall. Scop. and Wigg. have referred to Arundo,
but not to mention the bent awn, the hairineſs at the baſe of the
bloſs. is much leſs than in ſeveral of the ſpecies of Avena. St.
* With Awns.
* The A, ſtolonifera, alba, and pumila are ſometimes awned. ST.
AGRO-
F 3

70
TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA.
Silky
-
brocon
AGRO'STIS Spicaven'ti. Awn ſtraight, ſtiff, very
long, fixed to the outward petal. Panicle expanding.
Linn. Awn inſerted juſt below the point of the petal. St.
Fl. dan. 853.-(H. ex. viii. 5. row. 2. 3. ST.) 3. B. ii. 462.
1.-Ger. 5.2, repr. in C. B. th. 35, Sc. is the Aira cæſp. though
C. B.'s defcr. is undoubtedly that of the Agroft. Spicav.-Branch of
the panicle, Leers 4. 1. Scheuch 3. 10. (Mont. 62 is not awned.)
Haller calls it an Avena, but improperly, according to his own
definition of that genus. See obf. on the Genus. Emp. valves
roughifh towards the points. Grows amongſt corn, and is equally
liable to the finutt. St.
Sandy fields, very frequent.
A. June.-Aug.
Horſes and Goats eat it. Sheep refuſe it.
AGRO'STIS cani'na. Empalements elongated.
Awn from the back of the petal, bowed back. Straws
trailing, ſomewhat branched. LINN. Panicle expand-
ing. Bloſſom bare, one of the valves twice as long
as the other, awned. Awn from the back ſtraightiſh.
Huds. *
Branch of the panicle, Leers 4. 2. (Fl. dan. 161. and Scheuch. 3.
9. C. is the A. ſtolonifera with awns.)
Panicle moſtly elongated; its branches compact ; of a ſhining
purpliſh hue; more obſervable at a diſtance than quite cloſe.
Empal. coloured. Awon briſtle-ſhaped, white, twice the length of
the fioret, ſtraight, marked in the middle with a brown knot.
Flowers roughiſh. LINN. Panicle compact; when in flower ſpread-
ing, of a violet purple, ſhining; at length pale.
at length pale. Empal. outer
valve roughiſh towards the point. Bloſs. back rough. Awn from
the middle of the back twiſted, white, ſtraight, as long again as
the bloſſom, at length bent back at a brown knot. (See X in the
fig.) Bloſs. inner valve often wanting, and when preſent exceed-
ingly minute. LEERS. If the awn is uniformly marked with a
brown knot I have never ſeen the A. canina, and from Mr. Hudſon's
new character it ſhould ſeem that his canina is a different plant
from that of Leers and Linn. Sr. Awns ſometimes wanting,
Curt. Sr.
a
* Mr. Hudſon comprehends under this new character the following as varieties,
B Root-leaves thread-ſhaped. Stem-leaves flat. Straw nearly upright. Huds.
Agroſtis alpina var. 1. which fee.
y Leaves briſtle-ſhaped, ftiff, ſea-green. Straw upright. Hups.
7
Agroſtis alpina var 2. which ſee.
Obs. In ß however the paniclc is cloſe, the bloffom hairy at the baſe, inner
valve exceedingly minute, and the awn bent alide at an angle, St.
Gram.

III. CHIVES, II. POINTALS.
71
(Gram. paniculat. Jupin. ad. &c. SCHEUCH. p. 141; and Agroſtis
canina, SCHREB. Spicileg. POLLICH. and Huds. appear to me to be
the awned var, of the A. ſtolonifera. St.)*
Meadows, paſtures, and moiſtiſh heaths. P. July. Aug,
Cows and Horſes eat it.
AGRO'STIS alpi'na. Leaves briſtle-ſhaped. Straw mountain
upright. Awn bent at an angle, inſerted juſt above the
baſe of the bloſſom. Bloſſom hairy at the baſe. Sr.
Scheuch, pr. 4. 1.- Florets, Scheuch. 3. 9. A. B. (Fl. dan. 161.
appears to be the A. canina. Leaves ſtrap-ſhaped. Flowers not a
line long. Awn from the middle of the back. Bloſs. no tuft of
hairs at the baſe.)
1. Plant rough all over from a number of minute points directed rough
upwards. Panicle cloſe, even when in flower, 2 inches long. Empal.
valves keeled ; the outer : to nearly i 2-3rds line long; the inner i
long. Bloſs. i line long: outer valve lopped and torn at the end, a
tuft of hair at the baſe on the inner fide; inner valve exceedingly
minute, the length of the feed-bud, egg-ſhaped, pointed. Awn
nearly twice as long as the bloſſom, extending from ; to line be-
yond the empalement; below the flexure twiſted. ST.
Dryiſh heaths. HUDS.
Gram. parv. paniculat. &c. SCHEUCH. p. 140.
Avena monantha paniculata, gluma, &c. HALL. hiſt. n. 1477.
Agroſtis alpina. Scop. carn. Ed. 2. n. 36, and Germ. fynon. 1.
198. Agroſtis canina. B. HUDS.
2. Leaves ſmooth. Panicle ſpreading. From SCHEUCH. Panicle fmooth
1-1 inch. Flowers very thinly ſcattered, i line long, or fome-
I
what more. Awn extending 1-1 line beyond the empal. SCHEUCH,
Gram. paniculat. capillac. c. SCHEUCH. p. 141. n. 2.
Avena monantha paniculata, fol. Jc. HALL. hit. n. 1478.
Argroſtis canina y. HUDS.
* In no genus of the Graſſes are the ſpecies ſo ill aſcertained as in the Agroſtis,
and no wonder, when a circumſtance which I have ſhewn to be ſo inconftant,
as the abſence or preſence of the awn of the bloſſom, has been fixed upon as a
primary mark of diſtinction. To ſupply this loſs I would recommend that par-
ticular attention be paid to the open or cloſed ſtate in which the values of the
empalement are found immediately after the ſhedding of the duſt and the ripen-
ing of the feed, and alſo whether the flowers are ſcattered or cluſtered, (fparfi or
congeſti.) Sr.
† AGROSTIS alpina, foliis ſetaceis, culmo erecto; ariſta recurva, baſi
corollæ inſerta; corolla bafi pilofa. St.
This
F4

72
TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA.
a
This and alſo var. 1. being tranſplanted into a moiſtiſh foil, be-
came the A. canina. Huds. But I cannot perceive any appear-
ance of the brown knot deſcribed by Linn. and figured by Leers in
the A. canina. ---Haller deſcribes them both, and alſo the A. canina
as ſpecies of AveNA, with which genus they correſpond in habit as
well as in ſtructure. ST.
Dry mountainous heaths. Hall Down near Exeter, and other
places in Devonſhire. Huds.
fhort ained
a
AGRO'STIS vinea'lis. Empalements coloured.
Awn from the back of the bloſſom, almoſt as long as the
empalement. Straws aſcending. SCHREB. Awn nearly
ſtraight, from below the middle of the back. Sr.
Scheuch. 3. 9. D. E. awns much longer than deſcribed.
Differs from the A. canina in having flowers twice as long. Awns
in general not longer than the empalement, but ſometimes they
project as much as a line beyond. Flowers ſometimes awnleſs. It
varies in the breadth of its leaves, the heighth of the ſtraw, and the
ſhape of its panicle. The ſize of its flowers is the only circumſtance
that is conſtant. Approaches very near to the Agroſtis capillaris.
SCHREB. Panicle cloſe, from 3 to 5 inches long. Empal. outer
valve 1: line long, juſt perceptibly longer than the inner; lower
part of the back browniſh purple, edges and upper part yellowiſh
brown; keels beſet above with rough points. Bloſs. juſt ſhort of
1 line in length, beſet with exceedingly minute rough points ;
marked with 4 ribs, and a few hairs at the baſe. Awn hair-like;
moſtly ſtraight, white, { line long, and ſcarcely even with the
point of the bloſſom, but more rarely 1 line long, yellowiſh, and
juſt ſenſibly bent aſide at the baſe, ſometimes inſerted way be-
tween the middle and the baſe. ST.
Gramen canin, vineale. SCHEUCH. gram. 143. n. 1.
Avena monantha, panicula ſparſa, &c. HALL. hiſt. n. 1481.
Agroſtis vinealis. SCHREB. gram. ii. p. 37, and ſpicileg. p. 47.
Germ. fynon. i. p. 206.
Specimens from Dr. Withering's herbarium, gathered in the N.
of England, place unknown. St.
** Without Awns.
AGRO'STIS ſolonifera. Without awns.
Leffer
branches of the panicle expanding. Straws creeping.
Empalements equal. -
Ger. em. 26. 1. cop. by Park. 1174. 4. and J. B. ii. 480. 1.-
Ger. 24. 1. repr, in C. B. 13.—Part of the panicle, Leers 4. 6.
(Fl. dan. 564, can hardly be a var. of this, as the values of the
bloſs.
creeping

III. CHIVES, II. POINTALS.
73
bloſs. are nearly equal.-7. B. ii. 459. 1. is a var. according to
Haller.-H. ox. viii. 2. 7. not the plant.)
Panicle ſcattered, about 3 inches long. Empal. ſhort of a line in
length. Bloſs. ſomewhat ſhorter than the empalement. SCHEUCH.
St. Panicle ſtraddling, with but few flowers. Fruit-ſtalksalmoſt finer
than a hair, horizontal, ſtraight. Pedicles waved, ſtraddling.
Flowers the ſmalleſt of our ſpecies, whitiſh. Empal. valves nearly
equal. Leers. Sr. Panicle at firſt contracted. POLLICH.
Bloſs.outer valve ſometimes awned. Awn from above the baſe,
where even with the point of the empalement bent aſide, generally
twice as long as the bloſſom, whitiſh, but in ſome of the flowers
very ſhort, and ſcarcely diſcernable. In this ſtate it is deſcribed by
authors under the following titles :
Gram. paniculat. ſupin. ad. &c. Scheuch. p. 141, which Linn. has
referred to the A. canina.
Agroſtis canina. POLLICH. Sr.
Straw ſhorter than the root-leaves. Sheath of the upper leaf bel-
lying out. Flowers roughilh. LINN. Straws from a ſpan to a foot
high. Straw-leaves rough, with points directed upwards. Empal.
ſhort of a line in length. SCHEUCH. ST.
Panicle looſe, ſtraddling, with but few flowers. Fruit-ſtalks hair-
like, horizontal, ſtraight. Pedicles ſhort, waved, ſtraddling.
LEERS. ST.
Is it a var. of the A, alba, or of the capillaris ? LEERS.
EEBS:
A. polymorpha ſtolonifera. HUDS.
Moiſtiſh meadows and paſtures, but not common.
Cows, Horſes, and Sheep eat it.
P. Aug.
a Leaves long and very narrow.
narrow leaved
A. polymorpha s.
&. Huds.
Shady thickets.
June. July.
B Leaves narrow, but ſhorter than the former. Panicle much fine
ſpread. Flowers very
ſmall.
A. Polymorpha B. HUDS.
Greenwich Park.
P. July.
folo
AGRO'STIS capilla'ris. Panicle very ſlender.
flender. Em- fine
palements awl-ſhaped, equal; a little rough with hair;
coloured, Bloſſoms without awns.--
Mus. ruft. iv. 2. 10. a panicle out of bloſſom.-Fl. dan. 163.-
Stillingf. 3. panicle, out of bloſſom.-Branch of the Panicle, Leers
4. 3. (but is not this the A. canina without awns?) Scheuch 3. 5.
B.-Floret, Mont. 64. (H. ox. viii. 5. row. 2. 3. is agroft. ſpi.
caventi.)
Fruit-ſtalks

74
TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA.
Fruit-ſtalks very fine. No ſuckers. Linn. Tips yellow. Huſks of
the empal. light red, with white edges. Mench.
Bloſs. inner value very minute. Mr. HOLLEFEAR. More than
twice as ſhort as the outer. St. Sometimes awned, CURT.
A. polymorpha capillaris. Huds.
Paſtures and road fides, very common.
P. Aug.
wood
AGRO'STIS ſylvat'ica. Panicle compact; without
awns. Bloſs. equal to the empalement; ſhorter before
flowering; afterwards twice as long. Huds. Panicle
compact; without awns. Empalements equal; ſhorter
than the bloſſom before flowering; but afterwards twice
as long. Linn.
(Fl. Dan. 701. is awned.)
Approaches very nearly to the A. ſtolonifera and capillaris. Panicle
expanding, purpliſh brown. Flowers ſpear-ſhaped, fome ſcarcely
a line long, others more than 3 lines in length. In the ſmaller
ones the empalement is longer than the bloſſom, in the larger it is
half as ſhort again. POLLICH.
Agroſtis polymorpha ſylvatica. Huds.
Ray fyn.404. n. 13. is referred by Linn. to this ſpecies and alſo
to the arundinacea. St.
Moiſtiſh woods. Biſhops Wood near Hampſtead.
AGRO'STIS alba. Panicle looſe. Empal. equal;
without awns. Straw creeping.--
H. ox. viii. 6. row. 1. 27.-Lower part of the panicle, Leers 4.
5. (Vaill. 17. 5. is an aira.)
Stem ſtriking root at the joints.
Flowers roughiſh. LINN.
Tips violet colour. Huſks of the empal. green. Mench.
Panicle-branches cloſely beſet with flowers immediately from their
baſe. SCHEUCH. POLLICH. St. Straws 2 to 3 feet high. Panicle
6 inches long; between contracted and open. Fruit-ſtalks numer-
ous, rather upright. Pedicles very ſhort, ſtraddling. Florets very
numerous, cloſely crowded round the baſe of the fruit-ſtalks,
giving the appearance of whorls. LEERS. ST. Sometimes awned.
Curt. Empal. valves while in bloſs. 1 line long, and ſomewhat longer
P. Aug.
marſh
C.EE
than
OBS. POLLICH propoſes to combine the 5 preceding ſpecies under the com-
mon name of canina; and Hudson has actually diſpoſed the 4 laſt as varieties
of what he thus characterizes, and calls
AGRO'STIS polymor'pba. Panicle expanding. Keel of the empalement
rough. Bloſſom awnleſs, one of the valves very ſhort. Huds. St.

III. CHIVES,
75
II. POINTALS.
than the bloſſom ; when out of bloſſom i long and half as long
again as the bloſſom; the outermoſt juſt perceptibly longer.
Bloſs. 2-3ds of a line long; outer valve ſometimes awned. Awn hair-
like, white, ſtraight, from below the point of the valve, and juſt
riſing beyond it. St.
A var. of the capillaris. HALL and LEERS.
Panicle coarſer and thicker; leaves larger and firmer; flowers larger
and thicker, greener, and with a paler tinge of purple than thoſe
of the A. ſtolonifera and capillaris. Pollich. St.
Gram. alpin. panicula, &c. SCHEUCH. p. 131. Sr.
Agroſtis polymorpha paluſtris. Huds.
1. Panicle brown. PET. conc. 1. 118.
brown
2. Panicle green. Ib. 119.
green
Ditches and marſhes frequent.
P. July
AGROSTIS pu'mila. Panicle awnleſs, pointing darf
one way. Straws upright; in bundles.
Lightf. ii. frontiſpiece.
Roots numerous. Straws ſmooth ; 2 inches high, leafy. Leaves
like thoſe from the roots, a little turned in at the edges: the ſheaths
ſcored. Panicle greatly expanded : moſtly pointing one way.
Flowers coloured, awnleſs, taper-pointed. Seeds rather large. It
grows promiſcuouſly with the A. Stolonifera, but differs from that in
being only half as large, in its panicle being leſs upright and point-
ing more in one direction: it grows likewiſe more matted toge-
ther. Little fruit-ſtalks bent different ways, but not waved. Linn.
LINN
Straws ſeveral from 1 root, from iz to 3 inches high. Leaves
from što i line broad. Flowers generally purpliſh brown. Empal.
keel rough SCHEUCH. ST. Straws upright, ſcarcely bowed at
the baſe. Leaves downwards rough. Flowers bellying, ſomewhat
more than line long. POLLICH. ST. Straw ſometimes only
1 inch high. Empal. valves from 2-3rds to line long, oblong-
ſpear-ſhaped, pointed, the outer juſt perceptibly longer than the
inner. Bloſs. valves 2, the outer valve line long, ſometimes awned,
and when this is the caſe generally all the flowers are awned. Awn
from below the middle, extending beyond the point of the valve,
towards the end ſlightly bowed aſide. Seed-bud in all the ſpecimens
examined diſeaſed, as large as the bloſſom, and full of a chocolate
coloured powder. St.
A. polymorpha pumila. Huds.
[Yarmouth Denes. Mr. Woodward.]
P.
AGRO'STIS min'ima. Panicle thread-ſhaped; with- ſmall
out awns. Linn. or rather bunch ſpike-like. Sr.
gelto
H. ox

76
TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA.
H. ox. viii. 2. row. 3.10.-C. B. th. 26.-7. B. ii. 465. 4.-
Bunch. Scheuch. 1.7. I. (H. ox. viii. 5. row. 3. 16, is a diffe-
rent plant.)
Straw flender, and very ſhort. It flowers in the ſpring. LINN.
Straw thread-ſhaped, often twiſted as the awn of the avena. Empal.
values lopped at the end. Bloſs. a ſmall flock-like ſubſtance, hairy,
and ſeparable, into ſeveral bundles of fine white threads; much
ſhorter than the empalement. St.
Wales. Diſcovered by Stillingfleet.
A. July
a
87. A'IRA. Hairgraſs.
Pl. II. fig. 15.
EMPAL. Huſk 2 valves, containing 2 florets. Valves be-
twixt egg and ſpear-ſhaped, equal, ſharp.
Bloss. 2 valves, reſembling thoſe of the empalement.
No rudiment of a flower betwixt the florets.
Chives. Threads three; hair-like; as long as the bloſſom.
Tips oblong; forked at each end.
Point. Seed-bud egg-ſhaped. Shafts 2; briſtly; expand-
ing. Summits downy.
S. Vess. None. The bloſſom incloſes and adheres to
the feed.
Seed. Nearly egg-ſhaped; covered.
Ess. CHAR. Empal 2 valves, containing 2 florets; without
the rudiment of a third between them.
OBS. The number of florets not conftant. REICH.
This is an artificial genus ; thoſe without awns have the ſtruc-
ture of Poa, and thoſe with awns that of AveNA. ST.
Chermes graminis is founded on the different ſpecies. LINN.
water
* Without Awns.
A'IRA aquat'ica. Panicle expanding. Florets with-
out awns, ſmooth, longer than the empalement. Leaves
flat.-
Curt. n. 10. faſc. i.-Vaill. 17. 7. diminiſhed. Leaves too peinted.
-Floret, Mont. 60.-(Fl. dan. 381. not the plant, or very ill
-
done.)
Perhaps merely a var. of a Poa. Linn.
Empalement ſometimes containing 3 bloſſoms. Leaves blunt. ST.
Straw with two joints. Scop.
B Diſtans. Huds.
Poa diſtans, which ſee.
In

III. CHIVES, II. POINTALS.
77
In dry ſituations the empal. fornetimes contain 5 florets, the flo- manyflowered
rets very remote. SCHREB.
Banks of rivers.
P. June. July.
It has a ſweet taſte. Cows are very fond of it. Horſes and
Sheep eat it.
-
** With Awns.
A'IRA cæſpitoſa. Leaves flat. Panicle expanding, turfy
Petals woolly and awned at the baſe. Awn ſtraight,
ſhort.-
H. ox viii. 5. row. 3. 17. Leaves well done. Panicle unexpanded.
C. B's. deſcr. of the A. coſp. tranſcribed.)-H. ox. ib. row. 2.
1. Panicle half expanded. Leaves flaccid inſtead of ſtiff (Deſcr.
a new one of the A. caſp.)-Ger. 5. 1. repr. in C. B. th. 34. 2.
(his deſcr. that of the agroft. Spicav.) and cop. by Park. 1158. 2.
Ger. em. 5.1. Panicle expanded; its habit tolerably expreſſed.
Leaves as the 2nd fyn. of the H. ox. Ger. 5. 2. repr. in C. B. th.
35. (deſcr. that of the aira coſp.) cop. by Park. 1158. 3.-Dod. .
561. 1. repr. in Ger. em. 5. 2. cop. by J. B. ii. 461. 3. are the
plant before it comes into flower, when as Lightf. juſtly obſerves the
branches of the panicle lean all one way. Crowded branches of the
panicle repreſented as little ſpikes.-Fl. dan. 240. the ſeparate pani-
cle, as well as the whole plant ſo diminiſhed that the reſemblance is
quite loft, though the magnified florets and ſection of the leaf ſhew it
to be the plant.-Branch of the panicle, &c. Leers 4. 8. Scheuch.
5. 2. and 3.
Awns ſtraight, Mench, Leers, St. not extending beyond the
bloſſom, Mench.-juft longer, LEERS.-generally ſhorter, St.
Lower floret bare at the baſe; the upper hairy at the baſe, on a
fruit-ſtalk, which lengthening out raiſes the foret above the point of
the empalement. In moiſt meadows it ſometimes produces 3 and
4 florets in an empalement. LEERS. Empal. upper value fome-
what longer and broader. Mr. HOLLEFEAR. Panicle large, of a
beautiful purple ſilky appearance. Mr. Dickenson. Both florets
hairy at the baſe. Fruit-ſtalk a ſecond proceeding from the baſe of the
upper floret; both hairy, and when the plant is in bloſſom half as
long as the floret.-In ſtructure it comes neareſt to the agroſtis
vinealis. St.
vivipara. Panicle viviparous. LIGHTF. p. 1082.
viviparous
Highland mountains.
Oct.
Moift meadows and woods.
P. June. Aug.
It is very apt to grow in tufts and occaſion irregularities in the fur-
face of meadows.
Cows, Goats, and Swine eat it. Horſes are not fond of it.
A'IRA.

78
TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA
heath on
mountain
AIRA flexuoſa. Leaves like briſtles. Straws almoſt
naked. Panicles diverging. Fruit-ſtalks zigzag. LINN.
Panicle expanding. Florets hairy at the baſe; awned.
Awn twiſted, longer than the bloſs. Huds.
Schreb. 30.-Fl. dan. 157.--Scheuch.pr.6.1.-H.ox.viïi. 7. row 3.
9.-Branch of the panicle, &c. Leers 5. 1.-Floret, Mont. 74.
bad. (7. B. ii. 509. 2. not the plant.)
Florets with a twiſted awn as long as the bloſs. fixed to the outer
ſide of the baſe of the petal. LINN. Flowers browniſh purple or
greeniſh. Huds. Upper floret on a very ſhort fruit-ſtalk; both hairy
at the baſe. Aren from above the baſe, twiſted, bent afide, fome-
what longer than the bloſſom. LEERS. ST.
Heaths, woods, and barren paſtures. [Rocky Moors in the
North. Mr. WOODWARD. ]
P. July. Aug.
Horſes, Cows, and Sheep eat it.
A'IRA monta'na Leaves like briſtles. Panicle flen-
der and compact. Florets hairy and awned at the baſe.
Awn twiſted and longer. Linn. Panicle upright, point-
ing nearly one way. Huds. (Mr. H. ſhould have added,
fruit-ſtalks zigzag. See his deſcription. St.)
Scheuch. (7. Jac.) itin. p. 455. f. 15. cop. in Scheuch.pr. 4. 4.-
Stiling. 4.-Branch of the panicle, @c. Leers 5. 2.-
, -Florets,
Scheuch. 4. 16. A. B. C. (Floret, Mont. 75. not awned.)
Differs from the flexuoſa, with which it exactly agrees in habit,
only in the bloſſom, being hairy at the baſe. GERARD. prov. but
the flexuoſa is ſo alſo. See ScheUCH. LEERS. SCHREB. and
HUDS. (St.) My ſpecimens are undoubtedly only varieties of the
flexuoſa. LEERS and St. Root-leaves longer, upright. Straws incor-
porated, purple. Panicle more elegantly and fully coloured. Fruit-ſtalks
ſtraight, not undulated. Flowers more numerous. Empalements
while in flower more widely expanded. Florets more hairy at the
bafe. Arens longer. LEERS. The flexuoſa is the ſame plant, only
more fully grown. HALL and WIGGERS. Root perennial, fibrous.
Straws many, from 6 to 18 inches high; rather upright, cylindrical,
ſmooth ; with 2 or 3 joints. Root-leaves numerous in bundles, ſtiff,
briſtly, naked, ſea-green. Stem-leaves 2 or 3; ftiff, expanding,
on leaf-ſtalks, edges turned in ſo that they appear like briſtles. Leaf-
Nalk very long, cylindrical, ſheathing, ſcored, naked. Props within
the leaves ; upright, ſharp, membranaceous, permanent. Panicle
fender, upright, but i rowed ; compact, branched : its branches
zigzag, rough. Little Spikes of 2 florets, one fitting, the other on a
fruit-ſtalk. Receptacle hairy. Empal. Huſk 2 equal valves, oblong, rather
ſharp, concave, naked, purpliſh; longer than the bloſſom. Bloſs.
2 valves,
-

III. CHIVES, II. POINTALS.
79
2 valves, oblong, equal, concave, ſharp, ſmooth. Outer valve
awned at the baſe. Awns twice as long as the bloſſom, bent at its
middle. Chives. Threads 3, hair-like, ſhort. Tips halberd-ſhaped,
purple. Summits woolly. Huds.
High heaths and fandy paſtures. [Salt Marſhes, Norf. Mr.
WOODWARD:]
P. July. Aug.
Sheep are extremely fond of it.
B Setacea. Awns twice as long as the florets. HUDS.
ſmall-leaved
[Stratton Heath, Norfolk. Mr. Crowe.]
A'IRA caneſcens. Leaves briſtle-ſhaped. Florets as grey
ſhort again as the empalement, the uppermoſt on a Fruit-
ſtalk. Awns club-ſhaped at the end, and about the mid-
dle encircled with ſmall teeth. Sr.* Leaves briſtle-
ſhaped. Panicle cloſe, upright. Florets awned, as ſhort
again as the empalement. Huds. Leaves briſtle-ſhaped,
the uppermoſt ſheath-like, incloſing the panicle below.
LINN.
Lob. aiv. all. 466. 1. cop. by J. B. ii. 463. 2.
Awns encompaſſed with little teeth in the middle part, brown
and thick below, but whitiſh, ſlender, and ſomewhat club-ſhaped
above. After flowering the panicle riſes higher out of the ſheath;
before flowering it reſembles a ſpike. This is paler than moſt other
graſſes, and from that circumſtance may be diſtinguiſhed at firſt ſight.
Linn. Root fibrous. Strawes ſeveral, { a foot high, ſlanting, ſmooth.
Leaves rough; root-leaves bundled, ſtiff, ſea-green; ſtem-leaves up-
right, pointed, rolled in. Leaf-ſalks rough, cylindrical, ſheathing,
almoſt as long as the joint; the uppermoſt fheath-like, incloſing
the panicle below. Panicle oblong. Empal. valves equal, oblong,
pointed, keeled, keels rough. Bloſs. valves unequal, oblong,
hollow, rather pointed, ſmooth; outer one awned. Awn from the
middle as long as the empalement. Huds. Florets hairy at the
baſe. Arn twiſted below. St. Cows and Goats eat it. When
young it affords a good paſture for Sheep. GLEDITCH.
Sandy fhores. [Yarmouth Denis. Mr. WOODWARD.]
P. July. Aug.
A'IRA præ'cox. Leaves briſtle-ſhaped. Sheaths an- early
gular. Flowers in a ſpike-like panicle. Florets awned
at the baſe. Linn. Panicle contracted. WIGGERS. Awn
from between the baſe and the middle. Florets ſitting. St.
Curt.
* Foliis ſetaceis; flofculis calyce duplo brevioribus, fuperiore pedunculato;
ariftis fuperne clavatis, medio denticulis cinctis. St.

80
TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA.
ſilver
-
-
Curt. iii. n. 25.-Fl. dan. 383.- Pluk. 33.9, middle panicle the only
one well done.--Ray 22. 2, awns too ſhort.- Floret, Mont. 80.
bad.
Nearly allied to the A. caneſcens, but ſmaller, being one of the
ſmalleſt of the graſſes.
Barren ſands, common.
A. May. June.
A'IRA caryophylle'a. Leaves briſtle-ſhaped. Panicle
ſtraddling. Flowers diſtant, awned. LINN. Panicle
3-forked. Flowers diverging. Huds. Florets fitting. St.
Fl. dan.382.-H.ox.viii. 5. row 3.11.-Stiling. 5.-Scheuch. iter ii.
18.2.--Barr.4.1.-Branch of the panicle, Scheuch. 4. 15.-Floret,
Mont. 81. bad. (C. B. pr. not the plant. Leaves broad, panicle
too large in proportion to the ſtraw.-Leers 7. 5. one of the florets on
a fruit-ſtalk, not our plant at leaſt, or that of Scheuch. though that of
Royen, alſo referred to by LINN.)
Awns from above the baſe, and a little below the middle of the
outer valve of the bloſs. Florets both fitting. SCHEUCH. POLLICH.
and St. Panicle at firſt contracted, afterwards diverging, and at
length ſtraddling. POLLICH. ST.
2. Sometimes only one of the florets awned. SCHEUCH,
Gram, paniculat. purpuro, &c. SCHEUCH. 233. 1.4.f.23, (not 22.)
Sandy paſtures, frequent. [On the beach at Loweſtoff, Suffolk,
and elſewhere. Mr. WOODWARD.]
88. MEL'ICA. Melic.
Pl. II. fig. 16.
EMPAL. Huſk 2 valves, containing 1 or 2 florets. Valves
egg-ſhaped, concave; nearly equal.
Bloss. Two valves. Valves egg-ſhaped ; without awns ;
one concave, the other flat. Betwixt the 2 florets
there is a ſmall ſubſtance.
Chives. Threads 3 ; hairlike as long as the bloſſom.
Tips oblong, forked at each end.
Point. Seedbud betwixt egg and turban-ſhaped. Shafts
2; like briſtles; expanding. Summits oblong; woolly.
S. Vess. None, the bloffom incloſes the feed until it
ripnes.
Seed. Single, egg-ſhaped.
Ess. Char. Bloſs. 2 valves, containing (1 or) 2 florets,
with an imperfe&t floret betwixt them.
Oes. The rudiment of a third floret ſtanding upon a little fruit-
ftalk betwixt the other two fiorets, gives the eſſential character of
A. July
this

III. CHIVES, II. POINTALS:
81
this
genus. It conſiſts of two rudiments, or florets; lopped; alter-
nate. The hulks rolled ſpirally inwards and pellucid. LINN.-
When there is only one floret in each empal. this rudiment is found
betwixt the bloſſom and the inner valve of the empal. With.
MEL'ICA uniflora. Panicle with few flowers. Em- wood
palements containing 2 florets, I with chives and point-
als, the other without either. Retzius obf. i. n. 9. ST.-
Valves of the empalement pointed. St.-Petals not
fringed. Panicle nodding; branches pointing one way.
Empalement containing i foret. Huns.
H. ox. viii. 7. 49.-Mr. WOODWARD. ST.-Lob. adv. alt. 465.
1. cop. in 7. B. ii. 434, and Park 1151.3.
Straw thread-like, (flender St.) 3, (4) ſquare, ſmooth.
,
Sheaths of the leaves hairy at the brim. Panicle, lower fruit-ſtalks 2,
(ſometimes i, or 3,) one of them ſhorter, generally bearing i
flower; the upper ones ſingle, (or 2 together. St.) Empal. outer
(inner) value larger, egg-ſhaped, (oblong) hollow, (with 5 ribs ;)
,
5
the inner (outer) ſpear-ſhaped, with 3 ribs. Floret with chives and
pointals ſitting ; outer valve embracing the inner; edges of the inner
membranaceous, reflected, (folded inwards); the barren one of 2
valves. Often grows along with the nutans, but truly diſtinct. (In
this
part of England we have not the nutans.) In more than a thou-
fand ſpecimens there was not i panicle truly ſimple, or a ſingle
empal. that contained 2 perfect florets, and being cultivated in a
garden for
3 years, it remained unchanged. Retz.and ST.-Sheaths
of the leaves pubeſcent, with the points of the hairs directed down-
wards, but not rough to the hand paſſed upwards. Panicle ſlender,
with a gentle fianting curvature. Fruit-ſtalks ſtraight. Flowers upright:
Bloſs. griſly, of a pale greeniſh tinge, about the length of the inner
valve of the empalement; valves oblong, blunt; the outer ſmooth, not
gloffy, with 7 obſolete ribs at unequal diſtances ; the inner nicked,
and pubeſcent at the end, with 2 ſtiff ribs. Little Spike of neutral
florets, inverſely egg-ſhaped, between the bloſſom and the inner
valve of the empalement, together with its fruit-ſtalk as long as the
bloſſom, compoſed of the rudiments of 3 and even 4 florets, each
conſiſting of 2 membranaceous valves ſimilar in ſhape to thoſe of the
perfect floret ; each ſupported on a fruit-ſtalk of its own, riſing
from the baſe of the inner valve of the laſt rudiment; and each as
ſmall again as the floret below it. No chives or pointals in any
of
them. Conjectured it to be a var, of the nutans, and called it M.
nutans uniflora. Deſcribed by Ray ſyn. p. 403. n. 6. and poſſibly by
Scheuch. p. 173. n. 2.- Its bellying valves, the griſtly texture of its
bloſſom, its ribbed empalement, and its habit, combine to point
Vol. I.
a
-
G
out

82
.2 TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA.
-
out an affinity between our 2 fpecies and the Milium effufum. St.
May 18.74, and Aug. 10.76.-Empal. valves brown, with a tinge of
purple ; outer narrower, egg-ſpear-ſhaped, juft ſhorter than the
bloſſom; inner oblong, generally longer than the bloſſom. Bloſs.
values oblong, cartilaginous ; outer ſmooth, marked on the outſide
with 6 ribs, the middle ones but juſt perceptible; inner nearly as
long as the outer; lateral ribs pubeſcert.-Habit very different from
that of the nutans. ST.-Empal. cuter valve a fize ſmaller than the
inner valve. Panicle after flowering nearly upright. With.
Melica nutans. HUDS.
Woods and hedges, not uncommon. P. May to Aug. ST. W.
mountain
a
MEL'ICA nu'tans, Petals not fringed. Panicle nod-
ding fimple. LINN.- Valves of the empalement blunt.
St.-Panicle cloſe, upright, nearly fimple. Flowers
pendant, pointing one way. Huds.
Schreb. 6. 1. (2 in the printed text.)-C. B. pr. 20. repr. in th.
155. and cop. by Park. 1151. 5.—Barr. 95. 2.-96. 2.-3.B.
ii. 434. 1.-Panicle, &c. Leers, 3. 4.--Scheuch. 3. 16. D. E.
F. (Barr. 95. 1. is deſcribed to have ruſh-like leaves, and 96. 1.
is the Gram. Scheuch. p. 173. n. 3.)
Flowers in a bunch, Cluf. ii. 219. repr. in Ger. em. 20. 2.?-Ger.
18. 2, repr. in C. B. 154, and cop. in 7. B. ii. 492. I.
Flowers pendant. LINN. lapp. Fruit-ſtalks towards the baſe of
the bloſſom bowed back. SCHEUCH.--Empal. valves ſhorter than
the bloſſom, dirty purple, margins membranaceous, whitiſh;
outer egg-oblong, ſhorter; inner oval. Bloſs. valves oblong, between
membranaceous and cartilaginous ; outer ſcored, whitiſh, fome-
times tinged with purple ; inner a good deal ſhorter, pubeſcent. St.
Melica montana. Huds.
Mountainous woods in Yorkſh. Weſtmorel. & Cumberl. (Helkl-
wood, by Ingleton, Yorkſh. Mr. WOODWARD.) P. June. July.
In the Iſle of Rafa they make this graſs into ropes for fiſhing nets,
which are remarkable for laſting long without rotting. Pennant's
Tour. 1774. p. 297.-Cows, Horſes, and Goats eat it.
purple
MEL'ICA cæru'lea. Panicle compact. Flowers cy-
lindrical.
Fl. dan. 239.-H.ox.viii. 5. row.3. 22.--Panicle, &c. Leers, 4.7.
Root bulbous. Leaves flat. Straw for a great length without
knots. Florets awl-ſhaped, rolled in at the edges, ſometimes 3, and
,
in very rich ſoil, 4 in an empalement. A pedicle knobbed at the end
riſes from betwixt the forets. Tips purpliſh blue. Pointals purple.
LINN.-Straw with only 1 knot which is cloſe to the root. Leaf-
Stalks

III. CHIVES,
83
II. POINTALS.
-
ſtalks fheathing, on the inſide where it joins the leaf, inſtead of a
membrane, beſet with a tranſverſe row of cloſe ſhort hairs. SCHEUCH.
ST.-Empal. valves ſomewhat keeled; the outer rather ſhorter. Firſt
floret fitting, twice as long as the empalement. Spike-ſtalks, joints
half as long as the floret that is fixed to its point, terminated by an
imperfect floret half as long as the next below it. Bloſs. texture the
ſame with that of the empalement; outer valve ſomewhat keeled,
marked within with 5 ribs, egg-ſhaped, oblong, blunt; inner with
5
a prominent rib on each ſide, edges folded in. St.
Aira cærulea. Sp. pl. Huds. Leers. Scop.- Arundo. HALL.
But in my ſpecimens of both varieties the bloſſoms are quite bare. St.
Boggy barren meadows, and paſtures. P. July. Aug.
Horles, Sheep, and Goats eat it. Chermes graminis is found upon
it. LINN.
a
SESLERIA. (Scop. Arduin. Adanson, Hall.) -
Moorgrafs.
EMPAL. Fence 2 leaves at the bottom of the ſpike or
bunch. Huſk 2 valves, containing 1, 2, or 3
2
florets; valves egg-ſhaped, taper pointed, nearly
equal.
Bloss. Valves 2, oblong, compreſſed, about the length
of the empalement; the outer concave, embracing
the inner, toothed at the end, the keel running out
into a ſhort awn; inner flat, with the edges folded
in, cloven at the end.
Chives. Threads 3, hair-like, longer than the bloſſom.
Tips oblong
Point. Of the length of the threads. Seed-bud inverſely
egg-ſhaped ; hairy. Shafts 2, briſtle-ſhaped, upright.
,
Summits pubeſcent.
S. Vess. The bloſſom incloſing the feed.
Seep. One, hairy.
St.
Ess. CHAR. Fence of 2 leaves. Empalement containing
2 or 3 florets. Bloſom toothed at the end. St.
Obs. In the poſition of the fence, and in its habit it approaches
to the tribe of Graminifolia.* The above deſcriptions were made
from a collective view of the following: Seſleria Sphærocephala.
Arduin. ſpec. ii. t. 7. Hall. ap. Scheuch. app. ii. n. 30. and
.
SESLE'.
G2
* The Dastylis pungens SCHREB. has a general fence of ſeveral leaves, St.

84
DIGYNIA,
TRIANDRIA
a
a
blue SESLE'RIA cæru'lea. Scop. Straw undivided. Spike
ſomewhat cylindrical. . Arduin. St.
C. B. pr. 21. I, repr. in th. 158, and cop. in Park. 1152, 6, well
done. -Scheuch. 2. 9. A. B. florets and empalement indifferent.
(7. B. ii. 466: 2. is a copy of 476. 2, the Phal. arund. B.)
Straws oblique. Leaves betwixt ſea-green and bluiſh. Spike fome-
times white. LINN.-Spike from to nearly 1 inch. SCHEUCH.St.-
Seeds hairy. Empal. valvesending in awn-like points.HALL.ST.-Straws
ſurrounded at the baſe with a bundle of root-leaves incloſed in a whit-
iſh brown wrinkled ſkin, giving the appearance of a branched root;
above bare of leaves. Bunch ſpike-like, egg-oblong. Florets on
ſhort fruit-ſtalks, purpliſh livid, or browniſh white. Fence-leaves
roundiſh, embracing the ſpike-ſtalk, gnawed, membranaceous,
ſhorter, but thrice as wide as the empalement; the lower one at
the baſe of the bunch, the other a little higher up at the baſe of the
florets of the oppoſite ſide. Empal. containing moſtly 2 florets,
ſometimes juſt longer, and ſometimes juſt ſhorter than the florets,
edges and keel bearded. Bloſs. valves equal in length, edges and
keel bearded; outer with 5 ribs, cloven at the end into 4 teeth, end-
ing in awn-like points, the two middle ones ſhorter, with the keel
running out from between them into a ſhort awn twice as long as
the teeth. Threads white. Tips whitiſh, cloven at the baſe. Seed-
bud reddiſh brown. Shafts white. St.
Cynoſurus cæruleus. LINN.-Aira varia. Jace. enum. who re-
marks that Linn. has improperly placed it in the genus Cynoſurus,
it having no affinity to that family. St.
Mountainous paſtures in the North ; ſometimes in marſhes.
[Crevices of the Lime Rocks at the foot of Ingleborough. St.]
P. May. June
Horſes, Sheep, and Goats eat it. Swine refuſe it.
89. PO'A.

III. CHIVES, II. POINTALS.
85
89. PO A. Meadowgraſs. (Gerard.)
Pl. II. fig. 18.
-
EMPAL. Huſk 2 valves without awns; containing ſeveral
florets pointing from two oppoſite lines and collected
into an oblong egg-ſhaped ſpike. Valves egg-ſhaped,
tapering.
Bloss. 2 valves. The valves egg-ſhaped, tapering, con-
cave, compreſſed; ſomewhat longer than the empale-
ment; ſkinny at the edges.
Chives. Threads 3 ; hair-like. Tips forked at each end.
CHIVES
3;
Point. Seed-bud roundiſh. Shafts 2; bent back; woolly.
Summits like the ſhafts.
S. Vess. The bloſs. adheres to the feed without opening.
SEED. Single; oblong, compreſſed, tapering at each
end and covered by the bloſſom.
Ess. Char. Empal. 2 valves, containing ſeveral florets. Little
Spikes egg-ſhaped ; valves ſomewhat pointed; ſkinny at the
edges.
PO'A aquatica. Panicle ſpreading. Little ſpikes Reed
ſtrap-ſhaped, containing 6 forets. LINN.–Panicle upright,
branched. Little ſpikes betwixt egg and ſtrap-ſhaped.
Straw upright. Huds.
H.ox. viii. 6. 25.--Ger. 7. 2, repr. in C. B. 40.-Ger. 6.2,
repr. in C. B. th. 38.–Ger. em. 6. 1.-Branch of the panicle,
Leers 5. 5. Scheuch, 4. 1.-A little ſpike, Mont. 38,
Empal. containing from 5 to 10 florets. Strare 6 feet high. Linn.
---Straw from 4 to 6 feet high; upright, 2 edged, ſmooth. Leaves
ſword-ſhaped, ſharp, ſtraight, keeled; rough at the edges and
along the keel. Leaf-ſtalk a ſheath, cylindrical, ſcored, ſmooth.
Props membranaceous, blunt, folitary; betwixt the leaf and the
ſtraw. Florets from 5 to 10. HUDS.-Panicle purpliſh. Leaves
broad, channelled. WITH.
Marſhes and banks of rivers.
P. July, Aug.
It is an extremely uſeful graſs to fow upon the banks of rivers or
brooks. Horſes, Cows, and Sheep are exceedingly fond of it.
PO'A trivia'lis. Panicle ſomewhat ſpreading. Florets rough-ſtalked
woolly at the baſe, 3 in each little ſpike. Straw cylindri-
cal, upright. Linn.-Panicle ſpreading. Little ſpikes,
with generally. 3 florets. Straw upright, rough. Leaf-
ſcales taper pointed. Curt.-Panicle branched, ſpread-
ing.
-
--
-
G 3

86
TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA.
-
-
ing. Little ſpikes egg-ſhaped, crowded together. Florets
woolly at the baſe. Leaves rough, ſharp. Straw nearly
upright. Huds.
Curt. ii. 15.--Park. 1156.4, uppermoſt on the right hand.-C. B.
30. (Dod. 560.2, repr. in Ger. 2.2, does not ſeem to be the plant.)
Straws incorporated, upright, ſtraight. Leaves keel ſmooth. Leaf-
ſcales oblong, ſpear-ſhaped. Florets coloured at the point, yellower
than in the other ſpecies. LINN. — Root fibrous. Straw weak,
creeping at the baſe, ſcored. Florets 2, 3, and ſometimes 4. SCHEUCH. .
-Mr. Curtis has given the ſame references to Ray, Ger. and Park.
to this and the P. prat. St.-Panicle open ; 2, 3, or 4 fruit-ſtalks
4
riſing from the fame point. Florets 3 or 4 in each empalement.
Tips reddiſh purple. Straw, fruit-ſtalks, and little ſpikes, roughiſh.
Leaves rough ; the top of the uppermoſt leaf reaches to the bottom
of the panicle. WITH.-Panicle ſpreading. Little ſpikes with
generally 5 florets. Straw upright, ſmooth. Leaf-ſcales blunt. Curt.
Bird-graſs, by which name it is known to the ſeedſmen. Fowl-
graſs, Fowl Meadow-graſs. Fold Meadow-graſs.*
Moiſt meadows and ſides of ditches.
P. June. July
Begins to flower the firſt week in June, and generally continuing
during the whole of the ſummer. Curt.
marſh B. paluſtris.--Panicle ſpreading. Little ſpikes with generally 3
florets, Leaves rough underneath. LINN.
(H. or.
The graſs known by the above names to the London ſeedſmen and experi-
mental farmer, is generally believed to be the Poa trivialis, as I am informed
by that excellent botaniſt the author of the Flora londinenſis. It was brought
from America by Mr. Wych, of the Society of Arts, in 1763, and highly recom-
mended in the Mus. ruft.iv. p. 44, as affording a remarkably fine ſweet ſcented
hay. The facility with which it may be cultivated, by means of the numerous
fuckers which it throws out from the lower joints, and the great rapidity with
which theſe again propagate themſelves, induce us to hope that it may become
permanently naturalized, and expel at length from our meadows and paſtures
that enormous heap of uſeleſs weeds with which they are at preſent unprofitably
encumbered.-Not having had an opportunity of examining it, I ſhall ſubjoin
the following account of it from Haller. ST.
.
Poa ſtolonifera. Little ſpikes containing 3 florets. Florets ſomewhat woolly
at the baſe. HALLER.
Mus. ruft. v. 1. 4.
9201
Approaches very near to the P. anguſtif. but differs in its Flowers being more
diſtinct, and its Florets being woolly at the baſe. Straw knee-jointed, throwing
out leaves from each knot; upright above, 2 or 3 feet high. Leaves ſmooth,
leſs than a line in width. Panicle contracted. Flowers crowded, tapering to
a point, green at the end, of a purpliſh cheſnut. HALL, app. to Scbeucb. p.
93. n. 48.
fowl

III. CHIVES,
87
II. POINTALS.
-
(H. ox. iii. 6. 27, from the florets figured on the ſide, as well as its
habit, appears to be rather an Agroſtis.-Fl. dan. 750, edges of
the bloſom fringed, and the 2 upper florets on long fruit-ſtalks.)
Empal. valves as long as the bloſſom, rough on the back. Florets
2 or 3 in each empalement ; one floret fitting; the other on
ſhort fruit-ſtalks, which are very rough. Upper leaf ſheathing the
ſtraw and nearly as long as the panicle. If the third florêt was not
ſometimes found, the ſtudent would be led to ſearch for it in the
genus Aira. WITH.-Florets ſometimes only 3. SCHỀUCH.-Poa
trivialis paluſtris. Huds. Not P.paluſtris Gmel. tub. for his hath ſmooth
leaves.)
Watery places amongſt reeds and the Poa aquatica. June.
y ſetacea.—Panicle ſpreading. Little ſpikes with 3 florets; pube- hair-leaved
ſcent. Root-leaves briſtle-ſhaped. Poa trivialis ſetacea. Huds.
PO'A anguſtifo'lia. Panicle ſpreading. Florets 4 in narrozeleaved
each little ſpike; woolly. Straw cylindrical, upright.
Linn.--Panicle nearly upright. Little ſpikes on fruit-
ftalks; egg-ſhaped. Fruit-ſtalks ſtraddling. Florets hairy
at the bale. Leaves pointed Huds.
H.ox. viii. 5. 19.-Panicle, &c. Leers 6.3. --A branch of it,
Scheuch 3. 17. B.
Florets when ripe often woolly, and when ſeparated from the
empalement adhering together. LINN.
VAR. B. Florets 2 and often 3. SCHEUCH. Poa anguſtifolia
nemoralis. HUDS.-Poa nemoralis. LINN. which fee.
Woods and hedges. [In Hertfordſhire Mr. WOODWARD.]
P. June. July
Horſes, Cows, Sheep, Goats, and Swine eat it.
PO'A praten'ſis. Panicle ſpreading. Little ſpikes ſmooth falked
{mooth; with 5 forets. Straw cylindrical, upright. Linn.
5
Panicle ſpreading. Little ſpikes with generally 5 florets.
Straw upright, ſmooth. Leaf-fcales blunt. Curt.--Pani-
cle branched. Little ſpikes egg-ſhaped, crowded. Florets
woolly at the baſe. Leaves blunt. Straw not quite up-
right, ſending out fuckers. Huds.
Curt ii. 14.-C. B. 28.-H. ox. viii. 5. 18.--Stilling. 6.-Panicle,
&c. Leers 6. 4.--Branch of it, Scheuck. 3. 17. A. (7. B. ii.
461, 2, ſeems rather P. nemoralis, and Dod. 560. I, and its
copies to be P. annua.)
Florets generally 2, and ſometimes 3. SCHEUCH.-Root creeping.
Straw firm, upright, ſcarce perceptibly ſcored. Florets ſometimes
only two. Curt.
G4
On

88
TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA.
On walls, dry banks, and not unfrequently in meadows, and
begins to Hower about the 3d week in May. Curr. — June. July.
Huds.
alpine B. Poa pratenſis alpina. Huds.-Panicle ſpreading, very much
branched. Little ſpikes heart-ſhaped, with 6 florets. LINN.
Scheuch. pr. 3. 4.
.
Florets from 2 to 5. SCHEUCH.-Poa alpina. Linn. Mountains.
viviparous Poa pratenſis vivipara. Huds.Poa alpina vivipara. Linn.
Fl. dan. 807.-Scheuch. it. i. 4.
2.-Scheuch
4. 14.
On Snowdon.
P. June. July
Horſes, Cows, Sheep, and Swine eat it.-Goats are not fond of it.
-
>
-
-
1 ;
-
-
annual
PO'A an'nua. Panicle ſpreading horizontally. Little
ſpikes blunt. Straw oblique, compreſſed. Linn.- Pani-
cle expanding; pointing one way; branches in pairs.
Straw oblique, two edged. Huds.-Branches of the pa-
nicle fometimes horizontal, fometimes ſlanting. Curt. –
Florets without wool at the baſe. St.
Curt. 1. 2.-Stilling f. 7.-H. Ox. viii. 5. 21.-Mus. ruft.
iv. 2.8.-Dod. 560. 1, repr. in Lob. obs. 9. 1, Ger. em. 2.
and cop. by Park. 1156. 4, the uppermoſt on the left
hand.-. B. th. 31, cop. in 7. B. ii. 465. 1.–Ger. em. 3. 2.
cop. in Park. 1156. 4, the lowermoſt on the left hand, and J. B. ib.
2.*-Panicle, &c. Leers 6. 1.-Branch of the panicle, Scheuch.
3. 17. E.-Park. 1156, the lowermoſt on the right hand.
This is diſtinguiſhed from the P. trivialis by its general habit, its
ſpreading panicle, its compreſſed reclining ſtraws, and by its
greater ſoftneſs and delicacy; from the P. pratenſis and anguſtifolia by
the branches proceeding from the ſtalk in pairs, by its ſize, &c.
POLLICH.-Florets green, ſometimes reddiſh : 4 or 5 in each em-
pal. Scop.-Bloſs. keel between hairy and pubeſcent. St.-Branches
of the panicle in the middle often in threes, at the top ſolitary.
CURT.-Little Spikes larger than thoſe of the P. pratenſis. Mr.
DICKENSON.
Suffolk graſs.
Paſtures, paths, gravel walks, and the borders of fields.
A. April.-Sept.
Horſes, Cows, Sheep, Goats, and Swine eat it.
Sea PO'A marit'ima. Panicle compact, branched, point-
ing one way. Branches in pairs. Little ſpikes oblong.
Florets blunt. Leaves ſharp; edges rolled in. Straw
cylindrical, ſlanting. Huds. (In my ſpecimens, branches
5
5 from a knot. ST.)
(Fl.
-

III. CHIVES, II. POINTALS.
89
--
(Fl. dan. 251, is referred to by Lightf. and Roth, but Hudſon omits
(
it, neither does it accord with my Specimens.-C. B. th. 130, ſeems
the ſame plant with Fl. dan. 251, tending towards decay.)
Root perennial, creeping. Strax from 6 to 12 inches high; ſmooth.
Leaves on leaf-ſtalks, ſword-ſhaped, expanding, tapering to a point;
bare. Panicle oblong, upright. Lower panicle branches ſometimes
a little expanding. Florets from 3 to 7 or 8; bluntiſh, ſmooth.
Huds.-Leaves rolled in ſo as to reſemble ruſhes. Panicle purpliſh, ,
but little ſpreading; compoſed of narrow, oblong fpiculæ, not
awned. RaY.-Very nearly related to Feſtuca fluitans. Perhaps
the ſea water may occaſion the difference. LIGHTF.ST-Thepanicle
when in flower bears ſome reſemblance to that of the F. fluitans, but
I cannot by any means believe the ſea water to have effected ſuch
changes; beſides it is different in habit and ſtructure, and belongs
rather to the Poas. Roth. beytr. p. 8.- But the F. fluitans has the
ſtructure of Poa. Cultivation alone can aſcertain the point. St.-
(Poa arenaria, Retz. ſcand. but he ſays, Panicle fomewhat
«« ſpreading, little ſpikes fitting.") (Gram. exile duriuſc. marit.
Scheuch. 272 is a quite different plant.) St.
Sea coaſt, frequent. [Salt Marſhes, Norf. Mr. WOODWARD.]
P. June. July.
-
-
Straw very
PO'A rig'ida. Panicle ſpear - ſhaped; ſomewhat hard
branched; pointing one way. Branches alternate, point-
ing one way.
Curt. ii. 24.-Vaill. 18, 4.-H. ox. viii. 2.9.-Barr. 49.-Ger.
4.3.-C. B. th. 32. 1, cop. in Park. 1157.--Branch of the pani-
cle, Scheuch. 6, 2, and 3.-Floret, Mont. 11.
ſhort and ſtiff. Panicle ſpear-ſhaped, inflexible; dou-
bly compound; its branches alternate. Little Spikes alternate, on
inflexible fruit-ſtalks, which are ſhorter than the ſpikes they ſup-
port; ſtrap-ſhaped, ſharp, about 8 florets in each. Florets ſharp and
ſkinny at the point. Empal. keeled. Linn.-Florets from 3 to 9
in each little ſpike. HUDS.
Walls, roofs, ſandy and ſtony places, frequent.
A. July
PO'A compreſsa. Panicle compact; pointing one creeping
way. Straw oblique, compreſſed. Linn.- Panicle up-
right. Straw aſcending. Huds.
Fl. dan. 742.--Vaill. 18. 5.-Panicle, &c. Leers 5.4, branches
of the panicle horizontally expanding, inſtead of crowded, as in the
Specific character.—Little ſpikes, Mont. 10.
Florets generally 6 in each empalement. LINN.-Panicle more or
leſs ſcattered. Little Spikes 2 to 4 lines long. SCHEUCH.--Root ſome-
what

90
TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA.
a
-
what creeping. Little Spikes almoſt ſitting, near together. Florets
ſomewhat woolly at the baſe. Leers. St.-A very ſmall tuft of
wool at the baſe of the lowermoſt floret, which may be drawn out to
nearly the length of the floret, that of the upper florets ſcarcely
more than a hair or two. ST.-- Little Spikes much larger than thoſe
of the Poa pratenſis. Mr. DICKENSON.
Walls, houſe tops, and other very dry places. P. June. July
Horſes, Cows, Sheep, and Goats eat it.
wood PO'A nemora'lis. Panicle taper. Little ſpikes ſharp
pointed, rough, 2 florets in each. Straw bent inwards.-
Scheuch. pr. 2. 2.--Fl. dan. 749.-Scheuch. it. ii. 18.3.-17. B.
ii. 461. 2.)--Panicle, &c. Leers 5.3.-Little Spike, Mont. 12.
Florets ſometimes 3. SCHEUCH.--from 2 to 5. Mr. HOLLEFEAR.
Poa anguſtifolia nemoralis. HUDS.-A diſtinct ſpecies. Mr.
WOODWARD.
Woods and ſhady places. [Plentiful in the North. Mr. Wood-
WARD.]
A. June.
bulbous PO'A bulbo'ſa. Panicle fomewhat expanding; point-
ing one way. Little ſpikes of 4 florets. LINN.- Little
ſpikes egg-ſhaped. Florets ſmoothiſh; ſharp. Straw,
upright, bulbous at bottom. Huds.
y Vaill. 17.8.
. .
Panicle branched, the branches angular, roughiſh. Little ſpikes egg-
ſhaped, ſharp; with 3, 4, or 5 florets, a little hairy at the baſe. HUDS.
Florets not unfrequently 5. SCHEUCH.
viviparous B Barr. 703, 1 and 2.-C. B. th. 32. 2, cop. in Park. 1158. 1.-
Ger. em. 3. 1.--Pet. ii. gramital. 4. 9 and 11.-7. B. ii. 464.
- Flowers, &c. Scheuch. 4. 13. A. B. C.
Paſtures near Clapham, Surry.
P. May, June
-
looſe-flowered
PO'A diſtans. Panicles with fub-divided branches.
Empal, with 5 flowers. Florets diſtant, blunt.-
.
Height the ſame with the generality of Poas. Straws aſcending,
fmooth. Leaves ſmooth. Panicle roughiſh. Florets ſometimes on-
ly 4, from the point to the middle white, fo remote from each other
that it might readily be taken for a ſpecies of Agroſtis, if the Empal.
was not attended to, which at once diſtinguiſhes it. LINN.
Has the habit of Poa aquatica, but all the parts more delicate and
ſmaller, though the little ſpikes are not ſhorter. Jacq. obf. p. 42.
Root fibrous. Straws ſeveral, flanting, or nearly upright, cylindri-
cal, ſmooth. Root-leaves few, ſword-ſhaped, upright, blunt, bare.
Stem-leaves on leaf-ſtalks, blunt, ſometimes rolled in, ſea-green.
Leaf-Stalk ſheathing, cylindrical, ſcored, ſmooth. Leaf-Scale mem-
brana-

III. CHIVES, II. POINTALS.
91
branaceous, very ſhort, blunt. Panicle ſpreading and expanding,
branches generally growing in fours. Little Spikes ſtrap-ſhaped.
Florets from 3 to 6 or 7; remote, blunt, as if lopped; ſometimes
purpliſh ; white at the edge. Huſks 2 unequal valves, very blunt.
.
HUDS.-Florets when out of bloffom ſtanding diſtinct from each
other; at other times tiled, like other Poas; 1 line long; of an even
ſurface, not ribbed. ST.*
Aira aquatica diſtans. HUDS.
Sandy places near Exmouth. About Northfleet in Kent, and in
Yorkſhire and Lancaſhire.
P. June. July
a
PO'A criſta'ta. Panicle ſpike-like. Empal. ſomewhat creſted
hairy, longer than the fruit-ſtalks, about 4 flowers in each.
Petals awned. Linn.-(Empal. containing 2 to 3 florets.
Bloſs. valves often merely pointed. St.)
H. ox. viii. 4.7.-Pluk. 33.7.-Panicle, &c. Leers 5. 6. (Fl.
dan. 251.-Mont. 78. and Scheuch. 6.4. are different plants.)
Little Spikes oblong. Empal. ſhorter than the florets. Florets from
2 to 4. This ſpecies ſeems the connecting link between Poa and
Feſtuca. St.
Aira criſtata. Sp. Fl.
High barren paſtures. [On the edge of a Marle Rock, Clarkton
Leap, near Worceſter, St.]
PO'A min’ima. Empal.containing i floret. St. Small
Agroflis minima, which ſee, but it is truly a Poa. St.
PO'A lolia'cea. Spiked. Little ſpikes fitting; up- ſpiked
right, pointing one way. Huds. St.
H. ox. viii. 2. row 2. 6.-Pluk. 32.7.-Scheuch 6. 5, two little
Spikes.-C. B. pr. 18. 2, repr, in th. 130, ill done if the plant,
though deſcr. is that of P. loliacea.-C. B. th. 130. is P. maritima.
Spike moſtly pointing one way; ſometimes branched at the baſe.
Branches upright ; very ſhort. Little ſpikes egg-ſhaped. Florets from
3 to 10; ſmooth. HUDS.
Triticum maritimum, which ſee.
-
-
* In the London Botanic Garden has been cultivated for ſome years paſt, a
ſpecies which the owner has very happily named Poç retrofracta, from ſeveral
of the branches being as it were broken back. My ſpecimens have induced me to
ſuſpect it to be the Poa diſtans, expanded in all its parts by cultivation, or a
richer foil: but I flatter myſelf Mr. Curtis will not be long before he favours the
public with a full account of what he may have obſerved concerning this curious
ſpecies, in an early number of his excellent Flora, ST.
90. BRI'ZA.

92
TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA.
go. BRI'ZA. Quake-graſs.
.
Pl. II. fig. 17
EMPAL. Huſk 2 valves, expanding; containing ſeveral
florets pointing from two oppoſite lines, collected
into a heart-lhaped ſpike. Valves blunt, heart-
ſhaped, concave, equal.
Bloss. Two valves. Lower value the ſize and figure of
the empalement. Superior valve ſmall, flat, roundiſh,
cloſing the hollow of the other.
Chives. Threads 3; hairlike. Tips oblong.
Point. Seedbud roundiſh. Shafts 2 ; hairlike; bent
back. Summits downy.
S. Vess. The bloſſom unchanged, contains the feed un-
til it is ripe.
Seed. Single; very ſmall; roundiſh, compreſſed.
Ess. CHAR. Empal. 2 valves, containing ſeveral florets.
Little Spikes 2 rowed. Valves heart-ſhaped, blunt; in-
ner valve very ſmall.
Small BRI'ZA minor. Little-ſpikes triangular. Empal.
longer than the florets.--
H.ox. viii, 6. 47. correſponds with our plant and the Linnæan cha-
raéter, though not quoted by Linn.-Barr. 16.-Park. 1165. 5.
(C. B. pr. 4. though referred to by Linn. is only a ſmaller ſpecimen
of the B. media, which ſee,)
In paſtures.
A. Linn. P. Hudf. July.
middle BRI'ZA media. Little ſpikes egg-ſhaped. Empal.
ſhorter than the florets.-
F1. dan. 258.---H.ox. viii. 6.45.-Trag. 670.-Barr. 15. 2.--
Ger. em. 86. 2. retr.by C. B. 22. I.—Park. II65. 2. 6,-3. B.
ii. 469. 2. 6.--Branch of the panicle, Leers 7. 2.-Scheuch.
4.8.---Floret, Mont. 39. (Barr. 16. is the minor.) Dwarf Spe-
cimens, C.B. th. 25. 1. cop. in H. ox. viii. 6. 46.-). B. ii.
469. 2.-Branch of the panicle, Scheuch. 4.9.
Straw with 3 joints near the root. Panicle with 2 little ſpikes
upon each branch. Huſks egg-ſhaped, keeled. Smaller petal egg-
ſhaped, cloven, plaited. Tips reddiſh brown; yellowiſh at the
ends. Duſt yellow. Seed-bud cloven at the end. Shafts longer than
the empalement. Honey-cup ſmall, valvular, contiguous to the
feedbud. Scop.-Smaller petal flightly notched at the end ; the
plaits, before flowering, embracing and incloſing the tips.
Florets
-
-
-

III. CHIVES, II. POINTALS.
93
Florets from 7 to 9 in each little ſpike. With.
Cow-quakes. Ladies-hair.
Fields and paſtures.
P. July
Cows, Sheep, and Goats eat it.
If a feed is carefully diffected in a microſcope, with a fine lancet,
the young plant will be found with its root and leaves pretty per-
fectly formed.
92. DAC'TYLIS. Cocks-foot
Pl. II. fig. 13
Empal. Huſks compreſſed ; ſharp; pointing one way.
One valve longer than the bloſſom, keeled ; the
other ſhorter.
Bloss. Huſk; compreſſed; oblong; ſharp. The longeſt
valve keeled ; lying within the longeſt valve of
the empalement.
Chives. Threads 3; hair-like; as long as the bloſſom.
Tips forked at each end.
Point. Seedbud turban-ſhaped. Shafts 2 ; hair-like; ex-
panding, woolly. Summits ſimple.
S. Vess. None. The bloſſom incloſes the ſeed until it is
ripe.
Seeds Solitary; naked; depreſſed on one ſide, convex
on the other.
Ess. Char. Empal. 2 valves, compreſſed, i valve larger, and
keeled.
Obs. In ſome ſpecies i floret in each empalement; in others 3,
4, or more.
DAC'TYLIS cynoſuroi'des. Spikes numerous, rough, ſmooth
ſcattered, pointing one way. Linn. Flowers in fpikes.
Empalement containing 1 floret. Shaft longer than the
chives. ST. *
Linn. the Son, faſc. i. 9.
Straw 2 feet high; like that of an Arundo. Leaves 6 upon each ſtraw;
broad, very ſmooth and longer than the ſtraw ; rough at the edges,
bent inwards ; fea-green on the upper furface. Spikes 6 or more
in a row; diverging ; chaffy. Florets tiled; rough on the hinder
part. Emp. rough along the keel, ſharp-pointed, fitting; in i
row ; 1 floret in each, and longer than the floret. Pointals long ;
woolly.
Floribus fpicatis, monogynis, calyce unifloro, ST.

94
TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA.
rough
-
woolly. LINN.—The ſtructure of the pointal marks an affinity
with the Nardus, which is confirmed by its habit. St.
Marſhes in Eſſex, and other parts of the fea-coaſt, very com-
mon. RaY.
P. July. Aug.
DACTYLIS glomera'ta. Panicle crowded, point-
ing one way.--
Schreb. 8. 2.- Fl. dan. 743.-H. ox. viii. 6. 38.-Bauh. pr. 9.
1. repr. in th. 45. 1.—Muſ. ruft. v. 1. 5.-Park. 1182. 5. J. B.
ii. 467. 1.-Barr. 26. 1. 2.-Panicle, &c. Leers 3. 3.-Floret,
Scheuch. 6. 15. (Park. 1160. 7. Some other plant.)
Empal. 4 florets in each. Bunches of flowers but little expanded.
Little Spikes compreſſed; in bundles, ſitting ; diverging when in
flower. Tips reddiſh. LINN.It is not a Feſtuca. It is ſome-
times viviparous. Pollich.- Empal. containing 2, 3, ſometimes
4 florets. Leers-Bloſs. no long hairs at the baſe, as in the Phalar.
arund. $T.-Straw with 5 joints and 3 leaves. Sheaths of the
leaves 2 edged, and woolly. Petals cloven, a little awn from the
cleft of the larger petal. Scop.- Florets in rainy ſeaſons, ſometimes
viviparous. Mr. WOODWARD.
Thrives in the ſhade, and under the drippings of large trees. See a
farther account of it in Mus. ruft. v. p.45. and iv. p. 186. Orchard-graſs.
Very common.
P. June. Aug.
Horſes, Sheep, and Goats eat it. Cows refuſe it.
-
-
93. CYNOSU'RUS. Dogs-tail.
Pl. II. fig. 28.
EMPAL. Partial Fence large ; lateral ; generally conſiſting
of 3 leaves. Huſk 2 valves containing ſeveral florets.
3
Valves ſtrap-ſhaped; tapering; equal.
Bloss. Two valves. Outer valve concave, longer than the
other. Inner valve flat, awnleſs.
Chives. Threads 3; hair-like. Tips oblong.
Point. Seedbud turban-ſhaped. Shafts 2; woolly; re-
flected. Summits ſimple.
S. Vess. None. The bloffom cloſely wrapping round
the ſeed, and not opening.
Seep. Single; oblong, tapering at each end.
Ess. Char. Empal. 2 valves, containing ſeveral florets.
Proper receptacle leafy: fixed to the ſide. LINN.-Empal.
2 valves. Bloſs. 2 valves ; fence winged; compoſed of
Scales pointing from 2 oppoſite lines. St.
Oes. In moſt of the ſpecies the Fence is like a comb. LINN.-
Theſe fences, which connect this genus to the Hordeum and Ely-
mus,
a

III. CHIVES, II. POINTALS.
95
mus, appear as if abortive little ſpikes, analogous to the rudiment
(corpuſculum) of the Melica, and the neutral florets in the Centaurea, &c.
and like thoſe do not ſeem to be of any importance to the fertility
or life of the plant. Beauty, and even mere variety, I am well
perſuaded, have not been forgotten in the creation of organiſed
beings. ST.*
-
CYNOSU'RUS criſta'tus Floral leaves with winged creſted
clefts.
Schreb. 8. 1.—Leers 7. 4. Spike, &c.-Giſek. 54.-Fl. dan. 238.
-Barr. 27. 2.-Muf. ruft. iv. 2. 2.-H. ox. viii. 4. row.
3. 6--C. B. th. 43. cop. in Park. 1160. 3.- Anderſon.--
Stillingf. 11.-J. B. ii. 468. 3.
Floral leaves deeply divided into awl-ſhaped ſegments. Huſks ge-
nerally containing 3 florets. Smaller value of the bloſs. ending in
2 points ; larger valve ending in a ſhort awn. Florets all facing one
way. With.
Var.ß. Spike 4 cornered. Ray Syn. 399.
Paſtures, common.
P. July. Aug.
-
CYNOSU'RUS echina'tus. Floral leaves winged with rough.
awned chaff.
C. B. th. 59. cop. in Park. 1168. 6.-H. ox. viii. 4. 13.-Barr.
123. 2.-7. B. ii. 474. 1.-Scheuch. 2. 8. B.D. florets. -
Mont. 24. floret. (C. B. pr. 16.2. is Cenchrus capitat.)
Bunch congregated, pointing one way. Floral leaves only on the
outſide of the flowers, alternately winged, the rays ending in awns;
I floret in each. Huſk of 2 valves, containing 2 florets, mem-
branaceous, very fine at the point. Bloſs. 2 valves, with an awn
upon the outer point. Shaft cloven. Linn.
Sandy foil.
A. July.
CYNOSU'RUS cæruleus. Floral leaves entire.- blue
Seſleria cærulea, Scop. which fee.
* In the C. criſtatus, echinatus, aureus, there are generally only 2 forets in
an empalement; in the cærul. and aureus, the little ſpikes are inſerted on dif-
ferent ſides of the ſpike; and in the durus, coracanus, ægyptius and indicus, the re-
ceptacle cannot be ſaid to be leafy, as in theſe the fence is wanting. The durus
is truly a Poa, the Poa dura, Scop. and the 3 others have the habit of Pa-
nicum, with the ſtructure of Poa, forming a natural aſſemblage of their own.
The Cynoſurus therefore as a natural genus feems to be confined within the fol-
lowing limits, criſtatus, echinatus, and aureus, St.
94. FES

96
DIGYNIA
TRIANDRIA
94. FESTU'CA.
Feſcue.
Pl. II. fig. 19.
EMPAL. Huſk 2 valves; upright; containing ſeveral flo-
rets collected into a ſlender ſpike. Valves awl-ſhaped,
tapering. Inferior valve the finalleſt.
Bloss. Two valves. Inferior value the figure of the em-
palement but larger; rather cylindrical but tapering,
and ending in a ſharp point.
Chives. Threads 3; hair-like ; ſhorter than the bloſſom,
.
Tips oblong.
Point. Seedbud turban-ſhaped. Shafts 2, ſhort, reflected.
Summits ſimple.
S. Vess. The bloffom ſhuts cloſe upon the ſeed, and does
not open again
Seed. Single; flender; oblong; very ſharp pointed at
each end, with a furrow running lengthways.
Ess. Char. Empal. 2 valves. Little Spike oblong; almoſt
cylindrical. Huſks tapering to a point.
Oes. Scopoli ſays, that he cannot diſcover any mark of dif-
tinction between Feſtuca, Bromus, and Triticum. Bromus and Triti-
cum are indeed only one genus. Bromus is only a panicled Triti-
cum. In Feſtuca the outer valve of the bloſſom gradually narrows
into the awn, whereas in the Bromus or Triticum, the awn is in-
fefted as it were, below the point of the valve, or the edge of the
valve ſwells out into a thin membrane on each ſide of the baſe of
the awn. In Feſtuca, the awn is an extenſion of the whole valve,
in Bromus and Triticum, only of the keel or middle rib, as in
Avena. Sr.
* Panicle pointing one way.
barren
FESTU'CA bromoi des. Panicle pointing one way.
Little ſpikes upright, ſmooth. Empal. valves, i entire,
the other tapering to a point.-
It differs from the F. myurus by the panicle fomewhat reſembling
a ſpike, and the huſks not being fringed. It is like the F. ovina,
but has broader leaves. LINN.-Panicle broader and ſhorter than
in the F. myurus, the Spiculæ are alſo larger and broader. Straw
with 3 or 4 joints. Ray.
Gram. bromoides panicula heteromalla, Gc. Scheuch. 290. t. 6. f. 10.
is the plant of our herbariums, and I believe that of Linn. (and not
Gram. paniculat, bromoides, &c. Scheuch. 297. as Linn.) for in
Scheuch.

III. CHIVES, II. POINTALS.
97
-
-
a
-
Scheuch. plant 1 of the values of the empalement ends in an awn, whereas in
Linnæus's, it is, as in ours, ſimply tapering to a point.
Pluk. 33. 10.-Scheuch. 6. 14, a little ſpike.
Walls and dry ſandy places.
A. June. July
FESTU'CA ovi'na. Panicle pointing one way; sheeps
compact, awned. Straw 4 cornered, almoſt naked.
Leaves briſtle-ſhaped.-
Pluk. 34. 2.-Muſ. ruſt. iv. 2. 4.-Anderſon.---Leers 8, 3 and 4
3
panicles.-Scheuch. 6. 8.-Mont. 5.-H. ox. 8. 3. 13, little
Spikes fitting and ſpear-ſhaped.
Very ſmall; ſcarcely exceeding 6 inches in height. Mr. DICKEN-
SON.-Lower little ſpikes on fruit-ſtalks: 4 florets in each, with
the rudiment of a fifth.
a. ariſtata. Leers 8. 3.-Scheuch. 6. 6.-Mont. 5.
awned
Little Spikes pubeſcent. Florets awned, pubeſcent, often fringed.
Leers. Sr.
B. mutica. Stilling f. 8.-Leers 8.4.1 --Scheuch. 6. 6. awnleſs
Panicle narrower. Little ſpikes ſmaller. Florets without awns.
LEERS. ST.
7. vivipara. Scheuch. pr. 1.2; cop. in Scheuch (1. Jac.) it. vi. viviparous-
p. 458. f. 20.-Ray 22. 1.--Barr. 272.
Mountains in Wales, Yorkſhire, and Weſtmoreland.
Florets 3 to 6 in each little ſpike: they are generally tapering to a
point, oran awn-like point, but very ſeldom properly awned. Huds.
Dry gravelly ſoil. [Malvern Hill and Chace. Mr. BALLARD.
On the ſummits of Skiddow and Ingleborough. Mr. Woodw.]
P. June. July
It flouriſhes beſt in a dry ſandy foil: Cows, Horſes, and Goats
will eat it, but it is the favourite food of Sheep: they prefer it be-
fore all other graſſes, and are ſaid ſooneſt to grow fat upon it; for
though ſmall, it is fucculent. The Tartars who lead a wandering
life, tending their flocks and herds, always chooſe thoſe ſpots where
this graſs abounds. Is not the ſuperiority of the Spaniſh and En-
gliſh wool owing to the abundance of this graſs in the hilly paſtures
where the ſheep are kept?
FESTU'CA ru'bra. Panicle pointing one way; purple
rough. Little ſpikes with 6 florets, awned. Floret at
at the end awnleſs. Straw ſemi-cylindrical.-
Scheuch. 6. 9, branch of the panicle, little ſpikes open.-Leers 8. I,
-
branch of the panicle, little ſpikes cloſed.--Stilling f. 9, ill done.
(Anderſ. more like a Poa.)
It is diſtinguiſhed from the F. ovina by its fize, its red colour
when ripe, its broader leaves, and its nearly ſemi-cylindrical ſtraw.
Vol. I.
H
It
a
-

98
TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA.
a
It differs from the F.duriuſcula in its broader and flat ſtem-leaves,
in its little ſpikes being ſomewhat larger, and its panicle leſs com-
preſſed. The briſtle-ſhaped root-leaves, and the very ſhort awns
diſtinguiſh it from the F. myurus. Pollich.-Leaves on the upper
fide covered with a ſoft woollineſs barely perceptible to the naked
eye. Straw ſmooth, but within the panicle rough: green, but
when the ſeeds are ripe, red. LINN.- Panicle branches generally
ſingle, but frequently in pairs. SCHEUCH.-Taller than the F. duri-
uſcula, and diſtinguiſhed from it by broader leaves, and little ſpikes
with awns. Mr. DICKENSON.
High heaths and dry barren paſtures.
P. July
-
red FESTU'CA amethyſ'tina. Panicle waved. Little
ſpikes nearly awnleſs, bent inwards, pointing one way.
Leaves briſtle-ſhaped.-
Linn. mentions this as being a native of England. St.-Haller
conſiders it as only a variety of the F. ovina.
P.
hard FESTU'CA duriuſ'cula. Panicle pointing one way;
oblong. Little ſpikes oblong, ſmooth, 6 florets in each.
Leaves briſtle-ſhaped. Linn. - Panicle branched; branches
moſtly in pairs. Little ſpikes awned. Root-leaves briſ-
tle-ſhaped. Huds.
Ray 19. 1.-Leers 8. 2, branch of the panicle.---Lob. obf. 9. 2.---
(H.ox. viii. 2. row 3. 11. is referred by Linn. to the F. dumetorum.
-In H. ox. viii. 3. 13, the little Spikes are ſitting.)-Fl. dan.
848, cannot be the plant, as the florets are pubeſcent.
It reſembles the F. dumetorum in its thread-ſhaped channelled
root-leaves, and its flat grafs-like ſtem-leaves, but differs in having
its huſks ſmooth. LINN. - Stem and root-leaves briſtle-ſhaped. Lit-
tle ſpikes ſmall, egg-ſhaped ; with very ſhort awns.
Panicle more
contracted diſtinguiſhes it from the F. rubra. Its cylindrical ſtraw,
and the conſtant preſence of the very ſhort awns, from the F. ovina.
POLLICH. - It varies in its root-leaves being briſtle-ſhaped and
thread-ſhaped, and rough: in its ſtem-leaves being flat and channelled,
and bare: in its little Spikes containing fron 6 to 10 florets, and pu-
beſcent. Huds:-Hardly to be diſtinguiſhed from the F. ovina, but
by being taller. It is about 12 inches high. Mr. DICKENSON. -
Empal. ſmooth; one valve twice as large as the other.
Dry paſtures.
P. June.
pubeſcent FESTU'CA dumeto'rum. Panicle ſpike-like, pube-
fçent. Leaves thread-ſhaped.
Fl. dan. 700.-H.ox. viii. 2, figure the laſt?
Straw
-
-

III. CHIVES, II. POINTALS.
99
a
-
-
-
Straw 12 or 18 inches high, thread-ſhaped, cylindrical, with 2
ſwelled joints. Root-leaves 1 foot long; roundiſh, ſcarcely 2 edged.
Stem-leaves ſhorter, channelled. Panicle ſmall, ſpike-like. Little
Spikes 10 or 12, oblong, pubeſcent, greyiſh; the upper ones fitting,
ſolitary: the lower ones in pairs, on fruit-ſtalks. Huſks terminat-
ing in a minute awn. Figured in Moris. hiſt. 3. $ 8. t. 2. fig. the
laſt. Bulbs often grow within the ſheath of the ſtraw. Very nearly
.
allied to the F. duriuſcula. LINN.
Feſtuca duriuſcula dumetorum. Huds. St.-Gram. prat. paniculat. elat.
&c. var. locuſt. villofis. SCHEUCH. p. 290.
Woods and hedges,
P. June. July,
FESTU'CA myu'rus. Panicle ſpike-like. Empale- wall
ments very minute, awnleſs. Florets rough; awns long.
Linn.- Panicle pointing one way; ſtrap-ſhaped, rough;
branches moſtly folitary, contiguous. Huſk with 1
.
valve extremely ſhort. Huds.
Leers 3. 5, panicle. --Barr. 99. 1.-H. ox. viii.7. 43.-Scheuch.
6. 12, branch of the panicle.—Ger. em. 29. * 2, cop. in Park.
1162. 8. (Gouan. hort. 48. 1, and Barr. 100, different plants.)
The awn grows from beneath the point. Hall. - Florets 5 in
each little ſpike. Panicle branched, but not ſpreading: very long,
ſlender, and bending.
Gram. feſtuceum myurum elat. &c. Scheuch. 293. t. 6. f. ii, and
Barr. 99. 2; cop. in Pet. ii. gram. ital. 5. 10, are the plant of our herba-
riums, as it appears to be that of Pollich, (and not Gram.feſt. myur. minor,
&c. Scheuch. 294, as Linn.) ST.
Capons-tail-graſs.--Walls and dry barren places.
A. June.
FESTU'CA gla'bra. Panicle branched, upright, ſmooth
compact. Little ſpikes awl-ſhaped, of 3 florets, awned,
3
ſmooth. LightF.-(Nearly allied to the next ſpecies, if not
the ſame. Huds.
See alſo a deſcription in Lightf. Fl. Scot. p. 1085.
Found at Ardbigland in Galloway, by Mr. Lightfoot. P. July,
FESTU'CA cam'brica. Panicle pointing one way, welſh
oblong, upright, branched. Little ſpikes awned, ſmooth.
Leaves flat, naked. Huds.
Root fibrous. Straw near a foot high; flanting, cylindrical,
leafy, ſmooth; with 2 or 3 joints. Root-leaves nearly upright;
ſword-ſhaped, ſharpiſh, channelled. Stem-leaves 2 or 3; on leaf-
ſtalks ; ſharpiſh, flat, fibrous. Leaf-ſtalk cylindrical, ſheathing,
ſcored, hairy. Props membranaceous, ſheathing, blunt. Panicle
H 2
rather

100
TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA.
-
a
rather compact, branched at the bottom. Little Spikes on fruit-ſtalks,
about 6 forets in each, egg-ſhaped. Awns ſhort. Fruit-ſtalks nearly
as long as the ſpiculæ. Nearly allied to the F. duriuſcula. Huds.
On the higheſt hills about Llanberis, plentifully. P. July. Aug.
tall FESTU'CA ela'tior. Panicle pointing one way; up-
right. Little ſpikes moſtly awned; the outer ones cylin-
drical. Linn.--Branches in pairs. Little ſpikes egg
ſhaped. Leaves flat. Huds.
Schreb. 2.---Leers 8, 6.--Scheuch. 5. 18, a branch of the panicle.-
H. ox, viii. 2. 15.
Agrees in many reſpects with the F. Aluitans pratenſis. Its claim te
a diſtinct ſpecies may be juſtly doubted. Huds.
a. Broad-leaved. B. Narrow-leaved. Buxb. v. app. 16.
Gram. arundinac. locuſt. &c. SCHEUCH. 266. (as in Linn. Syft. veg.
but improperly omitted in Syſt. plant. a Reich. ST.)
Meadows, paſtures, and ſides of hedges. P. June. July
It makes an excellent paſture, but requires a rich ſoil. Linn.
Horſes, Cows, Sheep, and Goats eat it.
flote FESTU'CA flu'itans. Panicle branched, upright.
Little ſpikes nearly fitting, cylindrical, awnleſs. Linn.--
Panicle poining one way; its branches ſolitary and in
pairs. Little ſpikes ſtrap-ſhaped. Leaves flat. Straw 2
edged. Fl. dan,
&. Curt. 1. 6.--Leers 8. 5, a portion of the panicle.-Schreb. 3.
(f. 2, out of blofom.)-Fl. dan. 237.-Stilling f. 10.-H. ex,
viii. 3. 16.-Ger. em. 14. 1, cop. in 3. B. ii. 490.-Muſ.
ruſt. iv. 1.6.-C. B. th. 41, cop. in Park. 1275.8.-Scheuch.
4. 5, branch of the panicle.--Mont. 35, a little ſpike. (Buxb. iii.
54, branches of the panicle twice divided. Its habit, as alſo that of
Barr. 7, induce me to believe it with Buxbaum to be a difinet ſpecies.
- Muf. rujt. iv, 2. 6, is Poa pratenſis.)
Shafts naked below, and not feathered down to the baſe as in
Schreber's fig. Seed crowned with a little horns, the remains of
the ſhafts; ſometimes affected with the diſeaſe called Ergot. CURT.
--EMPAL. 2 ſkinny ſpear-ſhaped valves; the outer valve about half
as long as the other, and leſs concave. They are placed at the
baſe of a ſlender, cylindrical, but flatted little ſpike, compoſed
generally of 10 forets. Bloſs, outer valve ſpear-ſhaped, concave,
ending in a flat blunt point. Inner valve ſmaller, flat; the edges
bent back; ſlightly cloven at the end into 2 ſharp, but very ſhallow
ſegments. Chives, threads very flender. Tips ſlightly cloven at each
end. Point. ſeed-bud egg-ſhaped, very ſmall. Shafts expanding,
Sumanits
common
-
2
a

III. CHIVES, II. POINTALS, 101
Summits beautifully fringed. Seeds ſemi - cylindrical, blunt,
marked with a ridge upon the flat fide. Stems fending out roots
from the joints. Leaves floating upon the water. Panicle very long;
iſſuing from a long 2 edged ſheath. With.
B. loliacea. Spiked. Little ſpikes alternate, ſitting, flatted. HUDS.ST. Darnel
H.ox. viii. 2. 2. (a) a var. of Lolium perenne, is a good repreſen-
tation of it, as theſe plants are diſtinguiſhable only by their empalements.
F.fluitans in meadows becomes in every reſpect leſs, and the pa-
nicle is frequently changed to a ſimple ſpike. Curt. St.
Florets 4 to 10. The ſeeds of F. fluitans a ſown in a garden, be-
came this var. the firſt year, and the 2d year changed into the fol-
lowing variety. Huds.
y. pratenſis.--Muf. ruft. iv. 2.-H.ox. viii. 2.2.d.-Scheuch.4.6, meadow
branch of the panicle. -Park. 1146.8, the fig.with 2 panicled ſtraws.
Florets blunt, but in dry fituations tapering to a point. Hubs.
Gram. paniculat. elatius, paniculis, &c. SCHEUCH. 202, and alſo
Gram. loliac. panicula, &c. SCHEUCH. 200, as Haller could not per-
ceive any difference in the ſpecimens of each in Scheuchzer's herbarium.
Flote graſs.
Wet ditches and ponds, very common. P. June.—Sept.
The ſeeds are ſmall, but very ſweet and nouriſhing. They are
collected in ſeveral parts of Germany and Poland, under the name
of Manna Seeds, and are eſteemed a delicacy in ſoups and gruels,
upon account of their nutritious quality, and grateful flavour.
When ground to meal, they make bread very little inferior to that
in common uſe from wheat. The bran ſeparated in preparing the
meal, is given to horſes that have the worms; but they muſt be
kept from water for ſome hours afterwards. Geeſe are very fond
of the feeds, and well know where to look for them. The plant
.
affords nouriſhment to the Phalana Feſtucæ.
a
** Panicle equal.
FESTU'CA decum'bens Panicle upright. Little decumbent
ſpikes nearly egg-ſhaped, awnleſs. Empalement larger
than the florets. Straw decumbent.-
Fl. dan. 162.-Pluk. 34. 1.-H. ox. viii. 1.6.-Mont. 2. 1.-
Panicle, &c. Leers 7. 5.-Scheuch. 3. 16. A. B. C.
Florets 3 in each empalement. Allied to the Melica. LINN.--
It ſhould arrange with the Melicas. HALL.-Panicle ſimple. Em-
palement as long as the little ſpikes.
Barren moiſtiſh ground.
Sheep refuſe it.
FESTU'CA praten'ſis. Panicle upright. Little ſpikes meadote
.
ſtrap-ſhaped, without awns. Leaves flat. Huds. ed. 1. Mr.
WOODWARD.
There
P. Aug.
H 3

102
TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA.
There is a var. of F. fluitans which I have found growing along
with this, in moiſt meadows, but the F. pratenſis and fluitans are
certainly diſtinct ſpecies. Mr. WOODWARD.
Feſtuca fluitans pratenſis. Huds. ed. II. which ſee.
2. loliacea.-Feſtuca fluitans loliacea. Huds. ed. II. is a var. of
this. Mr. WOODWARD. I have a ſpecimen with a ſingle branch
from the ſide. St.
Meadows and paſtures.
P. June. July
ſpiked
Darnel
FESTU'CA lolia'cea. Spiked. Little ſpikes alternate,
ſitting, flatted, awnleſs. Huds. ed. I. Feſtuca fluitans
loliacea, which ſee.
а
Spiked FESTU'CA pinna'ta. Little ſpikes fitting. Straw
undivided. Awns ſhorter than the bloſſoms. POLLICH. ST.
Barr. 25, cop. in Pet. ii. gram. ital. 3. 1.-Wieg. 1. 10, ſpike.-
.
C. B. pr. 18. 1. repr. in th. 133.-Mont. 16, and Scheuch. I.
7. H. a little ſpike. (Fl. dan. 164, is referred by Hall. and Follich.
through overſight, to this as well as to the F. Fylvat.)
Plant ſmooth, yellowiſh green. Lower leaves now and then ſome-
what hairy. Florets from 6 to 12. Huds.
Feſtuca pinnata. Huds.--Bromus pinnatus. LINN.-(B. pinnat.
POLLICH; the Gram. loliac. corniculat. SCHEUCH. 35; Triticum Hall.
1431, ſeems to be a pubeſcent variety of this. St.)
Chalkey ſoils.
P. July,
wood FESTU'CA ſylvat'ica. Little ſpikes fitting. Straw
undivided. Awns as long as the bloſſom. Pollich. St.
- Little ſpikes alternate, rather pointing 2 ways. Huds.
.
LIGHTF. ST.
Leers 10. 3, Spike.-Wieg. 1. I1, and Fl. dan. 164, Spike and leaf.
-Bar. 83. 2, cop. in Pet. ii. gram. ital. 3.-H. ox. viii. 6. row.
3. 4, on the left hand.
Plant hairy. Awns longer than the bloſſom. Florets from 6 to 12.
HUDS.-Leaves rough downwards; upper ſurface hairy, the lower
leſs fo, ſometimes ſmooth. Little Spikes alternate, ſomewhat hairy;
hairs ſhort. SCHEUCH. ST.-Evidently different from the preced-
ing. Straws with ſoft hairs; ſeveral from the ſame root. POLLICH.
ST.-Straw ſlender; joints woolly. Spike-ſtalk ſlender, weak, and
hence often pendulous. WIEGEL. ST.-Straw from 1 to 3 feet
high, upper part of the lower joints hairy where not covered by the
leaf-fheath. Leaves under ſurface generally hairy towards the baſe.
Lille spikes from 7 lines to 1 inch 6 lines long. Empal. valves taper-
-
ing

III. CHIVES,
103
II. POINTALS.
a
ing to a point, and often ending in a ſhort awn: that of the larger
valve ſometimes a line long; rough with minute points and hairs.
Bloſs. outer valve ſmooth along the back, but fides rough with mi-
nute hairs, which are longer towards the point of the valve; the
inner rounded at the end; edges fringed with ſhort hairs; except at
the end, which is pubeſcent. It has the habit of a Bromus, the
artificial characters of a Triticum, (ſee Tritic. canin.) but in its ſtruc-
ture it is truly a Feſtuca. St.
Gram. loliac. corniculat. montan. SCHEUCH. 38.--Feſtuca ſylvatica.
Huds. ed. I. - - Bromus ſylvaticus. POLLICH. -- Bromus gracilis.
WIEGEL.–Triticum ſylvaticum. MænCH.--Bromus pinnatus. LEERS.
(Gram. loliac. corniculat. latifol. Scheuch. 36. HALL. 1431. d.
feems to be only a var. in which the hairs of the bloſſom are ex-
ceedingly ſhort. St.)
Woods and hedges. [Worceſterſhire. St.]
P. July
-
95. BRO'MU S. Brome-graſs.
Pl. II, fig. 20.
EMPÁl. Huſk 2 valves, expanding; containing ſeveral
florets collected into a ſpike. Valves oblong egg-ſhaped,
taper, without awns. The inferior valve ſmaller.
Bloss. 2 valves. The inferior valve large; the ſize and
figure of the empalement; concave, blunt, cloven ;
ſending out a ſtraight awn from beneath the end. The
Superior valve ſpear-ſhaped, ſmall; awnleſs.
Chives. Threads 3, hair-like; ſhorter than the bloffom.
Tips oblong.
Point. Seed-bud turban-ſhaped. Shafts 2; ſhort; woolly,
reflected. Summits ſimple.
S. Vess. The bloſſom ſhuts cloſe upon, and adheres to
the feed.
Seed. Single, oblong, covered; convex on one ſide, fur-
rowed on the other.
Ess. Char. Empal. 2 valves. Little Spikes oblong, cylin-
drical. Florets pointing from two oppoſite lines. Aren
iſſuing from beneath the end.
BROMUS ſecali'nus. Panicle expanding. Little fiela
ſpikes egg-ſhaped. Awns ſtraight. Seeds diſtinct. Huſks
fmooth. LINN.--Little ſpikes upright. Bloſſom, inner
valve rounded at the end. ST.
Leers
H4

104
TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA.
hairy
Leers 11. 2, branch of the panicle, (C. S.) little ſpike ripe.--Scheuch.
5. 10.---Wieg. 1.2, little ſpike ripe.-J. B. ii. 438, ripe.-
C. B. th. 143, the branch on the left hand.
Little Spikes when ripe two rowed, and 3 or 4 lines broad. Florets
4
from 7 to 11, ſmooth, greeniſh, membranaceous at the edge. Blofs.
outer valve cloven, or almoſt hollowed at the end. Awn from the
baſe of the cleft. SCHEUCH. ST.-Leaves with ſhort hairs on each
ſide. Panicle branches, ſome ſimple, others branched. Empal. ra-
ther blunt, 2 to 3 lines long. Bloſs. blunt. Awn 3 lines long,
POLLICH. ST.-Empal. and Florets roughiſh. Bloſs, outer valve with
.
7 ribs, dotted. Awn as long as the valve. LeERS. ST.-Little ſpikes
8 or 10 lines long. Empal. ribbed. Bloſs. outer valve oblong, taper-
ing below; not gloſſy, ribs not prominent; greener than the reſt of
the valve, each on the outſide appearing as if compoſed of 2 lines. St.
Feſtuca gramin. glum. glabris. Scheuch.
251. Bromus vitiofus. WIEG, except that the leaves are deſcribed
as being ſmooth, and the awn as ſhort again as the bloſſom. St.
In corn fields only. DILL. R. Syn.
B. Huſks hairy. LINN.-Panicle nodding when ripe. Bloſs,
outer valve tapering upwards. St.
Scheuch. 5. 9, little ſpike, one of the larger ſize.-H. ox. viii. 7,
16, with a little ſpike of the natural fize: ſeeds ripe.-C. B.th. 143.
(Park. 1150. 2, ill done, if the plant.)
Huſks, hairs wearing off by age. HALL. LIGHTF.-Leaves hairy
above; rough, but free from hairs underneath. Empal. inner valve
ſometimes ending in an exceedingly ſhort awn: 31 or 4 lines lon
outer 3 and 31 long. Florets, the lowermoſt 4 and 5 lines long.
.
5
SCHEUCH. ST.-Bloſs. inner value oblong egg-ſhaped, nicked at the
point, and readily ſeparating down to the inſertion of the awn. Awn
from 2 to 5 lines long. ST.
Corn fields,
A. May. June.
hordeaceus.
Panicle upright, contracted. LINN.-Florets tiled. Bloſs, inner
valve ſmooth, rounded at the end. ST.
Cultivated in a garden it became var. d. LINN.- Little ſpikes yel-
lowiſh, ſometimes only 2, or even only a ſingle one terminating
the ſtraw. LEERS. ST.--Straw from 9 to 36 inches high ; when
dwarfiſh almoſt thread-like. Leaves pubeſcent on both ſides, with
ſoft longer hairs on the upper ſurface. Leaf-ſheaths, lower hairy,
upper ſmooth. Panicle when preſent about 4 inches long, fimple,
4
Little Spikes 5 or 6 lines long, tapering to a point, from 1į to 2 lines
broad. Florets from 3 to 7, but moſtly 6; the lowermoſt 3
lines
long. Empal. bloſs. ſtructure and admeaſurement as B. ſecalin. a.--
Leers conſiders it as a var. of the B. mollis, but I have found plants
of
--
compact. 3.
a

III. CHIVES, 11. POINTALS.
105
of the latter growing amongſt them, with the habit as well as ſtruc-
ture peculiar to that ſpecies. St.
Bromus polymorphus. d. HUDS.-Bromus mollis. 7. HUDS.- Plant
entirely ſmooth. Huds, but this does not accord with the obſerva-
tion of any of the authors quoted above. St.
Hills and rocky barren places. Linn.—Meadows both dry and
moiſt. Ray.-[Near Kemſey and Ridd Green, Worceſterſh. ST.)
A. May. June.
The ſeeds, mixed with corn, may be uſed to make bread; but
when in too large a proportion they render the bread brown and
bitter, and they who eat it experience a temporary giddineſs.
The panicles are uſed by the common people in Sweden for dying
green.-This graſs is eaten by Horſes, Cows, Goats, and Sheep.
-
-
BRO'MUS mol'lis. Panicle rather upright. Spikes ſoft
egg-ſhaped, downy. Awns ſtraight. Leaves with very
foft wool. Linn.-(Little ſpikes ſometimes ſmooth. See
Scheuch. and Curt. ST.)*
Leers 11. 1, panicle.-Schreb. 6.1.-Gurt. 1. 3, little ſpikes Smooth.
-H. ox. viii. 7. 18.-Wieg. 1.4, a little Spike.-Scheuch. 5.
12, branch of the panicle, the little ſpikes ſmooth.-Barr. 83. 1,
not a good reſemblance. (85. not a graſs.)
Reſembles the B. ſecalinus, but is white with ſoft downy hairs.
The joints are thicker, cylindrical, and very hairy on the lower part.
Leaves extremely ſoft on both ſides; ſcored. Panicle on a ſhort foot-
ſtalk. LINN.—Little Spikes, about 7 florets in each. Empal. outer
valve ſmaller than the inner. Bloſs. valves very ſlightly cloven at the
end; the upper valve flat, fringed at the edge with briſtly hairs. Tips
red. Skafts none. Summits woolly. Straw with 5 or 6 crooked
joints. Root fibrous. The whole plant covered with ſoft hairs. With.
Oat-graſs is the name by which it is known to farmers, and they
ſow it along with clover. With.
a. Whole plant covered with a ſoft hairineſs. HUDS.
woolly.
Little ſpikes from 4 to 8 lines long, and 11 to 2į broad. Empal.
inner valve 3 and 4 lines long, outer narrower, and about a line
ſhorter. Florets tiled, the lowermoſt about 4 lines long. Bloſs.
blunt at the end. Awns from 3 to 5 lines long. SCHEUCH. ST.-
Fruit-ſtalks generally ſupporting only 1 flower, but ſometimes 2.
Little Spikes upright. Bloſs. outer valve ſlightly cloven at the point;
ſegments pointed. Shafts inſerted below the point of the feed-bud.
LEERS.
* Mr. Hudſon confiders the B. mollis and ſecalinas as varieties of one ſpecies.
B. polymorpbus. Scop.—Panicle nearly upright, and nearly ſimple. Little
ſpikes egg-ſhaped. Florets blunt. Awns ſtraight. Huds.

106
TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA.
Leers. ST.-Shafts from one ſide of the feed-bud. Curt. St.-
Panicle when in fruit cloſely contracted. Little Spikes egg-ſpear-
ſhaped, and ſpear-ſhaped, tapering to a point. Florets 5 to 14.
Bloſs, outer valve only ſlightly nicked at the end, but eaſily ſeparating
down to the inſertion of the awn; awn inſerted about z a line be-
low the point. St.
Gramen. avenac. villos. &c. SCHEUCH. 253. n. 4. (Schreb.
Pollich. ST.)
Meadows, paſtures, walls, hedge banks. [In corn fields and
uncultivated places. Leers.]
May: June
dwarf
2. B. nanus. (Retz. ſcand. St.)-Little ſpikes few, on ſhort
fruit-ſtalks, upright, flatted, trowel-egg-ſhaped. Huſks ſomewhat
tiled, pubeſcent, pointed. Awns ſhorter than the bloſſoms,
ſtraight. Wieg. ST.
Wieg. 1. 9.
Straw 2 to 3 inches high; with 3, 2, and ſometimes only 1 little
ſpike. Huſks tiled. Wieg. St.
[Barren foil, near Stourbridge. ST.]
fmoothiſh. B. Leaves hairy. Panicle ſmoothiſh. Huds. WITH.
Gramen. &c. SCHEUCH. ib. Huſks almoſt entirely ſmooth. ST.--
Florets 6 in each little ſpike. Straw moſtly with 4 joints. With.
4
fmooth-o. Lower leaves ſomewhat hairy. Panicle ſmooth. HUDS.-Huſks
huſked. ſmooth. Bloſs. upper valve tapering upwards: ribs prominent. St.
H. ox. viii. 7. 19.
Meadows and paſtures.
A. May. June. HUDS.
Dry places. B. LINN.
open-awned BROMUS Squarro'ſus. Panicle nodding. Little
ſpikes egg-ſhaped. Awns ſtraddling. Linn. Panicle
fimple, ſomewhat nodding: Florets blunt.
HUDS.-
(Panicle ſcattered, nodding as it ripens. Hall.–Little Spikes
at firſt Spear-ſhaped, afterwards oblong. ST.)
Barr. 24. I, ripe, with little Spike and floret.-Scheuch. 5. 11, little
Spike, ripe.—Mont. 32. (Barr. 24. 2, appears dubious, and 9. 1,
,
ſeems to be B. diftachyos.)
Awn awl-thread-ſhaped, at the baſe flat within, keeled without,
and by no means of the ſtructure of that of Avena, to which
Haller has referred it. ST.-- Panicle nodding. Spikes ſmooth, egg-
ſhaped, each on a little pedicle thread-ſhaped, but thicker towards
the top. Awns ſtraddling. LINN.
Corn fields near Glaſtenbury, Somerſetſhire, and Marſhfield,
Suffex, HUDS.
A. July
upright BROMUS crec'tus. Panicle nearly fimple, upright.
Little ſpikes egg-oblong. Florets taper pointed, awned,
ſmooth.

III. CHIVES, II. POINTALS.
107
-
a
ſmooth. Huds.-B. racemoſus. Bunch quite ſimple. Fruit-
ſtalks with 1 flower. Little ſpikes with generally 6 florets.
fleek, awned. Linn.? * (Huds.)
(Pluk, 299. 2.+-H. ox.viii. 7. 13, with a little ſpike, are referred
to by Hudſon, but by Linn. to B. tectorum.-H. ox. cannot be the
plant, as the florets are repreſented as rough, neither is it the tectorum,
as they are not hairy.)
Leaves flat, and in dry fituations edges rolled in, hairy. Panicle
ſimple. HUDS.-Awns a continuation of the keel of the bloſſom,
thus forming the connecting link between this genus and Feſtuca.
Mr. WOODWARD.
Meadows and chalkey paſtures. [Ditchley Park, Oxfordſhire,
and near Oxford. Mr. Woodward.]
P. June. July.
B. arvenſis. Panicle ſomewhat branched, ſmooth. Little ſpikes egg- corn
oblong, ſmooth. Florets 5 to 8, awned. Awns ſtraight, ſhort,
HUDS.-Lower part of the panicle nodding. Mr. WOODWARD.
Bromus arvenſis. Linn.? (Huds.)
Does not accord with Linnæus's deſcription of this ſpecies. Be-
ſides it is perennial. Mr. WOODWARD.
Cornfields. [Growing intermixed with a in Ditchley Park. Mr.
WOODWARD.]
P. June. July
BRO'MUS madriten'fis. Panicle between open and wall
upright. Little ſpikes ſtrap-ſhaped; the intermediate
ones in pairs. Pedicles thicker upwards. Linn.—Panicle
fimple. Florets taper pointed, rough. Awns long. Huds.
Barr.
-
-
-
* Panicle conſiſting of an undivided bunch. Fruit-ftalks alternate, generally
ſolitary; foret on each, Florets egg-ſhaped, tapering to a point. Leaves
woolly underneath. Linn.
+ I have a ſpecimen gathered by Mr. Pitchford, but where he does not now
recolled, exactly reſembling this figure, but extremely different from the B.
ere&tus. Mr. Woodw.—A little Spike communicated to me by Mr. W. accords
perfectly with my foreign ſpecimens of B. teEorum, except in the abſence of the
hairs of the outer valves of the bloſſom, probably the effect of age, the ſeeds being
ripe, ST.
# BROMUS. Panicle upright, contracted. Little ſpikes ſtrap-ſhaped. Florets
taper-pointed, rough. Awns ſhorter than the florets. ST.
Scheuch. 5. 13, two little Spikes.-H.ox. viii. 7. 13.
Leaf-feaths with ſcattered hairs. Little Spikes as much as an inch long, and
when the florets open, 3 lines wide. Empal. valve tapering to a point, mem-
branaceous at the edge, the inner 5 lines long. Florets woolly, with very ſhort
hairs. Fruit-ſtalks pubeſcent. Awns from 1 to 2 lines long. SCHEUCH. ST.
---Linle ſpikes very like thoſe of B. aſper. Florets generally 10, tapering to a
point

108
TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA.
A. May,
Barr. 76. 1.
Straws 2 feet high, ſleek, joints ſwoln. Leaves broadiſh, foft.
Panicle looſe, with no great number of little ſpikes. Little Spikes
ſtraight, nearly upright, in threes, each of which generally on a
fruit-ſtalk, and ſometimes a fourth, with moſtly 2 on a fruit-ſtalk.
Awns long, upright. LINN.-Empal. greater valve 4 or 5 lines long;
leſſer 2 or 3 long. Florets 5 or 6, 6 and ſometimes 4 lines long.
Awns 7 and 8 lines long. Bloſs. valves with cloſe ſhort hairs at the
edges. Awns 7 and 8 lines long. SCHEUCH.
7
Bromus muralis. Huds. who has aſſigned no reaſon for changing
the name given it by Linnæus. ST.
On old walls about London and Oxford. Hups. [Severn Stoke,
Worceſterſhire. ST.]
hairy-ſtalked BRO'MUS al per. Panicle nodding, rough. Little
ſpikes woolly, awned. Leaves rough. LINN.-Panicle
branched; branches in pairs. Little ſpikes ſtrap-ſhaped,
round, longer than the awns. Huds.-Awns ſtraight.
Leaf-ſheaths hairy. Curt.--Awns ſhorter than the florets.
HALL. ST,
Curt. ii. 18, panicle just expanded.-H. ox. viii. 7. 27, florets open.
-(Mont. 2, and Barr. 84, not the plant.–Vaill. 18. 2, ſeems
a different plant, though the ſingle little ſpike reſembles it.)
Panicle branches fometimes in threes. Curt.-Empal. florets 6 to
12. VOGLER.
Bromus ramoſus. Huds. ed. I. Linn. fyft. veg. p. 102.-LIGHTI.
1087. * -hirſutus, CURT.-nemoralis, Huds. ed. II.--Sylvaticus,
VOGLER.Schediaſm.—altifimus, Wiggers.--Bromus montanus.Retz.
Scand. and obf. ii. n. 4, as it ſhould ſeem from the ſpecimens communicated
to him by Meſſrs. Ehrhart and Dryander; but his characters of “ Empal.
with 6 florets," ill agrees with it. (Not B. montanus, Pollich, in whick
- The branches of the panicles are in two's, three's, and four's," and the
bloſsom only 1 line longer than the awn.)
( Bromus verſicolor. Pollich. the Brom. fol. hirſut. &c. Hall.
1503, is a different ſpecies. St.)
Woods and hedges, frequent.
A. July. Aug.
barren BROMUS ſter'ilis. Panicle open. Little fpikes ob-
long, florets pointing 2 oppoſite ways. Huſks tapering
and awned.-
Curt.
-
a
--
point at the baſe. Correſponds, except in the length of its awns, with the de-
fcriptions of the B. madritenfis, of which it is probably only a variety. ST.
Gram. bromoides pratenſe, &c. Scheuch. 255.-Bromus birſutus anguſtifol.
&C. HALL. 1507.--Bromus ſylvaticus when growing in open ſituations. VOGLER
febediaſın. p. 4. ST.

III. CHIVES, II. POINTALS.
109
-
-
Curt. 1.4.-H. ox. viii. 7. 11.-Leers 11.4, branch, G.
Mont. 1, little ſpike.- Dod. 540.2, repr. in Lob. obs. 20. 1,
and Ger. em. 76. 1, and cop. in Park. 1148. 1.-Ger. 69. 1,
repr. in C. B. th. 146.—Math. 1205.-7. B. ii. 439. 2.-
Scheuch. 5. 14, little ſpike.--(Park. 1148.2, ſeems to be the B.
tectorum.)
Shafts from the middle of the feed-bud. Curt.-Little ſpikes
widening towards the point. Wieg. St.-Panicle nodding,
branched; branches in fours. HUDS.—(In foursand fixes. Pollich.
threes and fours. Wieg. St.)-Fruit-ftalks generally with only i
little ſpike, but ſometimes 2. LEERS.---Empal. valves very ſlender,
taper, and ſkinny at the edges. Bloſs. outer valve ſkinny at the edges,
cloven, and furniſhed with an awn nearly twice its own length. Inner
valve flat, fringed at the edges. Tips orange colour. Florets 6 or 7
in each little ſpike. Little Spikes on very long fruit-ſtalks, 4, 5, or
6 iſſuing from the ſame point. Leaves ribbed, hairy, not very
harſh; the uppermoſt leaf nearly as tall as the panicle. With.
Woods and hedge fides, frequent.
A. June. July.
BRO'MUS arven'ſis. Panicle nodding. Little ſpikes corn
oblong egg-ſhaped.? -
Fl. dan. 293.
Straw 5 inches high. Root-leaves awl-thaped, ſmooth, channelled,
ſtiff. Panicle cloſe, conſiſting of 8 or 10 little ſpikes. Little Spikes
almoſt ſitting, and growing on one ſide of the ſtalk; ſmooth, awn-
leſs, conſiſting of 5 florets. The above differences poſſibly occa-
fioned by the ſea water, and the poverty of the ſoil. LIGHTF.
Shores of the iſle of Oranſay. LIGHTF,
A. July
* Three diſtinct plants ſeem to have been referred to this ſpecies.
(1.) Fl. fuec. n. 97.-Leers n. 84. 1. 11. f. 3.--Little Spikes ſtrap-ſhaped, at
firſt egg-ſhaped at the baſe, and tapering, 3 times as long as the empalement.
pubeſcent in the microſcope. Empalement egg-ſhaped. Awn ſomewhat longer
than the bloffom. St.
(2.) Scheucb. p. 262.7. 5. f. 15.--Pollicb. n. 113.-Little ſpikes ftrap-ſpear-
ſhaped, about as long again as the empalement. Empalement ſpear-ſhaped.
Awn ſomewhat ſhorter than the bloffom, and almoſt from the very point of the
valve, St.
(3.) Fl. dan. 1. 293. ---Scheucb. p. 251. n. 2, variety without awns.-Wieg.
obf. n. 3. t. 1.f.3; wbo doubts, and, I think, with propriety, whether it be not
a variety of bis B. vitiofus, the B. ſecalinus a.-Lightf. p. 104.-Little Spikes
oblong egg-ſhaped. Huſks ſmooth, tiled, blunt. Empalement egg-ſhaped. Awn
half as long as the bloſſom; ſometimes wanting. ST.--I have a ſpecimen of
this with a uns of ſome length from an excellent botaniſt, but where gathered I
do not know. Mr. WOODWARD.
BRO'MUS
.

110
TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA.
tall
-
-
BRO'MUS gigante'us. Panicle nodding. Little
ſpikes with 4 florets, ſhorter than the awns. Linn.-
4
Little ſpikes ſpear-ſhaped. SCHREB. ST.-Branches in
pairs. Scop. Huds. St.-Panicle branched. Little ſpikes
with about 4 florets. Huds.
Schreb. 11.-Leers 10. I, two branches of the panicle.—Vaill. 18.
3.-Scheuch. 5. 17, branch of the panicle.—Wieg. 1. 5, little
Spike.—Scheuch. 5. 19, a good repreſentation of the ſmaller ſpikes,
but does not accord, as Retz, remarks obj. i, n. 11.-Mont, 71;
awns too ſhort.-(Fl. dan. 440, has branches in pairs, and not
ſeveral from a joint, as the triflorús, to which Linn. has referred
this fig. though with a note af doubt, is deſcribed by SCHEUCH.
.
,
but they expand different ways, as in the B. patentiſſimus of W1EG.
who regards it as an awned variety of that ſpecies.)
Panicle branches 2 from each knot. LINN.-Sometimes 3. SCHEUCH.
ST.-Leaves bordered at the baſe on each ſide with a griſtly mem-
brane, upper furface and the under towards the end rough down-
wards. Sheaths ſleek, except the lowermoſt, which are rough (up-
wards). Empal. with from 3 to 7 florets. Bloſs. inner valve as long
.
or longer than the other. Awn finer than a hair, ſomewhat wind-
ing. LEERS. ST.-Branches lengthened out. Little Spikes at firſt
roundiſh, when at maturity ſomewhat Hatted. WIEG. ST.-Empal.
fleek, glofly. Bloſs. rough downwards, not hairy, as Wieg. Branches
in pairs, almoſt to the point of the panicle. St.-Straw 5 feet high.
Leaves half an inch broad. With.
Gramen. bromoid. montan. &c. Scheuch. 263. t. 5. f. 16, alſo referred
to by Wieg. is the B. montanus of Scop. and POLLICH. ST.
Woods and moiſt hedges.
P. July. Aug.
Cows, Horſes, Goats, and Sheep eat it.
a
-
Spiked BRO'MUS pinna'tus. Straw undivided. Little ſpikes
alternate, nearly ſitting; cylindrical, ſomewhat awned.
LINN.-Feſtuca pinnata. Huds. which ſee.
Little Spikes with their flat fides turned towards the ſtraw. Awns
terminating. Leaves flat. Linn.
Dry mountainous Woodlands.
P.
96. S T I'PA.

III. CHIVES, II. POINTALS.
96. STI'P A. Feather-graſs.
Pl. II. fig. 14.
EMPAL. Huſk 2 valves, taper, flexible; incloſing i floret.
Bloss. 2 valves. Outer valve terminated by a very long,
ſtraight, twiſted awn, jointed at the baſe.' Inner
valve ſtrap-ſhaped, without an awn; as long as the
outer valve.
Chives. Threads 3; hair-like. Tips ſtrap-ſhaped.
Point. Seed-bud oblong. Shafts 2; hairy; united at the
baſe. Summits downy.
S. Vess. The huſk adhering.
Seed. Single; oblong, covered.
Ess. Char. Empal. 2 valves, containing 1 floret. Bloſs.
outer valve terminating in an awn. Awn jointed at the
baſe.
STI'PA penna'ta. Awns woolly.-
H. ox. viii. 7. row. 3.9.-Barr. 46.-C. B. 71.-Clus. ii. 221.
3, repr. in Ger. em. 42. 6.-J. B. ii. 512.2.-Flower, Mont.
68.--Bloſſom, Scheuch. 3. 13. B.
Two branches ſpring from the firit joint of the panicle; only i
from the others, and that generally undivided. Huſks ſmooth. Petal,
the larger one woolly, except at the top, from which riſes the awn.
Baſe of the awn twiſted like a rope; above the twiſted part it is bent;
and above the bend it begins to be hairy. The feathery part of the
awn is
many times the length of the whole panicle; but the naked
part not more than half as long. SCOP.-Awns from 6 to 12 inches
long, or more; ſet with very fine, white, ſoft, pellucid, diverging
hairs. With.
Mountains. [Near Kendal, Weſtmoreland. Mr. ALDERSON.]
P. July. Aug.
downy
--
97. AV E'NA.

112
TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA
97. A VE'N A.
Oat.
Pl. II. fig. 21.
Empal. Huſk 2 valves; frequently containing ſeveral
florets looſely collected. Valves large, looſe, ſpear-
ſhaped, diftended ; ſharp; without awns.
BLOSS. 2 valves. Inferior valve the ſize of the huſk, but
harder; ſomewhat cylindrical, diftended, tapering
towards each end, fending out from its back an awn,
ſpirally twiſted, and bent back as if jointed.
Chives. Threads 3 ; hair-like. Tips oblong; forked at
each end.
Point. Seed-bud blunt. Shafts two; reflected; hairy.
Summits ſimple.
S. Vess. The Bloſsom ſhuts cloſe upon, and adheres to the
feed without opening again.
Seed. Single; flender; oblong; tapering at each end;
marked with a furrow lengthways.
Ess. Char. Bloſs. 2 valves, containing ſeveral florets. Awn
upon the back; triſted.
Obs. The twiſted and jointed awn iſſuing from the back of the
bloffom, conſtitutes the eſſential character.
a
tall
.
fibrous. e.
knobbed. B.
AVE'NA ela'tior. Panicled. Two florets in each
empalement; one containing chives and pointals, nearly
awnleſs; the other with only chives, awned. -
Schreb. 1. (a)—Curt. iii. 32.-H. ox. viii. 7. 38.-Park. 1176.1.
-C. B. th. 18. 3. B. ii. 456.–Ger. em. 23.–F. dam. 165.
(a)—Branch of the panicle, &c. Leers 4. 4.-Scheuch. 4. 27
and 28.—(H. ox. viii. 7. 37, appears to be Agroſtis arundinac.
and Lob. adv. 2.2, is not the plant.)
Empal. lower valve much ſmaller. Scheuch.Mr. HOLLEFEAR.
- Frequently only i floret awned. Mr. Wood.
Baſe of the ſtraws not knobbed. (Figures
marked a.)
Baſe of the ſtraw knobbed. (The reſt of the figures.)
Empal. outer valve ſmaller, and ſhorter than the other. Florets
i fitting, and the awn fixed near to the baſe; the other on a ſhort
fruit-ſtalk, and the awn fixed neareſt to the end. Bloſs. hairy at the
baſe. Seed-buds downy. The ſitting floret generally barren. Straw
about 5 feet high, with cylindrical woolly joints. Leaves rough.
Root a double pear-ſhaped bulb, one above the other. Grows in
damp ground. WITH.
Tall car-graſs.
Meadows,
a

III. CHIVES, I13
IIII.
. POINTALS.
Meadows, paſtures, and hollow-ways. P. June. Aug.
Cows, Sheep, and Goats eat it.--The roots are ſometimes very
troubleſome to the farmers in arable lands. ST.
-
AVE'NA nu'da Panicled. Empal. with 3 florets. naked
.
Receptacle longer than the empalement. Petals awned
upon the back. The 3d floret awn-leſs.-
H.ox. viii. 7. 4.-Ger. 68.2, repr. in C. B. 471, and cop. in
7. B. ii. 433, cap. xxi.-Dod. 511. 2, repr. in Ger. em. 75.
2, ill cop. in Park. 1134.2,
The ſeeds when ripe fall out of the huſks. LINN.- Little Spikes
with 2 or 3 florets. Awn neither twiſted nor jointed. HALL.
Staffordſhire. Plot-Cultivated in Cornwall. Ray. A. July.
Pilcorn. Pillis.
This is nearly as good as the cultivated oat; it will make gruel or
oat cake, and feed cattle as well as that. Ray ſays it fells in Corn-
wall at the price of wheat.
27913
AVE'NA fat'ua. Panicled. Empal. with 3 florets, bearded
all awned, and hairy at the baſe.-
Leers. 9. 4, little ſpike, &c.-H. ox. viii. 7. 5, empal. hairy, and
only 1 of the florets awned.-Barr. 75. 2, is a pretty exact repre-
ſentation of it, but, from the ſeparate little Spike, which is it inch
long, I ſuſpect it will prove to be the A. Sterilis.-G. B. 149. 2. 3.
4, branch of the panicle, &c.—(Schreb. 15.-Scheuch. 5. 1.-
Dod. 539.2, repr. in Lob. obf. 20, 3; Ger. em.77, and cop.
in Park. 1148.4; and J. B. ii. 433, fig. the laſt, appear to me
to be the Avena ſterilis of Linn, and Virgil. In all of them the
branches of the panicle are undivided as in the ſterilis.-C. B. 149.
I, is Andropog'on gryllus.)
Taller than the Avena ſativa. Rar. St.--Leaves bare. Empal.
whitiſh
green. Hall. St.-Fruit-ſtalks of the florets hairy. Florets
hairy at the baſe and on the back; the third floret often wanting.
Bloſs. outer value ragged at the end. Awn twice as long the bloſſom;
rough. Seed hairy. LEERS. ST.--Leaves rough downwards. Pa-
nicle pyramidal; its branches expanding; ſome of them dividing
towards the top. Little ſpikes turning whitiſh or yellowiſh. Empal.
larger than the florets, 11 lines long, or ſomewhat leſs. Bloſs. inner
valve edged with a fine fringe. POLLICH. ST.-Panicle branches
from 1 to 6 at a knot. Empal. valves 9 to 11 lines long, ribbed,
number of ribs uncertain, from 9 to it; outer generally a line
ſhotter than the inner, containing 2 florets, both awned. Bloſs.
with tufts of hairs at the baſe. Outer valve even, the ribs not being
prominent; beſet with whitiſh hairs about the inſertion of the awn,
Vol. I.
1
and
-
a

114
TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA.
and ſome few ſcattered ones between it and the baſe; ſometimes
only 1 or 2 hairs at the inſertion of the awn; ſlightly cloven at the
end, but readily ſeparable to the depth of 2 lines; fawn coloured
when ripe. Awn bent aſide, about a line above the point of the
valve. Sr.
(Gram. avenac. lanuginos. utriculis, &c. SCHEUCH. 241. n. 2, ac-
cords in its admeaſurement, but differs in its leaves being woolly.
Gramen. avenac. uriculis lanugine flaveſc. SCHEUCH. 239, though re-
ferred to by Linn. cannot be the A. fatua, as in that the 2 lower-
moſt florets only are awned. The deſcription of its ſtructure, and
the admeaſurements, correſponds moſt exactly with my ſpecimens
of the A. ſterilis. Scheuchzer ſpeaks of his plant as a native of the
South of Italy. Barrelier's plant was gathered near Rome.
The
deſcr. of J. Bauh. and of the H. ox. accord with Scheuch. St.)
Bearded wild oats. Hover.
Corn fields.
A. July. Aug.
Horſes, Sheep, and Goats eat it.-The awns are uſed for Hygro-
meters.-Sometimes ſo prevalent amongſt barley as almoſt entirely
to choke it. It may be extirpated by repeated fallowing, or laying
down the land in graſs.
-
rough
-
AVE'NA pubeſcens. Flowers almoſt forming a ſpike.
Empal. with 3 florets, bearded at the baſe. Leaves flat,
downy. LINN.-Panicle branched. Receptacles bearded.
Huds.-Fruit-ſtalks of the florets hairy down to the baſe.St.
Leers 9. 2.-Ray 21. 2.-Scheuch. 4. 20.—Mont. 65, little ſpike.
Very cloſely allied to the A. pratenſis, but the leaves not rolled in.
LINN.-Florets ſometimes only 2, ſometimes 4, and, in the more
luxuriant plants, ſometimes 5. SCHEUCH.-Fruit-ſtalks of the florets
covered with a cloſe white down, which is ſhort towards the baſe,
but at the point next the baſe of the floret long. SCHEUCH. ST.-
Spiked panicle of a purpliſh ſhining ſilvery appearance.
Dry and chalkey foils. [In Norfolk. Mr. Woodw.] P. June.
-
-
yellore
-
-
A VE'NA flaveſ'cens Panicle looſe. Empal. ſhort, 3
forets in each. All the florets awned.--
Curt. iii. 35, left hand figure out of bloſſom.-Schreb. 9, right hand
figure not yet in bloſſom.-Leers 10. 5.-Scheuch. 4. 18, branch
of the panicle.-H.ox. viii. 7. 42, panicle too cloſe and ſtiff.-
Mont. 79, too ſmall.
Straws ſmooth. Leaves, upper fide hairy, the lower ſmooth.
Sheaths generally more or leſs hairy, eſpecially towards the baſe, but
ſometimes, and even in ſpecimens of the larger ſize, ſmooth. Em-
pal. fometimes containing only 2 florets. SCHEUCH. ST.-In none
of

III. CHIVES,
115
II. POINTALS.
-
of my ſpecimens is the under ſurface of the leaves hairy. Empal.
ſometimes containing i fertile, and i abortive floret. ST.–Panicle
greeniſh yellow. Straw about 18 inches high. RaY.
Meadows and paſtures, common.
P. July.
Cattle are not fond of it.
-
AVE'NA praten'fis. Almoſt ſpiked. Florets 5 in each meadow
5
empalement. LINN.-Leaves naked; rolled in. Panicle
undivided. Huds-Fruit-ſtalks of the florets bare to-
wards the baſe. St.
Leers 9. 1.-Ray. 21. 1.–Vaill. 18.1.--H. ox. viii. 7. 21, awns
too ſtraight.—Mont. 66, a little ſpike.
Leaves ſmooth underneath. Linn.- Empal. rough downwards.
Lower fruit-ſtalks in pairs, one of them longer, fupporting 2 little
ſpikes. Leers.-All the little ſpikes ſometimes ſingle, but generally
the lowermoſt fruit-ſtalks dividing into 2. ST.-Awns bent back. Ray.
- Leaves channelled, ſmooth. Panicle compact. Florets ſmooth;
the upper one in each little ſpike barren.
Heaths, and high chalkey lands. [Norfolk, very frequent. Mr.
WOODWARD.—King's Park, Edinburgh. Mr. Smith.] P. July.
Horſes, Cows, Sheep, and Goats eat it.
-
I
-
AVE'N A ſtrigo'ſa. (Schreb.) Panicled. Empalement ſcrannel
containing 2 florets. Bloſſoms finooth at the baſe; outer
valve ending in 2 awns ſhorter than the valve, and with a
bent awn from the back. St.
Empal. the length of the florets. Florets on fruit-ſtalks. Termi-
nating awns very fine, at the points white. Awn from the back twice
as long as the fiorets, ſtrong, brown at the baſe. I cannot find it
deſcribed by any writer. Schreb. Spic. ST.-Straw and leaves bare.
Panicle rather ſlightly nodding, than contracted, as Schreber. Fruit-
ſtalks from 1 to 4, rough. Retz. obf. 1. 13. ST.-Empal. valves
ribbed; ribs from 7 to 10, and bordered on each ſide with a row of
minute dots; lower valve ſomewhat ſhorter, from 6 to 7 lines long,
7
upper 8 lines long. Bloſs. outer valve ſleek and ſmooth below, about
the inſertion of the awn in fome ſpecimens hairy with long white
hairs, above the awn ſcored, rough, cloven at the end to within a
line of the inſertion of the awn, fegments terminating in awns;
awns purple, whitiſh at the end. Seeds hairy.
Specimen in Dr. Witherings's herbarium, compared with others
from a friend of Prof. Schreber's, and the King's garden, Paris.
ST.
Amongſt oats, barley, and ſometimes rye. A. Summer.
SCHREE, Retz.
ADDI:
I 2

116
DIGYNIA.
TRIANDRIA
ADDITIONS to the GENUS AVEN A.
* 1. Empalements containing i floret. St.
brown Avena canina. Agroſtis canina, which ſee.
alpine
Avena alpina. St. Agroſtis alpina, which fee.
Short-awned Avena vinealis. St. Agroſtis vinealis, which fee.
panick Avena lendigera. St. Milium lendigerum, which ſee.
* 2. Empalements containing 2 Morets. St.
ſilver Avena caryophyllea. Panicle ſtraddling. Empalements with 2
florets, awl-ſhaped. Wiggers. ST.-Aira caryophyllea, which fee.
early Avena præcox. ST. Panicle contracted. Empalements with 2
florets. Awns awl-ſhaped. WIGGERS.--Avena pufilla. WIGGERS,
---Aira præcox, which ſee.
grey Avena caneſcens. Panicle cloſe and ſtraight. Empalements with
2 florets. Awns club- haped. WIGGERS. ST.--Aira caneſcens,
which fee.
heath Avena flexuoſa. St. Panicled empalements with 2 florets. One
of the valves of the bloſſom awned, woolly at the baſe. WIGGERS,
St. Aira flexuoſa, which ſee.
mountain Avena montana. WIGGERS.-Aira montana, which ſee,
.
99. ARUN'D 0. Reed.
Pl. II. fig. 22.
EMPAL. Hull 2 upright valves, containing 1 or more flo-
rets. Valves oblong, tapering; without awns. One
ſhorter than the other.
Bloss. 2 valves. Valves as long as the empal. oblong,
tapering; with ſoft and tender hairs riſing from the
baſe, and nearly as long as the bloffom.
CHIVES
Chives. Threads 3; hair-like. Tips forked at each end.
.
Point. Seed-bud oblong. Shafts 2'; hair-like; reflected;
woolly. Summits ſimple.
S. Vess. The bloſſom adheres to the ſeed without open-
ing.
SEED. Single; oblong, tapering towards each end, fur-
niſhed with long feathers at the baſe.
Ess. Char. Empal. 2 valves. Florets croreded together,
encompaſſed with wool.
ARUN'DO phragmites. Panicle flexible. Florets 5
.
in each empalement.-
H. ox..viii. 8. 1.- Dod. 602, repr. in Lob. obf. 28. 1, Ger. em.
36. 1, and cop. in Park, 1209. 1, and J. B. ii. 485. 1.-C. B.
th. 269.
common

III. CHIVES, II. POINTALS.
117
--
th. 269, in the 2 laſt spikes ill done.—Trag. 674. 2.-Branch of
the panicle, &c. Leers 7. 1.-Spike, Mont. Arundo B. E.-
Floret, Scheuch. 3. 14. D.
Florets 4 and 5, ſmooth, but ſurrounded at the baſe with down
4
about the length of the florets, and which riſes from the ſpike-ſtalk,
and not from the florets themſelves. SCHEUCH. ST.-Empal. ſome-
times containing only 1 floret. Bloſs, one of the valves ſometimeschool
awned! Scop.--Seed-bud bare. Seeds incloſed by the bloſſom, as
Linnæus; not ſurrounded by long hairs, as Leers has erroneouſly
repreſented it. ST.
Rivers, lakes, ditches; very common.
P. July.
Horſes, Cows, and Goats eat it. Sheep refuſe it.
The panicles are uſed by the country people in Sweden to dye
woollen
green. The reeds are much more durable than ſtraw for
thatching. Screens to keep off the cold winds in gardens, are made
of them; and they are laid acroſs the frame of wood-work, as the
foundation for plaiſter floors.
ARUN'DO epigejo's. Panicle upright. One floret Small
in each empalement, Leaves fmooth on the under ſide.-
Fl. dan. 280.-Barr. 364.? - Floret, Mont. 85. (86. does not ac-
cord with my Specimens.)
Straw 2 feet high, thicker than thoſe of wheat. Leaves of the
breadth of one's finger. Panicle cloſe, upright. Linn. -- Leaves
green, 2 or 3 lines broad, ſmooth underneath, beſet above with
very ſhort ſcattered hairs. Flowers it or nearly 2 lines long. Em-
pal. valves nearly equal. Bloſs. ſomewhat ſhorter than the einpal.
when dry, whitiſh. Down riſing nearly even with the empalement.
SCHEUCH, ST.--Leaves much narrower than thoſe of the A. cala-
magroſtis. Empal. briſtle-ſhaped. Bloſs. not woolly. Mr. Woodw.
--Empal. flexible, nearly membranaceous, microſcopically rough;
valves awl-ſpear-ſhaped; the outer line longer than the other. Bloſs.
1 line long, membranaceous, tapering to a point, point cloven,
with an exceedingly minute awn riſing from the bottom of the cleft,
often but juſt taller than the end of the valve. Down from the
baſe of the blo from. Sr.
06
Dry hills, banks, and corners of fields. Linn.-Woods and
moiſt hedges. HUDS.-[On the ſide of a ditch on the borders of
Aqualate Meer, Shropſhire. ST.-Eanham Wood, Norfolk. Mr.
WOODWARD.]
P. July.
a
ARUN'DO Calamagroſis. Empalements ſmooth; I wood
Horet in each. Bloſſoms woolly. Straw branched.-
Scheuch.
I 3

118
TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA.
8
-
Scheuch. pr. 5.-Ger. em.9. 1, cop. in 7. B. ii. 476.1.-Park.
1182.4.-H. ox. viii. 8. 2.-G. B. th. 95, branches of the
right hand panicle too diſtant.-Florets, Scheuch. 3. 3. (Fl. dan.
280, referred to in the Syſt. Veg. cannot be the ſame plant with
Scheuch. pr. 5, to which they alſo refer; and appears to me to be the
A. epigejos.)
ſhort-huſked 2
Barr. 18. I.
Obs. No. 1. are figures of Gram. arund. panic. molli. &c. Scheuch.
but equally repreſent our plant.
Sometimes riſes to the height of a man, and, what is very un-
common in a graſs, throws out undivided branches from the boſom
of the leaves. Linn.-Specimens ſent by Linnæus had branched
Straws, but in the deſcription of Scheuch. referred to by Linnæus,
no notice is taken of this circumſtance. Scop. I have never ſeen the
ſtraw branched. HUDS.–Straw firm, from 3 to 5 feet high. Leaves
without hairs, upper furface ſmooth, but the under, as alſo the
edges, rough to the hand drawn downwards; ſtiff, and arid.
Panicle contracted, ſometimes partly cheſnut, and partly green, on
the opening of the flowers a mixture of green, cheſnut, and filky
white, and when out of flower of a yellowiſh brown. Empal. valves
narrowing to a point, almoſt entirely equal, and about 2 lines long.
Bloſs. membranaceous, gloffy, white. Down about the length of
the empalement. SCHEUCH. ST.-Leaves, ſome flat, others with
their edges rolled in, and ſharp-pointed at the end. Panicle before
it comes into flower upright, afterwards ſomewhat nodding, the
branches and their ſub-diviſions rather pointing one way. Empal.
ſtiff, green, keeled, keel rough, ſlightly curved ſideways. Bloſs. I
line long, awned, tapering to a point, point cloven. Awn hair-
like, ſtraightiſh, inſerted above the middle of the back, extending
line beyond the end of the valve. In external appearance it very
much reſembles the Dactylis glomerata. St.
Gram. paniculat. &c. minus. SCHEUCH. p. 122. ST.*
Moiſt woods and hedges. [Ripton Wood, Huntingdonſhire.
Mr. WOODWARD.]
P. June. July.
Goats eat it. Cows are purged by it.
Sea ARUN'DO arena'ria. Empalements with 1 floret in
each. Leaves rolled in at the ſides, ſharp-pointed, and
pungent.-
-
* (Not Gram. arund. panic. molli. SCHEUCH. gram. p. 122. t. 3. f. 3, te-
ferred to by Linnæus, but judiciouſly omitted by Hudſon. A ſpecimen of it
from the ſon of Prof. Jacquin induces me to believe them to be only varieties,
differing merely in the fize of the huſks, the inequality of the valves of the
empalement being often equally ſmall in both. ST.)
H. ox.

III. CHIVES, II. POINTALS.
I
119
45. 3, and
-
-
H. ox. viii. 4, row. 3. 16.-Clus. ii. 221.1, repr. in Lob. obf.
d cop. . in Park. 1198. 3, and J. B. ii. 512, 1.-Ger.
38. 3, repr. in C. B. 67.-Ger. em. 42. 3.-Florets, Scheuche
3. 8. A. B. C.-Mont. 92.
This plant probably originated from the A. epigejos, impregnated
by the duſt of the Elymus arenarius. LINN.
Leaves ſcored within, ſmooth and gloſſy without, when growing
ſometimes expanded. Bloſs, with a ſhort down at the baſe. Scheuch.
ST.-Empal. valves nearly equal, ſpear-ſhaped, compreſſed, keeled;
the outer the broadeſt, marked with i rib; the inner with 3. Bloſs.
compreſſed, roughiſh, dull, of the ſame texture as the empale-
ment; outer valve marked with 5 ribs, the middlemoſt ending in a
very ſhort fpit-point, the baſe fringed all round with white, ſtraight,
ſtiff hairs, 4 times ſhorter than the bloſſom. Scale at the baſe of
the inner valve, awl-ſhaped, fringed with the ſame hairs, analo-
gous to the outer bloſſom of the Phalaris, or poſſibly the rudiment
of a 2d fruit-ſtalk. Has a much nearer affinity in habit as well as
ſtructure to the Phalaris, than to the Arundo. St.
Sea matweed. Marram. Helme.
Sea ſhore.
P. June. July
It grows only on the
very
drieſt fand
upon
the ſea fhore; and it
prevents the wind carrying the ſand from the ſhore and diſperſing it
over the adjoining fields : which is not unfrequently the caſe where
this Reed is wanting. Many a fertile acre hath been covered with
unprofitable fand and rendered entirely uſeleſs; which might have
been prevented by fowing the feeds of this plant upon the ſhore.
The Dutch have profited by the knowledge of this fact. LINN.
The country people cut, and bleach it for making matts. Where
it is plentiful, houſes are thatched with it.
It is planted on ſome of our flat coaſts in Norfolk to repel the
fea. As ſoon as it has taken root, a ſand hill gathers round it; and,
it is probable, that ſome of our fandy cliffs have been entirely formed
by it. Mr. WOODWARD.
a
I 4
101. LO'LIU M.

120
DIGYNIA
TRIANDRIA
101. L O'LIU M. Darnel.
Pl. II. fig. 27.
ho
Common Receptacle lengthened into a ſpike. The flo-
rets pointing from 2 oppoſite lines, and each preſſed cloſe
to a bend in the ſtraw.
EMPAL. Huſk i valve, awl-ſhaped, permanent; ſtanding
oppoſite to a bend in the receptacle.
Bloss. 2 valves. Inferior valve narrow; fpear-ſhaped ;
;
rolled inwards; tapering; as long as the empalement.
Superior valve ſhorter, more blunt, ſtrap-ſhaped,
concave on the upper part.
Chives. Threads 3; hair-like'; ſhorter than the bloſſom.
Tips oblong.
Point. Seed-bud turban-ſhaped. Shafts 2; hair-like ;
reflected. Summits downy.
S. VESs. None. The bloffom encloſes the feed until it
is ripe.
Seed. Single; oblong; compreſſed ; convex on one ſide,
flat and furrowed on the other.
Ess. Char. Cup i leaf, fixed, containing ſeveral forets.
OBs. The angles in the ſpike-ſtalk lying in the ſame plane with
the florets, fupply the defect of inner valves to the empalements.
LINN.
red LO'LIUM peren'ne. Spike awnleſs. Little ſpikes
longer than the empalement. Hups. Spike awnleſs.
Little ſpikes compreſſed, of ſeveral florets. Linn.
Schreb. 37.—Leers 12. 1, Spike.-Fl. dan. 747.–Dod. 540. I,
repr. in Lob. obf. 21. 1; Ger. em.78. 2; cop. in Park. 1145.
2; and C. B. 128.--Math. 1023.-Scheuch. 1. 7. A. B. C.
part of the Spike, GC.--Mont. 19.-(Ger 71. 2, not the plant.)
lender B. Huds.--Spike awnleſs, cylindrical. Little ſpikes with 3 flo-
rets. LINN.
Lolium perenne tenue. HUDS.—Lolium tenue. LINN.
cluſtered y. LINN. ST.-H. ox. ib. n. 3.-Scheuch. pr. 2. 1-Scheuch. 1.
7. D.
branched
A. HUDS.—Leers ib. *-H. ox. ib. 1. 4.–Park. 1146.7.
Florets 3 or 4 in each little ſpike. Larger value of the bloſſom
cloven, and ſometimes furniſhed with a ſoft ſhort awn. LINN.-
Empal. a ſingle concave huſk, tapering to a point. Bloſs. valves
both of the ſame length. Tips cloven at each end. Seed-bud placed
between the upper valve of the bloffom, and 2 ſmall, ſpear-ſhaped,
white,

III. CHIVES, II. POINTALS.
1 2 1
P. June.
white, ſemi-tranſparent ſubſtances, which, perhaps, Linnæus
would call honeycups. Shafts none. Summits woolly or downy.
Florets 6 or 7 in each little ſpike. Larger valve of the bloſſom nei-
ther cloven nor awned. With.
Road fides; dry paſtures.
Ray graſs. Rye graſs
. Crap. tuo buvo
It makes an excellent hay upon dry chalkey or ſandy foils. It is
cultivated with advantage along with clover, and ſprings earlier
than the other graſſes; thereby ſupplying food for cattle, at a ſeaſon
when it is moſt difficult to be obtained.
intog
Cows, Horſes, and Sheep eat it. Goats are not fond of it.
ogol
Tam
LO'LIUM temulen'tum. Spike awned. Little ſpikes white
compreſſed ; containing ſeveral forets. LINN. -- Spike
ſomewhat awned. Little ſpikes as long as the empal. Huds.
1. St. Schreb. 36.-Fl. dan. 160.—Leers 12. 2, Spike.-H. awned
ox. viii. 2, row. 2. 1. n. 2.—Dod. 538, repr. in Lob. obf. 21.
2; Ger. em. 78. 1; and cop. in Park. 1145. 1.-Ger. 71, repr.
in C. B. th. 121.-Mufruft. vi. 1.1.–Scheuch. 1.7. E. F. and
Monty i8, little Spike.
2.ST. H.ox. viii.2, row. 2. 1.1.1.-Math. 411.-3. B. ii. 437. awnleſs
I have found it oftener without awns than with. Mr. Woodw.
Corn fields.
A. July. Aug.
The ſeeds, mixed with bread-corn, produce but little effect,
unleſs the bread be eaten hot; but, if malted with barley, the ale
foon Occaſions drunkenneſs. LINN.-Made into bread, with a
ſmall proportion of wheat, and eaten repeatedly, produced vomit-
ing, purging, violent cholics, and death. Vol. 67. M. Review. p.
559.-Sheep are not fond of it.
LO'LIUM bromoi'des. Panicle undivided, pointing ſea
one way. Little ſpikes awned. Huds.
Ray. 17. 2.
Root fibrous. Straws numerous, from 6 to 12 inches high; ob-
lique, cylindrical, ſmooth, a little branched. Leaves ſword-ſhaped,
a little rolled inwards, ſharp, naked, much ſhorter than the leaf-
ſtalk. Leaf-ſtalk ſheathing, bellying, naked. Props membranaceous,
bluntiſh, Little Spikes on fruit-ſtalks, ſtrap-ſhaped; florets from 4
to 8 in each. Fruit-ſtalks ſhott, thick, rough. Huſk i valve, ſtrap-
ſhaped, concave, awned. Bloſs. 2 valves, unequal. Outer valve
larger, ſtrap-ſhaped, keeled, awned, rough. Inner valve ſmaller,
flat, ſtrap-ſhaped, awnleſs. Awn twice the length of the foret. Huds.
Wild Oat-graſs, or Drank,
Sea coaſts, in looſe fand.
A. May. June.
R O T T B O L'-

122
TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA.
a
2
ROTTBOL'LIA.* Linn, the Son. Hard-graſs.
Pl. II. fig. 31.
Spike-ſtalk cylindrical, thread-ſhaped, very ſtraight,
jointed. Joints hollowed out downwards towards the
joint below with an oblong excavation. Flowers encloſed
within the excavated hollows of the ſpike-ſtalk, folitary,
or in pairs; one with only chiyes, the other with chives
and pointal.
EMPAL. Huſk of 1 valve. (2 valves. Sp. pl. St.). Valve
fimple, or divided into 2, griſly, lopped at the baſe,
cloſing up the hollow like a kind of cover, joined
to the ſpike-ſtalk by a moveable articulation, egg-
oblong, pointed, flat.
Bloss. Huſk of the floret with chives and pointal of 2 valves;
valves fpear-ſhaped, pointed, concave, unequal,
membranaceous, ſhorter than the empalement. Huſk
of the floret with only chives, if ſuch preſent, ſimilar to
the former.
Chives. Threads 3; hair-like. Tips itrap-ſhaped, forked
at each end.
Point. Seed-bud oblong, ſtrap-ſhaped, lopped, furniſhed
with a little head, convex on one ſide, concave on
the other. Shafts 2, thread-ſhaped. Summits fea-
thered, or pencil-ſhaped.
Ş. Vess. None, except the hollows in the joints cloſed
by the hulk of the empalement which contain the
ripe feed, till the ſpike-ſtalk falls off joint by joint.
Seed. One, the ſhape of the feed-bud.
Ess. Char. Spike-ſtalk jointed, roundiſh; in ſeveral ſpecies
thread-ſhaped. Empal. egg-ſpear-ſhaped, flat, fimple,
or divided into 2. Florets alternate, on a zigzag Spike-
ſtalk. Linn. THE Son.
OBS. What is above deſcribed as a ſpike-ſtalk is in fact the ſpike.
It might have been added too, that in fome ſpecies it is flatted; nei-
ther ought the ſpike-ſtalk to form a generic characteriſtic. Were it
admitted, we ſhould be obliged to divide the Panicum and Cynoſurus
into 4 genera. St.
Ess. Char. Flowers with chives and pointal.
* In memory of Chriſtian Friis Rottboll, profeſſor of botany at Copenhagen,
(See catalogue of authors.) LINN. THE SON.
Empal.

III. CHIVES, II. POINTALS.
123
Empal. Huſk ſolitary, divided into 2. Bloſs. Huſk placed con-
.
trariwiſe to that of the empalement. Chives 3. Shafts 2.
Seed 1.
Flowers with only chives.
Empal. Bloſſom and chives as above. Huds.
Obs. Empal. evidently of 2 leaves. Bloſs. valves parallel to the
larger of the valves of the empalement.--Mr. Hudſon, with the
above new character, has retained the name of Ægilops, which
ought, however, to be applied to the genus which comprehends
the Ægilops of the old authors. St.
Ess.Char. Empal. 2 contiguous values, both placed outward-
ly, ſolitary. Bloſs. of 2 valves, membranaceous, awn-
leſs. St.
Obs. In the diſpoſition of its 2 leaved empalement it correſponds
with Ægilops, but differs in its bloſſom, which, inſtead of being
griftly and awned, is membranaceous as in the other Rottbollias,
in which, however, the empalement is of 1 valve as in Lolium. Thus,
if its claim to a diſtinct genus ſhould be inadmiſſible, we may be
allowed to conſider it as forming the connecting link between the
two. ST.
-
ROTTBOL'LIA incurva'ta. Spike cylindrical, awl- ſea
ſhaped. Hulk of the empal. awl-Ihaped, contiguous,
divided into two. LINN. THE Son. Suppl. 114.
H. ox. viii. 2. 8.—Park. 1146.—Barr. 5 and 6.-Scheuch. 2. 1,
Spike.
Spike without awns, ſmooth, thread-ſhaped, crooked; but little
thicker than the ſtraw. Empal. of 2 valves; both placed outwardly.
Bloſs. valves placed contrariwiſe to thoſe of the empal. LINN.-
Empal. valves awl-ſpear-ſhaped, ſcored on the outſide juſt longer than
thejoint, to the baſe of which they are fixed, i juſt ſenſibly narrower,
and its edge lapping over that; the inner open when the bloſſom is
in flower of the other. Bloſs. contained between the hollow of the
joint and the innermoſt of the valves of the empalement; valves
equal in length, browniſh white, the inner ſomewhat narrower.
Flowers, all which I have ever examined, had a pointal as well as
chives. ST.
Ægilops incurvata. Linn.
Sea coaſt. [Salt Marſh, below King's Weſton, near Briſtol.
ST.]
P. July. Aug.
102. EL'YMUS.

124
DIGYNIA.
TRIANDRIA
102. E L'Y MUS. Lime-graſs.
Pl. II. fig. 26.
Common Receptacle lengthened into a ſpike.
EMPAL. Huſk 4 leaves, pointing from 2 oppoſite lines, 2
4
of the leaves which are awl-ſhaped, belonging to
each little ſpike.
Bloss. 2 valves; outer valve large, tapering; furniſhed
with an awn.
Valve flat.
Chives. Threads 3; hair-like; very ſhort. Tips oblong,
.
forked at the baſe.
Point. Seed-bud turban-ſhaped. Shafts 2; ftraddling,
hairy, bent inwards. Summits ſimple.
S. VESS. The bloſſom incloſes the feed.
SEED. Single; ſtrap-ſhaped; convex on 1 ſide; covered,
Ess. Char. Empalement lateral, of 2 valves, containing
ſeveral florets; incorporated.
Obs. The empalement may be conſidered as a huſk of 2 leaves,
and 2 of theſe empalements growing together.
fea
EL'YMUS arena'rius. Spike upright, compact,
Empalements woolly; longer than the foret.--
Schreb. 40.--Gmel. i. 25.-(Fl. dan. 847, is ſome other graſs. Mr.
Woodw. as is evident from its minute bloſſom.-Cluf. ii. 221. 2,
cop. in C. B. 68.2 ;-Ger. 23, repr. in C. B. th. 14, cop. in
Park. 1277, 1, J. B. ii. 478. 2, and H. ox. viii. 2. II;-
Pluk. 33. 3 ;-—and Scheuch. 3. 17. D. not the plant.--In Mont. 17,
the florets are more than two, and longer than the empalement.)
Spike upright, long, woolly. Little Spikes 2 together, ſtraight,
containing 2 florets, awnleſs. Leaves like thoſe of REEDS, bluiſh
green, or whitiſh; rolled inwards and ſharp-pointed. Linn.
Sea coaſt, in looſe fand.
P. July. Aug.
It refifts the ſpreading of the looſe ſand on the ſea ſhore.
Is it
not capable of being formed into ropes as the Stipa tenaciffima is in
Spain?
Cows, Horſes, and Goats eat it. Sheep refuſe it.
dogs EL'YMUS cani'nus; Triticum caninum. HUDS. &c.
which fee.
wood
EL'YMUS europa'us. Spike upright. Little ſpikes
2 florets in each; as long as the empalement.-
Scheuch. pr. 1.1.--Fark. 1144. 7. (1)-Mont. 94, floret, ill done.
Very

III. CHIVES, II. POINTALS.
125
-
Very much reſembles the Elymus virginicus, but the leaves of the
fence not ſcored, and florets 2. Florets, together with their awns,
longer than the fence. Linn.-Evidently an Elymus. Mr. Woodw.
ST.-Fence, the 2 leaves proceeding from an exceedingly ſhort pe-
dicle, diſtinct from that of the floret. SCHEUCH. ST.-Leaves of
the fence equal, ſomewhat ſcored towards the end. Florets often 2,
and both fertile; the lower on an exceedingly ſhort fruit-ſtalk; the
upper on a fruit-ſtalk, nearly half its length, with the rudiment of
a 3d fruit-ſtalk at the baſe of the inner valve. Haller, Murray,
and Hudſon have made it a Hordeum, not reflecting, that in the
Elymus philadelph. and canadens. the lower little-ſpikes are often found
in threes; and, I may alſo add, with a treble fence of 2 leaves as
in the Hordeum. Indeed, none of them ſeem ever to have found
it with little Spikes of 2 florets, except Mr. Hudſon, who ſpeaks of
the 2d floret as being abortive. In my ſpecimens the ſeeds of both
were nearly arrived to maturity.-In ſtructure it is an Elymus, in
habit it approaches rather more to the Hordeum. In truth it ſeems
the connecting link between theſe two genera.
Floret generally
fingle. St.-Hordeum ſylvaticum. Huds. which ſee.
Woods in chalkey foil. [Rocks oppoſite Matlock Baths; Ripton
Woods, Huntingdonſhire. Near Berkhamſtead, Herts. In the
North, frequent. Mr. WOODWARD.]
P. June.
104.
HOR'DE U M.
Barley.
Pl. II. fig. 25.
Common Receptacle lengthened into a ſpike.
EMPAL. Huſk of 6 leaves, containing 3 florets. Florets
fitting. Leaves ſtrap-ſhaped, tapering, diftant; in
pairs.
Bloss. 2 valves. Lower valve longer than the empal.
bellying; angular; egg-ſhaped, but pointed; end-
ing in a long awn.
Inner valve ſmaller; flat; ſpear-
ſhaped. (Honeycups fpear-ſhaped. Pollich.-Mem-
branaceous, the length of the feed-bud. ST.)
Chives. Threads 3; hair-like, ſhorter than the bloffom.
Tips oblong.
Point. Seed-bud between egg and turban-ſhaped. Shafts
2; woolly; reflected. Summits like the ſhafts.
S. Vess. The bloſſom grows round the feed without
opening.
Seed. Single; oblong, bellying, angular, tapering at
each end; with a furrow on one ſide.
Ess.

126
TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA.
Ess. CHAR. Empal. growing by threes; fixed ſideways; of 2
values, containing i floret.
Obs. In ſome ſpecies all the 3 florets that grow together are fer-
tile, and have both chives and pointals; but, in others, the middle
floret alone is fertile, and furniſhed with chives and pointals, the
lateral florets having only chives.
wall
-
-
HOR'DEUM murinum. Lateral florets with awns
and chives. Huſks of the intermediate florets fringed.-
Fl. dan. 629, with florets magnified.-Lob. obf. 18. 1, cop. in Park.
1147.-H. ox. viii. 6.4, Gr. ſecalin.—Ger. 66. 2, repr, in
C. B. 134.-Ger. em. 73, uppermoſt figure.-Barr. 111. 1.-
Mont. 90, the middlemoſt floret.
Middle floret fitting ; lateral ones on fruit-ſtalks about a line long,
Fence, outer leaf ſomewhat longer. SCHEUCH. ST.-Bloſs. inner
valve with a ſmall briſtle at the baſe. POLLICH. ST.-Middle floret;
leaves of the fence ftrap-fpear-ſhaped, ſcored. Lateral florets, inner
leaf of each fence awl-ſpear-ſhaped, fringed; outer briſtle-ſhaped,
with a few hairs towards the baſe; chives often imperfect. Bloſs.
outer valve hairy within. Honeycups hairy. St.
Wall Barley. Way Bennet. Wild Rye. Rye-graſs.
Walls and road fides.
A. April.-Aug.
Sheep and Horſes eat it.
It feeds the Brown Moth Phalana granella and the Barley Fly,
Muſca frit.
a
-
meadow
-
-
HOR'DEU M praten'ſe. Huds.*-Lateral florets abor-
tive, awned. Fences briſtle-ſhaped, rough. St.
Vaill. 17. 6.-H.ox. viii. 2, row. 1. 6.-Fl. dan. 630, with
florets magnified. - Park. 1144.7- (3)—Mont. 96, a ſingle floret.
(Barr. III. 2, Spike 3, inſtead of 1 or 2 inches long ;-H. ox.
viii. 6. 5, Gr. ſecalin.—and Mont. 93, not the plant.)
As narrow again as the H. murin. taller, more upright, and
browner. LINN.-Middle floret fitting. Lateral florets on ſhort fruit-
ſtalks, ending in an awn 1 or 2 lines long. ScheÚCH.St.-Fences
no where fringed. Florets, in ſome ſpecimens, hairy. SCHREB.-
Middle floret ſmooth; awn i į as long as the floret. Lateral florets with
a pointal as well as chives, but very minute, and never coming to
maturity; bloſſom outer valve rough towards the point; awns not
quite half as long as the floret; not awnleſs as in Mr. Hudſon's
character. A ſtiff briſtle-ſhaped awn at the baſe of each foret,
-
nearly
* No ſuch name in the Spec. Plant, which Mr. Hudſon refers to.

III. CHIVES, II. POINTALS.
127
nearly one third of the length of the floret, as if the rudiment of
the fruit-ſtalk of the ſecond floret. St.
Hordeum murinum. 8. LINN.-Hordeum ſecalinum. Schreb. Spicileg.
-Hordeum maritimum. Oeder.
Moiſt paſtures.
P. June.
a
HOR'DEUM marit'imum. Lateral florets with only ſea
chives, awned. Inner fence of the lateral florets half-
egg-ſhaped. Huds. Rather half-ſpear-ſhaped; not
fringed. ST.
H. ox. viii. 6.5, with a floret.
Lateral florets on fruit-ſtalks which are { a line long; outer valve
awned. Middle floret fitting. SCHEUCH. ST.- Fences roughiſh,
not fringed, or ſcored, the reſt awl-briſtle-ſhaped. Florets ſmooth;
awn-like rudiment of a fruit-ſtalk at the baſe of the inner valve; the
lateral ones on very ſhort fruit-ſtalks at the baſe of their fence, and
their awns fomewhat longer than the floret.
Gram. fpicat. ſecalin. maritimum minus. Scheuch.18. ST.-Hordeum
marinum. Huds. who did not, perhaps, advert to the too great
reſemblance between this name and murinum in found as well as
ſpelling. St.
Meadows and paſtures.
A. June. July.
HOR'DEUM Sylvat'icum. Huds. All the florets wood
with chives and pointals, awned. Fences growing toge-
ther at the baſe, ſhorter than the awns. Huds. St.
Elymus europæus, which ſee. Hordeum cylindricum. Murr. prod. 43.
In this and all the preceding ſpecies is concealed in the longitudi-
nal furrow of the flowers, a pedicle, appearing like a 3d leaf of the
fence. Huds. ST.-But ſometimes fupporting an abortive floret.
Huds. I have never yet met with a 2d floret in any of them but
this. ST.
a
105. TRIT'I-

128
TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. III
TODOS
Wheat.
105
TRITICUM.
Pl. II. fig. 24.
700
Common Receptacle lengthened into a ſpike.
EMPAL. Huſk 2 valves, containing about 3 florets. Valves
1 se egg-ſhaped, bluntiſh, concave. U O'H
Bloss. 2 valves, nearly equal, the fize of the empal.
Outer valve diftended, blunt, but tapering. Inner
valve flat.
Chives. Threads 3 ; hair-like. Tips oblong, forked at
each end.
Point. Seed-bud turban-ſhaped. Shafts 2 ; hair-like, re-
flected. Summits downy.
S. Vess. None. The bloſſom contains the feed until it is ripe.
Seed. Single ; oblong egg-ſhaped; blunt at each end,
convex on one ſide, furrowed on the other.
Ess. Char. Empal. 2 valves, folitary containing about 3
florets. Florets blunt, but tapering. aut
Obs. The outer valve of the bloffom in ſome ſpecies is furniſhed
with an awn; in others not. The middle floret is frequently with-
out pointals. Linn. - In ſtructure, Triticum and Bromus are one
genus. See obſ. on Feſtuca. St.- The diſpoſition of the little
{pikes conſtitutes the only difference between this genus and Bromus.
Scop. ST.
evido di
ruſh
TRITICUM jun'ceun. Empalements lopped ; 5
florets in each. Leaves rolled inwards.--.
C. B. th. 132.-H. ox. viii. 1. 5. (Fluk. 33. 4. a. not examined,
all but reférred to by Hudſon, &c.)
Extremely ſmooth. Sheaths downy. Leaves ſharp-pointed; very
narrow; ſea-green on the upper ſurface. Little Spikes preſſed to the
ſtraw. Empal. and Bloſs, with or without awns. LINN.
VAR. B. Huds.-- Leaves not ſo ſharp and not ſo much rolled in.
Spikes ſomewhat thicker. Ray.
Var. HUDS.-With a leafy ſpike. Rav.
Ger. 23. 2, cop. in C. B. 15, Park. 1277. 3, and H. ox. viii. 2.
12, ſeems only a diſeaſed plant, poſſibly from the puncture of infects.
Sea Wheat-graſs.
Sea fhore, common. [Beach at Yarmouth. Mr. WoodwARD.]
P. June. July.
7
couch
TRITICUM re'pens. Empalements awl-ſhaped,
containing ſeveral ſharp-pointed florets. Huds. - Huſks
ſharp

III. CHIVES, II. POINTALS.
129
-
-
-
2
-
2
Tharp-pointed, or awned. Awns ſhorter than the little
ſpikes. Schreb. Sr.-Root creeping. St.--Empalements
awl-ſhaped, pointed; 4 florets in each. Leaves flat.
LINN.
Schreb. 26.-(Lob. obf. 11. 2, cop. in Park. 1173. 1.-C. B. 7.
- Blackw. 537, il done, if the plant.)
-
4. HUDS. Florets 2 to 5, awnleſs. Schreb. ST.
awnleſs
Schreb. 26. III. Spike, and 1 little ſpike. -Leers 12.3, Spikes,
GC.-H. ox. viii. row. 3. 8.-Mont. 25, little ſpike.
B. Huds. Florets 5 to 8. Awns not a line long. Schreb. St. ſhort-awned
Schreb. 26. II. and 2 and 3, Spike, &c.—Mont. 26, little spike.-
3,
Park. 1173. 2.--Barr. 906. 2.-C. B. pr. 17. I, repr. in th.
and cop. in Park. 131.-Gmel. 1. 24:-Scheuch. 1. 1. A. C. 1.
5 and 6. SCHREB. Florets 4 to 6. Awns 2 to 4 lines long. St. long-awned
Fl. dan. 748.-Schreb. 26. 5 and 7.–Vaill. 17. 2.?--Leers 12.
4.1.? ---Scheuch. 1. 1. C. 2. (Vaill. 17.3, has 12 to 14 florets.)
Triticum caninum. MENCH.-Triticum dumetorum. Germ. fynon.
Gram. ſpica, 6c. dictum cum Spica ariſtata. R. fyn. 390.
Var.y. Leaves ſea-green, ſtiff, ſharp. Huds.
Empalements containing from 3 to 8 pointed forets. Huds.
Dogs-graſs, Squitch-graſs, Couch-graſs, Quitch-graſs.
Very common.
P. June.-Aug.
It is a moſt troubleſome weed in arable lands, and can only be
deſtroyed by fallowing in a dry ſummer.
At Naples the roots are collected in large quantities, and ſold in
the market to feed horſes; they have a ſweet taſte, ſomething ap-
proaching to that of liquorice; when dried, and ground to meal,
they have been made into bread in years of ſcarcity. The juice of
them drank liberally is recommended by Boerhaave in obſtructions
of the viſcera; particularly in caſes of ſchirrhous liver and jaun-
dice. Cattle are frequently found to have ſchirrhous livers in the
winter, and they ſoon get cured when tnrned out to graſs in the
Spring. Dogs eat the leaves to excite vomiting.--Horſes eat them
when
young, but leave them when fully grown. Mr. SOUTHWELL,
Cows, Sheep, and Goats eat them.
a
a
TRITICUM cani'num. Empalement pointed. Awns dogs
longer than the bloſſom. Root fibrous. St.-Empale-
ments awl-ſhaped, with moſtly 4 florets. Florets awned.
4
Huds.-Root perennial. Spike ſomewhat nodding. Lit-
tle ſpikes upright. Awns very long. SCHREB.
Leers 12. 4. II. Spike, &c.-H. ox. viii. 1. row. 3. 2.--Buxb.
iv. 50. (Gmel. 1. 27, reſembles it, but, from the deſcription,
ſeems to be a different plant.)
Vol. I.
K
Leaves

130
TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA.
a
-
Leaves bare of hairs underneath. Sheaths ſmooth. Little Spikes 5
or 6 lines long. Empal. 3 lines long. Lowermoſt bloſs. 4 or 5 lines
long; outer valve fending out from a bluntiſh point, an awn, from
7 to 9 lines long. SCHEUCH. ST.-I never ſaw the little Spikes in
pairs. Schreb.-Root not creeping, Reich.—Bloſs. inner valve
ſpear-ſhaped juſt ſenſibly longer than the outer; outer bare of hairs,
edges at the point membranaceous. The above circumſtances dif-
tinguiſh it from the Feſtuca fylvatica, which it
very
much reſembles
in its general appearance. ST.
Triticum caninum. Linn. ſp. pl. ed. I. Huds. SCHREB. fpicileg.
Elymus caninus. LINN.
Woods and hedges. [Ripton Wood, Huntingdonſhire, and in
the North, frequent. Mr. WOODWARD.] P. June. July
Sea
TRITICUM marit'imum. Empalements containing
feveralſharp-pointed florets. Spike branched.-Poa loliacea.
Huds. which fee.
Straw ſomewhat branched; about a ſpan high. Leaves as long as
the ſtraw; the ſheathing part purple. Spike branched, almoſt re-
ſembling a panicle; its branches angular. Little Spikes of 8 or 10
florets, alternate, compreſſed; thickeſt at the baſe; fitting; in the
branches fometimes folitary. Linn.
Sea ſhore, common.
A. June. July
GRASSES have a honeycup of 2 leaves, rather oblong; but, as it furniſhes
no generic diſtinction, it was thought fuperfluous to mention it every where.
LINN.
TRITICUM bromoi des. Little ſpikes cylindrical; remote. WIGGERS.
Feſtuca pinnata. Huds. which fee. It is not a Triticum, but I have given
Wigger's name and character for the ſake of the inveſtigating botaniſt. St.
Fefcue
Order

III. CHIVÉS, III. POINTALS.
131
Order III.
TRIG Y NIA; III. POINTALS.
107. MONTIA. Blinks. (Ray.)
.
Empal. Cup 2 leaves. Little leaves egg-ſhaped, concave,
blunt; upright; permanent.
Bloss. I petal, deeply divided into 5 parts. The 3 al-
ternate ſegments ſmaller than the reſt, and ſupporting
the chives.
Chives. Threads 3 ; hairlike; as long as the bloſſom, in-
to which they are inſerted. Tips ſmall.
Point. Seed-bud turban-ſhaped. Shafts 3; woolly; ex-
panding. Summits ſimple.
S. Vess. Capſule turban-ſhaped, blunt; covered; of 1
cell and 3 valves.
Seeds. 3; roundiſh.
Ess. Char. Cup 2 leaves. Bloſs. I petal; irregular. Caps.
I cell; 3 valves.
Obs. The cup has frequently 3 leaves, and then there are often
5 chives. LINN.
water
M 0 N'TIA fonta'na.
Mont. 13. 2.- Curt. iii. 32.–Vaill. 3. 4.- Pluk. 7. 5, cop. by
Pet. 10. 12.-Fl. dan. 131.-J. B. iii. 786. 3?
Stems fucculent, trailing, crooked; white or tinged with pink.
Leaves rather fleſhy, egg-ſhaped, oppoſite; 2 at each joint of the
Item. Flowers on long or ſhort crooked fruit-ſtalks riſing from the
boſom of the leaves. Bloſs. white. Seeds black, ſhining; dotted
when magnified. With.
Small Water Chickweed, or Purſlane.
Springs and watery lanes. Sometimes in wet ploughed lands.
[Hockley Pool Grate, near Birmingham. With.-Wet heaths in
Norfolk, frequent. Mr. WOODWARD.]
-
A. May
K 2
189. TIL

132
TRIGYNIA.
TRIANDRIA
189. TILLÆ'A.
Empal. Cup with 3 diviſions, flat. Segments egg-ſhaped,
large. (Segments pointed, concave, approaching. Rose.)
Bloss. Petals 3, egg-ſhaped, pointed, flat, moſtly ſmaller
.
3
than the cup. (Petals concave. Rose.)
Chives. Threads 3, ſimple, ſhorter than the bloſs. Tips
,
ſmall, (roundiſh. Rose.)
Point. Seed-buds 3. Shafts ſimple. Summits blunt.
S. Vess. Capſules 3, oblong, tapering, reflected; as long
as the bloſſom; opening lengthways upwards.
Seeds. 2; egg-ſhaped.
Ess. Char. Cup with 3 or 4 diviſions. Petals 3 or 4;
equal. Capſules 3 or 4, with ſeveral ſeeds.
Obs. In the T. aquatica, a native of Europe, though not yet
found in Britain, 4 is the prevailing number in the parts of fructi-
fication,
molly TILLÆ'A muſco'ſa. Stems trailing. Bloſſoms
with 3 clefts.
Roſe 2. 2, natural fize A. magnified B.-Mich. 20, as growing
wild H. H. cultivated I. magnified K. parts of fructif. A.-G.-
Mr. WoonwÅRD.
Stems at firſt nearly upright, generally red. Rose.-Parts of fruc-
tification never more than 3. Leaves in pairs, fleihy. Floral leaves
ſhaped like the other leaves, but ſmaller. Stalks conſiderably
longer after flowering. Mr. Roſe's deſcription very good. Mr.
WOODWARD.-Of the ſame natural family with the Sedum, Sem-
pervivum, &c. ST.
[Dry heaths, Norf. and Suffolk. Mr. Woodw.] P. May. June.
110. HO LO S'TE U M.
EMPAL. Cup 5 leaves. Little leaves egg-ſhaped, permanent.
Bloss. Petals 5, deeply divided, blunt, equal.
Chives. Threads 3; hair-like; ſhorter than the bloſſom.
Tips roundiſh.
Point. Seed-bud roundiſh. Shafts 3; hair-like. Summits
bluntiſh.
S. Vess. Capf. I cell, rather cylindrical ; opening at the top.
Seeds. Several, roundiſh.
Ess. Char. Cup 5 leaves. Petals 5. Capſule i cell, nearly
cylindrical, opening at top.
HOLOS'

III. CHIVES, III. POINTALS. 133
HOLOS'TEUM umbella'tum. Flowers in rundles.- rundled
Ceraſtium umbellatum. Huds. which ſee.
112. POLYCAR'PON. Allſeed.
N.
Empal. Cup 5 leaves. Little leaves egg-ſhaped, concave,
5
keeled; ending in a ſharp point; permanent.
Bloss. Petals 5, very ſhort, egg-ſhaped, notched at the
end, alternate; permanent.
Chives. Threads 3, thread-ſhaped; half the length of the
Cup. Tips roundiſh.
POINT, Seed-bud egg-ſhaped. Shafts 3, very ſhort. Sum-
mits blunt.
S. Vess. Capſule egg-ſhaped, of r cell and 3 valves.
3
Seeds. Many; egg-lhaped.
Ess. CHAR. Cup 5 leaves. Petals 5, very ſmall, egg-Shaped.
Capſule i cell; 3 valves.
I
POLYCAR'PON tetraphyl'lum. LINN.--Stem branch- four-leaved
ing, trailing. Leaves in fours. LINN. THE Son,
Maith. 734.-Barr. 534.- J. B. iii. 366. 2.-Lob. adv. 196. 1.
The flowers are ſometimes without petals. HUDS.-It alters its
habit fo much by cultivation as hardly to be known at firſt fight.
Mr. Woodw.-Cup-leaves keeled; edges membranaceous. Leaves
oval, very entire, on leaf-ſtalks, growing 'moſtly in fours. Mr.
NEWBERY.
Dry ſandy ground. [Lymſton, near Exeter. Mr. Newbery.]
A. May-Aug
K3
Claſs

134
Claſs IV.
TETRANDRIA.
IV. C H ] V E S.
.
V
T!
HE Chives in this Clafs are 4, and all of the fame
length; whereas, in the fourteenth claſs, which is
likewiſe compoſed of flowers with 4 chives, the chives are
unequal in length, 2 of them being long, and 2 ſhort.
The fourth diviſion of the firſt Order includes the
STELLATÆ or Starry plants, which admit of the follow-
ing NATURAL CHARACTER.
STELLA'T Æ. Starry Plants.
EMPAL. Cup ſmall; with 4 teeth ; permanent; ſuperior.
Bloss. 1 petal; tubular. Border expanding; with 4
diviſions.
Chives. Threads 4. Tips fimple.
Point, Seed-bud beneath; double, Shaft thread-ſhaped;
cloven.
Seeds. 2; fomewhat globular.
Obs. Stem 4 cornered. Leaves ſurrounding the ſtem in form
of a ſtar.
MARTYN. Cat. Cant,
The plants correſponding with this natural character are aſtringent
and diuretic.
Order

IV, CHIVES, I. POINTAL.
135
Order 1.
MONOGYNIA; I. POINT A L.
-
* Flowers of 1 Petal, and 1 Seed - Superior. INCORPORATED.
120. DIP'SACUS.
Common Empal. leafy. Receptacle
conical, chaffy. Seeds like little
pillars.
121. Scabio'sa.
Empal. common to ſeveral florets.
Recept. raiſed, a little chaffy.
Seeds crowned; rolled in a cover.
** Flowers of 1 Petal -beneath; and i Seed-veſſel.
151. CentUN'CULUS, Bloſs. wheel-Shaped. Empal. deeply
divided into 4 parts. Capſule i
cell; cut round.
148. PLANTA'GO. Bloſs. bent back as if broken. Em-
pal. divided into 4 parts. Caps.
2 cells; cut round.
+ Gentiana campeſtris. Gentiana filiformis.
*** Flowers of i Petal -- Superior; and 1 Seed-veſſel.
152, SANGUISOR'Ba. Bloſs. flat. Cup 2 leaves. Capſ. 4
cornered; between the cup and
the bloffom,
**** Flowers of Petal -- Superior; and 2 Berries. Starry,
134. Rubia.
Bloſs, bell-Chaped. Fruit a berry.
132. GAL'IUM.
Bloſs, flat, Fruit nearly globular.
* Valantia cruciata.
128, AsPER'ULA, - Blofs, tubular, Fruit nearly glo-
bular.
127. SHERAR'DIA. -
Bloſs, tubular. Fruit crowned. Seeds
with 3 teeth,
***** Flowers of 4 Petals — beneath.
+ Cardamine hirſuta. Evonymus europeus. Parietaria officinalis,
****** Flowers of 4 Petals -- Superior.
4
155. COR'nus.
Empal, with 4 teeth; deciduous.
S. Veſel pulpy; including a
ſtone with 2 cells.
K 4
******* Flowers

136
T E T R A N DR I A.
******* Flowers imperfect — beneath.
177. ALCHEMILLA,
Empal. with 8 clefts. Seed 1, en-
cloſed in the empalement.
Order II.
DIG Y NIA; II. POINT AL S.
2
180. BUFO'NIA. Bloſs
. 4 petals. Empal. 4 leaves.
Capſ. i cell, 2 valved, 2 feeded.
182. Cuscuta. Bloſs. with 4 clefts, egg-ſhaped.
,
Empal. with 4 clefts. Caps. 2
cells, cut round.
178. APH'ANES. Bloſs.o.Empal. with 8 clefts.Seeds 2.
+ Herniaria glabra. Gentiana campeſtris. Gentiana filiformis.
Galium Mollugo. Galium Aparine,
Order III.
TETRAGYNIA; IV. POINTALS,
184. I'Lex.
Bloſs. I petal. Empal. 4. toothed.
Berry 4 feeded.
188. SAGI'NA. Bloſs. 4 petals. Empal. 4 leaves.
Capſ. 4 cells. Seeds
many:
189. TILLÆA.
See page 132.;
186.POTAMOGE'TON. Bloſs. o. Empal. 4 leaves. Seeds 4,
ſitting.
187. RUPPIA
Bloſs. o.
Empal. o. Seeds 4, on foot-
ſtalks,
+ Holofteum umbellatum. Linum Radiola.
120. DIP'.

IV. CHIVES, I. POINTAL
137
120. DIP'S ACUS. Teafel.
EMPAL. Common Cup many leaves containing ſeveral florets.
Little leaves which form the cup longer than the flo-
rets; flexible; permanent. Proper Cup fuperior;
ſcarcely perceptible.
Bloss. General, regular. Individuals of i petal, tubular..
Border with 4 clefts; upright. The outer Segment
larger and ſharper.
CHives. Threads 4 ; hair-like; longer than the bloſſom.
Tips fixed fide-ways.
Point. Seed-bud beneath. Shaft thread-ſhaped; as long
as the bloſſom. Summit fimple.
S. Vess. None.
SEED. Solitary; reſembling ſquare pillars ; crowned with
the entire margin of the proper cup. Receptacle
common conical. Florets ſeparated by long chaffy
leaves,
Ess. Char. Empal common, of many leaves. Proper cup
ſuperior. Receptacle chaffy.
-
DIP'SACUS fullo'num. Leaves fitting; ſerrated. manured
LINN.-Chaff bowed back. MILL. JACQ.-Rather hooked.
Sauv. St.
Tourn. 265, a ſingle head.— Fuchs. 224, cop. in Trag. 847, and
7. B. iii. 73.-Matthiol. 661, cop. in Dod. 735.1; repr. in
Lob. obf. 487. 1.-Ger. em. 1167. 1, which is cop. in Park.
984. 1, with a ſeparate head.-H.ox. vii. 36. 1.—Zanon. 68.
Scales much harder than thoſe of the D. hylveſtris. Hall. St.
Dipſacus fullonum. B. LINN.
It is cultivated for the uſe of the clothiers, who employ the heads
with crooked awns to raiſe the knap upon woollen cloths. For
this purpoſe they are fixed round the circumference of a large broad
wheel, which is made to turn round, and the cloth is held againſt
them. The plant flowers in June and July, and the heads are col-
lected in Auguft.
-
DIP'SACUS ſylveſtris. Chaff ſtraight. Mill. Sauv. wild
JACQ.-Leaves entire. Jacq.
Jacq. auſtr. 402.—Gurt. iii. 34.—Blackw. 50.-Fuchs. 225, cop.
in 7. B. iii. 74.—Matth. 662, cop. by Dod. 735, repr. by Lob.
obf. 487. 3, Ger. em. 1167, 2, which cop. by Park. 984. 2.-
Ger.

138
MONOGYNIA.
TETRANDRIA
Ger. 1005.1, heads ripe.-H. ox. vii. 36. 3.-(Ger. 1005.
2, is D. laciniatus.)
Leaves ſerrated. MILL.-Growing together at the baſe. Murr.
--Common Empal. leaves long, encircling the head. Curt. ST.-
.
Longer than the head. Mr. Woodw.-Chaff, ſome of the lower
ones gently bowed downwards, but not hooked at the point. ST.--
Empal. common with leaves of different ſizes, long, flender, ſharp,
edged with ſharp-pointed briſtles, or rather prickles. Florets col-
lected into egg-ſhaped heads, and ſeparated by white, ſtrap-ſhaped,
channelled leaves, terminating in awns, and hairy towards the end.
Proper cup 4 cornered, greeniſh, downy at the rim. Bloſs. tube
white, 4 cornered, woolly; border purple, cloven into 4 blunt,
4
ſhallow, ſegments, one of which is longer than the reſt. Chives
not longer than the bloſſom. Leaves ſpear-ſhaped, the mid-rib ſet
with hooked prickles, as is alſo the ſtem. With.
Dipſacus fullonum, &c. Linn.
Uncultivated places, wet hedge banks.- I have not found it north
of Derbyſh. and Nottinghamſh. Mr. Wood. B. June.--Aug
-
ſmall DIP'SACUS pilo'ſus. Leaves on leaf-ſtalks, with
little appendages. LINN.—(The lower ones have no appen-
dages. Jacq.)
Curt. 1.9.-Jacq. auſtr. 248.-Blackw. 124. 2.-H. ox. vii. 36,
5.--Park. 984.4.--Matth. 663, cop. in Dod. 735. 3, repr. in
Lob. obf. 487. 2, and Ger. em. 1168.3.-Blackw. 124. 1.-
J. B.iii. 75.2.
Fruit-ſtalks ſet with ſtrong briſtly hairs. Empal. common, ſpear-
ſhaped leaves, covered on the outſide with briſtly hairs. Florets
collected into globular heads, and feparated by leaves ſimilar to
thoſe of the common empalement. Outer cup 4 cornered, ſkinny,
lopped. Inner cup larger, 4 cornered, with 4 ſhallow ſegments,
and fringed with ſoft hairs. Bloſs. ſegments nearly equal, greeniſh
white. Summit flightly cloven into 2 or 3 parts. Stems angular; ſet
with prickles pointing upwards. Branches oppoſite, riſing from
the boſom of the leaves. Leaves ſpear-ſhaped, ſerrated, prickly
along the mid-rib. With.
Shepherds Rod. Shepherds Staff.
Hedges and damp places. [Lilleſhall Abbey, Shropſhire. With.
--Abbey-lane, Eveſham. Worceſterſhire. Mr. BALLARD.]
B. LINN. JACQ. P. Huds. Aug.
121, SCABI

IV. CHIVES, I. POINTAL.
139
121. SCABIOSA. Scabious.
EMPAL. Common Cup of many leaves, expanding; con-
taining many florets. The leaves fit upon and fur-
round the receptacle in ſeveral rows, the inner ones
of which become gradually ſmaller.
Proper Cup double; fuperior.
Outer Cup ſhort; membranaceous; plaited; permanent.
Inner Cup with 5 diviſions; the ſegments between awl and
5
hair-ſhaped.
Bloss. General regular; but moſtly compoſed of irregular
florets.
Individuals of 1 petal; tubular; with 4 or 5 clefts; equal,
4 5
or unequal.
Cuves. Threads 4; between awl and hair-ſhaped ; lim-
4
ber. Tips oblong, fixed fideways.
Point. Seed-bud beneath; rolled in a proper ſheath, like
a
a little cup. Shaft thread-ſhaped, as long as the
.
bloſſom. Summit blunt; obliquely notched at the
end.
S. Vess. None.
Seed. Solitary; oblong egg-ſhaped; rolled in a cover;
variouſly crowned by the proper cups.
Receptacle common, convex, beſet with chaffy leaves.
Ess. Char. Common empal. many-leafed. Proper cup dou-
ble, ſuperior. Receptacle chaffy, or naked.
Obs. Outer bloſſoms generally larger and more irregular. Seeds
crowned differently in different ſpecies. Florets having 4 or 5 clefts.
afford a primary ſpecific diſtinction. LINN.
SCABIO'S A ſucci'ſa. Bloſſoms with 4 cleft, equal. Devils-bit
Stem undivided. Branches near together. Leaves be-
tween egg and ſpear-ſhaped.-
Ludw. 193.-Curt. iii. 32. B.-Fl. dan. 279.-Fuchs. 715, cop.
in Trag. 246, 7. B. ii. 11, and H.ox. vi. 13. 7. B.-Blackw.
142.—Matth. 623, leaves too large.--Dod. 124. 1, repr. in Lob.
obſ. 295. 2, Ger. em. 726, and cop. in Park. 492. 1.-Ger. 587,
root-leaves alſo ferrated. Stem-leaves ſerrated in all the figures
except Fl. dan. (Column phytob. 10, appears to me a different
Species.)
Bloſs. fometimes fleſh-coloured, or white. RaY.ST.-Stem-leaves
toothed. Flowers nearly globular. Curt.-Root-leaves very entire.
Stem-leaves ſometimes ſawed. Stem fometimes ſimple, and not
--
-
inore

140
TETRANDRIA MONOGYNIA.
more than a hand's breadth high. Leaves entire. Specimen gathered
by Mr. Watt, on Stavely Downs, Cornwall, near the ſea. St.--
Proper Cup (the outer cup of Linn.) 4 cornered, hairy; with 4 ſhal-
4
low clefts, the ſegments fringed with white hairs. Honeycup (the
inner cup of LINN..) encloſing the feed-bud, crowned with a con-
cave, glandular receptacle, armed with 4 or 5 ſtrong reddiſh-black
briſtles. Beſides the above apparatus, each floret is furniſhed with
a green ſpear-ſhaped floral leaf, terminated by a white taper briſtle.
Slem and leaves rough with hair. Bloſs. bluiſh purple; ſometimes
double. With.
Fields and paſtures, frequent.
P. June.-Aug.
The dried leaves are uſed to dye wool yellow or green. LINN.-
A ſtrong decoction of it, continued a good while together, was an
empirical ſecret for gonorhæas.
a
feld
-
SCABIO'SA arven'ſis. Bloſſoms with 4 clefts, ra-
diating. Leaves with winged clefts, and jagged. Stem
rough with ſtrong hairs.--
Ludw.21, florets not expreſſed.-Sheldr. 98, leaf, head, &c.—Fl.
dan. 447.-Fuchs. 716, cop. by Trag. 242, and J. B. iii. 2. I.
--Ger. 583. 4.--Blackw. 185.-H. ox. vi. 13.1.--Ger. em.
720. 4. -Dod. 122. 1, repr. in Lob. obſ. 291. I, Ger. em.
719, 1, and cop. in Park. 485. 1, habit too ſtiff.
.
Sometimes ſmooth. Flowers fometimes white, and all the leaves
entire. HALL.-Common empal. fringed with long, white hairs.
Proper Cup 4 cornered, hairy; with 4 ſmall teeth. Honeycup (the
inner cup of LINN.) encloſing the feed-bud; crowned with a con-
cave receptacle, ſet with ſhining glands on the inſide, and armed
with 8 or 12 ſpear-ſhaped, ferrated, greeniſh, briſtly ſubſtances,
hairy at the baſe. Florets in the circumference larger, with 4 unequal
clefts. Florets in the center regular. Tips fixed to the threads by the
middle. Summit with 2 or 3 flat, broad clefts. Seed-bud encloſed
by the lower part of the honeycup. Leaves rough with hairs and
.
tubercles; fpear-ſhaped, and more or leſs jagged; ſome of them
cut into winged clefts, Stem, towards the bottom, ſpotted with
dark purple. Blofs. a little woolly; blue, purple, or white.
WITH.
Paſtures and corn fields.
P. July. Aug.
Sheep and Goats eat it. Horſes and Cows not fond of it.
Slightly aftringent, bitter, and ſaponaceous.
ſmall
SCABIO'SA Columba'ria. Bloſſoms with
.
5
clefts,
radiating. Root-leaves egg-ſhaped, ſcolloped. Stem-
leaves winged, briſtly.-
Walc.

IV. CHIVES, I. POINTAL.
141
-
Walc.-Ger. 582.2.-Column. phytob. 22.-Cluf. ii. 2. 2, repr.
in Dod. 122.3, Lob. obf. 290.2, Ger, em. 719. 2, and cop.
by Park. 484. 1.-J. B. iii. 4.—Matth. 970.-Fl. dan. 314,
flowers half as large again as any I have ever ſeen.-H. ox. vi.
14. 20.-(Herm. par. 221, ſeems to me to be a different ſpecies.)
Feather with briſtles 5 times as long as the bloſſom. LINN.
Dry hilly paſtures, frequent.
P. June.-Aug.
Horſes, Sheep, and Goats eat it. The Papilio Maturna feeds
upon
all the ſpecies.
151. CENTUN'CULUS. Chaffweed.
.
EMPAL. Cup with 4 clefts; expanding; permanent. Seg-
ments ſharp, ſpear-ſhaped ; longer than the bloſſom.
Bloss, i petal; wheel-ſhaped. Tube fomewhat globular.
Border flat, with 4 clefts. Segments nearly egg-ſhaped.
Chives. Threads 4; nearly as long as the bloffom. Tips
ſimple.
Point. Seed-bud roundiſh; within the tube of the bloſſom.
Shaft thread-ſhaped; as long as the bloffom; per-
manent. Summit ſimple.
S. Vess. Capſule globular; of i cell; cut round.
Seeds. Several; roundiſh ; very ſmall.
.
Ess. Char. Empal. 4 clefted. "Bloſs. 4 clefted, expanding.
Chives Short. Capſule i cell; cut round.
Obs. Allied to Anagallis, but differs in its empal. being longer
than the bloſſom; its bloſſom crowning the ſeed-veſſel, and its
threads being bare. St,
CENTUNCULUS min'imus.
Curt. iii. 31.—Fl. dan. 177:-Vail. 4. 2.-Mich. 18.2, confirmed
by Mr. Woodward.
Bloſs. minute; white; in the bofom of the leaves. LINN.-Leaves
alternate, and not oppoſite, as in Anagallis. Mich.-Bloſs. con-
tinuing and adhering like a calyptra to the point of the capſule, ne-
ver expanding but when the ſun ſhines ſtrongly upon them. Curt.
-Plant very ſmall, branched, forked. Leaves ſometimes oppoſite
towards the bottom; egg-ſhaped, pointed, ſmooth, fleſhy, pellu-
cid at their edges, and browniſh underneath. Flowers folitary.Roth.
Baſard Pimpernel.
Moiſt fandy ground.
A. June.
Pimpernel
148. PLAN

142
TETRANDRIA MONOGYNIA.
148. PLANTAG O. Plantain.
EMPAL. Cup 4 clefted; very ſhort; upright; permanent.
4
Bloss. I petal, permanent; ſhrivelling. Tube cylindri-
cal, but ſomewhat globular. Border 4 clefted; re-
4
flected. Segments egg-ſhaped, ſharp.
Chives. Threads 4; hair-like; upright; exceedingly
long. Tips rather long; compreſſed; fixed fideways.
Point. Seed-bud egg-ſhaped. Shaft thread-ſhaped; half
as long as the chives. Summits ſimple.
S. Vess. Capſule egg-ſhaped; with 2 cells; cut round.
Partition looſe.
Seeds. Several ; oblong.
Ess. Char. Cup 4 clefted. Bloſs. 4 clefted, its borders re-
flected. Chives extremely long. Capſ. 2 cells, cut round.
Obs. Empal. in ſome ſpecies equal, in others unequal. Linn.
-
-
-
.
.
-
great PLANTA'G O ma'jor. Leaves egg-ſhaped, ſmooth.
Stalk cylindrical. Spike tiled with florets. –
Curt. ii. 16.-Fl. dan. 461.-Blackw. 35.-Matth. 479, cop.
in
Dod. 107. 1, which is repr. in Lob.obl. 162.2, and Ger. em.
and re-cop. in Park. 493. 2 and 1.-H. ox. viii. 15. 2, and Pet.
ii. 4. 1, in fruit.- Trag. 225. 1, in fruit.Fuchs. 38, cop. in
J. B. iii. 502.-Ger. 338. (Gmel. iv. 35 and 36, ſeem to have
an angular ſtalk.)
Stalk nearly 2 edged. Mr. HolleFEAR.-Leaves with 7 ribs, Mr.
WOODWARD.
dwarf
B. Ger. 339. 1, cop. in 7. B. iii. 505. 3.
dented 3. Petiver. Leaves with large teeth towards the baſe. St.
Pet. 4.2.–Park. 494. 5.d.
pyramidal
7. Spike leafy. Flower-leaves diſpoſed in a pyramidal form. St.
Ger. 340.5.-H. ox. viii. 15. 3.b. c.—Park. 494. 5. 6.-). B.
iii. 503. 1.-Ger. em. 420.4, upper branch.--Pet. 4. 4, upper
branch.
roſe e. Spike leafy. Flower-leaves diſpoſed in a roſe-like form. Sr.
Park. 494. 5. c. cop. in H. ox. viii. 15. 3. a.--7. B. iii. 503. 1,
-Pet 4. 4, lower branch.
This and the pyramidal often riſe from the ſame root.
befom d. Stalk branching into a panicle. St.
Dod. 107. 2, repr. in Lob.obl. 162. 4, Ger. em. 420.6, and cop.
in J. B. iii. 503. 2, Park. 494. 5. a. and Pet. 4. 5.-H.ox, viii.
15.4.
[Bedingham, near Bungay, Suffolk. Mr. STONE.]
Seeds
-
a

IV. CHIVES, I. POINTAL.
143
-
Seeds black; 2 in each cell. Scop.-Capſule 6 feeded. Leers.-
Segments of the cup concave, ſkinny at the edges. Floral-leaf boat-
ſhaped, fleſhy, larger than the cup. Bloſs. ſkinny. Tips pointed.
.
Leaf-ſtalks ſpout-ſhaped. Leaves with 7 or 9 ribs: Stalk rough with
9
ſhort browniſh hair. With.
Way-bread.
Road fides and foot paths, common.
A. Hudf. P. Linn. June.-Aug.
Sheep, Goats, and Swine eat it. Cows and Horſes refuſe it.
The common people apply the green leaves to cuts.
-
-
PLANTA'GO me'dia. Leaves between ſpear and hoary
egg-ſhaped ; downy. Spike and ſtalk cylindrical.
Curt. iv. 43.-Fl. dan. 581.—Walc.-Fuchs. 39; cop. in 7. B. iii.
504. 1.-Matth. 480, cop. in Cluf. ii. 109. 1; repr. in Dod.
107.4, Lob. obf. 162.3, Ger. em. 419. 2, and re-cop. in 7. B.
iii. 504.2; H. ox. viii. 15. 6, and Pet. 4. 3.-Ger. 338. 2.-
Trag. 226. 1.-Park. 493. 3.-Spike. (F. B. iii. 505.3, is
Pl. major. B.)
Leaves not toothed. Cups ſmooth. Threads purpliſh. LINN.-
Capſule with 2 feeds. Leaves generally roundiſh egg-ſhaped, but
ſometimes as in the Linnæan character, and the figure of Fuchs;
often toothed towards the baſe, generally imperfectly, but ſome-
times deeply. St.-Segments of the cup purpliſh and ſkinny, with
a green rib along the middle. Bloſs. ſkinny, white. Chives white.
Leaves toothed. With.-Ribs 5. Mr. WOODWARD.
2. Leaves with ſtraw-coloured ſtripes.
variegated
Hawford Bridge, near Worceſter. ST.
Lambs-tongue.
Road fides in marle or chalkey lands. P. June.-Aug.
Sheep, Goats, and Swine eat it. Cows and Horſes refuſe it.
--
PLANTA'GO lanceolata. Leaves ſpear-ſhaped. Rib-wort
Spike nearly egg-ſhaped, naked. Stalk angular.---
Curt. ii. 15.-Fl. dan. 437.-Blackw. 14.-Walc.--Dod. 107.3,
repr. in Lob. obs. 163. 1, Ger. em. 422. I, and cop. in Park.
496. 1, H. ox. viii. 15. 9, and Pet. 4.6.-7. B. iii. 505. 1.-
Trag. 225. 2, leaves too broad.–Ger. 341. 1.-Matth. 481.-
Anderſ.--(Fuchs. 39, is P. media.)
Leaves ſometimes toothed. Seeds, 2 in each capſule. Curt.
Leers.--Stalk, angles 7. Scop. Mr. Woodw.--Leaves, ribs 5.
Mr. Woodw. With.-Root as if bitten off. Floral-leaves green;
woolly underneath. Cup unequal. Tips white; opening at the
.
lateral edges. With.
Rib-wort.
-

144
.
TETRANDRIA MONOGYNIA.
P. June.
ſmall
roſe
-
proliferous
Rib-wort. Rib-graſs.
Paſtures, very common.
6. Leaves narrower; ribs 3. ST.
Ger. prov. 12.-Ger. 339.4.-. B. iii. 505. 2.--Park. 496.3.
- Pet: 4.7.
Mountainous and barren places.
d. foliola. ST.-Summit of the ſtalk ſurrounded with leaves longer
than the ſpike. Mr. WOODWARD.
Ger. 341.2, cop. in 7. B. iii. 506. I, and H. ox. viii. 15.10.
Near Leeds. ST.--Ripton, Huntingdonſhire. Mr. Woodw.
4. Spike with 2 or 3 heads. Leers.
Cluf. ii. 110, cop. in 7. B. iii. 506.2, and H. ox. viii. 16. 10,
--Pet. 4. 8.
Iſle of Thanet. Ray.
Linnæus ſays it is eaten by Horſes, Sheep, and Goats, and that
Cows refuſe it; but Haller attributes the richneſs of the milk, in
the famous alpine dairies, to this plant and to the Alchemilla vulga-
ris. WITH.-The total abſence of this plant in marſhy lands, is a
certain criterion of the wretched quality thereof. In proportion as
ſuch ſoils are meliorated by draining, this plant will flouriſh and
abound. It is often fown and cultivated for paſturage, but does
not anſwer the purpoſe without a mixture of clover or other graſſes.
Twelve acres of land being fown with this plant; a plentiful crop
was the conſequence, but no animal would eat it. Mr. DICKENSON.
---When it grows detached from other plants, as it frequently does
by the ſides of foot-paths, I have never ſeen cattle touch it. With.
Sea
PLANTA'G O marit'ima. Leaves ſemi-cylindrical,
very entire ; woolly at the baſe. Stalk cylindrical. Linn.
-Leaves ſtrap-Chaped, nearly entire. Spike cylindrical.
Huds
HUDS.---- (including P. læfingii and R. Syn. p. 315. n. 9, as
varieties.)
Fl. dan. 243.--Dod. 108, repr. in Lob. obl. 163. 2, Ger. em.
423-3, and cop. in Park. 498. 1, and H. ox. viii. 17. 34.-
Ger. 343. 3.-7. B. iii. 511. 3.-Ger. em. 425. I, ſeems to
have been drawn from a withered ſpecimen.
Leaves thick, ſtrap-ſhaped, frequently convex on the under ſide.
Huds.-- Flowers in a denſe ſpike. Floral-leaves, i to each floret,
as long as the cup, concave; ſharpiſh, membranaceous at the
edges. Stalk hairy, before flowering bent at the top. Cup crowned
rith long hairs riſing from its baſe. ROTH.--Spike about 1 inch
long; not upright 'till it flowers. Empal. ſet with very minute hairs.
Capf. 2 ſeeded. Seeds oblong; flat on one fide, convex on the
other; yello:viſh red. SCOP:--Leaves fometimes with 1 or 2 teeth;
the
-

IV. CHIVES, I. POINTAL.
145
the woollineſs at the baſe not very obſervable when cultivated. Tips
yellow. With.
Sea coaſt.
P. June. July
Mr. Pennant, in the Brit. Zool. p. 13, ſays, it is cultivated and
fown with clover in North Wales, and that it is greedily eaten by
Horſes and Cows; but Linnæus remarks, that though Sheep and
Goats eat it, Cows are not fond of it.
B. loflingü. Leaves occaſionally marked with a tooth. Huds. narrowleaved
Ger. em. 423. 3. Huds.
Plantago læfingi, which fee.
y. Leaves ftiffiſh, pointed; in dry ſituations rolled in. Spike mountain
oblong; in the ſmaller plants roundiſh. HUDS.
-
-
a
PLANTAGO Coro'nopus. * Leaves ſtrap-ſhaped, Buckſhorn
toothed. Stalk cylindrical. LINN. fl. ſuec. ſp. pl.-Leaves
between winged and toothed. hort. cliff. Huds. St.
Fl. dan. 272, and Pet. 4. 10, as growing in a poor foil.-- Fuchs.
449, cop. by Trag.99, and J. B. iii. 509.-Blackw. 460, as
growing in a garden.—Matth. 493, cop. in Dod. 109. 1, repr.
in Lob. obf. 239. 2, Ger. 427. I, and cop. in Park. 502, 1, and
H. ox. viii. 17. 31.-Tourn. 49, leaf.
Spike truly nodding before it flowers. LINN. WITH.-Leaves
with winged clefts, the ſegments very unequal; lying on the ground
in form of a ſtar. Empal. ſegments of the cup lapping over each
other; fringed with fine hairs at the outer edge, and ſo deeply di-
vided as almoſt to form a cup of 4 leaves. Bloſs. thin and ſkinny;
ſegments pale brown. Chives, threads doubled down before flower-
ing. Tips terminated at one end by a ſmall-pointed membrane.
Shaft downy. With.
Coronopus hortenſis. Bauh. pin. 196, as evident from the figures
referred to by Linnæus, (and not Coronopus ſylveſtris hirſutior Bauh. ib.
though referred to by Linnæus, which is variety 4.) ST.
Star of the earth. Hartſhorn.
Gravelly foil.
A. June.-Aug.
This was formerly in repute as an antidote againſt the bite of a
mad dog, but is now partly fallen into diſuſe.
Sheep and Goats eat it.
B. Leaves more deeply divided, and more hairy. Heads ſhort, jagged
.
and lax. BLACKST. p. 77.
Between Dartford and Greenhithe.
y. Leaves ſtrap-ſhaped, very entire, hairy. Spike roundiſh. Huds. graſs-leaved
Erroneouſly changed in Syft. Veget. and Syft. Plant. to coronopifolia, as it
is itſelf the Coronopus of Tournefort. St.
L
Very

146
TETRAN DRIA MONO GYNIA,
Very much reſembles Lob. ic. 439. RAY; which is P. ſubulata.
LINN. ST.
Dry meadows on the ſea coaſt. HUDS.-Banks of the river near
Yarmouth, and near Sheerneſs, in Shippey. Ray.
4. Leaves between ſerrated and toothed. St.
broad-leaved
Pluk. 103. 5.
Leaves more fleſhy than thoſe of (a); teeth reſembling thoſe of
(P. Ferraria.) COLUMN. ST.-But no appearance of ribs; covered
with ſhort whitiſh hairs; the inner inverſely egg-ſpear-ſhaped, taper-
ing down into leaf-ſtalks, teeth expanding; the outer nearly ſtrap-
ſhaped, toothed. Hair whitiſh St.
Plantago Goronopus dicta marilima brevi latoque and dentato folio piloſa.
Pluk. alm. 299.—Coronopus Prochytæ inſulæ Column.ecph.-Plantaginella,
&c. Ray. hiſt. 879.-Coronopus ſylveſtris hirſutior. Bauh. pin. 190, as
evident from the deſcr. of Column. referred to.-(Plantago Coronopus.
Gouan. ill. 6, refers to Pluk. 103. 5, but deſcribes the leaves as
having only 1 or 2 teeth. St.)-Found in Cornwall by Mr. Watt.
a
-
narroweleaved PLANTAGO laflin'gü. Leaves ſtrap-ſhaped, fome-
what toothed. Stalk cylindrical. Spike egg-ſhaped. Floral-
leaves keeled, membranaceous.-
Jacq. hort. 126.-Petiv. 4. 9.
Differs from the Fl. Coronopus in being a ſmaller and earlier plant;
in the Spike being egg-ſhaped and not long. The flowers are more
thinly ſet, the floral-leaves ſmooth and keeled; but, in the Coronopus,
they are pubeſcent, and extremely narrow. The chives too are
ſhorter, the leaves of the cup ſharper, the bloſſom browner. The
leaves ſtrap, not ſpear-ſhaped; ſparingly toothed; the ſtalk hairy.
LEFL.-Root annual. Leaves ſometimes entire, downy, or ſmooth.
Stalks downy, or finooth, about the length of the leaves. Spike
always upright; when in bloſſom ſomewhat egg-ſhaped, when in
fruit oblong. Floral-leaves ſmooth, blunt, edges membranaceous.
Seed, i in each cell. JACQ. hort.--Linnæus refers alſo, but, I ſuf-
pect, erroneouſly; to P. marina, R. fyn.p: 315, as the figures of
Park. referred to by Ray is a copy of Lob. obſ. 163, which Linnæus
ġives as a ſynonym of P. maritima. I am doubtful whether P. læfl
.
be a native of Great Britain. ST. Mr. Woodw.–The ſpecimens
I formerly took for that plant, from finding it with leaves ſlightly
toothed, I am now convinced are P. marina, having more frequently
found them with leaves quite entire, a circumſtance which is by no
means conſtant in plants growing near the ſea. See Atriplex. Mr.
WOODWARD.
Salt Marſhes. [Sea coaſt, Yarmouth. Mr. Woodw.) A. JACQ.
P. July. Aug.
-
152. SAN.

IV. CHIVES, I. POINTAL.
147
152. SANGUISOR'BA.
Blood-wort.
2
-
EMPAL. Cup 2 leaves. Little leaves oppoſite, very ſhort;
ſhedding.
Bloss. I petal; wheel-ſhaped; with 4 (ſometimes 5.
With.) diviſions. Segments egg-ſhaped; blunt;
united by the claws.
Chives. Threads 4; broadeſt in the upper part; as long
as the bloſſom. Tips ſmall; roundiſh.
Point. Seed-bud 4 cornered; ſituated between the
4.
сир
and
the bloſſom. Shaft thread-ſhaped ; very ſhort. Sum-
mit blunt.
S. Vess. Capſule finall; with 2 cells.
SEEDS. Small.
Ess. Char. Empal. 2 leaves. Seed-bud between the cup and
the bloſſom.
SANGUISOR'BA officina'lis. Spikes egg-ſhaped. Burnet
LINN.-Between cylindrical and oval. St.
Ludw. 94.-Fl. dan. 97.-Fuchs. 788, cop. in 7. B. iii. 120.-
Ger. 889. 2.--Pet. 4.11.-Cluf. ii. 197. 3, repr. in Dod. 105.
2, Lob. obf. 412.4, Ger. em. 1045. 2, and cop. by Park. 582.
3.--Matth. 1033, the foliage better done than in any of the other
figures.-H. ox. viii. 18.7.-Muſ. ruſ. v. 1. 6, leaf.
Little leaves, ferratures ſharp; thoſe of the lower leaves heart-egg-
ſhaped, on long leaf-ſtalks, which have frequently appendages at
their baſe fimilar to the little leaves; thoſe of the upper leaves ſpear-
ſhaped, on very ſhort fruit-ſtalks. Mr. WOODWARD. ST.-Empal.
leaves unequal, ſkinny, and woolly; of a yellowiſh brown. Bloſs.
beneath; ſegments mulberry-coloured; tube 4 cornered, white, a lit-
4
tle hairy, fleſhy, encloſing the feed-bud; its mouth filled with a
thick, fattiſh, glandular ring, cloſely embracing, but not adher-
ing to the ſhaft. Theſe are the appearances when a bloſs. is newly
expanded; but, afterwards, the ſegments ſeparate fo eaſily from
the tube, that one ſhould be apt to call it a bloſſom of 4 petals, tho'
ſometimes they may be obſerved to adhere ſlightly at the baſe. Chives
thread-fhaped, mulberry-coloured. Tips black. Duſt yellow. Seed-
bud egg-ſhaped, ſmall. Shaft purpliſh red. Summit a fringed tuft,
of a dark mulberry colour. S. veſſel, beſides the coat formed by
the permanent tube of the bloſſom, there is another egg-ſhaped S.
veſſel, including i ſeed. Spike mulberry-coloured. Upper florets
either without chives, or with only an imperfect one. Leaves winged,
ſmooth, alternate; little leaves ferrated. With,
Wild
-
a
a
L2

148
MONOGYNIA.
TETRANDRIA
Wild Burnet. Great Burnet.
Moiſt paſtures, frequent.
P. June.-Aug.
The whole plant is aſtringent. The green leaves are ſometimes
put into wine to give it a grateful flavour, and the very young ſhoots
are agreeable in ſallads. Cows, Horſes, Sheep, and Goats eat it.
LINN.-But Horſes do not feem fond of it. Mr. WOODWARD.
134. RUBIA. Madder.
EMPAL. Cup with 4 teeth ; very ſmall; ſuperior.
;
Bloss. I petal; bell-ſhaped; with 4 diviſions; without
a tube.
CHIVES. Threads 4; awl-ſhaped; ſhorter than the bloſs.
Tips ſimple.
Point. Seed-bud beneath ; double. Shaft thread-ſhaped ;
cloven at the top. Summits nearly globular.
S. Vess. 2 ſmooth Berries; united.
SEED. Solitary; roundiſh; with a hollow dot.
Ess. Char. Bloſs. I petal; bell-Shaped. Berries 2, I ſeed
in each.
OBS. The bloſſom has ſometimes 5 diviſions.
5
a
-
wild RU'BIA peregri'na. Leaves perennial, ſtrap-ſhaped ;
ſmooth above. LINN. (according to Huds. but to me it ap-
pears to be the following. St.)—R. Sylveſtris. Mill.-Lower
leaves in fixes; upper ones in fours and twos; rough on
both ſides. MILL.
H. ox. ix. 21. 2.-Pet. 30. 3.-Pomet. 22. 30.--Zanon. 145.
Leaves from 4 to 8. Huds.--Spear-ſhaped. Bloſs. of 5 leaves, (an
5
error probably for-divided into 5.) Chives 5. Very nearly allied to
the R. tinctorum.* Is it really a diſtinct ſpecies? Huds. St.-
Leaves, and eſpecially thoſe of the branches, fometimes between
ſpear-ſhaped and elliptical; uppermoſt in twos; never ſtrap-ſhaped,
as in the R. peregrina of Linn. and Mill. Often rough on both
fides, as in the R. Sylveſtris of Mill, the middle rib of the upper
ſur-
face being occaſionally beſet with very minute prickles, whereas,
thoſe of the peregrina are deſcribed as ſmooth above. ST.
Rubia fol. ellipt. aſperis, c. HALL.708. (Huds. St.)
St. Vincent's Rock, Briſtol. Hedges in Devonſhire. [In the
Iſle of Wight. St.]
P. June. July
132. GAL'-

IV. CHIVES, I. POINTAL.
149
4.
a
132. GAL'IU M. Goofegrafs.
EMPAL. Cup very ſmall; with 4 teeth; fuperior.
Bloss. I petal; wheel-ſhaped; with 4 divifions, ſharp;
without a tube.
Chives. Threads 4 ; awl-ſhaped ; ſhorter than the bloſs.
Tips fimple.
Point. Seed-bud double. Shaft thread-ſhaped ; cloven
half way down; as long as the chives. Summits glo-
bular.
S. Vess. 2 dry globular Berries; united.
Seed. Solitary; large; kidney-ſhaped.
Ess. Char. Bloſs. 1 petal ; flat. Seeds 2, roundiſh.
-
* Fruit ſmooth.
GAL'IUM Crucia'ta. Scop. and Wigg.–Leaves in Croſs-wort
fours; egg-ſpear-ſhaped, woolly.
;
Stem undivided;
woolly. Bunches lateral, with 2 leaves. St.
Blackw. 76.-Dod. 357. 1, repr. in Lob. obf. 467.2, Ger. em.
1123. 1, and cop. in Ceř. 965, Park. 566, and H. ox. ix. 21,
.
.
row 2.1, Cruciata.-3. B. iii. 717. 2. (a) a branch.-3. B. iii.
I
717. I.
-
I have a ſpecimen in which all the flowers have chives and pointals.
WIGg.-- Flowers ſometimes with 4 chives and a ſhaft, deeply divided;
4
ſometimes with 4 chives, and no pointal, but a kind of ring in the
center of the bloſſom; and ſometimes with 2 or 3 chives, and a
tumid ring ſurrounding the baſe of the ſhaft. I have never met with
any bloffom with only 3 clefts. Scop.-Add to this that in the G.
trif.dum the bloſſom is cloven into three. ST.-Leaves oval, marked
with 3 veins; 4 at each joint of the ſtem, forming a croſs. Stem 4
3
cornered, with 4 fluted fides; frequently tinged of a bright purple
juſt above the middle joints. Flowers upon ſub-divided fruit-ſtalks
riſing from the bofom of the leaves. Floral-leaves 2, ſmall, ſpear-
ſhaped. With
Galium fol. quat. &c. Hall. 709.(St.)—Valantia Cruciata, which ſee.
Croſs-wort. Mugweed.
Roughs, and hedge banks.
P. May. June.
GAL'IUM paluſ'tre. Leaves unequal, ſtrap-ſpear- white
ſhaped, blunt. Stems ſpreading.-*
* Foliis inæqualibus, lineari-lanceolatis, obtufis; caulibus diffuſis. St.
1. Quadri-
L 3

150
TETRANDRIA MONOGYNIA,
,
-
four-leaved 1. Quadrifolium. St.
Galium paluſtre. Leaves growing by fours; inverſely egg-ſhaped,
unequal. Stems ſpreading. LINN.-Leaves ſpear-ſhaped. St.
Fl. dan. 423, (many of the leaves repreſented as pointed. Mr.
Woodward. St.)-Pet. 30.5.--Ger. 967.-(Ger. em. 1126.2,
disfigured by Park. 565, and J. B. iii.721. 1, have leaves in
fixes.-Barr. 82, is G. uliginoſum.)
Stem rough, branching, ſtriking root at the joints; brittle. HALL.
-Lower leaves often in fives and fixes. Leers.-Oblong egg-ſhaped.
MENCH.-Stem flaccid. Neck.-Leaves ſometimes in fives, and
in one of the whorls 6; flexible, horizontal; or expanding; thoſe
at the baſe of the branches largeſt; ſmooth, except at the keel and
edges, which are beſet with very ſhort hooked hairs; the upper fome-
times egg-ſpear-ſhaped and inverſely egg-ſhaped, ſmooth on the
keel. Shafts diſtinctly 2, as ſhort again as the chives. Tips pur-
pliſh brown; yellowiſh within. ST.-Bloſs. ſegments between egg
and ſpear-ſhaped. Tips reddiſh brown. Leaves, thoſe in the ſame
whorl of different ſizes; ſcarcely rough to the touch. Stem 4 cor-
nered; the corners ſet with ſharp hooked prickles, pointing down-
wards. Bloſſoms numerous, white, on lateral and terminating fruit-
ftalks; forming a ſort of rundle, cloven into 3 parts, and again
fub-divided. With.-White Ladies Bed Straw.
Cows, Sheep, and Horſes eat it. Goats and Swine refuſe it.
Banks of rivulets, pools, and moiſt meadows.
P. July.
dwarf 2. nanum. ST.-Similar to variety 1, but ſcarcely a foot in length.
HALL. ST.-Reſembling the figure of G. trifidum in the Fl. dan.
but readily diſtinguiſhable by the bloſſom with 4 diviſions, and the
divided fruit-ſtalks. Found by Dr. Withering. St.
fix-leaved 3. hexaphyllum. St.-Leaves in fixes, narrower, but always
blunt, and generally unequal. As large as variety 1. HALL. ST.
-It ſhould ſeem that Mr. Hudſon's new character of “ Lower
" leaves in fours, inverſely egg-ſhaped; upper ones in fixes, ſtrap-
ſhaped; ſtem ſpreading," had been taken from a view of this
variety only. Branches next in roughneſs to thoſe of the G. Aparine
Spurium, and Valantia Aparine. This plant I have been accuſtomed
with Dr. Withering to refer to the uliginoſum, and I have received it
from the ſon of Prof. Jacquin with the ſame title. But the inequa-
lity and bluntneſs of the leaves, and the want of the thornlike
point of the uliginofum as deſcribed by Linnæus, Haller, and Pollich,
induce me to believe it with Haller, and, I may add, Ray (hiſt.)
to be a variety of the paluſtre, though, being found in the ſame fitu-
ations, it is not unlikely but it may turn out to be a diſtinct ſpecies.
ST.- In all reſpects reſembling the paluſtre except that the leaves
grow in fixes. With.-In the ſame ſituations as variety 1.
-
-
a
GALI'-

IV. CHIVES, I. POINTAL.
151
-
-
GALIUM procum'bens. St.- Leaves in fixes, in- trailing
verſely egg-ſhaped, ſharp-pointed, ſmooth. Stem pro-
ſtrate. Fruit-ſtalks 3-forked. Hud.—Leaves of the
flowering ſtems fpear-ſhaped, ſlightly hairy; the reſt ge-
nerally inverſely egg-ſhaped, in fours. Stem ſmooth:-
.
(Foliis caulium florigerum ſenis, lanceolatis, hirſutulis ; ramorum fubqua-
ternis obovatis; caule proftrato glabro.) Sr.
Pet. 30. 6.-(J. B. iii. 716. 2, ſeems a different plant, aud is re-
ferred by Linnæus to G. uliginofum.)
Diſtinguiſhable from G.paluſtre by its being muchleſs, by the ſmooth-
neſs of its ſtems and leaves, and by its place of growth. Ray. hift.-
Seems to be a variety of G. uliginoſum growing in dry and moun-
tainous paſtures. LightF.—But I have found it to be the ſame in
marſhes as on hills. St.-Stems and branches matted together and
ſpreading upon the ground. Fruit fmooth. With. St.-- Flowering
ST
Stem from 2 to 6 inches high. Leaves of the ſtem ſometimes inverſe-
ly egg-ſpear-ſhaped; edges beſet with minute prickly hairs pointing
towards the end; keel ſmooth; thoſe of the branches fometimes in
fives. St.With.---Leaves, often 4 in a whorl at the bottom of the ſtem,
5 about the middle, and 6 at the top, unequal in fize though in the
fame whorl. Stems twiſted; cylindrical to the naked eye, but when
,
conſiderably magnified they appear to have 4 rounded corners. Run-
dles of flowers, lateral and terminating, 1, 2, or 3 rundles ſpring-
ing from the whorls at the joints of the ſtem. Cup none. Shaft
cloven more than half way down. With.
Galium montanum. HUDS. who ſhould ſeem not to have obſerved
that Linnæus had given the ſame trivial name to a different plant in
his sp. pl. publiſhed in the ſame year with the iſt edit. of the Fl. ang.
St.-(Not G. caule angulofo, foliis fenis, fubafperis, ariſtatis. Hall,
715, which is G. aſperum. SCHREB. Spicil. and G. ſylveſtre. POLLICH.
as is evident from a compariſon of Haller's deſcription with ſpeci,
mens of both plants. St.)
Heaths and mountains. HUDS.-Alſo in marſhy places. Rav.
St.-I ſuſpect, however, that Ray's ſpecies comprehends alſo the
G. Mollugo in its dwarfy ſtate, which ſee variely 2. St.
(Dudley Wood. WITH.]
P. June.-Aug.
-
GAL'IU M uligino'ſum. Leaves in fixes, ſpear-ſhaped, marſh
ſharp-pointed, ſtiff, with prickly ſerratures bowed back-
wards, Bloſſoms larger than the fruit. -
Barr. 82.-7. B. iii. 216. 2.
Leaves free from hairs, ending in a thornlike point. S. veſſel
ſmooth. LINN. ST.-Leaves ſometimes 7 or 8 in a whorl. HUDS.-
Bloſs. white, with a tinge of roſe-colour. HALL, ST.-Stem,
angles
a
L 4

152
MONOGYNIA.
TETRANDRIA
angles rough with minute prickles. Leaves 5 lines long, (nearly)
I broad, often bent downwards. POLLICH. ST.
( Aparine Fl. lapp. 58, muſt be a wrong reference, as is evident
from the ſeeds being deſcribed with hooked hairs. St.)
Meadows, paſtures, and wet heaths. On the lower bog Chiffel-
hurſt. Ray.
Horſes, Cows, Sheep, Goats, and Swine eat it.
P. July
3
upright
GALIUM erec'tum. Leaves moſtly 8 in a whorl ;
ſpear-ſhaped, with fine prickly ſerratures. Panicles with
diviſions. Stem rough, flaccid. Huds.
(Jac. aufr. 80, according to Huds. but the ſpecimens of the G. au-
ftriac. JACQ. from the profeſſor's ſon have a ſmooth ſtem, and are a
quite different plant. St.-Jacquin too deſcribes both the leaves and
ſtem as ſleek and ſhining. With.)
Root branched. Stems numerous, jointed, rather upright; fwelled
at the joints; 4 cornered, the edges roughiſh; fomewhat hairy, ,
branched: flowering branches oppoſite. Leaves 8, ſometimes 6 in
a whorl; fitting, ſpear-ſhaped, and between ſtrap and ſpear-ſhaped;
bare. The terminating panicle divided into 3. Flowers white, 4
clefted. Seeds ſmall, ſmooth. HUDS.-Leaves in whorls, from 4
to 5 inches diſtant from each other; bent back; ſerratures directed
towards the point of the leaf, and not towed back as in the reſt of
the rough-leaved fpecies. My ſpecimen agrees in every reſpect ex-
cept the ſtem which is ſmooth. St.
Meadows and wet paſtures. [Heydon Common, Norfolk. Mr.
BRYANT.]
P. June. July
corn
GAL'IU M Spurium. Leaves growing by fixes; ſpear-
ſhaped, keeled, rough with prickles pointing backwards.
Joints of the ftem fimple. Fruit ſmooth. -
Vaill. 4. 4.-(a) the ſeed-veſſel, is referred to by Haller, though the
fruit has a few ſhort hairs upon it. Mr. Hudſon does not refer to any
figure.-(b.is a feed-veſſel of the G. Aparine.)
Has a near affinity to G. Aparine, but ſmaller. Siems ſpreading.
Leaves 6, not 8 as in G. Aparine; ſurface alſo beſet with prickles
pointing backwards. Seeds, when ripe, juſt ſenſibly wrinkled.
LINN.
Aparine ſemine laviore. R. hiſt. 484. Syn. 225, from Ray's deſcription
of ſeeds not entirely ſmooth, but much leſs hairy than thoſe of
“the G. Aparine," appears at leaſt to be the plant of Vaill. above
referred to, which, whether the G. Spurium or not, is readily diſtin-
guiſhable from the V. Aparine by the firſt diviſion of the fruit-ſtalks
being furrounded with a whorl of leaves. Haller, however, aſſures
US,

IV. CHIVES, I. POINTAL.
153
us, that the ſpecimen ſent him by Mr. Hudſ. was the Valantia Aparine.
It is pity that this remark of his learned correſpondent ſhould have
eſcaped Mr. Hudſon's notice. My ſpecimens were cultivated un-
der the name of G. Spurium in the botanic garden of Mr. Sole, of
Bath, but are undoubtedly V. Aparine. On theſe accounts I am
induced to inſert it, believing that, and not the G. Spurium, to be
the plant deſcribed in the Fl.
ang:
St.
Corn fields. Ifle of Wight, and in Surrey. A. June. July.
GAL'IUM tricor'ne. Fruit-ſtalks from the ſides of three-horned
the ſtem almoſt bare of leaves, dividing into 3; pedicles
bowed back.* - Valantia Aparine. The flowers that have
-
only chives cloven into 3; on pedicles which grow on the
fruit-ſtalk of the flower producing chives and pointals. LINN.
Vaill. 4. 3. a.-(b.is Aparine ſemine coriandri faccharati of Park.
given as a ſynonym in the hort. up. but which, I think, is very pro-
perly regarded by Vaillo as a dißinet ſpecies.)
Fruit-ſtalks bearing 3 flowers curved downwards. HALL. ST.-
3
Leaves from 6 to 8; upper ſurface ſmooth, rib underneath rough.
Fruit roughiſh, beſet with a number of minute tubercles, but which
do not end in hairs. POLLICH. ST.-Rundles on fruit-ſtalks, gene-
rally 2 to a whorl, oppofite, dividing into 3 branches; not leafy at
the baſe, each bearing one fruit. The above as cultivated. In
Vaill. fig. each rundle ſeldom produces more than one perfect
fruit. ST.
Place of growth, &c. fee G. Spurium.
-
GAL'IUM ang'licum. Leaves about 6 in a whorl, ſmall
ſpear-ſhaped, taper-pointed, bent back, fringed with
prickly hairs. Stem ſpreading, rough with prickles point-
ing backwards. Fruit ſmooth. Huds. St.-Bloſſoms
ſmaller than the fruit. St.
Ray 9. 1, at p. 128.-(Barr. 58, reſembles it, but the bloſſoms white,
fruit hairy, and the branches with whorls of ſeveral leaves.)
Stems from 1 to 11 foot high, ſpreading, 4 cornered, knotted,
branched; flowering branches oppoſite. Leaves bare, (except at the
edge) ſometimes 7 in a whorl, and ſometimes ſtrap-ſpear-ſhaped.
Fruit-ſtalks 3 forked. Flowers greeniſh yellow. Seeds larger than
the bloſſom, ſmooth. HUDS. ST.-Root branching. Stem, branches
alternate. Panicle terminating, (not ſo in Ray's figure.) Bloſs. of
4 petals, (an error for 4 diviſions?) HUDS.-Leaves, the prickly
4
hairs at the edge pointing forwards, ſometimes a few ſcattered on
the
a
(Pedunculis lateralibus, fubnudis, 3-fidis; pedicellis recurvis.) St.

154
TETRANDRIA MONOGYNIA.
the ſurface; thoſe of the branches generally in twos as in Ray's figure.
Branches rough. Fruit-ſtalks ſmooth, generally dividing into 3, one
of them ſupporting 2 flowers; ſometimes dividing fimply into 3 or
2, ST.
Aparine minima. R. fyn. 225, is referred to by Hudſon, but Ray
ſays, “ ſeeds not ſo rough as in the other Aparines.” Linnæus
accordingly has referred it to his G. pariſienſe.Aparine minima.
Vaill. par. 14. Here, on the contrary, the deſcr. correſponds;
but the Gallium Tourn. inſt. 664, which is given as a ſynonym, is alſo
referred by Linnæus to his G. pariſienſe. I have ſpecimens of the
plant of Vaill. collected in the King's garden, at Paris, correſpond-
ing exactly with the deſcriptions given above, and others of the G.
pariſienſe. LINN.-I cannot diſcover any difference between them,
except in the roughneſs and ſmoothneſs of the fruit, which induces
me to believe the G. anglicum of Hudſon, and the pariſienſe of Linn.
to be mere varieties of one and the ſame plant. St.
Least Gooſe-graſs.
At Hackney, on a wall. H.ox. III. p. 333. Rav.-Sandy ground
between Dartford and Northfleet. On a wall at Farmingham, Kent.
HUDS.-[On the walls of Binham church, Norf. Mr. Crowe.]
A. June. July
least
GAL'IUM pufil'lum. Leaves growing by eights,
rough with hairs, ſtrap-ſhaped, taper-pointed, ſomewhat
tiled. Fruit-ſtalks forked.-
(J. B. iii. 716. 1, is G. Mollugo ;-Barr. 58, G. pariſienſe ;—and
H. ox. ix. 22. 8, not the plant.)
Stems numerous, angular, a finger's length. Leaves 6 or 8 in a
whorl, ſtrap-ſhaped, or between ſpear and ſtrap-ſhaped, ſharp,
rough, as are alſo the ſtems, with expanding hairs. Branches few,
alternate. Whorls of leaves often ſo thickly ſet as partly to tile the
ſtems. Tanicle thin ſet, moſtly terminating, upon twice forked
fruit-ſtalks. LINN.--Roct branched. Stems 4 cornered, the angles
rough with prickles. Leaves 7 or 8 in a whorl; tiling the lower
part of the ſtem. Panicle uſually forked, Flowers white. Seeds
ſmall, ſmooth. Nearly allied to the G. uliginofum. HUDS.-Angles
of the ſtem, and edges and mid-ribs of the leaves rough with ex-
panding hairs. Leaves rarely up to 8. Mr. WOODWARD.
Limeſtone Hills, near Kendall, Weſtmoreland.
P. Aug.
downy-ſtalked
GAL'IUM ſca'brum.* Leaves moſtly in eights, ſharp-
pointed. Flowering branches generally 3-forked. JACQ.
in
* Faliis actonis, linearibus mucronatis, fulcatis; cauleque pubefcentibus. Sta

IV. CHIVES, I. POINTAL.
155
in ſyft. veg. ed. xiv. St.-Leaves ſtrap-ſhaped, furrowed,
beſet with ſhort hairs. Stem pubeſcent.-
Jacq. auftr. v. 422.
Stems upright, cloſely beſet with very ſhort ſoft hairs. Leaves
ſometimes 7, thoſe of the branches fewer, beſet with ſoft hairs.
Fruit ſmooth. Jacq.ST.-Stems above, ſmooth and ſhining. JACQ.
-But in his figure it is repreſented as beſet with hairs, as are my
ſpecimens, even to the laſt fub-diviſions. No appearance of pric-
kles on the ſtem or leaves. Leaves, edges turned in; lower ones
bent down. Flowering branches oppoſite, one always ſhorter than
the other. Fruit-ſtalks ſmooth. St.
[Hedgerow in a marly foil on the ſide of Red Houſe Lane, near
Worceſter. Sr.]
P. Aug.
a
GAL'IUM verum. Leaves 8 in a whorl; furrowed. yellow
Flowering branches ſhort.
Ludw. 39, but ſpecimen unnaturally bowed down.—Mill. 139. 1.-
Scheldr. 61.-Fuchs. 196, cop. in J. B. iii.720.1, Trag. 492,
Dod. 355. I, which repr. in Lob. obf. 467. 3, Ger. em. 1126.
.
I, and cop. in Park. 564. 1, and in H. ox. ix. 21. row 2. 1,
Gallium. - Matth. 1131.–Ger. 967. 1.--Blackw. 435.-Pet.
30.8.
Tips, after ſhedding their duſt, become brown. LINN.-This
kappens alſo in other ſpecies. With.-Leaves brittle, bent back-
wards when the flowers expand. Scop.-Stem with large joints;
cylindrical, ſcored, a little woolly. Leaves ſmooth, rolled back at
the edges; from 5 to g in a whorl, but generally 8 upon the princi-
pal ſtem. Bloſs. ſegments greatly expanded. Shafts cloven more
than half way down. Bloſs. chives and pointal yellow. With.
Yellow Ladies Bed Straw. Cheeſe Rening. Petty Muguet.
Sides of fields and roads, frequent.
P. July. Aug.
The flowers will coagulate boiling milk; and the beſt Cheſhire
cheeſe is ſaid to be prepared with them. The French preſcribe
them in Hyſteric and Epileptic caſes. Boiled in alum-water they
tinge wool yellow. The roots dye a very fine red, not inferior
to madder, and are uſed for this purpoſe in the iſland of Jura.
Pennant 1772. p. 214.
Sheep and Goats eat it. Horſes and Swine refuſe it. Cows are
not fond of it.-This plant is ſubject to a diſeaſe, in which the
ſtem and branches are ſet with fleſhy balls, about the ſize of a pea;
hollow within, and covered with a purpliſh ſkin. With.
GAL'IUM Mollu'go. Leaves 8 in a whorl, between Madder
egg and ſtrap-ſhaped, ſharp-pointed; fomewhat ſerrated,
greatly

156
MONOGYNIA.
TETRANDRIA
-
greatly expanded. Stem limber. Branches expanding.
LINN.-Stem 4 ſquare. Sr.
Fl. dan. 455.--Ger. 967.4.-Fuchs. 281, cop. in J. B. iii. 716.
1.-Lob. obf. 468.1, repr. in Ger. em. 1118. 2.-Pet. 30.4.
Matth. 921, not in flower or fruit.—(Blackw. 168, ſeems rather
the ſylvaticum, as is H. ox. ix. 22. row 1. 1.-In J. B. ii. 721.
1, the leaves are upright.)
Stem generally weighed down by the weight of the branches. The
old ſtems fend forth buds. Leaves never more than 1 inch long.
Scop.-Stem quadrangular, diſtinguiſhes it from the G. Fylvaticum.
ST.-Leaves ſuddenly tapering to a ſharp point. Flowering branches
very much branched. HALL. ST.-Stem about 4 feet long; 4 edged,
4
branched; thickeſt juſt above the joints, nearly ſmooth. Leaves
from 6 to 8 in a whorl; unequal in fize, oblong-egg-ſhaped, a lit-
tle hairy on the back and at the edges, but not rough to the touch.
Flowers very numerous, on fruit-ſtalks riſing from the whorls of
leaves; generally 2 long and 2 ſhort flowering branches from each
whorl. Bloſs. with 4 ſpear-ſhaped, pointed fegments; white. Tips
yellow. Shaft cloven down to the feed-bud, or more properly ſhafts
2. Seeds 2, ſmooth; i generally much larger than the other. The
whole plant ſmooth to the touch. With.
White Ladies Bed Straw. Wild Madder. Great Baſtard Madder.
Hedges, roughs, and heaths, frequent. P. June.--Aug.
mountain 2. Leaves very entire, bent back; feldom exceeding 3 or 4
; inches
in height. Scop.
Mollugo montana minor. Gallio albo ſimilis. R. fyn. 224. WITH.-
It ſeems at leaſt to comprehend this variety as well as the G. pro-
cumbens. Sr.
Mountains. Scop.--Malvern Hills. St.
croſs-leaved
** Fruit rough.
GAL'IUM borea'le. Leaves 4 in a whorl, ſpear-
ſhaped, finooth, 3-fibred. Stem upright. Seeds rough
with ſtrong hairs.
Pet. 30.7.-7. B. iii.716.3.
Leaves blunt, reflected at the edges; 2 leaves riſing at each branch
of the panicle. Scop. ST.-Leaves fometimes oval-ſpear-ſhaped.
Flower leaves oval. Mr. Woodw. ST.–Or egg-ſhaped. Stem and
-
leaves often beſet with with very ſhort hairs, fometimes almoft quite
fmooth. St.--Bloſs. white. With.
Croſs-wort Madder.
Mountains in Weſtmoreland and Wales. [Near Pooley Bridge,
by Ulfwater, Cumberland. Near the ferry at Winander Meer.
Mr. WOODWARD.]
P. July. Aug.
The

IV. CHIVES, I. POINTAL.
157
a
The roots afford a red dye for woollens.
Horſes, Sheep, and Goats eat it. Cows not fond of it. Swine
refuſe it. LINN.
-
a
-
-
GAL'IUM Apari'ne. Leaves 8 in a whorl, ſpear- Cleavers
ſhaped; keel rough with prickles pointing backwards.
Joints woolly. Fruit rough with ſtrong hairs.-
Curt. ii. 17.-Fl. dan. 495.-Sheldr. 13.-Vaill
. 4. 4. (b) fruit.
-Dod. 353, repr. in Lob. obl. 464.3, Aparine, Ger. 963. 1,
Ger. em. 1122, and cop. by Park. 567, and H. ox. ix. 22. row
2. 1, Aparine.— Pet. 30. 11.—Blackw. 39.—Matth. 807.-
Fuchs. 50, cop. in 7. B. iii. 713, and Trag. 494.--Tourn. 39.
1, parts of fructification.-(Barr. 81, ſeems rather G. maritimum.)
Stem 4 cornered, the angles ſet with prickles pointing backwards.
Joints woolly at the baſe. Leaves 8 or 10 in a whorl, between ſtrap
and ſpear-ſhaped, rough above, ſmooth underneath; the edges and
the keel ſet with prickles pointing backwards. Branches oppoſite.
LINN.-Bloſs. divided down to the baſe. Shafts 2, ſtanding wide
afunder. SCOP. ST. Bloſs. ſcareely longer than the feed-bud.
Tips yellow. ST.-Empal, wanting. Curt. With.—Leavés end-
ing in a purpliſh awn-like point. Mr. HOLLEFEAR. — Fruit ſet
with hooked briſtles. Prickles on the ſtem pellucid, pointing down-
wards. Joints with a few white, woolly hairs. Leaves from 4 to 7,
or more, in a whorl. Bloſs. white. With.
Catchweed. Gooſegraſs. Cleavers. Clivers.
Hedges, frequent.
A. May. June.
The branches are uſed by the Swedes inſtead of a foi to ſtrain
milk. Young geeſe are very fond of them. The feeds may be
uſed inſtead of coffee. The plant is eaten by Horſes, Cows, Sheep,
and Goats. Swine refuſe it. LINN.-The expreſſed juice of the
ſtem and leaves, taken to the amount of 4 ounces, night and
morning, is very efficacious in removing many of thoſe cutaneous
eruptions, which are called, although improperly, Scorbutic. It
muſt be continued for ſeveral weeks.
The Sphins ſtellatarum, and the Sphinx Euphorbice, feed upon the
different ſpecies of Galium.
-
128. ASPER'.

158
.
TETRANDRIA MONOGYNIA.
128. ASPER'ULA. Woodroof.
EMPAL. Cup ſmall; 4 toothed ; fuperior.
Bloss. I petal, funnel-ſhaped. Tube long; cylindrical.
Border with 4 diviſions; ſegments oblong, blunt,
reflected.
Chives. Threads 4; ſituated at the top of the tube.
Tips
ſimple.
Point. Seed-bud beneath; double; roundiſh.
Shaft
thread-ſhaped; cloven at the top. Summits knobbed.
S. Vess. 2 dry globular Berries adhering together.
SEEDS. Solitary; roundiſh; large.
Ess, CHAR. Bloſs. I petal, funnel-Shaped.
Seeds 2, glo-
bular.
Obs. The diſtinction between Aſperula and Galium, taken from the
length of the tube of the bloſſom, is fufficiently obvious in their
reſpective extremes, but, in ſome of the former, it becomes ſo
ſhort, that the 2 genera ſeem to run into one. WIGG.
Sweet
a
-
ASPER'ULA odora'ta. Leaves 8 in a whorl, ſpear-
ſhaped. Flowers in bundles, on fruit-ſtalks.-
Curt. iv. 43.-Sheldr. 29, beſt engraved.-Cluf. ii. 175.2, repr.
in Dod. 355. 2, Lob. obf. 464, 2, Ger. em. 1124. 1, and cop.
in Park. 563. 1, and improved in H. ox. ix. 22. row 1, fig. the
4th.-Fl. dan. 562, leaves too rough, and longer than uſual.-
Ger. 966.--Trag. 496.-Pet. 30.9.--Blackw. 60.-7. B. iii.
718. 3.-Mill. 55. 2.
Fruit covered with ſtiff hooked hairs, Mr. WoODWARD. ST.-
Panicle with 3 diviſions. Seed-buds rough with hair.
Flowers of a
beautiful ſnowy white, and, when a little magnified, appear ſprinkled
with fhining, froſted particles. Leaves a little rolled back at the
edges, and ſet with ſoft minute thorns. Cup not very evidently
toothed. WITH.
Woodroof. Woodrow. Woodrowell. Woodruff.
Woodderowffe, as ſpelt in ſome old authors. The repetition of
the double letters affords great amuſement to children learning
to ſpell.
Woods and ſhady places. [At the Leafowes, near Haleſowen. W.]
P. May.
The ſcent of it is faid to drive away Ticks and other inſects.
LINN.-It gives a grateful flavour to wine.
Cows, Horſes, Sheep, and Goats eat it.
ASPER'.
-

IV. CHIVES, I. POINTAL.
159
a
ASPER'ULA cynan'chica. Leaves 4 in a whorl, Squinancy
ſtrap-ſhaped. Upper leaves oppoſite.
Stem upright.
Flowers 4 clefted. —
7. B. iii.723.2.-Pet. 30. 12.-H. ox. ix. 22.9.
Stem rough, about 4 inches high. Seed-buds red. Flowers rough
and wrinkled on the outſide. LINN.-Stem from a hand's breath to
11 feet high, reclining, rigid. Leaves, 2 of them larger than the
other 2; thoſe of the upper part of the ſtem, and of the branches, oppo-
fite, the place of the 2 which ſeem wanting ſupplied by 2 very
ſmall leaves. Blefs. whitiſh, with a tinge of purple. POLLICH.
St.-Leaves frequently pointing I way, ſometimes 5. Mr. Woodw.
ST.-The ſupplementary leaves awl-ſhaped, not above a line long,
reſembling leaf-ſcales. Bloſs. with a ſlight roughneſs on the out-
fide. Seed-bud the ſame in a leſs degree. St.
Squinancy-wort.
Limeſtone hills, and high chalkey foils. [Woods in Herts.
Swaffham, Norfolk. Newmarket Heath. Dunſtable Hills. Mr.
WOODWARD.--Armingale Wood, by Norwich. Mr. Crowe.-
Near Epfom, Surrey, in chalk. ST.]
P. June. July.
4
5
127. SHERARDIA. Spurwort. (Park.)
EMPAL. Cup ſmall; with 4 (ſometimes 5 and 6. WITH.)
teeth ; fuperior; permanent.
Bloss. I petal; funnel-ſhaped. Tube cylindrical, long.
Border with 4 diviſions. Segments flat and ſharp.
Chives. Threads 4; fituated at the top of the tube. Tips
fimple.
Point. Seed-bud beneath ; double; oblong. Shaft thread-
ſhaped; cloven at the top. Summits nearly globular.
S. Vess. None. Fruit oblong; crowned ; feparable
lengthways into 2 feeds.
Seeds. 2; oblong; convex on one ſide ; flat on the other;
with 3 ſharp points at one end.
3
Ess. Char. Bloſs. 1 petal, funnel-Shaped. Seeds 2, with 3
CHAR.
teeth.
3
-
SHERAR'DIA arven'fis. All the leaves in whorls. little
Flowers terminating -
Fl. dan. 439.—Blair 4. 6, flower-head. - Pet. 30.10.-7. B. iii.
719. 3.-Barr. 766, and 541. 1.-(Lob. obf. 464. 1, cop. in
H. ox. ix. 22. row 2. 1, Rubeola; J. B. iii. 719. 2; and Park.
276.5, quite other plants.)
Cup

160
MONOGYNIA.
TETRANDRIA
Cup with feveral teeth, from 1 to 6; crowning the feed-veſel,
which conſiſts of 2 cells; i feed in each. SCOP.-Bloſs. blue, or
purple; tube very long; ſegments egg-ſhaped. Chives, duft white.
Floral-leaves terminating, compreſſed, deeply divided into 8 parts,
and encloſing 3 or 4 florets. Leaves on the ftem, 6 in a whorl,
fometimes only 5.
All the leaves ſet with fine briſtles along the
edges and the back. Stem 4 cornered, ſet with ſtrong hairs. The
whole plant is harſh and rough. WITH.
Little Field Madder.
Corn and fallow fields, common.
A. May.-Sept.
Goats are very fond of it. Horſes eat it. Sheep are indifferent
to it.
155. CO R'NUS. Cornel.
EMPAL. Fence generally 4 leaves; including ſeveral florets.
Leaves egg-ſhaped; coloured ; deciduous; 2, oppo-
ſite, fmaller. Cup very ſmall, 4 toothed; ſuperior ;
4
deciduous.
Bloss. Petals 4; oblong; ſharp; flat; ſmaller than the
fence.
Chives. Threads 4: awl-ſhaped; upright; longer than
the bloſſom. Tips roundiſh; fixed fideways.
Point. Seed-bud beneath; roundiſh, Shaft thread-ſhaped;
as long as the bloſſom. Summit blunt.
S. Vess. Pulpy; including a nut or ſtone; nearly glcbu-
lar, and dimpled.
SEED. A heart-ſhaped, or oblong nut; with 2 cells.
Ess. Char. Fence generally 4 leaved. Petals 3, ſuperior.
3
Nut of 2 cells, covered with pulp.
CORNUS ſanguin'ea. A tree. Tufts of flowers
naked. Branches ſtraight.
Fl. dan. 481, in flower.--Matth. 260, in fruit.---Lob. obſ. 592. 1,
cop. in Park. 1521. 3.-Ger. 1283.-Dod. 782.2, repr. in Ger.
em. 1467.-Trag. 1004.
Tuft of flowers divided into 5 parts, and theſe again ſub-divided.
Flowers ſometimes without chives. Shaft ſurrounded at the baſe by
a circle, compoſed of 4 ſegments. Berry black; crowned with the
ſhaft and the cup, the teeth of which bend inwards. Scop.
Dogberry tree. Hounds tree. Hounds berry. Prick wood.
timber. Gatten tree. Galter tree.
Woods and hedges.
S. June.
The
female
Prick

IV. CHIVES, I. POINTAL.
161
The wood is very hard and ſmooth, fit for the purpoſes of the
turner. The berries are bitter and ſtyptic: they dye purple.
Horſes, Sheep, and Goats eat it. Swine and Cows refuſe it.
-
COR'N US ſue'cica. Herbaceous. Branches in pairs, dwarf
for rather with 2 branches, as they proceed from the baſe of 2
oppoſite leaves. St.)
Fl. dan. 5.—Penn. Tour Scotl. 1ſt ed. p. 314.—Dill. elth. 91.-Fl.
lapp. 5.3. (a) in the firſt ſtage of its growth, but its bloſs. already
expanded; (b) in fruit.—Cluſs. 1. 60. I; repr. in Ger.em. 1296.
5, and cop. in Park. 1461. 4, and J. B. ii. 109. 1.-Ger.
1113
Stem 4 cornered, rarely branched; forked at top. Leaves oval,
lower ones rounder; entire, oppoſite. General fence 4-leaved, en-
cloſing many flowers; little leaves white, deciduous, egg-ſhaped.
Flowers very ſmall, in an undivided rundle. Fruit-ſtalk folitary,
terminating, riſing from the fork of the ſtem. The 4 leaves of
the fence have ſuch a reſemblance to petals, that it is eaſy at firſt ſight
to imagine it a compound flower. Roth.
Cornus herbacea. Huds. The old name of the Fl. lapp. which
Linnæus changed to ſuecica on characteriſing the canadenſis which is
alike herbaceous. St.
Dwarf honeyſuckle.
Hills in the North.
P. June. July.
The pulpy berries, which taſte inſipidly ſweet, are acceptable to
children.
Horſes, Sheep, Goats, and Swine eat it. Cows refuſe it. LINN.
177. ALCHEMIL'LA. Ladies-mantle.
EMPAL. Cup 1 leaf; tubular; permanent. Rim flat, with
8 diviſions: every other Segment ſmaller.
Bloss. None.
CHives. Threads 4; awl-ſhaped ; upright; ſmall; ſtand-
CHIVES
4;
ing on the rim of the empalement. Tips roundiſh.
Point. Seed-bud egg-ſhaped. Shaft thread-ſhaped; as
long as the chives; ſtanding on the baſe of the ſeed-
bud. Summit globular.
S. Vess. None. The neck of the empalement cloſes upon
the feed, and does not open again.
Seed. Solitary; oval; compreſled.
Ess. Char. Cup with 8 clefts. Bloſs. o. Seed 1.
Vol. I.
OBS.
M

162
MONOGYNIA.
TETRANDRIA
Obs. Belongs to the natural order of SENTICOSC, or Tormen-
til tribe. ST.
common
.
-
-
ALCHEMIL'LA vulga'ris. Leaves gaſhed.-
Ludw. 176.-Fl. dan. 693.-Blackw.72.-Matth. 1177.--Trag.
512.--Fuchs. 612, cop. in 7. B. ii. 398. (i) Dod. 140.2, Ger.
em. 949, and Pet. 9. 9.-Cluf. ii. 208. 2, repr. in Lob. obs.
378. 3; and cop. in Park. 538, H. ox. ii. 20. row 3. 1, and
Pet. 9. 10.-Ger. 802.-Mill. 18. 2.
Flowers forming a kind of rundle, the General fence being a leaf
which entirely ſurrounds the ſtalk, but the Partial fence goes only
half way round. Cup, the mouth of its tube cloſed by a yellow
fleſhy ring, which, perhaps, anſwers the purpoſe of a honeycup.
Bloſs. yellowiſh green. Tips and fummit turning black after flower-
ing. Leaves cloven generally into 7 lobes, the lobes ferrated, each
tooth ending in a yellowiſh white point. Leaf-ſtalf fending a rib
along the middle of each lobe of the leaf. Seeds generally only 1,
but ſometimes 2 in each ſeed-vefſel. With.
B. minor. LINN. HALL.
do pubeſcens. Hall.-minor. Leaves pubeſcent. Huds.
Pluk. 240, 2.--Barr. 728.-Mill. 18. i
Alchemilla alpina hybrida, a. Linn. Sp. pl. who ſuppoſes it to be the
product of the ſeed of the A. alpina, impregnated by the duſt of
the A. vulgaris.**
On mountains.
P. July.
(alba.) Empalement white.
Bearsfoot, in the North.
Meadows and paſtures, frequent.
P. June.--Sept.
The whole plant is aſtringent. In the province of Smolandia,
in Gothland, they make a tincture of the leaves, and give it in
ſpaſmodic or convulſive diſeaſes.
Horſes, Sheep, and Goats eat it. Swine refuſe it. Cows are
not fond of it.
ſmall
downy
white
Cinquefoil
6
ALCHEMIL'LA alpi'na. Leaves fingered, fer-
rated.--
Fl. dan. 49.---Lob. adv. 307. 1.--Pet. 9. 11.-Barr. 756.–Park.
394. 3.-3. B. ii. 398. (f) 1.-Cluf. ii. 108. 1, repr. in Ger.
em. 938. 5, and cop. in Ger. 837. 5, and H. ox. ii. 20. row 2.
3, leaves not ferrated as they ought to have been.- [Munting. phy-
togr.
* The letter ß. in fp. pl. and fyf. pl. ſhould be placed even with A. minor
Tourn. &c. ST.

IV. CHIVES, I. POINTAL.
163
togr. curioſ. t. 90, is a very good figure, but inferior to Fl. dan.
Its ſynonyms refer to Potentilla argentea. Mr. WOODWARD.]
Leaves of a ſhining white underneath; divided into 7 little leaves,
and ſerrated only at the ends. LINN.---Little leaves fometimes 5,
thoſe of the ſtem-leaves 3. Mr. WOODWARD.—Flowers greeniſh.
Mountains in the North. Ulſwater, near Penrith. Ray. [Rocks
in Burrowdale, near Keſwick, Cumberland. Mr. WOODWARD.]
P. July
Goats and Cows eat it. Horſes, Sheep, and Swine refuſe it.
ALCHEMIL'LA Aph'anes. HALL. LEERS.- Parſleypiert
Flowers from the baſe of the leaves. WIGG. ST.
Pet. 9. 12.-H. ox. ii. 20. row 3. 4.---Lob. adv. 324, repr. in
Ger. em. 1594.-7. B. iii. p. 2, 74. 3.-Park. 449, a copy of
Lob. but éncreaſed in ſize beyond nature.
Sometimes only 1 pointal and I ſeed. LINN. ST. bot. arr. ed. I.
--and 1 chive. ST. ib.—The ſtructure of the flower in all reſpects
the ſame with that of the Alchemilla. Empal. cloven into 8; the al-
ternate ſegments exceedingly ſmall, but always preſent. Seed 1, ne-
ver 2; at leaſt in all which I have examined. LEERS. St. May,
1775.-Chive only 1 in all the flowers I have examined. Tip ob-
long. Duſt oblong. ST.-Stems trailing, leafy. Leaves divided into
3 lobes, jagged. Flowers ſmall, greeniſh white. With.
Aphanes arvenſis. LINN.–Parſleypiert
.
Corn fields and dry gravelly lands.
A. May.-Aug.
-
-
I
M 2
Order

164
TETRANDRIA DIGYNIA.
Order 11.
DIGYNIA; II. POINT ALS.
180. BUFO'NIA. Toadgraſs.
EMPAL. Cup 4-leaved, upright, permanent. Little leaves
awl-ſhaped, keeled, membranaceous at the edges.
Bloss. Petals 4; oval; upright; equal; notched at the
end ; ſhorter than the empalement.
Chives. Threads 4; equal; as long as the feed-bud. Tips
double.
Point. Seed-bud egg-ſhaped; compreſſed. Shafts 2; as
long as the chives. Summits ſimple.
S. Vess. Capſule oval; compreſſed; of i cell, and 2
valves.
Seeds. 2; oval; compreſſed; but marked with a little
protuberance. Convex on one ſide.
Ess. CHAR. Cup 4-leaved. Bloſs. 4 petals. Capf. i cell,
2 ſeeds.
Obs. Lætling once found 4 chives, but afterwards altered
his opinion. Alſtræmer often found 4. Gerard ſometimes 4,
ſometimes 2, rarely 3. Linn.
a
Chickweed
BUFO'NIA tenuifo'lia.
Pluk. 75. 3:
Stem cylindrical, upright, jointed. Branches alternate. Leaves,
2 at each joint of the ſtem. Flowers at the baſe of the leaves; white.
With.
Baſtard Chickweed.
Hounſlow Heath. Sea Coaſt, near Boſton, Lincolnſhire.
A. Huds. P. Linn. May. June.
182, CUS-

IV. CHIVES, II. POINTALS.
165
182. CUS'CU TA. Dodder.
2
Empal. Cup 1 leaf, glaſs-ſhaped, 4 clefted, blunt, fleſhy
at the baſe, (5 cornered. POLLICH. ST.)
Bloss. I petal, egg-ſhaped, (permanent. St.) a little
longer than the empalement: Mouth 4 clefted, blunt.
Honeycup 4 ſcales, ſtrap-ſhaped, cloven at the end,
ſharp, united to the bloſſom at the baſe of the chives.
Chives. Threads 4, awl-ſhaped, as long as the empale-
ment. Tips roundiſh.
Point. Seed-bud roundiſh. Shafts 2, upright, ſhort. Sum-
mits fimple.
S. Vess. Fleſhy, (membranaceous. St.) roundiſh, 2
celled, cut round.
Seeds. 2 (in each cell. St.)
Ess. Char. Empal. 4 (or 5. St.) clefted. Bloſs. I petal.
Capſule 2 cells.
Oes. Sometimes the prevailing number in the parts of fructifi-
cation is five. LINN.-The above deſcription of Linnæus made
from C. europæa. In its empal. it reſembles Polygonum; in its bloſſom
and capſule cut round, Plantago; but in its capſule with 2 bills (ſub-bi-
roſtris) it ſhews an affinity to Saxifraga, between which and Chryſo-
plenium I would propoſe to place it in the order Succulenta, St.
CUS'CUTA europæ'a. Flowers fitting. LINN.- greater
Bloſſoms pitcher-ſhaped ; ſegments bluntiſh,* The number
of parts generally 4, but ſometimes 5. St,
Blackw. 554, with parts of fructification.—Fl. dan. 199.—Fuchs.
348.-Matth. 1279.-Trag. 810.-Dod. 554, repr. in Lob obſ.
233. 1, Ger. em. 577, and cop. in Park. 10. 2, and Ger. 462.
-5. B. iii. 266.
This plant is paraſitical, without feed-lobes. The ſeed itſelf opens
and
puts forth a little ſpiral body, which does not ſeek the earth to
take root, but climbs in a ſpiral direction from right to left, up
other plants, from which, by means of veſſels, it draws its nouriſh-
ment. Leaves none, except here and there a very ſmall membra-
naceous ſcale lying cloſe under a branch. LINN. ST.-Flowers in
globular heads not ſurrounding the ſtem but from the ſide where it
divides into branches. J. BAUH, ST.-The ſeeds ſown in a pot pro-
duced plants, but which foon died, unleſs they could attach them-
ſelves to ſome other plant. Park. and Ray hiſt.
-
a
a
* Corollis urceolatis, laciniis obtufiufculis,
M 3
As

166
DIGYNIA.
TETRANDRIA
a
As ſoon as the ſhoots have twined about an adjoining plant, they
ſend out from their inner ſurface a number of little veſicles or pa-
pillæ, which attach themſelves to the bark, or rind of the plant.
By degrees, the longitudinal veſſels of the ſtalk, which appear to
have accompanied the veſicles, ſhoot forth from their extremities,
and make their way into the fofter plant, by dividing the veſſels,
and inſinuating themſelves into the tendereſt part of the ſtalk; and
To intimately are they united with it, that it is eaſier to break than
to diſengage them from it. Guettard in Gent. Mag.
Blofs. white, ſometimes with a tinge of purple. VAILL. ST.--
Empal. like a ſpice clove, running down, as it were, into a kind of
fruit-ſtalk; ſegments egg-ſhaped, often rounded at the end. Capf. cut
round cloſe to the baſe. Partition riſing from the lower half of the
capſule. ST.
On furze buſhes, near Mollance, in Galloway. LightF. who
refers to Fl. dan. 199, but he appears to have inſerted it as a Scotch
plant on the authority of a correſpondent, not from his own exa-
mination. Mr. Hudſon alſo has given C. europ. but, from his
account of it, his plant appears to have been C. Epithymum. I have
never ſeen the true europæa of Britiſh growth. My ſpecimens ga-
thered in Champagne France, and from Germany. St.- The
whole plant is bitter. It affords a pale reddiſh colour.
Cows, Sheep, and Swine eat it. Horſes refuſe it. Goats are
not fond of it. LINN.-Hops, flax, heath, and nettles are its
common ſupport.-It never fixes upon trees or ſhrubs. Scop. but
Pollich mențions having found it on ſome of the Ericas. ST.
leſer
CUSCUTA Epith'ymum. Flowers ſitting, ſurrounded
with floral-leaves. Bloſſoms 5-clefted. Linn.--Bell-ſhaped,
deeply cloven; ſegments taper-pointed. * The number of
parts conſtantly 5. St.
Fl. dan. 427.-Park. 10. 1.-Math. 1277.-Pomet. 42.9.
Bloſs. with 5 diviſions, none with leſs. Shape of bloſs. and
empal. agrees with Fl. dan. 427, though in habit it reſembles t. 199.
Mr. WOODWARD. ST.-Empal. between cloven and divided; ſeg-
ments egg-ſhaped, taper-pointed, unequal, not running down into
a kind of fruit-ſtalk as in C. europæa. St.
Corn fields and heaths, very common. Huds.—My ſpecimens,
dried from Mr. Woodward, gathered by Mr. Pitchford; from Dr.
Broughton, gathered, I believe, in Scotland; and from the ſon of
Prof. Jacquin. ST.
A. June.-Aug.
Corollis campanulatis partito-quinquefidis; laciniis acuminatis.
178. APH'ANES.

IV. CHIVES, II. POINTALS.
167
3
198. APH'ANES. Parſleypiert.
Empal. Cup 1 leaf, tubular, permanent: Mouth flat, 4-
clefted; ſegments alternately very ſmall.
Bloss. None.
Chives. Threads 4; upright; awl-ſhaped; very ſmall;
ſtanding upon the rim of the empalement, Tips
roundiſh.
Point. Seed-buds 2; egg-ſhaped. Shafts thread-ſhaped ;
as long as the chives; growing from the baſe of the
feed-bud. Summits ſomewhat globular.
S. Vess. None; the Rim of the empalement cloſing, con-
fines the feeds.
Seeds. 2; egg-ſhaped; tapering; compreſſed; as long
as the ſhafts.
Ess. Char. Empal, 4-clefted. Bloſs. o. Seeds 2, naked,
Oes. It very nearly reſembles the ALCHEMILLA. It has ſome-
times only 1 pointal and feed. LINN. - Seed I. POLLICH.
Retz. &c.
-
AP H'ANE S arven'fis, ſee Alchemilla Aphanes.
common
M 4
Order

168
TETRANDRIA TETRAGYNIA.
Order III.
TETRAGYNIA; IV. POINTALS,
184. I'L E X. Holly.
EMPAL. Cup 4-toothed, very ſmall, permanent.
Bloss. I petal, with 4 diviſions, wheel-ſhaped ; ſegments
roundiſh, concave, expanding, rather large, adher-
ing by the claws.
Chives. Threads 4; awl-ſhaped; ſhorter than the bloſs.
Tips ſmall.
Point. Seed-bud roundiſh. Shafts none. Summits 4, blunt.
S. Vess. Berry roundiſh, with 4
cells.
Seeds. Solitary; hard as bone; oblong; blunt; belly-
ing on one ſide, angular on the other.
Ess. Char. Empal. 4-toothed. Bloſs. wheel-Shaped. Shaft
0. Berry 4-ſeeded. Linn.--Fertile flowers; empal. 5-
toothed. Bloſs, with 5 diviſions, wheel-Shaped. Chives 5,
wheel-ſhaped. Shaft o. Summits 4.
Summits 4. Berry 4-feeded.
Barren flowers; empal. 4-toothed. Bloſs. with 4 divi-
fions. Chives 4. Huds. Polygamia Dioecia.
Obs. Great variations take place in the flowers of the Ilex Aqui-
folium; ſometimes the chives and pointals are found on diſtinct
plants; ſometimes on the ſame plant, but in different flowers;
ſometimes again the flowers have 5 chives; and frequently the diſ-
poſition of the chives and pointals is ſuch, that it claims a place in
the ſecond Order of the twenty-third Claſs. With.Much has
been written about the proper place of this plant in the Linnæan
fyftem, but before it be removed to another claſs, it is neceſſary to
ſhew that the majority of the other 9 ſpecies are liable to ſimilar
ſexual variations. ST.
common
-
I'LEX Aquifolium. Leaves egg-ſhaped, ſharp, thorny. -
Fl. dan. 508.-Mill. 46.—Hunt. Evel. 383.-Blackw. 205.--Nat.
difpl. ii. 9. A. at p. 71.-Dod. 658.-Matth. 161, cop. in Jonſt.
63. 6.-Ger. 1155.-Lob. obf. 582. 1, repr. in Ger. em. 1338.
-Trag. 1067.-Park. 1487. I.
Leaves without prickles, Park. 1487. 2, but not a diſtinct variety, as
the leaves of the lower branches are prickly.
Leaves

IV. CHIVES, IV. POINTALS. 169
Leaves furrounded by a ſtrong woody border; tough, ſhining,
evergreen; frequently indented, and each tooth ending in a ſtrong,
ſharp, thorn. The leaves upon the ſame tree are ſome of them
entire, and ſome of them thorny. Flowers ſmall, whitiſh, lateral,
on ſhort fruit-ſtalks, generally 3 together, fpringing from a ſort of
ſcale
upon
the branch. Berries ſcarlet, crowned with the cup,
which turns black. Seeds 3 or 4. I have found it in flower ſo late
as the 2d week in June, and then all the flowers had 4 chives and 4
pointals. With.
2. Berries yellow. St.
yellow berried
Agrifol. baccis lut. &c. RAY. Syn. 466.-Wifton, Suffolk. Ray.
Woods, hedges, heaths. [On the north ſide of the Wrekin, in
Shropſh. the trees grow to a large ſize. With.] T. April.-June.
All the varieties which gardeners reckon to the amount of 40 or
50, are derived from this one ſpecies, and depend upon the varie-
gations of the leaves or thorns, and the colour of the berries.
Sheep are fed in the winter with the croppings. Pennant's Tour.
1772. p. 32. Birds eat the berries. The bark fermented and after-
wards waſhed from the woody fibres makes the common Birdlime.
It makes an impenetrable fence, and bears cropping; nor is its
verdure, or the beauty of its ſcarlet berries, ever obſerved to ſuffer
from the ſevereſt of our winters. The wood is uſed in fineering,
and is ſometimes ſtained black to imitate Ebony. Handles for
knives, and cogs for mill-wheels are made of it.
188. SAGI'NA. Pearlwort.
Bloss. Cup 4-leaved. Little leaves egg-ſhaped; concave;
greatly expanded; permanent.
Bloss. Petals 4; egg-ſhaped; blunt; expanding; ſhorter
than the empalement.
Chives. Threads 4; hair-like. Tips roundiſh.
Point. Seed-bud ſomewhat globular. Shafts 4; awl-ſhaped;
bent backward; downy. Summits ſimple.
S. Vess. Capſule egg-ſhaped; ſtraight; with 4 cells, and
4 valves.
Seeds. Numerous; ſmall; fixed to the receptacle.
Ess. Char. Empal. 4-leaved. Petals 4. Capſ. 4-celled,
4-valved. Seeds many. [Capſ. 1 cell. Cup-leaves ſome-
.
times 5. ST.]
I
SAGI'NA procum'bens, Stems trailing. LINN.— trailing
(In dry ſituations upright. St.)
Curt.

170
TETRANDRIA TETRAGYNIA,
-
Curt. iii. 27.-Seguier. i. 5. 3.--Park, 1340. 6.-Pet. 59. 10.-
(Ger. em. 567. 5, not the plant.)
Flowers fometimes with petals, and ſometimes without. Linn.
JACQ. WITH. ST.-In all the fpecimens of it gathered in the
fields, I could never find any petals, but the ſame plant being tranf-
planted into the garden produced petals the 2d year. The Root when
cultivated perennial. Jacq. enum.-Stem fometimes not above 2
lines high. Leaves, the edges ſkinny towards the baſe, and fringed.
Empal. leaves upright until the S. veſſel opens. S. vel. valves thin,
tranſparent, and, from the minuteneſs of the petals, may be eaſily
miſtaken for them. ST.-Bloſſoms greeniſh white,. The 4 valves
of the capſule, after it opens, have ſo much the
appearance
of
ре-
tals, that I was once deceived by them. With.
Chickweed-Breakftone.
Walls, roofs, fandy, and alſo boggy places; garden walks,
paved courts, common,
A. June.
annual B. apetala. Huds. Sagina apetala, which fee.
fucculent Leaves fhorter, thicker, and more fucculent. RAY.
-
y
annual
Petals very
.
SAGI'NA apet'ala. Stem rather upright, downy.
Flowers alternate; without petals. LINN.- Petals
minute. Sr.
Çurt, iv. 49.-Fl. dan. 845, (ſee Sagina erecta.) - Plott. oxf. 9.7,
at p. 146.--Pet. 59. 11.--Pluk. 74.
Differs from the S. procumbens in the root being annual; the ſtems
not ſtriking root from the joints, and being of a dirty browniſh
green. Plott. Ray. ST.-Fruit-ſtalks ſmooth. Empal. fmooth,
its leaves blunt. Petals ſcarcely twice as large as the tips, whence
poſſibly unobſerved by Linnæus; inverſely egg-ſhaped, and ſome-
times heart-ſhaped; greeniſh, reſembling honeycups. Summits ve-
ry ſhort. Capſule of 1 cell; valves larger than the leaves of the em-
palement, permanent. ST.-Leaves hairy. Hairs not terminated
by minute globules as in Spergula laricina. Curt. Mr. Woodw.
Sagina procumbens apetala. Huds.
[On a wall belonging to the Alms-houſe near St. Oſwald's, Wor-
ceſter. ST.]
a
upright
1
-
SAGI'N A erecta. Stem upright; generally with
only 1 flower. Linn.-Leaves of the cup ſpear-ſhaped,
tapering to a point. ST.-Stein ſometimes aſcending. Mr.
WOODWARD.
Gurt: ii. 23.-Ray 15.4. at p. 348.—Vaill. 3. 2.- Pet. 59.9.-
(Fl. dan. 845, referred to by Murr. is ſurely the procumbens
apetala, for Mull. himſelf remarks that it has no petals, and that the
-
leaves

IV. CHIVES, IV. POINTALS.
171
leaves of the empalement are egg-ſhaped and concave.--Barr. 1165,
cannot ſurely be the plant.)
Stem bearing from 1 to 3 flowers. LINN.--Leaves between ſtrap
and ſpear-ſhaped. Ger. prov. — Flowers cloſed. Shafts often 5.
POLLICH.-Stem in dry ſeaſons generally ſimple; in moiſt grounds
ſeveral, aſcending, each ſupporting from 1 to 3 flowers. Shafts very
ſhort. Capſule opening generally with 10 teeth. Agrees with Sagina
in the number of its parts; in its habit and glaucous appearance it
approaches to the Stellaria Holofteum, but in its feed-veſſels it agrees
with Ceraſtium. Curt.-It is truly a Ceraſtium. The Alfine media and
Ceraſtium Semidecandrum are Ceraſtiums with half the uſual comple-
ment of chives. This is a Ceraſtium of the ſame kind, with one-fifth
of its uſual number of parts taken away; a circumſtance which Linnæus
notices in many genera. ST.-Stems, varieties of above-mentioned
do not ſeem owing to a wet or dry ſeaſon, having, for ſome years
paſt, found them with theſe different appearances in their reſpective
places of growth. Mr. WOODWARD.--Leaves {mooth, Bloſſoms
white. With.
Leaſt Ritchwort.
Gravelly foil. [Heaths in Norfolk, frequent. Mr. WOODWARD.]
A. April. May.
-
186. POTAMO GE'TON. Pondweed,
a
EMPAL. None.
Bloss. Petals 4; nearly circular; blunt; concave; upright;
furniſhed with a little claw; deciduous.
Chives. Threads 4; flat; blunt; very ſhort. Tips dou-
4
ble; ſhort.
Point. Seed-buds 4; egg-ſhaped; but taper-pointed. Shaft
none. Summits blunt.
S. Vess. None.
Seeds. 4; roundiſh, taper-pointed, bellying on one ſide,
flatted on the other, and angular.
Ess. CHAR. Empal. o.
Petals 4. Shaft o.
Obs. The leaves of thoſe ſpecies which grow under water are pel-
lucid; thoſe of the natans which float on the ſurface or vegetate in
air opaque; thoſe of the denſum, ſerratum, and ſetaceum oppoſite,
of the reſt alternate, except thoſe at the baſe of the fruit-ſtalks,
where, in all the ſpecies that I have examined, they are oppoſite. ST.
POTAMOGE'TON na'tans. Leaves oblong egg- broad-leaved
ſhaped, on leaf-ſtalks ; floating. LINN,
Variety
Seeds 4.

172
TETRANDRIA TETRAGYNIA.
-
(Variety 2 grows in air. St.)
floating
1. Sheaths of the fruit-ſtalks and leaf-ſtalks more than half the
length of the reſpective ſtalks. WITH.-Upper-leaves floating on
the ſurface of the water. St.
Fuchs. 651, cop. in Trag. 688.-Ger. em. 821. I, cop. in Pet. 5.
4, and H. ox. V. 29, row 1. 1. at p. 596.-Ger. em. 675. 1.-
Park. 1254. 1. b, a branch with only leaves.—Matth. 1137.
Leaves very entire, ribbed. POLLICH. ST.-Opaque, thoſe of the
other ſpecies are pellucid.ST.-Spikes from the baſe of the leaves, on
fruit-ſtalks as large as the ſtem. Flowers ſitting, numerous.Mr. Woodw.
-yellowiſh. Leaf-ſtalks for the moſt part longer than the leaves. With.
Ponds and flow rivers, common.
P. July. Aug.
The leaves floating upon the ſurface of the water afford an agree-
able ſhade to fiſh, and are the habitation and food of the Phalana
Potamogeton.
boggy
2. paludoſum. Sheaths of the fruit-ſtalks and leaf-ſtalks not half
the length of their reſpective ſtalks. WITH.-Stem growing in the
air, aſcending. ST.
When it grows in a place which is dried up in the ſummer, it
ſurpriſingly changes its appearance, growing upright, and reſem-
bling a ſmall Plantago. Linn. lapp. p. 44. Mr. WOODWARD.ST.-
Spike nearly 1 inch long. Bloſs. (or rather cup) fleſhy, green.
Chives, Tips very large. Duft white. Point. Summits very in-
diſtinct; brown. Fruit-ſtalks about twice as long as the ſpike. Leaves
alternate, except the upper pair, which are oppoſite; lower ones
ſpear-ſhaped, on long leaf-ſtalks; upper ones oval, with ſhorter
leaf-ſtalks. Stem about 4 inches high. Sheaths of the leaf-ſtalks ſeem
foon to decay. Flowers a month or fix weeks earlier than variety 1.
WITH.-Leaves 3 or 4 times leſs, more pointed. St.
[Boggy ground on Birmingham Heath. WITH.And Sutton
Park, Warwickſhire, in places where ſtagnant water has been dried
up or drained off. ST.]
P. May.--Aug.
-
.
-
perfoliate
POTAMO GE'TON perfolia'tum. Leaves heart-
ſhaped, embracing the ſtem.-
Fl. dan. 196.- Dod. 582. 3, repr. in Ger. em. 822. 3, cop. in 7.
B. iii. 778.2, Pet. 5. 6, and H. ox. v. 29. row 2. 3. at p. 596.
Leaves alternate, but where a joint throws out a fruit-ſtalk, in
pairs, ribbed. Leaf-ſcales none, or very ſhort. HALL. ST. Mr.
WoodwARD.-Leaves with from 5 to 7 principal ribs, with inter-
mediate finer ones, ending in the point of the leaf. St.
B. Huds.-Pet. 5. 7, probably a copy of Loes. 65.
My ſpecimens ſeem to evince that theſe varieties run into one
another. ST.--Bloſs. yellowiſh,
heart
Rivers

IV. CHIVES,
173
IV. POINTALS.
-
-
Rivers and ponds, frequent.
P. June.-Aug.
Goats and Cows eat it. Horſes, Sheep, and Swine refuſe it.
POTAMO GETON lu'cens. Leaves flat, ſpear- long-leaved
ſhaped, tapering down into leaf-ſtalks.-
Fl. dan. 195.—Pet. 5. 5.-7. B. iii. 777. 1.-Dod. 582.2, repr.
in Ger. 822.4.-H. ox. v. 29. 4. at p. 596.
Rivers and ponds.
P. June. July.
1. Ray. Leaves truly ſpear-ſhaped. St.
narrow leaved
Potamog. lucid. lapathi foliis longißimis. Pluk. amalth. 177. R. fyn.
148.n.2.
River Clyde. LIGHTF.
2. Rav. ib.—Leaves ſomewhat elliptical. Mr. WOODWARD. St. broad-leaved
-Surface covered with a network of pellucid veins. Bloffoms red-
diſh. WITH.-Stem cylindrical. Leaves very entire, ſomewhat
waved at the edge, ribbed. Pollich. ST.-Egg-ſpear-ſhaped,
bluntiſh, ſitting, alternate, but thoſe at the baſe of the fruit-ſtalks
oppoſite; ribs numerous, about a line between each. Leaf-ſcales
awl-ſhaped, riſing from the joint at the inſertion of the leaf, and
ſheathing the part of the ſtem above. St.
River at Tamworth. St.
3. Leaves very taper-pointed from the mid-rib, extending a ſharp-leaved
great length beyond the body of the leaf. Mr. WOODWARD.
Ger. em. 822. 4, expreſſes this tho' but very imperfectly. Mr. Woodw.
[R. Waveney, by Bungay, Suffolk. Mr. WOODWARD.]
.
POTAMO GE'TON den'ſum. Leaves egg-ſhaped, cloſe-leaved
taper-pointed, oppoſite, crowded. Stems forked. Spike
with 4 flowers.-
J. B. iii. 777. 2, leaves far afunder and ſome of the fruit-ſtalks
from the ſides of the ſtem.- (Cluf. ii. 252.2, repr. in Ger. em.
824. 3; cop. in Park. 1248.3; and Pet. 5. 8, is P. criſpum.--
Cluf. has not given any fig. of the plant referred to by Linn.)
Fruit-ſtalk very ſhort, from the fork of the ſtem. Linn.-Bent
back. Leaves towards the end of the ſtem tiled. Spike ſmall. Flowers
few, fitting. HALL. Mr. WOODWARD. ST.-Leaves waved at the
edge. Mr. WOODWARD. ST.-Three-ribbed; edge very finely
ſerrated. With. St.-Serratures, or rather minute prickles, not
viſible, unleſs conſiderably magnified. Leaves, lateral ribs juſt
perceptible to the naked eye, and joining the middle rib at ſome
diſtance from the point, forming, as it were, an ellipſis within the
diſc of the leaf. St.
Leffer Water Caltrops. Frogs Lettuce.
Ditches and flow ſtreams.
P. May. June.
PO TA -

174
TETRAGYNIA.
TETRANDRIA
curled
-
POTAMO GE'TON cripum.
Leaves ſpear-
ſhaped ; alternate or oppoſite, waved and ſerrated. -
Curt. iv. 49.--Ger. em. 324. 2, cop. in Park. 1248. 2, Pet. 5.
g, and J. B. iii. 778. 1.-Cluf. ii. 252, 2, repr. in Ger. em.
9
824: 3; cop. in Park. 1248. 3, and Pet. 5. 8, as is evident from
Cluf. deſcription.
Stem compreſſed. RAY. WITH. ST.-In which it agrees with
the compreſſum, and differs from the reſt. Ray. St.-Leaves with
3
parallel ribs, connected laterally by tranſverſe ramifications; edges
parallel for the greater part of their length. HALL. ST.-Leaves
alternate, but at the forks of the ſtem oppoſite. POLLICH. WITH.
St.-Ending rather obtuſely, very finely ferrated. Fruit-ſtalks from
the forks of the ſtem. POLLICH. ST. —Leaves oblong-ſpear-
. -
ſhaped; lateral ribs meet as they approach the point, forming a cir-
cular line parallel to the margin of the leaf, without theſe on each
fide is a ſtill finer rib running cloſe to the edge. Fruit-ſtalks gene-
rally ſhorter than the leaves, but ſometimes more than twice as
long, correſponding with Cluf. fig. St.-Bloſs. white or reddiſh.
Stems branched. Leaves ſitting, ſemi-tranſparent and very criſp.
With.
Greater water Caltrops.
Ponds and flow ſtreams, very common. P. May. June.
ſerrated
POTAMOGE'TON ſerra'tum. Leaves ſpear-
ſhaped, oppoſite, a little waved at the edges.-
7. B. 988. 4, but leaves, both deſcription and figure, as alternate.--
(Fl. dan. 195, Dod. 582.2, and Pet. 5. 5, is P. lucens.)
Is it not a variety of P. criſpum ? Linn. Mr. WOODWARD.-It
is at leaſt very cloſely allied to it.
Leaves, upper ones oppoſite, lower ones fometimes alternate.
Huds.Sheaths fringed. Scop.-Bloſs. greeniſh yellow, on fruit-
ſtalks. With.-Wiggers complains that the generality of authors
have confounded this with the lucens, but he ſeems to me only to
have tranſpoſed the characters of the 2 fpecies. ST.
Slow rivers.
P. June.
flat-ſtalked
-
POTAMOGE'TON compreſſum. Leaves ſtrap-
ſhaped, blunt. Stem flatted. --
Fl. dan. 203.-Pet. 5. 10.—(In Ray 4. 3, the leaves are ſeveral
times broader than the ſtem.)
Leaves ſometimes alternate, ſometimes oppoſite. LINN.- Leaves
alternate, but thoſe at the baſe of the fruit-ſtalks oppoſite. Ray. hiſt.
Mr. WOODWARD.-The mid-rib ſtrong, white. Mr. Woodw.-
Leaves

IV. CHIVES, IV. POINTALS.
175
Leaves very entire. Leaf-ſcales ſhort. POLLICH.-Stem nearly as
broad as the leaves. ST.-Bloſſoms greeniſh;on ſhort ſpikes. With.
Slow ſtreams and ditches.
P. June. July.
POTAMO GE'TON pectina'tum. Leaves briſtle- fennel-leaved
ſhaped, parallel, near together, pointing 2 ways.-
Ger. em. 828.4.-Pet. 5. 13.-Pluk. 216.5.-(Pet. 5. 12, has
ſtrap-Shaped leaves.)
Stem cylindrical. Leaves flatted. Bloſs. whitiſh. Tips yellow.
With.
Rivers and ponds. [River Waveney, frequent. Mr. Woodw.]
P. May.-July.
POTAMOGE'TON gramin'eum. Leaves between graſs-leaved
ſtrap and ſpear-ſhaped, alternate, fitting; broader than
the props.-
-
Fl. dan. 222.-Ray 4. 3.—Pet. 5. 12?—(Pet. 5. 10, is P. com-
preſjum.)
The leaves at the baſe of the fruit-ſtalks oppoſite. Leaf-Scales very
numerous and large. HALL.-Fl. dan. and Ray are both referred to
by Linnæus and Haller.—But Mr. Lightf. has very juftly remarked
the want of leaf-ſcales in the fig. of Ray. I ſuſpect they will turn
out to be 2 ſpecies. Ray 4.3, is the fig. referred to in the Sp. pl.
and with which my fpecimens correſpond.—Leaf-ſcales much nar-
rower than the leaves, and ſo as eaſily to eſcape the attention of a
common artiſt; rather ſtrap-Shaped, bluntiſh, and ſet cloſe, as in Ray's
figure; not ſpear-ſhaped, tapering to a point, toothed, and at a conſider-
able diſtance from each other, as in that of the Fl. dan.-Ribs 3; very
finely ferrated as the Potamogeiton alterum noftras, &c. with long, blunt,
Shining leaves, very minutely notched of PLUK. amal. 177, and R. fyn.
150. 1. 11.-Haller deſcribes the leaves of his as gradually dimi-
niſhing, which correſponds with the fig. of the Fl. dan. St.
Slow ſtreams and marſhy ditches.
P. July.
-
POTAMO GETON mari'num. Leaves ſtrap- ſea
ſhaped, alternate, diſtinct; the baſe ſheathing the ſtem.-
Fl. dan. 186.--Vaill. 32. 5.-H. ox. v. 29. 9, at p. 596.—(Pet.
5. 13, and Pluk. 216. 5, are P. pectinatum.)
The props not diſtinct in this, as in the other ſpecies, but the
leaves fixed to them. Linn.—Leaves growing from the ſheaths,
which are ſlightly forked at the extremity as in P. pectinatum. In ſtag-
nant ſalt water ditches the whole plant is ſhorter; the branches and
leaves cloſer and more frequent. In running water, whether ſalt
or freſh, it grows to a vaſt length, and the branches and leaves are
farther

176
TETRANDRIA TETRAGYNIA.
--
farther aſunder, but in both caſes preſerve their paralleliſm. Spike
long; with fitting flowers, growing moſtly in interrupted whorls.
Fl. dan. 186 more exactly reſembles onr freſh than falt water plants,
though quoted in Syſt. Veget. for P. marinum. Mr. WOODWARD.
-Leaves ſcarcely a line broad. POLLICH. ST.-In quite freſh
water it becomes the P. pectinatum. Mr. Crowe. Mr. Wood-
-What I have been accuſtomed to refer to the mari-
num have grown in freſh water, as thoſe of Pollich. and Vaill.
(par. p. 164. n. 8.) If, however, ſuch ſhould prove to be the pectina-
tum, Linnæus's characteriſtic mark of the marinum, of its leaves
growing on leaf-ſheaths, will appear to be by no means peculiar to
that ſpecies.-Reichard's references to Haller in this ſpecies and
the pufillum are tranſpoſed. St.
Salt water ditches. [Near Yarmouth. Mr. W ODWARD.]
A. Linn. P. Huds. July. Aug.
Small POTAMOGE'TON pufil'lum. Leaves ſtrap-
ſhaped, oppoſite, alternately diſtinct, expanding at the
baſe. Stem cylindrical.-
Vaill. 32.4.-Pet. 5. 11. (Fl. dan. 186, is, without doubt, P.
marinum.)
Leaves rather pointed, very entire. Pollich. St.-Alternate;
but thoſe at the baſe of the fruit-ſtalks oppoſite. Neck. ST.-See
obſervation at the end of the generic character. St.---Spikes very
ſmall, compoſed of but few flowers. HALL. Mr. WOODWARD.-
Spikes of 6 or 8 florets, placed oppoſite to each other. Fruit-ſtalks
about 1 inch long. Scop.-Leaves rather longer than the joints of
the ſtem; upper ones oppoſite; lower ones alternate. Fruit-ſtalks ter-
minating, ſheathed at the baſe by 2 concave, ſkinny, ſpear-ſhaped
ſcales. Spikes terminating, nearly globular, about 3 flowers in
each. Summits a little hollow at the top. With.
Ponds in clayey foil. [About Tamworth, Warwickſh. With.]
A. LINN. P. HUDS. June.--Aug.
a
187. RUPPIA

IV. CHIVES, IV. POINTALS.
177
187. RUPPI A. Taffelgrafs.
EMPAL. Sheath, hardly any but what is formed by the
baſe of the leaves. Sheathed fruit-ſtalk awl-Shaped ;
undivided; ſtraight; bending when the fruit ripens;
beſet with flowers which point in 2 oppoſite direc-
tions Cup none.
Bloss. None.
Chives. Threads none. Tips 4; fitting; equal; fome-
what roundiſh; rather double.
Point. Seed-buds 4 or 5; ſomewhat egg-ſhaped; approach-
ing. Shaft none. Summits blunt.
S. Vess. None. The feeds are ſupported upon little
foot-ſtalks, thread-ſhaped, and as long as the fruit.
Seeds. 4 or 5; egg-ſhaped ; oblique; terminated by a
flat circular fummit.
Ess. CHAR. Blofs. o.. Empal. o. Seeds 4, on little foot-
fialks.
Sea
RUP'PIA marit'ima.
Fl. dan'. 364.--Mich. 35.-Pluk. 248.4, cop. in Pet. 6. 1.-Lightf.
8. 1.-Lob. obf. 653. 1.-Fructificat. Ray 6. 1. at p. 168. Mr.
WOODWARD.
Stem undivided. Leaves alternate Flowers on fruit-ſtalks. Bot,
Arr. ed. I.
Tafel Pondweed.
Salt water ditches; [near Yarmouth. Mr. WOODWARD.]
A. LINN, P. HUDS. July. Aug.
Vol. I.
N
Claſs

178
Claſs V.
Ρ Ε Ν Τ Α Ν D RI Α.
V. CHI VE S.
ΤΗ
H E firſt diviſion of the firſt ORDER of this claſs,
includes the plants with Rough LEAVES; which
admit of the following natural character:
Empal. Cup 1 leaf; with 5 clefts, or 5 diviſions: per-
; 5
manent.
Bloss. I petal; with 5 clefts.
:5
CHives. Threads 5, fixed to the tube of the bloſſom.
Point. Seed-buds 4. Shaft ſingle; thread-ſhaped. Summit
blunt.
S. Vess. None.
Seeds. 4; incloſed by the cup.
MARTYN Cat. Cant. 26.
Obs. Leaves rough and hairy; alternate, or ſcattered; without
leaf-ſtalks. Spikes before the flowers open, rolled back Spirally. Virtues
Nightly aſtringent, and ſometimes narcotic. Martyn, ib. But Linn.
deſcribes them as mucilaginous and eſculent. Phil. bot. 340. As there
is no feed-veſſel, the cup does not fall off, but remains after the
bloſſom decays, and contains the ſeeds.
In the ſecond diviſion of this order, thoſe plants which
bear berries and have a bloſſom compoſed of one petal,
are generally poiſonous.
The 3d diviſion of the Second Order conſiſts of plants
whoſe flowers are diſpoſed in Rundles; or the Umbellifer-
ous plants of
many authors. They admit of the follow-
ing natural character:
Rundle compoſed of ſeveral Rundlets.
Fence, general, incloſing the whole rundle, or partial,
inclofing only the rundlets.
EMPAL.

V:
179
CH I V E S.
EMPAL. Cup hardly diſcernible.
Bloss. 5 petals; ftanding on the feed-bud; ſhedding.
Petals generally heart-ſhaped, and bent inwards.
Chives. Threads 5; fimple; hair-like. Tips ſimple, or
roundiſh.
Point. Seed-bud beneath. Shafts 2, generally diſtant.
Summits ſimple.
S. Vess. None.
SEEDS. 2; ſcored; convex on one ſide, flat on the other.
MARTYN Cat. Cant.
Obs. Stems hollow and pithy. Leaves alternate.
In dry ſituations theſe plants are aromatic and carminative: in
moiſt ones, often poiſonous. MARTYN. ib. The greateſt virtues
are contained in the feeds and roots. Many of them are eaten at
our tables, as the roots of CARROT and PARSNEP, and the leaves
of CELERY. The ſeeds of CORIANDER and CarAWAY are uſed
in confectionary
Na
Claſs

180
Claſs V.
Ρ Ε Ν Τ Α Ν D RI Α.
20
V. CHI VE S.
Order I.
MONOGYNIA; I. POINT AL.
Flowers of 1 petal; beneath. Seeds 4; naked. Rough Leaves.
203. EC'HIUM.
Bloſs. mouth naked; irregular;
bell-ſhaped.
196. PULMONA'RIA. - Bloſs. mouth naked; funnel-
ſhaped. Cup priſm-ſhaped.
193. LITHOSPERMUM. Bloſs. mouth naked ; funnel-
ſhaped. Cup with 5 diviſions. .
197. SYM'PHYTUM. Bloſs. mouth toothed; bellying.
200. BORA'GO.
Bloſs. mouth toothed; wheel-
ſhaped.
202. Lycop'sis. Bloſs. mouth covered; funnel-
ſhaped. Tube crooked!
201. ASPERU'GO. Bloſs. mouth covered ; funnel-
ſhaped. Fruit compreſſed,
195, CYNOGLOSSUM. Bloſs. mouth covered; funnel-
ſhaped. Seeds depreſſed, 'fixed
by the fide.
194. ANCHU'SA.
Bloſs. mouth covered; funnel-
ſhaped. Tube priſm-ſhaped at
the baſe.
192. Myosotis.
Blocs. mouth covered; falver-
ſhaped. Segments notched.
** Flowers of 1 petal; beneath. Seeds in a veſel.
220. ANAGAL'LIS. - - Capſule 1-celled ; cut round.
Bloſsa wheel-ſhaped. Summit a
knob.
219. LYSIMAC'HIA. - Capſ.of i cell, and no valves. Bloſs.
wheel-ſhaped. Summit blunt.
210. PRIMULA.

V. CHI VE S.
181
210. PRI'MULA. Capſule 1-celled. Bloſs. funnel-
ſhaped: mouth open. Summit
globular.
216. HOTTONIA. Capſ. 1-celled. Bloſs. the tube
beneath the chives! Summit
globular.
215. MENYANTHES.
Capl. 1-celled. Bloſſom ſhaggy.
Summit cloven.
231. Convol'vULUS. Capf. 2-celled; 2-ſeeded. Bloſs.
bell-ſhaped. Summit cloven.
263. DATU'RA. Capſ. 2-celled; 4-valved! Bloſs.
funnel-fhaped.Cup deciduous.
264. HYOSCY'AMUS. Cap. 2-celled; covered with a
lid! Bloſs. funnel-ſhaped. Sum-
mit a knob.
262. VERBASCUM. Capf. 2-celled. Bloſs. wheel-
ihaped. Summit blunt. Chives
declining.
275. CHIRO'NIA.
Capf. 2-celled. Bloſs. jug-ſhaped.
Tips ſpirally twiſted after ſhed-
ding their duſt.
233. POLEMO'NIUM. Cap. 3-celled. Bloſs. with
5
diviſions. Chives on the valves
of the tube.
226. AZAL'EA. Capf. 5-celled. Bloſs. bell-ſhaped.
Summit blunt.
322. VINCA.
S. Vef. 2 upright little bags.
Bloſs. ſalver-ſhaped. Seeds not
-winged.
1
268. SOLANUM. Berry 2-celled. Tips with 2 holes
in each.
266. AT'ROPA.
Berry 2-celled. Chives diſtant;
bowed inwards.
+ Gentiana Centaurium.
-
-
*** Flowers of 1 petal; ſuperior.
238. SAMOLUS. Capſ. 1-celled; and 5 valves at
the top. Bloſs. falver-ſhaped.
Summit a knob.
236. PHYTEU'MA. - - Capſ: 2 or 3-celled; perforated.
Bloſs. with 5 diviſions. Summit
with 2 or 3 clefts.
234. CAMPANULA,
N 3

182
PEN Α.
Ρ Ε Ν Τ Α Ν D RI T AND A.
234. Campan'ula. - - Capſ: 3 or 5-celled, perforated.
Bloſs
. bell-ſhaped. Summit 3-
clefted.
250. Lonice'RA.
Berry 2-celled, roundiſh. Bloſs.
unequal. Summit a knob.
+ Viburnum Lantana. Lobelia. Rubia peregrina.
**** Flowers of 5 petals; beneath.
284. RHAM'NUS. Berry 3-celled; globular. Cup
tubular, reſembling a bloſſom;
with 5 converging ſcales at the
mouth.
291. Evon'ymus. - - Berry reſembling a capſule,lobed,
Cup expanding. Seed like a
berry; covered with an outer
coat.
of Viola Impatiens.
***** Flowers of 5 petals; ſuperior.
Berry many-feeded. Petals ſtand-
ing on the cup. Shaft çloven.
304. HED'era.
Berry 5-feeded. Cup binding
round the fruit. Summit ſimple.
+ Jaſione.
301. Ri'bes.
****** Flowers imperfe&t; beneath.
313. ILLEC'EBRUM.
Capſ. 1-ſeeded; 5-valved. Cup
ſimple; rough and inelegant.
314. Glav'x.
Capſ. 5-feeded; and 5-valved,
Cupfimple; bell-ſhaped; rough
and inelegant.
of Polygonum amphibium. Atriplex. Salfola. Chenopodium
maritimum.
******* Flowers imperfect; ſuperior.
315. THESIUM. Seed 1, crowned. Cup bearing
the chives.
Order

V. CHI VE S.
183
Order II.
DIGYNIA; II. POINTALS.
* Flowers of 1 petal; beneath.
357. Swer'TIA.
Capſ. 1-celled; 2 valved. Bloſs.
wheel-ſhaped, with 5 honey-
5
cup pores.
352. Gentia'NA. -
Capſ. 1-celled, 2-valved. Bloſs.
tubular; variouſly ſhaped.
+ Cuſcuta.
** Flowers of 5 petals; beneath.
+ Staphylea pinnata.
*** Flowers imperfe&t.
339. SAL'sola.
Seed 1; reſembling a ſnail-hell,
covered. Cup 5 leaves.
337. CHENO PO'DIUM. Seed 1; round and flat. Cup 5 con-
cave leaves.
338. Beta.
Seed 1; kidney-ſhaped. Cup 5
leaves; with the feed at the
bottom.
336. Hernia'RIA. Seed 1; egg-ſhaped ; covered.
Cup with 5 diviſions. Threads
5 with, and 5 without tips.
345. UL'MUS.
Berry not juicy; compreſſed. Cup
i leaf; foon ſhrivelling.
* Scleranthus annuus, perennis. Cuſcuta europoea.
.
a
**** Flowers of 5 petals; ſuperior-and 2 ſeeds. In RundLES.
A. Fence both general and partial.
354. ERYNG'IUM. Florets in globular heads. Recep-
tacle chaffy.
355. HYDROCOT'YLE. Florets in a ſort of rundle; fer-
tile. Seeds compreſſed.
356. SANIC'ULA. Florets in a fort of rundle; thoſe
in the centre barren. Seeds
covered with ſharp points.
N4
375. Heracle'UM.
a

184
Ρ Ε Ν Τ Α Ν D R Ι Α.
375: HERACLE'UM. Florets unequal; almoſt all fer-
tile. Fence deciduous. Seeds
membranaceous.
382. OENANTHE, - Florets unequal; thoſe in the cir-
cumference barren. Fence fim-
ple. Seeds crowned; fitting.
359. ECHINOPH'ORA, Florets unequal, ſeveral barren.
Fence fimple. Seeds fitting.
362. CAU'CALIS. Florets unequal; thoſe in the cen-
tre barren. Fence fimple. Seeds
covered with ſharp points.
364. Dau'cus.
- Florets unequal; thoſe in the
centre barrren. Fence winged.
Seeds covered with prickles.
361. TORDUL'IUM. Florets unequal; all fertile. Fence
ſimple. Seeds with a ſcolloped
border.
370. PeuceD'ANUM. Florets equal; thoſe in the centre
barren. Fence fimple. Seeds
ſcored; flatted.
367. CO'NIUM, - Florets equal; all fertile. Petals
heart-ſhaped. Partial fence ex-
tending but I way round, Seeds
bellying; ribbed and furrowed.
366. BU'NIUM.
Florets equal; all fertile. Petals
heart-ſhaped. Partial fence briſ-
tle-ſhaped
369. ATHAMAN'TA. Florets equal; all fertile. Petals
heart-ihaped. Seeds convex,
fcored.
358. BUPLEU'RUM. Florets equal; all fertile. Petals
rolled inwards. (9 he undivided
leaves of the partial fence often
reſemble petals.)
378. Si'um.
Florets equal; all fertile. Petals
heart-Shaped. Seeds nearly egg-
ſhaped; ſcored.
368. SELI'NUM. Florets equal; all fertile. Petals
heart-Ihaped.Seedsfatted;ſcored.
371. CRITH'MUM.
Florets equal; all fertile. Petals
rather fat. Fence horizontal.
376. LIGUS'TICUM.
Florets equal; all fertile. Petals
rolled inwards. Fence mein-
branaceous.
377. ANGELICA.

y.
y. C CH
H I V E S.
185
377. ANGEL'ICA. -
Florets equal; all fertile. Petals
rather flat. Rundlets globular.
Florets equal; all fertile. Petals
rather flat. Rundlets of few
florets.
+ Coriandrum. Apium graveolens.
379. Sison.
385. ÆThu'sA.
B. Fence only partial.
Florets rather unequal; all fertile.
Partial fence extending but half
way round.
-
386. CORIAN'DRUM. - Florets unequal; fome of them
barren. Fruit nearly globular.
387. SCAN'dix. - Florets unequal; thoſe in the
centre barren. Fruit oblong.
383. CHÆROPHYL'LUM Florets unequal; thoſe in the
centre generally barren. Fruit
nearly globular. (Partial fence
5 leaves.)
383. PheLLAN'DRIUM. Florets nearly equal; all fertile.
Fruit crowned.
389. IMPERATO'RIA. Florets nearly equal; all fertile.
Rundle expanded and flat.
384. Cicu'TA.
Florets nearly equal; all fertile.
Petals rather flat.
+ Bupleurum rotundifolium. Heracleum Sphondylium.
Oenanthe crocata. Caucalis leptophylla.
Caucalis leptophylla. Angelica fylveſtris.
Bunium Bulbocaſtanum.
-
C. FENCE 0; neither. general nor partial.
393. SMYR'NIUM. Florets equal; thoſe in the centre
barren. Seeds kidney-ſhaped;
angular.
395. CA'RUM:
Florets nearly equal; thoſe in
the centre barren. Seeds bel-
lying ; ſcored.
392. PASTINA'CA.
Florets nearly equal; all fertile.
Seeds depreſſed and flat.
394. ANE'THUM.
Florets nearly equal; all fertile.
Seeds bordered ; fcored.
398. ÆGOPO'DIUM.

186
I
397. A'pium.
Ρ Ε Ν Τ Α Ν D RI A,
T A N
398. ÆGOPO'DIUM. Florets nearly equal; all fertile.
Seeds bellying; ſcored. Petals
heart-ſhaped.
Florets equal; almoſt all fertile.
Seeds minute; ſcored. Petals
bent inwards.
369. PIMPINEL'LA. Florets nearly equal; all fertile.
Petals heart-Thaped. Rundles
before flowering, nodding.
Order III.
TRIGYNIA; III. POINTALS.
;
* Bloſſoms ſuperior.
400. VIBUR'NUM.
Bloſs. 5-clefted. Berry 1-feeded.
402. SAMBU'CUS. Bloſs. 5-clefted. Berry 3-ſeeded.
-
** Bloſſoms beneath.
404. STAPHYLE'A.
Bloſs. 5-petaled. Cap. with 2 or
3 clefts; inflated
411. ALSI'NE. -
Bloſs. 5-petals. Capſ. 1-celled.
Cup 5-leaved. Petals cloven.
409. Corrigi'OLA.. - Bloſs. 5-petaled. Seed 3-cornered.
Cup with 5 diviſions.
+ Montia fontana. Arenaria rubra; marina. Salſola fruticoſa.
Holofteum umbellatum. Chenopodium maritimum.
.
Order IV.
TETRAGYNIA; IV. POINT ALS.
415. Parnas'sIA.
Bloſs. 5-petaled. Capſ. 4-valved.
Honeycups 5; fringed with
glands.
Order V.
PENTAGYNIA; V. POINT ALS.
419. Li'NUM.
-- Bloſs. 5-petaled. Capſ. 10-celled;
2-feeded.
421. DRO'SERA.

V. C H I V E S.
187
421. Dro'sERA.
Bloſs. 5-petaled. Capſ. 1-celled;
opening at the top.
425. SIBBAL'DIA.
Bloſs. 5-petaled. Seeds 5. Cup
10-clefted.
418. STAT'ICE.
Bloſs. with 5 diviſions. Seed 1;
encloſed in the funnel-ſhaped
cup
+ Ceraſtium ſemidecandrium. Spergula pentandria. Geranium.
Sagina procumbens.
Order VI.
POLYGYNIA; MANY POINT ALS.
426. Myosu'rus. Cup 5-leaved.
Honeycups 5;
tongue-ſhaped. Seeds numerous,
+ Ranunculus hederaceus.
192. MYO.

188
PENTANDRIA MONOGYNIA.
192. MYOSO'TIS. Scorpiongrafs.
EMPAL. Cup with 5 ſhallow clefts ; oblong; upright;
ſharp; permanent.
Bloss. 1 petal; falver-ſhaped. Tube cylindrical; ſhort.
Border flat; with 5 ſhallow clefts. Segments blunt ;
5
notched at the end. Mouth cloſed with 5 convex,
prominent, approaching valves,
Chives. Threads 5, vory ſhort; fixed to the neck of the
.
tube. Tips very imall; covered.
Point. Seed-buds 4. Shaft thread-ſhaped; as long as the
tube of the bloffom. Summit blunt.
S. Vess. None. The Cup enlarged and upright contains
the feeds within it.
SEEDS. 4; egg-ſhaped; tapering; ſmooth.
Ess. Char. Bloſs. Salver-Shaped, with 5 clefts, nicked ;
Mouth cloſed with a vaulted roof.
a
-
mouſe-ear MYOSO'TIS ſcorpioi'des. Seeds ſmooth. Points
of the leaves callous.
Bloſſoms in a long ſpirally twiſted ſpike.
Apr.-Aug.
When it grows in the water, and its taſte and ſmell are thereby
,
rendered leſs obſervable, Sheep will ſometimes eat it, but it is
generally fatal to them.Cows, Horſes, Swine, and Goats re-
fuſe it.
field a. arvenſis. Leaves hairy.
Fl. dan. 583.--Dod. 72, repr. in Lob. obl. 245. 4, Ger. em. 337.
4; and cop. in Park. 691.7, and H. ox. xi. 31. row 2. 1.-
J. B. iii. 589.2.
Dry meadows, corn fields, and gardens.
Seeds ſhining. Scop. With. Stem-leaves egg-ſpear-ſhaped.
Empal. divided more than half way down. Blofs. fome of the feg-
ments very entire; valves bright yellow, convex above, and
hollow underneath, the tips being placed in the hollow. Summits
2, globular, very minute. Seeds compreſſed. WITH.
yellow B. Bloſſoms yellow. Ray. Huds. ST.
flowered In very dry ſituations it has ſometimes blue and yellow flowers
on the ſame plant. Mr. WOODWARD.
Walls, dry paſtures, and ſandy places.
A.
broad-leaved y. Huds. Leaves broad, hairy. Bloſſoms larger than a and
flowers earlier.
In woods. A. RAY.
Ray 9. 2. at p. 128.--Barr. 404?
s, paluftris.

V. CHIVES, I. POINTAL.
189
water
d. paluſtris. Leaves ſmooth.
Curt. iii. 28.-Ger. em. 337. 3, cop. in Park. 691.8, and H. ox.
xi. 31. row 2.4:-(Barr.404, from its place of growth, habit,
and hairy leaves ſeems rather to be y.)
Ditches, ſprings, and rivulets. P.*
193. LITHOSPERMUM. Gromwell.
EMPAL. Cup with 5 divifions; oblong; ſtraight; point-
ed; permanent. Segments awl-ſhaped; keeled.
Bloss. I petal, funnel-ſhaped; as long as the empale-
ment. Tube cylindrical. Border with 5 ſhallow clefts;
blunt, upright. Mouth open,
naked.
Chives. Threads 5, very ſhort. Tips oblong, in the
mouth of the bloſſom.
Point. Seed-buds 4. Shaft thread-ſhaped; as long as the
tube of the bloſſom. Summit blunt; cloven.
S. Vess. None. The feeds are contained in the bottom
of the open cup, which is longer than the ſeeds.
Seeds. 4, egg-ſhaped; tapering; hard; finooth.
Ess. Char. Bloſs
. funnel-ſhaped, open and naked at the
mouth. Empal. with 5 diviſions.
LITHOSPERMUM officina'le. Seeds ſmooth. common
Bloſſoms hardly longer than the cup. Leaves ſpear-ſhaped.
Ludw. 147.-Dod. 83.2, repr. in Ger. em. 609. 2, and cop. in
Park. 432. 1, and H. ox. xi. 31. row 1. 1.–Ger. 486. 2.-
Matth. 918.-Fuciſ. 489, cop. in Trag. 536, and J. B. iii.
590.2.-(Blackw.is L. arvenſe.)
Bloſſoms white. Seeds as hard as bone. LINN.
Gromill. Graymill.
Dry gravelly foil.
P. May. June.
Grew ſays the feeds have ſo much earth in their compoſition that
they efferveſce with acids, but Linnæus contradicts this aſſertion,
Sheep and Goats eat it.-Cows and Horſes refuſe it.
LITHOSPERMUM arven'ſe. Seeds wrinkled. corn
Bloſſoms hardly longer than the cups.
Riv.
* This being perennial, while the reſt are annuals, bas led Haller to make it
a diſtinct ſpecies, and yet variety B. which Ray aſſerts to be annual, he has ar-
ranged as a variety of this. The varieties of this ſpecies in the hands of the
cultivating botaniſt, might form the ſubject of a courſe of very intereſting ex-
periments. St.

190
PENTANDRIA MONOGYNIA.
Riv. mon. 9. 1.-Fl. dan. 456.--Blackw. 436.-H. ox. xi. 28.7.
---Ger. em. 610.4, cop. in Park. 432. 6.-Matth. 917, ſeeds,
I ſuſpect, fictitious.
Stems very rough. Leaves betwixt ſtrap and ſpear-ſhaped, hairy.
Empal. ſegments beſet with long white hairs. Bloſs. hairy on the
outſide ; tube with ten glandular teeth at the baſe on the inſide.
Chives very ſhort, inſerted near the baſe of the tube. Shaft not half
as long as the tube. Seeds rather covered with tubercles than
wrinkled. With.-Bloſs. white, on ſhort fruit-ſtalks. Roots reddiſh.
Baſtard Alkanet. Baſtard Gromill. Salfern. Painting Root.
Corn fields, common.
A. May. June.
The girls in the North of Europe paint their faces with the juice
of the root upon days of feſtivity. The bark of the root tinges
wax and oil of a beautiful red, fimilar to that which is obtained
from the root of the foreign Alkanet that is kept in the ſhops.
Sheep and Goats eat it. Cows are not fond of it. Horſes and
Swine refuſe it.
-
creeping
LITHOSPERMUM purpu'ro-cæru'leum. Seeds
ſmooth. Bloſſom ſeveral times longer than the cup.-
Jacq. f. 14.—Pet. 29.6.--Cluf. ii. 163.2, repr. in Dod. 83. 1,
Lob. obf. 245. 1, Ger. em. 60g. 1, and cop. in Park. 431, and
I
H.ox. xi. 31. 2.-Pluk. 76.2.–Ger. 486. 1.-J. B. iii. 692.
1.-(Matth. 917, ſeems rather L. arvenſe.-H.ox.ib. 5, a dif-
ferent plant.)
The barren ftems creeping and ſending forth roots. Flowering ſtems
upright. Blosſoms purple. LINN.
Mountainous and woody paſtures.
P. June.
194. ANCHU'SA.

V. CHIVES, I. POINTAL.
191
194. ANCHU'S A.
Alkanet.
EMPAL. Cup with 5 diviſions; oblong; cylindrical ;
pointed; ſharp; permanent.
Bloss. I petal; funnel-ſhaped. Tube cylindrical; as
long as the empalement. Border with 5 ſhallow
clefts; blunt; a little expanding. Mouth cloſed by
5 convex, prominent, oblong, approaching valves.
CHives. Threads 5, very ſhort; fixed to the mouth of the
blofs. Tips oblong; fixed ſideways; covered by the
valves of the tube.
Point. Seed-buds 4. Shaft thread-ſhaped; as long as the
chives. Summit blunt; notched.
S. Vess. None. The Cup growing larger and upright
incloſes the feeds.
Seeds. 4; rather long; blunt; bulging.
Ess. Char. Bloſs. funnel-Shaped, the mouth cloſed by a vaulted
roof. Seeds hollowed out at the baſe.
Obs. When the bloſſom is fully expanded it is nearly falver-
ſhaped.
ANCHU'SA ſempervirens. Fruit-ſtalks in heads with evergreen
2 leaves to each head. LINN.-Or in leafy bunches in
pairs. Leaves egg-ſhaped. St.*
Munt. 117.-H. ox. xi. 26. 2.--Lob. adv. 247, repr. in Ger.
em. 797. 3, heads expanded as is ſometimes the caſe into Spikes in
pairs.-Ger. 653. 3, flowers on long naked fruit-ſtalks.
Stems from the ſides of the crown of the root; upright, rough
with hair. Leaves egg-ſtrap-ſhaped, on leaf-ſtalks; remote; ſpotted
with white. Fruit-ſtalks riſing from the baſe of the leaves, bear-
ing ſeveral flowers. Floral-leaves oppoſite, fitting, ſpear-egg-
ſhaped. Bloſs. blue; tube ſhort. Linn.-Leaves not ſpotted with
white. Empal. ſet thick with long white briſty hairs; fegments
rather longer than the tube of the bloſſom. Bloſs. tube with four
corners at the baſe. Threads inſerted about the middle of the
tube. Tips dark purple. Summit ſcored acroſs. Seed-buds embedded
in a hollow glandular receptacle, 1 or 2 generally abortive. Seeds
rough, of a bony hardneſs. With.
Road fides and amongſt rubbiſh. [Haddiſcoe, Suffolk, Mr.
WOODWARD; near Norwich, Mr. PiTCHFORD; near Birming-
ham
-
a
* -Vel racemofis, racemis foliatis conjugatis, foliis ovatis. ST.
-

192
PENTANDRIA MONOGYNIA.
ham on the Alceſter Road. With. near the Blanketts, Worceſ-
ter. Mr. BALLARD. ST.]
P. May. June.
Cows, Horſes, Sheep, and Goats eat it. Swine are not fond
of it.
ment.
195. CYNOGLOSS'UM. Houndstongue.
EMPAL. Cup with 5 diviſions ; oblong; ſharp; perma-
nent.
Bloss. I petal; funnel-ſhaped ; as long as the empale-
Tube cylindrical ; ſhorter than the Border.
Border with 5 ſhallow clefts; blunt. Mouth cloſed by
5 convex, prominent, approaching valves.
Chives. Threads 5; very ſhort; fixed to the mouth of
the bloſſom. Tips roundiſh; naked.
Point. Seed-buds 4. Shaft awl-ſhaped; as long as the
chives; permanent. Summit notched at the end.
S. Vess. None; but the feed-coats of the four feeds;
depreſſed, roundiſh, outwardly more blunt; rough;
not opening; flat upon the outer ſide; fixed by their
points.
Seeds. 4; ſomewhat egg-ſhaped; bulging; tapering;
ſmooth. (Hairy or woolly. Scop.)
Ess. Char. Bloſs. funnel-Shaped; mouth cloſed by a vaulted
roof. Seeds depreſſed, fixed to the shaft only by their inner
edge.
Obs. The eſſence of this genus conſiſts in having 4 feed-coats
fixed to the ſhaft, each containing a ſingle feed.
great
-
CYNOGLOSSUM officina'le. Chives ſhorter than
the bloſſom. Leaves broad; fpear-ſhaped ; fitting;
downy.-
Ludw. 81.---Curt. iv. 43:--Matth. 1190 and 1191, cop. in Dod.
54. I and 2, repr. in Lob. obf. 313, Ger. em. 804. I and 1, and
which cop. in Park. 511, and 512. 3.-Blackw. 249.--Ger. 659.
--H. ox. xi. 30. 1 and 2.-3. B. iii. 598.-(Fuchſ. 408, cop.
in Trag. 230, has chives longer than the bloſs. and is Bugl. fylu.
tert. Bauh. pin. p. 256.)
Seeds hedge-hogged. Scop.-Whole plant downy, and ſoft to the
touch. Leaves ftrap-fpear-ſhaped. Empal. ſegments oblong-egg-
ſhaped, not hurp. Bloſs. a marone or mulberry colour. Valves
fringed. Tips oblong. WITH.
Road fides and amongſt rubbiſh.
P. June.
Both

V. CHIVES, I. POINTAL.
193
a
Both the root and leaves have been ſuſpected to poſſeſs narcotic
properties, but ſome will not admit the fact. It is diſcarded from
the preſent practice; but Mr. Ray ſays that Dr. Hulſe uſed a de-
coction of the roots inwardly, and cataplaſms of them outward-
ly in ftrumous and fcrophulous caſes.--Its ſcent is very diſagree-
able, and very much reſembles that of mice. Mr. WALDRON
HILL. ST.
Goats eat it. Cows, Horſes, Sheep, and Swine refuſe it
It furniſhes food to the Phalana Domina.
7. LINN. Huds.
green-leaved
Stem with a ſlight hairineſs. Leaves not hoary, but of a dark
green; ſmooth above. Flowers ſmaller, has not the hoarineſs,
and is entirely deſtitute of the ſtrong ſcent of the common Cynogloſ-
fum. Bauh. prodr.-Leaves rougher. POLLICH. St.
[Shady lanes about Worceſter. Mr. Pitts in R. Jyn. St.-Near
the 3d mile ſtone on the road from Worceſter to Perſhore. Nash.]
Park. 512. 5.
5 ſhallow
196. PULMONA'RIA. Lungwort.
EMPAL. Cup i leaf; with 5 teeth; a 5-ſided priſm; per-
manent.
Bloss. I petal; funnel-ſhaped. Tube cylindrical; as
long as the empalement. Border with
clefts; blunt; not quite upright. Mouth open.
Chives. Threads 5, very ſhort; in the mouth of the
tube. Tips upright; approaching.
Point. Seed-buds 4. Shaft thread-ſhaped ; ſhorter than
4
the empalement. Summit blunt; notched at the end.
S. Vess. None. The Empalement unchanged contains the
ſeeds in its baſe.
Seeds. 4; roundifh; blunt.
Ess. CHAR. Bloſs. funnel-Shaped. Mouth open. Empal.
a 5-ſided priſm.
PULMONA'RIA officina'lis. Empal. as long as the broad-leaved
tube of the bloſſom. Root-leaves egg-heart-ſhaped ;
rough.
Ludw. 45.-Fl. dan. 482.-Blackw. 376, bloſſoms ill-coloured.-
Ger. 663. 4, and 662. 1.-Cluf. ii. 199. 1, repr. in Dod. 135.
1, Lob. obf. 317. 1, and Ger. em. 808. 1; and cop. in H. ox.
xi. 29. 8.-Walc.-Park.par. 251.1.–J. B. iii. 595.-Matth.
1040.-(H. ox. ib. 9, and Pluk. 227.4, are good repreſenta-
tions, but of a variety different from the common.)
Vol. I.
O
Bloſſoms
-

194
PENTANDRIA MONO GYNIA,
Bloſſoms purple when newly expanded, but afterwards blue.
Stems rough. Tube of the bloſſom white; mouth hairy.
Spotted Lungwort. Cowſlips of Jeruſalem.
Woods.
P. May.
When burnt it affords a larger quantity of afhes than almoſt
any other vegetable; often 1-7th of its weight.
Sheep and Goats eat it. Cows are not fond of it. Horſes and
Swine refuſe it. The Chryſomela nemorum feeds upon
it.
This ſpecies is given on the authority of Mr. Hudſon, who re-
fers to Fl. dan. 482, the P. officinalis, and alſo to Ger. em. 808. 2,
R. ſyn. 226. which is the P. anguſtifolia, and gives no place of
growth except one tranſcribed from Ray. The following is given
conformable to the authority of Ray.
narroveleaved PULMONARIA anguflifolia. Root-leaves ſpear-
ſhaped.-
Fl. dan. 483.--Ger. 662, 2.-Cluf. ii. 170.1, rep. in Ger. em.
808. 2, and cop. in H. ox. xi. 29. row 2. 5.--Park. par. 251.
2.-(H. ox.ib. 10, and J. B. iii. 596, is a different plant.)
Bugtoſs-Corſlips. Long-leaved Sage of Jeruſalem.
Mr. Goodyer found it in a wood by Holbury Houſe in the
* New Foreſt, Hampſhire." JOHNSON in Ger. em. p. 809.-R.
fyn. 226.-The authority of Mr. Goodyer is cited alſo by Parkinſon,
but who ſuppoſes him to have found the P. officinalis. St.
Sea
-
PULMONARIA marit'ima. Empalement but half
as long as the tube of the bloſſom. Leaves egg-ſhaped.
Stem branched; trailing.--
Lightf. 7.- Dill. elth. 65.--Fl. dan. 25.-Fluk. 172. 3, cop. in H.
ox. xi. 28. row 2. 12.-Park. 766. 5.-Sibbald. 12. 4. bad.
Mr. Wood WARD.
Leaves upper furface ſprinkled with white prominent dots. ST.
---Bloſs. purple.
Sea Buglofs.
On ſandy ſhores.
P. July..
197. SYM'PHY-

V. CHIVES, I. POINTAL.
195
;
197. SY M'PHYTUM. Comfrey.
EMPAL. Cup with 5 diviſions and 5 corners ; upright;
ſharp; permanent.
Bloss. I petal; bell-ſhaped. Tube very ſhort. Border
tubular ; diftended; thicker than the tube; edge
with 5 blunt reflected teeth. Mouth of the Tube fur-
niſhed with 5 awl-ſhaped valves, ſhorter than the
border, approaching fo as to form a cone.
Chives. Threads 5 ; awl-thaped; ſtanding alternately with
the valves in the mouth of the tube. Tips upright; ;
ſharp; covered.
Point. Seed-buds 4. Shaft thread-ſhaped, as long as the
bloſſom. Summit ſimple.
S. Vess. None. The Cup grows larger and wider.
Seeds. 4; bulging, tapering; approaching at the points
Ess. Char. Bloſs. the border betwixt tubular and bulgings
the mouth cloſed with awl-Shaped rays.
SYM'PHYTUM officina'le. Leaves egg-ſpear-ſhaped, common
running along the ſtem.
Ludw. 80, but from the ink having taken only the edge of the ſtalk has
very much of the delicate appearance of S. tuberoſum.--Curt. iv:
28.-Fl. dan. 664.-Blackw. 252.-Matth. 961, cop. in Dodo
134. I, repr. in Lob. obf. 315.1, Ger. em. 806. 1, and cop.
in Park. 523.1.-Ger. 660. I and 2.-H.ox. xi. 29. row. I.
1.--Pet. 29. 5.-Fuchſ. 695, cop. in Trag. 240, and J. B. iii.
593
Root nearly ſpindle-ſhaped, ſingle, or generally ſeveral, a foot
long, as thick as one's finger, round, not knotty, as in the S.
tuberoſum. Upper leaves ſometimes oppoſite. Begins to flower in
June, continuing the greater part of the ſummer. Road fides,
where the rubbiſh of gardens or ploughed fields has been laid, and
the adjoining paſtures. JACQ.-Bloſs. valves of the mouth not toothed
at the baſe. Scop. But in my ſpecimens they are generally toothed
down to the baſe. St.-Bloſſoms yellowiſh white.
B. Bloſſoms purple. LINN.-Or pink colour. St.
purple
Empal. corners not very evident. Bloſs. tube as long as the em-
palement; egg-ſhaped above. Valves ſpear-ſhaped, Hat, cover-
ing the tips; edge ſtudded with ſmall ſhining glands. With.
Banks of rivers and wet ditches.
P. May.
The particles of the duſt appear in the microſcope like two glo-
bules united together. The leaves give a grateful flavour to cakes
and
!
02

196
PENTANDRIA MONOGYNIA.
and panada, and the young ſtems and leaves are excellent when
boiled. The roots are glutinous and mucilagmous, and a decoc-
tion of them is uſed by the dyers to extract the colouring matter
of
gum
lac.
Cows and Sheep eat it. Horſes, Goats, and Swine refuſe it.
LINN. A Horſe eat it. ST.
--
tuberous SYM'PHYTUM tubero'ſum. Leaves running half
rooted way down; the uppermoſt oppoſite.-
Jacq. fl. 225.—Obf. 63.--Cluf. ii. 166.2, repr. in Ger. em. 806.
, 3, and cop. in H.ox. xi. 29. row 1. 3.--). B. iii. 594.- (Club
ib. 1, repr. in Dod. 134.2, Lob. obf. 315. 2, and cop.in Park.
523.3, and H.ox. ib. 2, ſeems to me to reſemble more Hyoſcyamus
Scopolia than a Symphytum.)
Poſſibly a variety of the S. officinale. Root white, and not black
on the outſide as that of the preceding. Linn.-Root tuberous,
oblong, branched or ſimple, with flender lateral fibres. Leaves
not fo rough with hair; edges often running down almoſt as far
as in the S. officinalis; upper ſometimes alternate. Habit more de-
licate; not ſo tall; all the parts in leſs profufion. Bloſs. yellowiſh
white. Begins to bloſſom in May, and out of flower by the end
of June.-Shady woods and brakes. JACQ.--Head of the root tu-
berous. Blofs. paliſh yellow ; valves of the mouth finely toothed
throughout. Scop.—But ſo are thoſe of the S. officinale. St.
200. BORA'G O. Borage.
EMPAL. Cup with 5 diviſions; permanent.
Bloss. ! petal; wheel-ſhaped ; as long as the empalement.
Tube ſhorter than the cup. Border with 5 diviſions ;
wheel-Shaped ; flat. Mouth crowned with 5 promi-
nencies, which are blunt and notched at the end.
Chives. Threads 5'; awl-ſhaped ; approaching. Tips ob-
long; approaching; fixed to the inner fide, and
about the middle of the thread.
Point. Seed-buds 4. Shaft thread-ſhaped; longer than
the chives. Summit ſimple.
S. Vess. None. The Cup grows larger and bladder-
ſhaped.
SEEDS. 4; roundiſh; wrinkled; keeled outwardly to-
wards the point; globular at the baſe : lying length-
ways in a hollow of the receptacle.
Ess. CHAR. Bloſs. wheel-ſhaped; mouth cloſed with rays.
BORA'GO
a

V. CHIVES, I. POINTAL.
197
--
BORA'GO officinalis. All the leaves alternate. Cups common
expanding.-
Ludw.3.-Fuchſ. 142, cop. in Dod. 627. 1, which repr. in Ger.
em. 797. 2; and cop. again in 7. B. iii. 574, which repr. at 588.
;
1.—Blackw. 36.—Matth. 1186.-Trag. 237.-Ger. 653. 2 and
1.-H. ox. xi. 26. 1, on the left.--Lob. obf. 309. 2, repr. in
Ger. em. 797. I.
Fruit-ſtalks terminating; fupporting ſeveral flowers. Came
originally from Aleppo; but now found in many parts of Europe.
Bloſs. blue, white, or fleſh-coloured. Linn.-Whole plant rough
with numerous white prickly hairs. Bloſs. Segments ſpear-shaped;.
the prominencies, one riſing from the baſe of each ſegment, brown-
iſh, half egg-ſhaped. Threads, the portion above the inſertion
of the tips cylindrical, dark blue, that below the inſertion thick,
brown and glandular. Tips black. Shaft rather ſhorter than the
chives. Leaves egg-ſhaped, embracing the ſtem. WITH.
Walls and amongſt rubbiſh.
P. June.--Aug.
By the experiments of Mr. Marggraff, Mem. de Berlin. 1747.
p. 72, it appears that the juice affords a true nitre.--It is now ſel-
dom uſed inwardly but as an ingredient in cool tankards for ſum-
mer drinking, though the young and tender leaves are good in
ſallads, or as a pot-herb.-It affords nouriſhment to the Phalana
Gamma. LINN.-A Horſe eat it. ST.
201. ASPERUG O. Catchweed.
I
EMPAL. Cup of 1 leaf; permanent; with 5 upright, un-
equal ſegments.
Bloss. I petal; funnel-Shaped. Tube cylindrical; very
ſhort. Border with 5 ſhallow clefts; blunt; ſmall.
Mouth cloſed by 5 convex, projecting, approaching
valves.
Chives. Threads 5, very ſhort; fixed in the mouth of the
tube. Tips rather oblong; covered.
Point. Seed-buds 4, compreſſed. Shaft thread-ſhaped ;
ſhort. Summit blunt.
S. Vess. None. The Cup very large; upright; com-
preſſed; cloſes upon and contains the feeds.
Seeds. 4; oblong; compreſſed ; in diſtant pairs.
Ess. Char. Empal. of the fruit compreſſed; its fides" flat,
parallel, indented. (But in A. ægypt. the empal. of
the fruit is bulging. Sr.)
03
ASPERU'GO

198
PENTANDRIA MONOGYNIA.
trailing
ASPERU'GO procum'bens. Empalement of the fruit
compreſſed.-
Fl. dan. 552.-H. ox. xi. 26. 13.-Ger. 963.-Dod. 356, repr.
in Ger. em. 1122, 2.---Lob. obf. 466. 2.-Garid. 9.-). B.iii.
600. 2, repr. in 601. 2.--(590. I, a different plant.)
Bloſs. very ſmall, deep blue. Hall. Mr. Woodw.—Leaves
moſtly by threes, all pointing upwards. Mr. WOODWARD.-Stem
angular, fides unequal; angles beſet with ſtrong hooked prickles
pointing backwards. Leaves ſpear-oblong, beſet with hairs point-
ing towards the end; from 1 to 4 to a ſet of flowers, from the
fame ſide of the ſtem with the flowers, Empal. of the fruit affumes
an appearance very different from that of the flower, as if com-
poſed of 2 diſtinct valves, though in reality of i leaf; teeth taper-
ing to a point, the middlemoſt in one of the valves longer than
the other teeth, but in the other valve thorter, and cloven at the
end. Bloſs. ſcarcely a line broad. Fruit on ſhort fruit-ſtalks, bowed
down in a direction oppoſite to that of the leaves. ST.
Great Gooſe-graſs. German Madwort.
In roads and amongſt rubbiſh.
A. April. May.
Horſes, Goats, Sheep, and Swine eat it. Cows are not fond
of it.
a
202. LYCOP'SIS, Buglofs.
EMPAL. Cup with 5 diviſions; permanent. Segments ob-
long ; ſharp; open.
Bloss. I petal ; funnel-ſhaped. Tube cylindrical; crook-
ed. Border with 5 ſhallow clefts; blunt. Mouth clofed
by 5 prominent, convex, approaching valves.
Chives. Threads 5, very ſmall, fixed to the bend of the
;
tube. Tips ſmall, covered by the valves.
Point. Seed-buds 4. Shaft thread-ſhaped ; as long as the
chives. Summit blunt; cloven.
S. Vess. None. The Cup very large and bladder-ſhaped
incloſes the ſeed.
Seeds. 4; rather long; covered by a dry hard wrinkled
coat.
Ess. CHAR. Tube of the blosſom crooked,
LYCOP'SIS arven'ſis. Leaves ſpear-ſhaped, rough
with hair. Cups while in flower upright.
Fuchf. 269, cop, in Dod. 628. 2, which repr. in Ger. em. 799. 3,
and cop, again in 7. B. iii. 581, and H. ox. xi. 26. 8.--Riv.
weild
mon.

V. CHIVES, I. POINTAL199
.
,
mon. 7. 2, briſtly hairs not repreſented.---Fl. dan. 435, leaves ta-
pering to a point; the undulated toothed edge aud briſtly hairs not re-
preſented.-Blackw. 234, leaves rounded at the end, and with the
deficiencies of Fl. dan.-Trag. 234,* as the Fl. dan.
Whole plant rough with ſtrong hairs. LINN. ST.-Hairs bulbous
at the root. HALL. ST.--Heads of the ſummit beſet with ſmall
tubes in lines, the ends of which are expanded into a kind of
border. Mr. HOLLEFEAR.-Leaves ſometimes nearly ſtrap-ſhaped,
and ſometimes nearly egg-ſhaped; waved at the edge, and ſome-
what toothed. Stems thick, round. Empal. ſegments ſometimes
ſpear-ſhaped. Bloſs. ſky blue. With. ST.-Stem either ſingle,
or branching from the bottom. Leaves waved, ſometimes oblong,
and the upper ſometimes egg-ſhaped; teeth terminated by briftly
hairs. Empal. upright alſo when the feeds are ripe. ST.
Corn fields and road fides. [Sometimes on dunghills, when
the leaves are often i{ inch broad. St.] A. June.-Sept.
Cows, Horſes, Sheep, and Goats eat it. Swine refuſe it.
203. E C'HIUM. Vipergraſs.
EMPAL. Cup with 5 diviſions; upright; permanent. Seg-
ments awl-ſhaped; upright.
Bloss. I petal; bell-ſhaped. Tube very ſhort. Border
gradually widening; with 5 clefts, blunt; upright.
Segments generally unequal; the 2 upper being the
longeſt; the lower ſmaller; ſharp; reflected. Mouth
open.
Chives. Threads 5; as long as the bloſſom; awl-ſhaped ;
declining; unequal. Tips oblong; fixed fideways.
Point. Seed-buds 4. Shaft thread-ſhaped; as long as the
chives. Summit blunt; cloven.
S. Vess. None. The cup becoming more rigid, contains
the feeds.
SEEDS. 4; roundiſh; obliquely tapering.
Ess. CHAR. Bloſs. irregular ; the mouth open.
OBs. In the E. italicum the bloſſom is nearly regular.
EC'HIUM ital'icum. Stem upright, hairy. Spikes wall
hairy. Segments of the Bloſſoms nearly equal. Chives
extremely long.--
* Referred by C. B. to his Buglofs. Sylv. min. alt. and aſperius C. B. pin.
256, and as Fl. dan, 435 may prove to be at leaſt a diſtind variety, St.
04
Dod.

200
.
PENTANDRIA MONOGYNIA.
Dod.631.2, repr. in Lob.obl. 312. 1, Ger. em. 802.1; and cop.
in H. ox. xi. 27. 6, and Park. 519.-J. B. iii. 588. 1, (the
ſeparate flowers do not belong to it.-J. B. iii. 534.2, is referred
to by Ray, but it ſeems the a of Linn. who regards cur plant as a
variety of the true italicum.)
Bloſs. invariably white. HALL.
Sandy meadows and paſtures. On the ſandy ground near St.
Hilary, Jerſey. P. Huds. A. Ray.
common
EC'HIUM vulgare. Stem rough with hairy tuber-
cles. Stem-leaves ſpear-ſhaped, rough with hair. Flowers
in lateral ſpikes.-
Fl. dan. 445.-Riv. mon. 7. 1, both beginning to flower.-Matth.
996, cop. in Dod. 631. 1, repr. in Lob. obf. 312, 2, Ger. em.
802.2, and cop. in Park. 414. 1, in full flower; and H. ox. xi.
27, row 3. 1.--Motth. 892, root and root-leaves.--17. B. iii.
586, ſeems more to reſemble the E. italicum.)
Chives extending beyond the blofs. Hall. Mr. WOODWARD.
ST.-Stem frequently, and ſometimes the leaves beautifully fpotted
with red. Mr. WOODWARD.-Stem, the hairs riſing from gloſſy,
purpliſh black tubercles. Bloſs. upper and lateral clefts rounded,
the loweſt ſomewhat pointed. Threads juſt equal to, or about
a line longer than the upper fegment of the bloffom. St.-Root-
leaves near 2 feet long, ſtrap-ſhaped. Flowers numerous, in ſpikes;
thoſe of each ſpike pointing one way, and cloſely wedged toge-
ther. Empal. fringed with white hairs. Bloſs. before it expands
of a fine red, afterwards of a bright blue; outſide beſet with
ſhort white hairs, and marked with 5 riſing ribs, extending from
the middle of each ſegment down to the baſe, a little diſtended
on the upper fide; border, clefts ſhallow; ſegments blunt, equal,
but the 2 upper longer. Threads much longer than the blofs. of a
fine ſhining red. Tips grey. Shaft very hairy, white, or faintly
tinged with red. Seed-buds embedded in a fleſhy receptacle. A
beautiful ſhowy plant, and meriting a place in our gardens. WITH.
E. caule ſimpl. erecto, fol. lanceolato-linearibus hiſpidis, &c. ftaminibus
corolla longioribus. Mill. diet. ed. 6, to which Mr. Hudſon in his
Iſt edit. gave the name of E. anglicum, but in his ad it ſtands as a
var. of E. vulg.--I believe them to be one and the ſame plant. ST.
15. Mr. WoodWARD.
On the fides of roads and paths, walls and barren corn fields,
Ray. ST.--Viper's Buglofs.
Cows and Sheep are not fond of it. Horſes and Goats refuſe
it.-Bees are fond of the flowers. LINN.-But get their wings
torn by its ſtrong hairs. Scop.
a, Hups,

V. CHIVES, I. POINTAL.
201
a. HUDS.-Chives riſing even with the bloſſom. Mill. and
HUDS.
Blackw. 299. (Mr. Huds. refers to ſeveral of the figures quoted above,
but in all thoſe the chives are longer than the blosſom.)
Corn fields and road fides. HUDS.
P. HUDS.-A. Ray.-B. Linn. and LighTF.-June.-Aug.
B. E. vulgare anglicum. Huds. Chives longer than the bloſſom.
Mill. and HUDS.--There is a variety in which the branches are
more ſtraddling, and the chives nearly twice as long as the bloſs.
Perhaps the E. anglicum of Huds. ed.i. LightF.
Rich meadows and paſtures. Huds. ed. ii.-Barren corn fields
paſtures, and road fides, common. edit. 1.-About Mellroſs
Abbey. LIGHTF.-P. HUDS.-A. Ray.-Aug.
-
.
COM
-
EC'HIUM viola'ceum. Bloſs. and chives of the ſame ſhort-chived
length. Tube of the blofs. ſhorter than the empalement.
LINN.? ST. Mr. WOODWARD.
Cluf. ii. 164. 2, repr. in Ger. em. 802.4, and cop. in 7. B. iii.
589. I, and H. ox. xi. 27. 2, referred to by Linn. but the chives
are longer than the bloſs. and Cluſ. deſcribes the bloſs. as red.
Very much reſembling the E. vulgare, but differs as follows:
Bloſs. violet. Stems more ſpreading. Chives not longer than the
bloſſom, purple. Shaft white, hairy. Bloſs. tube nearly as long as
the empalement. Habit diſtinct. LINN.-Colour a more pleaſing
green. Hairs not riſing from tubercles. Bloſs. not red on the firſt
day of its appearance, as in E. vulg. but uniformly of a pale blue.
Murr. prod. 143.--Spike ſhorter and not ſo compact. Hairs not
ſo ſtiff. Murr. ST.-Lower-leaves ſpear-ſhaped, blunt; upper ob-
long-heart-ſhaped, pointed. Flowers pointing one way. Bunches
(or rather Spikes) rolled back. Chives, the 5th ſhorter. Threads
fleih-coloured. Retz. obf. ii. ST.-Whole plant ſmaller, more
flender, weak, and hairy than E. vulg, but the hairs fofter, fome
of them riſing from tubercles. The tubercles hardly, if at all, dif-
cernible on the leaves; though they are on the ſtem, where they are
intermixed with ſhort hairs not riſing from tubercles. Empal very
unequal. Bloſs. unequal, ſmaller than thoſe of E. vulg. deep
blue. Chives always within or juſt even with the bloſſom. Mr.
Woodw.St.-Stem a foot high, branching at the top and bottom.
Flower-leaves, the lower ones heart-ſpear-ſhaped, longer than the
flowers. Empal. ſegments broader than in E. vulg. Bloſs. half as
long again as the empal, at the baſe of the 2 upper ſegments beſet
both within and without with ſcattered hairs. Chives even with the
3 lower ſegments of the bloſſom. St.
Echium

202
.
PENTANDRIA MONOGYNIA.
Echium alterum, five, Lycopſis anglica. R. fyn. 228, which " dif-
« fers from E. vulg. chiefly in the ſmallneſs of the flower." Dr.
RICHA RDs 0 N. b.E. caule impl. emệto, fol. cauân. ác. Jtaminibus
corollam æquantibus. Mill. dict. ed. 6.?
Banks, and corn fields. Near Norwich, Mr. WOODWARD.-
Cultivated in Mr. Ballard's garden under the title of E. italicum,
compared with a ſpecimen ſince ſent me by Mr. Woodward. ST.
210. PRIMULA. Primroſe.
EMPAL. Fence ſmall; of many leaves ; including ſeveral
flowers. Cup 1 leaf; tubular; ſharp; upright; per-
manent; with 5 angles, and 5 teeth.
Bloss. I petal. Tube cylindrical; as long as the cup;
terminated by a ſhort hemiſpherical neck. Border
expanding, with 5 ſhallow clefts. Segments inverſely
heart-ſhaped; notched at the end; blunt. Mouth
open.
CHives. Threads
5;
; very ſhort; within the neck of the
bloffom. Tips upright; approaching; tapering;
within the tube.
Point. Seed-bud globular. Shaft thread-ſhaped; as long
as the cup. Summit globular.
.
S. Vess. Capſule cylindrical; nearly as long as the cup,
,
which covers it; of i cell; opening at the top with
10 teeth.
Seeds. Numerous; roundiſh. Receptacle oblong; egg-
ſhaped ; looſe.
Ess. CHAR. A fence to the rundle. Tube of the bloſs. cylin-
drical ; mouth open.
pas
Spring
cowſlip
oxlip
common
PRIMULA ve'ris. Leaves toothed; wrinkled.
Leaves notched. Empalements woolly, inflated. Retz,
obf. ii. n. 13.
a. officinalis.-P. officinalis, which ſee.
ß. elatior.-P. elatior, which ſee.
y acaulis.-P. acaulis, which fee.
Theſe varieties, though conſtant, I do not diſtinguiſh as ſpecies
any more than a Black from a European. Linn.-The latter caſe,
however, admits of proof, the former has only conjecture in fup-
port of it. The oppoſite opinion is ſupported by Haller, Scopoli,
and Hudſon. ST.-But the accurate Dr. Martin, in his Cat. Cant.
p. 30, ſays, experience hath taught him to adopt the opinion of
Linnæus;
a

V. CHIVES, I. POINTAL. I
203
Linnæus; though at the ſame time, with that candour which ever
diſtinguiſhes real merit, he quotes a different opinion from ano-
ther author. With.
-
-
PRI'MULA officinalis. Scop.-Leaves toothed, Corſlip
wrinkled. Border of the bloſs. concave. LINN.-Several
flowers on a ſtalk, all nodding. Huds.-Diameter of the
blofs. not equal to the length of the cup. Scop. ST.
.
Ludw.43.-Fl. dan. 433.-Blackw. 226.-Walc.--Fuchſ. 850.-
Cluf. i. 301. 1, repr. in Lob. obf. 305.1, and Ger. em. 780. 1.
-Trag. 201.-Ger. 635. 2.-Matth. 1149, very ill done.-
(Col. phytob. 6.2, ſeems rather P. elatior.)
Bloſs. ſweet-icented, full yellow, with a blotch of orange at the
baſe of each ſegment. The whole plant with a delicate hoarineſs
upon it. HALL.ST.With.---Leaves fometimes heart-egg-ſhaped,
with a portion of the leaf running down the leaf-ſtalk, with a
bluish mealineſs, ſhorter than the ſtalk. Little fruit-ſtalks ſhorter
than the flowers. ST.-Bloſs. contracted about the middle of
the tube, where the chives are inſerted. With.
Primula veris oficinalis. Linn.-Veris, HUDS.
Pagils. Paigles. Cowſlips.
Meadows and paſtures. [Chiefly, if not always, in a clayey,
a
foil. Half way up Arthur's Seat, Edinburgh, but the ſoil a fer-
rugineous ſtone decompoſed. ST.]
P. Apr. May.
The bloſſoms are uſed for making cowſlip wine. The leaves
ſometimes eaten as a pot-herb, and in fallads. The root has a fine
ſcent, like aniſe.—Silk-worms are fond of the leaves and flowers.
Tranſ. of Soc. of Arts, ii. p. 157.
a
a
Leaves Oxlip
PRIMULA eldtior. (Germ. ſynon. St.)
toothed, wrinkled. Border of the bloſſom flat. Linn.-
Several flowers on a ſtalk, the outer ones nodding. HALL.
-Diameter of the bloſſom exceeding the length of the
-
cup. ST.
-
Fl. dan. 434, right hand ſtalk the beſt.-Fuchſ. 851, cop. in 7. B.
iii. 496. 2.-Cluf. 301. 2, repr. in Dod. 147. 1, Lob. obf. 305.
3, Ger. em.780.2.-Ger. 635. 1.-Col. phytob. 6.2.-Matth.
1150, very ill done.--(Ger. 635. 2, is P. officinalis.)
Leaves like thoſe of the P. acaulis. Bloſs. pale yellow, of a deeper
yellow at the baſe of the border. HALL. ST.-Leaves nearly as
long as the ſtalk. Pedicles generally longer than the flowers. Flowers
fcentleſs. The Poly inthus of the floriſts appears to me a variety of
this fpecies. See R. fyn. ed. i, p. 159. ST.-In every reſpect reſem-
bling the P. offic. but the parts proportionably larger.---Bloſs. more
expanded;
.

204
PENTANDRIA MONOGYNIA.
expanded; diameter of the border more than the length of the
tube. WITH.
Primula. HALL. N. 609.-Primula veris elatior. LINN.-Vulgaris
B. Huds. ed. II.-Veris B. ed. I.-Oxlips. Great Cowſlips.
Woods, hedges, and ſometimes paſtures. [Clayey paſtures,
Suffolk. Mr. WOODWARD.-High paſtures, near Little Wenlock,
Shropſhire. With.]
P. Apr. May.
-
common PRI'MUL A acau'lis. (Germ. Synon.
(Germ. Synon. ST.) Leaves
toothed, wrinkled. No common ſtalk. LINN. One
flower on a ſtalk. HALL.-Border of the bloſſom flat.
Huds.--The diameter of the bloſs. exceeding the length
of the cup. Scop. St.
.
ST
Sheldr. 11.-Fl. dan. 194.-Walc.-Blackw. 52, bloſſoms by far
too ſmall.—Cluf. i. 302. I, repr. in Dod. 147: 3, Lob.obl. 305.
4, Ger. em. 781. 5, and cop. by Park. 535.1, and H. ox. v.
24. 8 and 9.–Park. par. 243. 1.--Col
. phytob. 6.1.–07. B.iii.
497, is P. oficinalis.)
.
It has a common ſtalk, but it is exceedingly ſhort, and is con-
cealed beneath the ſurface of the ground, ſo that the ſtalks which
ſupport the flowers are only elongated little fruit-ſtalks. Linn.
St.-Leaves ſomewhat ſhorter than the fruit-ſtalks, ſmooth above,
(except along the mid-rib ST.)—Hairy underneath. Hall. St.
- Bloſs. of a pale whitiſh ftraw colour, with a yellow ſtar-like
blotch of 5 rays ſurrounding the mouth of the tube. There is
found in old gardens a variety with a dull purpliſh roſe-coloured
bloſſom. St.-Fruit-ſtalk and empal. woolly. With.
Primula veris acaulis. Linn.--Primula ſylveſtris. Scop.-Primula
vulgaris. Huds.-Primroſe.
Woods, hedges, thickets, and heaths, [particularly in a clayey
foil. With.]
P. Apr. May.
Gerard reports that a dram and a half of the dried roots taken
up in autumn, operates as a ſtrong but fafe emetic.
Sheep and Goats eat it. Cows are not fond of it. Horſes and
Swine refuſe it. Linn.-Silk-worms may be fed with the leaves.
Tranſ. of Soc. of Arts, ii. p. 157.
a
-
Birds-eye
PRIMULA farino'ſa. Leaves fcolloped, ſmooth.
Border of the bloſſom flat.-
Fl. dan. 125.-Walc.-Gmel. iv. 44. 2 and 3.-Ger. 639. 2 and
1.-Cluf. i. 300. 1, repr. in Lob. obf. 307. 2, and Ger. em.
783. 1, and cop. in H. ox. v. 24. row 2. 5 and 6.-Cluf. 300,
2, repr. in Lob. obf. 307, 1, Ger. em. 783.2, and cop. in 7.
.
B. iii.

V. CHIVES, I. POINTAL.
205
B. iii. 498.3. ib. 3. 6.-H. ox. ib. 7.-J. B. ib. 2.-Swert..
ii. 4. 9.-Park. par. 243. 10.
Fruit-ſtalks and empal, as if duſted with flour. Linn.-Leaves,
veins green; upper farface green. Stalk mealy, after flowering
;
loſing its mealineſs, and lengthening. Fruit-ſtalks expanding, af-
ter flowering upright, but approaching. Mr. Woodw.---Leaves
mealy underneath. Empal. as long as the tube of the bloſs. Bloſs.
purpliſh blue, with 5 yellow glands at the diviſions of the border.
HALL. ST.--- Or rather bordered by an elevated fleſhy ring,
marked with 5 nicks, giving the appearance of its being compof-
ed of as many glands. This has led Haller to conſider it as an
Aretia, probably not recollecting that in P. officinalis there is a fimi-
lar border round the mouth of the tube. ST.
Birdſ-eye. Birds-eyn.
Marſhes and bogs on mountains in the north. Rav. Mr.
WOODWARD.-[Meadows near Kendall in the richeſt profuſion.
Sr.]
Horſes, Sheep, and Goats eat it. Cows refuſe it. The flow-
ers are beautiful, but they indicate a barren foil. LINN.-It is,
perhaps, the moſt beautiful of our Engliſh plants, or yields only
to the Hottonia. ST.-The Phalana pronuba lives upon the different
fpecies.
P. May.
215. MENYAN'THES. Buckbean.
nent.
EMPAL. Cup I leaf, with 5 upright divifions ; perma-
Bloss. I petal ; funnel-ſhaped. Tube ſhort, fomewhat
cylindrical at bottom, but funnel-ſhaped upwards.
Border cloven more than half way down into 5 Seg-
ments. Segments blunt; reflected; expanding; re-
;
markably hairy.
Chives. Threads 5'; awl-ſhaped ; ſhort. Tips ſharp; up-
right ; cloven at the baſe.
Point. Seed-bud conical. Shaft cylindrical ; nearly as long
as the bloſſom. Summit cloven ; compreſſed.
S. Vess. Capſule egg-ſhaped ; of 1 cell: bound round by
Seeds. Many; egg-ſhaped ; minute.
Ess. CHAR. Bioſs. hairy. Summit cloven. Capſ. of 1 cell.
Obs. The iſt fpecies has the ſegments of the petals fringed at
the edges; but the upper furface is not hairy.
MEN-
I
the cup
;

206
MONOGYNIA.
PENTANDRIA
fringed MENYAN'THES nymphoi'des. Leaves heart-ſhaped,
very entire. Bloſſoms fringed.-
Fl. dan. 339.-Tourn. 67, flowers, G.-). B. iii.772.1, cop.
in Pet. 71.4.
Rundle fimple, ſitting, from the ſide of a leaf-ſtalk. LINN.-
Leaves circular-heart-ſhaped, ſerpentine at the edge. Empal. ſeg-
-
ments ſpear-ſhaped. Bloſs. twice as large as the empal. ſegments with
ſpear-ſhaped impreſſions. Habit that of Nymphæa. WGG.ST.-
Bloſs. ſegments inverſely egg-ſhaped, the middle of each veined, and
the part fo veined bordered by 2 ſtronger veins, which, converging
towards each end, give the appearance of a narrow ſpear-ſhaped
petal being laid upon it; finely toothed at the edge, by no means
according with Linnæus's character of “ bloſs. hairy;" teeth ta-
pering. ST.-Allied to Claytonia, totally diſtinct from Menyanthes
trifoliata, not belonging even to the ſame natural order. WIGG.-
The ſtructure of the bloſs. as above deſcribed, induces me to ac-
cede to the opinion of Tourn. Gmelin, and Wiggers. Sr.
Waldſchmidia nymphoides. WIGGERS. but he gives us no generic
character, and offers us no reaſon for not having adopted Gmelin's
name of Limnanthemum. St.-Bloſſoms yellow. Leaves ſometimes
fpotted.-Fringed Water Lily.
Large ditches and flow ſtreams.
P. June. July
[Lady Clifford's botanical garden at K, Weſton, near Briſtol.]
Trefoil
-
MENYAN'THES trifolia'ta. Leaves growing by
threes.
Curt. iv. 40.-Fl. dan. 541.-Blackw. 474.-Ger. 1024. I and
2.-Dod. 580, repr. in Lob. obf. 496.2, Ger. em. 1194, and
cop. in Park. 1212, in fruit.-H.ox. xv. 2. row 2, 1ſt figure on
the left hand.
Fruit-ſtalk (or rather Bunch) oppoſite to the leaves, but below
the ſummer leaves. Flowers 3, from the fame part of the fruit-
ſtalk as in Hottonia. Blofs. hairy; ſegments ſtand diſtinct, not lap-
ping over each other. LINN. Roſe-coloured without, white
within. Curt.
Marſh Trefoil. Water Trefoil. Marſh Cleaver.
Ponds and pits, frequent.
P. June. July
An infuſion of the leaves is extremely bitter, and is preſcribed
in Rheumatiſms and Dropfies. A dram of them in powder purges
and vomits. It is ſometimes given to deſtroy worms. In a ſcar-
city of hops this plant is uſed in the North of Europe to bitter
the ale : two ounces ſupply the place of a pound of hops. Some
people ſmoke the dried leaves. The powdered roots are ſome-
times uſed in Lapland inſtead of bread, but they are unpalatable.
Some
a

V. CHIVES, I. POINTAL.
207
Some people ſay that ſheep will eat it, and that it cures them of
the rot; but from the Upfal experiments it appears, that though
Goats eat it, Sheep ſometimes will, and ſometimes will not. Cows,
Horſes, and Swine refuſe it.
216. HOTTO'NIA. Featherfoil.
EMPAL. Cup of 1 leaf, with 5 diviſions. Segments ſtrap-
ſhaped; upright; open.
Bloss. i petal, falver-ſhaped. Tube as long as the em-
pal. Border with 5 clefts; flat. Segments oblong,
egg-ſhaped; notched at the end.
Chives. Threads 5; awl-Shaped; ſhort ; upright; ſtand-
ing upon the tube, and oppoſite to the ſegments of
the bloſſom. Tips oblong.
Point. Seed-bud globular, tapering. Shaft thread-ſhaped ;
ſhort. Summit globular.
S. Vess. Capſule globular, tapering; i cell; ftanding
I
upon the empalement.
Seeds. Many, roundiſh. Receptacle globular ; large.
Ess. Char. Bloſs. ſalver-Shaped. Chives fixed on the tube
of the bloſsom. Capſule 1-celled.
HOTTONIA paluſtris. Fruit-ſtalks in whorls water
conſiſting of ſeveral flowers. -
Curt. i. 4.--Fl. dan. 487.6.-Matth. 1168.-Dod. 584.2, repr.
in Lob.obf. 460.2, Ger. em. 826. 1, and cop. in Park. 1256.4.
-Ger. 678. 1.--Dod. 584. 3, repr. in Ger. em. 826. 2. B.-
Giſek. 43.
Foliage under water as in Myriophyllum. Spike of the flowers
alone riſing above. LINN.-Some flowers have 6 chives; and then
the cup and the bloſſom are divided into 6 ſegments. With.-
Leaves winged. Bloſſoms white or tinged with pale purple.
Water Violet. Water Yarrow. Water Gilliflower.
Ponds and ditches. [Several places near Stratford, Effex, Mr.
Jones.-Ditches, Suff. frequent. Mr. WOODWARD.-In a pit
by the foot road from Wellington, in Shropſhire, to Leegomery.
WITH.-Between Ormſkirk and Liverpool. ST.]
Cows eat it. Swine refuſe it.
P. July. Aug.
2. See Ger. em. p. 826, No 2, figures above marked B.
-
ſmaller leaved
219. LYSI

208
.
PENTANDRIA MONOGYNIA.
219. LYSIMA'CHIA. Looſeſtrife.
Empal. Cup with 5 diviſions; ſharp; upright; perma-
nent.
Bloss. I petal; wheel-ſhaped. Tube none. Border with
5 diviſions; flat. Segments oblong-egg-ſhaped.
Chives. Threads 5; awl-ſhaped. Tips tapering.
Point. Seed-bud roundiſh. Shaft thread-ſhaped; as long
as the chives. Summit blunt.
S. Vess. Capſule globular; i cell; jo valves.
Seeds. Several, angular. Receptacle very large; globu-
lar; dotted.
Ess. Char. Bloſs. wheel-ſhaped. Capſule globular; ſharp-
pointed; valves 1o.
yellow
* Fruit-ſtalks with ſeveral flowers.
LYSIMA'CHIA vulgaris. Panicled. Bunches
terminating.-
Blackw. 278, hairs too ſtrong.--Cluf. ii. 50.2, repr. in Dod. 84,
Ger. em. 474. 1, and cop. in Park. 544.1, and'H.ox. v. 10. 14.
-Matth. 949.-Fl. dan. 689, flowers well done, but habit bad.--
Fuchſ. 492, imitated by Trag. 183:-(J. B. ii.903, is a Carda-
mine.)--Ger. em.474.2, cop. in 7. B. ii.904. 1, ſeems to be the
ſame plant.
Leaves often in threes and fours. Threads united at the baſe, un-
equal in height. Leers. One of the chives ſhorter. Bloſs. and
threads fprinkled with glands on fruit-ſtalks. SCOP.-Stem ſcored,
woolly. Leaves woolly underneath, ſlightly hairy above; thoſe
of the branches oppoſite, nearly fitting, ſpear-ſhaped, waved at
the edge. Flower-leaves hairy at the edge and on the outſide, edged
and tipt with red. Empal. edged with red and fringed; diviſions
ſometimes 6. Bloſs. yellow, the inſide beſet with ſhining yellow
globules; diviſions ſometimes 6. Chives unequal. Threads broad
at the baſe and united ſo as to form a cylinder incloſing the feed-
bud. Tips red at the edges. Duſt yellow. WITH.
Yellow Willowherb.
Banks of rivers and ſhady marſhes. [By the ſide of the Avon,
at Perſhore. Mr. BALLARD.]
P. June. July
The leaves give a yellow dye to wool.-Cows and Goats eat it.
Sheep are not fond of it. Horſes and Swine refuſe it.
B. Huds. Leaves as ſhort again. Flowers not ſo much ſcattered.
Ray.
LYSI

V. CHIVES, I. POINTAL.
209
LYSIMACHIA thyrſiflora. Bunches lateral, on tufted
fruit-ſtalks.
Fl. dan. 517.-Cluf. 53. 1, repr. in Ger. em. 475. 3.-Baier. epift.
at p. 91 and 162, f. 1.—Cluf. 53. 2, cop. in. Park. 544. 3, and
7. B. ii. 904. 2.-Dod. 607. I.
Lateral bunches in an upright plant is a peculiar circumſtance.
Bloſs. divided almoſt to the baſe, with very ſhort teeth interpoſed;
Jegments marked at the end with tawny dots. LINN.--Stem always
fimple. Weber.
(Marſhes and banks of rivers, near King's Langley, Hertford-
fhire. In a bog near Severus's Hills, near Yorkſh. Dr. White.
-But the bog having been fince drained it is no longer to be
found there, as the Doctor informs me. Dr. SMITH.] --Angleſea.
P. June.
Goats eat it. Cows and Sheep are not fond of it. Horſes and
Swine refuſe it.
** Fruit-ſtalks with only 1 flower.
LYSIMA'CHIA nem'orum. Leaves egg-ſhaped. Pimpernel
Flowers folitary. Stem trailing.-
Fl. dan. 174.-Cluſ. ii. 182,2, repr. in Lob. obf. 248.2, Ger. em.
618.4; and cop. in Park. 553. 5, and H.ox. v. 26. row 2. I and
2.-Ger. 494.3.-(H. ox. v. 26. row 2. 5, is Anagall. arvenſ.)
Bloſs.edge beſet with very ſhort glandular hairs. Sr.-Stem cy-
lindrical. Leaf-ſtalks ſhort, flat. Fruit-ſtalks ſtraight when in flower,
afterwards bowed down. Chives, ſhaft, and ſummit yellow. Bloſs.
Segments very Nightly ſcolloped. Seeds kidney-ſhaped. With.
Yellow Pimpernell of the Woods.
Moiſt ſhady places.
P. May. June.
-
LYSIMA'CHIA Nummula'ria. Leaves ſomewhat Moneywort
heart-ſhaped. Flowers folitary. Stem creeping.- -
Ludw. 148.--Curf. iii. 25.- Fl. dan. 493.-Blackw.542.-Walc.
Trag. 808-Fuchſ. 401, cop. in 7. B.iii. 371.1.--Ger. 505. 2.
Matth. 1013, cop. in Dod. 600. 2, which repr. in Lob. obl.
251. 1, Ger. em. 630. 1, and cop. in Park. 555. 1.---Park. 555
1. (6)-H.ox. v. 26. row 1. 1, Nummularia.-Ger. 505. I.
Bloſs. edge fringed with glands. Threads beſet with glands. S.
del rarely comes to perfection, as often happens to thoſe plants
which increaſe much while in flower, either by their roots or
ſtalks. Curt.-To examine it at other ſeaſons, to diſcover whe-
ther it may not produce fruit, as the violet does, without colour-
ed bloſſoms. ST.-Stem compreſſed, with 4 membranaceous edges.
Vol. I.
P
Leaves

210
PENTANDRIA MONOGYNIA,
Leaves ſometimes curled at the edge, egg-ſhaped, blunt. Bloſs.
and threads covered with globular glands. Tips arrow-ſhaped.
With.
Moneywort. Herb Twopence.
Moiſt Meadows.
P. June.
The plant is a little acrid, and ſomewhat aftringent.
Cows and Sheep eat it. Goats are not fond of it. Horſes re-
fuſe it.
220. ANAGAL'LIS. Pimpernel.
EMPAL. Cup with 5 diviſions; ſharp; permanent; Seg-
.
ments keeled;
Bloss. I petal; wheel-ſhaped. Tube none. Border with
5 diviſions ; fat; ſegments roundiſh egg-ſhaped; con-
nected by the claws.
Chives. Threads 5, upright, hairy towards the bottom;
ſhorter than the bloſſom. Tips ſimple.
Point. Seed-bud globular. Shaft thread-ſhaped ; a little
inclining. Summit knobbed.
S. Vess. Capſule globular; of i cell; cut round.
Seeds. Several; angular. Receptacle very large; globu-
lar.
Ess. Char. Bloſso zeheel-Shaped. Capſule cut round.
common ANAGAL'LIS arven'ſis. Leaves undivided. Stem
trailing. -
Bloſs. finely notched. Leers. Reich.
red a: Bloſſoms red.
Curt. 1. 1.-Fl. dan. 88.-Trag. 388.–Blackw. 43.- Fuchſ. 18,
cop. in 7. B. ii. 369. 2.--Dod. 32. I, repr. in Lob. obf. 247.
2, Ger. en. 617.1, and cop. in Park. 558. 1.-Walc.-H. ox.
v. 26. row 2. 5.-Matth. 621, cop.in Ger. 494. 1.-(H. ox.
ib. 1 and 2, is Lyſimachia nemorum.)
Blofoms open, about 8 in the morning; but cloſe in the after-
noon. LINN.-Leaves dotted underneath. Scop. ST.-Dots
brown. Threads, hairs jointed. Curt. ST.-Summit ſtanding with-
out the circle of the tips. Petals, 'notches tipped with glandular
hairs. CURT.-Bloſs. ſcarlet. It is remarkable with what a ſparing
hand nature has dealt out her richeſt and moſt glorious colour, for
except this, and the poppies, I do not recollect any indigenous
plant of a ſcarlet colour. Mr. DICKENSON.--Stem 4-cornered.
Leaves fitting, oppoſite; when magnified appear froſted over with
very

V. CHIVES, I. POINTAL.
211
very minute ſhining glands. Fruit-ſtalks from the bofom of the
leaves; after flowering hanging down. Empal. fegments ſpear-
ſhaped, ſkinny at the edges. Bloſs. ſcarlet. Threads united at
the baſe, purpliſh. Tips yellow. Shaft purpliſh. Summit green-
iſh yellow. Capſ. marked with 5 lines as if it would open into 5
valves, whereas it feparates horizontally into 2 parts. With.
Male Pimpernel.---Corn fields and fandy places. A. May.--Aug.
Cows and Goats eat it. Sheep refuſe it. Small birds are very
fond of the feeds.
B. Leaves 4 at a joint. Bloſs. red. Rare. RaY.
four-leaved
y. Bloſs. white; purple in the centre. POLLICH.-In Cowley whiteflower'd
Field. RAY.
# Bloſſom blue. RAY. WITH.
blue flowered
Blackw.274.-Fuchſ. 19, cop. in 7. B. iii. 369. 1.-Cluf. ii. 183.
1, repr. in Dod. 32. 2, Lob. obf. 248. 1, and Ger. em. 617.2.
—Matth. 622.
Leaves mottled with dark purple underneath. With.
Female Pimpernel.-Between Stockwell and Camberwell. HUDS.
--[Bredon Hill, in a corn field at the top of Overbury Wood, ,
Worceſterſhire. Nash.]
.
ANAGAL'LIS tenella. Leaves egg-ſhaped, rather bog
pointed. Stem creeping.-
Curt. iii. 32.-H. ox. v. 26. row 1. 2.-Ger. em. 630. 3, cop.
in Park. 554. 2.--. B. iii. 371. 2.
Fruit-ſtalks longer than the leaves. Threads woolly. Capſ. cut
round. Linn.---Bloſs. pale red, with veins of a deeper colour.
Threads white, very hairy; hairs white, jointed. Curt. ST.-
Necklace-like; reſembling thoſe of Tradeſcantia virginica. St. July
75.-Stems reddiſh, ſending out roots at the joints. Empal.coloured.
Bloſs. pale purple, each ſegment marked with 7 deeper coloured
lines. Tips yellow. Shaft upright, ſtraight. Summit very ſmall.
WITH
Purple-flowered Moneywort.
Wet heaths, meadows, and turfy bogs.--[In Suffolk, frequent,
Mr. WOODW.- Tittenſor Hills, and Cannock Heath, Staffordſh.
Sr.1
P. July. Aug.
-
226. AZALEA,

2 1 2
PENTANDRIA MONOGYNIA.
226. A ZA L'E A. Roſebay.
EMPAL. Cup with 5 diviſions; ſharp, upright; ſmall;
coloured; permanent.
Bloss. I petal; bell-ſhaped; with 5 ſhallow clefts. Seg-
5
ments with the edges bent inwards.
Chives. Threads 5; thread-ſhaped; growing on the re-
ceptacle; looſe. Tips ſimple.
Point. Seed-bud roundiſh. Shaft thread-ſhaped; as long
as the bloſſom; permanent. Summit blunt.
S. Vess. Capſule roundiſh; with 5 cells and 5 valves.
5
Seeds. Many; roundiſh.
Ess. CHAR. Bloſs. bell-Shaped. Chives fixed to the recepta-
cle. Capſule 5-celled.
5
trailing
AZAL'EA procum'bens. Branches ſpreading wide, and
trailing.–
Linn. lapp. 6.2.--Cluf. i. 75. 3, cop. in 7. B. i. a 527, and im-
proved in Jonſt. 116.8.-Fl. dan. 9.-(Penn. tour in Scotl. ii.
5, I have not at hand.)
Flowers bright red. LightF.
Highland mountains, on dry barren ground, near their fum-
mit. Firſt diſcovered in Great Britain by Mr. Lightfoot. [Ben
Lomond near the top. Found there firſt by the Rev. Mr. Stuart,
of Luſs. Dr. Smith.]
231. CONVOL'VULUS. Bindweed.
EMPAL. Cup with 5 diviſions; approaching; egg-ſhaped ;
5
blunt; ſmall; permanent.
Bloss. I petal; bell-ſhaped; expanding; large; plaited;
Border ſlightly marked with 5 or jo notches.
Chives. Threads 5; awl-ſhaped; half the length of the
bloſſom. Tips egg-ſhaped; compreſſed.
Point. Seed-bud roundiſh. Shaſt thread-ſhaped; as long
as the chives. Summits 2; oblong, and ſomewhat
broad.
S. Vess. Capſule incloſed by the cup; roundiſh; with 1,
2,-or 3 valves.
Seeds. 2; roundiſh.
Ess.Char. Bloſs, bell-ſhaped, plaited. Summits 2. Caps.
2-celled, each cell 2-leeded.
Stem

V. CHIVES, I. POINTAL.
213
* Stem iwining.
-
-
CONVOL'VULUS arven'fis. Leaves arrow-ſhaped, ſmall
pointed on each ſide. Fruit-ſtalks bearing generally i
Hower. Linn.-Flower-ſcales awl-ſhaped, at a diſtance
from the flowers. HALL. ST.
Curt. ii. 20.--Fl. dan. 459.-Walc.-- Fuchſ. 253, cop. in 7. B.
ii. 157.-Trag. 806.-Ger. 712. 2.-Cluf. ii. 50. 1, repr. in
Dod. 393, Lob. obf. 340.2, and Ger. em. 861.2, and cop. in
Park. 171, 2, and H. ox. i. 3. 9.—Matth. 1011, as evident
from its empal. and habit, though the lobes of the leaves reſemble
thoſe of C. ſepium.
Bloſs. reddiſh white; ſtriped, or purple
Corn fields, and road fides.
P. June. July.
Cows, Horſes, Goats, and Sheep eat it. Swine refuſe it.
The bloffoms give a deep yellow or orange tincture to water,
which is heightened by alum and alkalies.
B. auriculatus. Juss. St.-Leaves ſtrap-arrow-ſhaped, ſmaller. eared
Flowers ſmaller, Ray, ST.
-
Pluk. 24. 3.
Leaſt Bindweed.-Between Harleſton and Everſden, Cambridſh.
Ray.
y. Bloſs. very ſmall, divided almoſt to the baſe.
Near Maidſtone. RAY.
ſmallflowered
-
CONVOL'VULUS L'pium. Leaves arrow-ſhaped, great
the poſterior angles lopped. Fruit-ſtalk 4-cornered, bear-
ing i flower. Linn.-Flower-ſcales heart-ſhaped. Hall.
--Cloſe to the flower. St.
Cert. i. 6.-Fl. dan.458.-Sheldr. 56.---Blackw.38.--Dod. 392,
repr. in Lob. obf. 340.1, Ger. em. 861.1, and cop. in Park.
163. 3, and H. ox. i. 3. 6.-Ger. 712. 1.-Fuchſ. 720, cop.
in 7. B. ii. 154.- Trag. 805.-Blair. 4.3.-Swert. ii. 14.
8.
-(Matth. 1212, is ſome other ſpecies.)
Edges of the leaves brown. Bloſſoms white. Linn.-Floral-leaves
2; cloſe to the
сир.
Moiſt hedges.
P. July. Aug.
The inſpiſſated juice of the plant, in doſes of 20 and 30 grains,
is a powerful draſtic purge. Scammony is the inſpiffated juice of
a ſpecies of Convolvulus ſo much reſembling this, that they are
with difficulty diſtinguiſhed. Can it then be worth while to im-
port Scammony from Aleppo at a conſiderable annual expence,
when a medicine with the very fame properties grows fpontaneouſ-
ly in many
of our hedges ? But though an acrid purgative to the
P3
lauman

214
PENTANDRIA MONOGYNIA.
human race, it is eaten by Hogs in large quantities without any
detriment.
Sheep, Goats, and Horſes eat it. Cows refuſe it.
fea
,
-
** Stem not twining.
CONVOL'VULUS Soldanel'la. Leaves kidney-
ſhaped. Fruit-ſtalks with 1 flower.-
Matth. 469.-Dod. 395, repr. in Lob. obf. 329.2, Ger. em. 838.
1, and cop. in Park. 168. 2. 6, and H. ox. i. 3. 2.-Ger. 690.
.
Root, on being broken, pours out a whitiſh water, bitter, ſalt,
and unpleaſant to the taſte. PARK.-Stems, in open ground ſhort,
and lying flat, taking a ſemi-circular direction; but among buſhes
grows to ſome length unbranched, bearing no flowers. Leaves
ſometimes heart-ſhaped. Leaf-ſtalks long. Mr. Woodw.-Flower-
ſcales at the baſe of the flower, incloſing the empalement; 2 op-
poſite, heart-oblong, nicked at the end juſt longer than the em-
pal. Empal. rather of 5 leaves; leaves oblong, the innermoſt in-
volving the fruit, and each ſucceſſively wrapping round thoſe be-
neath it. ST.--Bloſſoms red.
Scottiſh Scurvy Graſs. Sea Colewort.
Sea ſhore. [Norfolk coaſt, frequent. Mr. WOODWARD.]
P. July
Half an ounce of the juice, or a dram of the powder, is an acrid
purge. The leaves applied externally are ſaid to diminiſh dropſi-
cal ſwellings of the feet. The different ſpecies furniſh nouriſh-
ment to the Sphinx convolvuli and Fhalana Elpenor.
233. POLEM O'NIUM. Jacobsladder.
EMPAL. Cup beneath ; of 1 glaſs-ſhaped leaf; permanent ;
ſharp; with 5 ſhallow clefts.
5
Bloss. I petal; wheel-ſhaped. Tube ſhorter than the cup,
cloſed by 5 valves, placed at the top of it. Border
with 5 diviſions ; large; flat. Segments roundiſh;
blunt.
CHIVES. Threads 5; thread-ſhaped; inclining; ſhorter
than the bloffom; ſtanding upon the valves of the
tube. Tips roundiſh; fixed to the thread fideways.
Point. Seed-búd egg-ſhaped, ſharp. Shaft thread-ſhaped ;
-
por as long as the blofs. Summit with 3 clefts, rolled back.
S. Vess. Capſule covered, egg-ſhaped, but with 3 angles ;
3 cells and 3 valves.
Seeds. Several ; irregular; rather pointed,
Ess,

V. CHIVES, I. POINTAL.
215
Ess.Char. Bloſs. with 5 diviſions, cloſed at the bottom with
5.
valves which bear the chives. Summit cloven into 3.
Capſule 3-celled; ſuperior.
POLEM O'NIUM cæru'leum. Leaves winged. common
Flowers upright. Empal. longer than the tube of the
bloſſom.-
Tourn. 61. 1, parts of fructif._Fl. dan. 255.-Dod. 352. I, repr.
in Lob. obf. 4:12. 1, Ger. em. 1076.5,, and cop. in Park. 123.
12, and J. B. iii. 212. 2.-.Ger. 918. 5.--Swert. ii. 28. 3.
Little leaves egg-ſpear-ſhaped; 11 pair or more on each leaf. Bloſs.
blue.--Greek Valerian. Ladder to Heaven.
[Malham Cove, Yorkſh. Ray. Mr. Woon.--And at the Lover's
Leap, Buxton. Mr. Wood.-Near Bakewell. Mr. WHATELY.]
P. June.
Its beauty has obtained it a place in our gardens.
Cows, Goats, and Sheep eat it. Horſes are not fond of it.
B. Bloſs. white. Fl. Juec. ST.-I have ſeen ſeveral ſtems, white
which, on examination, appeared to riſe from one and the fame
root, ſome of which bore blue, and others white bloſſoms. LINN.
---- I have a fort of it whoſe bloſs. is all white, which came upp of
the ſeede of the blew one."M. S. note in a copy of Ger. em. in an old hand,
About Malham Cove. RaY.
234. CAMPANULA. Bellflower.
EMPAL. Cup with 5 diviſions ; ſharp; not quite upright;
5
fuperior.
Bloss. I petal; bell-ſhaped; with 5 clefts, cloſe at the
baſe; ſhrivelling. Segments broad; ſharp; open.
Honey-cup in the bottom of the bloſſom, compoſed
of 5 ſharp valves; approaching and covering the re-
ceptacle.
Chives. Threads 5; hair-like; very ſhort ; growing up-
5;
,
on the ends of the honey-cup valves. Tips compreſſed;
longer than the threads.
Point. Šeed-bud beneath ; angular. Shaft thread-ſhaped ;
longer than the chives. Summit thick ; oblong; with
3
diviſions which are rolled backwards.
S. Vess. Capſule roundiſh; angular; of 3 or 5 cells, and
letting out the feed at as many lateral holes.
Seeds. Numerous; ſmall. Receptacle columnar, fixed to
(the capſule?)
Ess,
P 4

216
PENTANDRIA MONOGYNIA.
Ess. Char. Bloſs. bell-ſhaped, cloſed at the baſe by valves
which ſupport the chives. Summit cloven into 3. Capſule
beneath, opening by lateral orifices.
Obs. The figure of the S. veſf. is different in different ſpecies.
-
.
* Leaves rather ſmooth and narrow.
round-leaved
CAMPANULA rotundifo'lia. Root-leaves kidney-
ſhaped; ftem-leaves ſtrap-ſhaped. LINN.-Root-leaves fome-
times heart, and jiem-leaves ſometimes Spear-ſhaped. St.
Curt. iv. 38.--Fl. dan. 855, erroneouſly named C. Rapunc, which
ſee; the heart-ſhaped root-leaves having been probably overlooked,
agreeably to what Mr. Curtis remarks, that when growing among
herbage they are ſeldom obſerved, unleſs particularly fought for.--
Walc.--Cluf. ii. 173, repr. in Dod. 167, Lob. obf. 178. i, Ger.
em. 452. 3; and cop. in Park. 651. 11, and H. ox. v. 2. 17,
and 7. B. ii. 810. 1.--ib.796.-Ger. 367. 3.
Leaves ſometimes very entire; the lower ſtem-leaves ſometimes
ſparingly ferrated. ST.-Stem round, ſmooth. Leaves ſometimes
thread-ſhaped. Empal. ſegments conſiderably expanded when out
of bloſſom. Honey-cup, valves fringed, white. Capf. with 3 cells.
Bloſs. blue, or purple; ſometimes white. With.
Heaths and barren paſtures.
P. Aug.--Oct.
The juice of the petals ſtains blue, but with the addition of alum,
green. A green pigment is obtained from them.
Cows, Horſes, Goats, and Sheep eat it. Swinę refuſe it. LINN.
-A horſe refuſed it. Sr.
leffer ß. minor. Stem-leaves broader, ſerrated. Hall.
C. B. pr. 34, cop. in 7. B. įj. 810. I, and H. ox. v. 2. 16.--
Berr.453.-(Scheuch. it. vi. f. 14, has
very
entire leaves. C.
minor. alp. rotundiorib. imis fol. R. fyn. 277.)
Mountains. Snowdon. Rickmanſworth, Hertfordſhire, and
Croydon, Surry. Ray.
y. Stem-leaves more numerous than thoſe of ą. Linn.
Fl. dan. 198, root-leaves heart-ſhaped, very entire. Stem-leaves
ſpear-ſhaped; one flower on each ſtem. C. uniflora, Huds. ed. i.
Higheſt mountains of Wales and Weſtmoreland. HUDS.-Hill
of Moncrief, near Perth. LIGHTF.-[Skiddaw. Mr. Woodw.]
field CAMPANULA pat'ula. Leaves quite ſtraight.
Root-leaves ſpear-oval. "Panicle
Panicle open.
Dill. 58. 63.-Fl. dan. 373, flowers the beſt.
Empal. with a ſmall livid tooth on each ſide, at the baſe of the
ſegments. Linn.--Empal. leaves awl-ſhaped. POLLICH. Mr.
WOODWARD.-Half as long as the bloffon.-Bloſs. purpliſh blue,
a
--
STE

V. CHIVES, I. POINTAL.
217
-
-
ST.-Stem angular, corners hairy; ſtem-leave's bluntly and ſlightly
notched. MENCH. Mr. HOLLEFEAR. ST.-Hairs of the ſtem
pointing downwards. ST.-Stem containing a milky juice, with 5
corners and 5 flat fides; the corners and ſometimes the fides rough
with ſhort hairs. Leaves ſpear-ſhaped, ſomewhat toothed, and
ſometimes finely ferrated. Empal. ſegments towards the baſe ſerrated
with minute teeth, but not livid; conſiderably expanding when out
of bloſſom. Bloſs. more of a reddiſh purple than in C. rotundifolia ;
ſegments turned back, and each marked with
3
lines. Honey-cup
white, fringed. Capſule 3-celled. With.
Woods, hedges, corn fields, and road ſides. [Buddon Wood,
near Loughborough; between Lichfield and Meriden; and about
Worceſter. Huds. Nash. St.-And Malvern. NASH.-Near
-
the Bath, at Lichfield; and on the road to Coleſhill. Mr. Wood-
WARD.]
B. July. Aug.
CAMPANULA Rapun'culus. Leaves waved. Root- Rampion
leaves ſpear-oval. Panicle
Panicle compact.
Dod. 165.1, repr. in Lob. obf. 178. 2, Ger. em. 453, and
сор.
in Park. 648. 1, and H. ox. v. 2, 13.-Fuchſ. 214, cop. in 7.
B. ii. 795.-Ger. 369. 2.- Trag. 727.-(Col. phytob. 22, cop.
in H. ox. v. 2. 13, is a different plant.-Fl. dan. 855, is C. ro-
tundifolia Flowers pendant. Stem ſmooth. Root fibrous.)
Stem angular, rough. Leaves ſpear-ſhap-1. Bunch terminating.
Branches reſembling it, but ſhorter and upright. Fruit-ſtalks generally
growing by threes, the middle one the longeſt. Linn.-Flowers
upright. DODON. ST.-Root white, like that of Navew. Hall.
ST.-About 3 inches long. Stem upright. Branches alternate. Leaves
obſcurely notched. Flowering-branches ſub-dividing at the baſe.
Empal. ſegments awl-ſhaped, with a ſmall tooth on each ſide of
the baſe. POLLICH. ST.-Stem not rough. Whole plant full of a
milky juice. Empal. ſegments briſtle-ſhaped. Bloſs. each ſegment
marked with 3 lines. Honey-cup fringed. WITH. ST.-Root ſpin-
dle-ſhaped, ſometimes branching.--Stem hairy towards the baſe,
ſmooth above. Leaves towards the baſe of the ſtem hairy above or
on both ſides, blunt; the upper ſmooth and becoming gradually
more pointed; teeth of the notches glandular, whitiſh, not pro-
jecting beyond the edge of the leaf.- Flowering-branches dividing
into 3; the middlemoſt in the upper part of the panicle ſupporting i
3
flower, in the lower part becoming a leſſer panicle; the lateral ones
very ſhort, each ſupporting 1 flower, which bloſſoms after that of
the middle branch, and has at its baſe the rudiment of 2 other
flowers. Flower-leaves, one at the baſe of each fruit-ſtalk, awl-
ſhaped. Empal. ſegments twice as long as the feed-bud. Blofs. blu-
ilh purple, ſometimes whitiſh pale purple. ST.
Ditch
-

218
PENTANDRIA MONOGYNIA.
Ditch banks, fallow fields. Near Croydon. Huds. ST.--And
Elher, in Surry. Huds.-[Old Buckenham Caſtle, Norfolk. Mr.
PITCHFORD.-About Hindlip and Enville, Worceſterſh. St.]
B. Aug.
The roots are eaten raw. in fallads, or boiled like aſparagus. In
gardens they are blanched.
.
** Leaves rough, and rather broad.
broad-lcaved CAMPAN'ULA latifolia. Leaves egg-ſpear-ſhaped.
Stem undivided, cylindrical. Flowers folitary, on fruit-
ftalks. Fruit nodding. LINN,-Empal. and ſtem ſmooth.
Flowers ſometimes 2 on a fruit-ſtalk. HALL. Mr. Woodw.
Fl. dan. 85, two flowers and leaf good.-Cluf. ii. 172. I, repr. in
Ger. em. 448.3, and cop. in Park. 643. 1, and ill cop. in H. ox.
v. 3.27.
Leaves ſpear-egg-ſhaped, ſerrated. Flowers from the boſom of
the
upper leaves. Empal. ſmooth. LINN.-Fruit-ſtalks with 2 awl-
fhaped leaf-ſcales about the middle. Mr. HOLLEFEAR. ST.-
Leaves nearly fitting, rough with hair, irregularly ferrated. Fruit-
Stalks upright while in bloſſom, but afterwards bowed downwards.
Empal. Segments a little ſerrated. Bloſs. oblong-egg-ſhaped, with
5 angles; clefts ſhallow, purple. Honey-cup fleſhy, purpliſh,
woolly. Summit woolly, twice as long as the chives. Bloſs.
blue, and ſometimes pale red. With.
Giant Throatwort.
Thickets and hedges. [In the mountainous parts of the Nor-
thern counties, frequent. Ray. Mr. Woodw.] P. July. Aug.
The beauty of its flowers frequently procures it a place in our
gardens. The whole plant abounds with a milky liquor.
Horſes, Sheep, and Goats eat it.
nettle-leaved CAMPANULA Trachelium. Stem angular. Leaves
on leaf-ſtalks. Cups fringed. Fruit-ſtalks cloven into
-
3.
LINN.-Stem hairy. Hall. Mr. Woodw.--Fruit-
ſtalks Sometimes with only 1 flower. WILLICH. obf. $ 84. Mr.
WOODWARD. ST.–Empalement ſometimes free from hairs,
except 1 or 2 ſmall ones at the points. St.
Cluf. ii. 170.2, repr. in Dod. 164. 1, Lob. obf. 176. 2, Ger.
em. 448. n. 1.-Ger. 364.1. --Fuchſ. 432, cop. in Trag. 927.
and J. B. ii. 805. 2.-H. ox. V. 3. 28.-Swert. ii. 16. 4. 5.
-(Garid. 19, and Park. par. 355. 2, ill done if the plant.)
Leaves egg-ſhaped, ſomewhat heart-ſhaped, toothed, Fruit-ſtalks
with 3 flowers. Bloſs. ſometimes doubled and tripled. Linn.-
Stem, corners membranaceous. Upper-leaves fitting. Empal. nearly
upright.

V. CHIVES, 1. POINTAL.
219
zpright. Bloſs. hairy within : when double the chives and honey-
cup are wanting. Summits hairy. WITH.-Bloſs. blue; fometimes
pale red.-Great Throatwort, or Canterbury Bells.
Woods and hedges.
P. July, Aug.
The whole plant contains a dirty yellow juice.
Cows eat it. Horſes and Goats refuſe it.
B. Bloſs. white. Rav. LINN.
white
>
CAM PAN'ULA glomera'ta. Stem angular, undi- cluſtered
vided. Flowers fitting. Head terminating. -
Herm.par. 235.—Thal. 8. 2, cop. in Barr. 523. 3.-7. B. ii.
801.2, cop. in H. ox. v.4. 40.--Cluf. ii. 171.1, repr. in Ded.
164.2, Lob. obf. 176.3, Ger. em. 449.4, and cop. in Park.
644, fig. 4th, and H. ox.ib.43.-(J. B. ib. 1, cop. in H. ox.
ib. 39, ſeems a different plant.)
Leaves egg-oblong, bluntilh, fitting. Flowers three, in the bo-
fom of the leaves. LINN.-Stem roughilh, fimple. HALL. ST.
-But ſometimes branched. HALL. Mr. WoodWARD.-Covered
with ſhort hairs. Roci-leaves egg-ſpear-ſhaped, covered with ſhort
hairs; on long leaf-ſtalks. Empal. the ſame. POLLICH. ST.-
Leaves ſometimes heart-ſpear-ſhaped, and rather acutely pointed.
Bloſs. hairy. Mr. WOODWARD. St.--Lower-leaves on leaf-ſtalks.
Bloſs. blue, reddiſh, or white. With.
Little Throatwort, or Canterbury Bells.
Mountainous and chalky paſtures.--[Near Pontefract. Mr. T.
F. HILL.-Chalk Hills, in Norfolk. Mr. Woodw.; and Surry;
and between Grantham and Wilham Common. Sr.) P. July.
*** Capſules covered by the reflected ſegments of the cup.
CAMPANULA hybrida. Stem quite ſtraight, corn
ſomewhat branched at the baſe. Leaves oblong, ſcoiloped.
Cups incorporated, and longer than the bloſſom. Capf.
priſm-ſhaped. Linn.-Empalement, ſegments oval-ſpear-
ſhaped. ST.
Ger. em. 439.2, cop. in Park. 1331.2, and H. ox. v. 2. 22.
Differs from C. Speculum, which I regard as its mother; as fol-
lows: Stem branched only at the baſe, and ſcarcely branched at
all above. Cups fitting, 3 or 4 together. Bloſs. often lurking in
the rudiment of a flower, and not expanding. But notwithſtand-
ing there is ſcarcely a doubt but it originated from the C. Speculum.
LINN.—Empal
. ſegments broader than in C. Speculum. Willich.
obl. 8 87.-Thoſe of the O. Speculum awl-fhaped, tapering to a fine
point, narrower. ST.-Permanent, crowning the ripe capſule.
Mr. WOODWARD.--Bloſs. purple; deeply divided.
Leſer

220
PENTANDRIA MONOGYNIA.
Leſer Venus Looking Glaſs. Codded Corn Violet.
Chalky corn fields. [Bury and elſewhere in Suffolk, in chalky
corn fields. Mr. WOODWARD.]
A. June. July.
ivy-leaved
-
CAMPANULA hedera'ced. Leaves heart-ſhaped,
with 5 lobes, on leaf-ſtalks, ſmooth. Stem limber. -
J. B. ii. 797.-H. ox. v. 2. 18.--Pluk.23.1.-Pet. Gaz. 51.2.
--[F1. dan. 330, bad; leaves not lobed, but ſerrated, and deeply
nerved. Mr. WOODWARD. With. and St.]
Bloſs. blue. Is not this plant derived from the ſeed-bud of one
of the Campanulas fertilized by the duſt of the Veronica hederefolia?
LINN.--Lower-leaves heart or kidney-ſhaped, nearly entire. Mr.
WOODWARD.-Stems thread-ſhaped, trailing, matted together,
covering ſpots of a foot diameter. Mr. Watt.-Threads longer
than the tips. With.
Moiſt ſhady places. [About ſprings and rivulets in Cornwall,
very frequent. Mr. Watt.-- Woods in Oxfordſhire. Mr.
NEWBERRY.]
P. May.-Aug.
Phalæna exfoleta feeds upon the different ſpecies.
-
a
-
236. PHYTEU'MA. Rampion.
EMPAL. Cup 1 leaf; with 5 diviſions; ſharp; not quite
5
upright ; fuperior.
Bloss. I petal; ſtarry; expanding; with 5 diviſions;
ſegments ſtrap-ſhaped, Tharp; bent back.
Chives. Threads 5; ſhorter than the blofs. Tips oblong.
Point. Seed-bud beneath. Shaft thread-ſhaped; as long
as the bloffom; bent back. Summit with 3 diviſions;
oblong; rolled back.
S. Vess. Capſule roundiſh; 3-celled.
Seeds. Several; ſmall; roundiſh.
Ess. Char, Bloſs. wheel-ſhaped, divided into 5; ſegments
firap-ſhaped. Summit cloven into 2 or 3. Capſule of 2
or 3 cells; beneath.
round-headed
-
PHYTEU'MA orbicula'ris. Head roundiſh. Leaves
ferrated. Root-leaves heart-ſhaped. Linn.-Spike ſome-
times oblong. Huds.
Jacq. auftr. v. 437.-Barr. 525.--Riv. mon. 109. 1, lower part of
the ſtem wanting.-H. ox. v. 5. 47.Ger. em. 455. 5.-().
B. ii. 810. 1, is Campanula rotundifolia. B.)
Bloſſoms purple; or bluiſh,
Chalky
-

V. CHIVES, I. POINTAL.
221
Chalky paſtures. Downs of Suſſex and Hampſhire. Near
Leatherhead.
P. July. Aug.
238. SAM'OLUS. Brookweed. (Hill.)
EMPAL. Cup with 5 diviſions; fuperior; blunt at the
baſe; permanent; ſegments upright.
Bloss. I petal; falver-ſhaped. Tube open ; very ſhort ;
as long as the cup. Border flat; with 5 blunt divi-
fions. Valves very ſhort; approaching ; fixed to the
bottom of the clefts in the border.
Chives. Threads 5, ſhort; i between each ſegment of the
,
bloſſom. Tips approaching; covered.
Point. Seed-bud beneath. Shaft thread-ſhaped ; as long
as the chives. Summit knobbed.
S. Vess. Capſule egg-ſhaped ; of 1 cell, and 5 valves ;
opening half way down; bound round by the cup.
Seeds. Many; egg-ſhaped ; ſmall. Receptacle large; glo-
bular.
Ess. CHAR. Bloſs. ſalver-ſhaped. Chives defended by the
ſcales of the blosſom. Capſule of 1 cell; beneath.
.
Pimpernel
620. 3,
--
SAMO'LUS Valerun'di.-
Fl. dan. 198.-Curt. iv. 45.-Lob. obf. 249. 1, repr. in Ger. em.
and cop. in Park. 1237. 5, J. B. iii. 792. 1, and H.
ox. iii. 24. 26, with the feed veſſel of Veronica.—ib. 28.
Leaves oblong-egg-ſhaped; very entire. Bloſſoms white.
Round-leaved Water Pimpernell.
Marſhes and moiſt meadows. [In the large ditches leading
from Poplar to the Iſle of Dogs, oppoſite to Greenwich. Mr.
Jones.-Side of the brook running from the brine pit on Defford
Common, Worceſterſh. Meſſrs. BALLARD and HOLLEFEAR.-
Lord Shelburne's Park, near Calne, Wiltih. ST.] P. June.
Cows, Goats, and Sheep eat it. Horſes refuſe it.
An inhabitant of every quarter of the globe. CURT.
-
250, LONICE'RA.

222
.
PENTANDRIA MONOGYNIA.
cup at
the top.
Woodbind
-
250. LONIC E'RA.
Honeyſuckle.
EMPAL. Cup ſuperior ; with 5 diviſions ; ſmall.
5
Bloss. I petal ; tubular. Tube oblong; bulging. Border
with 5 diviſions. Segments rolled backwards; i ſeg-
5
ment more deeply ſeparated than the others.
Chives. Threads 5 ; awl-Thaped; nearly as long as the
bloſſom. Tips oblong.
Point. Seed-bud beneath, roundiſh. Shaft thread-ſhaped :/
as long as the bloſſom. Summit a blunt knob.
S. Vess. Berry with 2 cells, and crowned with the
Seeds. Roundiſh; compreſſed.
Ess. CHAR. Bloſs. I petal, irregular. Berry beneath, with
ſeveral ſeeds, and 2 cells.
LONICERA Pericly'menum. Heads egg-ſhaped,
tiled, terminating. All the leaves diſtinct.-
Curt. 1. 1.-Riv. 122.—Blackw. 25.-Fuchſ. 646, cop. in Trag.
822, and J. B. ii. 104.1.–Ger. 743. 1.-Dod. 411. I, repr.
in Lob. obf. 358. 1, Ger. em. 891.1, and cop. in Park. 1460.1.
Bloſs. the lower ſegment divided twice as deep as the reſt. Stem
and leaves ſmooth. LINN.-Stem ſcored. Leaves ſpear-egg-
ſhaped, ſmooth, ſitting, oppoſite. Heads with from 5 to 30 flowers,
or more. Bloſs. tube ſomewhat crooked, diftended on the under
fide towards the top, beſet on the outſide with fine ſhort hairs,
crowned with globular glands; the lower part is a receptacle for
honey. Tips yellow. Summit greeniſh. Bloſs. red on the outſide;
.
yellowiſh within. Berries red. WITH.
V
Common Honeyſuckle. Woodbine,
Woodbine. I
Hedges.
S. May.- July
The beauty and fragrance of its flowers renders it a pleaſing
ornament to our gardens, hedges, and harbours.
Cows, Goats, and Sheep cat it. Horſes refuſe it. Sphinx
Liguſtri, and tipuliformis, and Phalena dydactyla, and hexadactyla
feed
upon
it.
B. Leaves indented. [In Sir J. Woodhouſe's Woods, Norf.
Mr. WOODWARD.]
oak-leaved
* Lonicera Xylofteum is ſaid by Wallis, p. 149, to grow under the Roman
Wall, on the weſt fide of Shewing Sheels, in Northumberland.
262, VERBASCUM.

V. CHIVES, I. POINTAL.
223
262. VERBASCUM. Mullein.
EMPAL. Cup of 1 leaf, with 5 diviſions; ſmall; perma-
nent; Segments upright; ſharp.
Bloss. I petal; wheel-ſhaped. Tube cylindrical; very
ſhort. Border with 5 divifions, expanding; ſegments
.
egg-ſhaped, blunt.
CHIVES
CHives. Threads 5; awl-ſhaped; declining; ſhorter than
the bloſſom. Tips roundiſh; compreſſed; upright.
Point. Seed-bud roundiſh. Shaft thread-ſhaped ; inclin-
ing; as long as the chives. Summit rather thick and
blunt.
S. Vess. Capſule roundiſh, with 2 cells, opening at the
top. Receptacle the ſhape of half an egg ; fixed to the
partition.
Seeds. Numerous: angular.
Ess. CHAR. Bloſso wheel-Shaped, ſomewhat unequal. Capſule
I cell, 2 valves.
OBs. In moſt of the ſpecies the Chives are inclining, unequal,
and the bottom of the Threads cloathed with ſoft, coloured hairs.
-
-
-
VERBASCUM Thap'ſus. Leaves running down great
the ſtem, downy on both ſides. Stem undivided.
Blackw. 502.--F1. dan. 631.-Blackw. 3.-(Ger. 629. 1 and 2.
---Matth. 1143, cop. in Dod. 143, repr. in Lob.obl. 303. 1, and
Ger. em. 773..1, which again cop. in Park. 60.1, H. ox. v.9.
row 1. I, and Pet. 62.1. Spikes nodding, the drawings made
from faded ſpecimens, as when growing they are always upright. )--
(Fuchſ. 848, cop. in Trag. and 7.B. iii. 871. I, is the plant of
C. B. referred by Linn. to the phlomoides.-Ludw. 124, has
bloſſoms wider than the Spikes; probably V. Thaps. bicolle, Murr.
pr. 47?)
The whole plant woolly; in dry ſituations very tall. Spike club-
like. LINN.-Threads, 2 fmooth, the reſt woolly. J. BAUH. ST.
-Spikes ſometimes branched, (as in the fig. of Ger. ST.)-Leaves
ſcolloped, notches concealed by the down. Flower-leaves ſpear,
fhaped. Bloſs. 2 upper fegments ſhorteſt, the lowermoſt longeſt.
Threads, 3 uppermoſt with a whitiſh beard; 2 lowermoft bare.
Hall. ST.-Threads, the two lowermoſt longer than the other
3. LEERS. ST.--Flowers fitting. MeNCH. ST.--Leaves, upper
ones taper-pointed. Flower-leaves ſmooth within, awl-pointed, 5
in each ſet of flowers; the lowermoſt the largeſt, as long as the
flower; 2 pairs above, of which the lowermoſt the ſmalleſt. Flowers
4 in
a
-

224
PENTANDRIA MONOGYNIA.
a
a
4 in a ſet, with a minute rudiment of others at the baſe of each
flower-leaf; the lowermoſt between the lowermoſt pair of flower-
leaves, which bloſſoms the ſecond; the lateral ones at the baſe of
each of the upper flower-leaves; and the uppermost above them,
which bloſſoms firſt. Bloſs. bright yellow, from 1o lines to 1 inch
2 lines in diameter. Threads, the 2 lowermoſt with a few hairs from
about the middle. Tips bright orange. Capſule egg-ſhaped, blunt.-
Down thread-ſhaped, with ſeveral fets of lateral ſimple-pointed
branches, and terminated by a ſet expanding ſtarwiſe. St.-Ver-
baſcum Thapſus. POLLICH.—Seems a variety with larger bloſſoms.
“ Flowers ſomewhat more than iz inch in diameter,” accords
with thoſe of Ludw. 124. See alſo Willich in Reich. ſyll. p. 91. St.
ST
-Leaves egg-ſpear-ſhaped. Shaft woolly towards the baſe. Bloſs.
in a long terminating ſpike, yellow. With.
Great White Mullein. High Taper. Cows Lungwort. Ladies Foxglove.
Dry ditch banks, in chalky and gravelly foil.
Externally uſed it is emollient. Dr. Home adviſes a decoction
of it, 2 ounces to a quart, in diarrhæas of an old ſtanding: he
gave a quart every day. Clin. Exp. p. 439. it eaſes the pains of the
the inteſtines; is uſed as an injection in teneſmus with advantage;
and is often applied externally to the piles. ib.—It is ſaid to intox-
icate fiſh ſo that they may be taken with the hand.-In Norway they
give it to cows that are conſumptive.— The down ſerves for tinder.
Neither Cows, Goats, Sheep, Horſes, or Swine will eat it.-
The Phalana Verbaſci, and the Curculio Scrophularia, live upon
it.
whiteflower'd 2. Blofs. white. Mr. STONE.
B. July.
baſtard
VERBASCUM Thapſoi'des. Leaves running down
the ſtem. Stem branched. -
Fuchſ. 846, cop. by Dod. 143.2, Ger. em. 773.2, and J. B. iii.
872.4.
A hybrid plant, produced in the gardens of Upſal, in the year
1761, from the ſeeds of the V. Lychnitis, impregnated by the duſt
of the V. Thapſ. both which grew in the ſame bed. Seen long ago
by Agerius, who ſent it to J. Bauh. from whom fucceeding au-
thors have copied it. Agrees with V. Lychn. in its branching ſtem,
its flowers, and alſo tho' leſs ſo in the purple hairs of the threads;
& with the V. Thapf. in ſize, in its leaves, which run down the ſtem,
though not all the way, and which are not ſo white; in its empala
which, however, have longer fruit-ſtalks, tho' not ſo long as thoſe
of the V. Lychn. In a word, it is not a diſtinct ſpecies, but rather
a variety of V. Lychnites. LINN.
Chalky and fandy meadows and paſtures, in Kent. Huds.
B.July. Aug.
VERBASCUM

V. CHIVES, I. POINTAL
225
-
VERBASCUM Lychni'tis. Leaves wedge-oblong. hsary
Linn.--Root-leaves ſometimes wedge-oblong, but most commonly
oblong-/pear-ſhaped. St.
Stem panicled. Leaves fpear-ſhaped, the lower ones tapering
down into leaf-ſtalks. Fruit-ſtalks crowded, undivided. LINN.
Stem branching. Leaves on ſhort leaf-ſtalks; the upper fitting.
HALL, Mr. WOODWARD.
B. July.
a. pulverulentum. Mr. WOODWARD. ST.-Whole plant covered duſty
with a mealy down. Scop. Mr. WOODWARD. ST.-Lower-leaves
imperfectly notched; the upper egg-ſpear or egg-ſhaped. Mr. W.
ST.-Down eaſily rubbing off. Ray. St.-Bloſſoms ſprinkled
with glandular globules. St.
7. B. iii. 873. 1.
When a part of the down falls off, what remains gives the plant
the appearance of having been ſprinkled over with powder. Stem
4 to 5 feet high. Leaves, the upper fometimes embracing the ſtem;
uppermoſt more and more pointed, and at length taper-pointed.
Blofs. yellow. Mr. WOODWARD.ST.-Leaves, the upper egg-ſhaped,
or oblong, ending ſuddenly in a finely tapering point. Down of
a clear white, flock-like, equally thick on each ſide of the leaf,
readily coming off on paſſing the leaf or item between the finger
and thumb; viewed in the microſcope appears to be compoſed of
diſtinct hairs beautifully branched. Blofs. to 7; lines in diameter,
with little or no down upon it. St.
About Norwich. Ray [and Mr. PITCHFORD.-Very common
in Norfolk. Mr. WOODWARD.]-Bury, and Wollerton, Nor-
thamptonſhire. Ray.
Neither Cows, Goats, Sheep, Horſes, or Swine will touch it.
B. album. St. Lower-leaves nearly ſmooth above, downy un- whiteflower'd
derneath, deeply notched; the upper (pear-ſhaped; the uppermoſt
ſtrap-ſpear-ſhaped. Mr. Woodw. St.-Down adhering firmly
to the leaf; ſometimes rather woolly than downy underneath. Sr.
Ger. 631. 1, cop. in Pet. 62.4.-Iuchſ. 847, cop. in /.B.iii. 873.
2.—Matth. 1147, cop. in Lob.obl. 303.2, repr. in Ger. em.
-
en
775. 3, and cop.again in Ger. 632. 3.-Fl. dan. 586.-- A branch,
&c. Fl. dan. 586.
Threads equal, woolly. LEERS.-Lower-leaves of a darkiſh green.
J. BAUH. ST.-Bloſs. ſmall, white. J. BAUH. Mr. Woodw.ST.
-Stem ſeldom more than 3 feet high. Fruit-ſtalks longer than in a.
Mr. Woodw. ST.---Lower-leaves of a pleaſant green, their
upper
ſurface ſhining. Mr. WOODWARD.-The differences noted above
were the reſult of a compariſon of a growing wild, with ß culti-
vated, though, I very much doubt, whether they can be thought
I
ſufficient to eſtabliſh a ſpecific difference between them. Mr. W.
Vol. I.
Stem,
-
Q

226
.
PENTANDRIA MONOGYNIA.
-Stem, branches, fruit-ſtalks, and empalement covered with a cloſe
ſhort down. Leaves ſlightly downy, and often ſmooth.POLLICH.
ST.-Leaves thicker than thoſe of a; the lower betwixt toothed and
notched; the upper with a degree of downineſs on the upper fur-
face; in all the native ſpecimens covered underneath with a cloſe
compact down, which renders them opaque; in the cultivated
ſpecimens rather woolly (villoſa) and readily admitting the light
through them. Down of a dirty white, cloſe, ſhort, may be ſcraped
off by the nail, but not by paſſing it between the finger and thumb.
Flowering-branches numerous, fcattered, open, ſhorter than the
ſtem. Flowers thick fet, on fruit-ſtalks, bundled. Bloſs. dirty
white, and on drying changes to a reddiſh white; 5: lines in dia-
meter; ſegments oblong, inverſely egg-fhaped; the lower gradually
ſmaller, ſprinkled above, and eſpecially underneath, with a down,
but no glandular globules. Threads yellowish white; all bearded
with long hairs; club-ſhaped at the end. Tips and dust faffron-co-
lour. Shaft broken back at a very obtuſe angle, beſet with down at
the baſe. I believe them to be diſtinct ſpecies, but, I muſt at the
ſame time own, that of the pulverulentum, I have ſeen only dried
fpecimens. In Lord Stamford's pleaſure ground, at Enville,
is a plant correſponding in all reſpects with the above deſcriptions,
except that the bloſſoms are pale yellow, with glandular dots on
the under ſurface. I believe it to be a real variety of the album. Ray
accordingly in his Cat. plant. exterar. ſpeaks of white and yellow
having riſen from the ſeed of the ſame plant. St.
Verbaſcum album. Mill. according to Reich, but Mill. charac-
teriſes it, * Leaves heart-oblong." St.
*Chalky and fandy meadows and paſtures, road fides, Kent.-
[Has never been found in Norfolk. Mr. WOODWARD.-On the
ramparts of Bruſſels, and there the pulverulentum is not to be found.
-Enville, near the Rock Houfes. St.]
-
black VERBASCUM nigrum. Leaves heart-oblong, on
leaf-ftalks.-
Fuchſ. 849, cop. in Dod. 144. 1, J. B. iii. 873. 3, and imitated
in Trag. 218.-Ger. 631. 2.-(Ger. em. 775. 2.-H. Ox. V.
9. row 2. 5, only upper-leaves)-(Matth. 1145, more branched
than I have ever ſeen it.)
Leaves notched, downy underneath. Stem angular. Spike looſe,
fometimes branched. LINN.-Leaves wrinkled; the upper egg-ſpear-
ihaped, pointed. Hall. St.-- Leaves (the lower) doubly notched.
Threads, all bearded. Scop.St.-- Flowers on fruit-ſtalks, bundled.
Leaves gradually fraller upwards; the uppermoſt nearly ſitting,
POLLICH. ST, W.-Stem beſet with ſcattered down; angles more
numerous
-

V. CHIVES, I. POINTAL.
227
I
numerous upwards, being continuations of the edges of the leaf-
ſtalks tinged of a dirty purple. Down jointed, with ſimple awl-
ſhaped branches from the joints; that on the Howers forked. Flow-
ers from 5 to 9, but generally 7 in a ſet, with rudiments of others,
but feldom more than 4 come to perfection, bloſſoming in the
fame order as thoſe of the V. Thapſus. Fruit-ſtalks as long as the
flowers, lying to the ſtem, becoming longer during bloſſoming;
ſometimes, though rarely, with 2 or 3 flowers. Flower-leaves, 3
to each ſet, the lowermoſt the largeſt, the uppermoſt awl-ſhaped.
Bloſs. from 8 lines to 1 inch diameter, pale yellow; tube and edges
of the mouth with pointed blotches of browniſh purple. Threads
from the middle to near the point purple, and generally beſet with
purple hairs, above and below tawny, but in ſome plants there are
no hairs, or only 1 or 2 ſcattered ones to be ſeen; the uppermoft
the ſhorteſt, the reſt gradually longer downwards. Hairs flightly
club-ſhaped at the end. Duſt deep orange. In habit very much
reſembles the Digitalis purpurea. ST.-Leaves heart-ſpear-ſhaped,
not doubly ſcolloped; the lower on ſhort broad leaf-ſtalks. Flowers
about 7 in a ſet. Spike long, but not very compact. Tips yellow-
iſh ſcarlet. Seed-bud woolly. Shaft thickeſt towards the top. Sum-
mit green, not extending down the ſhaft. With.
Hedges and road fides. [Road fides, ſandy foil, Suffolk. Mr.
WOODWARD.--At Hamſtead, betwixt Birmingham and Walfall.
WITH.]
P. July-Sept.
A beautiful plant. The flowers are grateful to bees.
Swine will eat it. Sheep are not fond of it. Cows, Horſes,
and Goats refuſe it.
-
.
--
VERBASCUM virga'tum. Downy. Root-leaves rodlike
ſomewhat lyre-ſhaped ; ftem-leaves fitting. Stem branch-
ing. Fruit-ſtalks ſeveral together, fitting.* St.
7. B. iii. 875. 1.?
Stem ſtronger and longer than V. Blattaria. Bloſs. gold-coloured.
S. vel. round, 2, 3, or more together, but moſt uſually 1. PARK.
ST.-Whole plant beſet with very ſhort hairs; hairs numerous,
ſtraight, whitiſh, with globular heads, which wither away. Root
branched, flanting, biennial, whitiſh, bitter. Stem upright,
from 5 to 6 ft. high, branching from the bottom, round, marked
with ſuperficial angles from the edges of the leaves running down
the ſtem, and of a woodlike hardneſs below. Branches undivided,
Q 2
long,
* Pubeſcens, foliis radicalibus ſublyratis, caulinis feffilibus, caule ramoſo,
pedunculis aggregatis feffilibus, ST,

228
MONOGYNIA,
PENTANDRIA
a
long, rodlike, alternate, folitary, leafy below, beſet with flowers
to the length of 2 feet and upwards. Root-leaves a good deal re-
ſembling thoſe of the Common Primroſe, ſpear-ſhaped-oblong, wing
cleft-fcolloped towards the baſe, unequally and doubly notched,
wrinkled; above ſomewhat gloffy, with ſcattered hairs; underneath
venous, and woolly; veins hairy, the hairs generally forked, and
dotted with minute black dots, which, when viewed with a lens,
by tranſmitted light, appear ſemi-tranſparent. Lower ſtem-leaves
oblong-ſpear-ſhaped, or egg-oblong-ſpear-ſhaped, notched, and
ſome of the lowermoſt ſcolloped towards the baſe, narrowing
down into very ſhort leaf ſtalks. Upper ſtem and branch-leaves egg-
ſhaped, or oblong-egg-ſhaped, toothed, not ſerrated as in V.Boerh.
and Blatt. ſitting, not embracing the ſtem as in V. Blatt. Flower-
leaves egg-ſhaped, gradually diminiſhing, the uppermoſt ſpear-
ſhaped, and at length becoming a kind of flower-ſcales. Flowers
nearly ſitting, in ſmall cluſters from the ſides of the ſtem and
branches, at moderate intervals; but in plants whoſe main ſtem
has been injured they ſometimes appear folitary, but, on exami-
nation, the rudiments of others will be found at the baſe of each.
Flower-ſcales, one at the baſe of each flower, the outermoft egg-
ſhaped, taper-pointed, or ſpear-ſhaped, rather ſhorter than the
flower; the inner ones fpear-ſhaped, the length of the empal. Empal.
ſegments ſpear-ſhaped, expanding, as ſoon as the bloſſom is fallen
cloſing up, the upper one ſmaller than the reſt. Bloſs, with a
.
purpliſh ring round the mouth; 14 inch diameter; 2 or 3 in bloom
at once. Fruit-ſtalks horizontal, very ſhort, ſeldom more than half
the length of the empalement, the upper part of the outſide and
round the tube beſet with hairs tipt with glands. Threads purpliſh
on one ſide, and yellowiſh on the other; bearded with thread-like
hairs club-ſhaped at the joints, which, in the upper one, are
whitiſh, in the reſt purple. Seed-bud beſet with very ſhort white
hairs tipt with glaſs-ſhaped glands. St.
Blattaria lutea major, five, Hiſpanica. Park. 64, and par. 383.-Blat-
taria lutea fol. long. laciniato altera 4 cubitorum, 3, 4, 5, et plura val-
cula conjuncta habens. C. B. pin. 240. ?--Blattaria magno flore. C. B.
pin. 241. 7. B. iii. 875. R. hiſt. 1096. Tourn. 148.-(Not Ger.
em.778. 5, cop. in 7. B. iii. 875.1, leaves too pointed.)
Hedge banks, in gravelly foil. [Firſt ſhewn me by my late wor-
thy friend Mr. Waldron Hill, of Worceſter, in a field on the S.
fide of a lane leading from Gregory's Mill to the turnpike road,
near that town. The ſide of the turnpike road from Worceſter
to Omberfley, oppoſite to the lane leading to Beverley; and cul-
tivated for the laſt 3 years at my requeſt by Mr. Brunton, in his
nurſery at Perry Hill, near Birmingham, without any perceptible
alteratione
.
a

V. CHIVES, I. POINTAL.
229
alteration. It is cultivated alſo in the King's Garden, at Paris,
where I pointed it out to my learned and ever to be regretted friend,
LINNÆUS The Son, who aſſured me it had not been deſcribed
in his father's works. ST.
B. Aug.-Nov.
-
VERBASCUM Blatta'ria. Leaves embracing the moth
ſtem, oblong, ſmooth. Fruit-ſtalks folitary. LINN.
Leaves ferrated. Hall. St.
Fuchſ. 183, cop. in Trag. 925, and J. B. iii. 874. 1.-Ger. em.
778.7, cop. in Park. 64.3.-Ger. 633. 1, the beſt leaves.-
Matth. 1151, cop. by Dod. 145. 1, repr. in Lob. obf. 304. 2, and
Ger. em. 776. 1; which cop. in Park. 61. 5, Pet. ii. 62.5, and
H. ox. v. 9. row 3. 5.-Swert. ii. 39. 4, bad.-(Zanon. 34. I,
is Celſia orient.—Dod. 145. 2, is V. phonic.)
Upper part of the plant ſprinkled with hairs ſecreting a glutinous
matter. LINN.-Leaves heart-ſpear-ſhaped, ſmooth, wrinkled;
uppermoſt egg-ſpear-ſhaped, embracing the ſtem. Upper part of
the ſtem and empalements hairy; hairs knobbed at the ends. Blofs.
yellow. Capſule ſpherical. HALL.ST.-Stem 2 to 3 feet high, ſlightly
angular, ſmooth. Leaves ſomewhat wrinkled. A ſhort fpear-
ſhaped flower-leaf at the baſe of each fruit-ſtalk. POLLICH. ST.-
Threads bearded with club-ſhaped hairs. Scop.St.-Leaves gloſſy
on the upper fide; fometimes toothed, and ſometimes notched;
lowermoſt with winged clefts at the baſe. Fruit-ſtalks longer than the
flower-leaves. Threads, 3 uppermoſt bearded from the baſe to the tips,
uppermoſt hairs whitiſh; 2 lowermoſt bearded from the baſe to a little
above the middle. Seed-bud covered with fitting globular glands. ST,
Obs. The genus Blattaria of Ray, Tourn. and the old authors,
though very properly combined by Linnæus with the Verbaſcum,
forms a kind of natural ſub-diviſion of the genus, conſiſting of
V.phænic. Blattaria, and Virgatum. Capſule globular. Hairs of the ſtem
and leaves tipt with globular heads. In the true Verbaſcums, Capſule egg-
Maped. Hairs branching. St.
Yellow Moth Mullein.
Gravelly foil. Lane between Mitcham Common and Caſalton.
Horns Place, near Rocheſter, between Deptford and Greenwich,
Ray.-And about Plymouth. Huds.
My ſpecimens from gardens, and having never ſeen it growing
wild, I have been ſometimes induced to ſuſpect my virgatum to
have been taken for the true V. Blattaria. $T. A June. July
a
Q3
263. DATU'RA,

230
PENTANDRIA MONOGYNIA.
263. DATU'RA. Thorn-apple.
cup. Tips
EMPAL. Cup i leaf; oblong; tubular; diftended;
with 5 angles and 5 teeth ; falling off, but leaving a
5
part of the baſe behind.
Bloss. 1 petal ; funnel-ſhaped. Tube cylindrical; gene-
rally longer than the cup. Border not quite upright,
almoſt entire; with 5 angles, 5 tapering teeth, and
5
5 plaits.
Chives. Threads 5; awl-ſhaped ; as long as the
oblong; blunt; compreſſed.
Point. Seed-bud egg-ſhaped. Shaft thread-ſhaped; ſtraight.
Summit thick, blunt, compoſed of 2 flat plates.
S. Vess. Capſule nearly egg-ſhaped; with 2 cells and 4
valves; ſtanding upon the remains of the cup. Re-
ceptacle large; convex; dotted ; fixed to the partition
of the capſule.
Seeds. Numerous; kidney-ſhaped.
Ess. Char. Bloſs. funnel-Shaped, plaited. Empal. tubular,
angular, falling off. Capſule 4-valved.
2
common
-
.
DATU'RA Stramo'nium. Seed-veſſel thorny, up-
right, egg-ſhaped. Leaves egg-ſhaped, ſmooth. Linn.-
Leaves indented (ſinuatis.) ST.
Stoerek.-Fl. dan. 436.--Cluf. exot. 289, repr. in Ger. em. 348.
2.-Blackw. 313.-Col. phytob. 12.--(The references to the old
authors in the Germ. fynon. belong to Datura metel.)
At night the leaves, particularly the upper ones, riſe
up
and
incloſe the flowers. Bloſs. white, with ſometimes a tinge of pur-
ple, or violet.
Amongſt rubbiſh, and on dunghills. [Trittor Heath, Suffolk,
Mr. WOODWARD.]-A native of America, but now naturalized
in Europe. Linn.
A. July
An ointment prepared from the leaves gives eaſe in external
inflammations and Hæmorrhoids. The Edinburgh College direct
an extract to be prepared by evaporating the expreſſed juice of the
leaves. This has been given with great advantage in convulſive
affections and epilepfies. Out of 14 epileptic patients, 8 were
entirely cured by it, at Stockholm. The doſe from 2 to 16 grains
a day. Med. Comm. i. 368. iii. 22. See alſo Lond. Med. Jour. ii. 295.
The feeds or leaves given internally bring on delirium, tremors,
fwelling, itching, eruption, and inflammation on the ſkin: theſe
effects

V. CHIVES, I. POINTAL.
231
effects were produced by a doſe of a dram and a half in a girl g
years old. See Dr. Fowler's account, Med. Comm. vol. 5, p. 164.
Cows, Goats, Sheep, and Horſes refuſe it.
a
a
264. HYOSCY'AMUS. Henbane.
Empal. Cup I leaf, tubular; diftended in the lower
part. Rim with 5 clefts; ſharp; permanent.
Bloss. 1 petal, funnel-ſhaped. Tube cylindrical; ſhort.
Border not quite upright ; with 5 ſhallow clefts. Seg-
5
ments blunt, i broader than the reſt.
Chives. Threads 5 ; awl-ſhaped; inclining. Tips roundiſh.
Point. Seed-bud roundiſh. Shaft thread-ſhaped ; as long
as the chives. Summit ſomewhat globular.
S. Vess. Capſule egg-ſhaped; blunt; marked with a line
upon each ſide; of 2 cells, formed by 2 capſules
cloſely preſſed together, but cut round, and with a
lid opening horizontally. Receptacle half egg-ſhaped,
fixed to the partition.
Seeds. Numerous; unequal.
Ess. CHAR. Bloſs. funnel-ſhaped; blunt. Chives inclining.
Capſule 2-celled, with a lid.
HYOSCY'AMUS ni'ger. Leaves embracing the common
ftem, indented. Flowers ſitting. -
Ludw. 85.-Cluf. ii. 83, repr. in Dod. 450. 1, Lob. obſ. 139. 1,
Ger. 283. 1, and Ger. em. 353. 1, and rudely cop. in Park. 362,
1.-Blackw. 550.-Riv. mon. 102.–Stoerck.---H, 0x. V, 11,
row 2. 1.-Matth. 1064.-Fuchſ. 833, cop. in 7. B. ii. 627.
1.--Trag. 133:-(Variety B of the Germ. Synon, is H. reticulat.)
Flowers on very ſhort fruit-ſtalks. Mr. HolLEFEAR.-Empal.
hairs foft, long, and matted with thoſe of the flower next below
and above it. Bloſs. irregular, gradually tapering down into a
tube, with 5 prominent ribs on the outſide; the upper ſegment
5
the largeſt, the reſt gradually diminiſhing downwards; the upper
incifions ſhallow, the lowermoſt extending half way to the baſe,
and much wider than the reft, Threads white, with ſoft hairs be-
low; the uppermoſt the ſhorteſt, thoſe below gradually increaſing
in length. Empal. becoming rigid, and the capſules continuing on
the dead plant till the plants of the next year are in bloſſom; when
the leaves being fallen off the fruit appears in bunches pointing
way, in 2 rows from 1 ſide of the branch. St.-Whole plant woolly
and clammy. Empal. woolly at the baſe, a little diſtended on the
under
.
-
-
-
Q4

232
PENTANDRIA MONOGYNIA.
a
under fide, ſmooth within. Bloſs. tube white, with the middle
deep purple; border pale yellowiſh brown, beautifully veined with
purple. Threads woolly, unequal in length. Tips deep purple,
of 2 cells. Duft white. Shaft of a fine purple. Summit white.
With.
Villages, road fides, and amongſt rubbiſh, not uncommon.
B. LINN. ST.-A. HUDs. June.
The ſeeds, the leaves, and the roots, taken internally, are all
poiſonous; and many well atteſted inſtances of their bad effects
are recorded. Madneſs, convulſions, and death, are the general
conſequence. WITH.-I have often eaten the ſeeds of this plant
with impunity. Dr. SMITH.-In a ſmaller doſe they occaſion gid-
dineſs and ftupor. It is ſaid that the leaves ſcattered about a houſe
will drive away mice. The Edinburgh College order the expreſſed
juice of the plant to be evaporated to an extract; and perhaps in
this ſtate it may be advantageouſly joined with opium, where the
effects of that medicine are deſirable, and coſtiveneſs is to be
avoided. There is no doubt of its being an uſeful medicine under
proper management. The doſe is from half a ſcruple to half a
dram.
Goats are not fond of it. Horſes, Cows, Sheep, and Swine
refuſe it. LINN.-Sheep ſometimes eat it when young. Mr.
BALLARD.--Chryſomela Hyoſcyami, and the Cimex Hyoſcyami, are
found upon it.
.
-
266. ATROPA. Dwale.
EMPAL. Cup i leaf; permanent; with 5 diviſions; bulg-
ing. Segments pointed.
Bloss. I petal; bell-ſhaped. Tube very ſhort. Border diſ-
tended ; egg-ſhaped; longer than the cup. Mouth
ſmall; with 5 clefts; open. Segments nearly equal.
CHives. Threads 5; awl-ſhaped ; from the baſe of, and as
long as the bloſſom ; approaching at the baſe, but
bowed outwards, and diverging towards the top. Tips
rather thick ; riſing.
Point. Seed-bud half egg-ſhaped. Shaft thread-ſhaped;
inclining; as long as the chives. Summit knobbed;
tranſverſely oblong; riſing.
S. Vess. Berry of 2 cells; globular; fitting upon the сир,
which enlarges. Receptacle fleſhy; kidney-ſhaped;
convex on both ſides.
SEEDS, Numerous; kidney-ſhaped,
2
Esse

V. CHIVES, I. POINTAL.
233
Ess. Char. Bloſs. bell-ſhaped. Chives diſtant. Berry globu-
lar, 2-celled.
-
-
AT'ROPA Belladon'na. Stem herbaceous. Leaves deadly
egg-ſhaped; entire.-
Ludw. 128.- Jacq. auſtr. iv. 309.-Fl. dan. 758.-Sheldr. 101.
- Mill. 62.-Cluf. ii. 86. 1, repr. in Dod. 456. 1, Lob. obf.
134.2, Ger. em. 340, and cop. in Park. 346. 6, Ger. 269, and
H. ox. xiii. 3. 4.-Blackw. 564.—Matth. 1073.-J. B. iii.
611. 1.-Fuchſ. 689, cop. in 7. B. ib. 2.-ib. 3.-Trag. 301.
Stem zigzag. Leaves not evidently hairy. Empal. ſegments, 2
ſmaller than the reſt, not evidently bulging. Bloſs. ribbed. Threads
with white hairs at the baſe. Tips white. Summit green. Seeds
rough, dotted. Berry, firſt green, then red, and at length black.
WITH.-Bloſſoms dark purple.
Deadly, or ſleepy Nightſhade. Dwayberries.
Hedges, amongſt limeſtone and rubbiſh. [St. Faith's, Newton,
near Norwich, and in Herts, frequent. Mr. Woodw.—Dudley
Caſtle, With. St.-Yard of Lautony Abbey, near Glouceſter.
Mr. BALLARD.-Hardwicke Park, Derbyſhire. St.]
P. June.-Aug.-Fruit ripe from Aug. to Oct. St.
The whole plant is poiſonous; and children, allured by the
beautiful appearance of the berries, have too often experienced
their fatal effects. Buchanan, the Scotch Hiſtorian, gives an ac-
count of the deſtruction of the army of Sweno, when he invaded
Scotland, by the juice of theſe berries being mixt with the drink,
which the Scots, by their truce, engaged to ſupply them with.
The Danes became ſo intoxicated, that the Scots fell upon them
in their ſleep, and killed the greateſt part of them; ſo that there
were ſcarcely men enough left to carry off their King. Whatever
credit is due to this ſtory, there is no doubt but thoſe who eat the
berries are attacked with ſtupor or delirium, and become variouſly
convulſed, and that death is the certain conſequence, if not pre-
vented by timely and plentiful vomiting, ſo as to evacuare the poi-
ſon. With-Miller recommends drinking a large glaſsful of
warm vinegar, and I am inclined to accede to the propriety of
this remedy, or rather to recommend the ſwallowing plentifully
of repeated draughts of a tea ſpoonful of fpirits of hartſhorn,
taken in a large glaſs of brandy and water, as theſe narcotics fre-
quently diminiſh the irritability of the ſtomach, ſo far as to ren-
der it inſenſible to the operation of vomits. ST.-Tumours of the
breaſts, even of the cancerous kind, are ſaid to have been reſolved
by a topical application of the freſh leaves. Dr. Graham, in the
Med. Commmunicat. vol. i. p. 419, fays, he found great benefit from
a poul-

234
MONOGYNIA.
PENTANDRIA
a
a
a poultice made of the roots, boiled in milk, and applied to hard
ill-conditioned tumours and ulcers; and relates a deplorable caſe,
in which this poultice effected a perfect cure. The powdered root
has been given in doſes of 10 or more grains every other night, as
a preventative after the bite of a mad dog. Lond. Med. Fourn. vol.
iii.p. 199. There is no doubt but their external application may
be productive of good effects in ſeveral caſes, but the following
inſtance ſhews us that their application is dangerous when the ſkin
is broken :
A lady, who had a ſmall ulcer a little below one of her eyes,
which was ſuppoſed to be of a cancerous nature, put a ſmall bit
of the
green
leaf
upon it. In the morning the uvea of that eye
was ſo affected that the pupil would not contract, even in the
brighteſt light; whilſt the other eye retained its uſual powers. The
leaf being removed, the eye was gradually reſtored to its former
ftate. This could not be an accidental effect, for it was repeated
three ſeparate times, and the ſame circumſtances attended each
application. Ray. hiſt. 680.-In the Phil. Tranſ. vol. 50. p.77, there
is a well atteſted caſe of a woman cured of a cancer in her breaſt
by taking a tea-cup full of an infuſion of the dried leaves
every
morning. The complaint became worſe at firſt, but afterwards
the ſymptoms abated, and in 6 months ſhe was perfectly well. The
infuſion was made by pouring 10 tea-cups full of water upon 20
grains of the dried leaves, letting it ſtand all night in a warm
place. It hath ſince been tried in our hoſpitals, with the effect
of mitigating the ſymptoms, but hardly ever perfecting a cure.
Mr. Gattaker gives the preference to the Solanum nigrum in theſe
caſes, as he found that to increaſe the ſecretions, and produce
ſimilar good effects, without affecting the nervous ſyſtem ſo diſa-
greeably as this generally does. See his Treatiſe on the Nightſhade.-
The juice of the ripe berries ſtains paper of a beautifuland dur-
able purple. WITH.
a
268. SOLA'NUM.

V. CHIVES, I. POINTAL.
235
268. SOLANUM. Nightſhade.
-
-
EMPAL. Cup i leaf; permanent; with 5 ſhallow clefts;
5
ſharp; upright.
Bloss, i petal; wheel-ſhaped. Tube very ſhort. Border
large; plaited; with 5 ſhallow clefts; turned back
and flat.
Chives. Threads 5; awl-ſhaped ; very ſmall. Tips ob-
long; approaching ſo as to touch; with 2 open pores
at the end.
Point. Seed-bud roundiſh. Shaft fimple; longer than the
chives. Summit blunt.
S. Vess. Berry roundiſh, gloſſy; with a hollow dot at the
end; and 2 cells. Receptacle convex on both ſides;
fleſhy.
Seeds. Several, roundiſh, diſperſed among the pulp.
Ess. CHAR. Bloſs. wheel-ſhaped. Tips almojt uniting, open-
ing at the point by 2 pores. Berry 2-celled.
SOLANUM Dulcamta'ra. Stem without prickles, woody
ſomewhat ſhrubby, zigzag. Upper-leaves halberd-ſhaped.
Bunches tuft-like.-
Ludw. 58.-Curt. i. 1.-Fl. dan. 607.-Blackw. 34.-Dod. 402.
2, repr. in Lob. obf. 136. 4, Ger. em. 350, and cop. in Park.
350.-Ger. 279. 1.-Trag. 816.-Matth. 1281, cop. in 7. B.
ii. 109. 2.
Stems twining. Leaves egg-ſpear-ſhaped; the upper fometimes,
not always halberd-ſhaped. Bloſs. deeply divided; ſegments ſpear-
ſhaped, with 2 green ſpots at the baſe of each. Tips on the ift
opening of the bloſſom readily ſeparable, but afterwards growing
dryer, they ſooner tear than be disjoined. Berry, the hollow not
very conſpicuous. With.Blofs. purple, and berries ſcarlet. .
Curt.-Bloſs. ſometimes fleſh-coloured.
Bitter-ſweet.
Moiſt brakes, hedges, and ſides of ditches. P. June. July
B. Leaves hairy. Huds.
ſea
Sea coaſt. Ray, and Huds.
3. Bloſs white. HUDS.
whiteflower'd
Boerhaave ſays it is a medicine far fuperior to China and Sarſa-
parilla as a ſweetner and reſtorative. Linnæus ſays an infuſion
of the young twigs is an admirable medicine in acute rheuma-
tiſms, inflammations, fevers, and ſuppreſſion of the lochia. Dr.
Hill ſays he has found it very efficacious in the aſthma. Doctor
Hallenberg
-
-
2

236
PENTANDRIA MONOGYNIA.
Hallenberg adviſes it in iſchiatic and rheumatic pains, jaundice,
ſcurvy, and lues venerea. He directs a pint of boiling water to
be poured upon 2 drams of the ſtalks ſliced and dried, after ſtand-
ing half an hour, it muſt be boiled 15 minutes. The doſe 2 tea-
cups full or more, morning and evening. The ſtalks may be
gathered early in the ſpring, or at the end of autumn. Med. Comm.
vol. 3.p.15.-The root has the ſmell of the potatoe. Mr.BEDDOES.
Sheep and Goats eat it. Horſes, Cows, and Swine refuſe it.
garden
-
-
SOLA'NUM nigrum. Stem without prickles, her-
baceous. Leaves egg-ſhaped, toothed, angular. Bunches
nodding, pointing 2 ways.-
Ludw.172.-Curt. ii. 16.*-Fl. dan. 460.-Sheldr. 106.-Blackw.
107.--Dod. 454. I, repr. in Lob. obf. 133. 2, Ger. em. 339.
I, and cop. in Park. 346. 1, and H. ox. a. xiii. 1. row 1. 1.-
Matth. 1069.-Ger. 268. 1.-Fuchſ. 686, cop. in 7. B. iii. 6.
608.-Trag. 303
Stem angular, roughiſh, branching from the baſe. Leaves run-
ning down the leaf-ſtalk. Fruit-ſtalks from the ſides of the ſtem
and branches, without any leaf at the baſe. POLLICH. ST.-
Ariſing from the middle of the joint. Curt, ST.-Bloſs. white.
Berries black.
Common Nightſhade.
Amongſt rubbiſh, and on dunghills. A. June. Oct.
From 1 to 3 grains of the leaves infuſed in boiling water, and
taken at bed-time, occaſions a copious perſpiration; increaſes the
fecretion by the kidneys, and generally purges more or leſs the
following day. Theſe properties, judiciouſly applied, render it
capable of doing eſſential ſervice in ſeveral diſeaſes, as may be
ſeen in Mr. Gattaker's Treatiſe on the Solanum. But its effects
on the nervous ſyſtem are ſo uncertain, and ſometimes fo confi-
derable, that it muſt ever be adminiſtered with the greateſt caution.
The leaves externally applied abate inflammation, and aſſuage
pain. The flowers ſmell like muſk.
Horſes, Cows, Goats, Sheep, and Swine refuſe it.
a
6
* Correſponds with the “ S. nigrum wirginicum & Linn. with the branches
« angular, toothed; leaves ſerpentine at the edge, ſmooth ;” and figured by
Dill. t. 275, f. 256. Poſſibly indigenous to Great-Britain as well as America,
or rather, perhaps, naturalized in the environs of the metropolis, from the refuſe
of gardens. ST.
275. CHIRO'.

V. CHIVES, I. POINTAL.
237
275. CHIRO'NIA. Centory.
(Centaurium minus. Tourn. 48. ST.)
EMPAL. Cup 1 leaf, with 5 diviſions, permanent; little
5
leaves oblong, upright, pointed.
Bloss. I petal ; equal. Tube narrower. Border with 5
diviſions, expanding; ſegments egg-ſhaped, equal.
Chives. Threads 5; broad; ſhort; growing from the top
of the tube. Tips oblong; upright; large; ap-
proaching; ſpirally twiſted when their duſt is ſhed.
Point. Seed-bud egg-ſhaped. Shaft thread-ſhaped, a little
longer than the chives, declining. Summit knobbed,
riſing up
S. Vess. Egg-ſhaped ; 2-celled.
Seeds. Numerous; finall.
Ess. Char. Bloſs. wheel-Shaped, (rather funnel or ſalver-
Shaped; ſee generic deſcription. ST.) Point. declining. Chives
inſerted into the tube of the bloſſom. Tips at laſt Spiral.
Seed-veſſel of 2 cells, (of 1, ſee below. St.)
Obs. Linn. in his fl. lapp. p. 62. gives us reaſons for uniting
the Centaurium minus of Tourn. to the Gentiana; but the ſubſequent
eſtabliſhment of the Genera Chironia and Chlora, the individuals of
which Tourn. had referred to his Centaurium minus, may be re-
garded as a tacit recantation of that opinion. Chironia and Chlora
agree in the ſtructure of their fruit, but differ in that of the em-
palement. ST.
CHIRO'NIA Centau'rium. Curt. Mr. Woodw. common
St. Herbaceous. Leaves oblong ſpear-ſhapped ſegments
of the empalement awl-ſhaped, ſhorter than the tube of
the bloſſom. St.
Curt. iv. 42.-Fl. dan. 617. Walc.-Sheldr. 82.-Fuchs. 387,
cop. in 7. B. iii. 353. 2.—Matth. 655, the cloſed bloſſoms excel-
lent, the expanded too blunt.--Dod. 336, repr. in Lob. obſ. 218,
Ger. em. 547. 1; and cop. in Park. 272. 1.-Blackw. 452.-
Trag. 140.--Ger. 437.-H. ox. v. 26, row 1. 5.
Bloſs. with ſometimes only four clefts, and ſegments pointed.
HUDS.-Stem from four inches to a foot, and in a ſpecimen on
the ſea coaſt, inches high, often branching out ſome way
-
-
above
* Herbacea, foliis lanceolato-oblongis, calycinis laciniis fabulatis tubo corol-
iæ brevioribus. ST.

238
PENTANDRIA MONOGYNIA.
2
above the root; branches upright, fimple; and ſometimes branch-
ing all the way to the top. Flower-Leaves ſtrap-ſhaped. Flowers in
a kind of rundle, folitary, almoſt fitting, one at each diviſion of
the rundle. Bloſs. ſhrivelling, ſalver-Shaped when fully expanded ;
tube 1-3d longer than the empalement, ſlightly coloured; border ge-
nerally cloſed, except in clear fair weather, plaited at the baſe,
the fiſſures being keeled on the outſide, and the ſegments on the
inſide. Chives ſhorter than the bloſſom; threads awl-ſhaped; tips
egg-oblong, upright, and after they have ſhed their duſt ſtrap-
ſhaped, and twiſted ſpirally from right to left. Seed-bud green,
ſmooth, with a longitudinal furrow on each fide. Shaft as ſhort
again as the threads, cloven half way down. Summits 2, on ſhort
pedicles, nearly orbicular, greeniſh-yellow. Caps. oblong, round,
marked with a furrow on each ſide; of 2 valves, readily ſeparat-
ing into 2 halves, but of only one cell, the edges of the valves
being turned inwards, but not ſo far as to meet, as in Chlora.
Seeds roundifh. Compare the above deſcription with the Chironia.
How exactly do they correſpond! or rather they ſeem to be the
fame. The Chironia indeed is deſcribed with a capſule of 2 cells.
Linnæus however appears to have examined only dried ſpeci-
mens, and in one ſpecies at leaſt, the Chironia fruteſcens, there is
alſo only one cell, which induces me to ſuſpect that in the other
ſpecies it muſt be the valves being rolled inwards, that has in-
duced Linnæus to deſcribe them as having two. Sr. Notes, Oct.
1775, and Ap. 1777.-The declining Summit, and twiſted Tips,
correſpond with the Genus Chironia. Mr. WOODWARD.-Stenz
with 4 or. 6 edges. Root-Leaves wedge-ſhaped ; ſtem-leaves oppo-
ſite, fitting, ſpear-ſhaped, ſmooth. Empal. adhering to the tube
of the bloſs. Bloſs. funnel-ſhaped ; tube cylindrical, ſkinny, yel-
lowiſh, longer than the empal. adhering to the ſeed-bud; border
pink-coloured, with 5 ſpear-ſhaped ſegments, lapping over each
other. Threads white, fixed to the top of the tube. Tips yellow,
twiſting into a ſpiral after ſhedding their duft. Shaft cylindrical,
cloven at the top, and diviſible without much force all the way
down. Summits 2, ſhaped like a horſe-ſhoe, yellowiſh green. WITH.
Leſor Centory.-Barren paſtures.
A. June.-Aug.
Extremely bitter. It is the baſis of the famous Portland Powder
which prevents fits of the gout, when taken in a large quantity, and
a long time together; but brings on hardneſs of the liver, pally,
and apoplexy. A tincture of the leaves, and the upper part of
the root, is a good medicine in weak ſtomachs and cachectic ha-
bits. A decoction of the whole plant deſtroys lice, and cures
the itch.-Cows are not fond of it. LINN. and in ſheep paſtures
it is frequently left untouched. ST.
e Linn,

V. CHIVES, I. POINTAL.
239
B LINN. Stem very ſhort, and very much branched. Ger.
prov. St.
Vaill. 6 1. a more charaéteriſtic repreſentation of the ſpecies than any
of the above.
3. Bloſſoms white, Ray. St. Centaurium minus flore albo.
7. B. ii. 353
Nigh Cartmal medicinal well, Lancaſh. RaY.-[And Upper
Battenhall, near Worceſter. ST.]
284 RHA M'NUS. Buckthorn.
EMPAL. Cup none; except the bloſſom be conſidered as
fuch.
Bloss. I petal; funnel-ſhaped; cloſed at the baſe.
rough outwardly, but coloured within. Tube cylin-
drical ; turban-ſhaped. Border expanding; divided;
ſharp; 5 Scales, i at the baſe of each diviſion of the
bloſſom, approaching inwards.
Chives. Threads as many as the ſegments of the bloſſom;
awl-ſhaped ; growing upon the bloffom under the
ſcales. Tips ſmall.
Point. Seed-bud roundiſh. Shaft thread-ſhaped ; as long
as the chives. Summit blunt; divided into fewer
ſegments than the bloſſom.
S. Vess. Berry roundiſh, naked, divided into fewer cells
than the bloſſom has ſegments.
Seeds. Solitary; roundiſh; bulging on one fide, com-
preſſed on the other.
Ess. Char. Empal. tubular, with ſcales fencing the chives.
Bloſs. o. Fruit a berry.
;
RH A M'NUS Cathar'ticus. Thorns terminating. purging
Flowers cloven into 4. Chives and Pointal on different
plants. Leaves egg-ſhaped. Stem upright.
Fl. dan. 850.-Blackw. 135.-Matth. 158.--Dod. 756, repr. in
Ger. em. 1337. 2.--Park. 243. I at the bottom.--Cluf. i. ni,
repr. in Lob. obf. 599. 1, Ger. em. 1337. 1, and cop. in Park.
243. 1.
Summit cloven into 4. Berry 4 feeded. Linn.-Chives 4. Blos-
Soms pale green. Berries black.
[Woods and hedges near Norwich. Mr. Crowe.- Side of a
brook near Hanley-Caſt. Worceſterſhire. Mr. BALLARD,
Near Worceſter, Sr.]
Apr, May.

240
,
PENTANDRIA MONOGYNIA.
A purgative ſyrup prepared from the berries is kept in the
ſhops. About an ounce of is it a moderate doſe; but it ge-
nerally occaſions ſo much fickneſs and griping that it is falling
into diſuſe.-The fleſh of birds that feed upon the berries is
ſaid to be purgative. The juice of the unripe berries is of the
colour of faffron, and is uſed for ſtaining maps or paper.
Theſe are ſold under the name of French Berries. The juice
of the ripe berries mixed with alum, is the ſap green of the
painters; but if they are gathered late in the autumn the juice
is purple.—The bark affords a beautiful yellow dye.
Goats, Sheep, and Horſes eat it. Cows refuſe it.
-
a
Alder
-
RHA M'NUS Fran'gula. Without thorns. Chives
and one pointal in the fame empal. Leaves very entire.-
Ludw. 82.- Blackw. 152.-Fl. dan. 278.—Matth. 1271.-Ger.
1286.---Lob. obf. 594. 2, cop. in Park. 240.-Dod. 784. 1.
repr. in Ger. em. 1470.-7. B. i. 560. 2.-Trag. 981.-
Lob. obf. 594. 1.
Bloſs. with 5 clefts. Summit notched. Berry with 4 ſeeds. The
inner bark is yellow; the outer fea.green, and the middle
bark red as blood. LINN.-Berry with 3 cells. Scop. St.
Black berry-bearing Alder.
Woods and wet hedges. [Woods, Suffolk. Mr. Woodw.-
Wood at Smethwick, near Birmingham. Sr.] S. Apr. May.
From a quarter to half an ounce of the inner bark, boiled in
ſmall beer, is a ſharp purge. In dropſies, or conſtipations of
the bowels of cattle, it is a very certain purgative.-The berries
gathered before they are ripe, dye wool green. The bark dyes
yellow, and with preparations of iron, black.
Charcoal prepared from the wood is preferred by the makers
of gunpowder.--The flowers are particularly grateful to bees.
Goats devour the leaves voraciouſly, and Sheep will eat them.---
The Papilio Rhamni, and Argus, live upon both the ſpecies.
29. EVON

V. CHIVÉS, I. POINTAL
241
than the cup
291. EVO N'YMUS. Spindletree.
EMPAL. Cup i leaf, with 3 diviſions; flat. Segments round-
iſh; concave.
Bloss. Petals 5; egg-ſhaped; flat; expanding; longer
5
.
Chives. Threads 5; awl-ſhaped; upright; ſhorter than
the bloffom; ſtanding upon the feed-bud, as on a
receptacle. Tips double.
Point. Seed-bud tapering to a point. Shaft ſhort; fimple.
Summit blunt,
S. Vess. Capſule fucculent; coloured; with 5 fides; 5
angles; 5 cells; and 5 valves.
5
Seed. Solitary; egg-ſhaped; incloſed in a berry-like
feed-coat.
Ess. Char. Bloſs. 5-petaled. Capſule coloured; with 5
corners, 5 cells, and 5 valves. Seeds (as if) veiled.
Obs. In ſome plants there are only 4 petals, &c.
EVO N'YMUS europa'us. Flowers moſtly confift- commor
ing of 4 parts. Leaves fitting.-
Trag. 983.-Ger. 1284. 1.-Dod. 783, repr. in Lob. obf. 591. 2,
Ger. em. 1468.1, and cop, in Park. 241.1.-3. B. 1.6. 201.
-(Cluf. i. 57, repr. in Ger. em. ib. 3, and Ger. 1285, is E.
.
vetrucoſ. of Jacq.)
In its primary flower it accords with the genera to which it is
naturally allied. Linn. Leavès egg-ſpear-ſhaped, oppoſite, on
leaf-ſtalks. Fruit-ſtalks from the boſom of the leaves, and ſupport-
ing 1 or 2 pair of flowers. Empal. ſegments reflected. Petals green-
iſh white, fleſhy, lopped at the baſe. Threads fixed in holes in
the receptacle. Tips browniſh yellow. Seed-bud, ſhaft, and ſum-
mit of one uniform green fleſhy ſubſtance. With.--Fruit angular,
purpliſh; ſometimes white.
Spindle Tree. Prick Wood. Prick Timber Tree. Gatteridge Tree.
Louſe Berry.-Woods and hedges.
S. Ap. May.
The berries vomit and purge violently. They are fatal to Sheep.
Powdered, and ſprinkled upon the hair, they deſtroy lice. If the
wood is cut when the plant is in bloſſom, it is tough, and not
eaſily broken; and in that ſtate is uſed by watch-makers, for clean-
ing watches, and to make ſkewers and tooth-picks.
Cows, Goats, and Sheep eat it. Horſes refuſe it.
Phalana Evonymella lives upon
it.
Vol.1.
R
301. RIBES,

242
PENTANDRIA MONO GYNIA:
301. RI'B ES. Currant.
EMPAL. Cup 1 leaf, with 5 ſhallow clefts; diftended;
permanent. Segments oblong, concave, coloured,
reflected.
Bloss. Petals 5 ; ſmall; blunt; upright; growing to the
edge of the cup.
.
Chives. Threads 5; awl-ſhaped, upright; ſtanding on
the cup. Tips fixed fide-ways; compreſſed; open-
ing at the edges.
Point. Seed-bud beneath, roundiſh. Shaft cloven. Sum-
mits blunt.
S. Vess. Berry globular, of 1 cell; dimpled. Receptacles
2, longitundinal, lateral, oppoſite.
Seeds. Several ; roundiſh; ſomewhat compreſſed.
Ess. CHAR. Petals 5, and like the chives inſerted into the
empalement. Shaft cloven. Berry beneath, many-feeded.
red RI'BE S ru'brum. Without prickles. Bunches ſmooth,
pendant. Flowers flattifh.-
Ludw. 92.-Sheldr. 91. 1, 2, 3, and 5.-Walc.--Blackw. 285.
1. 24.-Trag. 995.-Matth. 168.-Cluf. i. 120. 1, repr. in
Dod. 749. 2, Lob. obf. 615.2, and Ger. em. 1593. 1.-3. B.
-
ii. 97
S. May.
a
Petals cloven. Shaft divided into 2; ſegments bent back. LEERS.
-Bloſs. greeniſh white. Berries red.
Currants.- Woods in the northern counties.
The fruit is univerſally acceptacle, either as nature preſents it,
or made into jelly. The juice is a moſt agreeable acid in punch.
If equal weights of picked currants and pure ſugar are put over
the fire, the liquor that ſeparates ſpontaneouſly is a moſt agreeable
jelly.--Cows, Goats, and Sheep eat the leaves. Horſes are not
fond of them. Linn.-A horſe refuſed it. ST.
This plant is very apt to be infeſted by the Aphis Ribes, and then
the
green
leaves become red, pitted, and puckered.
B. Sweet Currants.-Ribes vulgaris fructu dulci. Rax fyn. 456.
Woods in Yorkſhire and Leiceſterſhire.
ý. Small Currants.--Ribes fru&tu parvo. Rax ſyn. 456.
Wimbleton Park, Surry; and many places in Lancaſhire.
-
mountain
RI'BES alpinum. Without prickles. Bunches up-
right. Floral-leaves longer than the flowers, -
Gunn. ii. 2. 1 and 22-Jacq. auftr. i. 47.-). B. ii. 98.
Leaves

V. CHIVES, 1. POINTAL,
243
cop. in
.
-
Leaves ſet on both ſides with minute yellow globules. Empal.
6-ſided; ſegments longer than the petals. Chives ſhorter than the
petals. Pointal as tall as the cup. With.
Sweet Mountain Currants.
Woods and hedges in Yorkſh. [About Bradfotd. Mr. Wood.]
S. May.
The fruit has a flat ſweetiſh taſte, and is only agreeable to chil-
dren. The wood being hard and tough makes good teeth for rakes.
Cows, Goats, Sheep, and Horſes eat it.
RI'BE S ni'grum. Without prickles. Bunches hairy. black
Flowers oblong. -
Ludw. 91.-Fl. dan. 556.-Walc.Sheldr. 91.7, fruit.-Blackwa
285.6, fruit.--Dod.749, repř. in Ger. em. 1593, and
7. B. ii. 99. 1, and Park, 1562. 2.-Park. ib. 3.
Buds glandular. Floral-leaves woolly; and as long as the little
fruit-ſtalks. Flowers woolly. Ledf-ſtalks a little woolly, and beſet
with glands. LINN.-Leaves ſprinkled with glands underneath.
Glands globular, yellow, obvious to the naked eye. They appear
to be the ſource of its very ſtrong, and to fome perſons not unpleaf-
ing ſcent. St.
Squinancy Berries.
Wet hedges and banks of rivers. [Alder Swamps, Norfolk.
Mr. WOODWARD.]
The berries have a very peculiar flavor which many people diſlike;
but their juice is frequently boiled down into an extracts with the
addition of a ſmall proportion of ſugar: in this ſtate it is called
Rob; and is much uſed in ſore throats, but chiefly in thoſe of the
inflammatory kind. Some people put them into brandy, for the
ſame purpoſe that other people uſe black cherries. The tender
leaves tinge common ſpirits, ſo as to reſemble brandy. An infu-
fion of the young roots is uſeful in fevers of the eruptive kind ;
and in the dyſenteric fevers of cattle.
Goats and Horſes eat the leaves. LINN.-A Horſe refuſed it
ST.-All the ſpecies are eaten by the Phalæna groſſularia.
RI'BES groffularia. Branches prickly. Fringe of the rough berried
leaf-ſtalks hairy. Berries hairy--
Walc.
Flower-ſcales 2, with ſometimes a 3d within; oppoſite, embraća
ing the fruit-ſtalk; the edges of the outer one lapping over thoſe
of the inner. St.
Feaberry in Cheſhire, Lancaſhire, and Yorkſhire. Hedges.
WALC.--And on old buildings and church towers, St. S. Apr.
RIBES
S. May
R 2

244
PENTANDRIA MONOGYNIA, .
Gooſeberry RI'E ES Uva-criſ'pa. Branches prickly. Berries ſmooth.
Fruit-ſtalks with a flower-ſcale of 1 leaf.---
Schmied. 1.--Blackw. 277.-- Fuchſ. 187, cop. in Trag. 977.-
Matth. 167, cop. in J. B. i. 6. 47.---Lonic. i. 43. 1.---Dod.
748, repr. in Lob. ic. ii. 206. 1, obf. 617. 2, Ger. em. 1324,
and cop. in Fark. 1560. 1.-(Fl. dan. 546, Mould ſeem from the
hairy berries to be R. groſſularia.)
Buds woolly. Empalement bent back. Bunch none. Fruit-ſtalk
woolly. Flower-ſcale egg-ſhaped, embracing the fruit-ſtalk, gene-
rally with 3 diviſions. Flower ſingle, pendant. Leaf-ſtalks fringed
with knobbed hairs. A triple thorn beneath the buds. LINN.-
Flowers whitiſh. Flower-ſcale very ſmall. Mench.-Sometime's
1, and 2 others at its baſe. POLLICH. ST.-Flowers generally in
pairs. Flower-Scale concave, with a border divided into 2 lips.
Thorns, their number uncertain, under 3. Hairineſs of the berries
inconſtant, and ſometimes difficult to ſay whether ſmooth or
hairy. SCHMIED. who appears to conſider this and R. groſſularia
merely as varieties of one ſpecies. I muſt own I have not been
able to obſerve any eſſential marks of difference between them,
except the hairineſs and ſmoothneſs of the berries, and Parkinſon
affures us that the feeds of his hairy or prickly green gooſeberry pro-
duced plants bearing ſmooth berries, with few or no hairs
upon
them. In our ſmooth-berried gooſeberry I have found 2 and 3 flower-
ſcales as in the rough-berried gooſeberry. St.
Woods and hedges. Parker's Piece, Girton, Shelford, Ditton,
Harſton Church Yard, and Triplow, Cambridgeſhire. RELHAN.
S. Apr. May
a
304. H E D'ERA. Ivy.
HE
Dritt
EMPAL. Fence of the ſimple rundle very ſmall; with ma-
ny teeth. Cup very ſmall, with 5 teeth, binding
round the feed-bud.
Bloss, Petals 5; oblong; expanding; bent inwards at
the points.
CHIVES. Threads 5; awl-ſhaped; upright; as long as the
bloſſom. Tips fixed fide-ways; forked at the baſe.
Point. Seed-bud turban-ſhaped; bound round by the cup.
Shaft fimple; very ſhort. Summit fimple.
S. Vess. Berry globulár; with i cell.
SEEDS. 5 ; large; bulging on i fide, angular on the other.
Ess. CHAR. Petals 5, oblong. Berty 5-feeded, bound round
by the empalement.
HED'ERA

V. CHIVES, I. POINTAL.
245
-
HED'ERA Helix. Leaves, fome egg-ſhaped, and common
others lobed.-
Curt. i. 8.-Sheldr. 103.-Blackw. 188.-Trag. 801.-Ger. 708.
I and 2 B.-Fuchſ. 722, and 723 B, cop. in 7. B. ii. a. III. I
and 2 ß.-Dod. 413. 1 and 2 ß, repr. in Lob. obf. 336.2, and
337. IB, and Ger. em. 857. I and 2 ß; and cop, in Park. 678.
I and 679.4. 2.-Matth. 624 and 625. ß.
When it trails on the ground its branches are ſmall and weak,
and its leaves with 3 lobes. Curr.In which ſtate it does not
produce fruit, and has been called Barren or Creeping Ivy. To the
figures of it in this ſtage of its growth the letter ß is fubjoined. St.
-But when it climbs up walls or trees it grows much ftronger,
and the leaf changes to egg-ſhaped. Curt. ST.-At leaſt when
arrived to its full growth, in which ſtate it is called Climbing or
Berried Ivy. St.-Leaves glofly. Bloſſoms greeniſh white. Berries
black.-- Woods, hedges, and old buildings.
S.Oct.
The roots are uſed by leather cutters to whet their knives upon.
Its ever-green leaves adorn our walls and cover the naked trunks of
trees. Apricots and peaches covered with ivy during the month
of February, have been obſerved to bear fruit plentifully. Phil.
Tranf. No. 475.-The leaves have a nauſeous taſte. Haller ſays
they are given in Germany as a ſpecific in the atrophy of children.
Common people apply them to iſſues. The berries have a little
acidity. They purge and vomit. With.-In warm climates a
a
reſinous juice exſudes from the ſtalks.—Horſes and Sheep eat it.
Goats and Cows refuſe it. Linn.-Sheep are fond of it, ST.-And
in ſevere weather it is Aripped off the trees as food, Mr, HOLLEF.
-
-
a
313. ILLE C'EBRUM. Knotgraſs. (Pet.)
EMPAL. Cup 5 leaves and 5 angles; leaves coloured; ta-
5
pering; diſtant at the points; permanent.
BLOSS. None.
Chives. Threads 5; hair-like; within the cup. Tips fim-
CHIVES
ple.
Point. Seed-bud egg-ſhaped; fharp; ending in a ſhort
cloven ſhaft. Summit ſimple; blunt.
S. Vess. Capſule roundiſh; tapering at each end, with 5
valves, and i cell; covered by the сир.
Seep. Single; very large; ſomewhat round, but ſharp
at each end.
Ess.CHAR: Empal. of 5 leaves, griſtly. Bloſs. o. Sum-
mit ſimple. Capſule of 5 valves, and I feed.
ILLE C'E:
I
R3

246
PENTANDRIA MONOGYNIA,
perhorled ILLEC'EBRUM verticilla'tum. Flowers in whorls,
naked. Stems trailing. LINN.—The floral-leaves are ſo much
ſhorter than the flowers, that the latter appear naked. St.
Fl. dan. 335.--Vaill. 15.7.-. B. iii. 378.2, cop. in Pet. 10.7,
-Ger.em. 563, cop. in Park. 1333, and ill cop. in Ger. 449. I.
Leaves oval, keeled, fleſhy. Mr. WOODWARD.-Upper whorls
crowded near together, by no means ſo far aſunder as in Fl. dan,
Mr. Woodw. ST.-Empal. leaves nearly cylindrical, tough, white
without, ſlightly keeled underneath, flatted, and greeniſh within
from a little below the point; points tapering into ſhort hairs,
When cloſed they exactly reſemble the feed-veſſels of the Sedum.
Floral-leaves egg-fhaped, ſemi-tranſparent, whitiſh, at the baſe of
the flowers, performing the office of a fence. ȘT.-Bloſſoms white,
Marſhes, and wet paſtures in Cornwall,
P. July
-
314. GLAU'X. Saltwort.
EMPAL. None, unleſs you conſider the bloſſom as ſuch,
Bloss. Petal ſingle; upright; bell-ſhaped; permanent;
with 5 blunt ſegments, rolled back.
.
Chịves. Threads 5; awl-ſhaped; upright; as long as the
bloſſom. Tips roundiſh.
Point. Seed-bud egg-ſhaped. Shaft thread-ſhaped; as long
POINT
as the chives. Summit a knob.
S. Vess, Capſule globular ; tapering; of 1 cell and 5 valves,
Seeds. 5; roundiſh. Receptacle large; globular ; with
hollows where the feeds lie.
Ess.Char. Empalement of leaf. Bloſſom o, Capſule of
I cell, 5 valves, and 5 ſeeds,
,
black
GLAU'X marit'ima,
Lob. obf. 227, 2, repr. in Ger. em. 562, and cop. in Park, 1283.2.
-Fl. dan. 548.*-Ger. 448.
Leaves oval-oblong. LINN.-Stems trailing; jointed. Leaves
fitting. Bloſs, at the baſe of che leaves; purple; ſometimes green-
ifh white; or white; or ſtriped.-Flowers ſitting, from the boſom
of the leaves, from about the middle of the ſtem. LYONS.
Sea Milkwort. Black Sallwort.
Sea coaft. [Norfolk coaſt. Mr, Woodw.-Between Marazion
and Penzance. Mr, WATT.)
P. July
Cows eat it.
Leaves top pointed, and ſtems too naked. Mr. WOODWARD.
315. THE'SIUM,

V. CHIVES, I. POINTAL.
247
315. THE'SIUM. Flaxweed. (Park.)
EMPAL. Cup 1 leaf; permanent; turban-ſhaped; with 5
ſhallow clefts. Segments half fpear-ſhaped; upright;
blunt.
Bloss. None, unleſs you conſider the cup as ſuch, from
its colour on the inſide.
Chives. Threads 5; awl-ſhaped ; inſerted at the baſe of
the ſegments of the cup; ſhorter than the cup. Tips
roundiſh.
Point. Seed-bud beneath ; at the bottom of the cup. Shaft
thread-ſhaped; as long as the chives. Summit rather
thick and blunt.
$. Vess. None. The cup contains the feed in its bottom
without opening.
Seed, Single; fomewhat round; covered by the cloſing
сир.
Ess. Char, Empalement i leaf, into which the chives are
inſerted. Seed 1, beneath,
-
THE'SIUM Linophyllum. Panicle leafy. Leaves mountain
ſtrap-ſhaped.
Cluf. i. 324.1, repr. in Ger. em. 555, and cop. in Park. 459. 6,
Ger. 442.7, Pet. 9. 5, and J. B. iii. 461.3.-H. ox.xv. 1.3.
Root woody. Leaves of a yellowiſh green. POLLICH. ST.-
Floral-leaves on foot-ſtalks, cloven into 3; the middle ſegment
long, pointing downwards; the 2 outer ſhort, pointing upwards.
Flower fitting in the diviſion. Mr. WOODWARD.-Stems numerous,
branching above, and ſometimes trailing, probably from the firſt
ſhoots having been eaten down, Flowers on fruit-ſtalks in bunches.
Fruit-ſtalks about the length of the flowers. Floral-leaves 3, termi.
nating the fruit-ſtalk, the lowermoſt the longeſt. ST.-Bloſs, white,
Baſtard Toadflax.
Mountainous paſtures, particularly in a chalky ſoil. [Near
Bury, Suffolk. Mr. WOODWARD.]
P. June. July.
Obs. Haller under T. alpinum deſcribes a Theſium, which ſeems,
he ſays, to unite the T. alpinum and Linophyllum. Stem taller, and
more upright than T. alpinum; but leaves ſtrap-ſhaped, ſoft, and
flaccid. Flowering-branches about an inch long, ſomewhat branched,
Sometimes with only 2 flowers. Flower-leaves, 2 ſmaller, the larger in
full grown plants ſhorter than the flower. HALL. ST.-But in the
the younger plants extending beyond the flower. Hall. All the
Engliſh ſpecimens which I have hitherto ſeen, ſeem to be this
R4
plant

248
PENTANDRIA MONOGYNIA.
plant of Haller's, which, from Linnæus's character of leaves
ſtrap-Shaped, ſhould ſeem alſo to be his T. Linophyllum, whereas
thoſe of Hall. 1573, and Clufius's figure are truly Spear-ſhaped. Leaves
Rerveleſs, not with 3 ſtrings as in the Theſium of Hall. 1573, and
Scop. 172. Cultivation may aſcertain its claim to be a ſpecies or
variety. See alſo Relhan at p. 99.
[Chalk cliff between Freſh-water Bay and the Needles in the iſle
of Wight. St.]
322. VIN'CA. Periwinkle.
2
EMPAL. Cup with 5 diviſions; upright; ſharp; perma-
5
nent.
Bloss. I petal; ſalver-ſhaped. Tube longer than the cup;
cylindrical in the lower part; wider above; marked
with 5 lines, and 5 angles at the mouth. Border with
5 diviſions ; horizontal; the ſegments connected
with the top of the tube; broadeſt at the outward
edge, and obliquely lopped.
Chives. Threads 5 ; very ſhort; firſt bent inwards, and
then backwards. Tips membranaceous; blunt;
upright, but bowed inwards; with the duſt at the
margins.
Point. Seed-buds 2; roundiſh; with 2 roundiſh bodies
lying contiguous to them. Shaft common to both
feed-buds; cylindrical; as long as the chives. Sum-
mits 2; the lower one round and flat; the upper
fummit a concave knob.
S. Vess. 2 bags; cylindrical; long; tapering; upright ;
of 1 valve, opening lengthways.
Seeds. Numerous; oblong; cylindrical; furrowed.
Ess. CHAR. Contorted. Bags 2; upright. Seeds naked.
Obs. One of the NATURAL ORDER of the CONTORTED plants.
The ſtructure of the flower of this genus, will help, in ſome
meaſure, to explain to us that of Aſclepias. -The want of duft,
however, in the Aſclepias, diſtinguiſhes that genus from all thoſe
comprehended under the great diviſion of perfect plants. ST.
VIN'CA mi'nor. Stems trailing. Leaves ſpear-egg-
ſhaped. Flowers on leaf-ſtalks. LINN.Flowering-flem
upright in the ſpring, but in autumn it bears flowers on the
ſhoots
of the year, which are trailing. Mr. WOODWARD.
,
Curto

V. CHIVES, I. POINTAL,
249
-
Curt. iii. 29.- Ludw.75.-Sheldr. 22, except the bloſſom which is
ill drawn; no feed-veſſel.-Blackw. 59.-Dod.405, repr. in Lob.
obſ: 360.1, Ger. em. 894, 1, and cop. in Park. 381. 1, and .
B. ii. 131.--Matth. 956.-Walc.-Trag. 394.-Fuchſ 360,
bloſſom bad.
Leaves blunter, ſmooth at the edge. Fruit-ſtalks curved. Empal.
hort. Linn.-The ripe ſeed-veſſel I have never been able to dif-
cover. Curt.—The fruit feldom comes to maturity, and Cæſalpin.
ſeems the only one that has obſerved it in that ſtate. It may, how-
ever, be eaſily obtained by planting the V. major in a pot, where
the roots hot having free room to extend themſelves, the juices
are more copiouſly propelled towards the pointal, which then ex-
pands into well-formed feed-veſſels. Tourn. This affords a very
pleaſing confirmation of a general remark of Mr. Curtis's, on
the frequent barrenneſs of plants which propagate themſelves by
their roots. St.-Shaft inverſely conical. Upper Summit woolly.
Leaf-ſtalks ſhort. Flowering-ſtems upright. Bloſs, blue. With.
Woods and hedges but rare. [Near Hampſtead. Earſham Wood,
plentifully. Mr. WOODWARD.]
A Horſe refuſed it. ŞTodos
con
ST
VIN'C A ma'jor. Stems upright. Leaves egg-ſhaped. greater
Flowers on fruit-ſtalks. Linn.-Leaves fringed at the edge.
HALL. ST.
Curt. iv. 37.–Tourn. 45, fructification with the ſeed-veſſel.-Walc.
-Cluf. i. 121.2, repr. in Dod. 406. 1, Lob. obf. 36o. 2, Ger.
em. 894.2, Ø cop. in Park.381.2.-7.B. ii. 132.-Garid. 81.
A variety of the V. minor. LINN.-Mr. Curtis has not deſcribed
the fruit, neither have I ever ſeen it. ST.-Empalement as long as
the tube of the bloſſom. Bloſs. tube woolly within, juſt above the
tips. Leaf-ſtalks long. Bloſs. blue; with a bluſh of purple, WITH.
Woods and hedges. [A grove in Thorpe, by Norwich. Mr.
WOODWARD).
P. May.
Bitter and ſlightly aſtringent. With.-A Horſe refuſed it. St.
P. May
AISLAIMI
01.01. -
at sota
sur um
2 da Order
SES
ward Jolly
ALASH
od bogholde svart
.

250
PENTANDRIA DIGYNIA,
Order II.
11
DIGINIA; II. POINT ALS
of the cup.
336. HERNIA'RIA. Rupturewort.
EMPAL. Cup i leaf; with 5 diviſions; ſharp ; expand-
5
ing; coloured within; permanent.
Bloss. None.
Chives. Threads 5; awl-ſhaped ; ſmall; within the ſeg-
.
ments of the cup. Tips ſimple. There are 5 other
threads without tips, alternating with the ſegments
Point. Seed-bud egg-ſhaped. Shaft hardly any. Summits
2; tapering; as long as the ſhaft.
S. Vess. Capſule fmall; at the bottom of the cup; cover-
ed ; fcarcely opening.
SEED. Solitary; egg-ſhaped, but tapering; ſhining:
Ess. CHAR. Empal. divided into 5. Bloſſom o. Chives,
5 of them barren. Capſule 1-feeded.
Smooth HERNIARIA gla'bra. Smooth.
Fl. dan. 529.--Trag. 527.-Matth. 953-1. B. iii. 378. 3.-
Ger, 454.-Dod. 114, repr. in Ger. em. 569.-Blackw. 320.
.
--Pet. 10.9.--Park. 447. 9.
Floral-leaves white, fringed. Scop. Mr. WOODWARD. ST.-
Blogs.yellowiſh.
Gravelly foil. Lizard Point, Cornwall. HUDS.
A little faltifh and aftringent. It increaſes the ſecretions by the
kidneys. The juice takes away ſpecks in the eye.
Cows, Sheep, and Horſes eat it. Goats and Swine refuſe it.
B. Huds. H. lenticulata, which ſee.
A. July,
hairy HERNIA'RIA hirſuta. Rough with hair.-
Sheldr.110.-Pet.10.10.-3. B.iii. 379.1.-H.ox.v, 29.* row 1.2.6.
Scarcely more than a variety of H. glabra. Linn. ST.-Floral-
leaves membranaceous, white, fringed. Flowers not more fitting
than thoſe of H. glabra. $T.-Bloſs. greeniſh yellow.
Gravelly foil. Colney Hatch, near Barnet, A. July. Aug.
Sea HERNIA'RIA lenticula'ta. Somewhat ſhrubby
Leaves oblong-egg-ſhaped, hairy.--
Pluk,

V. CHIVES, II. POINTALS.
251
Pluk. 53. 3, cop. in Pet. 10.6.-Buxb. i. 28. 2, but I am doubtful
whether I have ever ſeen the plant. My Specimens, which I gathered
in the King's garden, Paris, are not diſtinguiſhable from the H.
hirſuta. Mr. Hudſon makes it a variety of H. glabra, though
Linnæus characteriſes it as having hairy leaves,
Bloſs. greeniſh white,
Sea fhore.
P. Aug
337. CHENOPO'DIUM. Goofefoot,
EMPAL. Cup 5 leaves; concave; permanent; leaves egg-
ſhaped; concave; membranaceous at the edges.
Bloss. None.
Chives. Threads 5; awl-ſhaped; as long as the leaves of
the cup, and ſtanding oppoſite to them. Tips round-
,
iſh; double.
Point. Seed-bud round and flat, Shaft ſhort; divided,
Summits blunt.
S. Vess. None. The cup clofes upon the ſeed; has 5
,
ſides; 5 compreſſed angles; falling off (with the
ſeed.)
SEED, Single; round; depreſſed.
Ess. Char. Empal. of 5 leaves, and 5 angles. Bloſs, o,
Seed 1, lentil-ſhaped.
Obs. In ſome ſpecies the ſhaft is divided into 3.
* Leaves angular.
CHENOPO'DIUM Bonus-Henri'cus. Leaves trian- Mercury
gular-arrow-ſhaped, very entire. Spikes compound, leaf-
.
leſs, from the boſom of the leaves.-
Curt. iii. 31.-Ludw. 185, but flowering Spike bent down by force.
-- Fuchſ. 463, cop. in J. B. ii. 965. 2.-Fl. dan. 579.—Ger.
259.-Trag. 317.-Matth. 598, cop. in Dod. 651, which repr.
in Lob.obf. 129. 2, Ger. em. 329, and cop. in Park. 1225. 6,
H. ox. v. 30. row 2. n. 1. figure 3d, and Pet. 7. 12.-Blackw.
311.-Munt. 191.
Little Spikes alternate; fitting. Flowers congregated; fitting.
LINN.—Leaves waved at the edge, underneath ſprinkled with a
foapy mealineſs. Bloſs. greeniſh white. Hall.-Lower little Spikes
on ſhort fruit-ſtalks riſing from the bofom of the flower-leaves.
Common Engliſh Mercury. Al-good. Good Henry. Good King Henry,
Wild Spinage.-Amongſt rubbiſh, on road fides, and walls, [and
ſometimes in paſtures. ST.]
P. May,
Cultivated
-
-
-
.

252
PENTANDRIA DIGYNIA.
Cultivated as fpinage by the poor people at Boſton, in Lincoln
ſhire. CURT.-The young ſhoots peeled and boiled, may be eaten
as aſparagus, which they reſemble in flavour. They are gently
laxative. The leaves are often boiled in broth. The roots are
given to Sheep that have a cough.
Goats and Sheep are not fond of it. Cows, Horſes, and Swine
refuſe it.
Stolac
upright
CHENOPODIUM urbicum. Leaves triangular,
ſomewhat toothed. Bunches crowded, quite ſtraight,
lying cloſe to the ſtem, very long.-
Pet. 8.8.-(Buxb. hall. 1, at p. 69, I have not ſeen, but is referred
by Schreb. to C. murale.)
Poſlibly a variety of C. rubrum. There ſeems no diftinction but
in the bunches, Empal. ſmaller. Mr. WoodW.--Bloſs. pale green.
Stem upright, ſimple. Leaves alternate, on leaf-ſtalks, toothed,
pointed at each end, finooth, marked with 1 or 2 teeth. Bunches
from the boſom of the leaves, and terminating, Lyons.
Dunghills, and amongſt rubbiſh.
A. Aug. Sept.
Goats and Sheep eat it, Horſes and Cows refuſe it.
red CHENOPODIUM rubrum. Leaves heart-trian-
gular, bluntiſh, toothed.* Bunches upright, compound,
ſomewhat leafy, ſhorter than the ſtem.--
Fuchſ. 653, cop. in 7. B. ii. 975. 2, Dod. 616, 1, Ger. em. 328.
.
2.—Maith. 462, cop. in Lob.obf. 128. 1, Ger. em. 328. 1, and
cop. in Park. 749. 8, and H. ox. v. 31. row 2. 2.-Iet. 8.6.
When full grown, red, and ſpreading. Dies down on the firſt
froſt. Stems drooping, and lying cloſe to the ground. Leaves
M
thick, fhining. Spikes with fitting balls of flowers, interſperſed
with ſtrap-ſhaped'leaves. LINN.-Is not this and the C. urbicum
no
the ſame plant? Huds. -Bunches ſhort, cloſe, branched. Mr.
WOODWARD.-Stem furrowed. Leaves 'alternate, upright, run-
ning down into leaf-ſtalks, nearly three-square, pointed, ſharply
toothed, fmooth above. Leaf-ftalks as long as the leaves. Punches
from the bofom of the leaves, ſhorter than the ſtem, but the
whole panicle longer than the ftem. Lyons.-Stem pale green,
ſmooth, ſlightly ſcored with lines of a deeper green. Branches
Subotrestupon wat nie
from
TOTIS
* The plant which accords with the figures referred to by Linnæus I would
characteriſe, thus : Leaves trowel-ſhaped, toothed, indented; teeth tapering.
Bunches upright, compound, leafy, ſhorter than the leaves. (Foliis deltoideis,
dentato finuatis, dentibus acuminatis; racemis erectis, compofitis, Foliaceis, folio
brevioribus. St.)

V. CHIVES, II. POINTALS. 253
A. Aug.
-
from the boſom of the leaves, upright. Leaves with their leaf-
ſtalks as long or longer than the branches that riſe from them; no
ſhining ſpangles upon them or the empalement, ſo as to give the
plant a white appearance, but when held againſt a ſtrong light an
infinite number of ſhining particles appear. Bunches fitting in the
boſom of the upper leaves. WITH.
Gooſefoot. Sowbane.
Dunghills, rubbiſh, and cultivated ground.
CHENOPO'DIUM murale. Leaves egg-ſhaped, wall
ſhining, toothed, pointed. Bunches branching, naked.-
Pet. 8. 5.--Ger. 256. 2, cop. in 7. B. ii. 976. 1.-(Ger. em.
328. 1, ſeems rather to be C. rubrum, and J. B. ii.975. 2, re-
ferred to by Linnæus, is a copy of Fuchſ, 653, which is C. rubrum.)
Of a green colour. Stems upright, open, thick, ſmooth on the
upper fide. Leaves thickiſh, gloffy, ſmooth, very like thoſe of
C. rubrum, but more ſharply toothed. Flowers in broad-topped
ſpikes as in C. hybridum, not in bunches as in C. rubrim. Fruit in
a ſort of panicle. LINN.
Dunghills, and rubbiſh.
A. July. Aug.
Cows eat it, but it is ſaid to be poiſonous to Swine.
B. HUDS. Procumbent blite with a thick, ſhining, waved leaf.
Ray.p. 154.6.
( Pet. 8. 5, is referred to by Ray, but has an upright ſtem.)
Bocking-ſtreet, Effex; and Jeſus Coll. Lane, Cambridge. Rav. A.
CHENOPODIUM ſero'tinum. Leaves trowel- fig-leaved
ſhaped, indented, toothed, wrinkled, ſmooth, uniform.
Bunches terminating.-
Curt. ii. 18, named C. viride, at least if we may depend upon its exact
correſpondence with Pet. 8.3, the figure referred to by Linneus,
Haller, and Hudſon.
Stem of the height of a man, very much branched. Leaves pale
green, reſembling thoſe of C. album, but broader. Linn.—Leaves
oblong, narrow, with a deep ſinew on each ſide. BUDDLE in R.
fyn.-Greener than the C. album, though not without a degree of
mealineſs. Stem of a bright red at the infertion of the branches.
Leaves longer than thoſe of C. album. Empal. not quite ſo much
covered with little globules. Seeds reticulated with imprinted
dots. CURT
Dunghills, and rubbiſh.
A. Aug. Sept.
CHENOPODIUM album. Leaves diamond-trian- white
gular, gnawed, entire behind; the uppermoſt oblong.
Bunches upright.-(Lower-leaves rhomboidal, betwixt toothed
and
a

254
PENTANDRIA DIGYNIA,
and hollowed; upper oblong. Bunches branching, moſtly bare;
(including C. viride as variety B. Huds.)
Curt. ii. 16.---Blackw. 553.-Fuchſ. 119, cop. in 7. B. ii. 972.
1, and Dod. 615.2, which repr. in Ger. em. 326.6.-Ger. 257.
4.-Pet. 8. 2.-(Matth. 461, cop. in Lob. obs. 128. 1, which
repr. in Ger. em. 326.5, and cop. in Park. 748.6, is an Atriplex,
as is evident from its ſeed.)
Plant whitiſh when full grown. Bunches always branched, and,
as it were, tuftlike, ſtraight, compoſed of cluſtered fpikes. Spikes
ſmall, egg-ſhaped, ſitting, alternate, crowded; compoſed of
flowers fet cloſe together. Flower-leaves ſtrap-ſhaped, very entire,
fitting, ſmall, 2 or 3 to each ſpike. LINN.-Stem ſhining, bluntly
ángular, ſtreaked with green, purple, and whité. Branches, 2
together, eſpecially at the lower part of the ſtem. Leaves with 3
femi-tranſparent veins ſpringing from the baſe, ſprinkled, eſpeci-
ally on the under fide, with white fhining particles; the upper
ſpear-ſhaped. Empal. ſpangled with 'minute glands; of leaf,
1
deeply divided. Tips yellow. Seeds black. With.
Atriplex ſylveſtris altera. C. B. pin. 119.-(And not Atriplex ſylveſ.
fol. ſinuato candicante C. B.ib. at leaſt if we may judge from the figures
referred to.)
Common Wild Ordche.
Old dunghills, rubbiſh, and gardens.
Cows, Goats, and Sheep eat it. Horſes refuſe it. Swine are
extremely fond of it. LINN.-Horſes ſometimes eat, and even
appear fond of it. St.-A black Aphis feeds upon it, and fome-
times deſtroys it. St.
B. HUDS. Chenopodium viride, which ſee.
Huds. Leaves generally very entire, fométimes toothed.
Ray.p. 155. n. 12.
J. B. ii. 973. 2.
& Hups. Leaves thick, blunt. Ray.p. 156. n. 13.
A. Aug. Sept.
A. Aug.
y
green
CHENOPO'DIUM vir'ide. Leaves diamond-ſhaped,
toothed, indented. Bunches, branches ſometimes leafy.-
Vaill. 7.1.-Pet. 8.4.-(7. B. ii. 972, is alſo referred to C. alb.
and with more propriety.—Curt. ii. 18, appears to be C. ſerotina
in which the bottom of the indentures are rounded, whereas in the
figures of Vaill. they are acute.)
Stem upright, green; with purpliſh angles. Leaves of the branches
ſpear-ſhaped,very entire with only 1 or 2 teeth.Bunchesthread-ſhaped,
divided, long, bare. Empal. of the fruit with 5 fharp angles, fo
nearly

V. CHIVES, II. POINTALS.
255
nearly allied to the preceding as to render it doubtful whether it
be a diſtinct ſpecies, or only a variety produced by difference of
foil. LINN.
Kitchen Gardens.
A.
Goats, Sheep, and Swine eat it.
CHENOPO'DIUM hybridum. Leaves heart-ſhaped, maple-leaved
with angles tapering to a point. Bunches branching, leaf-
leſs.-
Curt. iv. 42.-Vaill. 7. 2.-Barr. 540.--Pet. 8.7.
Did it not originate from the feed-buds of the C. viride, impreg-
nated by the duſt of the Datura Stramonium ? LINN.
Has ſo many things in common with the G. viride, as to induce
one to ſuſpect it to have originally proceeded from it, which re-
ceives confirmation from the ſtructure of its bunches; but may
not one as ſoon expect a progeny from an oſtrich and a lion ? Mr.
WOODWARD.
Rubbiſh, kitchen gardens, and corn fields. Near Northfleet.
A. Aug.
Cows and Sheep eat it. Horſes, Goats, and Swine refuſe it.
-
CHENOPO'DIUM glau'cum. Leaves egg-oblong, oak-leaved
ſerpentine. Bunches naked, ſimple, cluſtered. -
7. B. ii. 973. 1.-Pet. 8. 1.
On rubbiſh.
A. Aug.
Cows and Horfes eat it.
-
-
** Leave's entire.
CHENOPO'DIUM Vulva'ria. Leaves very entire, fiinking
diamond-egg-ſhaped. Flowers congregated, from the
boſom of the leaves.-
Ger. 258.- Dod. 616.2, repr. in Lob. obſ. 128.4, Ger.em. 327,
and cop. in Park. 749. 9, and Pet. 7. 11.-Blackw, 100, leaves
egg-Shaped, and too pointed.-7. B. ii.975. 1, ill cop. in H, ox.
V. 31. 6.
Whole plant mealy. Stems trailing, ſcored, branched. Leaves
alternate, on leaf-ſtalks, pointed at each end, with 3 ribs, twice
as long as the leaf-ſtalks. Branches terminating, naked. LYONS.
Stinking Orache.-Road fides, old walls, and on rubbiſh. [At
the foot of the Walls, Yarmouth, and at Cambridge. Mr. Woodw.
-Oppoſite Shore-ditch Workhouſe. Mr. Whately.] A. Aug,
Scent rank, and fetid. It has got the reputation of being an
anti-hyſteric.-Cows, Horſes, Goats, and Sheep eat it. Swine
fefuſe it. The Phalana exſoleta is found upon it.
.
Curt.

256
PENTANDRIA DIGYNIA.
All-feed
+
-
CHENOPODIUM polyſper'mum. Leaves very en-
tire, egg-ſhaped. Stem trailing. Tufts forked, leaf-leſs,
from the boſom of the leaves. LINN.Empal. of the
fruit open. Curt.-Stem both upright and trailing. Reich.
.
The ſmall ſpear-ſhaped flower-leaves of the upper flowering-
branches, at firſt ſight induce one to ſuppoſe the bunches of flowers
to be leafy. Bunches when firſt in bloſſom egg-ſhaped or globu-
lar. ST. 16
Curt. ii. 20.-H. ox. v. 30. row 3. 6.—Dod. 617. 2, cop. in F.
B. ii. 967. 2, and H.ox. ib. 3.-Ger. 257. 3, cop. in Pet. 7.
10, ſeed ripe.—Lob. obf. 129. 1, repr. in Ger. em. 325. 3, and
cop. in Park. 754.3.
Stalk angular., POLLICH. ST.-Four-cornered. Curt.-Leaves
fometimes in the more luxuriant plants with a large tooth on one;
and ſometimes on both ſides. St.
Upright Blite. All-feed.-Cultivated ground, and dunghills. [Ge-
nerally in turnep fields. Mr. WOODWARD.] A. July. Aug.
Cows and Sheep eat it. Goats and Horſes refuſe it.
-
-
fea
-
CHENOPODIUM maritimum. Leaves awl-ſhaped,
femi-cylindrical.-
Fl. dan. 489.—Dod.81.2, repr. in Ger. em. 535. 3, and cop. in
Park. 279. 2.-Lob. ad. 170. 1, cop. in Pet. 9.1.-(H. ox. v.
33. 3, cannot ſurely be the plant.)
Leaves accurately ſemi-cylindrical. Mr. WOODWARD.-Stem
furrowed. Branches alternate. Flowers folitary, in the boſom of
the leaves. Empal. 1 leaf, divided. Tips yellow. Shaft ſingle.
.
Summits 3, pink-coloured. Seeds gloſſy. With.
Small White Glaſswort. Small Glaſswort.
Sea ſhore. [Salt Marſhes. Mr. WOODWARD.)
An excellent pot-herb.—The Phalæna Lubricipeda feeds upon moſt
of the ſpecies.
A. Aug.
338. BETA

V. CHIVES, II. POINTALS.
257
338. BE'TA. Beet.
EMPAL. Cup 5 leaves; concave; permanent ; leaves ob-
long-egg-ſhaped ; blunt.
BLOSS. None.
Chives. Threads 5; awl-ſhaped ; as long as the leaves of
the cup, and ſtanding oppoſite to them. Tips nearly
round.
Point. Seed-bud in a manner below the receptacle. Shafts
2; very ſhort; upright. Summits pointed.
S. Vess. Capſule in the bottom of the cup; of 1 cell;
foon falling off.
Seed. Single; kidney-ſhaped; compreſſed ; lying in the
ſubſtance of the baſe of the cup.
Ess. Char. Empalement 5 leaves. Bloſs. 0. Seed kidney-
Shaped, within the ſubſtance of the bottom of the empal.
BE'TA marit'ima. Flowers in pairs.-
No figure of it, but Ger. em. 318.2, is a pretty good repreſentation
of it, as Mr. Lightfoot obſerves.
Differs from B. vulg. in flowering the firſt year; in the leaves
growing oblique or vertical; in the leaves of the cup being equal,
and not toothed. LINN.
Sea coaſt, and about Nottingham. [Near Lynn. Mr. Woodw.
--And Iſle of Wight. St.]
B. Huds. P. Ray. Aug.
Sea
339. SAL'SOLA. Kelpwort.
of the cup:
EMPAL. Cup 5 leaves; egg-ſhaped; concave; permanent.
Bloss. None, unleſs you call the cup the bloſſom.
Chives. Threads 5; very ſhort; ftanding upon the leaves
Point. Seed-bud globular. Shaft ſhort; with 2 or 3 divi-
fions. Summits bent back.
S. Vess. Capſule egg-ſhaped; of i cell; lapped up in the
cup:
Seed. Single; very large; ſpiral like a ſnail ſhell.
Ess. Char. Empalement 5 leaves. Bloſſom o. Capſule. I
ſeed. Seed ſnail-like.
SAL'SOLA Ka'li. Herbaceous, drooping. Leaves prickly
awl-ſhaped, thorny, rough. Empalement bordered, from
the bofom of the leaves.-
Vol. I.
Fl. dan,
S

258
PENTANDRIA DIGYNIA.
-
Fl. dan. 818. a.-Dod.81.1.-H. ox. v. 33. 11.-(Lob. obf. 463-
1, repr. in Ger. em. 1117.3, and cop. in Park. 1034, and Pet.
9. 2, which is referred to by Ray and Hudſon.—Matth. 1035,
cop. in Ger. em. 960.4; and J. B. iii. 706. 2, ſeem to be S.
Tragus.)
Bloſſoms greeniſh.
Prickly Glaſswort.
Sea ſhore, frequent. Mr. WOODWARD. A. July. Aug.
Cows, Horſes, Goats, Sheep, and Swine refuſe it.
Shrubby
SAL'SOL A frutico'ſa. Shrubby, upright. Leaves
thread-ſhaped, bluntiſh.
Lob. adv. 163. 3, cop. in 7. B. iii. 704. 2.-(Lob. obf. 206. 2,
repr.
in Ger. em. 523. 4, and cop. in H. ox. v. 33. 10, and a
branch of it cop. in Park. 731.7, is Reaumuria vermiculata.)
Shrub Stone Crop, or Glaſswort.
(Sedum minus fruticoſum. C. B. pin. 284, is Reaumuria vermiculata.)
Sea fhore. [Near Southwold, Suffolk. Mr. WOODWARD.]
S. Aug.
345. UL'MUS. Elm.
.
EMPAL. Cup 1 leaf; turban-ſhaped; wrinkled; perma-
nent. Border with 5 clefts; upright; coloured on
the inſide.
BLoss. None.
Chives. Threads 5; awl-ſhaped; twice as long as the cup.
.
Tips with 4 furrows; upright; ſhort.
4
Point. Seed-bud round and Hat; upright. Shafts 2; re-
flected; ſhorter than the chives. Summits downy.
S. Vess. Berry oval; large; not pulpy; compreſſed and
membranaceous.
Seed. Single; ſomewhat globular; but a little compreſſed.
Ess. Char. Empalement with 5 clefts. Bloſſom o. Berry
5
juiceleſs, flatted, membranaceous.
UL'MUS campeſ'tris. Leaves doubly ferrated, une-
qual at the baſe.
Fl. dan. 632, the double ſerratures of the leaves not expreſſed.-Nat.
difpl. ii. 8. 2, at p. 63, cop. in Nat. delin. ii. 6.2, at p. 65.-
Hunt. Evel. 118.-Fark. 1404.1.6.-Matth. 144, cop. in Lob.
obf. 607. 1, which repr. in Cer. em. 1480. I, and cop. in Park.
ib. a, bliſters on the leaves, no fruit.-Ger. 1297.1.-Trag. 1087.
The
соттоп
-

V. CHIVES, II. POINTALS.
259
-
The flowering-buds are beneath the leaf-buds. Flowers in very ſhort
broad-topped ſpikes. Bark of the trunk cracked and wrinkled.
Common Elm.
Hedges. Not found to the north of Stamford. Ray. EVEL.
ST.-[Moſt plentiful in Worceſterfhire and Middleſex, which
counties are beds of gravel and marle. ST.]
A decoction of the inner bark drank freely has been known to
carry off the water in dropfies.-It cures the Lepra icthyoſis of Sau-
vages. Lettſom's Med. Mem. $ 3.-The bark dried and ground to
powder, has been mixed with meal in Norway to make bread,
in times of ſcarcity.—The flowers have a violet ſmell.-The wood
being hard and tough is uſed to make axle-trees, mill-wheels,
keels of boats, chairs, and coffins.-The tree is beautiful, and
well adapted to make ſhady walks, as it does not 'deſtroy the graſs,
and its leaves are acceptable to Cows, Horſes, Goats, Sheep,
and Swine; for this purpoſe it ſhould be grafted upon the U. glabra,
and then the roots will not ſend out fuckers, which the common
elm is very apt to do, and give a great deal of trouble to keep the
ground clear of them. It loves an open ſituation, and a black
or clayey foil. It bears to be tranſplanted.-Papilio polychloros, and
C. album ; Phalana lubricipeda, Pavonia betularia and vellica; Cimex
ulmi and ſtriatus; Cicada ulmi; Aphis ulmi, feed upon it. The latter
generally curl up the leaves, ſo as to make them a ſecure ſhelter
againſt the weather. LINN.-Silk-worms will devour the tender
leaves with great avidity. Tranſ. of Soc. of Arts ii. 157.
B. Differs from a only in the ſmallneſs of all its parts. Rar. leſſer
Nat. difpl. ii. 27. 1, at p. 287.-Dod. 837, repr. in Ger. em. 1480.
cop. in Park. 1404.4, bliſters on the leaves from infects,
no fruit.
Between Chriſt Church and Limmington. Ray.- [In Lord
Dudley's Woods, at Himley, Staffordſhire. With.]
Narrow-leaved Elm.
d. Leaves ſmooth. Ger. em. Ray. &c.
Ger. 1297.2, cop. in. Ger. em. 1481.4, which
сор.
Witch Elm.-Road beyond Dartford, and near Rumford. Ray.
and GER.- [Two trees in hedge rows between Stourbridge and
Affcote. ST.)
-
-
-
2, and
in Park. 1403. 3.
U L'MUS monta'na. Leaves oblong-egg-ſhaped, dou- Wyck Hafel
bly ſerrated, unequal at the baſe. Bark ſmooth. Huds.
edi 1.-That of the trunk rough. St.
Nat. diſpl. ii. 27. 2, at p. 287.-Ger. em. 1481. 3; cop. in Park,
1404. 2.-(Ger. em. 1481. 4, appears to me rather a variety of
U.campeſtris)
The
Sa

260
PÉNTANDRIA DIGYNIA.
The bark will peel from the boughs for many feet without break-
ing. The boughs ſpread themſelves wider, and hang more down
than thoſe of the U. campeſtris. Leaves and ſeeds much larger.
Johnson in Ger. em. ST.-Trunk foon dividing into long wide-
ſpreading winged branches; when at its full growth feldom riſes
to above one third of the height of the U. campeſtris. It flowers when
even under 30 feet high, while the U. campeſtris ſeldom flowers till
it has gained a much greater age and height. Branches very brittle.
Clefts of the empalement 5, 6, and in one inſtance 4 and 9. Chives
5 and 6. Summits 3. I am clearly of opinion that it is a diſtinct
fpecies. ST.
Ulmus montana. C. B. pin
Wych Haſel. Broad-leaved Elm.
Shady lanes, and outſkirts of woods. Rav.St.-It is certainly
a native. LIGHTFOOT.-In Scotland, and the north of England,
it ſeems more peculiarly to prevail, from the ſcarcity of the U.
campeſtris, which laft Linnæus notes as growing near the villages
of Europe, whereas this ſpecies is found in woods and brakes,
as well as hedge rows. St.
S. March. ST.
A
351. SWER'TIA. Felwort.
Empal. Cup with 5 diviſions ; flat; permanent. Segments
ſpear-ſhaped
Bloss. I petal. Tube noné. Border flat; with 5 diviſions.
Segments ſpear-ſhaped; larger than the cup; con-
nečted by the claws. Honey-cups 10, conſiſting of 2
hollow dots in the inner ſide of the baſe of each ſeg-
ment, and encompaſſed with ſmall upright briſtles.
Chives. Threads 5; awl-ſhaped; not quite upright;
ſhorter than the bloſſom. Tips fixed lide-ways to the
threads.
Point. Seed-bud oblong; egg-ſhaped. Skaft none. Summits
2; fimple.
S. Vess. Capſule cylindrical; tapering at each end; with
I cell, and 2 valves.
SEEDS. Numerous; ſmall.
Ess. Char. Bloſs. wheel-ſhaped. Honey-cup pores at the baſe
of the ſegments of the bloſs. Cap. of i cell, and 2 valves.
marſh
S WER'TI A peren'nis. Bloſſom with 5 clefts. Root-
leaves oval.
Jacq.

V. CHIVES, II. POINTALS.
261
Jacq. auſtr. iii. 243.-Cluf. 1. 316.2, repr. in Ger. em. 433. 5,
and cop. in Barr. 91, and H. ox. xii. 5. 11.
Marſh Gentian.
Mountainous places in Wales.
P. Aug,
352. GENTIA'NA. Gentian.
EMPAL. Cup with 5 diviſions; ſharp; permanent. Segments
oblong.
Bloss. I petal; tubular below; tube cloſe ; above cloven
into 5 ; fiat; ſhrivelling; and variouſly ſhaped.
Chives. Threads 5; awl-Shaped ; ſhorter than the bloſſom,
Tips fimple.
Point. Seed-bud oblong; cylindrical ; as long as the chives,
Shafts none. Summits 2; egg-ſhaped.
S. Vess. Capſule oblong; cylindrical ; tapering; ſlightly
cloven at the end ; of 1 cell, and 2 valves.
Seeds. Numerous; ſmall. Receptacles 2; each growing
lengthways to a valve.
Ess. CHAR. Bloſſom of 1 petal. Capſule 2 valves; i cell,
Receptacles 2; longitudinal,
Obs. The figure of the fruit is conſtant; but the flowers vary
in different ſpecies, both as to the number and ſhape of the parts.
In one ſpecies the throat of the bloſſom is open, in another it is
cloſed with ſoft hairs. In fome, the ſegments of the bloſſom are
fringed; in others, the border is bell-ſhaped, upright, and plaited.
Some have a ſtarry appearance, with ſmall fegments betwixt the
larger; others are funnel-ſhaped, &c. LINN.
I
GENTIA'N A Pneumonan'the. Bloſſoms with 5 clefts; marſh
bell-ſhaped ; oppoſite; on fruit-ſtalks. Leaves ſtrap-
ſhaped.
El. dan. 269.--Gmel. iv. 51. A.-Matth. 646.-Cluf. i. 313. 2,
repr. in Lob. obf. 166. 2, Ger. em. 438, and cop. in Park. 406.
1, and H. ox. xii. 5. 12.-Ger. 355.-Barr. 51. I, and ac-
cording to Hall. Barr. 52. I and 2.-3. B. iii. 524. I,
Bloſoms blue.
Calathian Violet.
Moiſt paſtures. [Stratton Heath, Norfolk. Mr. Crowe.]
GENTIA'NA Centau'rium. Bloſſom with 5 clefts, Centory
5
funnel-ſhaped. Stem forked. Pointal fimple.-
Chironia Centaurium, which ſee.
S 3
GENTI.

262
PENTANDRIA DIGYNIA.
-
autumnal GENTIA'NA Amarella. Bloſſom with 5 clefts,
ſalver-ſhaped; mouth bearded. Linn.-Segments of the
empalement equal. Hall. Mr. Woodw.--Bloſſom with
ſometimes 4 and 3 clefts. Retz. &c.
Fl. dan. 328.—Walc.—Cluf. i. 316. 1, repr. in Ger. ém. 437,
and
cop. in Park. 406. 3.-H. ox. xii. 5. 3.-Ger. 354. 1.-Barr.
510. 1.-5. B.iii. 526. 2 and 3.-(J. B. ib. I, improved in
Barr. 510.2, ſeems to be a different plant.-Barr. 97.2, is G,
campeſtris.)
So nearly allied to G. campeſtris, that it is ſcarcely diſtinguiſha-
ble, except by the empalement. LINN.--Lower-flowers often with
4 diviſions. Retz. Mr. Woodw. Mr. Wood. St.-In plants
which had been bitten down and ſhot up afreſh. Mr. Woodw.
ST.-And the empalement ſometimes with only 3. ST.-Stem fome-
what angular. Lower-branches not longer than the leaves; the upper
in general much ſhorter. Leaves ſpear-ſhaped. Flowers in bunches,
terminating the branches. Empalement, ſegments awl-ſhaped. Mr.
WOODWARD.-Bloſs. blue.
Fellwort.-Dry paſtures. [Boughton Heath, Huntingdonſhire;
and Dunſtable Hills. Mr. WoOD WARD.-About Gordale, below
the waterfall. Mr. Wood.]
A. July. Aug.
Sheep eat it. Horſes refuſe it.
2. Bloſſoms with 4 clefts. Mr. WooDWARD. ST.
Walc. named G. campeſtris.
-
field GENTIA'NA campeſtris. Bloſſom with 4 clefts ;
mouth bearded. Linn.—Empal. of 4 leaves, alternately
larger. Reich. Mr. Woodw. Mr. Wood. St. With.
Fl. dan. 367, (but larger than it grows with us. Mr.Woodward.)
Barr. 97. 2.-H. ox. xii. 5. row 3.9.-(Walc. G, campeſtris
is G. amarella, variety 2.)
Empalement i leaf, but divided more than half way down; the
2 outer oppoſite ſegments flat, upright, twice as broad as thoſe
between them. Chives 4. Very nearly allied to the G. amarella.
LINN.-Stem nearly ſquare, branched; branches longer than the
leaves. Leaves ſhorter, and not ſo ſharp-pointed as in G. amarella.
Flowers larger and more ſcattered. Empal. leaves diſtinct, or merely
adhering at the baſe; the 2 outer egg-ſpear-ſhaped; the inner ſpear-
ſhaped, ſomewhat membranaceous, not more than Ith the breadth
of the outer. Bloſs. ſegments not ſo much expanded as in G. ama-
rella. Mr. WOODWARD.-Stem fcored. Leaves ſpear-egg-ſhaped,
oppoſite, half embracing the ſtem, with 3 ribs; the upper pairs
diſtant; lower ones near together, and thoſe near the root lying on
the ground, Flowers folitary. Fruit-ſtalks ſtiff, flender, from the
bofom

V. CHIVES, II. POINTALS.
263
bofom of the leaves, parallel to the ſtem. Empal. leaves ſpear-
ſhaped, finely ſerrated at the edge with white teeth. Bloſs. tubular,
longer than the cup, greeniſh, and ribbed, but purple at the
mouth; ſegments broad, ſpear-ſhaped, pointed, lined within with
ſcales ending in long whitiſh taper glandular hairs. Chives covered
by the hairy fcales which cloſe the mouth of the tube. Threads
greeniſh, fixed to the bloſſom. Tips brown. Duſt yellowiſh green,
egg-ſhaped. Seed-bud above. Summits ſpear-ſhaped, fat, lying
cloſe to each other. Seeds in 4 longitudinal rows. Stem upright.
Bloſs. blue; terminating. Root-leaves ſpear-ſhaped, lying on the
ground. WITH.
Mountainous paſtures. About Kendal. Ray and Mr. Woodw.
-Llanberys, Wales, and Perian Round, Cornwall. HUDS.-
[Sea coaſt, Cheſhire. Stratton Heath, Norfolk. Mr. Crowe.
--Among the high rocks above the waterfall in Gordale. Mr.
Wood.1-A. Apr.-June.Ray.-Aug. HUDS.-And in a garden
in October. With.
Poor people ſometimes uſe it inſtead of hops.
-
-
GENTIA'NA filifor'mis. Bloſſoms with 4 clefts, leaſt
not bearded. Stem thread-ſhaped ; forked.--
Fl. dan. 324.--Gilek. 64.–Vaill. 6.3.
Bloſs. yellow, generally cloſed; funnel-ſhaped; on long fruit-
faks. Chives 4.
Marſh Centory.-Marſhes in Cornwall. Near St. Ives. A. July.
354. ERYN G'IUM. Eryngo.
Empal. Common Receptacle conical; florets fitting; ſepa-
rated by chaff. Fence of the receptacle fiat; of many
leaves; longer than the florets. Cup 5 leaves; up-
right; ſharp; longer than the bloſſom; fitting on
the feed-bud.
Bloss. General; uniform ; roundiſh. Florets all fertile.
Individuals of 5 oblong petals; with the points bent
inwards towards the baſe; and contracted by a line
running lengthways.
Chives. Threads 5; hair-like; ſtraight; longer than the
florets. Tips oblong.
Point. Seed-bud' beneath; rough with hair. Shafts 2;
thread-ſhaped ; ſtraight; as long as the chives. Summits
ſimple.
S. Vess. Fruit egg-ſhaped ; diviſible into 2 parts.
SEEDS. Oblong; cylindrical.
S4
Ess.

264
PENTANDRIA DIGYNIA.
Ess. Char. Flowers in heads. Receptacle chaffy.
Obs. In ſome ſpecies the feeds fall out of the feed-veſſel; in
others they continue incloſed within it.
Sea
---
-
ERYNG'IUM maritimum. Root-leaves roundiſh,
plaited, thorny. Flowering heads on fruit-ſtalks. Chaff
with 3 points.-
3
Fl. dan. 875.--Blackw. 297 1 and 11.-Matth. 680,--Cluf. ii.
159: 2, repr. in Dod.730, 1, Lob. obf. 490. 1, Ger. em. 1162.
1, and cop. in Pet. 999. 1, Park. 986. 1, and H. ox. vii. 36.
6.-7. B. iii. a. 86. 2.
Root-leaves, and lower-ſtem-leaves with 3 clefts, on fruit-ſtalks;
the upper embracing the ſtem. Leaf-ſtalks embracing the ſtem. Mr.
WOODWARD. ST.-Bloſs. whitiſh, or blue.
Sea Holly.-Sea ſhore. [At Yarmouth. Mr. Woodw.–And on
the ſands at Hayle, Portawen, Portreath, and Penzance, Corn-
wall. Mr. WATT.]
P. July. Aug.
The leaves are ſweetiſh, with a light aromatic warmth and pun-
gency. The roots are ſuppoſed to have the ſame aphrodiſiac vir-
tues as the Orchis tribe. They are kept in the ſhops, candied.
The young flowering ſhoots eaten like aſparagus are very grateful
and nouriſhing.
.
common ERYNGIUM campeſ'tre. Root-leaves embracing
the ſtem, winged, fpear-ſhaped.-
Jacq. auftr. ii. 155.-Fuchſ. 296, cop. in 7. B. iii. a. 85.—Matth.
679.---Fl. dan. 554.-Blackw. 297.2, a head.-Ger. 999. 2.--
Cluf. ii, 157. 2, repr. in Dod. 730. 2, Lob. obf. 490.2, Ger.
em. 1162.2, and cop. in Park. 986.2, and H. ox. vii. 36. row
2. n. 1. f. 2.-Trag. 871.—(Blackw. 297. 1, is E. maritimum.)
Fences ſpear-ſhaped, longer than the head. GOUAN.--Root-leaves
on leaf-ſtalks; upper-leaves embracing the ſtem. Pollich. Mr.
WOODWARD. ST.-Lower-ſtem-leaves on leaf-ſtalks. Root-leaves and
lower-ſtem-leaves doubly and trebly divided into winged clefts. Leaf-
ſtalks long, ſheathing the ſtem at the baſe. Mr. WOODWARD. ST.
-Stem long, trailing, bearing numerous heads of flowers. Mr.
WOODWARD.-Fence-leaves awl-ſhaped. MATTUSCH. ST.–Very
entire, and toothed in the ſame plant. Lower-leaves winged, the
baſe of each pair of wings running down the leaf-ſtalk almoſt cloſe
to the inſertion of the pair below it; wings with winged clefts; clefts
cut, and toothed with thorny teeth. St.-Petals blue; fometimes
white, or yellowiſh.
Eryngium. Blackw, a Trew n. 297. ST,
Paſtures

V. CHIVES, II. POINTALS.
265
Paſtures on the ſea coaſt, and at Brookhall, not far from
Daventry, in Northamptonſhire.
P. July. Aug.
355. HYDROCOT'YLE. Pennywort.
Rundle ſimple.
EMPAL. Fence frequently of 4 leaves; ſmall. Cup hardly
perceptible.
Bloss. General ; uniform in figure, but not in ſituation.
Florets all fertile. Individuals, of 5 petals; egg-ſhaped ;
ſharp; entire ; expanding.
Chives, Threads 5; awl-ſhaped; ſhorter than the bloſs.
Tips very finall.
Point. Seed-bud beneath; upright; compreſſed ; round;
the fruit-ſtalks fixed to its centre. Shafts 2; awl-
ſhaped ; very ſhort. Summits ſimple.
S. Vess. None. Fruit compreſſed; round; diviſible croſs-
wiſe into 2 parts.
Seeds. 2; compreffed ; in the ſhape of a half-moon.
Ess. CHAR. Rundle ſimple. Fence of 4 leaves. Petals entire.
Seeds ſemi-circular ; flatted.
HYDROCOT'YLE vulga'ris. Leaves target-ſhaped. marſlı
Rundles of
5
flowers. -
Fl. dan. 90.-Dod. 133.1, repr. in Lob. obf. 209. 4, Ger. em.
529.5, and cop. in Ger. 424. 3, Park, 1214, and Pet. 6. 12.
Rundle ſimple, proliferous from the centre. Shafts diſtant. Linn.
--- Leaves ſcolloped. Fruit-ſtalks ſlender, much ſhorter than the
leaf-ſtalks. Mr. WOODWARD. WITF.-Fruit-ſtalks naked. Mr.
WOODWARD.-Stems creeping. Leaves circular, ſmooth. Leaf-
Nalks ſmooth, cylindrical. Fruit-ſtalks from the baſe of the leaf-
ſtalks. Rundles, 2 on a fruit-ſtalk, i ſpringing out of the other,
each containing from 4 to 6 flowers. Flowers opening at different
times. Pedicles fixed to the baſe of the feed-bud. Fence and petals
reddiſh white. Tips yellow. With.
Pennywort. White Rot.-Marſhy grounds. P. May. June.
The farmers fuppofe it occaſions the rot in Sheep. (See Pinguicula
vulgaris.)
356. SANI,

266
PENTANDRIA DIGYNIA.
356. SANIC'ULA. Sanicle.
Rundle with very few ſpokes; generally 4. Rundlets with
many ſpokes crowded into heads.
EMPAL. General Fence going half way round on the outer
ſide. Partial Fence going quite round; ſhorter than
the florets. Cup ſcarcely perceptible.
Bloss. General; uniform. The florets in the centre bar-
ren. Individuals, petals 5; compreſſed; bent inwards
ſo as to cloſe the flower.
Chives. Threads 5; fimple; upright; twice as long as the
petals. Tips roundiſh.
Point. Seed-bud beneath; rough with ſtiff hairs. Shafts
2; awl-ſhaped ; reflected. Summits ſharp.
S. Vess. None. Fruit egg-ſhaped ; ſharp; rough; divid-
ing into 2.
SEEDS. 2; convex and prickly on i ſide; flat on the other.
Ess.CHAR. Rundles crowded, in a ſort of heads. Fruit
rough. Flowers of the centre barren.
Oes. I do not regard this and the Hydrocotyle as true umbelli-
ferous or rundled plants, but rather as forming the connecting
link between Aſtrantia in the order Umbellifera, and Panax and Aralia
in the Hederacea. St.
common
-
-
.
SANIC'ULA europe'a. Root-leaves funple. Florets
all fitting:-
Fl. dan. 283, leaf and head of flowers.--Blackw. 63.-Walc.-
Fuchſ. 671, cop. in Trag. 509.-Dod. 140. 1, repr. in Ger.
em. 948.–Ger. 801.-Col. phytob. 16.-H. ox. v. 34. row 3.
1.-Lob. obl. 378.2, cop. in Park. 532.1.—Matth. 1019.
Stems cylindrical, ſcored. Root-leaves divided into 5 parts, ſhin-
ing underneath; ſegments jagged, and terminated by a little thorn.
Leaf-ſtalks flatted and grooved on one ſide. General fence of 3
leaves; leaves divided into 3; ſegments jagged. Rundle, the outer
ſpokes often ſub-dividing into 2 or 3, at the baſe of each of which
there is a general fence of 2 leaves, each divided into 3, going all
round. Partial fence of 7 to 12 equal, ſpear-ſhaped leaves, Empal.
cup of 1 leaf, divided into 5 pointed ſegments; in the barren
florets
very evident; but not ſo in thoſe with chives and pointals,
on account of an awl-ſhaped ſubſtance placed below it. Petals
white, fleſhy. Tips oblong. Shafts before flowering upright,
purple above. In the barren florets no pointal, but in its place a
concave white gland filled with honey, ſimilar to what crowns the
feed,

V. CHIVES, II. POINTALS.
267
feed-bud in the flowers with chives and pointals. Leaves dark
green. With
Woods and hedges.
P. May. June.
A French proverb ſays, “ He who is poſſeſſed of Bugle and
Sanicle, may
diſmiſs his furgeons;” but modern practice gives
no countenance to ſuch an affertion. The leaves are ſlightly bit-
ter, aromatic, and aſtringent.
Sheep eat it. Goats are not fond of it. Horſes refuſe it.
358. BUPLEU'RUM. Thorow-wax.
Rundle with fewer than 10 ſpokes. Rundlets with about 10
upright expanding ſpokes.
Empat General Fence of many leaves. Partial Fence larger,
Leaves 5 ; expanding; egg-ſhaped; ſharp. Cup not
diſcernible.
Bloss. General, uniform. Florets all fertile. Individuals;
petals 5; very ſhort; entire; rolled inwards.
Chives. Threads 5 ; fimple. Tips roundiſh.
.
Point. Seed-bud beneath. Shafts 2; reflected; ſmall.
Summits very ſmall.
S. Vess. None. Fruit roundiſh; compreſſed; ſcored ;
.
diviſible into 2.
SEEDS. 2; oblong egg-ſhaped; convex and ſcored on one
fide; flat on the other.
Ess. CHAR. Partial Fence the largeſt; of 5 leaves. Petals
rolled in. Fruit roundiſh; flatted ; ſcored.
BUPLEU'RUM rotundifo'lium. No general fence. common
Leaves perforated.-
Ger. 430. 1.-Matth. 1156.— Fuchſ. 632, cop. in Trag. 482.-
Blackw. 95.-H. ox. ix. 12. 1.-Dod. 104. I, repr. in Ger.
em. 536. 1, and cop. in Park. 580. 1.-7. B. iii. 6. 198. 1.-
[Moris. umb. t. 8, a good figure. Mr. Woodward.]
Partial fence egg-ſhaped, ſharp-pointed. LINN.-Lower-leaves
embracing the ftem. POLLICH. Mr. WoodwARD.-Partial fence
of
3 or 5 leaves; longer than the ſpokes. Mr. Woodw.-Leaves
ſmooth, bluiſh green. Petals yellowiſh.
Cornfields. [Marham, Norfolk. Mr. Crowe.-Carlby, be-
tween Stamford and Bourn. Mr. WOODWARD.] A. July
BUPLEU'RUM tenuiſ'simum. Rundles ſimple, al- leajt
ternate, of 5 leaves, and about
3
flowers.
J. B.
a
-
-

268
PENTANDRIA DIGYNIA,
J. B. iii. 6. 201.2.-H.ox. ix. 12. row 3. 4.
Stem very
much branched. Branches alternate. General fence of
3 ſhort leaves. Partial fence with ſhort briſtle-ſhaped leaves. Rundles
at the baſe of the leaves. Leaves ſtrap-ſhaped; ſharp. Petals yel-
lowiſh. Linn.-General fence, leaves awl-ſhaped, unequal; par-
tial of 5 leaves, longer than the ſpokes. Mr. WOODWARD.
Bupleurum minimum. Ray. Syn. 221.
Meadows and paſtures. [Salt ditches, near Lynn Regis. Dr.
Smith. Mr. PITCHFORD.-Maldon, Eſſex.] A. July. Aug.
359. ECHINOPH'ORA. Pricklenep.
Rundle of many ſpokes; the intermediate ones ſhorteſt.
Rundlets of many florets; thoſe in the centre fitting.
EMPAL. General Fence of ſeveral ſharp leaves. Partial Fence
turban-ſhaped ; of 1 leaf; with 6 clefts; ſharp; un-
equal. Cup very ſmall; with 5 teeth; permanent.
Bloss. General; irregular in its ſhape and unequal. The
florets which have only chives, barren. General flo-
rets fertile. Individuals, of 5 unequal petals; ſtand-
ing open.
Chives. Threads 5; fimple. Tips roundiſh.
Point. Seed-bud beneath; oblong; involved in the fence.
Shafts 2; ſimple. Summits ſimple.
S. Vess. None; but inſtead thereof the fence grows hard
and ſharp-pointed, and incloſes the ſeed.
SEED. Single; oblong-egg-ſhaped.
Ess. Char. Lateral florets with only chives, the central one
with chives and pointal. Seed 1, embedded in the partial
fence.
thorny ECHINOPH'ORA Spino'ſa, Little-leaves awl-
ſhaped, thorny, very entire.
Matth. 490, cop. in Ger. 427.-Dod. 705. 2, repr. in Lob. obſe
408.2, Ger. em. 533.2, and cop. in Park. 1286. 3.
.
Petals white; or reddiſh.
Thorny or prickly Samphire. Sea Parfuep.
Sea coaſt. At Rooſebeck Low Furneſs, Lancaſh. Ray, where
I ſearched for it, which has been frequently done by a perſon re-
ſident near that place, but without ſucceſs. Mr. WOODWARD.-
Between Feverſham and Sea Salter, BLACKSTONE.
361. TOR

V. CHIVES, II. POINTALS.
269
361. TORDYL'IUM. Hartwort.
Rundle unequal; of many ſpokes. Rundlets unequal; of
many parts; very ſhort ; fiat.
EMPAL. Ġeneral Fence; the little-leaves flender; undivided;
frequently as long as the rundle. Partial Fence going
half way round; outwardly longer than the rundlet.
Cup with 5 teeth.
Bloss. General, irregular in its ſhape, and unequal. Flo-
rets all fertile. Individuals in the centre, with 5 equal
petals; heart-ſhaped, but bent inwards ; thoſe of the
circumference like the others; but the outermoft petal
largeſt, and deeply divided.
Chives. Threads hair-like; 5 in every floret. Tips ſimple.
Point. Seed-bud beneath; in all the florets, roundiſh.
Shafts 2; ſmall. Summits blunt.
S. Vess. Fruit roundiſh; almoſt flat, a little ſcolloped at
the edge; divifible into 2 parts.
SEEDS. 2; roundiſh; almoſt flat; but raiſed and fcolloped
at the edge.
Ess. CHAR. Radiated. All the flowers with chives and
pointals. Fruit roundiſh, notched at the edge. Fences
long, undivided.
Obs. Differs from Caucalis principally in all the florets being
fertile, but in T. anthriſcus the rundle is ſomewhat radiated, and
the florets in the centre of the rundlets have only chives. LINN.
--
TORDYL'IUM officina'le. Partial fences as long as ſmall
the flowers. Little leaves egg-ſhaped, jagged.-
Dod. 314, repr. in Lob. obf. 425. 1, Ger. em. 1050. 1, and сор.
in J. B. iii. 6.84.2, and ill cop. in Park. 906. 8.--Ger. 894.
Stem nearly ſmooth, round, ſcored. Lower-leaves with 2 pair
of little-leaves; little-leaves hairy, on leaf-ſtalks, the odd one at
the end with 3 lobes; thoſe of the upper-leaves ſpear or ſtrap-fpear-
ſhaped, deeply ſerrated. Florets tinged with purple. Seeds large,
flat, with broad, raiſed, notched edges. Mr. Woodw.---Which
laſt circumſtance required that it ſhould be kept diſtinct from the
other Engliſh ſpecies. Theſe Mr. Hudſon has accordingly very
properly removed to the genus Caucalis. Mr. WOODWARD. ST.
Corn fields. On the banks of the road to Heddington about
a mile from Oxford. Sherard in R. fyn.-[Shewn me growing
near Oxford by Mr. Newberry, but not on the road to Hedding-
ton. Mr. WOODWARD.)
TOR-

270
PENTANDRIA DIGYNIA.
hedge
TORDY L'IUM Anthriſ'cus. Rundles crowded.
Little-leaves egg-fpear-ſhaped, with winged clefts.-
Caucalis Anthriſcus. Huds. which ſee.
Stem rough, hairs pointed, ſtiff, preſſed back, while thoſe of
the ſpokes of the rundles are upright. General fence of ſeveral leaves,
regular, fometimes of i leaf; leaves ſimple. Seed-bud rough with
hair; hairs purpliſh. Rundle ſomewhat radiated. Rundlets, the
florets of the centre with only chives. Bloſs. not radiated, white,
red underneath. LINN.-Some florets without chives. HALL.
-
knotted
TORDYL'IUM nodo'ſum. Rundles fimple, fitting.
The outer feeds rough.-
Caucalis nodoſa. Huds, which ſee.
362. CAU'CALIS. Hensfoot.
Rundle unequal; of very few ſpokes. Rundlets unequal,
with more ſpokes; the 5 outermoſt of which are the
longeſt.
EMPAL. General Fence with the leaves undivided; ſhort;
membranaceous at the edges; egg-ſpear-ſhaped ;
equal in number to the ſpokes of the rundle. Pârtial
Fence with leaves ſimilar to the foregoing; longer
than the ſpokes; generally 5 in number. Cup with
5 teeth, ſtanding out.
Bloss. General; irregular in its ſhape, and unequal.
Florets in the centre barren. Individuals in the centre,
without pointals; ſmall; petals 5; equal; heart-
ſhaped, but bent inwards; in the circumference, with
both chives and pointals. Petals 5; heart-ſhaped;
bent inwards; the outermoſt the largeſt, and cloven.
Chives. Threads hairlike; 5 in all the florets. Tips ſmall.
Point. Seed-bud beneath ; in the florets of the circumfe-
rence oblong and rough. Shafts 2; awl-ſhaped. Sum-
mits 2: blunt; expanding.
S. Vess. Fruit oblong-egg-ſhaped ; fcored lengthways ;
rough with briſtly hairs.
SEEDS. 2; oblong; flat on 1 fide; convex on the other ;
armed with awl-fhaped prickles placed along the
ſcores.
Ess. Char. Bloſſoms radiated; thoſe in the centre with only
chives. Petals nicked, and bent inwards. Fruit rough with
briſtles. Fences entire.
CAU'CALIS

V. CHIVES, II. POINTALS.
271
--
CAU'CALIS daucoi'des. Rundles cloven into 5, Small
leaf-leſs. Rundlets with 3 feeds, and 3 leaves. LINN.
Prickles of the feeds ſmooth. St.*
Jacq. auft. ii. 157.-H. ox. ix. 14.6.-Fet. 27.8.-J. B. 11.6.
80. 1.-Park. 920. 6.
Stem very much ſtraddling, ſpreading, angular, ſcored, rough
with hair. Leaves thoſe of the Daucus, but fewer. Fruit-ſtalks
ſmooth, very long. Rundle cloven into 3 or 5. Rundlets fitting,
generally 3. Fence none. Fencelets of 3 leaves. Florets equal,
not radiated, reddiſh, moſt of them barren. Linn.-Fruit gene-
rally 3 to each rundle, ſtraddling, crowned with the
,
cup, ob-
long, with prickles. Prickles hooked, at fome diſtance from each
other, ſmooth. LINN. ST.-Seeds large. Leaves finely divided.
Ray. Mr. WoodWARD. ST.-Leaves more than doubly com-
pound, extremely elegant. General and partial rundles with ſome-
times 4 ſpokes. Partial fence of moſtly 5 leaves. Little rundles with
ſometimes 4 and 2 ſeeds. Mr. WOODWARD.-C. daucoides Sp.pl.
appears to have been a diſtinct plant from that of the ſubſequent
works, and it ſhould ſeem a variety of C. grandiflora. St.
Caucalis leptophylla. Huds. ed. I.
Fine-leaved Baſtard Parſley.
Corn fields and barren ſpots. Marham, Norf. Mr. CROWE.
-Carlby between Stamford and Bourn. Mr. WOODWARD.]
a
CAU'CALIS latifollia. General rundle cloven into broad-leaved
3; the partial ones with 5 ſeeds.
Leaves winged, fer-
rated.
Jacq. hort. ii. 128.-Mill. 85, leaves not ſo well done as in thoſe which
follow.—Garid. 22, atp. 146.-H. ox. ix. 14. row 1, middie
figure.--7. B. iii. 6. 80. 2.—Pet. 27. 6.+-Park.920, the 2
uppermoſt of the ſmaller figures at n. 6. 7.
Stem angular, and as is the whole plant and leaf ſtalks, rough
with flat prickles. Little-leaves ſpear-ſhaped. Rundles with
3
and
4 ſpokes. Rundlets fitting. All the fences egg-ſhaped, ſkinny, as long
as
a
* Aculeis ſeminum lavibus.-Add to the character of C. leptopbylla, " Prickles
“
of the ſeeds rough," (aculeis ſeminum ſcabris,) which circumſtance appears to
afford a more certain mark of diſtinction than the fence or the ſpokes of the
rundle. For the C. daucoides has ſometimes rundles with 5 rays, and a fence of
Jeaf; and the fence of the C. leptophylla is only generally wanting, and I have a
fpecimen of it in which the rundles conſiſt of 3 ſpokes. St.
† Pet. 27. 7. Echinophora laciniata. R. fyn. 219, may poſſibly prove a vao,
of it. ST.

272
DIGYNIA.
PENTANDRIA
as the ſpokes;* the general one from 3 to 5 leaves; the partial of s.
Dorets equal, white; many of them barren. Fruit 5 in each rund-
5
let, rough with prickles; prickles very rough with minute reflected
prickles. LINN.ST.-Strige, or ſtrong ſpear-ſhaped briſtles, point-
ing upwards. Little-leaves, the lower almoſt with winged clefts,
the upper confluent with the mid-rib. Leaf-ſtalks membranaceous
and ſkinny at the edge. Bloſs. tinged with purple; outer petal larger
than the reſt. Mr. WOODWARD. ST.
Corn fields. Crooks Eaſton, Hampſhire. Huds.-[Between
Cambridge and Gogmagog Hills. Mr. WOODWARD.] A. July.
corn
CAUCALIS arven'ſis. General fence of 1 leaf,
Rundle crowded. Seeds roundiſh-egg-ſhaped. Little-
leaves egg-ſpear-ſhaped, with winged clefts. Branches
ſtraddling. Huds. Mr. WOODWARD. ST.
Jacq. auftr. ii. 46.-Pet. 27. 10.
Stem about a foot, and ſeldom, if ever, more than a cubit high;
knots more frequent than in C. anthriſcus; and leſs hairy towards
the root, Bloſs. white, with a caſt of yellow. Never found in
hedges, and moſtly in corn fields. Ray.St.-Branches numerous,
alternate, very much ſtraddling. Seeds rough with ſtrong hair.
Mr. WOODWARD.--Stem ſmooth towards the root, above rough-
iſh with minute ſhort hairs, lying cloſe to the ſtem and branches.
Branches more expanding than in C. anthriſcus, and femetimes
ſtraddling. Rundle with 5, and ſometimes 4 or 3 rays. Seeds,
inner and outer alike; hairs bowed upwards, rough with minute
points, and generally terminated by a hooked point. St.
Scandix infefta. Linn, according to JACQ. Huds. and Roti.
but not fo according to REICH.
Chalky corn fields. HUDS.--And in clay alſo. ST.
A. July. Aug.
hedge CAU'CALIS Anthriſ'cus. Fences cloven into many
parts. Rundle crowded. Seeds oblong. Little-leaves
egg-ſhaped, with winged clefts. Branches upright. Huds.
LIGHTFOOT. WIGGERS. Mr. WOODWARD. ST.
Jacq. auſr. iii. 261.-C. B. pr. 80, cop. in Ger. em. 1022. 51
which cop. in Park. 921.9, and Pet. 27.9.-J. B. iii. 6. 83. 1,
cop. in H. ex. ix. 14.8.
Stem, hairs white, ſhort. Leaves hairy, with about 2 pair of
leafits; the terminating leafit very long. General fence, leaves
ftrap-
General fence many times morter than the ſpokes. St.

V. CHIVES, II. POINTALS.
273
ſtrap-ſhaped, from 5 to 8, not half the length of the rundle.
Rundle, ſpokes 8 to 10. Partial fence, leaves ſpear-ſhaped, ſur-
rounding, and of the length of the rundlet. Empalement, teeth
tapering to a fine point. Florets all fertile. With.
Tordylium Anthriſcus. LINN. which fee.
Hedge Parſley.
Hedges.
Horſes are extremely fond of it.
B. Aug.
CAU'CALIS nodo'ſa. Rundles fitting, at the knotted
knots of the ſtem. Rays unequal. Scop.-Rundles late-
ral, fimple, fitting. Huds. Mr. Woodw. ST.-Rundles
Sometimes on ſhort fruit-ſtalks. Mr. WOODWARD. ST.
Jacq. auſtr. app. 24.-Ger. em. 1022.6, cop. in H. ox. ix. 14. 10,
and Pet. 27. 11.-. B. iii. 6. 83. 2.
Leaves finely divided, with a ſlight hairineſs on each ſide. Run-
dles oppoſite to the leaves. The inner ſeeds rough with wart-like
points. Scop. St.-Reſembling ſhagreen. Mr. Woodw. St.-
Whole plant rigid. Hairs of the ſeeds ſtraight to the point, rough
with minute prickles, pointing backwards. In a ſpecimen from
Montpelier all the feeds rough with ſtrong hair. St.
Caucalis pumila ſegetum Goodyero Ger. em. 1022.
Borders of corn fields.
A. May.-July,
-
CAU'CALIS Caro'ta, CRANTZ.-General fence of Carrot
ſeveral leaves, with winged clefts. When out of flower
the ſpokes of the rundles approaching. Leaves more
than doubly compound. Leaf-ſtalks ſtringy underneath.
Huds. Mr. WOODWARD.—But the winged fence, as well
as habit, confirm the arrangement of Linnæus and Haller.
ST.
Daucus Carota, which fee.
Vol. I.
T
364. DAU'CUS.

274
PENTANDRIA DIGYNIA.
364. DAU'CUS. Carrot.
.
Rundle of many ſpokes; flat while in flower, but when in
fruit concave and approaching. Rundlets ſimilar to
the foregoing,
EMPAL. General Fence of many leaves; as long as the
rundle; the leaves ftrap-ſhaped, with winged clefts.
Partial Fence more fimple ; as long as the rundlet.
Cup hardly perceptible.
Bloss. General, irregular in its ſhape, and unequal. Flo-
rets in the centre barren. Individuals, petals 5, heart-
ſhaped, bent inwards; the outermoſt the largeſt.
CHIVES
Chives. Threads 5; hair-like. Tips fimple.
Point. Seed-bud beneath; ſmall. Shafts 2; reflected.
Summits blunt.
S. Vess. None. Fruit egg-ſhaped ; diviſible into 2; ge-
nerally beſet with inflexible hairs.
Seeds. 2; ſomewhat egg-ſhaped; convex, and rough
with hairs on one fide ; flat on the other.
Ess. CHAR. Bloſſom fomewhat radiated, all with chives and
pointals. Fruit rough with ſirong hairs. LINN.-Flowers
of the centre abortive. Reich. ſyſt. pl.-The winged
fence very juſtly forms a part of the generic character,
1 Hall. ST.
-
common
-
DAU'CUS Caro'ta. Seeds rough with ſtrong hairs.
Leaf-ſtalks ftringy underneath.-
Ludw.g.-Fl. dan. 723.-Blackw. 546.--Ger. 873, ripe rundles.
200 --Matth.748, imitated by Dod. 679, repr. in Lob.obl. 416. 2,
Ger. em. 1028, and cop. in Park. 902. 1, in fruit.-Fuchf.
684, diviſions of leaves too broad; ill cop. in 3. B. iii. 6. 62.-
H.ox. ix. 13. 2.-Trag. 440.
Flowers in the circumference often barren, and often with only.
pointals; thofe of the centre with chives and pointals. POLLICH.
-The floret in the centre of the rundle often of a deep crimſon,
and producing a ſeed to all appearance perfect. St. in ed. i.- Petals
white. Stems furrowed, rough with hairs. Fencelets ſtrap-ipear-
ſhaped. Rundle when out of flower concave; ſpokes 40. Rundlets,
ſpokes 30. Flowers white, thoſe in the middle of the rundle fome-
times purpliſh. Reli,
Caucalis Carota. CRANTZ, &c, which ſee.
Bird's Nest.
Meadows and paſtures.
B. June.--Aug.
The

V. CHIVES, II. POINTALS.
275
The feeds have been ſometimes uſed as diuretics and carmina.
tives; and are highly recommended in calculous complaints.
WITH.-An infuſion of them has been found to afford relief in
ſharp fits of the gravel. Mr. WOODWARD.-It proved very bene-
ficial in the caſe of a lady who paſſed calculi of conſiderable
fize. ST.
2. This in its cultivated ſtate is the well known garden carrot,
whoſe roots are eaten either boiled or raw. When raw, they are
given to children troubled with worms. They ſeem to paſs thro'
moſt people but little changed. WITH.-On which account I have
employed them as a means of aſcertaining the time which food
takes to paſs through the tract of the alimentary canal. ST.-They
are a grateful and nutritious food to all kinds of cattle, and well
worthy of a more general cultivation for the purpoſe of the farmer.
Crickets are very fond of them, and are eaſily deſtroyed by mak-
ing a paſte of powdered arſenic, wheat meal, and ſcraped carrots,
which muſt be placed near their habitations. A poultice made of
the roots has been found to mitigate the pain, and abate the ſtench
of foul and cancerous ulcers.
3. Leaves of a dark green, gloffy.
Sea ſhore, near Dover. Ray, p. 218. n. 3.
In a ſpecimen from the coaſt of Cornwall the leafits are remark
ably broad, and but ſlightly cut. St.
а
366. BU'NIU M. Pignut.
Rundle with fewer than 20 ſpokes. Rundlets very ſhort;
crowded.
EMPAL, General Fence of many ſtrap-ſhaped ſhort leaves.
Partial Fence briſtly; as long as the rundlet. Cup
hardly diſcernible.
Bloss. General, uniform. Florets all fertile. Individuals ;
petals 5; equal; heart-ſhaped ; bent inwards.
Chives. Threads 5; ſhorter than the petals. Tips ſimple.
Point. Seed-bud beneath; oblong. Shafts 2; reflected.
Summits blunt.
S. Vess. None. Fruit egg-ſhaped; diviſible into 2 parts.
Seeds. 2; egg-ſhaped ; convex on one ſide; flat on the
other.
Ess. CHAR. Bloſſom uniform. Rundle crowded. Fruit oval.
BU'NIUM Bulbocaſ'tanum. Sp. pl. and Syft. veget.-- greater
Fence of many leaves. Syſt.pl. a Reich.-Leaves uniform.
T 2
Fruit

276
PENTANDRIA DIGYNIA.
-
-
Fruit nearly cylindrical, thicker towards the end. Shafts
bent back, falling off. GOUAN.-Stem thickening at the
baſe. Sr.
Fl. dan. 220.*_Barr. 244.- Dod. 334. I, repr. in Lob. obf. 429.
2, ic. i. 745. I, Ger. em. 1064, 2, and cop. in Park. 893,
Ger. 906. 1, H.ox. ix. 2. row 2, fig. 23, n. 1, and Pet. 25.
9.-7. B. iii. 6. 30.-Ger. 906. 2.—Matth. 866, root and
leaves.
I inſert this ſpecies on the authority of Ray; add to which, that
Mr. Hudſon admits the figures referred to by Linnæus. ST.
Bunium minus. GOUAN. illuſtr, 10, as is evident from the general
fence obſervable in the figures referred to by Linnæus and C. B.
-Bulbocaſtanum alterum caule firmiore. Barr. (St.)
In a field between Hornſey Wood and Old Fall, near the foot-
path. Martyn in R. ſyn. ed. III.-[Worſbrough near Barneſley?
Mr. E. COCKSHUT.]
a
leſſer
-
-
BU'NIUM flexuo'ſum. Stem at the baſe tapering
downwards, and zigzag. St. 1-Stem-leaves very narrow.
General fence wanting. Fruit egg-ſhaped, taper-pointed.
Shafts permanent. GOUAN.—But ſometimes a general fence
of from 1 to 3 leaves. St.
Curt. 4. 46.-Ger. em. 1064. 1.–Tourn. 161.2.
From the root, which groweth 4 or 5 inches deep in the earth,
riſeth up a long, ſlender, whitiſh ftring or ſtalk, not always
ſtraight, but folding or crumpling itſelf to and fro unto the top of
the ground, from whence it riſeth a little bigger. Park.ST.-The
а
greater and leſſer Bulbocaſtanum appear to be diſtinct ſpecies. The
leſſer is common, but the greater rare. Johnſon in his Ger. has
well diſtinguiſhed them. Martyn in R. ſyn. Root tuberous.
Relh.-Root-leaves on long leaf-ſtalks, trebly winged, generally 3,
appearing before the ſtem; little-leaves ſpear-ſhaped, fimple, or
cloven into 3. Stem-leaves doubly winged; little-leaves ſtrap-ſhaped,
not wider than the mid-rib; fimple, or cloven into 3. Mr. W.-
Stem fmooth, ſcored, but little branched. Leaves doubly winged;
ſegments very ſlender, and tapering to a point. General fence ſel-
dom of more than 1 or 2 very flender leaves, but in moſt inſtances
altogether wanting, and after examining above 50 plants growing
in different foils both in woods and open paſtures, I could never
find more than one with any general fence after the bloffoms were
opened.
* Does not reſemble our plant, being much branched, and the leaves dif-
fering both in ihape and diviſion. Mr. WOODWARD.
# Caule baſi attenuato flexuoſo. St.

V. CHIVES, II. POINTALS.
277
-
opened. Partial fence moſtly ſhorter than the rundlet, of 3 or 4
very ſmall ſpear-ſhaped leaves. Rundle, ſpokes 8 to 12. Rundlets,
ſpokes about 16. Petals ſpear-ſhaped, rolled inwards. Threads
longer than the petals. Shafts, at firſt cloſe, afterwards ſtraddling,
but never bent back. With. St.-Roots bulbous. Petals white.
Nucula terreſtris minor. Park.-Bunium majus. Gouan.illuftr. 10,
ari improper name, as the Bulbocaſtanum majus fol. apii of C. B. is
the B. Bulbocaſtanum of Linnæus. St.
Earth, Kipper, Pig, Hawk, or Jur-nut. Earth Cheſnut.
Meadows, paſtures, orchards, and woods. P. May. June.
The roots eaten either raw, boiled, or roaſted, are very little
inferior to Cheſnuts, and would be an agreeable addition to our
winter deſerts. With.
367. C O'NIUM. Hemlock.
Rundle of many ſpokes; expanding. Rundlets the fame.
EMPAL. General Fence of many leaves ; very ſhort ; une-
qual. Partial Fence the ſame. Cup hardly perceptible.
Bloss. General, uniform. Individuals ; petals 5 ; unequal;
heart-ſhaped, but bent inwards.
CHives. Threads 5; fimple. Tips roundiſh.
POINT. Seed-bud beneath. Shafts 2; reflected. Summits
blunt.
S. Vess. None. Fruit nearly globular; with 5 ſcolloped
ridges; diviſible into 2 parts.
Seeds. 2; convex on one ſide; almoſt hemiſpherical ;
ſcored; flat on the other ſide.
Ess. Char. Fencelets going half way round, generally of
3 leaves. Fruit nearly globular, with 5 ſcores, notched
on each ſide.
common
-
CO'NIUM macula'tum. Seeds ſcored.-
Curt. i. 7, feeds repreſented as fringed with ſhort hairs.-Jacq. auſtr.
ii. 156.–Storck, ſeeds not notched.-Gent. Mag. 1762. p. 273.
-Cluf. ii. 200. 2, repr. in Dod. 461, Lob. obf. 422. 1; ic.
i. 732. I, Ger. em. 1061, and cop. in Park. 933. 1.-H. ox.
ix. 6. row 3. 1.—Blackw. 573. a. 6.-Fuchſ. 406, cop. in 7.
B. iii. 6. 175.3.-Trag. 474.-Matth. 1098, poſſibly cop. in
Ger. 903. 1.-Blackw. 451.
Stems and branches ſhining, ſpotted and ſtreaked with browniſh
or blackiſh purple. Partial fence of 1 leaf, divided into 3 and 4;
ſegments at the edges white and membranaceous. Outer petals the
largeſt. Petals white. With.
Kex.
T3

278
PENTANDRIA DIGYNIA.
-
a
Kex.-Hedges, orchards, rubbiſh, cultivated ground, and
dunghills.
B. June. July
The whole plant is poiſonous, and many inſtances are recorded
of its deleterious effects; but modern experience has proved it
to be leſs virulent than was formerly imagined. Dr. Storck, of
Vienna, was the firſt who ventured to give it internally in conſi-
derable quantities, and from his account of its good effects in a
variety of caſes, particularly in cancers and ſchirrous tumours,
it has been very generally employed in this kingdom. He directs
an extract to be prepared from it by evaporating the expreſſed
juice over the fire, and then adding a fufficient quantity of the
powdered leaves to form it into pills. He generally gave from 2
to 12 grains for a doſe, but ſome have taken it in much larger
quantities. By the accounts from Vienna, the expectations of
the world were raiſed to a very high pitch; and, as is then gene-
rally the caſe, theſe expectations have been diſappointed; ſo that
after a very extenſive application of it for ſeveral years, it is now
likely to be entirely diſregarded, as a medicine of little or no uſe,
Perhaps, however, the truth will be found to lie in the medium
between the two opinions. Many reaſons may be aſſigned to fhew
that it has yet undergone but an imperfect trial; ſome of which
I ſhall beg leave to mention.
iſt. The Wild Cicely, or Cow Weed, has often been gathered
inſtead of the intended plant; and it is not improbable but other
plants may have been likewiſe miſtaken for it, for many of the
Rundle-bearing or Umbelliferous Plants are ſo much alike, that it re-
quires more ſkill in botany to diſtinguiſh them, than we can
ſuppoſe the common collectors of medicinal plants to poſſeſs,
They know plants that they have been taught to collect and to
diſtinguiſh, but this was one that had never before been in re-
queſt. After ſome time, however, the ſpots upon the ſtalks
were pointed out as a criterion, and then there was lefs probabi-
lity of miſtakes.
2dly. The ſeaſon of its higheſt perfection has never yet been
ſufficiently aſcertained. Some ſuppoſe it ought to be gathered juſt
as its bloffoms open, others ſay not till the ſeeds are forming; but
even theſe fuppofitions have been too little attended to.
3dly. Perhaps the plants of this natural order have their
pro-
perties more changed by foil and ſituation, than thoſe of any other
natural order; yet this circunſtance has been entirely diſregarded.
4thly. No vegetable that is uſed in medicine is more liable to
ferment than this. I have ſeen it, when collected in a bag, and,
carried only two miles on horſeback, heat and ferment to ſuch a
degree, that the yield of extract was much leſs than uſual, and
the properties of it greatly impaired,
5thly,

V. CHIVES,
279
II. POINTALS.
5thly. At its firſt introduction it was very common to take only
the clearer part of the expreſſed juice, and to throw away the
feculencies. Whenever this is done, the medicine is ſpoiled.
6thly. Too little attention has been given to the degree of heat
applied during the evaporation. Many things loſe their peculiar
properties when expoſed to more than the heat of boiling water,
and others are greatly changed even by that. Many reaſons may
be alledged to prove that Hemlock is one of theſe.
When further experience has pointed out the beſt ſeaſon for
gathering the plant, and in what foils and ſituations it poſſeſſes
the greateſt virtues, I believe a medicine much more efficacious
than that commonly uſed, may be obtained by attending to the
following directions :
Let ſeveral people be employed to gather the plant, and as faſt
as it is cut, let others carry it in hand baſkets to the preſs; but it
muſt lie light and looſely in the baſkets. Let it be bruiſed and
the juice immediately ſqueezed out; and as faſt as it runs from
the preſs, it muſt be put over the fire, and boiled till three parts
out of four of the whole liquor is waſted. Then it muſt be put
into a water bath, and evaporated to the conſiſtence of honey.
If it be now taken and ſpread thin upon a board or marble flab,
and expoſed to the ſun and to the air, it will foon be of a proper
conſiſtence to be formed into pills. From 5 to 10 grains of this
extract is a proper doſe; few conſtitutions will bear more without
experiencing diſagreeable effects.
Such a medicine as this, I believe, will be found an uſeful
addition to our materia medica: not that I have ſeen it cure can-
cers either in an ulcerated ſtate or otherwiſe, but I have never
given it without a mitigation of pain, and an amendment of the
diſcharge. Dr. Fothergiil, in the 3d'vol, of the Med. Obf. has
given us a variety of caſes, to which I can with pleaſure refer the
reader, as they perfectly correſpond with my own experience in a
pretty extenſive hoſpital practice for ſeveral years paſt. Dr. Butter
uſes it in the chincough; but I have had no opportunity of trying
it in that diſeaſe. With.-An extract prepared from the ſeeds is
ſaid to be much more powerful than that from the juice of the plant,
and to have done conſiderable ſervice in ſome cancerous cafes at
Edinburgh. See Med. Comm. i. p. 326.
After all it may be faid, that it acts merely as a narcotic, and
only effects what ſmall doſes of opium will do, in a leſs diſagree-
able manner. But till further experience gives a ſanction to this
opinion it muſt not be too haſtily adopted; and if it ſhould prove
at laſt that it is only a narcotic, ſurely there are many caſes in
which a narcotic that does not occaſion coftiveneſs is preferable
to one that does. With.
The
T 4

280
PENTANDRIA DIGYNIA.
a
The preceding directions were given in the firſt edition of this
work, and they are retained in this for the aſſiſtance of thoſe who
may
ſtill wiſh to adminiſter the extract; but ſuch is the uncertainty
of that preparation, owing to the difficulty of making it, that I
have now for ſome years laid aſide the uſe of it, and preſcribed
only the powder of the dried leaves. Let the leaves be gathered
about the end of June, when the plant is in flower. Pick off the
little-leaves and throw away the leaf.ſtalks. Dry theſe ſelected
little-leaves in a hot ſun, or on a tin dripping-pan or pewter diſh
before a fire. Preſerve them in bags made of ſtrong brown paper,
or powder them, and keep the powder in glaſs vials, in a drawer,
or ſomething that will exclude the light, for the light foon diffi-
pates the beautiful green colour, and with its colour, the medicine
loſes its efficacy. From 15 to 25 grains of this powder may be
taken twice or thrice a day. I have found it particularly uſeful
in chronic rheumatiſms, and alſo in many of thoſe dieaſes which
are uſually ſuppoſed to ariſe from acrimony. The nature of this
book does not allow of minute details of the virtues of plants, but
I can aſſure the medical practitioner that this is well worth his
attention. With.
Sheep eat the leaves. Horſes, Cows, and Goats refuſe them.
LINN.—A Horſe eat fome of the young leaves, but was rather
-
indifferent to them. ST.-Thruſhes feed upon the ſeeds.
-
368. SELI'NUM. Milkweed.
EMPAL. General Rundle of many ſpokes, flat, expanding;
the partial ſimilar. General Fence, leaves ſeveral;
ſpear-ſtrap-ſhaped; bent back; the partial ſimilar;
expanding; as long as the bloſſom. Cup hardly
diſcernible.
Bloss. General, uniform. All the florets fertile. Indi-
viduals, petals 5; heart ſhaped ; equal.
Chives. Threads 5; hair-like. Tips roundiſh.
CHIVES
Point. Seed-bud beneath. Shafts 2; bent back. Summits
fimple.
S. Vess. None. Fruit between compreſſed and flat; oval
oblong; ſcored on each ſide along the middle; divi-
fible into 2.
Seeds. 2; oval oblong; flat on each ſide; ſcored along
the middle; edges membranaceous.
Ess.

V. CHIVES, II. POINTALS.
281
Ess. Cuar. Fruit oval ablong; between compreſſed and
flat; ſcored along the middle. Fence bent back. Petals
heart-ſhaped; equal.
SELI'NUM paluſtre. Somewhat milky. Root marſh
ſingle. Linn. Huds. Curt. cat.—Shafts widely expand-
ing. Petals rolled in at the point.* ST.-Root often
manifold. HALL. Mr. WooDWARD. ST.
Jacq. auſtr. il. 152.I-Dod. 699, repr. in Ger. fem. 1020, and
cop. iu Park. 928, and ill cop. in H. ox. ix. 17. 2, with the ad-
dition of ſeeds of the natural ſize.-Lob. obf. 409. 1; ic. i.711.
1, C. B.pr.85, cop. in Park. 904. 6, in fruit, fences wanting.-
Fl. dan. 412, fruit ſmooth.-(Crantz. iii. 4.1, is juſtly believed to
be S. Caruifolia.—Fl. dan.257, not the plant.-J. B. iii. 6. 188,
is a different plant.)
Herb fomewhat milky. Stem moſtly ſingle, harder, deeply ſcored.
The terminating little-leaves elongated. Root hot in the mouth, .
LINN.-The whole plant when wounded pouring forth a milky
juice. Root thick, branching, yellowiſh without, white within.
Stem upright, 2 and often 3 cubits high, deeply furrowed, of a
pleaſant green, ſmooth, reddiſh at the baſe, į inch thick, hollow,
knotty, forked. Leaves of a pleaſant green, ſmooth, triangular,
in the more luxuriant plants upwards of a cubit long, and I feet
or more in breadth; the uppermoſt fitting, trebly and quadruply
winged, the laſt leafits winged-cleft; wings with 2 or 3 clefts,
ſtrap-ſhaped, very entire, reddiſh at the points. Rib ſmooth.
Sheaths ſmooth, ſcored. Fruit-ſtalks of the rundles ſcored, ſmooth.
Rundle large, beautiful; ſpokes about 30. Rundlets, ſpokes up-
wards of 40. Fence permanent; leaves ſpear-ſhaped, about 9.
Fencelet about 12. Seeds roundiſh, blunt, edged with a kind of
border, ſcored in the centre, ſmooth. Flowers about 2 lines in
breadth. Petals blunt, with a ſlight lobes, white, before flower-
ing reddiſh on the outſide. POLLICH. Mr. WOODWARD. ST.-
Root fingle next the ſtem, but then branched into numerous, thick,
tapering diviſions. Leafits, the extreme ones cloven into 3, and
the middlemoſt of theſe elongated. In the Lancaſhire plants ſtrap-
ſhaped, and but little broader than the rib. Rundle ſpreading.
Rundlets
Stylis patentiflimis, corollulis apice involutis, St.
#Called by the author S. ſylveft. but it ſhould ſeem from the ſcored ſtem to be
S. paluftre. REICH. ST.-Our plant exactly accords with the figure, as alſo with
fpecimens of the Auſtrian plant given me by the Profeſſor's ſon. ST.
# Referred by C. B. to S. ſylveſtre, but the flems are deſcribed and figured
by Dod, as ſcored. ST.

282
PENTANDRIA DIGYNIA
Rundlets diftant. Mr. Woodward. St.-Leafits in the Norfolk
plants ſhorter, ſtrap-ſpear-ſhaped, ſpear-ſhaped, and ſometimes
oval-ſpear-ſhaped. Mr. WOODWARD:-Root when broken pour-
ing out froin ſeveral places a milky juice, of an aromatic flavour,
fomewhat like that of Daucus Carota Sylveſtris, with a degree of
bitterneſs, and when chewed ſometimes attended with a conſider-
ably pungent heat; branches horizontal. Whole plant ſmooth. St.
--Stem 3 feet high, branched. Leaves reſembling thoſe of Daucus
Carota. Rundles large. Bloſs. white. Roots and feeds, particularly
after ſeeding, of a very ſtrong but agreeable ſcent when bruiſed.
Mr. HALL.
S. hublaệt. Leve, ớc. Hall. 7. 799.–S. Tyfelinum. Crantz. I79.-
S. lacteſcens, caule afpero, c. Hall. n. 800, ſhould ſeem to be the ſame
with n. 799, if Crantz.'s obſ. be well founded. St.
Wild Parſley. Wild Milky Parſley. PARK.
Marſhes, near Doncaſter. ToField in Hudſon.-[But a friend
writes me from Doncaſter, that the beſt botaniſt in that neigh-
bourhood is of opinion that it does not grow there, and that Mr.
Tofield's fpecimen came from a diſtance. Mr. Wood.-Found
in 1779 or 1780 by Mr. Seatle, at Cannon Winder, near Flook-
burgh, Lancaſhire, in the ditches near the ſand fide not very
plentiful; and I have fince found it round the fides of Ayſide
Tarn, 3 miles north of Cartmell. Mr. HALL.-Brought to me
and Mr. Crowe, when in Lancaſhire in 1781, by the Rev. Mr.
Jackſon. Mr. WOODWARD.-In Alder Swamps, near Yarmouth,
Mr. Wiggers. ]
-
369. ATHAMAN'TA Spignel.
Rundle of many ſpokes ; expanding. Rundlets with fewer
;
ſpokes.
EMPAL. General Fence many ſtrap-ſhaped leaves; a little
ſhorter than the ſpokes. Partial Fence ſtrap-ſhaped ;
as long as the ſpokes. Cup not diſcernible.
Bloss. General, uniform. Florets all fertile. Individuals,
petals 5; heart-ſhaped ; bent inwards; nearly equal.
Chives. Threads 5; hair-like; as long as the petals. Tips
roundiſh.
Point. Seed-bud beneath. Shafts 2; diſtant. Summits blunt,
S. Vess. None. Fruit oblong-egg-ſhaped; ſcored; divi-
ſible into 2 parts.
Seeds. 2; egg-ſhaped; convex and ſcored on one ſide,
flat on the other.
Ess,

V. CHIVES, II. POINTALS.
283
Ess. CHAR. Fruit egg-oblong ; ſcored. Petals bent inwards ;
nicked.
ATHAMAN'T A Libano'tis. Leaves doubly winged, mountain
flat. Rundles hemiſpherical. Seeds hairy:-
Jacq. auftr. iv. 392 and 392,* cop. in Relh. at p. 113.-Fl. dan.
754.-7. B. iii. 6. 105.-Pluk. 173. 1.--C. B. pr. 77. 1.-
In both the laſt the leaves are ſimply winged with wing cleft leaves ;
but Gouan informs us, that from the ſeeds of this he has raiſed plants
according with the Linnæan character.
Root deſcending, bearded at the top. Stem about 2 feet high,
with ſtrongly marked angles; unequally furrowed; generally
fimple, and rather ſmooth, fomewhat zigzag towards the top.
Leafits wedge-like, remote, not tiled, with wing-like gaſhes,
ſomewhat confluent; the poſterior and lower wings larger; all
ſmooth above, underneath pale, with the veins and edges juſt ſen-
fibly háiry. Leaf-falks ſomewhat flatted, and amongſt the leafits
channelled. The terminating rundle terminating, upright, on a
furrowed fruit-ſtalk, the whole whitiſh. Fence, leaves awl-ſhaped,
half as long as the rundle. Fencelets of many leaves. The upper-
moſt lateral rundles oppoſite, ſhorter, ariſing from the boſom of
a bellying membrane ſimilar to the baſe of the other leaf-ſtalks,
but which here is leaf-leſs. Tips, ſhafts of the fruit, and receptacles
of the flower purpliſh. LINN.-Terminating rundle ſometimes pro-
liferous, with the ſpokes of the rundlets 2 inches long. RELH.-
The firſt pair of wings (in the lower-leaves. St.) next the leaf-
ftalk placed croſs-wiſe. Hall. Mr. WOODWARD.-Lower-leaves
almoſt trebly winged, the wings being deeply wing-cleft. Mr. W.
Daucus montanus, apii folio minor. C. B. pin, 150, prodr. 77, as
given by Scop.-(And not Libanotis apii folio minor. C. B. 157, who
refers to Lobe obf. 402. 3, which is a plant with the little-leaves
merely ſerrated.) The ſource of the above error may be ſeen
from examining the ſynonyms of the Fl. fuec. St.
Mountain Stone Parſley.-Chalk Pit Cloſe, Hinton, Cambridgeſh.
Firſt diſcovered in Great Britain by Mr. RELHAN. P. Aug. Sept.
Sheep and Swine eat it, Cows refuſe it,
-
.
ATHAMAN'TA Oreofeli'num. Leafits ſtraddling.– ſraddleleav'd
Jacq. auſtr. 80.-Cluf. ii. 195.2, repr. in Dod. 696, Lob. obs.
406. 1; ic. 707. 2, Ger. em. 1015.-(Mr. Hudſon refers to
J. B. iii. 6. 105, & Pluk. 173. 1, but theſe according to Linnæus
are his A. Libanotis.)
Little-leaves egg-ſhaped, pointed; wings cut, not ſerrated. Partial
leaf Nalks ſtraddling and bowed. LINN,
Dry

284
PENTANDRIA DIGYNIA.
Dry meadows and paſtures. Gogmagog Hills, Cambridgeſh.
Ray and Huds.--No longer to be found there. Mr. WOODWARD.
-Neither does Mr. Relhan notice it in his Flora cantab. St.-
Between St. Alban's and Stony Stratford. Huds. P. July. Aug.
common
ATHAMAN'TA Me'um. Leaves hair-like. Seeds
ſmooth, ſcored. Sp. pl. Huds.
Æthuſa Meum, which ſee.
370. PEUCED'ANUM. Sulphurwort.
Rundle of many very long, ſlender ſpokes. Rundlets
expanding
EMPAL. General Fence many leaves; ſtrap-ſhaped; ſmall;
reflected. Partial Fence, ftill ſmaller. Cup with 5
teeth; very ſmall.
Bloss. General, uniform. Florets in the centre barren.
Individuals, petals 5; equal; oblong; entire ; bent
inwards.
Chives. Threads 5; hair-like. Tips ſimple.
Point. Seed-bud beneath; oblong. Shafts 2; fmall.
Summits blunt.
S. Vess. None. Fruit egg-ſhaped; diviſible into 2;
ſcored on each ſide; encompaſſed round by a mem-
branaceous border.
Seeds. 2; oblong-egg-ſhaped; compreſſed; convex on
one fide, and marked by three riſing ridges; bound
round by a broad, flat membrane; notched at the end.
Ess. CHAR. Fruit egg-ſhaped; ſcored on each ſide; bordered
with a membrane. Fences very ſhort.
соттоп
-
PEUCED'ANUM officina'le. Leaves 5 times di-
vided into 3; thread-ſtrap-Shaped--
3
Fuchſ. 599, cop. in. J. B. iii. 6.36. 1.-Dod. 317, repr. in Lob.
,
obs. 453; ic. i. 781, Ger. em. 1054. 1, and cop. in Park. 880.
2.-Ger. 896. 1.-Trag. 881.
Petals yellowiſh.
Sulphurwort. Hog's Fennel. Hareſtrong.
Salt marſhes. Shoreham, Suſſex. Walton, near Harwick,
Eſſex; and near Feverſham. R. hm.—About Yarmouth and Clay,
Norfolk. HUDS.
P. June. July.
The roots have a ſtrong fetid ſmell, and an acrid, bitteriſh,
unctuous taſte. Wounded in the ſpring they yield a conſiderable
quantity

V. CHIVES, II. POINTALS. 285
-
quantity of yellow juice, which dries into a gummy reſin and
retains the ſtrong ſcent of the root. Its virtues have not yet been
afcertained with any preciſion.
PEUCED'ANUM mi'nus. Leaves winged ; leafits rock
with winged clefts; ſegments ſtrap-ſhaped, oppoſite.
Stem very much branched, open. Huds. ed. I. LINN.
Pimpinella dioica, which fee.
PEUCE D'ANUM Silau's. Leafits with winged meadow
clefts; ſegments oppoſite. General fence of 2 leaves.
LINN.-Frequently of one. Mr. WoodWARD. ST.-And
when cultivated of ſeveral. Retz.
Jacq. auftr. i. 15.—Crantz. umb. 6, repr. in auſtr. iii. 6.-Ger.
1047. 1, cop. in Park. 904. 4, and J. B. iii. 6. 171.-Ger.
877.-Dod. 310. 2, repr. in Lob. obf. 425. 4; ic. i. 738. 1,
Ger. em. 1048. 2, and cop. in Park. 904. 3.
Fence, leaves ſtrap-ſhaped, brown at the point. Retz. obf. ii.
48.-Root-leaves on long, cylindrical, ſcored, ſmooth leaf-ſtalks.
Stem-leaves on ſhorter leaf-ſtalks, which are membranaceous at the
baſe. Lower-leaves trebly compound; the little-leaves cloven into 2
or 3 ſpear-ſhaped ſegments. Stems upright, cylindrical, ſcored,
fmooth, tinged with red above the root. General fence 2 little-
leaves. Partial fence 12 ſpear-ſhaped leaves, deep purple or black
at the ends. Rundle of about 7 ſpokes. Rundlets 12 to 20, and
upwards. All the florets generally fertile, but ſome of the central
ones fometimes barren. Petals pointed, yellow. Threads long.
Tips yellow. Seed-bud crowned with a glandular yellow recepta-
cle, turning to a deep red as the ſeeds ripen. WITH.
Meadow Saxifrage.
Moiſtiſh meadows and paſtures.
A Horſe eat it. Sr.
P. Aug,
371, CRITH'MUM.

286
PENTANDRIA DIGYNIA.
371. CRIT H'MUM. Samphire.
Rundle of many ſpokes; hemiſpherical. Rundlets the ſame.
EMPAL. General Fence many leaves; leaves ſpear-ſhaped ;
blunt; reflected. Partial Fence between ſpear and
ſtrap-ſhaped; as long as the rundlet. Cúp hardly
perceptible.
Bloss. General, uniform. Florets all fertile. Individuals,
petals 5; egg-ſhaped; bent inwards; nearly equal.
Chives. Threads 5; fimple; longer than the petals. Tips
roundiſh.
Point. Seed-bud beneath. Shafts 2; reflected. Summits
blunt.
S. Vess. None. Fruit oval ; compreſſed; divifible into 2.
SEEDS. 2; oval; flat; but ſomewhat compreſſed ; fcored
on one fide.
rock
Ess. CHAR. Fruit oval; compreſſed. Florets equal.
CRITH'MUM marit'imum. Leafits fleſhy, ſpear-
ſhaped.-
Jacq. hort. ii. 187.-Dod. 705. I, repr. in Lob. obſ. 213. 2; ic.i.
392.2, Ger. em. 533. 1, and cop. in 7. B. iii. 6. 194, and H.
ox. ix. 7. row 1. 1.-Lon. i. 257, foliage.—Matth. 489, cop. in
Ger. 427.1.-(Park. 1286. 1, is not the plant.)
Sea coaſt. [On the chalk cliffs near the Needles in the Iſle of
Wight. St.-On all the cliffs on the Corniſh coaſt. Mr. WATT.]
-Fields about Porth Gwylan, Caernarvonſhire, covered with it.
Penn. Wales. ii. 200.
P. Aug.
Poor people on the ſea coaſt eat it as a pot-herb, and gather it
for ſale, it being much uſed as a pickle.
Sheep and Cows eagerly feed, and are ſaid to grow
fat
upon
it.
PENN. ib.
375. HERA

V. CHIVES, II. POINTALS.
287
375. HERACLE'UM. Hogweed.
Rundle very large; conſiſting of numerous flat Rundlets.
EMPAL. General Fence many leaves; ſhedding. Partial
Fence going half way round on the outer lide; leaves
from 3 to 7; between ſtrap and ſpear-ſhaped; the
outer longer. Cup juſt perceptible.
Bloss. General, unequal; irregular in its ſhape. Florets
nearly all fertile. Individuals of the centre; of 5 equal
5
petals; bent and hooked inwards; notched at the
end. Of the circumference; of 5 unequal petals;
.
the outer petals largeſt; with the deepeſt notches;
hooked ; oblong.
Chives. Threads 5; longer than the petals. Tips ſmall.
Point. Seed-bud beneath; fomewhat egg-ſhaped. Shafts
2; ſhort ; near together. Summits ſimple.
S. Vess. None. Fruit oval; compreſſed; notched; ſcored
along the middle on each ſide.
Seeds. 2; egg-ſhaped ; compreſſed; with a leafy edge.
Ess. Char. Fruit elliptical ; nicked; compreſſed; ſcored;
weith a border. Blofom diffimilar ; nicked; bent in. Fence
Shedding
Oes. In ſome ſpecies the florets in the circumference have only
pointals without chives, and produce ſeeds; the central florets
have chives without pointals, and are barren. In the H. Sphondy,
lium the florets have all chives and pointals. The general fence
is ſometimes altogether wanting. In the two Britiſh ſpecies the
florets in the centre are compoſed of unequal petals as well as thoſe
in the circumference.
a
HERACLE'UM Sphondyllium. Leafits with winged Parſnep
clefts,* even. Flowers uniform. Linn. Syft. veg.-Radi-
ated. Syft. nat. Huds. St.-And improperly changed in the
errata and ſubſequent works to uniform. St.
Blackw. 540.-H. ox. ix. 16. row 1. 1. f. 2.--Dod. 307, repr.
in Lob. obf. 401. 2; ic. i. 701.2, Ger. em. 1009, and cop. in
Park. 953, and Pet. 24.1.-Park. 954.3.-Matth.791.-Fuchſ.
.
53, cop. in J. B. iii. 6. 160.-Trag. 437. In the 2 laſt the lower-
leaves repreſented as only wing cleft.
*" Lævibus" oppoſed to " rugofis" in the H. auſtriacum. St.
Outer

288
PENTANDRIA DIGYNIA:
a
Outer petals of the circumference 4 times as large; thoſe of the
centre nearly equal. HALL. ST.-Stem-leaves winged, hairy; leafits
about 2 pair, jagged, and indented, the odd one cloven into 3.
Stem furrowed, rough with white hairs. Leaf-ſtalks ſpreading out
at the baſe into a kind of bags, ſcored, membranaceous, woolly
at the edges, and in its younger ſtate ſheathing and incloſing the
fruit-ſtalks and rundles. Florets of the centre with nearly equal
petals. Florets, particularly the outer ones, have a horned ap-
pearance before they expand. Tips greeniſh. Summits ſemi-tranf-
parent. Seeds with 3 riſing ridges on each ſide; the leafy border
often purpliſh. With.
Cow Parſnep. Madnep. Hogweed, in Norfolk.
In Poland and Lithuania, the poor people prepare a liquor from
the leaves and feeds; which undergoes a fermentation, and is
drank inſtead of ale.--The ſtalks, when peeled, are eaten by the
Kamſchatkians. The Ruflians take the leaf-ſtalks of the root-
leaves, peel them, and hang them in the fun to dry a little; then
they tye them in little bundles, and hang them up again till they
become yellow: in this ſtate they put them into bags, and a mealy
ſubſtance like fugar forms upon the ſurface of them. This they
ſhake off, and treat their gueſts with it as a great delicacy. They
likewiſe diſtill an ardent ſpirit from it. Gmelin. ſibir. i. p. 214. The
peelings of the ſtalks are acrid.-The leaves are a favourite food
of Rabbits and Hogs. Cows, Goats, and Sheep eat them; but
Horſes are not fond of them.
Hedges, meadows, and paſtures.
B. July.
jagged B. (anguſtifolium. HUDS.)
Little-leaves fpear-ſhaped. St.
Jacq. auftr. 174.*-Pluk. 63.3, cop. in Pet. 24. 2.-Park. 954.2,
a leaf.-(Barr. 56, ſeems to approach more nearly to the common
kind.)
A mere variety. Ray. HALL. Mr. WOODWARD. ST.-And
different from the H. anguſtifol. HALL.--Flowers radiated. HALL.
HUDS. ST.-But ſometimes, tho' very rarely, uniform. Huds.
Mr. WOODWARD.-On being cultivated in a garden became var.
a. Huds.- I have found the root-leaves of this and of H. Sphondyl.
riſing from the ſame root. Leaves winged; wings with moſtly 3
lobes; lower-lobes long, and ſtanding nearly at right angles give the
croſs-like appearance; lobes ſtrap-ſpear-ſhaped, deeply and dou-
bly ferrated. Mr. WOODWARD.
-
* This is H. longifolium of JACQ. in Syft. veg. but accords with Pluk. quoted
by Linnæus and with my fpecimens. ST.
Sphondylium

V. CHIVES, II. POINTALS.
289
Sphondylium majus aliud laciniatis folüs. Park. 953. Ray ſyn. 205.
Hedges. About Harefield. BLACKST.-[Between Okeover and
Aſhbourne. ST.-Berkhamſtead, Hertfordſh. Mr. Woodward.]
B. July
376. LIGUSTICUM. Lovage.
Rundle of many ſpokes. Rundlets the fame.
EMPAL. General Fence 7 unequal membranaceous leaves.
Partial Fence of about 4 membranaceous leaves. Cup
of 5 teeth ; but hardly perceptible.
5
Bloss. General, uniform. Florets all fertile. Individuals,
petals 5; equal; flat; entire; rolled inwards; and
keeled on the inſide.
Chives. Threads 5 ; hair-like; ſhorter than the petals. Tips
fimple.
Point. Seed-bud beneath. Shafts 2; ſtanding cloſe toge-
ther. Summits fimple.
S. Vess. None. Fruit oblong; angular; with 5 furrows;
diviſible into 2.
Seeds. 2; oblong; gloffy; marked on one ſide with 5
ridges; flat on the other.
Ess. ČHAR. Fruit oblong; with 5 furrows on each ſide.
Bloſſom equal. Petals rolled in ; entire.
LIGUSTICUM ſco'ticum. Leaves doubly three- ſcotch
fold.--
Penn. tour. ii. 24. at p. 205.—Herm. par. 227.—Fl. dan. 207.-
Pluk. 96.2.-Pet. 26. 11.
Leaves gloffy underneath. LINN.—Little-leaves oblong-wedge-
ſhaped, entire below, above irregularly ferrated, and ſometimes
deeply cut. Mr. WOODWARD.
Scottiſh Sea Parſley.-Rocks and cliffs by the ſea fide in Scotland
and the Weſtern Illes. Near Queen's Ferry. [Near Kinghorn,
Scotiand. Mr. WHATELY.]
It is much valued in the Iſle of Sky. The root is reckoned a
good carminitive, and an infuſion of the leaves a good purge for
calves. It is beſides uſed as food, either as a ſallad, or boiled as
greens. Penn. tour. 1772. p. 310.
Horſes, Sheep, and Goats eat it. Cows refuſe it.
-
B. July.
a
(*Curt.) LIGUSTICUM cornubien'ſe. Leaves corniſh
doubly compound, cut; root-leaves in threes, fpear-
ſhaped, very entire,
Vol. I
Ray
U

ago
PENTANDRIA DIGYNIA,
Ray 8, at p. 209.-Pet. 26. 2.
Cornwall Saxifrage.
In Cornwall. Only one ſpecimen is known to exiſt. It has
been ſearched for in vain by many induſtrious botaniſts, which
has induced ſome to believe that it is now extinct. St. P. July.
;
377. ANGEL'ICA. Angelica.
Rundle of many ſpokes; nearly globular. Rundlets exactly
globular.
EMPAL. General Fence ſmall; of 3 or 5 leaves. Partial
3
Fence ſmall; of 8 leaves. Cup with 5 teeth ; hardly
5
diſcernible.
Bloss. General, uniform. Florets all fertile. Individuals,
petals 5; ſpear-ſhaped, rather flat; but a little bent
inwards; ſhedding
Chives. Threads 5 ; fimple; longer than the petals. Tips
ſimple.
Point. Seed-bud beneath. Shafts 2; bent back. Summits
blunt.
S. Vess. None. Fruit roundiſh; angular; folid; divi-
fible into 2.
Seeds. 2; egg-ſhaped; flat on one ſide and encompaſſed
with a border; on the other convex, and furrowed
with 3 lines.
Ess. Char. Fruit roundiſh; angular; ſolid; with the ſhafts
bent back. Bloſom equal; petals bowed inwards.
Obs. In A. ſylveſtris general fence often wanting.
wild ANGEL'ICA ſylveſtris
. Leafits equal, egg-ſpear-
ſhaped, ferrated.
Ludw. 178, 179.- Fuchſ. 125, cop. in Trag. 422, and 7. B. iii.
6. 144.--Dod. 318. 2, repr. in Ger. em. 999. 2.-Ger. 846.
C
2.-Matth. 1171.-H. ox. ix. 3. row 2. 2.--Park. 940. 2.-
Lon. i. 227. 2.
Spokes to 40. Fruit-ſtalks to 80. Petals nearly equal, egg-ſhaped,
pointed. Fruit with 4 wings and 3 ſcores on each ſide. Shafts
4
white, and as the receptacle, at length red. Seed, edge red.
Relh.-Stem ſmooth. Leaf-ſtalks channelled on the upper ſurface,
below widening into a large membranaceous fheath incloſing the
ſtem. Fruit-ſtalks riſing from the ſheaths of the leaf-ſtalks. Leafits,
ſerratures ending in a ſharp reddiſh point. Rundlets ſomewhat
flatted. General Fence none, or ſometimes, though rarely, of 1
---
a
or

V. CHIVES, II. POINTALS.
291
3
belga P. June. July
VISO4
or a very ſmall, ſlender leaves. Fencelets permanent; leaves 5 to
12, awl-ſhaped, unequal. Lloſs. white, more or leſs tinged with
purpliſh red. Seeds, border membranaceous, with 3 ridges on
the outer fide. With:
Marſhy woods and hedges.
It is warm, acrid, bitter, and aromatic; but the ſpecies cul-
tiyated in our gardens poſſeſſing theſe properties in a higher de-
gree, this has been long neglected.-Papilio machaon feeds upon it.
Cows, Goats, and Swine eat it. Horſes refuſe it. LINN.
A Horſe eat the flowering ſtem. St.
Millegovia
tot bus stovi
pe:378. SI U M. Skerret. Wotor
ihlal
12.30 01-AWOW.M
Rundle different in different ſpecies. Rundlets flat and
expanding.
tot ons
X
EMPAL. General Fence many reflected leaves ; ſhorter than
the rundle; leaves fpear-ſhaped. Partial Fence many wouloureuse
to leaves'; ſtrap-ſhaped ; fmall. Cup hardly perceptible.
Bloss. General, uniform. Florets all fertile. Individuals,
petals 5; equal, heart-ſhaped ; bent inwards. 10.1
Curves. Threads 5; ſimple. Tips ſimple!
Point. Seed-bud beneath, very ſmall. Shafos 2.; reflected.
TEST Summits blunt. 2. CASO
S. Vess. None. Fruit roundiſh; egg-ſhaped ; ſcored;
ſmall; diviſible into 2.2 sort to
Seeds. 2; nearly egg-ſhaped; convex and ſcored on one
fide; flat on the other of the
of botol
Ess. Char. Fruit fomerohat egg-ſhaped ; ſcored. Fence of
ſeveral leaves. Petals heart-ſhaped YM.H.
Obs. In S. nodiflorum the general fence often wanting.
.d.org
SI'UM latifolium. Leaves winged. Rundle termi- broad-leaved
nating. LINN.-Little-leaves oblong-ſpear-ſhaped, fer-
rated. Rundles terminating. Huds.
507
Jacq. auſr. i. 66.-F1. dan. 246, leaves and flowers. Dod. 589, *
repr. in Ger. em. 256. 2, cop. in H. ox. ix. 5.2, and Pet. 26.
2.Ger. 200.1, cop. in Ger. em. 256, I, Park, 1240. 1, 7.
i B, iji. 6. 175. 1, and H.ox. ix. 5. row 2. 1.--Ger. 200. 3,
cap. in 7. B. iii. 6.1747-Pet. 26. 1.–Jacq, ib. 67, referred
to by Murr. is moſt undoubtedly S. anguſtifol. as Jacq. has made it)
ER
-
.
tople only Hooit
* + Referred to by Linnæus, and exactly reſembles this plant as growing
wild, though the other figures are the beſt repreſentation of it as cultivated. St.
POUR
U2
i adscritos
Leafits

292
PENTANDRIA DIGYNIA.
Leafits ſharply ſerrated. Hall. Mr. WOODWARD.—Leafits of
the root-leaves in marſhy places ſometimes deeply cut, and the ſeg-
ments of ſuch as are under water ſtrap-ſhaped. Huds.-Stem up-
right, 5 ft. high, angular, ſcored, hollow, branching; branches
aſcending. Leafits oppoſite, ſtrap-egg-ſhaped, ſerrated, unequal
at the baſe, pointed, the outermoſt with 3 lobes; the lateral lobes
running into one. Rundle hemiſpherical, uniform. Fence,
and fencelets, leaves unequal, ſtrap-ſhaped, ſomewhat toothed.
Tips purpliſh. LYONS.-Leaves of the general fence ſtrap-ſpear-
ſhaped, toothed. Mr. WOODWARD.-Leafits ſerrated. Petals white.
Great Water Parſnep.-Rivers and fens. [In the Moors, near
Pitchcroft, Worceſter. Dr. THOMSON jun.-Norfolk, frequent.
Mr. WOODWARD.-Iſle of Ely. St.]
P. July. Aug.
Horſes and Swine eat it. Sheep are not fond of it. The roots
are noxious to cattle,
narrowleaved
SI'UM anguſtifolium. Linn.*-Leaves winged. Leafits
heart-ſhaped, lobed, unequally ferrated. Rundles on
fruit-ſtalks oppoſite the leaves, and terminating. Huds.
---Little-leaves unequal at the baſe, and the baſe of the upper
margin being hollowed out, gives many of them the appearance of
half-heart-ſhaped ; and thoſe of the upper-leaves Spear-ſhaped. St.
Jacq. auſtr. i. 67.-Fl. dan. 247, leaves and flowers.-Park. 1241.
2.-(Ger. 200. 3, cop. in J. B. iii. 6. 174, is S. latifolium, as
7.
is evident from its terminating rundles; as is alſo Ger. em. 256. 2,
To as appears from the regular and even ſerratures of the leaves.
Jacq. ib. 66, referred to by Murr. is moſt undoubtedly S. latifol.)
General fence, leaves entire, ſerrated, and alſo with winged
clefts. Huds. Mr. Woodw. St.-Partial fence, leaves jagged,
as long as the rays. Mr. Woodw.-And in other plants ſpear-
ſhaped, entire. ST.
Upright Water Parſnep.
Ditches and rivulets. [Norfolk. Mr. WOODWARD.--Kingſton
Pool, near Stafford. ST. WITH.]
P. June. July.
It certainly poffeſfes active properties that ought to be enquired
into.
-
creeping
SI'UM nodiflo'rum. Leaves winged. Rundles from
the boſom of the leaves, ſitting. LINN.–Nearly ſitting,
from the ſides of the ſtem. Stem trailing. St.+
* The Linnæan character was adoped from Hudſon, who has ſince corrected
it as above.-Foliolis inciſo-ferratis, umbellis oppofitifoliis. ST,
Foliis pinnatis, umbellis lateralibus fubfelilibus, caule procumbente, ST.
Токта.

V. CHIVES, II. POINTALS.
293
-
-
Tourn. 162, a leaf.-H. ox. ix. 5. 3, cop. in Pet. 26.3.-(Fl.
dan. 247, is S. anguſtifolium.)
General fence often wanting. Linn. ST.-Stems creeping. Run-
dles, ſpokes 8 or 9. Petals entire, egg-ſhaped, ſlightly bent in,
the outermoſt in the florets of the circumference larger. Fence
falling off before flowering. Fencelets, leaves 7. Relh.-Partial
fence, leaves oval, entire, membranaceous at the edge. Mr. W.
ST.--Little-leaves, ferratures even and ſhallow. Retz. St.-Egg-
ſhaped, pointed, and ſometimes oval and rounded at the end. St.
-Rundles, ſome of them oppoſite the leaves. GoUAN.-Never
oppoſite the leaves. Retz.-But in all the ſpecimens of our her-
bariums they are uniformly oppoſite the leaves. In ſtems indeed
not yet fully expanded rundles will appear proceeding from the
bofom of the leaves, but on examination fuch will be found to
riſe from a young branch furniſhed alſo with leaves, and oppoſite
to the baſe of one of theſe leaves the ſhort fruit-ſtalk of the rundle
will be found to proceed.St.-Stem ſcored, angular. Lower-leaves
with 2, the upper with 1 pair of leafits. Leafits ſitting. Rundles
nearly ſitting. General fence none. Partial fence of 5 or 6 ſpear-
ſhaped leaves, bent back. Petals white. WITH.
Creeping Water Parſnep.
In rivers and ditches.
P. July. Aug.
A young lady 6 years old was cured of an obſtinate cutaneous
diſeaſe, by taking 3 large ſpoonfuls of the juice twice a day; and
I have repeatedly given to adults 3 or 4 ounces every morning in
ſimilar complaints, with the greateſt advantage. It is not nauſe-
ous, and children take it readily if mixed with milk. In the doſes
I have given it, it neither affects the head, the ſtomach, nor the
bowels. With.
SI'U Minunda'tum. W1GG.-Creeping. Rundles with leaft
2 ſpokes. ST.
Sifon inundatum, which ſee.
US
379. SI'SON.
bort

CA
PENTANDRIA DIGYNIA.
294
310
a
15
;
379. SI'SO N. Honewort. (Petiv.)
ott
Rundle unequal; with fewer than 6 ſpokes. Rundlets un-
equals with fewer than 10 ſpokes.
EMPAL. General Fence 4 leaves; unequal. Partial Fence
the ſame. Cup hardly perceptible.
Bloss. General, uniform. Florets all fertile. Individuals,
equal; of 5 petals; fpear-ſhaped; flat; but a little
bent inwards. Het
Chives. Threads 5; hair-like; as long as the petals. Tips
fimple.
Point. - Seed-lud beneath; nearly egg-ſhaped. Shafts 2;
reflected. Summits blunt. Bord
S. Vess. None. Fruit egg-ſhaped ; ſcored; diviſible
into 2.
SEEDS. 2; egg-ſhaped ; convex and ſcored on one ſide;
flat on the other.
TE
Ess. CHAR. Fruit egg-ſhaped; ſcored. Fence of generally
4 leaves.
hedge SI'SON Amo'mum. Leaves winged. Rundles up
right.-t
Jacq. hort. iii. 17.-Blackw. 442.-J. B. iii. 6. 107.-Fuchſ. 655,
cop. in Trag. 461, and Dod. 697. 1, which repr. in Ger. em.
1016.1; and again cop. in Park. 914.1, and H. ox. ix. 5. 7.
.
Stem thread-ſhaped, upright, ſcored, ſmooth. Leaves winged;
leafits egg-ſhaped, cut, ſerrated, but the uppermoſt more finely di-
vided. Rundle of 4 ſpokes, the 4th in the centre. Fence of 3 leaves.
Best Fencelets of 5 leaves, very ſmall. Linn.-Root-leaves of ſeveral
pair of little-leaves, the terminating one cloven into 3. Stem-leaves
from 2 to 3 pair; upper leaves of 2 pair, deeply and irregularly
cut, the lowermoſt pair winged, and much longer. General and
partial rundles nodding before flowering. Mr. WOODWARD. ST.-
Little-leaves with generally a lobe-like gaſh on each ſide below the
middle. General rundle, rays to 7. General fence often of 4 leaves.
ST.-Rundles terminating. Petals white,
Baſtard Stone Parſley.
Moiſt Woods and hedges.
P. Aug. Sept.
The ſeeds are a mild warm aromatic. They give out their vir-
tues to rectified ſpirit, and tinge it green.
SI'S ON Se'getum. Leaves winged. Rundles nod-
ding: -
Jacq.
-
corn

V. CHIVES, II. POINTALS.
295
Jacq. ii. 134.-Ger. em. 1018, cop. in Park. 932, and H. ox. ix.
5. row 2.6.
All the leaves with numerous pairs of little-leaves. Rundle, ſpokes
3 to 5, very unequal. Rundlet, ſpokes 6 or 7, very unequal. Mr.
WOODWARD. ST.-Stem fea-green. Branches wide-ſpreading.
HALL.ST.-Little-leaves egg-ſhaped, deeply cut and ſerrated; fer-
ratures very finely pointed. ST.
Corn Parſley.
Corn fields and hedge fides in chalk and clay. [Binham,
Norfolk. Mr. Crowe.]
B. LINN.-A. HUDS.-July.
SI'S ON inunda'tum. Creeping. Rundles of 2 ſpokes. water
LINN.-Sometimes bearing only a ſingle rundle. Mr.
WOODWARD. ST.
Fl. dan. 89.-H, ox. ix. 5.5, cop. in Pet. 26.4.-Pluk. 61.3.
The ſmalleſt of the umbelliferous plants that I am hitherto ac-
quainted with. LINN.—The leaves which grow under water hair-
like, thoſe above the ſurface winged. RoYEN.-Fence wanting.
Relh. St.-Upper-leaves with from 2 to 3 pair of little-leaves;
Little-leaves cloven into 3. Mr. Woodw.-But in
my ſpecimens
all the little-leaves jagged as in the figure of Pluk. ST.-Rundles on
long fruit-ſtalks. Hall. Mr. WOODWARD. ST.-Half as long,
and ſometimes longer than the leaves, oppoſite the inſertion of the
leaves, though included within their ſheathing leaf-ſtalk. General
fence, none in my ſpecimens or the figures. Rundlets on fruit-
ſtalks ſometimes twice as long as the rundle. ST.-Sometimes
ſitting, of few flowers. Mr. WOODWARD,
Leaſt Water Parſmep.
In ditches, pools, and ground ſubject to be overflowed. [Near
Bungay, Suffolk. Mr. Woodw.-Sides of rivulets on Malvern
Chace, Worceſterſhire. Mr. BallARD.]
-
SI'SON verticilla'tuin. Leafits in whorls, hair-like.-- whorled
Lightf. 35, at p. 1096.-[Moris. umb. t. 6. Lightfoot and Mr.
Woodward.]-H. ox. ix. 7. 10.
Leaves, each of the whorls conſiſts of 2 oppoſite little-leaves
deeply divided into hair-like ſegments. Rundles, rays 8 to 10.
LIGHTI. ST.
Meadows and paſtures. On the Weſtern Şide of Wales and
Scotland.
P. Aug.
U 4
382, OENAN'THE.

296
PENTANDRIA DIGYNIA.
382. OENANTHE. Dropwort.
Rundle with few ſpokes. Rundlets with many very ſhort
fpokes.
EMPAL. General Fence many leaves; ſimple; ſhorter than
the rundle. Partial Fence many leaves; ſmall. Cup
with 5 awl-ſhaped teeth; permanent.
Bloss. General; of different ſhaped florets; radiated.
Florets in the circumference barren. Individuals; in
the centre fertile; petals 5; nearly equal; heart-
ſhaped, but bent inwards; in the circumference, with
5 petals; large; unequal; bent inwards ; cloven.
Chives. Threads 5; fimple. Tips roundiſh.
Point. Seed-bud beneath. Shafts 2 ; awl-ſhaped; per-
manent. Summits blunt.
S. Vess. None. Fruit nearly egg-ſhaped ; crowned with
the cup; diviſible into 2 parts.
Seeds. 2; ſomewhat egg-ſhaped; convex on one ſide ;
SEEDS
ſcored ; flat on the other; toothed at the point.
Ess. CHAR. Florets of different ſhapes; thoſe of the centre
fitting ; barren. Fruit crowned with the empal. and pointal.
Obs. In this genus the cup is more evident than in the other
plants of the umbelliferous tribe, and in ſome of the ſpecies the ge-
neral fence is often wanting.
3
-
-
water O ENAN'THE fiſtuloſa. Sending forth fuckers.
Stem-leaves winged; thread-ſhaped ; hollow.-
Fl. dan. 846.-Lob. ic. i. 732.2, repr. in Ger. em. 106o; cop.
in Park. 1233. 1, and Pet. 25. 5.-7. B. iii. 6. 192.-Ger.
902. 5.
General Fence wanting. Linn. — Or as ſometimes of 1 leaf.
RELH. ST.-General rundle, ſpokes from 2 to 7. POLLICH. RELH,
ST.-To 8. In ſome ſituations it acquires the habit of 0. pimpi-
nelloides, but the abſence of the general fence affords a ready mark
of diſtinction, ST.-Root tuberous. Stem angular, ii foot high,
red below. Leaves winged; leafits ſtrap-ſhaped; root-leaves, wings
3-fingered. Fencelets compact. Empal. with 5 clefts. Lyons.
.
The firſt rundle is cloven into 3 parts; the others into many;
fo
that the plant changes its appearance conſiderably in the courſe
of the ſummer. Petals white.
Ponds and ditches, frequent.
P. July,
Cows and Horſes refuſe it, though from experiments made on
purpoſe, it does not appear to be in the leaſt degree noxious to
the former.
B. Jeffer.

V. CHIVES, II. POINTALS.
297
--
B. leſſer. RAY. HUDS
Dod.
590, repr. in Lob. obf. 421;ic. i. 732. 1; and cop. in Park. 1233.
2, H. ox. ix. 7. 8, and Pet. 25.6.-(Matth. 869, cannot be the plant.)
OENAN'THE croca'ta. All the leaves with many Hemlock
clefts, blunt, nearly equal.-
Phil. tranf. abr. x. 23, at p. 772, cop. in Blackw. 575, and Gent.
Mag. 1747. xvii. at p. 322.- Jacq. hort. iii. 55.-Pet. 25. 7.
-H. ox. ix. 7. row 2. 2.-Lob. adv. 326. 2, cop. in ic. i. 730.
2, repr. in Ger. em. 1059. 4, Park. 894. 6, and J. B. iii. 6.
193. 2.
Stem yellowiſh red. Leaves, ſome winged; but more doubly
winged. The little-leaves wedge-ſhaped, ſmooth, ſtreaked, jagged
at the edges. Fruit-ſtalks angular, ſcored. General Fence wanting.
Petals white, ſharp, bent inwards. Tips brown. LINN.-Stem and
leaves quite hair-leſs. Rundles nearly globular. Tips mulberry-
coloured. Shaft ſometimes reddiſh. General Bloſſom not very un-
equal. With.
Dead Tongue.
Watery places, banks of rivers and ditches. [Meadows, near
Hanley Hall, Worceſterſhire. Mr. Ballard.] P. June. July.
The whole of this plant is poiſonous; and Dr. Poultney re-
marks, that the root is the moſt virulent of all the vegetable poi-
ſons that G. Brit, produces. Many inſtances of its fatal effects are
recorded; for which ſee Phil. Tranf. ib. and vol. i. p. 856; Gent.
Mag. July 1747, March 1755, and Sept. 1758.-An infuſion of
the leaves, or 3 tea ſpoonfuls of the juice of the root taken every
morning, effected a cure in a very obſtinate cutaneous diſeaſe;
but not without occaſioning very great diſturbances in the conſti-
tution. Phil. Tranſ. Ixii. p. 469.
Sheep eat it. Cows and Horſes refuſe it.
-
OENAN'THE pimpinelloi'des. Leafits of the root- Parſley
leaves wedge-ſhaped, cloven; thoſe of the ſtem entire,
ſtrap-ſhaped, very long, undivided.--
Jacq. auſtr. iv. 394.-Matth. 867, cop. in Ger. 901, and J. B. iii.
6. 191. 1.-Pet. ii. 25.8.-(7. B. ib. 2, and Pluk. 49.4, are
the figures referred to by Ray and Hudſon, but Linnæus obſerves
that that of Pluk. is a bad one. Trew in Blackw. refers it to 0.
crocata, but the points of the leaves are sharp.)
Stem angular, 6 inches high. Root-leaves like thoſe of parſley,
but thicker, doubly winged, broad; leafits cut. Stem-leaves leſs
compound, ſcarcely doubly winged; leafits ſtrap-ſhaped, chan-
nelled, very long. Rundle unequal. Fence, general and partial, awl.
Briſtle

298
PENTANDRIA DIGYNIA.
briſtle-ſhaped. Bloſs. white, ſomewhat radiated. Linn.-Rundlet,
outer rays very long, and their forets barren. HALL. Mr. W.
-Empal. teeth unequal. Tips yellow. Shafts upright. With.
Slow ſtreams, ponds, and ditches. [Marſhes, near Yarmouth.
Mr. WOODWARD.-North Side of Bredon Hill, Worceſterſhire.
By the fides of Hills. NASH.]
P. July. Aug.
383. PHELLANDRIUM. Horſebane.
Rundle with many ſpokes. Rundlets the fame. General
Fence none.
EMPAL. Partial Fence of 7 leaves ; ſharp; as long as the
7.
rundlet. Cup of 5 teeth; permanent.
Bloss. General, nearly uniform. Florets all fertile. In-
dividuals ; unequal; petals 5; tapering; heart-ſhaped ;
bent inwards.
Chives. Threads 5; hair-like, longer than the petals.
Tips roundiſh.
Point. Seed-bud beneath. Shafts 2; awl-Shaped; upright;
permanent, Summits blunt.
S. Vess. None. Fruit egg-ſhaped ; ſmooth; crowned
with the cup and ſhafts; diviſible into 2 parts.
Seeds. 2; egg-ſhaped; ſmooth.
Ess. Char. Florets of the centre leſs. Fruit egg-ſhaped ;
even; crowned with the cup and ſhafts.
water PHELLAN'DRIUM aquat'icum. Ramifications
of the leaves ſtraddling.-
Blackw. 570.-Dod. 591, repr. in Lob. obf. 424. 1, ic. i. 735. 1,
Ger. em. 1063, and cop. in Park. 933. 6, and Pet. 28.4.-H.
ox. ix. 7. row 1.7.-Ger. 905.
Leaves under the ſurface of the water long and hair-like. Mr.
WOODWARD.-Stem very thick, hollow, ſcored. Petals white.
,
Water Hemlock.
Rivers, ditches, and pools. [Clifton, near Severn Stoke, Wor-
ceſterſhire. Mr. BALLARD, ST.]
B. June. July;
The ſeeds are recommended in intermittents, and are faid to
be diuretic, antiſeptic, and expectorant. Doſe from 1 to 3 drams
daily. Dr. LANGE.-The leaves are ſometimes added to diſcuti-
ent cataplafms.--It is generally eſteemed a fatal poiſon to Horſes,
occaſioning them to become paralytic; but this effect is owing to
an inſect, (Curculio paraple&ticus) which generally inhabits within
the ſtems. The uſual antidote is pig dung.-In the winter the
roots
а

V. CHIVES, II. POINTALS.
299
roots and ſtem, diſſected by the influence of the weather, afford
a very curious ſkeleton or net work.
Horſes, Sheep, and Goats eat it. Swine are not fond of it.
Cows refuſe it. Chryſomela Phellandria, and the Gilt Leptura are
found
upon the roots, and the Curculio paraplecticus within the ſtems.
384. CICU'TA. Cowbane.
Rundle roundiſh ; with many equal ſpokes. Rundlets round-
iſh; with many briſtle-ſhaped ſpokes.
EMPAL. General Fence none. Partial Fence many leaves ;
little-leaves briſtly; ſhort. Cup ſcarcely evident.
Bloss. General ; uniform. Florets all fertile. Individuals;
petals 5.; egg-ſhaped ; nearly equal; bent inwards.
Chives. Threads 5; hair-like; longer than the petals.
Tips ſimple.
Point, Seed-bud beneath. Shafts 2; thread-ſhaped ; longer
than the petals; permanent. Summits roundiſh.
S. Vess. None. Fruit nearly egg-lhaped; ſlightly fur-
rowed; diviſible into 2.
Seeds. 2; ſomewhat egg-ſhaped ; convex and ſcored on
one fide; flat on the other.
Ess.Char. Fruit nearly egg-ſhaped; furrowed.
CICU'TA viroſa. Rundles oppoſite the leaves. Leaf- water
ſtalks bordered, blunt.-
Phil
, tranſ. abr. x. 23, at p. 772.-Fl. dan. 208, leaf and roots.-
Blackw. 574. c. 6. C.—Gunner 2.-Dod. 589. 3, repr. in Lob.
obſ. 105. 2, ic. i. 208. 2, Ger. em. 256. 4, and cop. in Park.
.
21241.3, 7. B. iii. 6. 175. 2, and Pet. 28. 1.-H. ox. ix. 5.4.
Stem round, hollow. Leaves winged; leafits ſpear-ſhaped, in
threes, ſerratures white at the point, Rundle expanding, red at
the baſe. Fencelets of ſeveral leaves, briſtle-ſhaped, ſhort. Flowers
white, with chives and pointals. Shafts upright, white; in the
fruit ſtraddling. Summits ſimple. Fruit compreſſed, even, lopped,
opening tranverſely. LINN.-Leafits with 2 and 3 diviſions ſharp-
3
ly ſerrated. Partial fence, leaves longer than the rays. Mr. W.-
In my ſpecimens rather ſhorter than the rays, unequally ferrated.
ST.-Stem ſcored, ſmooth, about 4 feet high, reddiſh towards the
bottom. Leaves, ſerratures ſometimes brown. Fruit-ſtalks ſheathed
at the baſe by the leaf-ſtalks. Receptacle of the ſpokes reddiſh. Fence-
lets ſhorter than the little ſpokes. Cup tolerably diſtinct. Tips red-
diſh purple. Shafts at firſt cloſe and very ſhort, after flowering
much

300
PENTANDRIA DIGYNIA.
-
much longer. Leaves with about 7 pair of little-leaves, which are
variouſly divided and indented. Petals yellowiſh pale green. WITH.
Long-leaved Water Hemlock.
Sides of pools and rivers. [Pond 2 miles from Northwich on
the ſide of the road to Cheſter; and in Nottingham Park. Mr.
Wood.-Near Norwich. Mr. PITCHFORD.-Near Yarmouth.
Mr. Woodw.-Kingſton Pool, near Stafford. ST.-Mr. Slaney's
Pool Dam, Hatton, Shropſhire. WITH.] P. July. Aug.
This is one of the rankeſt of our vegetable poiſons. Numerous
inſtances are recorded of its fatality to the human ſpecies in a trea-
tiſe
upon it by Wepfer and Haller's hiſt. helv. n. 781. See alſo an
account of its deleterious effects in the Phil. tranf. abr. x.
Early in the ſpring, when it grows in the water, Cows often eat
it, and are killed by it; but as the ſummer advances, and its ſcent
becomes ſtronger, they carefully avoid it. Though a certain and
fatal poiſon to Cows, Goats devour it greedily and with impunity.
Horſes and Sheep eat it with ſafety.
a
385. ÆTHU'SA. Cicely.
Rundle expanding; the inner ſpokes gradually ſhorter,
and thoſe in the centre the ſhorteſt of all. Rundlets
ſmall; expanding,
EMPAL. Partial Fence with 3 or 5 leaves; going half way
round upon the outer fíde; ſtrap-ſhaped ; very long;
pendant. Cup hardly perceptible.
Bloss. General, nearly uniform. Florets all fertile. In-
dividuals; petals 5 ; unequal; heart-ſhaped; but bent
inwards.
Chives. Threads 5; fimple. Tips roundiſh.
Point. Seed-bud beneath. Shafts 2; reflected. Summits
blunt.
S. Vess. None. Fruit roundiſh-egg-ſhaped; ſcored; di-
viſible into 2.
Seeds, 2; roundiſh; ſcored; on the other ſide, which
is about a third part, flat.
Ess. Char. Fencelets going half way round; of 3 leaves ;
pendant. Fruit ſcored.
a
fool's
ÆTHU'S A Cyna'pium. All the leaves alike.-
Curt. i. 6.-Ger. em. 1061.1, cop. in Park. 933.2, and Pet. 28.
3, rundle but juſt unfolded.-Blackw. 517, fences too ſhort.-H.
ox. ix. 7. n. 2, fig. ift.-(7. B. iii. 6. 180, ſeems to be a dif-
ferent plant.-Ger. 905. I, not the plant.)
At

V. CHIVES, II. POINTALS.
301
At once diſtinguiſhed by its fencelets. Relh.-Stem ſlightly fur-
rowed. Leaves doubly winged; leafits divided into 3 ſegments,
3
which are again deeply cloven into 3 or 5. Rundle, ſpokes often 18
or more. WITH.-Stem branched. Leaves ſmooth, gloſſy. Petals
whitiſh. Seeds very large.
Fodl's Parſley. Leſſer Hemlock.
Corn fields, and kitchen gardens.
A. Aug. Sept.
This plant, from its refemblance to common parfley, has ſome-
times been miſtaken for it, and when eaten it occaſions fickneſs.
If the curled-leaved parſley only was cultivated in our gardens,
no fuch miſtakes would happen.
Cows, Horſes, Sheep, Goats, and Swine eat it. It is noxious
to Geefe.
-
ÆTHU'SA Melum. All the leaves divided into Spignel
many briſtle-ſhaped ſegments.-
Ludw. 66, as cultivated.-Jacq. auftr. iv. 303, as growing wild.
Cluf. ii. 198. 2, repr.in Dod. 305, Lob. obf. 449. 2, ic. i. 777.
1, Ger. em. 1052. 1, and cop. in Park. 888. 1.-H. o. ix. 2.
row 1. fig. 2.-Blackw. 525.-Matth. 24, cop. in Ger. 895.-
Tourn. 165, leaf and parts of fructification.--Fuchſ. 231, cop.
in J. B. iii. 6. 11.--Trag. 445
Str.
General fence none, or but rarely, of leaf. Partial fence from
the ſide as in this genus. Petals white. LINN.
Athamanta Meum. Sp. pl. which ſee.- Liguſticum Meum. CRANTZ.
-Sefeli Meum. Scop.-Meum athamanticum. JACQ.
Spignel. Spicknel. Meu. Bald or Bawd-money.
Mountainous paſtures in the northern counties. Near Dolgehle,
Merionethſhire.
The roots and feeds are aromatic and acrid. They have been
uſed as ftomachics and carminitives. Sometimes they are given.
to cure tertians; and there is no doubt but they will often anſwer
as well as pepper, and other acrid aromatics. With.
-
P. May
386. CORI-
ce

302
PENTANDRIA DIGYNIA.
386. CORIANDRUM. Coriander.
Rundle of few ſpokes. Rundlets of many. General Fence for
the moſt part wanting; but ſometimes there is a fin-
gle leaf.
.
EMPAL. Partial Fence 3 ſtrap-ſhaped leaves; going half
way round. Cup with 5 teeth ; ſtanding out, it's
Bloss. General virregular in its ſhape and unequal. Flo-
;
rets in the centre barren. Individuals of the centre with
both chives and pointals; petals 59 equal; heart-
n
and ſhaped ; but bent inwards. Individuals of the circum-
ference with both chives and pointals. Petals 5; heart
5
ſhaped; but bent inwards; the outermoſt largeſt ;
ar condivided; thoſe on each ſide of it moſt deeply di-
vided.
tromol bosolni. Veca
Chives. Threads 5; ſimple. Tips roundiſh.03.
POINT. Seed-bud beneathe Shafts-2'; diftant. Summits in
the florets of the circumference roundiſh. .1
S. Vess. None.. Fruit globular; divifible into 2.
Seed's. 2.; hemiſpherical ;. concave.
Ess. Char. Bloſſom radiated. Petals bent in, and nicked.
General Fence of ; leafa Partial Fence going, half way
round. Fruit Sphericalor 2n
5 1 dic.ig.
CORIANDRUM Sati'vum. Fruit globular..
Ludw. 37.--Blackw. 176.–Fuchſ. 345, cop. in 7. B. iii. 6. 89.
Dod. 302. 1 and 2, repr. in Lob. obf: 403, ic. 1.705.2, Ger.
.
em. 1012, 1 and 2, and cop. in Park. 918. 1 and 2.Ger. 859.
.
.
(--Matth. 763.-Trag. 115.-Lon. 79. beles ciont SIT
Petals white, ordon.2ovides the boardboot es pot
Corn fields, road fides, and dunghills. Las A. June, July.
The leaves have a ſtrong diſagreeable ſcent. The feeds are grate-
ful to the taſte, and incruſted with ſugar are ſold by the confecti-
oners under the name of Coriander comfits. The Edinburgh
college uſe them as correctors in the bitter infuſion and the pre-
parations of fenna, nothing ſo effectually covering the diſagreea-
ble taſte of that medicine. They have been conſidered as ſuſpicious
if not deleterious, but I have known 6 drams of them taken at
once, without any remarkable effect. With.
common
1
-
387. SCAN'DIX.

V. CHIVES, II. POINTALS.
303
387. SCAN'DIX. Shepherds-needle.
Rundle long; with few ſpokes. Rundlets with more. General
Fence wanting
EMPAL. Partial Fence of 5 leaves; as long as the rundlets.
Cup not diſtinguiſhable.
Bloss. General; irregular in its ſhape and unequal. Flo-
rets in the centre barren. Individuals; petals 5; heart-
ſhaped; bent inwards; the inner ones ſmall; the
outer ones larger.
Chives. Threads 5; hair-like. Tips roundiſh.
Point. Seed-bud beneath ; oblong. Shafts 2; awl-ſhaped ;
diſtant; permanent; as long as the ſmalleſt petal.
Summits in the unequal florets blunt.
S. Vess. None. Fruit awl-ſhaped; very long; diviſible
into 2.
Seeds. 2; awl-ſhaped ; convex and furrowed on i fide;
flat on the other.
Ess. CHAR. Bloſſom radiated. Fruit arel-Shaped. Petals
nicked. Florets of the centre often with only chives.
Obs. In ſome ſpecies the forets of the centre are abortive.
Number of the leaves of the fencelets uncertain.
SCAN'DIX odora'ta. Seeds furrowed; angular.- ſweet
Jacq. auft. v. app. 37.-H. ox. ix. 10. 1.-Dod.701.1, repr.in
,
Lob. obf. 423.2, ic. i. 734.1, Ger. em. 1039. 3, and cop. in
Park. 935. I, and Ger. 882, 2.-Blackw. 243.-(Matth. 1169,
is not the plant.)
Leaves trebly winged; little-leaves with winged clefts; ſegments
deeply and ſharply ſerrated. Seeds longer than the rundlets. Mr.
Woodward and ST.-Stem ſcattered with ſoft hairs. Leaves hairy
underneath. Rundles on fruit-ſtalks, both lateral, and terminat-
ing. Seeds of a ſweet agreeable taſte. Whole plant of an aromatic
fcent. ST.
Cerefolium magnum five Myrrhis. Ger. em. 1039.-Myrrhis major
vulgaris, ſive Cerefolium magnum. PARK.
Sweet Cicely. Great Sweet Chervil. Sweet Fern.
Orchards and waſte places, but always near houſes. LIGHTY.
St.-And hedges. Huds.-[Banks of the Derwent above Chatf-
worth. Mr. WHATELY.--Pretty common near Leeds, and cer-
tainly wild. Mr. Woon.--Tixall, near Stafford. With.--In an
orchard at the top of Souſton's Roche, near Sheliley Wallh,
Worceſterſhire, Mr, BALLARD. ST.]
The
-

304
PENTANDRIA DIGYNIA.
The ſeeds are uſed in the north of England for poliſhing and
perfuming oak floors and furniture. Mr. WOODWARD.
common
SCAN'DIX Pec'ten. Seeds with a very long bill.--
Jacq. auſtr. iii. 263.-Fl. dan. 844.-Dod.701. 2, repr. in Lob.
obs. 419. 2, ic. i. 726.2, Ger. em. 1040.1, and cop. in Park.
2
916.1.-J.B. iii. 6.71. 2.-H.ox. ix. 11. row 2. 1.-Matth.
527, cop. in Ger. 884.
Seeds thread-ſhaped, containing a kernel at the baſe. LINN.-
Stem a foot high and upwards, upright, branching, round, fome-
what zigzag. Leaves ſmooth, doubly winged; leafits alternate,
.
with many clefts; ſegments ſtrap-ſhaped, pointed. Leaf-ſtalks
channelled, embracing the ſtem at the baſe, fringed. Rundle often
ſitting, fpokes 2 or 3. Rundlets, ſpokes 10. Fencelets, leaves with
many clefts, ferrated, pointed. Bloſs. in the centre, regular, with
only chives; in the circumference with only pointals, irregular.
LYONS.-Bill flatted, 2-edged; angles with fine prickles pointing
upwards. Mr. HOLLEFEAR.-Stems a little hairy, ſcored. Leaves
doubly winged; leafits with winged clefts. Leaf-ſtalks and fruit-
Stalks ſmooth. Fruit flatted at the baſe, finely ferrated at the edges.
The glandular receptacle crowning the feed-bud of a fine purple.
By carefully dividing the ſeed-bud after it has ſhot out an inch or
more in length, a tube continued from the ſhafts down to the
ſeeds may be diſcovered. Petals white. With.
Shepherds Needle. Crake Needle. Venus Comb.
Corn fields.
A. June. July
-
-
Chervil SCAN'DIX Cerefolium. Seeds gloſſy, egg-awl-fhaped.
Rundles lateral, fitting. Linn.-Often on fruit-ſtalks from
a line to an inch long. St.
Jacq. auſtr. iv. 390.- Fuchſ. 216, cop. in 7. B. iii. 6.75, Dod.
700.2, and abridged in Trag. 471.-Ger. em. 1038. 1.—Matth.
526.-Ger. 882, 1.-H.ox. ix, 11. row 1. 1.-Lonic. 1. 238.
-Blackw. 236.
Florets all fertile. Mench. St.--Stem ſmooth, but beſet (to-
wards the baſe of the joints) with an almoſt imperceptible downi-
neſs. Leaf-ſtalks ſheath-like, with a woolly fringe at the edge.
Sometimes a general fence of 1 leaf, bent back. Crantz. ST.-
Leaves of an exceedingly delicate texture, edges and mid-rib
ſlightly hairy. Rundles fometimes from the forks of the ſtem;
Spokes woolly, generally 4, but ſometimes 3 and 5; thoſe of the
5;
rundlets 10 and 12. General fence leaf, ſtrap-ſhaped. Bloſs. white.
Seeds black, ſmooth, each with two blunt ridges. The whole plant
if rubbed between the fingers gives out an agreeable aromatic
fcent, Sr.
Cere-

V. CHIVES, II. POINTALS.
305
Cerefolium vulgare ſativum. Ger. em. 1038.
Common Chervil.
[Found near Worceſter growing in conſiderable plenty in the
hedge on the ſouth eaſt ſide of the Briſtol road, juſt beyond the
Turnpike, May 1775. -And in the hedges in Upper and Lower
Old Swinford, though not to be diſcovered in any of the neigh-
bouring gardens. I believe it like the S. odorata to be only a na-
turalized plant, as Linnæus informs us it is in Sweden. St.]
A. May,
It is cultivated in our gardens as a pot.herb, and for ſallads. It
is ſlightly aromatic and aperient.
Cows are extremely fond of it. Sheep and Goats eat it. Horſes
refuſe it.
a
SCAN'DIX Anthriſ'cus. Leaves egg-ſhaped, rough rough
with hair. Bloſſoms uniform. Stem ſmooth.--
Curt. i. 3.--Jacq. auſtr. ii. 154.-Fl. dan. 863.-Pet. 27. 12.-
H.ox. ix. 10. row 1. 2.-7. B. iii. 6. 182. 1.
Stem a cubit high, upright, branching, round, tubular, ſcored,
ſmooth; knots rather ſwoln. Leaves winged with an odd one, hairy;
wings oppoſite, 4 on each ſide, winged; leafits cloven, pointed.
Leaf-ſtalks channelled, woolly, and embracing the ſtem at the baſe;
thoſe on the ſtem very ſhort. Fruit-ſtalks oppofite to the leaves.
Rundle, fpokes generally 3; ründlets, ſpokes 3,4, and 5 rays. Fence-
let, leaves ſpear-ſhaped, awn-pointed, permanent, ſometimes 5.
Florets, ali with chives and pointals. Petals nearly equal. Seeds
egg-ſhaped, rough with hairs hooked upwards. Shafts upright.
LYONS.--Rundles on fruit-ſtalks, but ſometinies fitting; fruit-ſtalks
ſmooth; Spokes ſmooth, from 2 to 5. Rundlets, ſpokes ſometimes
only 2. Haller and Scopoli have conſidered it as a Caucalis, but
ſuch a diſpoſition ſeparates it from the S. Cerefolium, to which it is
moſt cloſely allied both in habit and ſtructure. Petals white. St.
Rubbiſh, road fides.
A. May. June.
Cows, Goats, and Sheep eat it.
Vol. I.
X
388. CHÆRO.

306
PENTANDRIA DIGYNIA.
388. CHÆROPHYL'LUM.
Chervil.
Rundle expanding. Rundlets with nearly the ſame number
of fpokes.
EMPAL. General Fence none. Partial Fence of about 5
leaves ; ſpear-ſhaped ; concave; reflected; nearly as
long as the rundlets. Cup not diſcernible.
Bloss. General; pretty uniform. Florets in the centre
ge-
nerally barren. Individuals; petals 5; heart-ſhaped ;
bent inwards; flattiſh; with a ſharp point bending
inwards; the outermoſt petals rather the largeſt.
CHives. Threads 5; fimple; as long as the rundlet. Tips
roundiſh.
Point. Seed-bud beneath. Shafts 2; reflected. Summits
blunt.
S. Vess. None. Fruit oblong-egg-ſhaped ; taper; finooth;
diviſible into 2.
Seeds. 2; oblong; growing ſmaller upwards ; convex on
one ſide; flat on the other.
-Ess, Char. Fence bent back; concave. Petals heart-ſhaped;
bent in. Fruit oblong; ſmooth.
Obs. Seeds of the centre often barren. Figure of the fruit vari-
able.
-
Cow-weed CHÆROPHYL'LUM Sylveſ'tre. Stem fmooth,
ſcored, a little fwoln at the knots. LINN.-Smooth to the
touch, but generally woolly. Leſſer branches ſmooth. St.
Gurt. iv. 46.- Jacq. auftr. ii. 149.-H. ox. ix. 11. 5.-Fuchſ.
525.---Pet. 25. 2.---Lonic. i. 238.
Stem nearly furrowed. General fruit-ſtalk round. Petals entire,
flat, the outer larger. Rundle fomewhat radiated. LINN.
Stem when fully grown generally beſet with a white downineſs,
but fometimes ſmooth. Fencelets, leaves egg-ſpear-ſhaped, hairy
at the edge. Bloſſom at firſt yellowiſh white, but growing whiter
when farther advanced. Seeds gloffy, not furi'owed, or ſco: ed.
CRANTZ. ST.--Root generally branched. Stem moſtly woolly.
Rundles before their expanſion nodding; Spokes ſmooth. Fencelet
twice as ſhort as the rundlet. Petals fiat, inverſely egg-ſhaped,
thoſe of the outer florets of each rundlet ſomewhat inverſely heart-
ſhaped, and larger. Curt.--Rundles when in bloſſom convex, in
fruit flat. St.-Flowers in the centre of each rundlet often barren. In-
ner petals gradually ſmaller. Shafts ſcarcely riſing above the ſurface
of the receptacle while in bloſſom, when in fruit expanding. St.
Joints

V. CHIVES, II. POINTALS.
307
Joints of the ſtem, leaf-ſtalks, and fencelets ſometimes with a pur-
pliſh tinge. Shafts permanent. Wiru.
Wild Cicely. Cow-weed. Cow Parſley.
Hedges, orchards, and paſtures.
P. LINN. Crantz. Curt. A. Huds. Apr. May. June.
The roots eaten as par neps have been found poiſonous. The
rundles afford an indifferent yellow dye; the leaves and ſtems a
beautiful
green. Its preſence indicates a fruitful ſoil.
Neither Horſes, Sheep, or Goats are fond of it. Cows and
Swine refuſe it. LINN.-A horſe eat the young leaves. St.--Cows
and Rabbits are fond of it. In ſome parts of the kingdom, in
times of ſcarcity, it is uſed as a pot-herb. Curt.--Cows are ſo
fond of it, that when a paſture is over-run with it, as is often the
caſe about Dudley, they always turn them in to eat it up. Mr.
WAINWRIGHT.
CHÆROPHYL'LUM tem'ulum. Stem rough, ſwoln wild
at the knots.
Jacq. auſtr. i. 65.—Ger. 867, cop. in Ger. em. 1038.2, and Park.
915.—Pet. 25. 3.-H. ox. ix. 10.7.-3. B. iii. 6.70. 2 and 1.
Rundles before flowering drooping. Stem but little furrowed;
marked with purple ſpots, and ſet with white hairs which ſtand
out. Rundlets in the centre barren. LINN.-Stem 1 or 2 cubits
high, hairy, rough, ſolid. Leaves hairy, very finely winged;
,
wings winged; leffer wings half winged, gradually decreaſing.
Fence wanting, or of 1 to 4 leaves. Fencelet of 1 leaf, with 6 to 8
clefts. Rundles but few. Petals cloven. Seeds tawny, obſcurely
ſcored. Petals very white. RELHAN.
Wild Chervil.
Hedges.
A. July. Aug.
Cows and Sheep refufe it. LINN. A horſe eat the young
leaves. St.
X2
389. IMPERA

308
PENTANDRIA DIGYNIA
389. IMPERATORIA. Maſterwort.
EMPAL. General Rundle expanded; flat; partial unequal.
General Fence none; partial of 1 or 2 leaves; very
thin; nearly as long as the rundlet. Cup indiſtinét.
Bloss. General; uniform. All the florets fertile. Indi-
viduals; petals 5; bent in; nicked; nearly equal.
Chives. Threads 5; hair-like. Tips roundiſh.
Point. Seed-bud beneath. Shafts 2; bent back. Summits
blunt.
S. Vess. None. Fruit roundiſh; compreſſed; bulging
in the middle; bordered ; diviſible into 2.
Seeds. 2; egg-ſhaped ; marked on the outſide with 2
furrows; edged with a broad margin.
Ess. Char. Fruit roundiſh; compreſjed; bulging in the
middle; bordered at the edge. Petals bent in ; nicked.
common
IMPERATORIA Oſtru'thium.-
Fuchſ. 763, cop. in J. B. iii. 6. 137.-Blackw. 279.–Park. 942.
7.
--Trag. 433.—Matth. 775.-Lonic. i. 228. 2.-Cluf. ii. 194.
2, repr. in Dod. 320. 1, Lob. obf. 398. i, ic. 700. 1, Ger.
em. 1001. 1.-H. ox. ix. 4. row 1. 1.-Garid. 55.
Found by Mr. Lightfoot on the banks of the Clyde, particular-
ly about Arden Caple, Iſle of Bate, near Mount Stewart. [Near
Bridgnorth, but in a ſituation that would allow of its being an
outcaſt of a garden. With.]
P. June.
Root warm and aromatic; a ſudorific, diuretic, and fialagogue;
recommended in dropſy, debilities of the ſtomach and bowels,
and an infuſion of it in wine is ſaid to have cured quartans that
have refifted the bark. St.
a
392. PASTINACA,

V. CHIVES, II. POINTALS.
309
392. PASTINA'CA. Parſnep.
Rundle of many ſpokes ; flat. Rundlets of many ſpokes,
Fences none.
EMPAL. Cup hardly perceptible.
Bloss. General; uniform. Florets all fertile. Individuals;
petals 5 ; fpear-ſhaped ; entire; rolled inwards.
Chives. Threads 5; hair-like. Tips roundiſh.
;
POINT. Seed-bud beneath. Shafts 2; reflected. Summits
blunt.
S. Vess. None. Fruit oval; compreſſed and flat; diviſi-
ble into 2.
Seeds. 2; oval; nearly flat on each ſide; bound round
with a border.
Ess. CHAR. Fruit elliptical ; compreſſed; flat. Petals rolled
in ; entire.
a
PASTINA'CA ſativa. Leaves ſimply winged. common
a. wild.
Fuchſ. 753, cop. in J. B. iii. 6. 149, H. ox. ix. 16. 2.--Matth.
776.--Ger. 856.
Stem 2 or 3 cubits high, upright, ſtiff, angular, downy, hollow,
branching. Leaf-ſtalks downy. Leafits very ſoft, ferrated, often
with 3 lobes. Rundle, ſpokes 10 and upwards. Rundlets, ſpokes
20 and upwards. Bloſſom yellow. RELHAN.
Borders of ploughed fields, in limeſtone, [and Marle. ST.]
B. July.
-
8. Leaves broader.
garden
Fuchf. 751, cop. in Dod. 680.2, repr. in Ger. em. 1025, and cop.
in J. B. iii. 6. 150.-Ger. 870. 2.-Matth. 747; cop. in Ger.
870. 1; and alſo in Dod. 680. 1, which repr. in Lob. obf. 407.
I
2, ic. i. 709. 2, Ger. em. 1025. I, and cop. in Park. 944.-
(Trag. 440, ſeems to be Daucus Carota.)
The roots when cultivated are ſweeter than carrots, and are
much uſed by thoſe who abſtain from animal food in Lent: they
are highly nutritious. In the north of Ireland they are brewed,
inſtead of malt, with hops, and fermented with yeaſt. The liquor
thus obtained is agreeable. The feeds contain an eſſential oil,
and will often cure intermittent fevers.
Hogs are fond of the roots, and quickly grow fat with them.
X 3
393. SMYR'NIUM.

310
PENTANDRIA DIGYNIA.
393. SMYR'NIUM. Alexanders.
none.
Rundle unequal; daily increaſing. Rundlets upright. Fence
EMPAL. Cup hardly perceptible.
Bloss. General; uniform. Florets in the centre barren.
Individuals; petals 5; fpear-ſhaped; keeled under-
neath; ſlightly bent inwards.
Chives. Threads 5; fimple; as long as the petals. Tips
ſimple.
Point. Seed-bud beneath. Shafts 2; ſimple. Summits 2;
fimple.
S. Vess. None. Fruit nearly globular; ſcored ; diviſible
into 2.
SEEDS. 2; creſcent-ſhaped; convex on one ſide, and
marked with 3 angles; flat on the other.
Ess. Char. Fruit oblong; ſcored. Petals taper-pointed;
keeled.
common
-
SMYR'NIUM Oluſa'trum. Stem-leaves 3-fingered ;
on leaf-ſtalks ; ferrated.
Ger. 864. 2.-Trag. 436, an improved copy of Lonic. i. 237. 2.--
Blackw. 408.-3. B. iii. 6. 126, foliage.-Dod. 698. 1, repre
in Lob. i. 708.2, Ger. em. 1019, and cop. in Park. 930. 1.-
Pet. 24.1.-H. ox. ix, 4. row 2. n. 1. fig. 3d.—(Fuchſ. 760, is
a different plant, as is evident from its general fence.—Matth.
773, cop. in Pet. 24. 12, has alſo a general fence.)
Root-leaves twice 3-fingered. Uppermoſt ſtem-leaves oppoſite, 3-
fingered. Sheaths of the leaves torn and fringed. Fencelets very ſhort.
Flowers of the centre with only chives, thoſe of the circumference
with chives and pointals. Linn.-Bloſs. irregular, of a whitiſh
greeniſh hue. RELHAN.
Aliſanders.
Ditches and rocks on the ſea coaſt. About Scarborough Caſtle,
Deptford, Batterſea, Vauxhall, and Nottingham. [Almoſt co-
vers the ſouth weſt end of Angleſea. Penn.wales ii. 253.-Bungay,
Suffolk. Mr. Woodw.-Under the walls of York. Mr. Wood.
-Between Great Comberton and Wollerſhill, under hedges near
the Avon, Worceſterſhire. Nash.-Found by the Rev.Mr. Welles
at Hill Croome, Worceſterſhire. Mr. BALLARD. ST.-And
Pirton, plentifully. Mr. HOLLEFEAR.] B. May, June,
-
It

V. CHIVES, II. POINTALS.
311
It was formerly cultivated in our gardens, but its place is now
better ſupplied by celery. It is boiled and greedily eaten by failors
returning from long voyages, who happen to land at the ſouth
weſt corner of Angleſea. PENNANT.
394. ANE'THUM. Dill.
Rundle of many ſpokes. Rundlets the ſame. Fences none.
EMPAL. Cup hardly perceptible.
Bloss. General; uniform. Florets all fertile. Individuals ;
petals 5; rolled inwards ; entire; very ſhort.
Chives. Threads 5; hair-like. Tips roundiſh.
POINT
Point. Seed-bud beneath. Shafts 2; placed cloſe toge-
ther; but not very difcernible. Summits blunt.
S. Vess. None. Fruit nearly egg-ſhaped ; compreſſed;
ſcored ; diviſible into 2.
Seeds. 2; ſomewhat egg-ſhaped; convex and ſcored on
one fide; flat on the other.
Ess. Char. Fruit nearly egg-ſhaped ; compreſſed; ſcored.
Petals rolled in; entire.
-
-
-
ANE'THUM Foenic'ulum. Fruit egg-ſhaped. Fennel
Sheldr. 15.-Tourn. 164, a leaf.-Dod. 297, repr. in Lob. obs.
448, ic. i. 775.2, Ger. em. 1032, Park. 884.-Blackw. 283.
---H. or. ix. 2. row 1, 1.-Lonic. 234, foliage.--Fuchſ. 501,
cop. in Trag. 448, and 7. B.iii. 6.3.-Ger. 877. 1.
Seeds not bordered with a membranaceous margin. Linn.-
Stem 2 cubits high. Leaves hair-like. Petals yellow. Relh.
Common Fennel. Finckle.
Chalk Cliffs. [Near Marazion, Cornw. plentiful. Mr. Watt.
Nottingham Caſtle. Mr. WHATELY.-Near Spetchly, Worceſ-
terſhire. ST.]
B. July. Aug.
B. Cultivated in gardens.
garden
Sweet Fennel.
The tender buds are uſeful in fallads. --The leaves boiled are
uſed in fauce for ſeveral kinds of fiſh, and eaten raw with pickled
fiſh. - In Italy the ſtalks are blanched as a winter ſallad. — The
ſeeds abound with an effential oil, which is carminitive and diu-
retic, but not heating.-The Papilio machaon feeds upon it.
-
-
X4
395. CA'RUM.

312
PENTANDRIA DIGYNIA,
395. CA'RUM.
Caraway
Rundle with id ſpokes; long; and often unequal. Rund-
lets crowded. General Fence often of 1 leaf; partial
none.
EMPAL. Cup hardly perceptible.
Bloss. General; uniform. Florets in the centre barren.
Individuals ; unequal. Petals 5; unequal; blunt ;
heart-ſhaped; bent inwards at the end.
Chives. Threads 5; hair-like; as long as the petals ;
ſhedding. Tips very ſmall; roundiſh.
Point. Seed-bud beneath. Shafts 2; very ſmall. Summits
ſimple.
S. Vess. None. Fruit oblong-egg-ſhaped ; ſcored; divi-
fible into 2.
SEEDS, 2; oblong-egg-ſhaped ; convex on one ſide, and
ſcored; flat on the other.
Ess.Char. Fruit egg-oblong; ſcored. Fence of i leaf.
Petals keeled'; bent in; nicked.
Oes. Some of the florets in the centre have neither chives nor
pointals,
common CA'RUM Ca'rui.
Ludw. 156.- Jacq. auſtr. iv. 393.--Tourn. 160.3, leaf.-Blackw.
529.-Ger. 879, cop. in H. ox. ix. 9. row 2. 1.-Pet. 26.1.-
Dod. 299. 2, repr. in Lob. obf. 418. 1, ic. i. 724. 1, Ger. em.
1034, and cop. in Park.
cop. in Park. 910.-(Matth.755, has egg-ſhaped leaf-
its; and Fuchſ. 396, cop. in Trag. 455, and F. B. ii. 6. 69,
ſeems to me a different plant.)
Stem i to i cubit high, ſolid, ſmooth, with expanding
branches. Leaves long, ſmooth, wings in pairs; the firſt little
wings croſs-wiſe; ſegments flat, long, pointed. Leaf-ſtalk long,
narrow, keeled. Rundles terminating. Bloſſom white or reddiſh.
Relh.-Plant quite ſmooth. Stems furrowed. Leaves doubly com-
pound; leafits in fixes, in a ſort of whorl, 2 of them longer; ſeg-
ments terminating in a reddiſh ſemi-tranſparent ſubſtance. Gene-
ral fence from 1 to 5 leaves. Rundle, ſpokes 9 to 12. Florets all
fertile. Tips yellowiſh. Petals and ſkafts ſlightly tinged with red,
WITH
Meadows and paſtures. [Near Bury. Mr. CULLUM.]
B. May. June
Parkinſon fays, the young roots are better eating than parfneps.
--The tender leaves may be boiled with pot-herbs. - The ſeeds
a
a
arc

V. CHIVES, II. POINTALS.
313
are uſed in cakes; incruſted with ſugar are called Caraway Com-
fits, and are diſtilled with ſpirituous liquors for the ſake of the
favour they afford. -- The ſeeds were formerly recommended by
Dioſcorides to pale-faced girls, and in more modern days their
uſe in that caſe is not forgotten.- They are no deſpicable remedy
They abound with an eſſential oil, which is
antiſpaſmodic and carminitive.--Sheep, Goats, and Swine eat
it. Cows and Horſes are not fond of it.
in tertian agues.
396. PIMPINEL'LA. Aniſe.
Rundle of many ſpokes. Rundlets of ſtill more. Fences
none.
EMPAL. Cup not very diſcernible.
Bloss. General; nearly uniform. Florets all fertile. In-
dividuals ; petals 5 ; nearly equal; heart-ſhaped ; but
bent inwards.
Chives. Threads 5; fimple; longer than the petals. Tips
roundiſh.
Point. Seed-bud beneath. Shafts 2 ; very ſhort. Summits
nearly globular.
S. Vess. None. Fruit oblong-egg-ſhaped ; diviſible into 2.
Seeds. 2; oblong; narrow towards the point; convex
and ſcored on one ſide; flat on the other.
Ess. CHAR. Fruit egg-oblong. Petals bent in. Summits
nearly globular.
PIMPINEL'LA Saxifraga. Leaves winged. Leafits Saxifrage
of the root-leaves roundiſh; thoſe of the upper-leaves
ſtrap-ſhaped.
Jacq. auftr. iv. 395.—Fl. dan. 669.—Blackw. 472.-Cluf. ii. 197.
2, repr. in Dod. 315. 2, Lob. obf. 413. 1, ic. i. 719.2, Ger.
em. 1044.2, and cop. in Park. 947.4.-H. ox. ix. 5.7, a ſingle
-
leaf.
a
Stem a cubit high and upwards, downy, ſcored, forked. Rundles
and rundlets, ſpokes 8 to 20. Bloſſom yellowiſh white. Shafts per-
manent. RELHAN.
Bipinella five Saxifraga, &c. Ger. em. 1044. (St.)
Small Burnet Saxifrage.
B. LINN. All the leaves entire. St.
Ger. 887, 1 and 2, which laſt cop. in 7. B. iii. 6. 111, 2.-H. ox.
ix. 5. 6.--Trag. 466.-Fuchſ. 60g, cop. in 7. B. ib. 1.--Matth.
10329
7. Root-leayes
round-leaved
-

314
PENTANDRIA DIGYNIA.
fine-leaved
7. Root-leaves (alſo) jagged. LIGHTF. ST.-Leafits with many
diviſions; ſegments ſomewhat hook-like, pointed. Retzius-It
ſcarcely deſerves the diſtinction even of a variety. Root-leaves of
both forts frequently riſing from the ſame root. Mr. Woodw.
Retz. iii. 2.-Pet. 26. 8.-[Moris. umb. t. 5, an excellent figure.
Mr. Woodward.]
P. diſſecia. Retz. obf. iii. 46, correſponds with my ſpecimens,
and appears to me to be a variety of P. Saxifraga, and not the P.
Saxifraga major degener H. ox. III. 8. 9. t. 5. f. 3, as he ſuppoſes,
which is a variety of P. magna. Retzius informs us that the earlier
leafits of the firſt year are roundiſh. St.
Dry gravelly paſtures.
P. Aug. Sept.
Horſes, Cows, Goats, Sheep, and Swine eat it.
great
-
PIMPINEL'LA mag'na. All the leaves lobed; the
odd one with 3 lobes. LINN.
3
Leaves winged. Leafits
egg-ſhaped. Huds.
Jacq. auftr. iv. 396.-Dod. 315. I, repr. in Lob. obf. 413. 2, ic.
i. 720.1, Ger. em. 1044. 1, and cop. in Park. 947. 1.-Fuchſ.
608, cop. in J. B. ii. 6. 109, Barr. 243.-Barr. 243.-H. ox.
ix. 5. row 1.1.-Pet. 26. 5.-Lonicer. 229. 2.-(Ger. 887. 1,
Tras. 466, and perhaps Matth. 1032, appear from the leafits ta-
pering at the baſe to be P. Saxifraga. B.)
Leafits broader than they are long, ferrated, as if beſmeared
with oil, veined, of the appearance of thoſe of Skirrets, none cir-
cular, ſtrap-ſhaped, or divided into many parts. Leaf-ſtalks con-
preſſed. Linn.-Varies with leafits heart-egg-ſhaped, lobed, fer-
rated, and cut-ferrated. HUDS.-Stem 2 to 3 feet high, furrowed.
Stem-leaves gradually narrower, at length ſtrap-ſhaped, almoſt en-
tire. Rundle, ſpokes 14. Rundlet, ſpokes 10 to 18. Petals white.
RelH.-Leafits deeply and irregularly ſerrated. Mr. WOODWARD.
ST.--Heart-egg-ſhaped, with one of the inciſions on each fide
deeper than the reſt. Bloſſom white. St.
Great Burnet Saxifrage.
Woods and hedges, in limeſtone. [Ripton Wood, Hunting-
donſhire. Mr. Woodw.-Worceſterſhire. Mr. BALLARD. ST.
-In marle. ST.]
P. Aug. Sept.
A Horſe eat it. Sr.
B. LINN. Bloſſoms pale roſe-colour. With the former. St.
Pimpinella Saxifraga major flore rubente. PARK. 946.
B. Huds. All the leaves jagged. Ray.
-
Pet. 26.6.-H. ox. ix. 5. row 3. 3.
Hedges near Maidſtone, Kent. Ray.
purple
fine-leaved
This

V. CHIVES, II. POINTALS.
315
a
This and the former fpecies partake nearly of the ſame quali-
ties. The root is very acrid, burning the mouth like pepper.
It affords a blue oil. Its acrimony hath occaſioned it to be uſed to
cure the tooth-ache, and to cleanſe the ſkin from freckles. It is
chewed to promote the ſecretion of ſaliva, and is uſed in gargles
for diſſolving viſcid mucus in the throat. In Germany it is pre-
fcribed in the afthma and dropſy.--The Papilio Machaon is found
upon both ſpecies.
PIMPINEL'LA dioi'ca. Rundles very numerous, leaſt
compound and ſimple. LINN.—Leaves moſtly doubly
winged. Leafits ſtrap-ſhaped, fimple, and 3-fingered.
Flowers with chives and pointals on diſtinct plants. Huds.
Jacq. auftr. i. 28.-Cluf. ii. 200. 1, repr. in Ger. em. 1054. 3,
and cop. in Ger. 863, and J. B. iii. 6. 18.1.-Lob. adv. 331.
2, cop. in ic. i. 745. 2, which repr. in Ger. em. 1021.3.
Stem a hand's breadth high, ſtraddling, ſmooth, ſcored, with
but few leaves. Leaves 3 or 2-fingered, ſtrap-ſhaped. Rundles I
terminating, and 2 lateral, oppoſite, generally compound, ſome
few ſimple. Petals long-fpear-ſhaped, bowed in, not nicked.
Chives white, long. Fences none. Some plants with only chives,
others with chives and pointals. Nearly allied to P. glauca,
or conſtituting a diſtinct genus. LINN.-Root ſpindle-ſhaped, per-
pendicular, fomewhat branched at the baſe, and woolly at the
head. Stem 8 to 16 inches high, upright, angular, very much
branched. Branches open. The lower leaves oppoſite, on leaf-
ſtalks, winged and doubly winged; leafits fimple, and in threes,
ſtrap-ſhaped, channelled, bare, ſea-green. Leaf-ſalks membra-
naceous, ſheathing, oblong, ſcored, entire. Rundles on leaf-
italks, terminating, and from the bofom of the leaves; general,
ſpokes long, about 6; partial crowded, ſpokes ſhort, about 5.
Flowers yellowiſh or whitiſh. FlowerS WITH ONLY Chives.
Petals oblong, bowed in at the point, equal. Threads awl-ſhaped.
FLOWERS WITH POINTALS. Threads 5, but the tips barren. Shafts
diſtant. Fruit egg-ſhaped. Huds.
.
Mountainous paſtures. St. Vincent's Rock, near Briſtol. Up-
hill, Somerſetſhire,
P. May. June.
397. A'PIUM.

316
PENTANDRIA DIGYNIA,
397. A'PIUM. Parſley.
Rundle with few ſpokes. Rundlets with many.
EMPAL. General Fence none; or elſe of one or more leaves.
Partial Fence the ſame. Cup hardly perceptible.
Bloss. General; uniform. Florets almoſt all fertile. Indi-
viduals; petals circular; equal; bent inwards.
Chives. Threads 5 ; fimple. Tips roundiſh.
Point. Seed-bud beneath. Shafts 2; reflected. Summits
blunt.
S. Vess. None. Fruit egg-ſhaped ; fcored; diviſible into 2.
SEEDS. 2; egg-ſhaped ; ſcored on one ſide; flat on the
other.
Ess. Char. Fruit egs-ſhaped; ſcored. Fence i leaf. Petals
equal.
Smallace A'PIUM grave'olens. Stem-leaves wedge-ſhaped.-
Ludw. 180.–F1. dan. 790.-Biackw. 443.-Ger. 862, cop. in H.
ox, ix, 9. 8.-Fuchſ: 744, cop. in 3. B. iii. 6. 100, and Trag.
464.-Pet. 26. 12.—Matth. 768, cop. in Dod. C95, which repr.
in Lob. obf. 405.2, ic. i. 707. 1, Ger. em. 1014, and cop. in
Park. 926, rundles, as alſo in Pet, repreſented as on long fruit-ſtalks,
and with a general fence.
General fence often wanting. LINN.-Stem angular, ſurrowed,
Rundles ſitting, or on a fruit-ſtalk; ſpokes about 15. Bloſs. white.
Seeds ſmall. RELHAN.-Stem ſmooth, ſhining, deeply furrowed.
Rundles, ſome ſitting, others on long fruit-ſtalks, appearing as if
proliferous. Mr. WOODWARD.-Root-leaves winged. Leafits di-
vided into 3 lobes, ſerrated. Rundles, ſpokes 5 to 11; thoſe of the
rundlets 11 to 16. Petals white.
Smallage.--Ditches and marſhes. [Salt Marſhes, near Yarmouth,
and in the midland counties. Mr. Woodw.—Bog near Marazion,
Cornwall. Mr. WATT.-Moors, Sanſom Fields, Worceſter. ST.]
-
B. Aug.
The root in its wild ſtate (when it grows near water, St.) is
fetid, acrid, and noxious; but when cultivated (in dry ground,
St.) it loſes theſe properties, and the root and lower part of the
leaf-ſtalks and ſtem blanched by covering them up with earth, are
eaten raw, boiled in ſoups, or ftewed. In this latter ſtate it is called
Celery. They are ſaid to be hurtful to people ſubject to nervous
complaints. They are certainly good antifcorbutics. The ſeeds
yield an eſſential oil.
Sheep and Goats eat it. Cows not fond of it. Horſes refuſe it.
398. ÆGO

V. CHIVES, II. POINTALS.
317
398. ÆGOPODIUM. Goutweed.
Rundle of many ſpokes; convex. Rundlets the ſame, but
fiat. Fences none.
EMPAL. Cup hardly diſcernible.
Bloss. General; uniform. Florets all fertile. Individuals ;
petals 5; inverſely egg-ſhaped ; equal; concave;
bent inwards at the point.
Chives. Threads 5; fimple; twice as long as the petals. .
Tips roundiſh.
Point. Seed-bud beneath. Shafts 2; fimple; upright;
as long as the petals. Summits roundiſh.
S. Vess. None. Fruit oblong-egg-ſhaped; ſcored; divi-
fible into 2.
Seeds. 2; oblong-egg-ſhaped; convex and ſcored on one
fide; flat on the other.
Ess.Char. Fruit egg-oblong; ſcored.
ÆGOPO'DIUM Podagra'ria. Upper ſtem-leaves Gerard's
3-fingered. -
Fl. dan. 670.- Ger. 848, cop. in 3. B. iii. 6. 145.—Dod. 320.
2, repr. in Lob. obf. 398. 3, ic. i. 700.2, Ger. em. 1001. 2,
and cop. in Park. 943, Pet. 25. 10, and H.ox. ix. 4. 11.
Upper leaves oppoſite. LINN.-Root creeping. Stems 1 or 2 cu-
bits high, furrowed, with open branches. Rundles and Rundlets,
ſpokes 14. Bloſſom white. Relh.-Leafits ſpear-ſhaped, ferrated.
Mr. WOODWARD.---Lower leaf-ſtalks 3-cornered, the lower fides
Aat, the upper hollow. With.---Roots creeping. Leaves, rami-
fications of both furfaces beſet with very ſhort minute hairs. Petals
white. St.
Herb Gerard. Goutweed. Afhweed. Ground Aſh.
Orchards, gardens, and paſtures, common.
P. May
The leaves may be eaten early in the ſpring with other pot-herbs.
Cows, Sheep, and Goats eat it. Horſes are not fond of it.
LINN.-It ſometimes proves a very troubleſome weed in gardens.
ST.
Order

318
PENTANDRIA TRIGYNIA.
Order III.
TRIG Y NIA; III. POINTALS.
399, VIBUR'NUM. Mealytree.
nent.
;
EMPAL. Cup with 5 teeth ; fuperior ; very ſmall; perma-
Boss. I petal; bell-ſhaped; with 5 ſhallow clefts. Sega
ments blunt; reflected.
Chives. Threads 5; awl-ſhaped ; as long, or twice as
long as the bloſſom. Tips oblong; double.
Point. Seed-bud beneath; roundith. Shaft none; but
inſtead thereof a turban-ſhaped gland. Summits 3.
S. Vess. Berry roundiſh; i cell.
Seed. Single; roundiſh; hard as bone.
Ess. Char. Empal. 5 diviſions ; ſuperior. Bloſs. 5 clefts.
Berry i ſeed.
pliant
VIBUR'NUM Lanta'na. Leaves heart-ſhaped, fer-
rated, veined, cottony underneath.–
Jacq. aufr. iv. 341.-Matih. 217, cop. in Dod. 781, which repr.
in Lob. obf. 591.3, Ger. em. 1490.-Walc.-Park. 1448, cop.
in 7. B. i. 558.
Leaves oval, the down radiated, each hair conſiſting of ſeveral
rays diverging from a point. Flower-leaves coloured. Bloſs. cloven
half way down. Summits ſo much united as to appear as one.
Bloſſoms white. Berries black. With.
Pliant Mealy-tree. Way-faring-tree.
Woods and hedges, in calcareous foil. [Herts, frequent. Mr.
WOODWARD.-Ripple Field, Worceſterſhire. Mr. BALLARD.]
S. May.
The bark of the root is uſed to make bird-lime. The berries
are drying and aſtringent.
VIBUR'NUM Opulus. Leaves lobed. Leaf-ſtalks
beſet with glands.-
Fl. dan. 661.–Ger. 1236. 1.-Dod. 846. 1, repr. in Ger. em.
1424.1.-Park. 209.5.-Trag. 1002.-Matth. 1269.-7. B.
Guelder-roſe
i. 553.
Flowers

V. CHIVES, III. POINTALS,
319
-
Flowers of the circumference without chives or pointals. Rundles
flat-topped. ST.-Bloſſoms white. Berries red.
Water Elder.
Woods and wet hedges, S. May, June. Berries ripe in Sept. W.
The Guelder Roſe is a variety of it in which the whole of the
runile conſiſts of neutral florets, and is contracted into a globular
form. St.
Cows, Goats, and Sheep eat it. Horſes are not fond of it.
402. SAMBUCUS. Elder.
I
EMPAL. Cup fuperior; of 1 leaf; very ſmall; with 5 di-
vifions; permanent.
Bloss. I petal; wheel-ſhaped; but ſomewhat concave;
with 5 clefts; blunt. Segments reflected.
.
Chives. Threads 5; awl-ſhaped; as long as the bloſſom.
Tips roundich.
Point. Seed-bud beneath; egg-ſhaped; blunt. Shaft
none; but inſtead thereof a bellying gland. Summits
a
3; blunt.
S. Vess. Berry roundiſh; of cell.
SEEDS. 3; convex on one ſide; angular on the other.
Ess. Char. Empal. 5 diviſions. Bloſſom 5 clefts. Berry
5
3 feeds.
Stems very
SAMBU'CUS Eb'ulus. Tufts of 3 ſpokes. Leaf- dwarf
ſcales leafy. Stem herbaceous.-
Curt. iii. 36.-Blackw. 488.--Mill. 126.-Matth. 1270, cop. in
Lob.obf. 589.2, which repr. in Ger. em. 1426, and J. B. i.a 549.
2.-Fuchſ. 65.--Ger. 1238.---Trag. 796.-Park. 209.7.
brittle. Leaves winged, with ſeveral pair of leafits.
Leafits ſpear-ſhaped, ferrated, unequal at the baſe, the upper mar-
gin deficient. Sometimes ſmall leaves grow at the bafe of the
leaf-ſtalks, and alſo on the leaf-ſtalks of the larger leafits. Mr.
WOODWARD.-Stem and leaf-ſtalks furrowed. Little-leaves at the base
of the leaf-ſtalks heart-ſhaped, Leafits, ferratures purple at the points.
Empal. fegments ſometimes 6, purple. Bloſs. fegments pointed.
6
Threads thick, wrinkled. Berry 3 cells. Bloſs. white above; pur-
ple beneath. Chives white. Tips purple; one fixed on each ſide
of
every thread, ſo that there are properly ſpeaking 10 tips.
With.
Dwarf Elder. Wallwort. Danewort.
Hedges and road ſides,
S. July.
Has

320
PENTANDRIA TRIGYNIA.
Has the ſame medical properties with the S. nigra, but in fome
reſpects more violent, and therefore leſs manageable. A dram
and a half of the root is a ſtrong purge.--The berries give out a
violet colour.-The green leaves drive away mice from granaries,
and the Sileſians ſtrew them where their pigs lie, under a perſua-
ſion that they prevent ſome of the diſeaſes to which they are liable.
Neither Cows, Goats, Sheep, Horſes, or Swine will eat it.
common
a
-
SAMBU'CUS ni'gra. Tufts of 5 ſpokes. Leaves
winged. Leafits nearly egg-ſhaped, ferrated. Stem
woody. LINN.---Leaves winged. Little-leaves ſomewhat
egg-ſhaped, ſerrated. Retz. obf. iii. 47. St.
Fl. dan. 545.-Blackw. 151, the best fruit.--Matth. 1268, cop. in
Ger. 1234.-- Fuchſ. 64.-Ger. em. 1422. 1.--Dod. 845. 1,
repr. in Ger. em. 1422. 2, and cop. in Park. 208. 1.-Irag,
997---J. B.i. a. 544.
Leaves winged; leafits 5 to 7; fomewhat egg-ſhaped, pointed,
ferrated. Summit ſpotleſs. Berries green, at length blackifh pur-
ple, with a juice of the ſame colour. Seeds 3.
Relh.-Bloſſoms
white. Berries black. "Tips yellow, arrow-ſhaped, one on each
thread.
Woods and damp hedges.
S. Apr. May.
The whole plant has a narcotic ſmell; it is not well to ſleep un-
der its ſhade. --The wood is hard, tough, and yellow. It is com-
monly made into ſkewers for butchers; tops for angling rods;
and needles for weaving nets. It is not a bad wood to turn in the
lathe.-The inner green bark is purgative, and may be uſed with
advantage where acrid purgatives are requiſite. In ſmaller doſes
it is diuretic, and has done eminent ſervice in obftinate glandu-
lar obſtructions, and in dropfies. If ſheep that have the rot are
placed in a ſituation where they can get at the bark and the young
Thoots, they will ſoon cure themſelves. It is an ingredient in the
black dye.-The leaves are purgative like the bark, but more nau-
feous. They are an ingredient in ſeveral cooling ointments. If
turneps, cabbages, fruit-trees, or corn, (which are ſubject to
blight from a variety of infects) are whipped with the green
leaves and branches of elder, the inſects will not attack them.
Phil. Tranſ. v. 62. p. 348. A decoction of the flowers, taken in-
ternally, is ſaid to promote expectoration in pleurifies. If the
flowers are freſh gathered they looſen the belly. Externally they
are uſed in fomentations to eaſe pain and abate inflammation,
Many people uſe them to give a flavour to vinegar. They are fatal
to turkies. A rob prepared from the berries is a gentle opener, and
promotes perſpiration. The juice of the berries is employed to
a
give

V. CHIVES, III. POINTALS.
321
give a red colour to raiſin or ſugar wines. The berries are poi-
fonous to poultry. - The pith being exceedingly light, is cut into
balls, uſed in electrical experiments.
Sheep eat it. Horſes, Cows, and Goats refuſe it. LINN.-
Others ſay that Cows are fond of it.-The Aphis Sambuci, and the
Phaiana Sambucaria, are found upon it.
B. Berries white or green.
white-berried
Staffordſhire, Warwickſhire, and Shropſhire. WITH. Sr.
A wine is made of the fruit, which by many is held in much
eſteem. St.
7. LINN. HUDS. S. laciniata. MILL. and Retz. which ſee.
parſley leaved
SAMBU'CUS lacinia'ta. Mill. Du Roi.- Tufts parſley leaved
with 5 diviſions. Leaves doubly winged; wings 3-fingered ;
leafits ſpear-ſhaped, cut. Retz. obf. iii. 47. Murr. in
Syft. veg. St.
Ger. 1234. 2.-Dod: 845. 2; repr. in Lob. obf. 589. 2, Ger. em.
1422. 3, and
сор. in 7. B. i. a. 549. 1.–Park. 208. 3.
Its having tufts with 5 diviſions, and a perennial-trunk, will
not induce me to believe that it originated from the S. nigra. Retz.
ST.-The want of ſerratures principally induces me to accede to
the opinion of the above authors. Add to this that they are not
known to run into one another, and that the laciniata has been
found growing wild in very diſtant countries. St.
In hedges, near Mancheſter, Briſtol, Dartford, and Walfoken,
near Wiſbech.
S.
404. STAPHYLE'A. Bladder-nut.
EMPAL. Cup with 5 diviſions ; concave; roundiſh; co-
5
loured; nearly as large as the bloſſom.
Bloss. Petals 5 ; oblong; upright; reſembling the cup.
Honey-cup concave; diftended; ſituated at the bot-
tom of the flower, upon the receptacle.
Chives. Threads 5; oblong; upright; as long as the cup:
Tips fimple.
Point. Seed-bud rather thick, with 3 diviſions. Shafts 3;
3
ſimple; ſomewhat longer than the chives. Summits
blunt; contiguous.
S. Vess. Capſules 3; bladder-ſhaped ; limber; jointed by
3
a ſeam lengthways; tapering at the points; opening
inwardly
Seeds 2; hard as bone; fomewhat globular; obliquely ta-
pering; with a circular pit at the fide, near the point.
Vol. I.
Y
Ess:

322
PENTANDRIA TRIGYNIA.
Ess. Char. Empal. 5 diviſions. Petals 5. Capſules inflated,
growing together. Seeds 2; globular; with a ſcar.
winged
STAPHYLE'A pinnalta. Leaves winged.-
Matth. 274.—Lonic. 30. 2.-Lob. obf. 540.2, cop. in Park. 1418,
and J. B. i. a 274.-Ger. 1249.--Irag. 1098.-Dod. 818,
repr. in Ger. em. 1437.
Shafts 2. Fruit, cells 2. LINN. WITH.-Shafts ſometimes 2, but
moſtly 3. Capſule 3 cells. Seeds conſtantly 2, in the larger cells,
that in the third abortive. Leers.-Bloſs. in whorls; white.
Bladder-nut-tree.
Hedges, near Pontefract, Yorkſhire. RaY.—About Aſhford,
Kent. PARK.
S. June.
409. CORRIGIO'LA. Strapwort.
;
EMPAL. Cup permanent; about the ſize of the bloſſom;
of 5 leaves; egg-ſhaped ; concave; expanding;
membranaceous at the edge.
Bloss. Petals 5; egg-ſhaped ; expanding ; ſcarcely larger
than the empalenient.
Chives. Threads 5; awl-ſhaped; ſmall. Tips ſimple.
Point. Seed-bud egg-ſhaped; 3-cornered. Shaft none. .
Summits 3; blunt.
S. Vess. The Cup approaching.
SEED I; egg-ſhaped; three-ſquare,
Ess. Char. Empal. 5 leaves. Petals 5. Seed 1; three-
Square.
-
ſand CORRIGIO'LA littora'lis.
Fl. dan. 334.-7. B. iii. 379. 2.-H. 0x. v. 29. 1.
[Found by Mr. Hudſon on Slapham Sands beyond Dartmouth
and near the Star Point. Mr. MARTYN.]
411. ALSI'NE,

V. CHIVES, III. POINTALS.
323
411. ALSI'NE. Chickweed.
5 chived
EMPAL. Cup, 5 leaves; concave; oblong; tapering.
5
Bloss. Petals 5; equal; longer than the cup.
Chives. Threads 5 ; hair-like. Tips roundiſh.
Point. Seed-bud nearly egg-ſhaped. Shafts 3; thread-
ſhaped. Summits blunt.
S. Vess. Capſule egg-ſhaped; of 1 cell ; covered by the
cup.
Seeds numerous; roundiſh.
Ess. Char. Empal. of 5 leaves. Petals 5; equal. Capſule,
I cell; 3 valves.
OBs. In A. media the chives foon fall off, ſo that it is not unu-
ſual to find flowers with fewer than 5 chives. LINN.--A genus to-
.
tally artificial, combining plants which ſeem to agree only in the
number of chives and ſhafts. The A. media and the Ceraſtiums are
undoubtedly of one and the fame genus. The other 2 ſpecies have
entire petals. Sr.
ALSI'NE me'dia. Petals divided into 2. Leaves common
egg-heart-ſhaped.-
1. pentſtemon. OED.fi. dan. ST.
Fl. dan. 525.-Curt. i. 12.-Sheldr.9.-Walc.-Dod. 29. 2, repr.
in Lob. obs. 245. 3, Ger. em. 611. 2, and cop. in Park. 760,
and H. ox. v. 23. 4.-Blackw. 164.-- Fuchſ. 21, cop. in 7. B.
iii. 6.363, and Trag. 385.- Lonic. i. 167. I and 2.-Ger.
488.2.
Flowers upright, and open from 9 in the morning to noon; but
if it rains that day they do not open. After rain they become
pendant, but in the courſe of a few days riſe again. Capſule opens
with 6 valves, letting fall the feeds. Seeds round, compreſſed,
yellow, rough with little tubercles. Bloſs. white.
This ſpecies is a notable inſtance of what is called the Sleep of
Plants; for every night the leaves approach in pairs, ſo as to include
within their upper ſurfaces the tender rudiments of the new ſhoots;
and the uppermoſt pair but one at the end of the ſtalk, are furniſhed
with longer leaf-ſtalks than the others, ſo that they can cloſe upon
the terminating pair and protect the end of the branch. LINN.-
Glands containing honey at the baſe of the threads. Mr. HOLLEF.
--Fruit-ſtalks and empal. hairy. With.
Shady places, gardens, and cultivated ground. A. Mar.-Oct.
The
young ſhoots and leaves when boiled, can hardly be diftin-
guiſhed from ſpring ſpinach, and are equally wholeſome.
Swine
a
-
Ya

3-4
ExN TANURIA TETRAGYNIA.
a
Io chived
Swine are extremely fond of it. Cows and Horſes eat it. Sheep
are indifferent to it; and Goats refuſe it. It is a grateful food to
the ſinging Fringillä, (Linnets as the brown Linnet and Canary,
St.) to the reſt of the ſmall birds, and to young chickens.
Phalæna villica is found upon it. LINN.
2. decaſtemon. Oed. fl. dan. St.
Fl. dan. 438.-Ger. 48g.
Differs from the A. media in nothing but the number of its chivés
and the largeneſs of its leaves. Mr. Wood.-Stems cylindrical, but
2-edged, generally only one, but ſometimes both the edges fringed
with hairs bent downwards. Fruit-ſtalks thread-like, beſet with ſhort
hairs. Sr.
(Corby Caſtle, near Carliſle, and in hedges near Worceſter. ST.]
Order IV.
TETRAGYNIA; IV. POINTALS.
415. PARNAS'SIA. Parnaſſia.
EMPAL. Cup with 5 diviſions; permanent. Segments ob-
long; ſharp; expanding.
Bloss. Petals 5; nearly circular; ſcored; concave; ex-
panding; margins imperfect. Honey-cups 5; each
being a concave heart-ſhaped ſubſtance, furniſhed
with 13 little ſhafts or pillars fet along the edge; and
each pillar terminated by a little globe.
CHives. Threads 5; awl-ſhaped ; as long as the petals.
Tips depreſſed; fixed fide-ways to the threads.
Point. Seed-bud egg-Chaped; large. Shafts none; but
inſtead thereof an open hole. Summits 4; blunt;
permanent; growing larger as the feed ripens.
S. Vess. Capſule egg-ſhaped; with 4 angles; i cell and
4 valves. Receptacle in 4 parts; connected with the
valves.
Seeds numerous ; oblong.
Ess. Char. Empal. 5 diviſions. Petals 5. Honey-cups 5;
heart-ſhaped; fringed; fringe with globular heads. Capf.
.
PARNAS'SIA
4 valves,

V. CHIVES, IV. POINTALS.
325
a
PARNAS'SIA paluſ'tris-
marſk
Ludw, 110.-F1. dan. 584.-Dod. 564. 3, repr. in Lob. obf. 330.
1, Ger. em. 840. 1, and cop. in Park. 429. 2, and H. ox. xii.
10.3.-Ger. 691.2.-J. B. iii, 537. 2.
Stem fomewhat twiſted. Whilſt it is in flower, the feed-
bud having neither ſhaft nor ſummit, is open at the top. The
chives lay their tips alternately upon the orifice, and having dif-
charged their duſt, recede back to the petals. LINN.-Stems undi-
vided, with 5 ſharp corners. Petals a little ſcolloped at the edge,
5
and ſlightly nicked at the end, white, with ſemi-tranſparent grey-
iſh veins. Honey-cups green, the globules yellow, from 10 to 152
generally 13. Chives, only half as long as the petals, at firſt not
longer than the feed-bud, but each in order becomes longer than
the reſt, as it ſheds its duft on the orifice of the feed-bud, which
cloſes as ſoon as all the tips have ſhed their duſt. Seed-bud pur-
plifh. S. veſſel, corners blunt. With.-Root-leaves heart-ſhaped,
on long leaf-ſtalks. Stem-leaves ſitting.
Graſs of Parnaſſus.
Moiſt meadows in Wales and the northern counties. [Com-
mon in every boggy meadow in Norfolk. Mr. WOODWARD.-In
Staffordſhire and Worceſterſhire. Sr.]
P. Aug.
Horſes and Goats eat it. Sheep are not fond of it. Cows and
Swine refuſe it. LINN.-A Horſe refuſed it. ST.
-
Y 3
Order

326
PENTANDRIA PENTAGYNIA.
Order V.
PENTAGYNIA; V. POINT ALS.
;
418. STAT'ICE. Thrift.
;
common
EMPAL. Common Cup different in different ſpecies. Cup i
leaf; funnel-ſhaped. Tube narrow. Border entire ;
plaited; ſkinny.
Bloss. funnel-ſhaped. Petals 5; narrow at the baſe ;
broader upwards ; blunt; expanding.
Chives. Threads 5; awl-ſhaped ; ſhorter than the bloſſom
and fixed to the claws of the petals. Tips fixed ſide-
ways to the threads.
Point. Seed-bud extremely ſmall. Shafts 5; thread-ſhaped ;
diſtant. Summits ſharp.
S. Vess. none. The tube of the cup cloſes and contains
the feed; but the border continues expanded.
SEED ſingle; very ſmall; roundiſh; crowned with the
сир.
Ess. Char. Empalement of i leaf; entire; plaited; ſkinny.
Petals 5. Seed 1; ſuperior.
STAT'ICE Arme'ria. Stalk ſimple, with a head of
a
flowers. Leaves ſtrap-ſhaped. -
Walc.-Dod. 564.1, repr. in Lob. obf. 242. I, Ger. em. 602, 1,
and cop. in Park. 1279. 13.-Ger. 482. 1.--7. B. iii. 336. 2.
--Pet. 72. 8.-(H. ox. xv. 1. 29, is referred to by Hudſon and
.
Lightfoot, though not as a diſtinct variety. It is variety a of Linn.
I do not know of its having been found in Great-Britain.)
Bloſſoms pink.
Thrift. Sea Gilliflower. Sea Cuſhion.
Meadows and rocks on the ſea coaſt, and mountainous ſituations,
as Snowdon, near Settle, and Ingleborough. [Wanſley Dale,
between Aſcrig and Ayſgarth. Mr. Wood.-Wells, Norfolk;
Southwold, Suffolk. Mr. WOODWARD.--All the rocky coaſt of
Cornwall. Mr. WATT.-Inchkeith in the Firth of Forth. WITH.]
P. July. Aug. [May. June. With.]
It is much uſed in gardens as an edging for borders, and when
in full bloſſom gives a glowing tinge to paſtures on the ſea coaft.
Horſes and Goats eat it. Sheep are not fond of it.
STATI'CE
--
-
-
.

V. CHIVES, V. POINTALS.
327
STAT'ICE Limo'nium. Stalk panicled, cylindrical. Lavender
Leaves ſmooth, without ſtrings, ſpit-pointed underneath.
Blackw. 481.-Fl. dan. 315.-Matth. 980.-H. ox. xv. 1. row 1.
n. 1. f. 4th.-Dod. 351, repr. in Lob. obſ. 157. 3, Ger. em.
411. 1, and cop. in Park. 1234. I, and J. B. ii. 876.3.
Salt marſhes, and rocks on the ſea coaſt. [Wells, Norfolk;
Southwold, Suffolk. Mr. WOODWARD.] P. July-Sept.
B. LINN.-Much ſmaller. Leaves gradually tapering to the rock
baſe, having no regular leaf-ſtalks. Rav. Mr. WOODWARD. ST.
Lob. adv. 123, repr. in Ger. em. 411. 2.-(Ger. 332.2, does
not appear to be the plant. The leaves are blunt, and not pointed
as in the other figures and my Specimens.)
Bloſſoms of a very deep purple. Mrs. WATT.
We have 2 varieties correſponding with the above character.
In the one the leaves ſhort and blunt, in the other longer and
more pointed. The ſharp point at the end of the leaf mark them
both as belonging to this ſpecies. Mr. WOODWARD.
Harwich. Ramſgate. Ray.-[Cornwall. Mrs. Watt.-Lynn.
Mr. WOODWARD.]
B. HUDS.-Leaves longer, and taper-pointed. Flowers later.
RAY.
Sea banks near Walton, Eſſex; and between Heybridge and
Maldon. RAY.
-
STATICE reticula'ta. Stalk panicled, lying flat. matted
The barren branches naked and bent backwards. Leaves
wedge-ſhaped, without any ſharp points.-
Pluk. 42. 4.
Root-leaves oblong-wedge-ſhaped, on leaf-ſtalks. Props half em-
bracing the ſtem, awl-ſhaped, terminating in a long point, mem-
branaceous at the edge. Mr. WOODWARD.
Matted Sea Lavender.
On the Norfolk coaſt. [At Wells, Norfolk, abundantly. Mr.
WOODWARD.-At Blakeney, Meſſrs. Crows and PITCHFORD.]
P. July. Aug.
Y4
419. LI'NUM.

328
,
PENTANDRIA PENTAGYNIA.
419. LI'NUM. Flax.
EMPAL. Cup 5 leaves ; ſmall; ſpear-ſhaped; upright;
permanent.
Bloss. funnel-ſhaped. Petals 5; oblong; large; blunt;
gradually expanding and growing broader upwards.
CHIVES
Chives. Threads 5; awl-Shaped; upright; as long as the
cup; alternating with theſe are the rudiments of 5
more. Tips ſimple; arrow-ſhaped.
Point. Seed-bud egg-ſhaped. Shafts 5; thread-ſhaped ;
upright; as long as the chives. Summits ſimple;
reflected.
S. Vess. Capſule globular; with 5 imperfect angles; 10
cells, and 5 valves.
Seeds folitary ; fattiſh egg-ſhaped'; tapering; glofly.
Ess. CHAR. Empal. 5 leaves. Petals 5. Capſule 5 valves;
5
10 cells. Seeds ſolitary.
Obs. In L. Radiola one fifth in the number of parts is wanting.
common
-
556, and
* Leaves alternate.
LI'NUM uſitatiſ'fimum. Empalements and capſules
ſpit-pointed. Petals ſcolloped. Leaves ſpear-ſhaped,
alternate. Stem generally folitary.-
Ludw. 144.—Blackw. 160.2.-Fuchſ. 471, cop. in J. B. iii. 451.
-Maith. 414, cop, in Dod. 533, Lob. obf. 225. 1, Ger. em.
сор. in H. ox. v. 26. row 2. 1.-Lonic. 153. 2.-
Blackw. 160. 1.--Trag. 353
Stem cylindrical, Petals ſky blue, ſcored with deeper coloured lines.
Threads united at the baſe. Shafts blue, thicker towards the top.
The inner edge of the cup a little fringed. WITH.
Corn fields and ſandy paſtures in Dorſetſhire and Devonſhire.
[Near Cawſton, Norfolk. Mr. BRYANT.-Corn fields, Ripton,
Huntingdonſhire. Mr. WOODWARD.-Downs, old paſtures, and
corn fields, near to commons about Redruth and Trelubbus,
Cornwall. Mr. WATT.]
A. July
This valuable plant originally came from thoſe parts of Ægypt
which are expoſed to the inundations of the Nile. The ſeeds yield,
by expreſſion only, a large proportion of oil, which is an excellent
pectoral, as is likewiſe the mucilaginous infuſion. They make
an eaſy and uſeful poultice in caſes of external inflammation; and
they are the food of ſeveral ſmall birds. After the oil is expreſſed,
the remaining farinaceous part, called Oil Cake, is given to oxen,
who ſoon
grow
fat
upon
it. The oil itſelf differs in ſeveral reſpects
from

V. CHIVES, V. POINTALS.
329
from other expreſſed oils; it does not congeal in winter, nor does
it form a ſolid ſoap with fixed alkaline falts; and it acts more pow-
erfully as a menſtruum upon ſulphureous bodies. When heat is
applied during the expreſſion it gets a yellowiſh colour, and a pe-
culiar ſmell. In this ſtate it is uſed by the painters and the yar-
niſhers. The fibres of the ſtem are manufactured into linen; and
this linen, when worn to rags, is made into paper.
LI'NUM peren'ne. Empalements and capſules blunt. perennial
Leaves alternate, ſpear-ſhaped; very entire. LINN.-
Empalement very entire and ſmooth. St.
a. upright.
Mill. 166. 2.
Empal. leaves oval, hollow, with a ſhort bluntiſh point at the
end, not fringed or hairy, marked with 5 lines. Bloſs. blue. St.
Paſtures and meadows in a calcareous foil. [Marham, Norfolk.
Ixworth, Suffolk. Gogmagog Hills. Mr. WOODWARD.]
P. June. July
B. Stem trailing. Both varieties riſe from the ſame root. In trailing
the upright the chives are longer than the pointals; in the trailing
they are ſhorter. Huds.
LI'NUM anguſtifolium. Empalements and capſules narrozoleaved
taper-pointed. Stem branching, and fomewhat declin-
ing at the bafe. Huds.-Leaves very entire. Empale-
ments fringed with hairs not tipped with glands. St. Mr.
WOODWARD.
(Cluf. i. 318. 1, repr. in Lob.cbſ. 226. 2, is a pretty good repre-
ſentation of it, but from Clufius's deſcription of bloſſoms of a deep
blue, ſhould ſeem to be L, auſtriacum, which this ſpecies a good deal
reſembles in habit; and not L. tenuifolium as C. B. makes it.)
Stems numerous, branched towards the top. Leaves ſpear-ſtrap-
ſhaped, ſtiff, pointed, ſcattered, hairy underneath, as far as the
ftem is trailing pointing upwards, above that in various directions.
Empal. ſhorter than the capſule, egg-ſhaped, blunt, but ending
in a ſharp point, keeled with a prominent rib, Bloſs. much ſmaller
than that of L. perenne, pale reddiſh purple with darker lines;
petals not abſolutely entire. Shafts not bent back beyond the chives.
Mr. WOODWARD and ST.-Except that in ail my ſpecimens the
leaves are quite ſmooth. Bloſs, not much above as long again as
the empalement. ST.-Capſ. and empal. ſharp-pointed. Petals very
entire. Stems many from one root. With,
L.tenuifolium. d. Linn.-L. ſylv. anguft. et denfior. fol. flore minore.
C. B. pin. 214.--(Linum, Haller 838, is referred to by Hudſon,
but
-
-

330
.
PENTANDRIA PENTAGYNIA.
but appears to me to be what Haller himſelf conſiders it, L. tenui-
folium. St. Mr. WOODWARD.)
Dry meadows and paſtures. [Cornwall, frequent. Huds. Mr.
Watt.-In Devonſhire. Minſter in the Iſle of Shepey, and
Deal. Huds.]
P. June. July.
-
-
** Leaves oppoſite.
purging LI'NUM cathar'ticum. Leaves oppoſite, egg-ſpear-
ſhaped. Stem forked. Bloſſoms pointed.-
Ludw. 143.-Curt. iii. 26.-Walç.-Blackw. 368.-3. B. iii.
455. 2.-Pet. 55. 12.-Ger. em. 560. 5, cop. in Park. 1336.
10.-Barr. 1165. 1.
Before the flowers open they hang down. LINN.-Threads
united, in form of a glaſs, incloſing the ſeed-bud. Mr. HoLLE-
FEAR.-Empal
. edge fringed with minute glands on foot-ſtalks.
ST.---Threads united, forming a bag which incloſes the lower half
of the feed-bud. With.
Purging Flax. Mill-mountain. Dwarf Wild Flax.
Dry meadows and paſtures.
A. May.-July.
An infuſion of 2 drams or more of the dried plant is an excel-
lent
purge, and has been given with advantage in many obſtinate
rheumatiſms. It frequently acts as a diuretic. With.
Horſes, Sheep, and Goats eat it.
An-feed LI'NUM Radi'ola. Leaves oppoſite. Stem forked.
Chives and ſhafts 4.
.
Fl. dan. 178.–Vaill. 4.6.-Ray 15. 3. at p. 348. ---Pet. 59. 12.
-Michel. 21.-Ger. em. 569. 2.
Bloſſoms white.
All-feed. Leaſt Rupture-wort.
Moiſt fandy heaths.
-
-
A. Aug.
421. DR O'SERA,

V. CHIVES, V. POINTALS.
331
421. DRO'SERA.
Sundew.
manent.
EMPAL. Cup 1 leaf; with 5 clefts; ſharp; upright; per-
Bloss. funnel-ſhaped. Petals 5; nearly egg-ſhaped;
blunt; ſomewhat larger than the cup.
Chives. Threads 5; awl-thaped; as long as the cup. Tips
fmall.
Point. Seed-bud roundiſh. Shafts 5; ſimple; as long as
the chives. Summits ſimple.
S. Vess. Capſule nearly egg-ſhaped; of 1 cell; opening
with
5
valves at the top.
Seeds numerous; very ſmall; nearly egg-ſhaped.
Ess. CHAR. Empal. 5 clefts. Petals 5. Capſule i cell, 5
valves at the point. Seeds numerous.
I
in
-
DRO'S ERA rotundifo'lia. Stalks from the root. Yound-leaved
Leaves circular. LINN.-Shafts 6. HUDS.
Sheldr. 39.-Lob. obf. 472. 2, repr. in Ger. em. 1556. 1, cop.
Park. 1052. 1. b. c, and Pet. 63.10.—Blackw. 432.—Thal. 9.
1, cop. in J.B. iii. 761.2.-Barr. 251.1.-Trag. 529.3, cop.
in Lonic. 222. 2.-Ger. 1366. 1.
Leaf-ſtalks fringed at the baſe. Bloſſoms white.
Sundew. Roſa ſolis. Redrot. Youthwort. Moorgraſs.
Moffy bogs. [Malvern Chace on the ſide of the rivulet flowing
from the Spa. Mr. BALLARD.-Birmingham Heath. With.)
P. July. Aug.
The whole plant is acrid, and fufficiently cauſtic to erode the
ſkin; but ſome ladies know how to mix the juice with milk, ſo as
to make it an innocent and ſafe application to remove freckles and
ſunburn. The juice that exſudes from it unmixed will deſtroy
warts and cons.-The plant has the ſame effect upon milk as the
Pinguicula vulgaris; and like that too is ſuppoſed to occaſion the røt
in Sheep. Is not the four coagulated milk of the Syrians, called
Leban, or Leven, at firſt prepared with ſome plant of this kind ?
See Ruffel's nat. hiſt. of Aleppo.
The name, SUNDEW, ſeems to be derived from a very ſtriking
circumſtance in the appearance of theſe plants; the leaves are
fringed with hairs, ſupporting ſmall drops or globules of a pellucid
liquor like dew, which continue even in the hotteſt part of the
day, and in the fulleſt expoſure to the fun. Perhaps the acrimony
of the plant reſides in this ſecreted liquor.
DRO'SERA
-

332
PENTANDRIA PENTAGYNIA.
long-leaved
-
-
-
-
DRO'SER A longifolia. Stalks from the root. Leaves
oval-oblong. LINN.-Shafts 6. HUDS
Dod. 474.2, repr. in Ger. em. 1556.2, and cop. in Pet. 63. II.
--H.ox. xv. 4. row 1. 2.---Thal. 9. 2, cop. in 7. B. iii. 761.
1.-Barr. 251.2.-Lob. adv. 454. 2, ill cop. in Park. 1052. 1..
a.-Ger. 1366. 2.
Grows with the former. Is it really a diſtinct ſpecies? LINN.
-- In this and the former, Mafts 6, and valves of the capſule 3.
HUDS. Leaves upright, oblong, fleſhy, ſmooth underneath,
above beſet with purple hairs tipped with glands; the younger
ones rolled in. Leaf-ſtalks longer than the leaves, fringed at the
baſe. Stalk upright, cylindrical, nodding at the end, with many
flowers, before flowering rolled up. Floral-leaves very ſmall,
pointed, as long as the fruit-ſtalks. Bloſs. white. Lyons.- On
Brigſtear Moſs, near Kendal, growing to twice and thrice the ſize
they do about London, Ray's g additional ſpecies probably only
3
varieties. Curt. bot. excurs.--Differs from the preceding only in
the ſhape of the leaves. Bot. arr. ed. i. Relh.
Bogs with the former. Linn. Huds. ST.-[In Norfolk, fre-
quent. Mr. WOODWARD.]
P. July. Aug.
Its properties are the ſame with thoſe of the rotundifolia.
great
-
DRO'SERA ang'lica. Leaves oblong. Stalks from
the root. Shafts 8. HUDS.
H. ox.xv. 4. row 1, figure the laſ, cop. in Pet. 63. 12.-Park.
1052. 2, are the Rorella longif. max. of Ray, which Mr. Hudſon
refers to, though he does not to the above figures.
Has many things in common with the preceding ſpecies, but
is larger, and the capſules have 4 valves. HUDS.
Boggy ground in the northern counties. Devonſhire, Hants,
and Norfolk.
NOT
P. July. Aug.
Few perſons can have obſerved the Drosera in its native bogs,
without ſeeing ſome of the leaves doubled up; but the cauſe of
this, I believe, was firſt aſcertained in this kingdom by the atten-
tion and ingenuity of my friend, Mr. WHATELY, now a furgeon
in London. In the month of Auguſt, 1780, that gentleman, be-
ing upon a viſit in Derbyſhire, and gathering ſome ſpecimens of
the Droſera, examined ſome of theſe folded leaves, and finding a
dead inſect in each, was prompted to irritate the upper ſurface of
other leaves, by touching them with a pin. The effect was as he
expected, a ſudden contraction of the leaf upon the pin. He com-
municated this curious fact to me; and though the experiment has
fince failed in my hands, I am ſatisfied he ſaw what he deſcribed.
His friend, Mr. GARDOM, a Derbyſhire botaniſt, who accom-
panied

V. CHIVES, V. POINTALS.
333
a
panied him at the moment of this diſcovery, has fince written
me the following account:
“ In Auguſt, 1780, examining the Drosera in company with
Mr. WHATELY, on his inſpecting ſome of the contracted leaves,
we obſerved a ſmall imfect or ſily very cloſely impriſoned therein,
which occafioned ſome aſtoniſhment, to me at leaſt, how it hap-,
pened to get into that confined ſituation. Afterwards, on Mr.
Whately's centrically preſſing with a pin other leaves, yet in their
natural and expanded form, we obſerved a remarkable ſudden and
elaſtic ſpring of the leaves, ſo as to become inverted upwards, and
as it were encircling the pin, which evidently ſhewed the method
by which the fly came into its embarraſſing ſituation. This expe-
Timent was renewed repeatedly, and with the ſame effect, ſo that
Mr. Whately and myſelf are both certain of the fact.”
Two or three years after Mr. Whately had ſent me an account
of his diſcovery, I was much pleaſed to find the following account
of the Droſera in a German author, which, though it differs in
ſome reſpects from the obſervations of Mr. Whately and Mr.
Gardom, yet upon the whole it tends further to illuſtrate the fin-
gular properties of theſe curious plants :
"July, 1779. Droſ. rotundifolia and D. longifolia.- I remarked
that many leaves were folded together from the point towards the
baſe, and that all the hairs were bent like a bow, but there was
no apparent change on the leaf-ſtalk. Upon opening theſe leaves
I found in each a dead inſect. Hence I imagined that this plant,
which has ſome reſemblance to the Dionæa muſcipula, might
alſo have a ſimilar moving power.
"With a pair of plyers I placed an ant upon the middle of a leaf
of the D. rotundifolia, but ſo as not to diſturb the plant. The
ant endeavoured to eſcape, but was held faſt by the clammy juice
at the points of the hairs, which was drawn out by its feet into
fine threads. In ſome minutes the ſhort hairs on the diſk of the
leaf began to bend, then the long hairs, and laid themſelves upon
the inſect. After a while the leaf began to bend, and in ſome
hours the end of the leaf was fo bent inwards as to touch the bafe.
T'he ant died in 15 minutes, which was before all the hairs had
bent themſelves. On repeating this experiment, I found the effects
to follow ſooner or later, according to the ſtate of the weather.
At 11 in the morning, a ſmall fly placed in the centre of a leaf,
died ſooner than the ant had done, the hairs bent themſelves as
before, and at 5 in the evening the leaf was bent together, and
held the fly fhut up. The ſame experiment being made on the D.
longifolia, the fame effects followed, but more rapidly. I obſerved,
that in ſultry weather, and hot ſunſhine, when the drops of juice
upon
a
a

334
.
PENTANDRIA PENTAGYNIA.
upon the points of the hairs are largeſt, the experiment ſucceeds
beſt. If the inſect be a ſmall one, ſometimes only one edge of
the leaf is folded up; hence it ſhould ſeem neceſſary that the in-
ſect ſhould ſtir all the hairs of the leaf."-Wroth. Beytrog. p. 64.
Theſe accounts will, I hope, occaſion numerous obſervations
to be made upon this Britiſh Fly-trap, which fo nearly approaches
in its wonderful properties to the Dionæa muſcipula or Venus
Fly-trap, a native of the Bogs of Carolina. It is natural to enquire
whether this deſtruction of infects be not neceſſary to the welfare
of the plant? It is obvious that the experiments ſhould be made
upon well-grown vigorous plants in a fine day, as then the drops
of adheſive liquor at the ends of the hairs are always the largeſt.
It may be uſeful to remark, that theſe plants are not to be found
without a pretty cloſe inſpection of the Bogs they grow in, as they
are much covered by, and entangled with Moſs.
425. SIBBAL'DIA. Silverweed.
EMPAL. Cup i leaf; with 10 ſhallow clefts ; upright at
the baſe; permanent. Segments alternately narrower;
half ſpear-ſhaped; equal; expanding.
Bloss. Petals 5; egg-ſhaped ; ſtanding on the cup. .
Chives. Threads 5, hair-like; ſhorter than the petals;
ſtanding on the cup. Tips ſmall; blunt.
Point. Seed-buds 5; egg-ſhaped ; very ſhort. Shafts as
long as the chives, and ſtanding upon the ſides of the
feed-buds. Summits ſomewhat globular.
S. Vess. none. The Cup cloſes upon the ſeeds.
Seeds 5; rather long.
Ess. Char. Empal. 10 clefts. Petals 5, inſerted into the
CHAR
empal. Shafts
from the ſide of the ſeed-buds. Seeds 5.
procumbent SIBBAL'DIA procum'bens. Leafits with 3 teeth.- -
Fl. dan. 32.-- Penn. voy. ii. 5. at p. 43.-Pluk. 212. 3.-Pet. 41.
7, as cultivated.
Root woody. Stems trailing, covered with the remains of the
dead leaf-ſtalks. Leaf-ſtalks ſlender, ſlightly woolly, below oblong,
membranaceous, brown, embracing the ſtems, ſlightly cloven,
pointed. Leaves 3-fingered. Leafits inverſely egg-ſhaped, but
fomewhat lopped at the end, beſet on each ſide with ſoft
hairs; teeth ſomewhat pointed. Bloſs. yellow, ſmaller than the
empal. Pointals ſometimes 10, and 5 in the ſame plant. In
what reſpects it differs from the Potentilla may be ſeen by com-
paring

V. CHIVES, MANY POINTALS.
335
paring the deſcriptions of the 2 genera. Indeed it agrees with
that and the reſt of the natural order of Senticoſæ ; except in
the number of chives and pointals. LINN.-The younger Root
Leaves filky, the older bald. Chives and Seeds not more than 5.
HALL.-Leaf-ſtalks long. Leafits wedge-ſhaped, ſlightly cloven
into 3 at the end. Mr. WOODWARD.—Leaf-ſtalks longer than the
leafits. Leaves with fine filky hairs on both ſides. Chives 7 or more
in all the flowers examined of a cultivated ſpecimen. Threads
reddiſh. Tips yellow, Seed-buds 10. Seeds 10, fixed to a dry
hairy receptacle. With.
Mountains of Scotland.
P. July. Aug.
-
a
A
Order VI.
POLYGYNIA; MANY POINT ALS.
426.
MYOSURUS. Mouſetail.
EMPAL. Cup 5 leaves; half ſpear-ſhaped; blunt, reflected;
coloured ; deciduous; joined together above the baſe.
Bloss. Petals 5, very ſmall; ſhorter than the cup; tubu-
lar at the baſe; opening obliquely inwards.
Chives. Threads 5 or more, as long as the cup. Tips ob-
long; upright.
Point. Seed-buds numerous; fitting upon the receptacle,
forming an oblong cone. Shafts none. Summits ſimple.
S. Vess. none. Receptacle very long, ſhaped like a pillar ;
covered by the feeds which are laid one over ano-
ther like tiles.
Seeds numerous ; oblong; tapering.
Esss.CHAR. Empal.5 leaves, growing to each other at the baſe.
Honey-cups 5, awl-ſhaped, reſembling petals. Seeds nu-
merous. (In the generic deſcription the Honey-cups
are deſcribed as Petals. Reich.)
OBs. The number of Chives very variable. Cloſely allied to the
Ranunculus.
MYO-

336
PENTANDRIA POLYGYNIA.
little
MYOSU'RUS minimus.
Curt. iv. 43.--Fl. dan. 406.-Mill. illuſr.-Dod. 112. 1, repr.
in Lob. obf. 242. 1, Ger. em. 426.4, and cop. in Park. 500,
J. B. iii. 512, and Pet. 39.7.-Ger. 345. 4, chives repreſented
as proceeding from the whole length of the receptacle.---Lonic ii.
18. I.
-
Threads 4, 5, 6, MOENCH. 7. POLLICH. 10. LYONS; to 20.
Gmel. There is a variety with hairy leaves. HUDS.-Stem fimple.
Root-leaves narrow; ſtrap-ſhaped. Bloſſoms greeniſh.
Cornfields, meadows and paſtures, in a gravelly foil. [At La-
henham. Mr. Crowe.--Near Derby, Mr.WHATELY.-Malverra
Chace, Woreeſterſh. Mr. BALLARD.]
The whole plant is acrid.
TO
no
Glafs

337
Claſs VI.
Η Ε Χ Α Ν D RI Α.
VI. G H I y E S.
و زنان
THI
HE flowers of this claſs contain 6 chives, all of the
fame length, whereas in the 15th claſs, the chives,
though 6 in number, are unequal in length, 4 of them
being long, and 2 of them ſhort.
The BULBOUS Roots in this claſs are ſome of them
noxious, as thoſe of the DAFFODIL, the HYACINTH, and
the FRITILLARY; others are corroſive, as GARLICK, but
by roaſting or boiling they loſe great part of their acri-
mony
Order 1.
MONOGYNIA; I. POINT AL.
.
* Flowers with a cup and a bloſſom.
481. FRANKE'NIA......... Bloſs. 5 petals. Cup 1 leaf; be-
neath. Capſule i cell. Seeds
many.
476. BER'BERIS.
Bloſs. 6 petals. Cup 6 leaves ;
beneath. Berry, 2 ſeeds.
+ Hottonia paluftris. Anthericum calyculatum. Lythrum
hyſſopifolia. Peplis Portula.
** Flowers with a ſheath, or huſk.
433. GALAN'THUS. .... Bloſs. ſuperior. Petals 6; the 3
inner ones ſhorter and notched
at the end,
Vol. I.
.
Z
436. NAR-

338
Η Ε Χ Α Ν D RI Α.
436. NARCIS'SUS..........
Bloſs. fuperior. Petals 6. Honey-
cup bell-ſhaped; on the out-
ſide of the chives.
Bloſs. beneath. Petals 6; egg-
ſhaped, fitting.
442. AL'LIUM.......
*** Flowers naked.
459. CONVALLÁRIA.
Bloſſom beneath; with 6 clefts.
Berry, 3 ſeeds.
461. Hyacinthus..... Bloſs. beneath; with 6 clefts ; 3
honey-cup pores at the top of
the feed-bud.* (Segments of the
bloſſom rolled back. With.)
455. Anther'IcUM..... Bloſs. beneath ; with 6 flat petals.
451. ORNITHOG'ALUM. Bloſs. beneath; with 6 petals.
Threads alternately broader at
the baſe.
Bloſs. beneath. Petals 6; deci-
duous. Threads cylindrical;
of equal thickneſs.
457. Aspar'AGUS........ Bloſs. beneath. Petals 6. Berry,
6 feeds.
444. FRITILLA'RIA..... Bloſſom beneath. Petals 6; egg-
ſhaped ; with a koney-cup pore
at the baſe.
+ Juncus.
* I never could obſerve theſe pores in our ſpecies. With,
452. SCIL'LA.
468. AC'ORUS.
**** Flowers imperfe&t.
Sheath containing ſeveral flowers,
Capſule 3 cells.
Cup 6 leaves. Capſule i cell.
Cup with 12 clefts. Capſ, 2 cells.
472. Jun'aus.
482. Pep'lis.
Order II,
DIGYNIA; II. POINTALS.
of Rumex digynus. Polygonum Perſicaria. Polygonum hydro-
piper. Agrimonia Eupatoria,
Order

VI.
339
C H I V E S.
Order III.
TRIGY NIA; III. POINT ALS.
492. COL'CHICUM.
Empal. a ſheath. Bloſs. with_6
diviſions reſembling petals.
488. TriG'LOCHIN..... Cup 3 leaves. Bloſs. 3 petals.
Capſule opening at the baſe.
485. RU'MEX. Cup 3 leaves. Bloſſom 3 petals.
Seed 1, 3-cornered.
+ Anthericum calyculatum. Droſera rotundifolia. Droſera
longifolia.
Order V.
POLYGYNIA; MANY POINT ALS.
495. AL IS'MA.
Cup 3 leaves. Bloſom 3 petals.
3
Seed-veſſels many.
+ Triglochin maritimum.
Z 2
Order

340
HEXANDRIA MONOGYNIA.
Order 1.
MONOGYNIA; I. POINTAL.
433. GALAN'THUS. Snowdrop.
Empal. Sheath oblong, blunt, forked, compreſſed, ſhri-
velling; opening at the flat fide.
Bloss. Petals 3, oblong, blunt, concave, looſe, equal,
ſtanding open. Honey-cup cylindrical; nearly half
as long as the petals; compoſed of 3 leaves reſemb-
3
ling petals, parallel, blunt, nicked at the end.
Chives. Threads 6, hair-like, very ſhort. Tips oblong,
approaching, tapering, and ending in a briſtle.
POINT. Seed-bud globular; beneath. Shaft thread-lhaped ;
longer than the chives. Summit fimple.
S. Vess. Capſule nearly globular, with 3 blunt corners,
3 cells, and 3 valves.
Seeds many; globular.
Ess. CHAR. Petals 3, concave. Honey-cup of 3 petals,
ſmall, nicked. Summit fimple.
GALANT'HUS niva'lis.-
S
Jacq. auftr. iv. 313.-Walc.-Cluf. i. 169. 1, repr. in Dod.230.
1, Lob. obf. 64.3, Ger. em. 147.–Park. par. 107, fig. between
6, 7, and 9.-Ger. 120.1.—Matth. 1245.
-
Root bulbous. LINN.
Snowdrop. Fair Maids of February.
Meadows, fides of hedges. [At the foot of Malvern Hills, on
the right of the road running below the Camp. Mr. BALLARD in
Bot. Arr. ed. i.- Where no traces of any buildings or gardens are
to be found. Finſtall, near Bromſgrove. ST.-Near Cirenceſter,
Glouceſterſhire. Mr.YERROW ARROWSMITH)-And in orchards
in Weſtmoreland, Cumberland, and Lancaſhire. Huds.
P. March. April.
common
-
--
436. NAR-

VI. CHIVES, I. POINTAL.
341
436. NARCIS'SUS. Daffodil.
EMPAL. Sheath oblong; blunt; compreſſed; opening
upon the flat fide; ſhrivelling.
Bloss. Petals 6; egg-ſhaped ; tapering; flat; fixed on
the outſide above the baſe of the tube of the honey-
cup. Honey-cup 1 leaf; funnel-ſhaped; but rather
cylindrical; border coloured,
Chies. Threads 6; awl-ſhaped ; fixed to the tube of
the honey-cup, but ſhorter than the honey-cup. Tips
rather long.
Point. Seed-bud beneath; roundiſh; with 3 blunt corners.
Shaft thread-ſhaped ; longer than the chives. Summit
with 3 clefts; concave; blunt.
S. Vess. Capſule roundiſh; bluntly 3-cornered; with 3
cells, and 3 valves.
Seeds numerous; globular; with little appendages.
Ess. CHAR. Petals 6; equal. Honey-cup funnel-ſhaped;
of i leaf. Chives within the honey-cup.
NARCISSUS poet'icus. Sheath with 1 flower. pale
Honey-cup wheel-ſhaped, very ſhort, ſkinny, finely ſcol-
loped.-
Park. par. 75. 1.-Cluf. i. 156, repr. in Dod. 223. 2, and Ger. em.
cop. in Ger. 110. 6, J. B. ii. 604. 1, and Pet.
67. 10.
Bloſs. yellowiſh white, Honey-cup yellow. Ger.--Flowers moſtly
2, ſometimes i, and ſeldom more than 3 on a ſtalk, larger than
any that bear many flowers upon a ſtalk, of a ſweet, but ſtuffing
ſcent. Blofs. pale whitiſh cream colour. Honey-cup pale yellow.
Park. Ray. St.--Bloſs. tube 3-ſquare, as long as the petals; pe-
tals roundiſh-oblong, terminating in a ſhort tooth. Honey-cup
bright yellow. Mr. Hudſon appears to conſider it as a variety of
N. poeticus, which is, however, deſcribed by all authors as bearing
only i flower on a ſtalk. I ſuſpect it will prove a diſtinct ſpecies. St.
Meadows and hedges but rather rare. Huds.-Fields and ſides
of woods in the weſt of England. Ger.-And at a diſtance from
any houſe. RaY.-Near Hornſey Church.* SHERARD in R. fyn.
- [Near Hallifax. Mr. Wood.]
P. May
124.7, and
* Pet. 67. 8, is a fig, of what he calls the Hornſey Daffodil. From the length
of the honey-cup it ſhould ſeem to be a ſpecies not uncommon in our gardens,
but unnoticed by Linnæus, and which I would call the
NARCISSUS pallidus. St.
N'AR
Nonfuch
Z 3

342
HEXANDRIA MONOGYNIA:
I
-
common NARCIS'SUS Pſeudo-Narciſſus. Sheath with 1 flower.
Honey-cup bell-ſhaped, upright, curled, as long as the
petals. Petals egg-ſhaped. -
Tourn. 185. H.-Dod. 227. 1, repr. in Lob. obf. 61.1, Ger. em.
133. 2, and cop. in Pet. 67. 9.-Swert. i. 21. 3.-5. B. ii.
592. 2.-Trag. 757.-Ger. 115.2.
Stalk 2-edged. Petals egg-ſpear-ſhaped, ſtraw-coloured. Honey-
cup throughout of a full yellow; the rim a little plaited and ſnipt.
Duſt kidney-ſhaped. With.
Woods, meadows, and ſides of hedges. In woods near Erith,
Kent. [Norfolk. Mr. Woodw.-And in orchards. Hanley Caſtle,
Worceſterſhire. Mr. BALLARD.-Covers almoſt a whole field
beyond Erdington, on the road from Birmingh. to Sutton. Madely,
Shropſh. WITH. Near Derby. Mr. WHATELY.]P.Ap. [& Mar. W]
The freſh roots are acrid.
-
442. AL'LIUM. Garlick.
EMPAL. Sheath common to ſeveral flowers; roundiſh; ſhri-
velling
Bloss. Petals 6; oblong.
Chives. Threads 6; awl-ſhaped ; generally as long as the
bloffom. Tips oblong; upright.
Point. Seed-bud ſuperior; ſhort, ſomewhat 3-cornered;
the corners marked by a line. Shaft ſimple. Summit
ſharp
S. Vess. Capſule very ſhort ; broad; of 3 lobes, 3 cells,
and 3 valves.
Seeds many; roundiſh.
Ess. Char. Bloſs. 6 diviſions; expanding. Sheath of ſeveral
flowers. Rundle crowded. Capſule ſuperior.
Obs. In ſome ſpecies every other thread is broad, and the tip
fixed in a fork at the end of the thread.
round-headed
* Stem-leaves ftat. Rundles bearing capſules.
AL'LIUM Ampelop'raſum. Stem with flat leavese
Rundle globular. Threads 3-pointed. Petals rough along
the keel.-
Cluf. i. 190, repr. in Dod. 690. 1, Lob. obf. 79. 1, Ger. em. 180.
2, and cop. in Park. 872. 3, and J. B. ii. 558.
Chives ſomewhat longer than the bloſſom. LINN.-Lateral root
folid. Blofjoms pale purple.
Ide of Holmes in the Severn-ſea.
P. July
This

VI. CHIVES, I. POINTAL,
343
This is eaten along with other pot-herbs. It communicates its
Hlavour to the milk and butter of cows that eat it.
-
** Stem-leaves flat. Rundles bearing bulbs.
AL'LIUM arenar'ium. Stem with flat leaves, and ſand
bulbs. Sheath of the leaves cylindrical. Sheath of the
flower without any ſharp point. Threads with 3 points.-
Fl. dan. 290.-Cluf. i. 193, repr. in Ger. em. 187.4, cop. in Park.
873. 5, and J. B. ii. 560.-[Rupp. jen. ab. Hall. 2. Mr.
Woodward.]-(H. ox. iv. 14.-5, is A. carinatum.)
Bulbs and bloſſoms blue. Chives a little longer than the bloſſom.
Leaves narrow, entire at the edge. LINN.-Stem 2 or 3 feet high.
Leaves 3 or 4, ſheathing the lower part of the ſtem, the lower ones
quickly withering, broad, edges hairy, or rather finely toothed,
but the teeth not diſcernible without a glaſs. Leaf-Sheaths fmooth,
ſcored; ſcores of a deeper green. Sheath of 1 leaf, broad, ſhort,
blunt. Bulbs numerous, deep purple. Flowers a few, on ſhort
fruit-ſtalks, ſmall, purple, marked with a deeper line. Mr.
WOODWARD.
Mountains of Weſtmoreland. [Sir James Lowther's Woods,
by Lowther, Weſtmoreland, and paſtures adjacent. Mr. WOOD-
WARD.]
P. June. July.
AL'LIUM carina'tum. Stem with flat leaves, and mountain
bulbs. Threads awl-ſhaped.-
Hall. de All. 2, 2, in opuſc. at p. 392.--- Fuchl. 738, cop. in Trag.
748.3, and Lonic. 195.1, head expanding.-Cluf. i. 193. 2.
--Ger. em. 187.5.-H. ox. iv. 14. 5.-Swert. i. 60.5, cop.
in Park. par. 143. 3.
Sheath very long. LINN.
Meadows, paſtures, and rocks.
P. June. July
*** Stem-leaves nearly cylindrical. Rundle bearing bulbs.
AL'LIUM vinea'le. Stem with cylindrical leaves, crow
and bulbs. Chives 3-pointed.-
Dod. 683. 1, repr. in Ger. em. 179. I, and cop. in Pet. 66. I,
and Park. 871. 1.–Fuchſ. 737, cop. in Lonic. 196. 1.-Trag.
748.----Fuchſ. 738, cop. in Trag. 748.3, appear to me to be A.
carinatum burſting into flower.-Matth. 558. I and 3,
leaves.
Bulbs tapering, bowed back, often running out into long hair.
like points, compacted into a cloſe head. Bloſs. ſmall, violet. Threads
with 2 long briſtles projecting beyond the flower. Linn.-Stem
about 2 feet high, below covered with the ſheaths of the leaves.
Leaves
-
has flat
a
2
24

344
.
HEXANDRIA MONOGYNIA.
Leaves ſmooth, hollow, flender, very long. Leaf-Sheaths ſmooth,
ſcored. Sheath of 1 leaf, broad at the baſe, ending in an awl.
ſhaped point, about an inch long, ſcored with green lines. Bulbs
numerous, white. Bloſſoms few, ſmall. Mr. WOODWARD.
Meadows and paſtures. [Near Norwich. Mr. Crowe.--Hunt-
ingdonſhire and Derbyſhire. Mr. WOODWARD.] P. June.
The young ſhoots are eaten in fallads, or boiled as a pot-herb.
B. With a double head of bulbs.
Lob. obf. 78. 2, copa in Park. 871. f.3, and H. ox. iv. 14. 4.
Near Worceſter. Sr.
a
wild
AL'LIUM olera'ceum. Stem with bulbs. Leaves
rough, ſemi-cylindrical, furrowed on the under fide.
Chives ſimple.-
Hall. de All. 1.2, in opuſc. p. 386.--Cluf. i. 194. 1, cop. in Ger.
em. 188.6, and H. ox. iv. 14. 2.-J. B. ii. 561.1.
Root a ſolid bulb. Stem 2 or 3 feet high, upright, or only a lit-
tle bent towards the top, fmooth, not ſcored, ſolid. Leaves hollow.
Bulbs egg-ſhaped, forming a roundiſh knob; from between theſe
ariſe ſeveral thread-ſhaped fruit-ſtalks, each ſupporting a ſingle
flower, which is nodding; cylindrical, but ſomewhat bell-ſhaped,
Bloſs. whitiſh green, with 3 dark purple ſtreaks on each petal. Very
minute white dots, hardly viſible to the maked eye, are ſcattered
over the whole plant. LINN.--- Leaves and leaf-ſheaths deeply furrow-
ed. Bulbs numerous. Fruit-ſtalks, fome upright. Bloſs, pale, with
purple lines. Threads fixed to the petals. Seed-bud priſm-ſhaped,
of 6 angles. Shaft flender, longer than the bloſſom. Excepting
that the leaves can hardly be called rough, correſponds very exactly
with A. oleraceum. Mr. WOODWARD.
Meadows, paſtures, and amongſt corn.
The tender leaves are very commonly boiled in ſoups, or fried
with other herbs.-Cows, Goats, Sheep, and Swine eat it.
1
P. July,
Ramſon
**** Leaves from the root. Stalk naked.
AL'LIUM urf'num. Stalk naked, 3-ſquare. Leaves
fpear-ſhaped, on leaf-ſtalks. Rundle flat-topped.-
Fl. dan. 757.-- Fuchſ. 739, cop. in 7. B. ii. 566. 1, and Trag. 748.
2.-Walc.--Matth. 560, cop. in Dod. 683. 2, which repr. in
Lob. obf. 80.2, and Ger. em. 179. 2; and cop, again in Ger.
141.2, and Pet. 66.8.-H. ox. iv. 15. 15.
Stalk below, ſemi-cylindrical. Retz.-Root-leaves egg-oblong, as
long as the ſtalk. Sheath falling off. Flowers to 20. Threads in-
ſerted into the claws of the petals, ſhorter than the ſhaft. Seeds
nearly egg-ſhaped, i in each cell. Relhan.-Bulbs oblong. Root-
leaves

VI. CHIVES, I. POINTAL.
345
leaves 2 to 4, on long leaf-ſtalks. Sheath oval, cloven. Petals ſpear-
ſhaped, white. Mr. WOODWARD.-Leaves as long as the ſtalk.
Threads fixed to the baſe of the petals, ſhorter than the ſhaft. W.
Ramfons.--Woods and hedges.
P. May.
An infuſion in brandy is eſteemed a good remedy for the gravel.
Penn. tour. 1772. p. 175.--Other plants that grow near it will not
flouriſh.
Cows eat it; but it communicates its flavour to the milk.
AL'LIUM Schcenop'raſum. Stalk naked, as long as chived
the leaves. Leaves cylindrical, awl-thread-ſhaped..-
Fuchſ. 635.--Trag- 742. 2.-Lonic. i. 194. 2.--Dod. 689, repr.
in Lob. obf. 77. 1, Ger. em. 177.1.–Ger. 139. 1.-H. ox. iv.
14. row 1. 4.—Matth. 550, cop. in Dod. 689. 2, and which
repr. in Lob. obl. 78. 1.
Meadows and paſtures. By Faſt-Caſtle, on the borders of
Berwickſhire, and in Weſtmoreland.
P. June.
444. FRITILLA'RIA. Fritillary.
EMPAL. Cup none.
Bloss. bell-ſhaped ; expanding at the baſe. Petals 6;
-
oblong; parallel. Honey-cup a hollow in the baſe of
each petal.
Chives. Threads 6; awl-ſhaped; approaching the ſhaft.
Tips 4-cornered ; oblong; upright.
Point. Seed-bud oblong; 3-lided; blunt. Shaft fimple ;
longer than the chives. Summit with 3 clefts ; ex-
3
panding; blunt.
S.Vess. Capſule oblong; blunt; with 3 lobes, 3 cells,
and 3 valves.
Seeds many; flat; outwardly ſemi-circular; in 2 rows.
Ess. Char. Blosſom of 6 petals; bell-ſhaped; with a cavity
containing honey above the claws. Chives as long as the
bloſſom.
I
FRITILLA'RIA Melea'gris. All the leaves alter- chequered
nate. Stem with 1 flower.-
Curt. iii. 36.---Walc.— Jacq. auftr. v. app. 32.-Park. par. 41. 2.
--Cluf. i. 153. 1, repr. in Ger. em. 149. 1, and cop. in Ger. .
122, 1.--Cluf. i. 152, repr. in Dod. 233. 2, and Ger. em.
149. 2; and cop. in Ger. 122. 2.---Swert. i. 7. 4.
Honey-cup

346
.
HEXANDRIA MONOGYNIA.
Honey-cup oblong. LINN.-Flowers generally 1, ſometimes 2,
and even 3. C. B. pin.-Bloſs. bellying at the baſe. Curt. St.-
Root bulbous, folid, ſmall for the fize of the plant, throwing out
numerous fibres beneath, and increafing by off-ſets. Stem from
the ſide of the root, 12 to 18 inch. high, cylindrical, fmooth, bend-
ing at the top into an elegant arch. Leaves 3 to 5, ſhort, graſs-
like, half embracing the ftem, alternate, diftinct. Flower drcop-
ing. Petals oval, the 3 outer bulging at the baſe, the 3
inner
Hat, of a dull red, chequered with a deeper colour, without any
mixture of green or yellow. Summit deeply cloven. Capſule, angles
blunt. Mr. WOODW.-Stem cylindrical, crooked. Leaves 4 to 6,
ſpear-ſhaped. Honey-cup a fleſhy glandular ſubſtance connecting
the chives to the petals. Tips nearly as long as the threads, of 2
cells. Seed-bud, corners blunt. With.-Fruit-ſtalks flender. Bloſs.
nodding, chequered with purple, and greeniſh yellow. Stalk
grows conſiderably longer after the flowering.
Fritillary. Chequered Daffodil, or Tulip. Snakeshead. Guinea-henflower.
Meadows and paſtures. Mawde Fields, near Riſlip Common,
Middleſex; near Bury, Enfield; and in the meadows between
Mortlake and Kew. [Between Laxfield and Stirrup-ftreet, Suff.
Mr. WOODWARD.-In a meadow near Blymhill, Staffordſhire,
plentifully. Mr. DICKENSON.-Near Leiceſter. Dr. ARNOLD.]
P. April. May,
a
451. ORNITHOG'ALUM. Bethlemſtar.
EMPAL. Cup none.
Bloss. Petals 6; fpear-ſhaped ; upright below the middle,
but expanding and flat above; permanent; but
fading.
Chives. Threads 6; upright; broadeſt at the baſe;
ſhorter than the bloſſom. Tips ſimple.
Point. Seed-bud angular. Shaft awl-ſhaped; permanent,
Summit blunt.
S. Vess. Capſule roundiſh; angular ; with 3 cells, and 3
valves.
Seeds many; roundiſh.
Ess. CHAR. Bloſſom of 6 petals ; upright; permanent ;
from about the mid-way expanding. Every other thread
broader at the baſe.
Obs. The threads in ſome fpecies are upright and flat; every
other thread having 3 points, and the tip fixed upon the middle
point. In other ſpecies theſe alternate threads are undivided.
* AN

VI. CHIVES, I. POINTAL.
347
* All the threads awl-ſhaped.
ORNITHOG'ALUM luteum Stalk angular, with yellow
2 leaves. Fruit-ſtalks in rundles, undivided. LINN.-
Rather ſtem. ST.
Walc.-Cluf. i. 188. 2, repr. in Dod. 222, Lob. obf. 72. 3, Ger.
em. 165. 2, and cop. in Pet. 66. 12.-Fl. dan. 378.*—Fuchſ.
169, cop. in J. B. ii. 622, 1.-Ger. 132. 2.-Lonic. 193. 1.-
H.ox. iv. 13. 12.-Swert. i. 57. 3.—Park. par. 137. 7.-
(Trag. 737.2, ſeems rather 0. minus.)
Root-leaf generally fingle, longer than the ftem. Stem-leaves
ſometimes 3 or 4, unequal. 1 much larger. Fruit-ſtalk ſometimes
,
ſolitary. Petals in 2 ſeries, the inner greeniſh yellow, the outer
green. Mr. WOODWARD.
Meadows and paſtures. Woods on the banks of the Tees near
Greta Bridge, and Bignal, Yorkſhire. R. fyn. [and Rev. Mr.
Zouch.]-Near Doncaſter and Kendal. [Under Malham Cove.
Mr. Wood.-In a meadow adjoining to the Copper Mills, Derby.
Mr. WHATELY.]
P. April.
The bulbous roots of all the ſpecies are nutritious and whole-
fome, and thoſe of this ſpecies have been employed for food in a
ſcarcity of proviſions.-Horſes, Goats, and Sheep eat it. Swine
are not fond of it. Cows refuſe it.
ORNITHOG'ALUM pyrena'icum. Bunch very ſpiked
long. Threads ſpear-ſhaped. Fruit-ſtalks when in flower
expanding, equal, but afterwards approaching the ſtalk.-
Cluf. i. 187. 1, repr. in Dod. 209. 1, Lob. obf. 47. 3, Ger. em.
97, and cop. in Ger. 89, and 7.B.ii. 627.1.-Park. par. 137.5.
Nearly 3 feet high. Flower-ſcales folitary, not embracing the
ſtem, as long as the pedicles. Every other chive ſhorter. GOUAN.
--Stalk i į or 2 feet high. Fruit-ſtalks flender. Flower-ſcales mem-
.
branaceous at the baſe, broad, and half embracing the ſtalk, up-
wards awl-ſhaped. Petals narrow, expanding, pale yellow within,
green without, with whitiſh margins. Mr. WOODWARD.
Meadows and paſtures. Near Alhley, between Bath and Brad-
ford; and rear Chicheſter.
P. June.
-
** Threads alternately notched at the end.
ORNITHOG'ALUM umbella'tum. Flowers in broad common
topped ſpikes. Fruit-ſtalks riſing above the top of the
ſtalk. Threads widening at the baſe. LINN.-None of
the threads cloven. WITH. Scop. ST.
-
* Much larger than any ſpecimens I have ever ſeen, Mr. Woodw. ST.
Jacq.

348
HEXANDRIA MONOGYNIA.
Jacq. auftr. iv. 343.-Ger. 132. 1.-Dod. 221.1, repr. in Lob.
obſ. 72.2, Ger. em. 165. 1, and cop. in Swert. i.57.4.-(Matth.
542, if the plant, the leaves and ſtalk misfigured.)
Root-leaves about 9. The loweſt fruit-ſtalks riſing higher than the
reft. A flower-ſcale at the baſe of each fruit-ſtalk. Scop. With.
-- Fruit-ſtalks very long, broad. Flower-ſcales very large, white,
membranaceous. Mr. WOODWARD---Petals white, with a broad
green ſtreak along the under fide. Threads ſpear-ſhaped, flat,
Heſhy; every other broader. Seed-bud with 6 blunt angles. Shaft
cylindrical, with 3 blunt angles. With.
Woods, meadows, and paſtures in Norfolk. P. Apr. May.
a
452. SCIL'LA. Squill.
EMPAL. Cup none.
Bloss. Petals 6; egg-ſhaped ; greatly expanding; deci-
duous,
Chives. Threads 6; awl-ſhaped; half as long as the pe-
tals. Tips oblong; fixed fide-ways.
Point. Seed-bud roundiſh. Shaft ſimple, as long as the
chives; falling off. Summit ſimple.
S. Vess. Capſule nearly egg-ſhaped; ſmooth; with 3 fur-
rows, 3 cells, and 3 valves.
Seeds ſeveral; roundiſh.
Ess. Char. Bloſſoms of 6 petals ; falling off. Threads
thread-ſhaped.
vernal
-
SCIL'LA ver'na. Broad topped ſpike hemiſpherical,
with floral-leaves, and but few flowers. Leaves awl-ſtrap-
ſhaped, channelled. Huns.-Flower-ſcales nearly as long
as the flowers.* ST.-Flowers 3 to 8, and in gardens 6 to 16.
See Hudſon's deſcription.
Fl. dan. 568.t-Cluf. i. 188. 1, repr. in Ger. em. 166. 4.--Park.
par. 137. 6.
Root bulbous, coated, brown, the fize of a hazle-nut. Stalk
2 to 6 inches high, upright, cylindrical, leafleſs, even, ſmooth.
2
Leaves
* Add to the character of S. bifolia, Flower-ſcales very minute. Leaves
blunt. HALL. ST.–And to the deſcription, Leaves very broad. HALL. ST.
† Correſponds exactly with the Corniſh ſpecimens, is referred in the Syft.
veg, to S. bifolia, but this it cannot be from its flower-ſcales being nearly as
long as the flowers, in which as well as other reípects it correſponds with the
character of S. verna, though not referred to by Mr, Hudſon. ST.

VI. CHIVES, I. POINTAL.
349
Leaves ſeveral, pointed, nearly as long as the ſtalk. Blofſoms pale
blue. Floral-leaves permanent, membranaceous, hollow, pointed.
HUDS.
Meadows and paſtures. Cliffs on the ſea fhore in Angleſea
and Wales; about St. Ives, and other places in Cornwall. I have
received fpecimens of it under the title of S. bifolia, but that ſpe-
cies is not a native of theſe iſlands. HUDS.--Gloddaeth, Caernar-
vonſhire. [Near Redruth, Cornwall. Mrs. WATT.]
P. April. May.
-
SCIL'LA autumna'lis. Leaves thread-ſhaped. Flowers autumnal
in broad-topped ſpikes. Fruit-ſtalks naked, afcending,
as long as the flowers.-
Cluf. i. 185.2, repr. in Dod. 219. 1, Lob. obf. 53. 3, Ger. em.
110. 1, and cop. in Ger. 98. 4.
Bloſs. about the ſize of a pea. Linn.Root bulbous, coated.
Leaves numerous, much ſhorter than the ſtalks. Mr. Woodw,-
Bloſſoms blue.
Dry paſtures. St. Vincent's Rock, near Briſtol; Lizard Point,
Cornwail; Black Heath; near Ditton, on Moulſey Hurſt, over
againſt Hampton Court. [Common, near Chace Water Mine,
Cornwall. Mr. WATT.]
P. Aug. Sept.
455. ANTHER'ICUM. Spiderwort.
4
EMPAL. Cup none.
Bloss. Petals 6; oblong; blunt; greatly expanded.
Chives. Threads 6; awl-ſhaped; upright. Tips ſmall;
with 4 furrows; fixed ſide-ways to the threads.
Point. Seed-bud with 3 corners, but ſlightly marked.
Shaft ſimple; as long as the chives. Summit blunt;
3-cornered.
S. Vess. Capſule egg-ſhaped; ſmooth; with 3 furrows,
3
3 cells, and 3 valves.
Seeds numerous; angular.
Ess. Char. Bloſs. of 6 petals ; open. Capſule egg-ſhaped.
Spiderworts. Leaves channelled. Threads for the moſt part
ſmooth.
ANTHER'ICUM ſero'tinum. Leaves fiattiſh. Stalk Saffron
with i flower.-
Jacq, auſtr. v. 38.-Ray 17. 1. at p. 474.-J. B. ii. 663. 1.
Root
I
-

350
HEXANDRIA MONOGYNIA.
Root oblong, covered with ſcales the remains of dead leaves.
Stalk with 3 or 4 floral-leaves or leaves, ſpear-ſhaped, alternate,
very minute, ſheathing. No flower-ſheath. Flower beneath. Petals
with tawny lines, and yellow claws. Threads not woolly. LINN.
Mountain Saffron.
On high mountains, as on Snowdon, and on the mountains in
the neighbourhood of Llanberrys on the weſt ſide of Trigvylchau.
RAY.-Rocks on Crib y Diſtil. HUDS.
P. April. May.
-
Lancaſhire
** Nartheciums. Leaves ſword-ſhaped.
ANTHER'ICUM offif'ragum. Leaves ſword-ſhaped.
Threads woolly:-
Narthecium ollifragum. Huds. which fee.
ſcottiſh
ANTHER'ICUM calycula'tum. Leaves ſword-
ſhaped. Cups with 3 lobes. Threads ſmooth. Shafts 3.-
Tofieldia paluſtris. Huds. which fee.
Remarkable as a Liliaceous plant in having a cup. In external
appearance it accords ſo exactly with the A. Nifragum, that ſo far
from removing it from that natural order, we are obliged to place
them in the ſame genus, notwithſtanding its 3-cornered empalement,
the abſence of a ſhaft, 3 feed-buds, and its naked threads. Linn.
NARTHE'CIUM. (Moehr, and Huds.) Kingſpear.
EMPAL. none.
Bloss. Petals 6; equal; ſpear-ſhaped; pointed; nearly
upright; permanent; (ftiff; widely expanding; af-
ter bloſſoming upright; bluntiſh at the point. St.)
Chives. Threads 6 ; awl-ſhaped; woolly.
Tips ſmall
fixed fide-ways.
Point.
POINT. Seed-bud 3-ſquare. Shaft none. Summit blunt;
(oblong. ST.)
S. Vess. Capſule egg-ſhaped; pointed; 3-ſquare; 3 cells,
Seeds numerous ; chaff-like; (cylindrical, tapering to a
point each way. St.) Huds.
Ess. CHAR. Bloſs. 6 petals; expanding ; permanent. Shaft
0. Capſule egg-shaped Seeds with tail-like appendages
at each end. ST.
Obs. Moehringius and Mr. Hudſon appear to me to have done
well in making this a diſtinct genus. Linnæus urges indeed that
3 valves.
66 it

VI. CHIVES, I. POINTAL.
351
* it is connected to ſeveral of the Anthericums in its hairy
" threads," but acknowledges at the ſame time that it “ differs
“ from them in having a pyramidal ſeed-bud, chaff-like ſeeds, and a
“ permanent bloſſom," circumſtances ſurely fufficient to conſtitute
a diſtinct genus. Add to which that its habit is totally diſtinct. St.
-
NARTH E'CIUM offiftragum. Huds. St. Lancaſhire
Fl. dan. 42.-Cluf. i. 198. 1, repr. in Dod. 208. 2, Lob.obf. 47.
1, Ger. em. 95. 2, and cop. in J. B. ii. 633. 2, H. ox. iv. I.
7, and Pet. 66.9.-(Gmel. i. 18. 2, is Anthericum calyculatum.
ib. 1. in Hudſ. an error of the preſs for 2. Mr. Woodward. St.)
Threads bearded. LINN.-Leaves ſometimes ſhort, and ſword-
ſhaped, ſometimes long, and graſs-like, ſcored, with prominent
ribs. Petals yellow within, green without, with yellow edges.
Mr. WOODWARD.-Stem cylindrical, 4 to 6 inches high. Root-
leaves ſtrap-ſpear-ſhaped, flat, ſcored. Stem-leaves lying cloſe to
the ſtem. Flower-ſcales, 2 to each fruit-ſtalk, ſpear-ſhaped, alter-
nate, concave. Petals ſtrap-fpear-ſhaped, a little concave, greatly
expanding, greeniſh on the outſide, of a full yellow within.
Threads yellow. Tips ſcarlet. With.ST.-Stem aſcending, 4 inch.
to a foot high. Leaves all bowed one way in the ſame direction
as the ſtem. Stem-leaves fometimes like the root-leaves, and above
2 inches long, but generally reſembling ſheath-like floral-leaves.
Flowers in a terminating bunch, upright. Flower-ſcales awl-ſhaped,
the lower at the baſe of the fruit-ſtalk, and nearly as long, the
upper thrice as ſmall. Petals, the 3 outer awl-ſhaped, the inner
oblong-ſtrap-ſhaped. Threads ſaffron-coloured, covered with thick
white wool; the wool hair-like, knotted like a chain. Summit ſlightly
nicked. Capſule ſpear-egg-ſhaped. Seeds oblong, tapering cach
way into briſtle-ſhaped tails nearly twice as long as the ſeed; dif-
poſed lengthways and nearly as long as the ſeed-veſſel. St.
Aſphodelus Lancaſtrie. Ger, em. 96. n. 2.-Lancaſhire, or Baſtard
Aſphodel.
Turf bogs. [Derſingham Moor, Norfolk. Mr. Crowe.--Bogs
in the north very common. Mr. WOODWARD. — Birmingham
Heath. With. ST.]
P. July. Aug.
It is believed in Sweden to be noxious to ſheep, and has been
ſuppoſed to foften the bones of animals that eat it, but this opinion
wants confirmation.
Cows and Horſes eat it. Sheep and Swine refuſe it.
a
-
-
457, ASPA

352
HEXANDRIA MONOGYNIA.
common
457. ASPAR'AGUS. Aſparagus.
EMPAL. Cup none.
Bloss. Petals 6; oblong; permanent; connected by the
claws into an upright tube. The 3 inner petals al-
ternate; reflected at the top.
Chives. Threads 6; thread-ſhaped ; ftanding on the
petals; upright; ſhorter than the bloſſom. Tips
roundiſh.
Point. Seed-bud turban-ſhaped; with 3 corners. Shaft
very ſhort. Summit a prominent point.
S. Vess. Berry globular; with 3 cells and a dot at the
end.
SEEDS 2 ; ſmooth; roundiſh; but angular on the inſide.
Ess. Char. Bloſs. with 6 diviſions ; upright. The
The 3 inner
petals bent back at the point. Berry 3 cells, and 2 ſeeds.
Oes. It is not eaſy to ſay whether the bloffom is compoſed of 1
or 6 petals. Flowers pendant, though the pointal very ſhort.
ASPARAGUS officina'lis. Stem herbaceous,
cylindrical, upright. Leaves briſtle-ſhaped. Leaf-ſcales
in pairs. LINN.-Solitary. St.
Ludw.78.-Fl. dan. 505.-Mill. 55.-Sheldr. 83, fertile plant.-
Matth. 477.— Fuchſ. 58, cóp. in Trag. 222, and J. B. iij.726.
1.–Ger. 949.* 1.-Blackw. 332.-Cluf. ii. 179, repr. in Dod.
703. 1, Lob. obf. 458, and Ger. em. 1110. 1, and cop. in Park.
1 .
454. 3.-par. 501.6.-Lonic. 141. 2.
Stems herbaceous, upright, panicled. Leaf-ſcales, the outer fo-
litary, with a ſmaller ones within, from between which riſe 3,
and ſometimes 4 and 5 ſtrap-ſhaped leaves. This is the caſe in
5
the upper part of the branches where there are no flowers, but in
,
the lower part of the branches a finall branch riſes in their ſtead.
Fruit-ſtalks in pairs, limber, bearing 1 flower, pendant, with a
jointed knot. Bloſs. bell-ſhaped; inner petals longer. In the cul-
tivated varieties the chives and pointals are not on different plants. Linn.
The wild varieties have chives and pointals on different plants. Goyan.
-The cultivated as well as wild varieties have chives and pointals on
different plants. Leers.-Stem upright, or lying flat. Flowers, ſome
with only chives, others with only pointals, and others again
with chives and pointals. Berries with ſometimes only ı feed.
HUDS.-Branches alternate, with props, not leaves, at the baſe.
Props folitary, membranaceous, browniſh; thoſe at the baſe of the
branches triangular-egg-ſhaped, tapering out into a point; the
baſe
-
-
-
a
-

VI. CHIVES, I. POINTAL.
353
baſe alſo running down into a pointed prominence; thoſe at the
baſe of the leaves heart-egg-ſhaped, pointed, ragged at the edge,
and often cracking at the ſides, its baſe incloſing the whole bundle
of leaves; the 2 inner ones deſcribed by Linnæus not to be found.
Duſt and ſeed produced on different plants. Flowers of the plants
producing duſt nearly as large again. Chives nearly as long as the
petals. Threads adhering to the petals for half their length. Tips
oblong, upright, orange. Duſt orange. Seed-bud half as long as
the threads, and as large as the other at the ſame ſtage of growth.
Shaft none. Flowers of the plants producing ſeeds not ſo conſpicuous,
and of a greener and browner hue. Chives not half ſo long as the
petals. Tips whitiſh, membranaceous, barren. Duſt none. Seeds
generally 2, but ſometimes 3. Fructification examined in cultivated
plants, the reſt from the wild and cultivated. St.--Bloſs. yellowiſhi
green. Berries red.
Aſparagus. Sparagus, corruptly Sparrowgraſs. Sperage.
Meadows and rocks on the ſea coaſt. Lizard Point, Graveſend,
and in the marſhes below Look's Folly, two miles from Briſtol;
about Harwich and Greenwich. RaY.-Ine of Portland. Huds.
-[In the Salt Marſhes below King's Weſton, near Briſtol, with
Dr. BROUGHTON. ST.]
The
young
ſhoots of this plant, in its cultivated ſtate, are very
univerſally eſteemed for their flavour and nutritious qualities.-
They impart to the urine the ſcent of water in which they have
been boiled. The Sparagus Chryſomela lives upon it.
P. July
459. CONVALLA'RIA. Solomons-ſeal.
EMPAL. Cup none.
Bloss. I petal; bell-ſhaped ; gloſſy. Border with 6 clefts ;
Segments blunt; expanding and reflected.
Chives. Threads 6; awl-ſhaped ; ftanding on the petal :
ſhorter than the bloſſom. Tips oblong; upright.
Point. Seed-bud globular. Shaft thread-ſhaped; longer
than the chives. Summit blunt; 3-cornered,
S. Vess. Berry globular; with 3 cells; fpotted before it
is ripe.
Seeds ſolitary; roundiſh.
Ess. Char. Bloſſoms with 6 clefts. Berry Spotted; with 3
cells.
* Lily of the Valley. Bloſſoms bell-ſhaped.
CONVALLA'RIA maja'lis. Stalk naked
Vol. I.
Lily
Aai
Crirta

354
HEXANDRIA MONOGYNIA.
-
-
.
-
-
-
Curt. v. 51, flowers the beſt.-Ludw. 87, leaves the beſt.-Blackw.
70.-Matth. 875.-Sheldr. 25.--Fl. dan. 854.-Ger. 331. 2,
сор. in Pet. 44. 7.–Park. 251. 1, cop. in H. ox. xiii. 4. 1.-
Ger. em. 410. 2.-Dod. 205. I, repr. in Lob. obf. 87. 1, Ger.
em. 410.1.-Walc.-Ger. 331.1.-Fuchſ. 241, cop. in 3. B.
iii. 531.3, and Trag. 572.-Lonie, i. 183. 2.
Bloſſoms white, highly fragrant. LINN.- Plant ſmooth. Root-
Seales fheathing, oblong, blunt, ſcored, fleſh-coloured. Leaves
2, ſpear-ſhaped, pointed, very entire, as long as the ſtalk. Leaf-
ſtalks embracing the ſtem. Stalk 2-edged, 9 inches high, with many
flowers. Fruit-ſtalks thread-like, ſhort, with 1 flower. Flower-
ſeales fpear-ſhaped, membranaceous, white, at the baſe of the
fruit-ſtalks, as ſhort again as the fruit-ſtalks. Flowers white,
ſweet ſcented. LYONS.-Leaves elliptical, generally 2. Flowers
few, growing from one ſide. Fruit-ſtalks arched. Flower-ſcales,
one at the baſe of each fruit-ſtalk, ſpear-ſhaped, membranaceous.
Bloſſoms contracted at the mouth; ſegments reflected at the edge.
Berries red. Mr. WOODWARD.
Lily of the Valley. May Lily.
Woods and heaths. Near Hampſtead. [Woods in Norfolk.
Mr. Crowe.]
The flowers highly fragrant, but when dried of a narcotic ſcent.
Reduced to powder they excite ſneezing. An extract prepared
from the flowers, or from the roots, partakes of the bitterneſs, as
well as of the purgative properties of aloes. The doſe from 20 to
30 grains. A beautiful and durable green colour may be prepared
from the leaves by the aſſiſtance of lime.
Sheep and Goats eat it. Horſes, Cows, and Swine refuſe it.
** Solomons-ſeal. Blosſoms funnel-ſhaped.
Sweet CONVALLARIA Polygona'tum. Leaves alter-
nate, embracing the ſtem. Stem 2-edged. Fruit-ſtalks
from the bofom of the leaves, feldom ſupporting more
than I flower.-
Ludw. 47.-Fl. dan. 337.--Cluf. i. 276. 1, repr. in Dod. 346.
1, Ger. em. 904.3, and cop. in 5. B. ii. 529. 2, Park. 696.
3, fig. If, H.ox. xiii. 1.4, Pet. 44. 6, and Barr. 711.1.–
Blackw, 251.2.-Ger. 756. 1.
Stem from a ſpan to near a foot high, of a harder texture than
the multifiora. Flowers large, ſweet ſcented. LINN.-Berries black.
Pet. Mr. WOODWARD.--Stem angular, twiſted. Leaves oval-
ſpear-ſhaped, half embracing the ſtem. Flowers, ſometime 2, on
long fruit-ſtalks, hanging down on the ſide oppofite to the direc-
tion of the leaf, much larger than thoſe of the other two ſpecies,
white,

VI. CHIVES, I. POINTAL.
355
white, with a green line running down each fegment; ſegments
rather bent in. Mr. Woodw.-Stems ſometimes 3-edged. Bloſs.
greeniſh white. With.
Sweet Smelling Solomons-ſeal.
Fiſſures of rocks near Wherf, Settle, and Skipton, Yorkſhire.
[Rocky part of Syke's Wood, near Ingleton, Yorkſhire. Curt.]
P. May. June.
In a ſcarcity of proviſions the roots have been made into bread.
Sheep and Goats eat it. Horſes, Cows, and Swine refuſe it.
P. Huds. Solomons-feal with white Hellebore leaves and a
purpliſh ſtalk. Ray.
Woods on the north of Mendip Hills. ib.
CONVALLA'RIA multiflora. Leaves alternate, common
embracing the ſtem. Stem cylindrical. Fruit-ſtalks from
the boſom of the leaves, ſupporting ſeveral flowers.-
Mill. 101. 1.-Walc.-Fl. dan. 152.-Fuchſ. 585, cop. in 7. B.
iii. 529. 1.-Lonic. i. 170.3.-Cluf. i. 275. 2, repr. in Dod.
345. 1, Lob. obf. 368.2, Ger. em.903. 1, and cop. in Park.
696. 3, H. ox. xiii. 1. row 3. 1, and Pet. 44. 5.-Blackw.
251. I. 1, 54 7.-Trag. 399.-Matth. 954, cop. in Ger.
756. 3.
Berries red. Petiv. and TREw in BLACKW.-black. J. B. POL-
LICH. Mr. WOODWARD.-Stem above ſomewhat twiſted and an-
gular from the edges of the leaves running down, below cylindri-
cal, or nearly fo. Lower-leaves oval; upper oval-ſpear-ſhaped, half
embracing the ſtem. Fruit-ſtalks branched, uſually with a flowers
above, 3 lower down, frequently 4 at bottom, and in gardens
more. Flowers ſmaller, and ſegments more pointed than in C.
Polygonatum, white tipped with green. Mr. WOODWARD.-Fruit-
ſtalks with from 3 to 7 flowers. St.
Woods. Bramdean, Hampſhire; Roehill, Kent; about High
Wickham, Bucks; Copfe at Gorleſtone, Suffolk. Mr. WIGG.
P. May June
Solomons-ſeal.
The
young ſhoots are eaten by the Turks as Aſparagus, and the
toots have been made into bread as the G. Polygonatum. LINN.
Cows, Goats, and Sheep eat it.
B. Dwarf Engliſh Solomons-ſeal. Ray.
Woods in Wiltſhire. ib.
2
.
.
Аар
461. HYA.

356
HEXANDRIA MONOGYNIA. .
Tips ap-
461. HYACIN'THUS. Hyacinth.
Empal. Cup none.
Bloss. I petal; bell-ſhaped. Border with 6 clefts; re-
flected. Honey-cups; 3 pores filled with honey at the
point of the feed-bud.
Chives. Threads 6; awl-ſhaped ; rather ſhort.
proaching.
Point. Seed-bud roundiſh; but with 3 edges, and 3 fur-
3
3
rows. Shaft ſimple, ſhorter than the bloffom. Sum-
mit blunt.
S. Vess. Capſule nearly cylindrical, with 3 corners, 3
cells, and 3 valves.
SEEDS 2 for the moſt part, roundiſh.
Ess. CHAR. Blosſoms bell-ſhaped, 3 honey-cup pores on the
ſeed-bud.
-
Harebell. HYACIN'THUS non-ſcriptus. Bloſſoms bell-fhaped,
with 6 diviſions, the ends rolled back. Linn.--Bloſſoms
cylindrical-bell-ſhaped. Floral-leaves in pairs. Huds.
Curt. ii. 24.-Cluf. i. 177. 1, repr. in Dod. 216.1,- Lob. obf. 53.
2, Ger. em. 111. 1, and cop. in Ger. 99. 1, and J. B. ii. 586.
--Wale ---Park. par. 125. 5.-Swert. 13. 1, 2, 3, and 4.-
(Blackw. 61, and H. ox. iv. 11. 8, not the plant.)
Floral leaves generally longer than the bloſſoms. Summit moiſt
with a drop of liquor, Bloſſoms blue. LINN. The honey-cup peres
not to be found. WITH. RELH.-Flowers drooping, which diſtin-
guiſhes it from the Scilla campanulata BANKSIT, a plant often found
in our gardens, and bloſſoming at the ſame time. CURT. ST.--
Leaves flaccid, graſs-green, bending downwards. Thoſe of S.
campanulata are upright, ſtiff, fea-green, ſcored, reſembling thoſe
of the Narciſſus. Flowers have a peculiar ſcent, thoſe of S. camp.
different. Threads adhering longitudinally to the ſegments of the
bloſſom, every other adhering almoſt to the tips. It appears to
me to have more of the habit and even ſtructure of Scillo than of
Hyacinthus. ST.
Harebell. Engliſh Fiyacinth.
Woods and hedges.
P. May
The freſh roots are poiſonous. They may be converted into
ftarch.-Fhalana Plantaginis lives upon it.
white 2. Bloſſoms clear white. RaY. ST.
Scadbury Park, Kent. Ray-Near Worceſter, Sr.
fleth coloured 3. Bloſſoms fleſh-coloured. Ray. With, St.
468. A CORUS.

VI. CHIVES, I. POINTAL.
357
468. AC'ORUS Myrtlegrafs. .
EMPAL. Spike-ſtalk cylindrical; undivided ; covered by the
fiorets. Sheath none. Cup none.
Bloss. Petals 6; blunt; concave; flexible; thicker up-
wards, and generally lopped.
Chives. Threads 6; rather thick; fomething longer
than the petals. Tips thick ; terminating ; double;
connected.
Point. Seed-bud bellying; oblong; as long as the chives.
Shaft none. Summit a prominent point.
S. Vess. Capſule ſhort; triangular; tapering each way;
;
blunt. Cells
3
Şeeds ſeveral ; oblong-egg-ſhaped,
Ess. CHAR. Spike-fialk cylindrical; covered with florets.
Bloffom of 6 petals; naked. Shaft none. Capſ. 3 cells.
-
AC'ORUS Calamus.-
ſweet
Ludw. 34.-Leers 13. 12, fructification and ſpike.-Blackw. 466.
-Oluf. i. 231. 2, repr. in Dod. 249. 3, Ger. em. 62. I, and
cop. in Park. 149, and y. B. ii.734.-H.ox. viii. 13.4.-C.
B. th. 626.- Dod. 249. 2, repr. in Lob. obf. 30. 1, and Ger,
em. 62. 2.--Cluf. i. 231. 1, repr. in Lob. obf. 30, 2, two laß
not in flower.
Root horizontal. Leaves ſword-ſhaped. Spike lateral, oblong.
LYONS.—Leaves, one cdge waved, the other even. Mr. WOOD-
WARD.—Root to 1 inch diameter, often i foot long or more,
fending out a number of long coarſe fibres. The old one decays
every year, but 2 young ones ſhoot out from the crown of it.
Leaves ſword-ſhaped, ſheathing one another, ſome plaited in a
ſerpentine line. Spike proceeding from the edge of the leaf. Petals
ſkinny, thin, crowned with a kind of horizontal hat. Stem flatted,
bordered with a leafy edge, and above the inſertion of the ſpike
expanding into a leaf. Threads flat, oblong. With.--Petals ob-
long, ſlightly keeled, of a thicker griſtly ſubſtance at the end, which
is bent obliquely inwards, flat, and generally 3-ſided. Threads
ſtrap-ſhaped. Tips yellow, narrower than the threads. St.
Myrtle Flag. Sweet Smelling Flag, or Calamus.
Banks of rivers with a muddy bottom. R. Yare, near Norwich.
Hedly in Surry, in Cheſhire, near Cambridge, Hounſlow Heath,
near Harefield. [R. Waveney, near Bungay, Suffolk. Mr.
WOODWARD.-R. Avon, near Perſhore. Mr. BALLARD.-R. at
Tamworth,
a
a
Аа3

358
HEXANDRIA MONOGYNIA.
Tamworth, at the bottom of Mr. Olderſhaw's garden. With.]
P. May. June.
The root powdered might fupply the place of our foreign ſpices.
It is our only native true aromatic plant. Linn. The powder of the
root has cured agues when the Peruvian Bark has failed. The
roots have a ſtrong aromatic ſmell, and a warm, pungent, bitter-
ifh taſte. The flavour is greatly improved by drying. They are
commonly imported from the Levant, but thoſe of our own
growth are full as good. The Turks candy the roots, and think
they are a preſervative againſt contagion,
Neither Horſes, Cows, Goats, Sheep, or Swine will eat it.
471. JUN'CUS. Ruſh.
EMPAL. Huſk 2 valves. Cup 6 leaves; oblong; tapering;
permanent.
Bloss. none; unleſs you call the leaves of the coloured
cup petals.
Chives. Threads 6; hairlike; very ſhort. Tips oblong;
upright; as long as the cup.
Point. Seed-bud 3-cornered, tapering. Shaft ſhort;
thread-ſhaped Summits 3; long; thread-ſhaped ;
woolly; bent inwards.
S. Vess. Capſule covered; 3-cornered ; with 1 cell, and
3 valves.
Seeds ſeveral ; roundiſh.
Ess. Char. Empal. 6 leaves. Bloſs. o. . Capſule i cell,
Obs. Empalement brown, or approaching to black, where it
is not expreſſed to be otherwiſe. With.-Horſes eat the tops when
young, but leave them when full grown. St,
ST
Barr.
.
* Straws naked.
Sea JUN'CU S acu'tus. Straw nearly bare, cylindrical, ſharp-
pointed. Panicle terminating. Fence of 2 leaves, thorny.
203. 2.-C. B. pr. 21.2, repr. in th. 173, and cop. in Park.
1193.4.-H.ox. viii. 10. 15.- (J. B. ii. 520.3, is, I ſuſpect,
a different plant.)
Panicle crouded, clofe, from 2 to 3 inches long. Fence, the
fheath of the outer leaf from 1 to 2 inches long, terminating in
a ſtiff, pungent leaf, 1 or if inch long; that of the inner leaf about
in. long,terminating in a ſharp point about { in, long. SCHEUCH.
Pricking urge Sea-ruſh.
Sand Hills on the ſea coaſt of Merionethſhire, Ray.
a
B. Panicle

VI. CHIVES, I. POINTAL.
359
-
B. Panicle long, not ſpreading, from 3 to 6 inches long, con-
fiſting of 2 principal branches, one of which is from 3 to upwards
of 6 inches long, the other very ſhort, immediately dividing into
leſſer branches. Fence, the ſheath of the outer leaf about 1 inch
long, terminating in a very ſharp-pointed pungent leaf, from 3 to
upwards of 6 inches long; that of the inner about 1 inch long,
ending in a finely tapering leaf from to 1 inch long. SHEUCH.
ST.-Fence, leaves extremely rigid and ſharp. Grows in tufts near
6 feet high. I am doubtful whether it be not a variety of 7. inflex.
Mr. WOODWARD.
Park. 1193. 7, well done. (Mr. Woodward, St.) - H. ox. viii.
10, 14.
Sea Hard Ruſh.
Salt marſhes, about Maldon, Eſſex, and weſt coaſt of Wales.
[Coaſt of Norfolk. Mr. Crowe. Mr. Woodw. and Lancaſhire.
Mr. Wood.]
P. July. Aug.
:—Park
JUN'CUS conglomera'tus. Straw naked, very ſtraight. round headed
Head lateral. -
Matth. 1036.-Leers 13. 1, fructification and head.-7. B. ii. 520.
2.--H. ox. viii. 10.7.-Park. 1191. 3.--
Nearly allied to the 7. effufus. LINN.--Empal. huſk, valves ſmall,
ſkinny. Cup, leaves ſkinny at the edge. Seeds kidney-ſhaped.
WITH.-Chives always 3, never 6. LEERS. RELHAN. ST.-Seeds
oblong, ſomewhat boat-ſhaped. ST.
Moiſt meadows and heaths.
P. July. Aug.
Uſed to make wicks for watch lights, and the pith in toys.
JUNCUS effuſus. Straw naked, quite ſtraight. Soft
Panicle lateral.--
Leers 13. 2, panicle and fructification.--Dod. 605. 2, repr. in Lob.
43.2, Ger. em. 35.1.-H. ox. viii. 10. 4.-Park. 1191. 2.
- 7. B. ii. 521. 1.-6. B. th. 182.-(7. B. ii. 520. 1, is 7.
inflexus.)
Chives 3. Relian.
Seaves.-Wet meadows and paſtures. P. June.-Aug.
Ruſhes are ſometimes uſed to make little baſkets. The pith of
this and the preceding ſpecies is uſed inſtead of cotton to make the
wick of ruſh-lights.
Horſes and Goats eat it.
B. HALL. and HUDs. Juncus inflexus, which fee.
-
RELHAN
JUNCUS inflex'us. Straw naked, membranaceous, hard
and bowed in at the end. Panicle lateral.-
Leers
Aa4

360
HEXANDRIA MONOGYNIA,
-
Leers 13.3.-Ger. 31.2.-C. B. th. 184, cop. in H. ox. vili,
10.25.-H.ox.ib. 13.–Dod. 605.3, repr. in Lob. obf. 43: 3,
Ger. em. 35. 4. Barr. 204. 3. B. ii. 520. I-52I. 1, is
7. effuſus.)
Chives 6. RELHAN.
By no means a variety of 7. effuſus. Mr. WOODWARD.
Paſtures and road fides in a moiſt foil,
P. July,
A Horſe refuſed it. ST.
leaſt
-
JUNCUS filiformis. Straw naked, thread-ſhaped,
nodding. Panicle lateral.
Leers 13.4.-Scheuch. 7. 11.—Pluk. 40. 8.
Straw ſlender, 6 inches high. RaY.-So as hardly to ſupport it;
ſelf. Panicle not always expanded, about the middle of the ſtraw.
Turfy bogs on mountains. Not far from Ambleſide. Ray.
.
P. Aug.
-
trifid JUNCUS trif'idus. Straw naked, terminated by 3
leaves and flowers. LINN.— Rather, Leaves 3 at the end
of the ſtraw, with torn leaf-ſcales. St.*—Flowers ſometimes
I I and 2. LightF.—And 4. Mr. WOODWARD.
Lightf. 9. 1. at p. 186.- Jacq. vind.4.1.--Fl. dan. 107.-C. B.pr.
22.2, repr. in th. 185.2, the head cop. in Park. 1195. 3.-7.
B. ii. 521.,1.
The ſpecimens I found had all ſingle flowers. LIGHTF.—Spe-
cimen from Scotland with 4 flowers. Leaves ſheath-like at the baſe;
Jheath in the larger ſpecimens membranaceous at the point and
edges; point torr into fine hair-like ſegments; in the ſmaller con-
fiſting of 2 egg-awl-ſhaped brown leaf-ſcales, one on each ſide, one
lapping over the other and incloſing the ſtraw, torn into long
whitiſh briſtle-ſhaped ſegments. St.
Bogs on the ſummits of the Highland mountains.
P. June.
moſs
JUNCUS Squarro'ſus. Straw naked. Leaves briſtle-
ſhaped. Heads congregated, leafleſs. LINN.—Rather, Pani-
cle terminating. Flower-ſheaths ſometimes running out into
leaves. St.
Fl. dan. 430.-H. ox. viii. 9. 13.-Park. 1193.2.-(Ger. 18.4,
cop. in C. B. th. 78.-Ger. em. 21. 4, cop. in Park. 1270. 6,
the middle ſtraw has a terminaling Spike like the barren Spike of a
Carex.
* Foliis tribus terminalibus, ftipulis laceris. $T.
The

VI. CHIVES, I. POINTAL,
361
-
The whole plant ſtiff. Leaves expanding. LINN.
Moſs Ruh. Gooſe Corn.
Barren turfy bogs on heaths.
P. June. July.
Horſes eat it. The leaves lying cloſe to the ground elude the
ſtroke of the ſcythe. It indicates a barren ſoil.
** Straws leafy.
Juncus trifidus, which fee above.
JUN'CUS compreſ'ſus. Curt. cat. n. 628. flat-ſtalked
JUN'CU S articula'tus. Leaves with knotty joints. jointed
Petals blunt.
a. aquaticus. LINN.
Leaves compreſſed. Panicle once divided. HALL.
H. ox. viii. 9. 2. f. 9, the 3 right hand ſraws.-C. B.pr. 12. 1,
repr. in th. 76. 2, and cop. in Park. 1270.5.-Ger. em. 22, 9.-
7. B. ii. 521.2.-Ger. 12. I.
The leaves are not fo properly jointed as ſeparated tranſverſely
by partitions, which become viſible when preſſed by the fingers or
held againſt the light. Linn.-Leaves in bundles, ſheathing each
pther, thin, ſcored and membranaceous at the baſe; awl-fhaped
towards the top. Flowers about 6 in a head. Empal. purpliſh brown.
a
Chives ſhorter than the empalement. Tips ſtraw-coloured. Pointal
as long as the empalement. Summits purpliſh. Seed-bud with 3
furrows, corners blunt. With.
Wet meadows and paſtures.
P. July. Aug.
B. Producing bundles of leaves in place of flowers. LINN.-
Leafy ſpikes reddiſh, occafioned by an infect having taken up its
abode in it. Ray.- Of the Coccus tribe. LIGHTF.-I have ſeen
them abounding with minute inſects. With. St.- The Acarus
gymnopterorum, ſome very ſmall ones not larger than Cheeſe Mites,
and a maggot of the Fleſh Fly. Flowers as uſual from the ſame
roots. Sr.
C. B. pr. 12. 2, repr. in th. 77.-H. ox. yiii. 9. 2. f. 9, left hand
ſtem.
Bogs,
Sept.
%. Sylvaticus. LINN.—Leaves cylindrical. Hall.
H. ox. viii. 9. 1. f. 8.
Whether this and a be ſpecifically diſtinct, or merely varieties
from difference of ſoil, is a ſubject of future enquiry. Linn.
They appear to be varieties. Retz. St.-And thoſe not conſtant.
Retz.
y. Huds. Mr. Woodw. ST.-Leaves briſtle-ſhaped. Capſules
much ſmaller. RaY.
H. ox,

362
HEXANDRIA MONOGYNIA.
viviparous
H. ox. viii. 9. row 2.3.
Sandy heaths. [Bogs on Birmingham Heath. ST.]
4. Leaves briſtle-ſhaped. Heads roundiſh, with leafy bulbs
intermixed. ST.
H. ox. ib. 4.--Scheuch. 7. 10.–Pluk. 32. 3.
. .
4
.
.
Stem to ro inches high. Leaves with knotty joints. I at firſt
imagined it, with Ray and Haller, to be a diſtinct ſpecies, not being
able to diſcover the knots in the leaves, but, on a more attentive
examination, I was fatisfied of their exiſtence. ST.
Juncus viviparus. Curr. cat. n. 629.
Bogs on Birmingham Heath,
P. Aug. ST
5. Huſks white. Not common, Mr. WOODWARD.
bulbous
- Barr. 114,
-
114, and
JUN'CU S bulboʻſus. Leaves ſtrap-ſhaped, channelled.
Capſules blunt.
Leers 13. 7.-H. ox. viii. 9.11.-7. B. ii. 522.3.-Fl. dan. 431.
747. I and 2.-(Gmel. i. 17. 2, a different
plant.)
Roots creeping, thick together. Straws 'thread-ſhaped, a little
compreſſed. Floral-leaves as long as the broad-topped ſpikes. Ge-
neral and partial Broad-topped Spikes unequal. Capſules egg-ſhaped,
brown, ſhining. LINN. ---Straws a inches to 2 feet high. Mr.
WOODWARD
Wet meadows and heaths. [Sea coaſt. Salt water ditches, near
Yarmouth. Mr. WOODWARD.]
Cows, Goats, Sheep, and Horſes eat it.
toad
-
greater
leaſt
JUNCUS bufo'nius. Straw forked. Leaves angular,
Flowers folitary, fitting. -
Leers 13.8.-H. ox. viii. 9. 14.-Ger. em. 4. 4.--Ger. 4.4, cop,
in Park. 1190.8.-Barr. 263. 1.-Roſe 2. 5 and 6, and Pet.
gaz. 51.7, repreſent it in its ſeedling ſtate,
Capſules brown, ſhining.
3 Barr. 264.—263.2.
s Park. 1270. 11.
Much ſmaller, leſs branched, reddiſh, flowering a month or 6
weeks earlier. RaY.
6. LIGHTF. WIGGERS.
Sandy meadows and paſtures, eſpecially in places that have been
overflowed in the winter.
A. July. Aug.
Horſes eat it.
In its infant ſtate it has been gathered, though but by few. LINN,
-See figures above.
JUNCUS
viviparous

VI. CHIVES, I. POINTAL. 363
JUN'CUS biglu'mis. Leaf awl-ſhaped. Huſk with 2-flowered
2 flowers, terminating. LINN.-Rather flower-leaves than
-
huſk. ST.
a
Fl. dan. 120.-Amoen, acad. ii. 3. 3.
Root fibrous, ſimple, perpendicular. Straw ſomewhat more than a
thumb's breadth high, cylindrical, marked with a ſingle longitudinal
ſcore, at the root ſurrounded by the remains of 4 or 5 decayed leaves,
Leaf fingle, as long as the ſtraw, gloſſy, cylindrical, as thick again
as the ſtraw, at the point tubular and dead; channelled below,
ſheathing the ſtraw from the middle to the baſe. Huſk, outer valve
large, egg-ſhaped, tapering, blackiſh purple, green on the back,
keeled; the lower as ſmall again, pointed, blackiſh purple on both
fides. Petals ſpear-ſhaped, blackiſh purple; the 3 outer marked
within along the middle with a greeniſh line. Threads white, 3
inſerted into the baſe of the petals, 3 fixed to the baſe of the feed-
bud. Seed-bud blunt, corners with a kind of fringe. Summits pur-
pliſh, as long as the ſhaft. Agrees in many reſpects with 7. triglu-
mis, but other circumſtances will not permit it to be conſidered as
a variety. LINN.-Straw a finger high, naked. Leaves few, ſcarcely
half the length of the ſtraw, flat. Fence, outer valves awl-ſhaped,
longer than the flowers; inner oval and ſhorter. Perhaps only a
variety of 7. triglumis. LIGHTF.
Upon the top of Mal.ghyrdy a mountain between Glenlochy and
Glenlyon, and upon Ben Teſkerny, both in Breadalbane. Diſco-
vered by Mr. Stuart.
a
-
P. Aug.
--
JUNCUS glau'cus. Curt. cat. n. 632.
glaucous
JUNCUS triglu'mis. Leaves flat. Huſk with 3 flowers, 3-flowered
terminating.-
Fl. dan. 132.—Lightf. 9. 2.-Fl. lapp. 10.5.-H.ox. viii. 12. 40,
referred by Linnæus to Schoenus ferrugineus.
Leaves graſs-like, ſheathing the ſtraw at the baſe, Straw fimple,
leaflefs. Flowers fitting. Linn.-Huſk and capſules chocolate-co-
loured. LIGHTF.
Bogs on mountains. on Trigvylchau, near Llanberrys, and
Llyn y Cwn, near Snowdon; Eaſt ſide of Craig-Chealleach above
y
Finlarig Breadalbane, &c. See Lightf. p. 1120. P. June.-Aug.
JUNCUS pilo'ſus. Leaves flat, hairy. Broad-topped hairy
ſpike branching. LINN.–Flowers folitary. Huds. St.
Leers 13. 10.-H.ox. viii. 9. row 1. 1. f. 3.-Ger. em. 19. 1,
cop. in Park. 1184. 1.-Ger. 17. 1, repr. in C. B. th. 101.-(Fl.
dan. 441, is J. Sylvaticus.)
Leaves
-
-
-

364
HEXANDRIA MONOGYNIA,
Leaves, hairs at the edges thin-ſet, and foon falling off. Panicle,
branches, ſome ſimple, others forked, part of them bent back.
SCHEUCH. ST.-- Leaves often longer than the ſtraw. Huſk, valves
moſtly blunt, and gnawed at the end, but frequently taper and
ſharp pointed, cheſnut-coloured, with white membranaceous
edges. Petals gloſſy, blackiſh cheſnut, with white membranace-
ous edges. Flowers from iz to 2 lines long. St.
Woods, common.
P. Apr. May.
Goats, Sheep, and Horſes eat it. Cows refuſe it.
-
3.
wood JUN'CUS Sylvat'icus, Leaves flat, hairy. Broad-
topped ſpike doubly compound. Flowers bundled, fitting.
Huds. Broad-topped ſpike longer than the flower-leaves.
Flowers moſtly 2 together, rather than bundled, St.*
Fi. dan. 441.-H. ox. viii. 9. row 1. 2, f. 4.-J. B.11.493. 2.--
C. B. pr. 15. 1, repr. in th. 102, and cop. in Park. 1185. 3, and
H. ox. viii. 9. row ift f. 5, between 2 and
Leaves in bundles, edges cloſely beſet with long hairs. Panicle'
larger and more ſpreading than that of J, piloſus; branches temi-
nated generally by 2, and ſometimes by r or 3 flowers. Huſk, valves
ſharp-pointed. Petals equal, cheſnut-coloured. SCHEUCH. ST.-
Leaves bowed downwards, ftiffith, ſhorter than the ſtraws. Broad
topped spike, primary branches more than twice as long as the central
diviſions; ſecondary & tertiary branches aſcending, none bent back as
in 1. pilof. Flowers to nearly 1 line long. Petals whitiſh at the edge.
It is not eaſy to conceive how the duſt is conveyed to the pointal,
for the tips do not ſhed their duſt till a conſiderable time after the
pointal has made its way thro' the bloſſom, which, cloſing upon
the chives and feed-bud, one ſhould imagine would prevent any of
the duſt from eſcaping ſo as to reach the fummits. I ſuſpect the
bloſſom expands when the duſt is ripe, but I have never been able
to find it in that ſituation. Sr.
Woods and hedges, near Hampſtead. [Whitfell Gell, near
Afkrig, Yorkſhire, and at the bottom of the Rye-loaf near Settle.
Curt.-Witchery Hole, near Clifton upon Teme, Worceſterſh.
Mr. BALLARD. ST.]
P. May
a
field JUN'CUS campeſ'tris. Leaves flat, fomewhat hairy,
Spikes fitting, and on fruit-ſtalks.-
* Corymbo foliis floralibus longiore, floribus fubbifloris, to diftinguiſh it
from J. niveus and nemoroſus of Pollich. ST.
Curt,

VI. CHIVES, I. POINTAL.
365
Curt. iii. 24.-C. B. pr. 15.2, repr. in th. 103.-H. ox. viii. 9.
row 1.4.--Leers 13. 5.-7. B. ii. 493.3.-Ger. em. 17. 2,
cop. in Park. 1185.6.-Ger. 16.2.
Straw cylindrical, fmooth, a ſpan high. Leaves alternate, upright,
ſheathing, ſpear-ſhaped, hairy at the edge. Spikes roundiſh, i ſitting,
the reit, about 4, on unequal fruit-ſtalks. Empalement pointed.
Summits 3, longer than the empalement, twiſted. LYONS.
Paſtures, meadows, and heaths.
P. April. May.
y Panicle larger, more compact. Spikes globular. Straw and globe-headed
leaves as long again. Ray.
H. 0x. viii. 9. row 1. f. 1, in the left hand corner.-Ger. 16.
1, repr. in C. B. th. 104, cop. in Park. 1186, and J. B. ii.
468. 2.
Turfy bogs, common.
P. Flowers a month later.
Sheep, Goats, and Horſes eat it.
JUN'CUS Spica'tus. Leaves flat. Spike bunch-like, Spiked
nodding:-
Fl. dan. 270.-Fl. lapp. 10.4.
Very nearly allied to, if not a variety of 7. campeſtris. LINN. -
I have ſeen the 7. campeſtris growing with it, but they are perfectly
diftinct. Dr. SMITH.
Near the ſummits of the Highland mountains. On Ben-na-
fcree, Inverneſsſh. Mal-ghyrdy in Breadalbane, and on a moun-
tain a little to the north of Meggerny. [On the very ſummit of
Ben Lomond. Dr. J. E. Smith.]
P. July. Aug.
476. BER'BERIS. Barberry.
ÊMPAL. Cup 6 leaves ; ſtanding wide. Leaves egg-ſhaped ;
narroweſt at the baſe; concave; coloured ; decidu-
ous; alternately ſmaller.
Bloss. Petals 6; roundiſh; concave; not quite upright;
ſcarcely larger than the cup. Honey-cups 2 roundiſh
coloured ſubſtances, growing to the baſe of each
petal.
Chives. Threads 6; upright; compreſſed; blunt. Tips
2; adhering to each ſide of the thread, at the end.
Point. Seed-bud cylindrical; as long as the chives. Shaft
none. Summit cylindrical and flat; broader than the
feed-bud; encompaſſed by a ſharp border,
S. Vess. Berry cylindrical; blunt; dimpled; with 1 cell.
SEEDS 2; oblong; cylindrical; blunt.
Ess
I

366
HEXANDRIA MONOGYNIA.
common
-
-
-
-
Ess. CHAR. Empal. 6 leaves. Petals 6; with 2 glands ar
the claws. Shaft o. Berry with 2 ſeeds.
BER'BERIS vulga'ris. Fruit-ſtalks in buriches. Syft.
veg.-Thorns 3-forked. Fl. fuec. and Murr.
Mill.63.-Blackw. 165.-- Fuchſ. 543.-Trag. 993.-Cluſ.i. 120.
2, repr. in Dod. 750, Lob. obf. 599. 2, Ger. em. 1325, and
cop. in Park. 1559.-7. B. i. 6. 54.-Ger. 1144.-Lon. i. 46.
1.-(Blackw. ib. 2, is ſurely a ſpecies of Prunus.)
The firſt leaves inverſely egg-ſhaped, between ferrated and fringed,
not jointed. Leaf-ſcales terminated on each fide by a hair-like
tooth. Stem-leaves alternate, the lowermoſt ſomewhat wing cleft,
with thorny teeth; the reſt are changed into 3-forked thorns. The
ſecondary leaves in pairs, oblong, ferrated. Between the lower-
moſt leaves and the thorns are concealed leſſer leaves. Thus, when
the leaves of the preſent year are changed into thorns, others will
fucceed to take place of them in the next. Is there any inſtance
analogous to this? LINN. Sp. pl.-Leaf-ſcales folitary, 3-forked,
changing into thorns. Fl. fuec. ST.-In ſearching for the honey-cup
at the baſe of the petals when the flower is fully expanded, if you
happen to touch the threads, though ever fo flightly, the tips burft
and throw out the duſt with a conſiderable expanſive force. The
threads of this plant, though faid by Linnæus to be upright before
the tips are ripe, are only expanding; and only upright after they
have ſhed their duft, or are about to do it. When the tips are tho-
roughly ripe, if the bottom of the thread be irritated with a pin,
or a ſtraw, the chive riſes with a ſudden ſpring, and ſtrikes the
tip againſt the ſummit of the pointal; affording a remarkable in-
ſtance of one of the meanis uſed to perform the important operation
of impregnation. Mr. WHATELY, from Dr. Sims.--Bloſs. yellow,
fometimes ſtreaked with orange. Berries red. With.
Barberry. Fipperidge-bu/h.
Woods and hedges. On Chalk Hills. About Walden, Effex,
S. May. June
The leaves are gratefully acid. The flowers are offenſive to the
ſmell when near, but at a proper diſtance their odour is extremely
fine. The berries are ſo very acid that birds will not eat them, but
.
boiled with ſugar they form a moft agreeable rob or jelly. They
are uſed likewiſe as a dry ſweetmeat and in fugar-plumbs. An
infufion of the bark in white wine is purgative. The roots boiled
in lye dye wool yellow. In Poland they dye leather of a moſt beau-
tiful yellow with the bark of the root. The inner bark of the ſtems
dyes linen of a fine yellow, with the aſſiſtance of aluim. This
ſhrub ſhould never be permitted to grow in corn lands, for the
cars

VI. CHIVES, 1. POINTAL.
367
ears of wheat that grow near it never fill, and its influence in this
reſpect has been known to extend as far as 3 or 4 hundred yards
acroſs a field. WITH.
Cows, Sheep, and Goats eat it. Horſes and Swine refuſe it.
LINN.-And the former refuſed the young leaves picked off the
branches. ST.
481. FRANKE'NIA. Frankwort.
Empal. Cup 1 leaf; nearly cylindrical; 10-cornered ;
permanent. Rim with 5 ſharp teeth ; ſtanding out.
Bloss. Petals 5; the claws as long as the cup; border flat;
limbs nearly cylindrical and expanding. Honey-cup a
channelled, tapering claw, fixed to each claw of the
petals.
Chives. Threads 6; as long as the cup. Tips roundiſh;
double.
Point. Seed-bud oblong. Shaft fimple; as long as the
chives. Summits 3; oblong; upright; blunt.
S. Vess. Capſule oval; of i cell, and 3 valves.
SEEDS many; egg-íhaped; ſmall.
Ess. Char. Empal. funnel-fhaped; with 5 clefts. Petals
5. Summit 6 diviſions. Capſule i cell; 3 valves.
3
OBs. To be referred to the natural order of Perſonatæ.
-
-
FRANKE'NI A læ'vis. Leaves ſtrap-ſhaped, crowded, Smootle
fringed at the baſe.
Michel. 22.1.-Lob. adv. 180. 3, repr. in Ger. em. 566.3.-Barr.
714.-7. B. iii. 703. 2.-Pet. 10. 11.-(Park. 1484, has tiled
leaves.)
Leaves rolled back at the edge, ſomewhat fringed on each ſide at
the baſe. Flowers at the diviſions of the ſtem, and in the middle
of a bundle of leaves, folitary, fitting. Shaft deeply cloven into
3. RELHAN.--Stem and leaves thinly ſprinkled with white globular
particles. Leaves Reihy, egg-ſhaped, but the edges being rolled
in they appear almoſt cylindrical with a groove underneath, flatted
at the baſe. Empal. with 6 or 7 ribs and as many teeth. Petals
wedge-ſhaped, a little ſcolloped at the end. Honey-cup a fleſhy
fcale, fixed to the baſe of each petal. Threads taper, flat on one
fide, convex on the other. Tips yellow. Shaft cloven half way
down into 3 ſegments. WITH.-Stems numerous, branched, trail-
ing. Bloſſoms purple,
Salt

368
HEXANDRIA MONOGYNIA.
duſly
Salt marſhes in a muddy foil. Lovingland, near Yarmouth.
Illes of Shepey and Thanet; Effex, Suſſex, and Kent, common.
[Near Yarmouth. Mr. Crowe.]
FRANKE'NIA pulverulen'to. Leaves inverſely egg-
Chaped, dented at the end, duſted underneath.-
Cluf. ii. 186.2, repr. in Dod. 376, and Ger. em. 566. 2.--Zanon.
79.--Lob. adu. 196.2.
Stems lying flat, flender, branching; knots about a finger's
breadth from each other. Leaves 4 at a joint, hoary underneath.
4
Flowers in the bofom of the leaves. Mont. in Zanon. ST.-Sitting.
Leaves with very ſhort hairs underneath, edges not rolled in, on
fhort leaf-ſtalks. Empalement tough, rigid, with 5 angles; teeth up-
5
right. St.
Sea coaſt of Suff. between Bognor & Brighthelmſtone. A. July.
482. PEP'LIS. Purſlane.
EMPAL. Cup i leaf; bell-ſhaped ; very large; permanent.
Rim with 12 teeth ; every other bent back.
Bloss. Petals 6; egg-ſhaped; very minute ; growing
from the mouth of the cup.
CHIVES. Threads 6; awl-ſhaped ; ſhort. Tips roundiſh.
Point. Seed-bud egg-ſhaped. Shaft very ſhort. Summit
.
cylindrical and flat.
S. Vess. Capſule heart-ſhaped. Cells 2; with an oppoſite
partition
Seeds many; 3-cornered ; fmall.
Ess. CHAR. Empalement bell-fhaped; mouth with 12 clefts.
Petals 6, inſerted into the cup. "Capſule, cells 2.
Obs. In the greater number of the flowers, of one and the ſame
plant, the bloſſom is altogether wanting,
water
PEP'LIS Por'tula. Flowers without petals. LINN.-
More commonly without. LINN.- Rather, Flowers with 6
chives. Sr.
Curt. iv. 48.-Vaill. 15.5.-Fl. dan. 64.-Mich. 18.1.-Ger. em:
614. 11, cop. in Park. 1260. 4.-7. B. iii. 372. 3, leaves too
pointed.
Leaves the thinneſt of all plants. LINN.-Stem creeping, 4-cor-
nered, reddiſh. Branches upright, 3 inches long. Leaves oppoſite,
ſpatula.
* Floribus hexandris, St.

VI. CHIVES, III. POINTALS.
369
ſpatula-ſhaped, ſmooth, very entire. Flowers from the boſom of
the leaves, ſitting. Lyons.- Petals very foon falling off, fome-
times, though rarely, 6. Relh. ---Inverſely egg-ſhaped. They
are thin, but not more ſo than ſeveral of the Euphorbias and ma-
ny aquatics. Petals 6, inverſely egg-ſhaped, with a ſharp point,
expanding, inſerted at the bafe of the long teeth of the empalement,
pale red, readily falling off. St.-Stem rooting at the joints. Leaves
tapering below into flat leaf-ſtalks. Bloſs. very frequently wanting.
Threads reddiſh purple. Seed-bud compreſſed. WITH.-Stems nu-
merous, creeping. Leaves oppoſite; two at each joint. Bloſs. fit-
ting at the baſe of the leaves, purpliſh.
Marſhy and watery places.
P. Sept.
Order II.
TRIGYNIA; III. POINTALS.
cup, but
485. RU'MEX. Dock.
EMPAL. Cup 3 leaves; blunt; reflected; permanent.
Bloss. Petals 3; egg-ſhaped; not unlike the
larger; approaching; permanent.
Chives. Threads 6; hair-like; very ſhort. Tips upright;
double.
Point. Seed-bud turban-ſhaped; 3-cornered. Shafts 3;
hair-like; reflected; ſtanding out in the ſpaces be-
tween the approaching petals. Summits large; jagged.
S. Vess. none. The bloſſom approaching, and becom-
ing 3-cornered, contains the feed.
Seeds ſingle; 3-ſided.
Ess. Char. Empalement 3 leaves. Petals 3, approaching.
Seed 1, 3-ſquare.
Obs. In ſome of the ſpecies a callous grain or bead grows on
the outſide of the petals, (or the ripe petals, when they incloſe
the feed. St.)
* Chives and pointals in the ſame flower. Valves marked with a grain..
RU'MEX ſanguin'eus. Valves very entire, only 1 ſmall-grained:
with a grain. Leaves heart-ſpear-ſhaped.-
Vol. I.
Вь
1, bloody

370
HEXANDRIA TRIGYNIA.
-
B. July
bloodleſs
1. bloody.
Munt. brit. 113, cop. in phyt. 691. 196.-Pet. 2. 5.-7. B. ii. 989.
1.-Blackw. 492.-Dod, 650.2, repr. in Lob. obſ. 154, ic. i.
290. 1, Ger. em. 390, and cop.in Park. 1226.10, and H. ox.
V. 27.6.
Leaves with red veins containing a blood-coloured juice. Outer
valve of the flower with a large red globular grain, and ſometimes
the other with a ſmall grain. It migrated from Virginia to Hamp-
ſted in England. LINN.-Bloſſoms reddiſh.
Bloodwort.-Woods near Hampſted, but not frequent, and near
Maidſtone, Kent.
2. Leaves without red veins. Ray. St.
Curt. iii. 31.*—Blackw. 491.—Pet. 2. 6.
Leaves finely notched, curled at the edge. Stem-leaves uſually
waved. Flowers pendant, in half whorls. Fruit-ſtalks with a joint
at the baſe. Valves thrice as ſmall as any of the other ſpecies, ob-
long, bluntiſh, very entire; one, and that the outer, always bear-
ing a little grain, which is at firſt oblong, but at length becomes
round and prominent. In ſhady ſituations pale, in expoſed fitu-
ations very red. Curt. St.
Lapathum viride. R. fyn. 141.
Woods, hedges, fides of rivers and roads, and ſometimes.in
fields and meadows.
P. June. July
curled
RU'MEX criſ'pus. Valves entire, with grains. Leaves
ſpear-ſhaped, waved, pointed. LINN.-Valves imperfectly
toothed towards the baſe, in ſome plants generally only 1, and
rarely 2 with grains. St.
Curt. ii. 18.-Munt. brit. 104, cop. in phyt. 690. 190.-Ger. 312.
4, cop. in Pet. 2. 2.
Grains on the valves very large, nearly round. Mr. Woodw.-
Root yellow. Curt.-Valves round heart-ſhaped, with a bluntiſh
imperfect angle on each ſide, giving it the appearance of a penta-
gon, veined; grains roundiſh egg-ſhaped, prominent; the larger
more than half as long as the valve. Sr.
Meadows, paſtures, road fides, and cultivated ground. In al-
moſt all foils.
P. June. July
In Norfolk it is the peſt of clover fields. Mr. WOODWARD.-
The freſh roots bruiſed and made into an ointment or decoction
cure the itch. The feeds have been given with advantage in the
dyſentery.--Cows and Goats refuſe it.
* Named R. acutus, but it cannot be the R. acutus Linn. which is charac-
teriſed with toothed valves, Mr. WOODWARD. ST.
RU'MEX

VI. CHIVES, III. POINTALS.
371
-
a
a
-
RU'MEX marit'imus. Valves toothed, with grains. golden
Leaves ſtrap-ſhaped.-
B. Huds.-Whorls of flowers fewer. Seeds larger. PLUK.
Curt. iii. 28.--Lob. obf. 151.2, repr. in ic. i. 286. 1, and Ger,
em. 389. 2, cop. in Park. 1225. 8, and J. B. ii. 987. 2.Pet.
2.7.
Root red. LINN.-Differs from R. acutus in the whorls of flowers
being more numerous and cloſely ſet, and the leaves below the
whorls being ſhorter. Rax.-Seeds larger, and whorls of flowers
fewer than in variety 2. PLUK.--Root without of a reddiſh brown,
within of a beautiful carmine red. Leaves fometimes found with
red veins, like thoſe of R. Sanguineus. Valves green, with 2 or 3
fine long teeth on each ſide; grains oblong, rather large. Curt.-
Stems very leafy. Mr. WOODWARD.
Rumex aureus. Relh. an unjuſtifiable change of what ought to
be inviolate.
Hydrolapathum minus. Park. 1225.—(Lapathum acutum minimum. R.
Syn. 141. n. 5, ſeems rather to be a variety of R. acutus. -- Haller 1590,
has 6 valves entire at the edge.") St.
Road fides, and amongſt rubbiſh. Tothill Fields, London.
Pluk.-St. George's Fields, and many places about London.
Ray. Curt.
P. July.-Sept.
a. Huds. - Whorls crowded, and when ripe covering the
branches ſo as to give them the appearance of ſpikes. Flowers
yellow. St.
Pet. 2. 8.-J. B. if. 988. 1.
Bur Gold Dock.—Lapathum aureum. R. fyn. p. 142. n. 10.
Stem branched, ſcored, cylindrical. Leaves pointed, flat, ſmooth
on both fides, keeled. Flowers keeled, in whorls, numerous.
Valvestriangular, pointed, deeply toothed, all with grains. Lyons.
-I am clearly of opinion that this is a diſtinct ſpecies, and which
may be diſtinguiſhed by Petiver's name of aureus, which Mr.Rel-
han has improperly applied to the true R. maritimus. St.
In marſhes; about Crowland, Lincolnſhire; near the Trent at
Swarſton, Derbyſhire; and between Hithe and the ſea. Rav.-
Sea coaſt, in low wet places. Solway Frith. LightF.-[Severn
Stoke, Worceſterſhire, Mr. BALLARD. ST.] P. July. Aug.
-
-
a
RU'ME X acu'tus. Valves toothed, with little grains. Sharp-pointed
Leaves heart-oblong, taper-pointed.--
Fuchſ. 461, cop. in 7. B. ii. 984. 1.-Lonic. i. 87. 1.-Pet. 2. 3.
-H. ox. v. 27. 3, leaves.--(In Matth. 446, imitated in Dod.
648.1, which repr. in Lob. obſ. 150.2, ic. i. 284.1, Ger. em.
388.1, and cop, in Park, 1225. 1, and Munt. brit. 88, which
Bb 2
COP
-

372
HEXANDRIA TRIGYNIA.
-
cop. in phyt. 189, the flowers are on long ſolitary fruit-ſtalks.
Blackw. 491, ſeems to be R. Sanguineus, variety 2.-Curt. iii.
31, is R. ſanguineus, variety 2, which ſee.)
Teeth of the values, ſeveral on each ſide, unequal, equal in
length to the diameter of the valve. LINN.---Leaves flat through-
out, not curled, very entire. Flowers greeniſh, in whorls on the
ſtem and branches. A flower-leaf to each whorl, extending a good
way beyond the whorl. POLLICH. - Flowers in feparate whorls,
with a ſtrap-ſhaped leaf to each whorl. Seeds more than as ſmall
again as the R. obtuſifolius and criſpus. RaY.-Stem upright, branch-
ing, angular, ſcored, folid. Branches upright. Leaves on leaf-
ſtalks, pointed, ſmooth, veined underneath, keeled. Leaf-ſtalks
ſcored, half embracing the ftem. Leaf-ſcales membranaceous,
within the leaf-ſtalks, and without the fruit-ſtalks. Flowers in
whorls. Valves ſerrated below, oblong, bluntiſh, one of them
with a grain. LYONS.- I have never ſeen this plant. What is com-
monly taken for it has " valves very entire, one of them with a
grain," as deſcribed by Mr. Curtis, but appears to be a variety
of R. ſanguineus. St.
Meadows, paſtures, and road ſides. Huds.-In uncultivated
and watery places. Ray.
Cows and Horſes refuſe it.--It is infeſted by the Aphis Rumicis.
Linn.-The root is uſed by the dyers. It gives a great variety of
ſhades, from ſtraw colour to a pretty fine olive, and a fine deep
green to cloths which have been previouſly blued. ST.
66
-
-
broad-leaved RU'MEX obtuſifolius. Valves toothed, with grains,
Leaves heart-oblong, bluntiſh, finely notched.-
Curt. iii. 29.--Lob. ic. i. 285. 1, repr. in Ger. em. 388. 3, cop.
in Park. 1225. 4, and Pet. 2.9.-Munt. brit. 68, cop. in phyf.
187, teeth of the valves not expreſſed.-Ger. 312.3, cop. in 7.
B. ii. 985.1.
Stem-leaves ſpear-ſhaped, pointed. Mr. WOODWARD.-Stems
furrowed, and ſet with ſhort white tranſparent briſtles, about 2 ft.
high. Leaves curled at the edge, ribs downy; the upper heart-
Itrap-ſpear-ſhaped. Leaf-ſtalks ſhorter than the breadth of the
leaves. Fruit-ſtalk ſprinkled near the top with white ſhining glo-
bules. Pedicles ſurrounded near the baſe by an indiſtinct cartilagi-
nous ring. Empal. leaves boat-ſhaped, nearly as long as the petals.
Petals ſpear-ſhaped, flat, green, not very evidently toothed. Tips
white, or yellow. Summits pencil-ſhaped. Valves, that with the
largeſt grain outermoſt when the fruit-ſtalk bends downwards,
and with the longeſt teeth; none of the teeth equal in length to the
diameter of the valye. WITH.
Amongſt

VI. CHIVES, III. POINTALS.
373
Amongſt rubbiſh, farm yards, courts, and ſides of ditches.
P. July. Aug.
Fallow Deer eat it with avidity, biting it cloſe to the root, ſo
that it is very rarely to ſee a Dock growing in a park. Mr. Dick-
ENSON. Mr. HACKETT.
Horſes ſometimes eat it. St.
RU'MEX pul'cher. Valves toothed;
Valves toothed; generally one fiddle
with a grain. Root-leaves fiddle-ſhaped.
H.ox. v. 27. 13.—Pet. 2.10.-3. B. ii. 938. 3, ſtem bad.-Till.
pis. 37. 2, ſeed-veſſel and leaf, but without its characteriſtic hollow.
Stem-leaves egg-oblong, entire, not hollowed out at the ſides.
Flowering branches bowed back. Valves blunt at the end, the outer
with a grain, and the reſt with an imperfect grain. Linn.-Stem
much branched. Branches alternate, with a ſtrap-ſpear-ſhaped
leaf under each. Mr. WOODWARD.
Rubbiſh, 'dry meadows, and road fides. [In Norfolk, very
common. Mr. WOODWARD.]
P. July, Aug.
-
.
RU'MEX paludo'ſus. Valves entire, with grains. marsi
Leaves egg-ſpear-lhaped, ſomewhat pointed. Huds. St.
--Grains roundiſh egg-ſhaped.* St.
(J. B. ii. 987. 2.? Huds.-Rather R. maritimus, variety 1.)
Root branching. Stem upright, 4 feet high, ſcored, branching;
branches alternate, upright. Root-leaves egg-ſhaped, bluntiſh, fome-
what finely notched; ſtem-leaves alternate, on leaf-ſtalks, fome-
what finely notched, rather pointed, flat, naked,
on ſhort
leaf-ſtalks. Leaf-Scales ſheathing, membranaceous. Flowers in
whorls, on fruit-ſtalks. Whorls generally diſtinct. Valves, the
outer with a large red grain; the reſt with a ſmall grain. Huds.
--Reſembles the R. criſpus. Doubtful whether a diſtinct fpecies.
Ray. Mr. Woodward. ST.–Whole plant very ſmooth. Stem
furrowed. Leaves a little ſcolloped and waved at the edge. Fruit-
ſtalks, fome as long, others twice as long as the fruit, with a very
evident ring ſomewhat below the middle. Valves ſlightly toothed,
particularly towards the baſe, only 1 of them with a grain. WITH.
ST.-Sometimes, though very rarely, two of them with grains;
grains roundiſh-egg-ſhaped, nearly 3 times ſhorter than the valves.
3
In its foliage it reſembles the R. Hydrolapathum, and in its fruit
moſt exactly the R. criſpus, of which it is poſſibly only a var. St.
R. florib, herm. ad alas, &c. Boehm. lipſ. n. 576.-R. criſpus. B.
Pollich. ST.
* Granis fubrotundo-ovatis. ST.
Въ3
Marſhes

374
HEXANDRIA TRIGYNIA.
Marſhes and banks of rivers. [Near Tamworth. With.]
P. Aug.
*
water RU'MEX Hydrolaplathum. Valves entire, with grains.
Leaves ſpear-ſhaped, pointed.* Huds. With. St.-
Grains oblong-fpear-ſhaped. St.*
Munt. brit. 1, cop. in Munt. phyt. 697. 202.-Pet. 2. 1.-Ger. 311.
1, ill cop. in 7. B. ii. 1.—(Dod. 648. 2, repr. in Lob. obf. 151.
1, ic. i. 285.2, Ger. em. 389. I, and cop. in Park. 1225. 7,
is R. Patientia, as is evident from its curled leaves.-Blackw.
490.- And Matth. 450, are R. aquaticus.)
Valves ſometimes toothed. HALL. ST.-Stem 2 to 4 feet high,
upright, green, angular, channelled. Leaves on leaf-ſtalks, 11 to
2 feet long, 3 or 4 inches broad, the edge, eſpecially in thoſe of
the ſtem, fomewhat curled. Flowers pale, in panicles. Fruit-ſtalks
hair-like. Valves very entire. RELHAN.--Root white within, black
without. Stem 5 or 6 feet high, furrowed. Leaves a little toothed
and waved at the edge; the lower ones to 18 inches long. Leaf-
ſtalks ſemi-cylindrical, hollowed on the ſurface, ribbed under-
neath, thoſe of the lower-leaves ſometimes 15 inches long. Fruit-
ſtalks encompaſſed a little below the middle with an indiſtinct ring,
in half whorls. Whorls from alternate ſides of the ſtem and
branches, ſurrounded by a ſkinny fheath. Empal. of 1 leaf, with 3
diviſions; Segments ſpear-ſhaped, ſomewhat concave. Tips yellow-
iſh white. Seed-bud, the ſides hollow. Summits flat, fringed,
Valves very ſlightly toothed, eſpecially towards the baſe; teeth be-
coming more and more evident as the ſeed ripens; grains greeniſh
white or purpliſh. With. St.-Stem ftiff, quite upright, branch-
ing above. Branches upright, or open. Stem-leaves nearly fitting,
Fruit-ſtalks longer than the flowers, readily breaking off at the knot.
Petals green, oblong-egg-ſhaped, with the edge ſometimes imper-
fectly toothed. Chives, 2 inſerted into the baſe of each petal. Sum-
mits feathered. Valves become 3 or 4 times as large as the petals,
triangular, veined, all with grains; grains ſpear-ſhaped, fleſhy,
more than half the length of the valve. Seeds not quite half the
length of the valve; the fides ſlightly hollow. Leaves retain their
ſhape when tranfplanted into dry ground. St.
R. aquaticus. MARTYN. LIGHTF. and Bot. Arr. ed. I.-Miſled
by the ſynonyms referred by Linnæus to that ſpecies, but that the
R. aquaticus,
I
-
* It could be wiſhed that Mr. Hudſon would afford us ſome marks by which
to diſtinguiſh this from the R. britannica, ST
Granis oblongo-lanceolatis. ST.

VI. CHIVES, III. POINTALS.
375
R. aquaticus, Linn. is a diſtinct fpecies is evident from the Lin-
næan character confirmed by Pollich's deſcription and Blackw.
figure. ST.
Marſhes, wet ditches, pools, and ſides of rivers. growing ge-
nerally in the water where it is ſhallow, and ſeldom but in the
water. Ray. ST.-[About Clifton, Worceſterſh. Mr. BALLARD.
ST.-And Tamworth. WITH. ST.]
P. July. Aug
It is a medicine of conſiderable efficacy, both externally applied
as a waſh for putrid ſpongy gums, and internally in ſome ſpecies
of ſcurvy. In rheumatic pains, and chronical diſeaſes, owing to
obſtructed viſcera, it is ſaid to be uſeful. The powdered root is
one of the beſt things for cleaning the teeth. The root has fome-
times a reddiſh tinge, but ſoon changing to a yellowiſh brown when
expoſed to the air.
The Curculio Lapathi is found upon the leaves.
** Chives and pointals in the ſame flower. Valves naked, or without
grains.
RU'MEX digy'nus. Shafts 2.
mountain
Fl. dan. 14.—Pluk. 252. 2.-H. ox. v. 36. row 3. f. 3.-Pet.
3.4.
Flower cloven into 4, conſiſting of an empalement of 2 leaves, and
a bloſſom of 2 petals. Seed-bud compreſſed. Seed 2-edged, com-
preſſed. LINN.-Stem naked. Leaves kidney-ſhaped, ſlightly and
irregularly notched, on long leaf-ſtalks. Valves roundiſh, tinged
with red, membranaceous. Mr. WOODWARD.
Acetoſa rotundifolia, óc. R. fyn. 143. (With.)
Mountains of Wales, Yorkſhire, Weſtmoreland, Cumberland.
Rocks by the ſides of rivulets from the Highland mountains, and
Iſles of Rum and Skye.
P. June. July.*
*** Chives and pointals on diſtinct plants.
RU'MEX Aceto fa. Leaves oblong, arrow-ſhaped.- Sorrel
Sheldr. 57.—Blackw. 230.-Park, 742, left hand figure; cop. in
Pet. 3. 1.-Fuchſ. 464, cop. in Trag: 315, and J. B. ii. 990. I.
-Matth. 447, cop. in Dod. 648. 4, repr. in Lob. obf. 155. 1,
ic. i. 290. 2, Ger. em. 396. 1, and cop, in Park. 742. 1. 1, and
H. Ox. v. 28. row 1. 1.-Ger. 319. 1.-Munt, brit, 174, cop.
in phyt. 278.73.-Lonic. 88. 2.
* RUMEX ſcutatus. Very common in the gardens of Yorkſhire. I have
fometimes ſeen it in ſituations which have tempted me to think it an indigenous
plant, CURT.
Bb 4
Thc

376
HEXANDRIA TRIGYNIA.
The barren plant ſmaller. Fruit-ſtalks purple. Empal. expanding.
The fertile plant taller. Empalement, the larger leaves bent back,
the ſmaller upright, covering the feed-bud. One 3d of the flowers
unproductive, even when growing near to the plant with chives.
Relh.-Leaf-falks purpliſh. Bloſſoms reddiſh.
Common Sorrell
Meadows and paſtures.
P. June.
The leaves are eaten in fauces and in fallads. The Laplanders
uſe them to turn their milk four. In France they are cultivated for
the uſe of the table, being introduced in foups, ragouts, and fri-
cafies. In ſome parts of Ireland they eat them plentifully with
milk, alternately biting and ſupping. The Iriſh alſo eat them with
fiſh, and other alcaleſcent food. The dried root gives out a beau-
tiful red colour when boiled.
Horſes, Cows, Goats, Sheep, and Swine eat it. The Aphis'
Acetoſa feeds upon it.
greater d. Rocks on the ſea ſhore near Harelech, Merionethſh. Rav.
Sheeps RU'MEX Acetoſella. Leaves ſpear-halberd-ſhaped.-
Blackw. 307.-Trag. 316.-J. B. li. 992. 1.-Dod. 650. 1.-
Lob. obf. 156. 1, repr. in ic. i. 291. 2, Ger. em. 397. 3, and
cop. in Park. 744. 13, H.ox. v. 28. 12, and Pet. 3. 2.- Munt.
brit. 189. 2, cop. in phyt. 76. 2, and brit. 182, cop. in phyt. 77.-
Matth. 448, cop. in Ger. 320.3.-Park. 744. 15, cop. in H.ox.
ib. 11, and Pet. 3. 4, is the plant with barren flowers.-Zanon. 5.
Barren Plant. Empal. leaves expanding, the hinder part red.
Tips red. Duſt yellow. Fertile plant of the ſame ſize with the bar-
ren. Empalement green. Summits yellowiſh, I generally imperfect.
RELHAN
Relhan.—Roots creeping. Bloſſoms yellowiſh.
Sheep's Sorrell.
Sandy meadows and paſtures.
P. May. June.
Horſes, Cows, Goats, Sheep, and Swine eat it.
ſmall 2. Stem-leaves ftrap - ſhaped. Root-leaves ſtrap-halberd -
ſhaped. St.
Ger. 321.6.-Ger. em. 398. 6.
ſmalleſt 3. Stem-leaves ftrap-ſhaped. Root-leaves oval or oblong. St.
Ger. 321.7.
Obs. The Phalena fuliginoſa, Atriplicis and Rumicis, and the Meloe
Proſcarabæus, are found upon the different ſpecies of this genus,
-
TOFIEL'DIA,

VI. CHIVES, III. POINTALS.
377
TOFIEL'DIA. Huds.
EMPAL. none.
Bloss. Petals 6; equal; oblong; blunt; concave; per-
manent.
CHives. Threads 6; awl-ſhaped; ſmooth ; as long as
the petals. Tips ſmall; roundiſh; fixed ſideways.
Point. Seed-bud 3-cornered. Shafts 3 ; awl-ſhaped; ex-
panding. Summits blunt.
S. Vess. Capſule roundiſh; nearly 3-cornered; 3 cells,
6 valves.
Seeds numerous; oblong; nearly 3-cornered; ſmall.
HUDS. St.
Ess. CHAR. Empalement o. Bloſs. 6 petals. Capſules 3,
containing many ſeeds. St.
Obs. This genus forms the connecting link between Scheuchzeria
and Narthecium, and theſe 3 compoſe the ſeries connecting Juncus
to Anthericum, and the reſt of the Liliacea. St.
-
a
TOFIEL'DIA paluſ'tris.-
marſh
Fl. dan. 36, in fruit.—Cluf. i. 198, and cop. in Ger. em. 96.-
Lightf. 8. 2. at p. 124.-Fl. lapp. 10.3.-Gmel. i. 18. 2.
A ſmall trifid floral-leaf at the baſe of each flower, reſembling a
cup. LightF. ST._Flowers in a bunch. Fruit-ſtalks very ſhort.
Flower-ſcales 2 to each fruit-ſtalk, the lower ſpear-awl-ſhaped, half
fheathing the baſe of the fruit-ſtalk, the upper juſt below the flower
ſurrounding the fruit-ſtalk. St.
Afphodelus Lancaftriæ verus. Ger. em. 96. n. 62.
Scotch Aſphodel.
Bogs on mountains in Scotland. Near Berwick. On Glenmore,
Roſsſhire, and Ben Grihum, Sutherland. About Loch Rannoch,
Perthſhire. Iſle of Rum, and Bidan-nam-bian in Glenco.
P. July-Sept.
Sheep and Goats refuſe it.
488. TRIG.

378
HEXANDRIA TRIGYNIA.
488. TRIGLO'CHIN. Arrowgrafs.
EMPAL. Cup 3 leaves; nearly round; blunt; concave;
deciduous.
Bloss. Petals 3; egg-ſhaped ; concave; blunt; reſem-
bling the leaves of the cup.
.
CHives. Threads 6; very ſhort. Tips 6; ſhorter than the
petals.
Point. Seed-bud large. Shafts none. Summits 3, or 6;
reflected ; downy.
S. Vess. Capſule oblong-egg-ſhaped; blunt; with as
many cells as ſummits. Valves harp; opening at
the baſe.
Seeds ſolitary; oblong.
Ess. Char. Empal. 3 leaves. Petals 3, ſimilar to the empal.
Shaft o. Capſule opening at the baſe
marſh TRIGLO'CHIN paluſ'tre. Capſule of 3 cells,
3 ,
nearly ſtrap-ſhaped.--
Fl. dan. 490.--Leers 12.5.---Trag. 679.-H. ox, viii. 2. 18.-
7. B. ii. 508.2.-Ger. 18.1, repr. in C. B. th. 81.--Ger. em.
20. 1, cop. in Park, 1279. 10.
Root fibrous. LINN.—Chives, 3 contained within the leaves of
the empal. and 3 within the petals. Tips double. Mr. HOLLEFEAR.
-The pointed valves of the capſule opening at the bottom, give it
the appearance of the head of an arrow. WITH.--Flowers in a long
terminating ſpike, greeniſh.
Arrow-headed Graſs.
Wet meadows and paſtures. [Tamworth. With.]
P. July. Aug.
Cows are extremely fond of it. Horſes, Sheep, Goats, and
Swine eat it.
a
Sea
TRIGLO'CHIN marit'imum. Capſule of 6 cells,
egg-ſhaped.--
Fl. dan. 306.-Ger. 12.2, repr. in C. B. th. 82, and cop. in Park.
1278.9, H.ox.viii. 2. 19, and J. B. ii. 508. 1.
Meadows near the ſea. [Near Yarmouth. Mr. WOODWARD.
---Salt marſh near Ingeſtre, Staffordſh. ST.] P. May.-Aug.
It is falt to the taſte; but Horſes, Cows, Sheep, Goats, and
Swine are very fond of it. Linn.—May it not, therefore, prove
a uſeful graſs on the ſea ſhore, and in ſalt marſhes ? St.
492, COL',

VI. CHIVES, III. POINTALS.
379
492. COLCHICUM. Tuberoot.
EMPAL. none; except, ſometimes, a ſort of ſcattered
ſheaths.
Bloss, with 6 diviſions. Tube angular; extending down
to the root. Segments of the border ſpear-egg-ſhap-
ed; concave; upright.
Chives. Threads 6; awl-ſhaped; ſhorter than the bloſs.
Tips oblong; with 4 valves; fixed fideways to the
threads.
Point. Seed-bud buried within the root. Shafts 6; thread-
ſhaped; as long as the chives. Summits reflected ;
channelled.
S. Vess. Capſule of 3 lobes; connected on the inſide by
a ſeam; blunt; with 3 cells, opening inwards at the
feams,
Seeds many; nearly globular; wrinkled.
Ess. CHAR. A ſheath. Bloſſom with 6 diviſions; the tube
riſing from the root. Capſules 3; connnected; inflated.
COL'CHICUM autumna'le. Leaves flat, fpear- Saffron
ſhaped, upright.-
Stoerck.-Fuchſ. 356, 357, the expanded bloſſom inferior to the other
parts; cop. in Trag. 759, and J. B. ii. 649.—Blackw. 566.-
Dod. 46o. 2, repr. in Ger. em. 157. 1.-Ger. em. 157. 2, cop.
in Pet. 67. 2.-Tourn. 181, and 182.-H. ox. iv. 3. 1.-Ger.
-
127. I and 2.
Flowers in September, produces its fruit in the following ſpring,
and ripens it in fummer. Linn.-Bloſs. pale purple, foon wither.
In the ſpring ſeveral ſpear-ſhaped leaves ariſe, with generally I or
2 as long as the reſt, but only & as wide, being a kind of flower-
leaves to the feed-veſſel. Capſule large, fomewhat egg-ſhaped, with
3 very blunt angles. Mr. WOODWARD.-Bloſs. tube 3-cornered;
Jegments rather unequal. Tips, with a fleſhy glandular ſubſtance
between the lobes. Duſt orange-coloured. Shafts reaching down
to the root. Seed-bud at the root ſurrounded by the rudiments of
the future leaves. The ſeeds lie buried all winter within the root,
in ſpring they grow up on a fruit-ſtalk, and are ripe about the time
of hay harveſt. May not the very great length of the ſhafts account
in ſome meaſure for the delay in the ripening of the ſeeds ? As this
plant bloſſoms late in the year, and probably would not have time
to ripen its feeds before the acceſs of winter, which would deſtroy
them, providence has contrived its ſtructure fuch, that this im-
portant

380
POLYGYNIA.
HEXANDRIA
portant office may be performed at a depth in the earth, out of
reach of the uſual effects of froſt: and as feeds buried at ſuch a
depth, are known not to vegetate, a no leſs admirable proviſion is
made to raiſe them above the ſurface when they are perfected, and
to ſow them at a proper ſeaſon. With.
Meadow Saffron.
Meadows, low as well as mountainous, in rich foil in the weſt
and north of England. [Near Bury. Mr. WOODWARD.-Derby.
Mr. WHATELY.--In orchards on the borders of Malvern Chace,
Worceſterſhire, Mr. BALLARD.-On the meadows bordering the
Severn, Worceſterſhire. ST.- Wellington, and Hales Owen,
Shropſhire. With.]
P. Aug. Sept.
This is one of thoſe plants that upon the concurrent teſtimony
of ages was condemned as poiſonous; but Dr. Storck, of Vienna,
hath taught us that it is an uſeful medicine. The roots have a good
deal of acrimony. An infuſion of them in vinegar, formed into
a ſyrup, by the addition of ſugar or honey, is found to be a very
uſeful pectoral and diuretic. It ſeems in its virtues very much to
reſemble Squill, but is leſs nauſeous and leſs acrimonious, tho'
more ſedative. WITH.—In a paſture in which were ſeveral horſes,
and eaten down pretty bare, the graſs was cloſely cropped even
under the leaves, but not a leaf bitten. Mr. WOODWARD,
Order V.
POLYGINIA; MANY POINT ALS.
495. ALISMA. Thrumwort.
EMPAL. Cup 3 leaves; egg-ſhaped; concave; permanent.
Bloss. Petals 3; circular; large; flat; greatly expanded.
CHives. Threads 6, awl-ſhaped ; ſhorter than the bloſſom.
Tips roundiſh.
Point. Seed-buds more than 5. Shafts ſimple. Summits
blunt.
S. Vess. Capſule compreſſed,
SEEDS folitary; ſmall.
Ess. CHAR. Empal. leaves 3. Petals 3. Seeds ſeveral.
ALIS'MA

VI. CHIVES, MANY POINTALS.
381
ALIS'MA Planta'go. Leaves egg-ſhaped, pointed. greater
Fruit with 3 blunt corners.-
Fl. dan. 561.-Trag. 226. 2, cop. in Lonic. 142. 4.-Fuchſ. 42,
cop. in J. B. iii. 787.3.—Matth. 482.-Dod. 606. 1, repr. in
Lob.obf. 160. 1, Ger. em. 417. 1, and cop. in Park. 1245. 1.-
Ger. 337. 1, cop. in Pet. 43. 6.
Root roundiſh, white. Leaf-ſtalks longer than the leaves, broader
at the baſe. Leaves with 7 ribs, keeled, ſmooth, very entire. Stalk
2 or 3 feet high. Panicle terminating. Fruit-ſtalks in whorls. Flowers
in rundles, purpliſh. Flower-ſcales ſhort, pointed, at the origin
of the fruit-ſtalks. Fruit blunt, 3-cornered, depreſſed. LYONS.
-Stems and branches with 3 blunt corners. Leaves with 8 ribs, 2
of them near each edge. Empal. leaves ſcored, bent back. Pointals
numerous. Bloſs. fully expanded about 4 in the afternoon; petals
ragged at the end, ſhrivelling, pale reddiſh purple, yellow at the
baſe. Threads fixed to the receptacles. Tips yellow. Receptacle
glandular. Capſules about 18. With.
Water Plantain,
In watery places, banks of pools, lakes, and rivers.
P. July, (and Auguſt. ST.)
Goats eat it. Horſes. Cows, Sheep, and Swine refuſe it.
B. Ray and Huds.
narrow leay'd
Ger. 337. 2.-Pet. 43. 7.
7. HUDS. Loes. 62, not examined.
Bog about a mile from Sudbury, Effex.
ALIS'MA Damaſo'nium. Leaves heart-oblong. ſtar-headed
Pointals 6. Capſules awl-ſhaped.-
6
Lob. obf. 160.2, repr. in Ger. em. 417. 2, and cop. in Park.
1245. 3
Leaves with net-like veins. Leaf-ſtalks flat, long. Stem naked.
Flowers in rundles lateral and terminating. Capſules large, awl-
ſhaped, ſtraddling in a ſtar-like form. Mr. WOODWARD. ST.---
Of a hard texture, and ſo cloſely united at the baſe as to appear like
a ſingle fruit. Bloſſoms white. St.
Ditches and ſtagnant waters. [Rumford. Mr. PITCHFORD.]
P. June.-Aug
а
ALIS'M A na'tans. Leaves egg-ſhaped, blunt. Fruit- creeping
ſtalks folitary:
Capſules generally 8. Several flowers from the ſame ſheath. Linn.
-The leaves under water ſtrap-ſhaped, thoſe which float on the
ſurface egg-ſhaped. HUDS.-Fruit-ſtalks very long. Flowers large.
Mr. WOODWARD.
Lakes.

382
POLYGYNIA.
HEXANDRIA
Lakes and wide ditches. Great Lake below the old caſtle at
Llanberrys. [South end of the lake of Bala, Merionethſhire.
Mr. Woop.]
P. July. Aug.
leſſer
ALIS'MA ranunculoi'des. Leaves ſtrap-fpear-ſhaped.
Fruit globular, ſcurfy.-
Fl. dan. 122.-5. B. iii. 788.--Ger. em. 417. 3, cop. in Park.
1245. 2, and Pet. 43. 8.
In places where the water is nearly dried up the ſtem is from 2
to 6 inches high, hardly longer than the leaves, and ſome of the
flowering branches trailing; but, where there is plenty of water,
the ſtem is from 1 to 2 feet high, upright, naked, the rundles nu-
merous, proliferous, and the root-leaves not greatly exceeding the
leaf-ſtalks in breadth. Mr. WOODWARD.—Bloſſom bluiſh white,
opens about noon.
Wet turfy bogs. [Giggleſwick Tarn, Yorkſh. Curt.-Boggy
meadows, common. Bungay, Suffolk. Ellingham Fen, Norf.
Mr. Woodw.--Between Burton and Derby. Mr. WHATELY.]
P. June.—Sept.
.
.
Claſs

383
Claſs VII.
H E P T A N DR I A.
VII. CHI VE S.
Order 1.
MONOGYNIA: 1. POINT A L.
496. TRIENTA'LIS. ... Cup 7 leaves. Bloſs. with 7 divi-
fions; flat. Berry i cell ;
dry.
Order 1.
MONOG YNIA; I. POINT A L.
3
496. TRIENTA'LIS. Wintergreen.
EMPAL. Cup 7 leaves; fpear-ſhaped ; tapering; expand.
ing; permanent.
Bloss. ſtarry; flat; of i petal with 7 diviſions, ſlightly
adhering at the baſe. Segments egg-ſpear-ſhaped.
Chives. Threads 7; hair-like; growing on the claws of
the bloffom; 'ftanding wide; as long as the cup. Tips
fimple.
Point. Seed-bud globular. Shaft thread-ſhaped ; as long
as the chives. Summit knobbed.
S. Vess. Berry not unlike a capſule; dry; globular; of
I i cell; coat very thin; opening by various ſeams.
Seeds ſeveral; angular. Receptacle large; hollowed out
to receive the ſeeds.
Ess.
.

384
MONOGYNIA.
HEPTANDRIA
Ess. Char. Empalement 7 leaves. Bloſſom with 7 diviſions ;
.
equal; flat. Berry juiceleſs.
Obs. Though 7 is the general number, it is not invariably ſo.
The fruit is a dry berry, not opening with valves like a capſule.
Chickweed
TRIENTA'LIS europæla. Leaves ſpear-ſhaped ;
very entire.
Fl. dan. 84.*-C. B. pr. 99, cop. in Pet. 62. 13, and Park. 509.
5.a.-C. B. pr. 100, cop. in H. ox. xii. 10. row 3. 6, and
Park. 509. 5. 6.
Bloſſoms cloſe on the approach of rain, when the flowers hang
down. LINN.-Stem ſingle, about 5 inches high. Leaves 5 to 7,
5
terminating the ſtem. Flowers commonly 2, on long fruit-ſtalks.
LIGHTF.—Terminating leaves ſometimes 8, finely, but obſcurely
ſerrated, fmooth; 1 or 2 ſmaller ones ſcattered on the upper part
of the ſtem. Sr.- Leaves ſometimes oval-ſpear-ſhaped. Mr.
WOODWARD.—Bloſſoms white, on long fruit-ſtalks.
Woods and turfy heaths in the northern counties. Near Bingley,
Yorkſhire, plentifully. Mooriſh ground on the ſides of the High-
land mountains.
P. June. July,
Horſes, Goats, and Sheep eat it. Cows refuſe it.
B. Huds. Pyrola alfines flore braſiliana. R. Syn. 286.
Near Giſbury, in Cleveland. Ray.
* But conſiderably larger than it is uſually found in this country, Mr. Woodw.
Claſs

385
Claſs VIII.
O C T A N D R I A.
VIII. CHI VES.
Order 1.
MONOGINIA; I. POINT AL.
* Flowers perfect.
+ Acer.
507. EPILO'BIUM,
Bloſſom 4 petals. Cup 4 leaves;
4
;
ſuperior. Capſule 4 cells. Seeds
feathered.
519. Chlo'ra. Bloſs. with 8 clefts. Cup 8 leaves ;
beneath. Capſule i cell, 2
valves. Seeds many.
523. VACCINIUM. Bloſs. I petal. Cup with 4 teeth;
ſuperior. Chives growing on
the receptacle. Fruit a berry.
524. Eri'ca.............. Bloſs. I petal. Cup 4 leaves; be-
neath, Chives growing on the
receptacle. Fruit a capſule.
† Andromeda Daboæcia.
a
** Flowers imperfe&t.
+ Monotropa hypopithys.
526. DAPH'NE...... Cup with 4 equal clefts; reſem-
bling a bloſſom and incloſing
the chives. Berry pulpy,
Vol. I.
Сс,
Order

386
0 C T A N D R I A.
Order 11.
DIGYNIA; II. POINTALS.
607. ChrysosPLE'NIUM Bloſs. o. Cup ſuperior. Capſule
2-celled, 2-beaked.
* Scleranthus annuus. Scleran. perennis. Chlora perfoliata.
Polygonum penſylvanicum.
Order 111.
TRIGYNIA; III. POINTALS.
537. POLYG'ONUM. .... Bloſs. o. Cup with 5
Seed 1; naked.
diviſions.
Order IV.
I ETRAGYNIA, IV. POINTALS.
542, Adox'A.....
,
Bloſs. with 4 or 5 clefts ; fupe-
5
rior. Cup 2 leaves. Berry with
4 or 5 feeds.
543. ELATI'NE, .......... Bloſſom 4 petals. Cup 4 leaves.
Capſule 4 cells.
541, PA'ris,
Bloſs. 4 petals; awl-ſhaped. Cup
4 leaves. Berry 4 cells.
Myriophyllum verticillatum.
Order

VIII. CHIVES, I. POINTAL.
387
Order 1.
MONOGYNIA; I. POINT A L.
507. EPIL O'BIU M. Willowherb.
EMPAL. Cup 4 leaves; ſuperior. Leaves oblong; ta-
pering; coloured; deciduous.
Bloss. Petals 4; circular; expanding; broadeſt on the
outer part; notched at the end.
Chives. Threads 8; awl-ſhaped; alternately ſhorter. Tips
oval; compreſſed; blunt.
Point. Seed-bud beneath; cylindrical; very long. Shaft
thread-ſhaped. Summit with 4 clefts; thick ; blunt;
rolled back.
S. Vess. Capſule very long; cylindrical; ſcored ; 4 cells,
4 valves.
Seeds numerous; oblong; crowned with a feather. Ren
ceptacle very long; 4-cornered; looſe; limber; co-
loured.
Ess. CHAR. Empalement with 4 clefts. Petals 4. Capſule
4
oblong; beneath. Seeds feathered.
Obs. In ſome ſpecies the chives and pointals are upright, in
others they lean towards the lower ſide of the bloſſom.
-
.
* Chives declining.
EPILOBIUM anguſtifo'lium. Leaves ſcattered, Roſebay
ftrap-fpear-ſhaped. Flowers unequal.-
Fl. dan. 289.-Curt. ii. 18.--Park, par. 267. 6.-Ger. em. 477.
2, cop. in Pet. 52.10.-7. B. ii. 907. 1, cop. in H. ox. iii. 11,
TOW 1. 1. f.3.-(Cluf. ii. 51.3, repr. in Dod. 85.2, Lob. obf.
186, 1, Ger. em. 477, 8, and cop, in Park. 548, 1, and H. ox.
iii. II. row 2, 2, is variety a the Lyſimachia Chamcenerion dicta
C.B.)
Leaves at their firſt appearance rolled in at the edge. Petals entire.
Threads approaching the ſhaft at the baſe. Pointal declining. LINN.
Petals, the 2 lowermoſt ſomewhat remote from each other. Leaves,
the lateral nerves on the under ſurface, nearly at right angles with
the mid-rib. Scop. Mr. WOODWARD.-Threads nearly of equal
length, at firſt bending down, finally becoming nearly upright,
Сca
Curt.

388
OCTANDRIA MONOGYNIA.
are
-
Curt.-Bloſſoms purpliſh roſe-colour, or white. Leaves ſlightly
toothed. Chives nearly equal. Receptacle full of honey. ST.
E. anguſif. var. B. LINN.-Lyſimachia Chamanerion dicta latifolia.
C. B. pin. 245. Boehm. St.-Chamcenerion. Ger. em. 477. ST.
Roſebay Willowherb.
Woods and hedges. Meadows near Sheffield; Alton, Hants;
Maize Hill, beyond Greenwich; many places in Scotland; Graſs
Wood, near Kilnſay, Yorkſhire. Curt.-[And near Berkham-
ſtead, Herts, plentifully. Mr. WOODWARD.] P. July.-Sept.
Goats are extremely fond of it. Cows and Sheep eat it. Horſes
and Swine refuſe it.—The Phalana Porcellus, and Sphinx Elpenor,
found upon it.-The ſuckers of the root are eatable. An In-
-
fuſion of the plant has an intoxicating property, and the Kamtſcha-
tadales brew a ſort of ale from the pith, and from the ale make
vinegar. The down of the ſeeds alſo mixed with cotton or furr has
been manufactured into ſtockings and other articles of cloathing.
** Chives upright, regular; petals cloven.
largeflowered EPILOBIUM hirſu'tum. LINN. SCHREB. Sp. f. lipſs.
in conſp. Lightf. Curt. Mr. WOODWARD. ST.-Leaves
oppoſite, ſpear-ſhaped, ſerrated, running down and em-
bracing the ſtem. LINN.-Leaves running down the ſtem,
the lower ones oppoſite. Stem branched. Huds.-Leaves
egg-ſpear-ſhaped, half-embracing the ſtem, hairy. Stem
very much branched. Root creeping. Curt.
Fl. dan. 326.-Gurt, ii. 20.-Fuchſ. 491, cop. in 7. B. ii. 905.3,
and Lonic. i. 135.2.--Ger.386.3.-Ger. em. 476.6, cop. in
Pet. 52. 11, and H.ox. iii. 11. 3.
Plant ſomewhat hairy. Stem cylindrical, with expanding foft
hairs. Leaves unequally ferrated, fomewhat downy, running
way down the ſtem, the middle of the baſe being above the
fides of the baſe. Branches oppoſite. Bunches terminating. Flowers
on fruit-ſtalks, folitary. Floral-leaf ſpear-ſhaped, ſitting, ferrated.
Seed-bud woolly. Petals ſlightly cloven. LINN.-Stenis branched,
downy. Leaves downy. Bloſs. fleſh-coloured, or purple. Huds.
-Leaves with ſoft hairs on both ſides; ſerratures hooked, blunt.
Branches and fruit-ſtalks from the bofom of the leaves. Empal. leaves
united at the baſe by means of a glandular receptacle. Petals twice
as long as the empalement, inverſely heart-ſhaped, of a fine roſe-
colour, claws white with white ſcores ſpreading upwards. Threads
white, the longeſt not half the length of the petals. Tips and duſ
white. Seed-bud 4-cornered, the corners purple and woolly. Shaft
crooked; white. Summit white. Capſule with 4 purple corners,
and thickſet with ſoft ſhort hair. Seeds nearly egg-ſhaped. WITH.
--Empal.
a little
-
a

VIII. CHIVES, I. POINTAL.
389
--Empal. of 1 leaf, with 4 deep diviſions. Curt. ST.-Stem up-
right, flatted at the inſertion of the branches. Upper branches ge-
nerally folitary, alternate. Leaves oblong-ſpear-ſhaped, the upper -
moſt alternate. Chives, 4 of them nearly as long again as the other
.
4. Tips oblong, after ſhedding their duft bowed. St.
E. ramoſum. HUDS.*---Chamoenerion floribus ex alis fefilibus, foliis
lanceolatis, dentatis villoſis. Boeh. lipſ. n. 298, acknowledged to be E.
hirſutum a of Linnæus, in Schreber's Linnean conſpectus at the end of his
Spic. flor. lips.--(Chamanerion obfcurum Schreb. p. 147, referred to by
Mr. Hudfon, is a diſtinct ſpecies.) St.
Great Hairy Willowherb. Codlings and Cream.
Moiſt hedges, ditches, and banks of brooks, rivers, and lakes.
P. July.
The top ſhoots have a very delicate fragrance reſembling ſcalded
codlings, whence one of its names, but fo tranſitory, that, before
they have been gathered 5 minutes, it is no longer perceptible.
Horſes, Sheep, and Goats eat it. Cows are not fond of it. Swine
refuſe it.
EPILO'BIUM villo'ſum. Curt.-Leaves fpear- woolly
ſhaped, ſerrated, almoſt running down the ſtem, the
lower oppoſite. Stem moſtly ſimple. Huds. Leaves
fitting. Stem woolly. SCHRED. ST.-Leaves oblong-
ſpear-ſhaped, toothed, downy. Stem cylindrical, woolly.
CURT. ST.
Curt. ii. 21.+-Fl. dan. 347.-H.ox. iii. 11.4, cop. in Pet. 52.
12.--(Ger. 387.8, is a different ſpecies.)
Stem very rarely branched, unleſs it has received ſome injury.
Flowers ſmall, purple. HUDS.- Lower-leaves oppoſite, the upper
alternate, by no means running down the ſtem, but fitting, or
rather fixed to an exceedingly ſhort leaf-ſtalk, rounded at the baſe,
with diſtant ferratures, the ſerratures ſmaller and much more
widely ſeparated than thoſe of E. hirſutum; woolly on each ſide, very
ſoft and not ſo much pointed. Seed-bud woolly, with expanding
ſoft hairs, but at laſt becoming bare. SCHREB.ST.-Root fibrous,
not citeping. Stem ſometimes branched. Leaves ſoft, teeth glan-
* Mr. Hudſon is not to be juſtified in thus altering the Linnæan nomencla-
ture, and applying the name, which Linnæus had given to this, to another fpe-
cies. Mr. WOODWARD. ST.-Mr. Hudſon may alledge, that in the Fl. fuec. the
large-flowered ſpecies is made a variety of the ſmall-flowered, but the deſcription
there ſubjoined he will find to belong to the large-frowered ſpecies, and the error
of the FI, fuec. he will fee corrected in the Sp. pl. St.
# But repreſented too hairy. Mr. WOODWARD, ST.
dular,
Сс 3

390
.
OCTANDRIA MONOGYNIA.
dular, whitiſh underneath. Petals inverſely heart-ſhaped, CURT.
ST.-Stem cylindrical alſo at the inſertion of the branches. Leaves
in ſome plants nearly all oppoſite, in others nearly all alternate.
Fruit-ſtalks longer than the empalement. Bloſſoms fleſh-coloured,
generally cloſed. Shaft purple. Summits 4, white, rolled back. St.
E.parviflorum. St. in Bot. Arr. ed. i. Schreb. Spic.-E. hirſutum. B.
Linn.-hirſutum. Huds.-Lyſimachia ſiliquoſa Sylveſtris hirſuta flore mi-
nore. 7. B. hiſt. ii. p.906.-Wood Willowherb. Ger. em. 479. n. 12.
Watery places, and ſides of ditches and rivulets. P. July. Aug.
ſmooth-leaved
EPILO'BIUM monta'num. Leaves oppoſite, egg-
ſhaped, toothed. LINN.—The upper alternate. Hall. Mr.
WOODWARD. With.
Curt. iii. 33:—Walc.—Cluf. ii. 51.2, repr. in Dod. 85. 1, Lob.
obſ. 185. 4, Ger. em. 479. 11, and cop. in Park. 548. 3, and
Pet. 53. I.
Stem cylindrical, upright, reddiſh, very ſoft, ſomewhat downy.
Leaves ſmooth, finely toothed, very ſoft, eſpecially underneath,
with a down juſt perceptible. LINN.-Petals inverſely heart-ſhaped,
pale purple. Curt.-Leaves ſpear-egg-ſhaped. Empalement ſlightly
hairy on the outſide and at the edges. Petals veined with deeper
purple lines. Chives lying moſtly on one ſide of the ſhaft, which
is bowed upwards. Shaft reddiſh. WITH.—Leaves, teeth unequal,
ſomewhat hooked, pointing towards the end of the leaf; with a
juſt perceptible downineſs on both ſurfaces. Petals ſometimes
white. St.
Woods, hedge rows, ſhady lanes, and moiſt meadows, in a
gravelly foil, and ſometimes on walls in courts.
Goats eat it. Horſes are not fond of it.
2. Three and 4 leaves at a joint. Reich. Curt. With.
Spurious EPILO'BIUM du'bium. Curt. cat. n. 567.
B. July.
Square-ſtalked
EPILO'BIUM tetrago'num. Leaves fpear-ſhaped,
finely toothed, the lowermoft oppoſite. Stem 4-cornered.
LINN.-Summit very entire. Curt.
Curt. iii. 27.—Ger. 387. 8 and 7. ?
The young leaves have livid ſpots, and the tender top of the plant
hangs down. Summit very entire. Willich.– All the leaves
ſometimes ſtrap-fpear-ſhaped. Mr. Woodw.--Stem 4-cornered,
eſpecially at the baſe, upwards rounder, but ſtill angular, ſmooth,
and ſometimes ſlightly downy. Branches alternate. Leaves egg-
Spear-ſhaped, ſharp-pointed, ſerrated with pointed teeth.POLLICH.
-Stem not creeping. Stem upright, very much branched. Leaves
ſmooth

VIII. CHIVES, I. POINTAL.
391
ſmooth, ferrated, the lower ſpear-ſhaped, the upper ſtrap-ſpear-
ſhaped. Empalement with 4 diviſions. Curt. St.
Marſhes, and ſides of rivulets and ditches.
P. July.
[Near Bungay, Suffolk; and Alconbury, Huntingdonſhire. Mr.
WOODWARD.]
-
EPILOBIUM paluſ'tre. Leaves oppoſite, ſpear- marſh
ſhaped, very entire. Petals notched at the end.
. . Stem
upright. LINN.—Leaves imperfectly toothed. St.
Ger. 386. 4, cop. in Pet. 53. 4.-(Ger. em. 477. 8, cop. in H. ox.
iii. 11. row 2. 2, is a variety of E. anguſtifolium.)
Leaves imperfectly toothed. Petals reddiſh, nicked, not cloven
half way down. Pods on fruit-ſtalks. LINN.-Summit thickiſh club-
Linn
fhaped, ſlightly cloven at the point into 4. LEERS.-Stem cylin-
drical, ſmooth or downy, a foot high. Leaves fitting, the lower
oppoſite, the upper alternate. Summit with generally 4 clefts.
Relh.-Summit thick, blunt, yellowiſh white. St.-Upper-leaves
alternate, varying extremely in breadth. Short leafy branches
riſe from the boſom of the leaves. Mr. WOODWARD.--Leaves fit-
ting, ſmooth. Empalement a little hairy on the outſide. Fetals
notched at the end, reddiſh purple, with deeper purple {treaks.
Tips at the time of thedding their duft, adhere firmly to the ſum-
mits ſo as hardly to be ſeparated without violence, but before and
after that time they do not touch it. With.
Marſhes, bogs, and ſides of lakes.
P. July
Horſes, Sheep, and Goats eat it. Swine refuſe it.
EPILO'BIUM alpi'num. Leaves oppoſite, egg-ſpear- alpine
ſhaped, very entire. Pods ſitting. Stem creeping.--
Fl. dan. 322.-Lightf. 10. 1, at p. 242.
Stem trailing, hardly a ſpan high. LINN.-Afterwards upright,
bearing 1 or 2 flowers at the top. Leaves quite ſmooth. Pods quite
ſmooth, 4 or 5 times longer than the leaves. LIGHT.-Leaves
ſometimes ſlightly toothed. Mr. WOODWARD. ST.
Alpine rivulets. Cheviott Hills, Northumberland; near Settle,
Yorkſhire. Ben Buy, Ben Lomond, and near Little Loch Broom,
Roſsſhire. Mountains in Breadalbane and Corry Yaal, in Glenco.
[Moiſt rocks about Buckbarrow Well. Curt.] P. July. Aug.
-
Сс 4
519. CHLO'RA.

392
.
OCTANDRIA MONOGYNIA.
I
-
519. CHLO'RA. Yellow-wort.
Empal. Cup 8 leaves; permanent. Leaves ſtrap-ſhaped ;
open.
Bloss. I petal; ſalver-ſhaped. Tube ſhorter than the
empalement, incloſing the feed-bud. Border with
8 diviſions; ſegments ſpear-ſhaped ; longer than the
tube, (lapping over each other. WITH.)
Chives. Threads 8; (awl-ſhaped. WITH.) very ſhort;
fixed to the mouth of the tube. Tips ftrap-ſhaped ;
upright; ſhorter than the ſegments of the bloffom.
Point. Šeed-bud egg-oblong. Shaft thread-ſhaped ; as
long as the tube. Summits 4; oblong; cylindrical.
S. Vess. Capl. egg-oblong; of i cell; fomewhat flatted;
with 2 furrows; 2 valves; the ſides of the valves
bowed inwards.
Seeds numerous; very ſmall.
Ess. Char. Empal. 8 leaves. Bloſs. I petal; with 8 clefts.
Capſule i cell, 8 valves, containing many ſeeds.
perforated CHLO'RA perfolia'ta. Leaves perforated.-
Walc.—Barr. 315 and 316.-7. B. iii. 355, cop. in H. ox. V. 26.
row 1. 1. and 2. f. 1, and Pet. 55.8.-Cluf. ii. 180, repr. in
Lob. obf. 219, Ger. em. 547. 2, and cop. in Park. 272. 4, and
Ger. 437. 2.
Stem and leaves ſea-green. Scop. Relhan. ST.-Empal. leaves
narrow, ſpear-ſhaped. Bloſs. gold coloured. Summits 2. Relh.
-Stem from 3 inches to 3 feet high. Root-leaves oval, ſitting,
ſpread in form of a ſtar; loweſt ſtem-leaves oval, ſpear-ſhaped, fit-
ting, the reſt perforated, oval-ſpear-ſhaped. Flowers in a kind of
rundle, of 3 rays, encompaſſed by the uppermoſt leaf, the mid-
dle one bearing a ſingle flower without any leaves; the outer ones
terminated by a leaf fimilar to the ſtem-leaves, from which ariſes
a rundlet ſupporting 1 or more flowers. Empal. ſometimes equal
to, fometimes longer, and ſometimes ſhorter than the bloſſom ;
leaves awl-ſhaped. Mr. WOODWARD.-Chives 6 to 9. Mr. Hol-
LEFEAR.-Root-leaves inverſely egg, and ſpear-ſhaped; ſtem-leaves
hollow, each as if compoſed of 2 fpear or heart-ſhaped leaves,
running into each other at the baſe. Stem and branches terminated
by ſolitary flowers, with a lateral branch ſpringing on each fide
from their baſe. Empal. leaves fometimes 10. Bloſſom, ſegments
ſometimes 9, ſlightly nicked at the point. Chives ſometimes 9 and
10, ſhorter than the bloſſom, Shaft cloven, the arms forked at
the
a
a

VIII. CHIVES, I. POINTAL.
393
a
the end. Tips hardly twiſted. ST.-Stem cylindrical, ſmooth.
Flowers in a ſort of rundle, terminating. Empal. leaves pointed,
ſometimes g. Bloſs. tube ſkinny; ſegments ſometimes 9, deep yellow,
with a milky juice. Chives fometimes 9, yellow. Tips oblong.
Duſ yellow. Seed-bud oblong, longer than the tube of the bloſs.
Shaft thickeſt towards the top, cloven, yellow. Summits 2, ſhaped
like a horſe ſhoe, yellow. Capſule oblong, with 4 blunt corners.
Seeds egg-ſhaped. With.
Mountainous meadows and paſtures, in a calcareous foil. [Near
Bungay, Suffolk. Mr. WOODWARD:-Side of Malvern Chace,
Worceſterſhire. Mr. BALLARD.-Edge of the Ridd Cliff, Wor-
ceſterſh. St. Ranton Abbey, Staffordſh.WITH.]A. June. St. July.
-
523. VACCINIUM. Whortle.
2
EMPAL. Cup very ſmall; fuperior ; permanent.
Bloss. I petal; bell-ſhaped; with 4 clefts. Segments
rolled backwards.
Chives. Threads 8 ; fimple. Tips with 2 horns ; open-
ing at the point; and furniſhed with 2 expanding
awns, which are fixed to the back.
Point. Seed-bud beneath. Shaft fimple;
Shaft fimple; longer than
the chives. Suminit blunt.
S. Vess. Berry with 4 cells; globular; with a hollow
dimple.
Seeds few; ſmall.
Ess. CHAR. Empal. ſuperior. Bloſſom i petal. Threads
inſerted into the receptacle. Berry 4 cells; many ſeeds.
Obs. In ſome ſpecies all the parts of fructification are increaſed
Ith in number. The empalement in V. myrtillus is very entire, in
moſt of the reſt with 4 clefts. The new blown bloſſom is hardly di-
vided, but in the V. Oxycoccos it is rolled back to the baſe.
1
-
-
-
* Leaves annual, or deciduous.
VACCIN'IUM Myrtillus. Fruit-ſtalks with 1 flower. Bilberry
Leaves ferrated, egg-ſhaped, deciduous. Stem angular.-
Sheldr. 18.—Matth. 231.—Dod. 768.2, repr. in Lob. obl. 546.
2, Ger. em. 1415. 1, and cop. in Park. 1456. 1.-Blackw. 463.
Chives 10. Bloſs. ſegments 5. Capſule, cells 5. Stem and branches
4-cornered. Leaves alternate, ferratures blunt. Berries black.
LINN.-Bloſs. nearly globular, but a little flatted at the baſe; pale
reddiſh purple; mouth very ſmall, with 5 ſmall reflected teeth.
With.-Bloſs. reddiſh white. Berries bluiſh black.
Black

394
OCTANDRIA MONOGYNIA :
Black Worts. Black Whortle-berries. Hurtle-berries. Bilberries.
Wind-berries. Blea-berries.
Woods and heaths. [Porland Heath. Mr. Crowe.-Rocks above
Great Malvern, Worceſterſhire. Mr. BALLARD.] S. Apr. May.
The berries are very acceptable to children, either eaten by
themſelves, or with milk, or in tarts. The moor game live
upon
them in the autumn. The juice ſtains paper or linen purple.
Goats eat it. Sheep are not fond of it. Horſes and Cows re-
fuſe it.
-
a
great VACCIN'IUM uligino'ſum. Fruit-ſtalks with 1 flower.
Leaves very entire, inverſely egg-fhaped, blunt, ſmooth.
Fl. dan. 231.-Cluf. i. 62, 1, repr. in Ger. em. 1416.6, and cop.
in Park. 1456. 2.
Stems generally a foot high. Leaves when young fringed at the
baſe, flat. Berries blue, with 4 flight angles, with a white pulp.
LINN.-Leaves with a net-work of veins underneath, ſometimes
ſlightly dented at the end, often tinged with red. Mr. WoodW.
Great Bilberry Buſh. [Raſh-berries. Mr. WOODWARD.]
Moiſtiſh woods, heaths, and paſtures, and tops of mountains.
Between Hexham and Penrith. Foreſt of Whinfield, Weſtmorel,
Near Julian's Bower, Highland mountains. [Near Gambleſby,
Cumberland. Ray, Mr. WOODWARD.] S. April. May.
Children ſometimes eat the berries; but in large quantities they
occaſion giddineſs, and a flight head-ach, eſpecially when full
grown, and quite ripe. Many vintners in France are ſaid to make
uſe of the juice to colour their white wines red.
Horſes, Cows, Sheep, and Goats eat it. Swine refuſe it.
** Leaves evergreen.
red VACCINIUM Vitis-ide'a. Bunches terminating,
nodding. Leaves inverſely egg-ſhaped ; edge very entire
and rolled back, dotted underneath. Linn.
- Edge often
obſcurely ſerrated towards the end. St.
Fl. dan. 40.- Dod. 770. 1, repr. in Ger. em. 1415. 2, and cop.
in Park. 1456. 4, leaves the beſt.-7. B. i. a. 522.
Is ſeldom found in bloſſom. Curt.-Stems obliquely aſcending,
ſcarcely a ſpan high, cylindrical. Leaves alternate. Berries red.
LINN.-Leaves with deep veins above, which are equally promi.
nent underneath, fome much ſmaller leaves intermixed with the
reſt. Mr. WOODWARD.—- Floral-leaves and empalement coloured,
.
Threads very ſhort, white, woolly. Tips red, longer than the
threads, of 2 cells, each of which bears a yellowiſh tube at the
point. Duſt yellow. Shaft green. Receptacle glandular. WITH.-
-
Leaves

VIII. CHIVES, I. POINTAL.
395
Leaves ſlightly dented at the end, the mid-rib terminating in a round-
iſh knob, pale underneath, dots dark brown, prominent. Stems
and leaf-ſtalks downy. ST.-Bloſſoms reddiſh white.
Red Whortle-berries.
Mountainous parts of Derbyſhire, Staffordſhire, and Yorkſh.
Rav.-Dry places in heaths, woods, and tops of mountains.
LightF.-And marſhy heaths. HUDS.- [Top of Skiddow, and
Ingleborough. Mr. Woodw.-Cannock Heath, Staffordſhire,
in a dry gravel. ST.]
S. March. April.
The berries are acid, and not very grateful, but they are eaten
by the Laplanders, and by the country people, and are ſent in
large quantities from W. Bothnia to Stockholm for pickling. Linn.
-- They are alſo made into tarts, rob, and jelly.
Goats eat it. Cows, Sheep, and Horſes refuſe it.
-
a
VACCIN'IUM Oxycoccos. Leaves very entire, Cran-berry
rolled back at the edge, egg-ſhaped. Stems creeping,
.
thread-ſhaped, without hairs. —
Fl. dan. 80, cop. in Blackw. 593.—Lob.obl. 547. 3.–J. B. i. a.
227.2.-Dod.770.2, repr. in Ger. em. 1419, and cop. in Park,
1229, and Ger. 1367.
Bunch very ſhort. Fruit-ſtalks very long. Floral-leaves 2, alternate.
Bloſs. ſegments rolled back. LINN.—Leaves ſometimes egg-ſpear-
ſhaped, alternate, on ſhort fruit-ſtalks. Mr. Woodw. - Thick,
grey underneath. Fruit-ſtalks red, and ſemi-tranſparent. Flowers
nodding, generally i on a fruit-ſtalk. Empal. coloured. Bloſſom,
Segments oblong, bent back as in the flower Solanum Dulcamara,
which it much reſernbles in form, falling off as if diſtinct petals.
Threads ſpear-ſhaped, brown, hairy at the edge. Tips orange-co-
loured, of 2 cells, each ending in a hair-like tube open at the end.
Shaft red, tubular. Summit an open hole. Empalement ſmooth,
but fringed at the points. Fruit-ſtalks downy, crooked at the end.
Floral-leaves about half way up near each other. Bloſs. deep fleſh-
colour, Berry pale red, mottled with purple dots, when fully ripe
purpliſh red. WITH.
Cran-berries. Moſs-berries. Moor-berries. Fen-berries. Marſh
Whorts. Marſh Whortle-berries. Corn-berries.
Peaty bogs, near Glaſtenbury. [Sutton Coldfield Park, War-
wickſhire. RaY.ST.-Derſingham Moor, Norfolk. Mr. Crowe.
- In the North, frequent. Mr. WOODWARD.] S. May. June.
The berries have an agreeabliſh acidity, but are ſeldom eaten raw.
They are made into tarts, which are much eſteemed, but on ac-
count of a very peculiar flavour are diſliked by ſome. They may
be kept for ſeveral years by wiping them clean, and then cloſely
corking

396
.
OCTANDRIA MONOGYNIA.
corking them up in dry bottles; but the beſt method of preſerving
them is, to fill up the interſtices with pure ſpring water. St.-At
-
Longtown, in Cumberland, 20 or gol.'s worth are ſold by the poor
people each market day, for 5 or 6 weeks together. LIGHT.
524. ERI'CA. Heath.
EMPAL. Cup with 4 leaves ; egg-ſhaped; upright; co-
loured, permanent.
Bloss. I petal; bell-ſhaped; with 4 clefts; often dif-
tended.
Chives. Threads 8; hair-like; ftanding on the recepta-
cle. Tips cloven at the point.
Point. Seed-bud roundiſh. Shaft thread-ſhaped ; ſtraight;
longer than the chives. Summit reſembling a little
crown; with 4 clefts, and 4 edges.
S. Vess. Capſule roundiſh; incloſed; ſmaller than the
cup; with 4 cells, and 4 valves.
Seeds numerous; very ſmall.
Ess. Char. Empal. 4 leaves. Blosſom 4 clefts. Threads
CHAR
inſerted into the receptacle. Tips cloven. Capſule 4 cells.
OBs. In ſome ſpecies the cup is double. The figure of the
bloſſom varies between egg-ſhaped and oblong. The chives in
ſome ſpecies are longer, and in others ſhorter than the bloſſom.
LINN.-The ſummit alſo varies. REICH.
common
.
* Tips awned.
ERI'CA vulgaris. Tips awned. Bloſſom bell-ſhaped,
nearly equal. Empalement double. Leaves oppoſite,
arrow-ſhaped. LINN. Syft. veg.-Leaves tiled, in 4 lines
.
Hort cliff. St.-Inner empal. longer than the bloſs. St.*
Curt. iv. 50.-Walc.-Fl. dan. 677.—Matth. 152.- Fuchſ, 254,
cop. in Trag. 952, and Dod. 767. 1, which repr. in Ger. em.
1380. I, and cop. again in Park. 1482. 5.—Lonic. i. 37. 1.-
Ger. 1196. 1 and 2.--Park. 1480, 1.
Leaves tiled, in 4 lines, oppoſite, nearly 3-edged, keel chan-
nelled, fixed above the baſe, baſe pointed, cloven. Bloſs. cloven
into 4, more than half way down, of the ſize and appearance of the
empalement. Shaft aſcending, generally projecting beyond the
bloffom. Linn.- Liltle branches ſquare. Leaves nearly egg-ſhaped,
bluntiſh,
* Calyce interiore corolla longiore. ST.

VIII. CHIVES, I. POINTAL397
.
.
a
2
bluntiſh, with a whitiſh furrow, ſlightly hairy at the edge. Flowers
folitary, on fruit-ſtalks, from the ſides of the branches, flightly
nodding, oppoſite, but generally pointing one way, giving the
branches the appearance of long bunches, but leafy ſhoots will
be always found at the end. Fruit-ſtalks ſhorter than the flower,
with a floral-leaf at the baſe. Floral-leaves roundiſh arrow-ſhaped,
hollow, woolly at the edge, 2, and ſometimes 3 at the baſe of the
flower, of the ſame ſhape as thoſe of the outer empalement. Outer
empal. often tinged with red, woolly without; the 2 outer fome-
what larger, egg-ſhaped, ſlightly keeled; the 2 inner roundiſh-
egg-ſhaped, ſomewhat membranaceous. Inner empal. of 4 leaves,
.
of the colour, and nearly of the ſame texture as the bloſſom, five
times as long as the outer; leaves oval-oblong, concave, ſlightly
adhering at the baſe, alternating with the ſegments of the bloſſom,
open, after flowering approaching with the points bent in. We
may here obſerve a curious inſtance of the gradual tranſition from
the green herbaceous leaves of the ſtem, to the more delicate tex-
ture of the bloſſom. Bloſſom bell-ſhaped, flatted at the baſe, pale
purpliſh roſe-colour, whitiſh towards the baſe, divided 2-3ds of
the way down; ſegments egg-ſhaped, blunt, equal, open. Chives
juſt ſhorter than the bloffom. Threads awl-ſhaped, doubled to
and fro towards towards the point, white, or tinged with purple.
Tips ſpear-ſhaped, brown, of 2 cells, cells opening at the fides by
ſpear-ſhaped apertures nearly as long as the tips; horns awl-ſhaped,
white, microſcopically woolly, ſometimes cloven, pointing down-
wards, nearly half as long as the tip. Duft white. Seed-bud orbi-
cular, but thick in proportion to its breadth, reddiſh, with 8 per-
pendicular ridges beſet with ſoft white hairs. Shaft fanting up-
wards, white, purpliſh above, longer than the empal. Summit
purpliſh red. Capſule ſlightly depreſſed. ST.-Branches in oppoſite
pairs. Empalement cloſe to the baſe, 4 or 5 circular, concave, co-
loured leaves, fringed with ſoft hairs; and on the outſide of theſe
2 or 3 others partly reſembling theſe, and partly the leaves of the
empalement. Proper cup coloured, ſo as in every reſpect to reſem-
ble the bloſſom. Bloſſom not diftended, clefts 4 or 5. Threads flat,
white, ſpringing from ſmall glandular ſubſtances at the baſe of the
ſeed-bud, Tips reddiſh brown, with white horns at the baſe, Shaff
white. Summit red. Seed-veſſel incloſed by the proper cup. With.
-Stems brown, woody.
Heath. Ling. Grig, in Shropſhire, Hather. in Scotland,
Heaths and woods.
S. June.-Aug.
This plant, but little regarded in happier climates, is made ſub-
ſervient to a great variety of purpoſes, in the bleak and barren
Highlands of Scotland. The poorer inhabitants, make walls for
their

398
OCTANDRIA MONOGYNIA.
-
their cottages, with alternate layers of heath, and a kind of mor-
tar made of black earth and ſtraw, the woody roots of the heath
being placed in the center, the tops externally and internally. They
make their beds of it, by placing the roots downwards, and the
tops only being uppermoſt, they are ſufficiently foft to ſleep upon.
Cabbins are thatched with it. - In the iſland of Ilay, ale is fre-
quently made by brewing one part malt, and 2 parts of the young
tops of heath; fometimes they add hops. Boethius relates, that
this liquor was much uſed by the Picts. Penn. tour. 1772. p. 229.-
Woollen cloth boiled in alum water, and afterwards in a ſtrong
decoction of the tops of heath, comes out a fine orange colour,
The ſtalks and tops will tan leather. In England befoms are made
of it, and faggots to burn in ovens, or to fill up drains that are
to be covered over. Sheep and Goats will ſometimes eat the ten-
der ſhoots, but they are not fond of them.-Cattle not accuſtomed
to browſe on heath, give bloody milk, but are foon cured by drink-
ing plentifully of water. Penn. tour. 1772. p. 229. Horſes fome-
times refuſe it. ST.-Bees extract a great deal of honey from the
Howers; and, where heath abounds, the honey has a reddiſh caft.
downy-leaved B. LINN.- Leaves and branches covered with white downy
hairs. With.
Erica vulgaris hirſuta. Gerard. 1380. Ray's ſyn. 471.-Erica myrice
folio hirſuto. Bauh. pin. 485.—Erica vulgaris hirſutior. Park. 1480.
(WITH.)
[Enville Common, Staffordſh.St.-Birmingh. Heath. With.]
whiteflower'd 3. Bloſſoms white. Sr.
-
"
croſs-leaved ERICA Tet'ralix. Tips awned. Bloſſoms egg-
ſhaped. Shaft incloſed within the bloſſom. Leaves in
fours, fringed. Flowers in heads.-
Curt. i. 12.-Fl. dan. 81.-(Ger. e. 1381.4, not the plant, the
flowers of each head not riſing from the ſame point.)
Flowers incorporated. Bloſſom longer than the empalement. Leaves
expanding. Bloſſoms twice a year. LINN.- Flowers in a kind of
rundle, pale purple, or fleſh-coloured, and ſometimes white.
Ray.St.--Branches a little woolly. Leaves rolled back at the edges,
white underneath; hairs glandular. Empal. leaves 4 to 6, fringed
4
with long hairs, tipt with browniſh red globules. Bloſs, ſegments
reflected, very ſhallow. Tips purple, with 2 white horns at the
baſe. Seed-bud woolly, glandular at the baſe. With. St.-Leaves
ſometimes in fives, leaf-ſtalks preſſed cloſe to the ftem. Rundles
terminating, without a fence. Flowers ſet cloſe, pointing one way,
inclining. Fruit-ſtalks downy, about the length of the bloſſoms.
Floral-leaves 3 at the baſe of each flower on the upper fide, of the
3
fame
a
a

VIII. CHIVES, I. POINTAL.
399
ſame ſhape as the leaves of the empalement, the lowermoſt the
largeſt, inſerted about a line below the empalement; the 2 others,
one on each fide, riſing from the baſe of the empalemeut. Empal.
leaves oblong-ſtrap-ſhaped, three times ſhorter than the bloſſom,
woolly. St.
Moiſt heaths. [Norfolk. Mr. WoodW.-Hartlebury Common,
Worceſterſh. Mr. BALLARD.-Worceſterfh. and Staffordſh. Sr.]
Goats eat it. LINN. A Horſe refuſed it. Sr.
-
-
-
ERI'CA cinerea. Tips creſted. Bloffoms egg-ſhaped. fine-leaved
Shaft moſtly projecting. Leaves in threes. Summit
knobbed.-
Curt. ii. 13.-Fl. dan. 38.-Walc.-Cluf. i. 43. 2, repr. in Lob.
obf. 620. 1, Ger. em. 1382.7, and cop. in Park. 1483. 8, and
Ger. 1198.7
Bloſſom bluiſh. LINN.-Leaves when young with 3 flat fides,
when full grown nearly flat. Bloſs. clefts very ſhallow. Tips dou-
ble, with 2 horns at the baſe. Seed-bud egg-ſhaped, ribbed. Shaft
crimſon. With.—Leaves ſtrap-ſhaped, with a longitudinal furrow
underneath, furrow white with a microſcopical woollineſs, edge
fomewhat membranaceous and microſcopically ferrulated; upper
ſurface towards the end beſet with a few ſcattered hair-like points.
Trunk, the lower part free from hairineſs, the bark of the laſt year's
ſhoot aſh-coloured, covered with a ſhort woollineſs, light brown.
Branches moſtly in threes. Flowers rattling when ftruck, from the
ſides of the young ſhoots; thoſe from the end of the ſhoots near
each other but ſcattered, bare; thoſe from the ſmall lateral branches
generally in pairs. Fruit-ſtalks ſhorter than the flowers, purpliſh
brown, ſomewhat downy, the lower nodding, the upper upright,
expanding, with a floral-leaf about the middle. Floral-leaves egg-
ſhaped, purpliſh, one lying cloſe to the fruit-ſtalk, and 3, and
ſometimes 2 at the baſe of each flower, the largeſt half as long as the
empalement. Empal. leaves dark purple, edges membranaceous,
white, ferrulated, with a furrow along the upper half. Bloſſom 3
times as long as the empalement, bluiſh purple, ſhrivelling, turn-
ing of a fawn-colour. Threads awl-ſhaped, aſcending, doubled to
and fro towards the point, white. Tips blackiſh purple; horns
.
crimfon, half-egg-ſhaped, the outer edge toothed, as ſhort again
as the tips; apertures oval oblique, extending nearly half way down
the ſide. Seed-bud roundiſh, ſmooth. Shaft inclining to one ſide.
ST.-Stems woody. Leaves fleſhy.
Dry heaths and groves. [Heaths near Yarmouth. Mr. Woodw.
--In Staffordſhire and north of Worceſterſhire. ST.]
S. June.-Auguſt.
a
a
-
** Tips

400
OCTANDRIA MONOGYNIA.
.
** Tips without awns, projefling. Leaves in fours, or more.
double-tipped ERI'CA didy'ma. Tips without awns, double, pro-
jecting. Threads hair-like. Bloſſoms bell-ſhaped. Shaft
proječting. Leaves in fives. Fruit-ſtalks ſcattered, feve-
ral times longer than the flowers. St.*
There is no figure of it, but my friend, Mr. Curtis, will, I flatter
myſelf, ſupply this deficiency, as ſoon as he ſhall have extended his
Flora to the ſhores of Cornwall.—(Garid. 32, is an excellent fi-
gure of the E. multiflora, F. B. i. 6. 356, a tolerable one, and
J.
Matth. 153, cop. in Dalech. and Tabern. agrees more exactly, at
leaſt with the multiflora, than with any other of the ſpecies I have
hitherto ſeen.)
Stems twiſted, trailing. Bark of the more ſlender ſhoots aſh-co-
loured, of the greater reddiſh brown. Leaves longifh, narrow,
ſomewhat like thoſe of fir, pointed, but not ſharp, green above,
whitiſh underneath, edge bent in, crowded ſo cloſe as to conceal
the bark of the younger ſhoots. Flowers on longiſh and ſlender
fruit-ſtalks, ſhortiſh, generally of a pale fleſh-colour approaching
to white, but ſometimes with a deep tinge of purple. Tips black-
iſh purple. Seed reddiſh brown. Ray. Mr. WOODWARD- ST.-
Fruit-ſtalks with 2 foral-leaves not exactly oppoſite, a little above
the baſe. Mr. WOODWARD.-Tips ſo much divided as to appear
like 2 to each thread. Bot. Arr. ed. i.+--Branches between ſcored
and angular, light reddiſh brown, all of them lateral, to 7 or more
riſing from the ſame point in the manner of a rundle, in ſome ſtates
of its growth giving it much of the appearance of the Euphorbia Cypa-
riſas; when beginning to flower gradually tapering towards the
end. Leaves ſtrap-ſhaped, bowed ſideways, ſmooth, not gloſſy,
ſomewhat pointed, microſcopically ferrated at the edge with dif-
tant ferratures, upper ſurface ſlightly elevated in the middle, un-
derneath convex with a ſmooth furrow running along it, longer,
and ſometimes thrice as long as the bloſſom. Leaf-Stalks ſhorter
and narrower than the breadth of the leaf, flat, generally ſmooth,
but ſometimes ſlightly downy, preſſed to the branch. Flowers
roundiſh, on long fruit-ſtalks from the ſides of the branches, be-
ginning from below the middle, and extending to the ends of the
branches, continuing on, at leaſt in the cultivated plants, till the
a
next
Antheris muticis didymis exſertis; filamentis capillaribus, corollis cam-
panulatis, ftylo exſerto, foliis quinis, pedunculis fparfis flore longioribus. ST.
1 Antheræ didymæ, vel potius duæ in fingulo filamento. Letter from
PROFESSOR POTT, of Brunſwick, Feb. 28, 1783. With this excellent botaniſt
I had firſt the ſatisfaction of critically examining this ſpecies. St.

VIII. CHIVES, I. POINTAL.
401
next ſeaſon. Fruit-ſtalks ſlender, hair-like, from the baſe of the
leaves, nearly upright, and as long as the leaves, incorporated,
3 or 4 riſing from a kind of ſcaly bud, compoſed of ſpear-egg-
ſhaped yellowiſh ſcales fringed at the edge. Flower-ſcales ſpear-egg-
ſhaped, fringed, 3 to each fruit-ſtalk, 2 a little below the middle
of the fruit-ſtalk, oppoſite, the 3d a little below. Empalement with-
out flower-ſcales at the baſe as in the other Britiſh ſpecies; leaves
egg-ſhaped, hollow, the edges bending inwards, microſcopically
fringed, or rather of 1 leaf, divided to the baſe into 4 ſegments.
Bloſſom truly bell-ſhaped, pointed at the baſe, cloven nearly half
way down, ſegments broad, foon coming to a point, bluntiſh,
open. Threads hair-like, 1 or 2, perhaps, ſomewhat flatted, white,
as long as the bloſſom. Tips juſt projecting beyond the bloſſom,
2 to each thread, expanding, egg-ſhaped, blunt, blackiſh brown,
orifice oval on the outer fide extending nearly half way down. Seed-
bud roundiſh, ſmooth, with 4 deep furrows. Shaft as thick again
as the threads. Summit juft thicker than the ſhaft, the end flat. ST.
Erica foliis Corios multiflora. R. fyn. 471. n. 5.-(E multiflora of
Linnæus, according to Huds, but, an examination of ſpecimens,
firſt in the herbarium of PROFESSOR Pott, from M. Dick,
of Switzerland, and afterwards in that of Sir JOSEPH BANKS,
from Meſſieurs Gerard, Yalden, and Jacquin, and the garden at
Trianon, convinced me, that our plant is neither the multiflora,
nor any other of the Linnæan ſpecies. In the multiflora the “bloſ-
“ foms are cylindrical, and the leaves blunt," as Linnæus de-
fcribes them. Leaves ſtraight, gloſſy, about the length of the
flowers. Tips oblong, divided into 2 ſegments; ſegments cloſe to
each other as in the generality of Ericas. Bloſs, cloven {th of the
way down, downy within at the baſe. Threads flat, of the
ſame breadth with the ſhaft.-E. Coris folio altera, n. 2. Cluf. i. p.
42, from his deſcription of the flowers crowded at the extremi-
“ ties of the branches,” ſhould ſeem to be E. multiflora.-E. foliis
Corios multiflora, 7. B. i. 6. 356, from “ the extremities of the
“ branches abounding with flowers ſet cloſe and projecting be-
yond the leaves," ſhould ſeem alſo to be E. multiflora.-E. juniperi-
folia denſe fruticans Narbonenfis, Lob. obf. 620, is more doubtful, but
he refers to the figure of Matth, and the ſpecies which grows in
the ſouth of France, as appears from the ſpecimen from M. Gerard,
is the true multiflora. St.
Heaths. Goon Hilly Downs, going from Helſton to the Lizard
Point, Cornwall. Ray. [Dr. POULTNEY.] P. June.-Aug
The Papilio Maturna is found on the different ſpecies.
-
Vol. I.
Dd
ERI'CA

402
OCTANDRIA MONOGYNIA.
Iriſh
ERICA Dabæ'cia. Tips without horns. Tips and
ſhaft within the bloſſom. Bloſſom egg-ſhaped. Leaves
alternate, ſpear-ſhaped, rolled in at the edge. Flowers
in bunches, pointing one way. HUDS.-See Andromeda
Dabæcia.
526. DAPHNE. Mezereon.
;
I
common
EMPAL. Cup none.
Bloss. I petal; funnel-ſhaped; ſhrivelling. Tube cylin-
drical; cloſed at the baſe; longer than the border.
Border with 4 clefts; segments egg-ſhaped; ſharp;
.
flat; expanding
Chives. Threads 8; ſhort; inſerted into the tube; 4 of
them alternately lower than the other 4. Tips up-
right; roundiſh; with 2 cells.
POINT. Seed-bud egg-ſhaped. Shaft very ſhort. Summit
knobbed; flat; but ſomewhat depreſſed.
S. Vess. Berry of i cell; roundiſh.
Seed ſingle; nearly globular; fleſhy.
Ess. CHAR. Empal. o. Bloſſom 4 clefts, of the true texture
of a bloſs. Shrivelling, incloſing the chives. Berry of 1 ſeed,
DAPH'NE Mezereum. Flowers fitting, in threes,
growing on the ſtem. Leaves ſpear-ſhaped, deciduous.-
Fl. dan. 268, flowers the beſt.--Sheldr. 62.---Ludw. 63, and
Blackwo. 582, foliage the beſt.-Fuchſ. 227, cop. in 7. B. i. 566.
--Dod. 364.2, repr. in Lob. obf. 199. 4, Ger. em. 1402, 2,
and cop. in Park. 202, 3, in fruit.
The terminating buds produce leaves; the lateral buds flowers;
which open very early in the ſpring, often in the winter; and are
ſo thick ſet as to make the branches appear of a beautiful red.
LINN.-Flowers alſo in twos and fours. REICH.-Bloſs. ſometimes
pale red, and white. ST.
Mezereon. Spurge Olive. Spurge Flax. Dwarf Bay.
Woods near Andover, (and Laxfield, Suffolk. Mr. Woodw.]
S. Feb. March,
An ointment prepared from the bark, or the berries, has been
ſucceſsfully applied to ill-conditioned ulcers. The whole plant is
corroſive; 6 of the berries will kill a wolf. A woman gave
12 grains of the berries to her daughter, who had a quartan ague;
the vomited blood, and died immediately. A decoction made of
2 drams of the cortical part of the root, boiled in 3 pints of water
-
a
very
till

VIII.CHIVESCHIVE 403
,
, I. POINTAL.
till 1 pint is wafted; and this quantity, drank daily, is found very
efficacious in reſolving venereal nodes, and other indurations of
the perioſteum. See Dr. Ruſſel's paper in the Med. obf. iii.p. 18g.
-The conſiderable and long continued heat and irritation that it
produces in the throat, when chewed, made me firſt think of giv-
ing it in a caſe of difficulty in ſwallowing, ſeemingly occaſioned by
a paralytic affection. The patient was directed to chew a thin ſlice
of the root as often as ſhe could bear to do it; and, in about 2
months, the recovered her power of ſwallowing. This woman
bore the diſagreeable irritation, and the ulcerations its acrimony
occaſioned in her mouth, with great reſolution; but ſhe was re-
duced to ſkin and bone, and for 3 years before had ſuffered ex-
tremely from hunger, without being able to ſatisfy her appetite;
for ſhe ſwallowed liquids very imperfectly, and ſolids not at all.
The complaint came on after lying-in. With.
It is eaten by Sheep and Goats. Cows and Horſes refuſe it.
-
-
DAPH'NE Laure'ola. Bunches of 5 flowers from the Laurel
boſom of the leaves. Leaves ſpear-ſhaped, ſmooth. LINN.
-Flowers 4 to 7 in a bunch. Mr. HOLLEFEAR.
Walc.-Blackw. 62.-Lob. obf. 200. 1, repr. in Ger. 1404. 1; and
cop. in Park. 205. I, and Ger. 1219. 1, in bloſſom.—Dod.365,
repr. in Lob. obf. 200.2, &c. in fruit.-J. B. i. 564.—(Matth.
1217 and 1218, different species.)
Bunches from the ſides of the ſtem, nodding. Floral-leaves con-
cave, alternate, without any flowers from their baſe. Flowers ter-
minating the bunch. Bunches cluſtered into a rundlet. Flowers fad
in colour, ungrateful in ſcent, and bloſſoming in a gloomy ſeaſon.
Bloſs. yellowiſh green. LINN.
Spurge Laurel.
Woods and hedges.
S. March. April.
Very happy effects have been experienced from this plant in
rheumatic fevers. It operates as a briſk and rather ſevere purga-
tive. It is an efficacious medicine in worm caſes; and upon many
accounts deſerves to be better known to phyſicians; but, in leſs
ſkilful hands, it would be dangerous, as it is poſſeſſed of conſider-
able acrimony. The whole plant has the ſame qualities, but the
bark of the root is the ſtrongeft, Dr. Alſton fixes the outſide dofe
at to grains,
Dd2
Order

404
OCTANDRIA DIGYNIA.
Order II.
DIGYNIA; II. POINTALS .
607. CHRYSOSPLE'NIUM. Sengreen.
EMPAL. Cup with 4 or 5 diviſions; expanded; coloured ;
5
permanent. Segments egg-ſhaped; the oppoſite ones
narroweſt.
| Bloss. none, unleſs you call the cup fo becauſe it is co-
loured.
Chives. Threads 8 or 10; awl-ſhaped; upright; very
ſhort; ſtanding upon the angular receptacle. Tips
ſimple.
Point. Seed-bud beneath; terminated by 2 awl-ſhaped
Shafts as long as the chives. Summits blunt.
S. Vess. Capſule with 2 bills, divided into 2, with 1 cell,
and 2 valves; encompaſſed by the cup
which becomes
green.
Seeds many; very ſmall.
Ess. Char. Empalement with 4 or 5 clefts ; coloured. Bloſs.
o. Capſule with a beaks, i cell, many ſeeds.
OBs. The terminating flower has 5 clefts; the reſt, which
open
later, 4. Has a very cloſe affinity to Saxifraga, but by no princi-
ple of arrangement can I combine them into one genus. LINN.
gen. pl. ed. ii.--Its other Britiſh congener is Adoxa in the diviſion
of the order Succulenta. ST
2
alternate CHRYSOSPLE'NIUM alternifolium. Leaves
leaved alternate.
Fl. dan. 366.-Walc.-Pet. 6. 10.-H. ox. xii. 8.8.-. B.
iii. 707. 1.
Chives in the terminating flower 10, in the reſt 8. LINN.-Chives
of the terminating flower very ſeldom 10. ESCHENBACK. obf. bot.
-The terminating flower generally with 4 clefts, and 8 chives.
Leers.-The terminating flower with us has always 4 clefts, and
8 chives. Monch. ---Root throwing off off-ſets, but no creeping
fuckers. So much larger in all reſpects than the G. oppofitifolium,
that, where they grow intermixed, by this circumſtance alone they
may be diſtinguiſhed at ſome diſtance. Leaves deeply notched.
Root-
-

VIII. CHIVES, II. POINTALS.
405
Root-leaves 2 or 3, on long hairy leaf-ſtalks, kidney-ſhaped, bluntly
notched. Stem-leaves ſimilar to thoſe of the E. oppofitifolium, 2 or 3,
on leaf-ſtalks decreaſing in length as they approach the fummit;
the
upper ſmooth. Stem 3-cornered, with imperfect angles, hairy
below, ſmooth upwards, near the ſummit forked; the forks bare
of leaves. Branches, 1 or 2 very ſhort ones, juſt above the root-
leaves, with alternate leaves ſimilar to thoſe of the root; ſubdivi-
fions of the upper not ſo regularly forked as in the C. oppoſitifolium.
Flowers folitary, and in rundles; the ſolitary ones on a ſhort fruit-
ſtalk on one of the branches a little above the forks; thoſe in run-
dles with a leaf at their baſe. Chives in all the terminating ones
I examined, which were a great number, as well as in the lateral
ones, 8, 4 of them from the baſe of the ſegments, the other 4 from
the fiffures. Capſule burſting into 2 parts. Seeds roundiſh, ſhin-
ing, not readily ſhaking out, browniſh. Mr. Woodw.-With
the C. oppofitifolium, but leſs frequent
Near Bingley, Yorkſhire. [About Eſholt, on the river Air,
8 miles above Leeds, plentifully. Mr. Wood.-Boggy grove on
Porland Heath, near Norwich. Mr. Woodw.-Purlieu Lane,
leading from the Wytch to Mathon, Worceſterſh. Mr. BALLARD.]
P. March. April.
a
-
CHRYSOSPLE'NIUM oppoſitifo'lium. Leaves oppoſiteleaved
oppoſite. -
Curt. ii. 23.-Fl. dan. 365.-Dod. 316.2, repr.in Lob. obf. 336.
1, Ger. em. 841. 2, and cop. in Park. 425. 2, H.ox. xii. 8.7,
and Pet. 6. 9.
Very. cloſely allied to the C. alternifolium. LINN.-With us all the
flowers with 4 clefts, and 8 chives. LEERS. ST. 1775. Mr. Wood-
WARD.--Empalement ſometimes, though rarely, with 5 diviſions.
Chives in the terminating flower ſometimes 10, proceeding from
beneath the receptacle or rather honey-cup. Curt.-Stem upright,
with 2 or 3 pair of leaves, roundiſh, with 2 oppoſite furrows, near
the top forked; forks without leaves. Branches dividing again into
forks with a leaf and a ſingle flower at each diviſion, from which
alſo ariſe ſmall leafy rundles of fitting flowers. Suckers from the
baſe of the ſtem, covered with leaves, creeping. Leaves all alike,
circular, with the baſe lopped on each ſide, indiſtinctly and irregu-
larly notched, with a few hairs on the upper ſurface; the under
fmooth.
Root-leaves ſeveral, on ſhort hairy leaf-ſtalks. Mr.
WOODW.-Stems 4-cornered. Leaves roundiſh, notched; the lower
ones ſet with glandular briſtles on the upper ſurface. Chives fome-
times only 6 or 7. WITH.-Leaves on ſhort leaf-ſtalks. Flowers
bright yellow.
Dd3
Golden

406
OCTANDRIA TRIGYNIA.
Golden Saxifrage.
Moiſt ſhady places, ſides of boggy rivulets. [Copſe on Poling-
land Heath, near Norwich. Mr. PITCHFORD.] P. Apr. May
Order Ill.
III
TRIG Y NIA; III. POINTALS.
111
537. POLYG'ONUM.. Snakeweed.
EMPAL. Cup turban-ſhaped; with 5 diviſions; coloured
within; ſegments egg-ſhaped ; blunt; permanent.
Bloss. none, unleſs you call the cup the bloffom.
Chives. Threads generally 8; awl-ſhaped ; very ſhort.
Tips roundiſh; fixed fideways.
POINT. Seed-bud 3-cornered. Shafts generally 3; thread-
ſhaped; very ſhort. Summits ſimple.
S. Vess. none.
The Cup laps round the feed.
Şećd ſingle; 3-cornered; ſharp.
Ess. CHAR. Empal. o. Bloſs. 5 diviſions ; of the texture
of an empalement. Seed 1; angular.
Ous. In ſome ſpecies there are 6 or 7 chives, and in others 5
In ſome the pointal is cloven.
* The Biſtorts. Spike ſingle.
POLYG'ONUM Biſtorta. Stem quite ſimple, with
a ſingle ſpike, Leayes egg-ſhaped, running down into
leaf-ſtalks.
Ludw.31.-Curt. i. 2.—Blackw. 254.—Mill. 66.— Fl. dan.
Sheldr. 111.—Cluſ, ii, 69. 1, repr. in Dod. 333, Lob.obl. 156.
.
3, Ger. em. 399. 1, and ill cop. in H. ox. y. 28. row 3. 2.-
Matth. 946.-Park. 392. 1.--Fuchſ. 773, cop. in Trag. 321,
J. B. iii. 539. 1, and Lonic. i. 202, 3.-Fuchſ. 774, cop. in
7. B. iii. 538.-Ger. 322. I and 3.
Upper-leaves ariſing from long ſheaths incloſing the ſtem. Mr.
WOODWARD.--Sheaths of the leaf-ſtalks ſometimes riſing above
the inſertion of the leaf-ſtalks to half the length of the leaves. St.
Root-leaves extended down the leaf-ſtalks. Stem-leaves ſheathing the
ftem. Flowers in a ſpike. Common empalement of 2 valves, each
containing 2 flowers; values ſkinny, the one large, lopped, the
other
Biſtort
-
421,-

VIII. CHIVES, III. POINTALS.
407
a
other ſmaller, and terminated by a ſkinny awn. Flowers, 2 with-
in each common empal. one of them on a fruit-ſtalk, the other
fitting ſurrounded with a kind of proper cup, thin, ſkinny, nearly
cylindrical; mouth even and very entire. Bloſſom with 5 diviſions,
pale red. Tips double, the 2 parts being only united by the threads.
Seed-bud purple. Receptacle glandular, formed by an expanſion of
the bottom of the threads. WITH.
Greater Biſtort. Snakeweed.
Moiſt mcadows in the northern counties. Biſhop's Wood, near
Hampftead, and Batterſea. [Brome, Norfolk. Mr. Woodw.
-Ham Green, near Mathon, and Martley, Worceſterſh. Mr,
BALLARD.-Near Derby. Mr. WHATELY.—Near the Infirmary,
Stafford. With.]
P. May. June.
The root is one of the ſtrongeſt vegetable aftringents. The young
ſhoots are eaten in herb pudding in the north of England. St.
-
-
POLYG'ONUM viviparum. Stem quite ſimple, viviparous
with a ſingle ſpike. Leaves ſpear-ſhaped.-
Fl. dan. 13.-Cluf. ii. 69.2, repr. in Ger. em. 399.2, and cop. in
,
Park. 392. 4, Ger. 322. 2, and J. B. ii. 539. 2.-Pluk. 151.2.
Lower flowers of the ſpike frequently changed into vegetating
bulbs. LINN. — Stem-leaves ſtrap-ſhaped, ariſing from a ſheath.
Sheaths incloſing the ſtem, terminated by a blunt membrane. Mr.
WOODWARD.—Bulbs darkiſh purple, egg-ſhaped, ſometimes in-
termixed with the flowers, mealy and white within. ST.-Bloſsom
whitiſh.
Small Biſtort.
Mountainous paſtures. Croſby Ravenſworth, and other places
in Weſtmoreland; near Settle, Yorkſhire, and Scotland. [Edge
of Semer Water at Carr-end Wenſley Dale. Curt.] P. June.
The roots dried and ground to powder are nutritious.
Cows, Goats, and Swine eat it. Sheep are not fond of it.
Horſes refuſe it.
B. Huds. Root-leaves roundiſh, and minutely ferrated. Stem
about 4 inches high. Ray.
H. ox. v. 28. 3 and 5:-Park. 392. 6.
Paſtures on a high rock called y Grib Goch, above the Lake
Ffynnon Frech, near Llanberys.
** Arſmarts. Pointal cloven (or divided.) Chives fewer than 8.
POLYG'ONUM amphib'ium. Chives 5. Shafts amphibiou
cloven Spikes egg-ſhaped. ---
,
Dd4
dk. aquaticum.

408
OCTANDRIA TRIGYNIA.
water
-
a. aquaticum. LEERS.—Chives ſhorter than the bloſſom. JACQ.
LEERS. ST.-Leaves floating, blunt, very ſmooth. Leers. St.
Ludw. 168.-Pet. 3. 12. 6.—Fl. dan. 282, leaves too much like
variety B.-Dod. 582.1, cop.in Park. 1254. 1. a. and H. ox. v.
29. row. 2. 1.-Ger.em. 821. 2, cop. in Park. 1254.2, and H.
ox. v. 29. row. 1. 2. f. 4.-Ger. 675. 2.
Leaves of a pleaſant green, oblong - ſpear - ſhaped, gloffy,
furrounded at the very edge with a reddiſh line; the younger very
minutely ſerrated. Leaf-ſtalks from the ſheaths of the ſtem. Empal.
as in P. Biſtorta, except that the inner cup is cloven into ſegments.
Bloſs. as in P. Biſtorta. Threads 5, in other reſpects as in P. Biſtorta.
Seed-bud flattiſh. Shaft deeply divided. Summits 2 knobs. WITH,
Perennial Willow-leaved Arſmart. Narrow-leaved Pondweed.
Pools, lakes, marſhes, and ditches.
P. June. July
Horſes, Goats, Sheep, and Swine eat it. Cows refuſe it.
B. terreſtre. LEERS.-Chives generally longer than the bloſſom..
Stem upright. Leaves ſomewhat pointed, rough. LEERS. ST.
Curt. iv. 40.-Pet. 3. 12. a.
.
Leaves darker green.
In cultivated ground, but very feldom flowering, except in ſpots
where water has ſettled. [On the fide of a piece of water the
Aowering ſtem growing on the land, and other branches from the
ſame root floating in the water. Sr.]
land
P. Sept.
1
-
biting POLYG'ONUM Hydrop'iper. Chives 6. Shaft
cloven half way down. Leaves ſpear-ſhaped. Leaf-fcales
ſcarcely fringed. Linn. Leaves waved, not ſpotted.
Spikes thread-ſhaped, nodding. Leaf-ſcales very evidently
fringed. CURT.-Floral-leaves naked.* ST.
Curt. i. 11.-Blackw. 119.-- Fuchſ. 843, cop. in J. B. iii.780.-
Pet. 3.5.—Matth. 583.-(Dod. 607. 2, repr. in Lob. obf. 171.
1, Ger. em. 445. 1, and cop. in Park. 857. 1, and abridged on
H. ox. v. 29. 6; as alſo Ger. 361. 1, and Trag. 90, from the
compactneſs of the Spikes, as alſo its general habit, appear to me to
be P. Perſicaria.)
The leaf-ſcale ſheaths tight round the ſtem, lopped, ribbed, the
ribs terminating in briſtles forming a fringe. Leaves very thin,
ſmooth on each ſide, edge very entire, but ſerrated, as it were,
with briſtles laid to the edge, and ſcarcely perceptible. LINN.-
Leaf-Scales bald. Summits globular. HALL. ST.-Floral-leaves not
fringed. MenCH.ST.-Though with ſometimes a ſtraggling ſhort
hair or 2 on the edge. ST.-Flowers at ſome little diſtance from
each
Floribus hexandris femidigynis, fpicis filiformibus nutantibus, bracteis nudije, ST.

VIII. CHIVES, III. POINTALS.
409
-
each other, 2 or 3 together. Seeds faintly 3-cornered. Leers. St.
- Leaves of a yellower hue, and more waved than thoſe of P. Per-
ficaria. Empal. ſprinkled with very minute glands. Seeds larger
and more pointed than thoſe of P. Perſicaria. Curt.-Spikes nod-
ding even before flowering. Mr. Woodw.-Whole plant ſprinkled
with minute glandular dots, but even with the ſurface, and more
obvious with a moderate than a higher magnifying lens, probably
the ſeat of its very acrid property. Stem, and all its ſubdiviſions,
quite ſmooth, fwoln above the knots, knots red. Leaf-ſcales tinged
with red, ribs ſcarce ſenſibly prominent. Flowers green, red to-
wards the end. ST.-Bloſſoms purple, or white.
Water Pepper. Arſmart. Lakeweed.
Watery places, on the ſides of rivulets, lakes, and ditches.
A. July.-Sept.
The whole plant has an acrid, burning taſte. It cures little
aphthous ulcers in the mouth. It dyes wool yellow. The aſhes
of this plant, mixed with ſoft ſoap, is a noftrum, in a few hands,
for diffolving the ſtone in the bladder; but it may be reaſonably.
;
queſtioned whether it has any advantage over other ſemi-cauſtic pre-
parations of the vegetable Alcali. Its acrimony riſes in diſtillation,
and the diſtilled water drank to the amount of 2 or 3 half pints
daily, has been found very effectual in ſome nephritic caſes. With.
Horſes, Cows, Goats, Sheep, and Swine refuſe it. LINN.
B. Huds. Polygonum minus, which ſee.
a
a
POLYG'ONUM mi'nus. Chives 6. Shafts 2. creeping
Leaves ſpear-ſhaped. Leaf-ſcales fringed. Stem with
wide ſpreading branches. Huds, ed. i.
Shaft ſlightly
cloven. Leaves ſtrap-ſpear-ſhaped. Stem creeping at
the baſe. Curt.-Spikes interrupted, very thinly ſet.
| GMEL. ST.--Spikes thread-like. * * Chives ſometimes 5 and
7. ST.
Curt. i. 11.-Lob. obf. 171.2, repr. in Ger. em. 446. 3, cop. in
Park. 857.4, H.ox. V. 29. row 3. 5. f. 1, and Pet. 3.6.
Shaft undivided. Summits 2 or 3. Seeds ſmaller than in the other
fpecies, more triangular, black, gloffy. In moſt other reſpects
accords with P. Hydropiper. Gmel.-Stems ſeveral, 9 inches to a
foot high. Leaves almoſt veinleſs. Spikes ſlightly nodding. Shaft
.
ſometimes ſlightly cloven into 3. Curt.-Leaves not acrid. St.
Perſicaria angufiifolia. C. B. pr. 43.—ex fingulis geniculis florens.
R. Syn. 145. (CURT. ST.)–P. Perſicaria B and ). Linnæus. St.
* Spicis filiformibus interruptis. St,
Moiſt

410
OCTANDRIA TRIGYNIA.
Moiſt and watery meadows. [Tothill Fields, Weſtminſter,
HUDS. CURT.-Gravel pit on Malvern Chace with P. Hydropi.
per. ST.]
A. Sept.
架
​Spotted
--
-
POLYG'ONUM Perſica'ria. Chives 6. Shafts 2.*
Spikes egg-oblong: Leaves ſpear-ſhaped. Leaf-ſcales
fringed. LINN.-Shafts cloven half way down. Fruit-
-
ſtalks ſmooth. Spikes upright. Curt. Floral-leaves
fringed. I Fruit-fialks Sometimes beſet with hairs. St.
Fl. dan. 702.-Walc.---Curt. i. 5.- Pet. 3. 7.—Blackw. 118.-
Dod. 607.2, repr. in Lob. obf. 171. 1, Ger. em. 445. 1, and
cop. in Park. 857.1.–Ger. 361. 1.-Trag. 90.-(Fuchſ. 630,
cop. in Trag. 91, J. B. iii.779.2, and Lonic. i. 162. 1, from
the breadth of the leaves, and Ger. 361. 2, from the thickneſs of
the Spikes appears to be P. penſylvanicum, and Dod. 608, repr. in
Ger. em. 445.2, and cop. in Park. 857, 2, and H. ox. v. 29.
row 2. 2, from the breadth of the leaves feems rather the P. penfyl-
vanicum with Spotted leaves.-Matth. 584, ſeems to be P. orientale.)
I muſt confeſs there are not always 2 ſhafts, having often found
them united below. Gmel.-Stem ſometimes creeping at the bot-
tom. Leaves, edge and mid-rib ſlightly hairy, moſtly marked with
a blackiſh ſpot fomewhat like a horſe ſhoe. Flowers of a bright
roſe-colour. Seed-bud oval and flatted, or 3-ſquare. Shaft often
cloven half way down into 3 parts, and, when this is the caſe, the
ſeed-bud and ſeed are 3-ſquare. Seed egg-ſhaped, and ſlightly
convex on one ſide, or 3-ſquare. Curt.--Shaft cloven half way
down. Mr. HOLLEFEAR. ST.-Stem fometimes ſmooth, fome-
times beſet above with hairs, in general lying cloſe to the ſtem;
above each knot ſwoln and hunched on the under fide, giving each
joint the appearance of the thigh of a fowl, dotted here and there
with red. Leaves ſometimes dotted underneath with minute green
dots, and ſometimes beſet above with whitiſh dots. Leaf-ſcales
hairy, with prominent ribs, the lower ones burſting from the ſwel.
ling of the knots. Fruit-falks ſometimes ſprinkled with a few glands.
a
Seed
* I know no ſpecies which has 2 Mafts, and, at the ſame time, ſuch leaf-
ſcales as Linnæus would deſcribe as fringed, when he calls thoſe of the P. Hy-
dropiper ſubmuticis." The P. penſylvanicum with a ſpotted ſtalk, of Mr.
Curtis, ſo much reſembles this, that I am inclined to believe that Linnæus
formed the above character with ſpecimens of both before him, and fuppofing
them to be one and the ſame ſpecies, negleded to examine microſcopically the
ſhafts of the true P. Perſicaria. St.
Floribus hexandris ſemidigynis, fpicis oblongis erectis, fipulis bradeis-
que ciliatis, ST.

VIII. CHIVES, III. POINTALS.
411
Seed fometimes 3-cornered even when the ſhaft is cloven only into
2. Floral-leaves hairy, ribbed, hairs of the fringe nearly half as
long as the leaf. Shaft, arms ſtraight, expanding. Spikes fome-
times white tinged with pink. St.—Stem nearly cylindrical,
thickeſt at the joints, more or leſs tinged with red. Leaves nearly
ſmooth, but with very minute briſtles lying along the edge. Leaf-
ſcales fheathing, ribbed. Common fruit-ſtalks ſpringing from the
ſheathing leaf-ſcales at the joints of the ſtem. Flowers 3 or 4 toge-
ther, included in a membranaceous fringed ſheath, on ſhort fruit-
ſtalks of different lengths, which are again incloſed by ſkinny
ſheaths. Bloſs. ſegments concave, unequal. Chives ſometimes 5
and ,
7. Tips fometimes 2 upon one thread. Shaft cloven nearly
half way down. Summits globular. With.
Dead ar Spotted Arſmart.
Ditches, on the ſide of water, and not unfrequently in corn-
fields.
A. July.–Sept.
Its taſte is ſlightly acid and aſtringent. Woollen cloth dipped
in a ſolution of alum obtains a yellow colour from this plant.
Goats, Sheep, and Horſes eat it. Cows and Swine refuſe it.
LINN.
-B. Huds. Polygonum minus. Curt, which ſee.
y. Huds. Polygonum penſylvanicum. Curt. var. 4, which ſee.
9. Huds. Polygonum penſylvanicum, (petecticale) which ſee.
£. HUDS. Leaves like thoſe of the Salix alba. Ray.
Pet. 3. 9.
2. Huds. Polygonum penſylvanicum. Curt. which ſee.
n. Huds. Stems ſpotted.
Polygonum penſylvanicum, (petecticale) which ſee.
POLYG'ONUM penſylvan'icum. Chives 6. Shaft pale-flowered
divided almoſt to the baſe.* Leaf-ſcales not fringed.
Fruit-ſtalks rough. Seeds with a depreſſion on each ſide.
CURT.-Fruit-ſtalks not properly rough, being beſet with glands,
not hairs. St.
Curt. i. 12.--Pet. 3. 11.-Fuchſ. 630, cop. in Trag. 91, 7. B. iii.
779.2, and Lonic. i. 162. 1.--Dod. 608, repr. in Ger. em.
445. 2, and cop. in Park. 857.2, and H. ox. V. 29. row 2.2, is
the variety with spotted leaves.
Stem fwoln above the knots. Leaf-Scales folitary, within the
leaves, permanent, ſheathing, growing to, lopped, fringed, but
it
* I am inclined to believe that Linnæus's ſpecific character of the P. Perfi-
caria was formed from a microſcopical examination of this plant, and a joint
view of this P. penſylvanicum (petecticale) and the true P. Perſicaria. St.

412
OCTANDRIA TRIGYNIA.
a
a
it often happens that they break off about the middle and then they
appear not fringed. Chives from 6 to 8. Huds.-Stem upright,
3 feet high, of the thickneſs of one's finger. Leaves of a paliſh
.
green, with a kind of mealineſs, ſometimes ſpotted, ſometimes
not. Spikes thicker than thoſe of P. Perſicaria, heavy, and, in con-
ſequence of their weight, often hanging down. Seeds larger than
thoſe of P. Perſicaria. RaY.-Stem cylindrical, ſmooth. Leaves egg-
ſpear-ſhaped, ſmooth above; the uppermoſt dotted underneath
with minute glands, the lowermoſt covered with a kind of down,
ſometimes with, and fometimes without ſpots. Leaf-Stalks hairy
underneath, with a ſlight roughneſs to the touch. Leaf-Scales more
ſtrongly ribbed than in P. Perſicaria. Fruit-fialks beſet with minute
yellowiſh globular glands, on exceedingly ſhort foot-ſtalks. Spikes
oval, when the ſeeds are ripe drooping. Flowers greeniſh, ſet
cloſe together. Seed flat, with a depreſſion in the middle of each
fide, ſometimes obtuſely triangular. Curt. ST.-Stem free from
hairs, but towards the top ſprinkled here and there with minute
globular giands on exceedingly ſhort pedicles; fwoln above the
joints as in that of P. Perſicaria. Leaves beſet at the edge with mi-
nute hairs as in P. Hydropiper, and the mid-rib underneath rough
with hairs lying flat. Leaf-Scales with a few ſhort fine hairs ſome-
times ſcattered along the edge. Flowers pale whitiſh green, whit-
iſh towards the end. ST.
P.penſylvanicum. Huds.ed. i.-P. Perſicaria 2 ed. ii.-Not P.pen-
Sylvanicum of Linnæus, which has “8 chives, and fruit-ſtalks rough
“ with ſtiffiſh briſtles, ſecreting a glutinous liquor from their
points." But not having ſeen a ſpecimen of the American plant,
Mr. Curtis's defignation has been adhered to. Should my opinion
be confirmed, our ſpecies may be titled palleſcens. St.
Dunghills, cornfields, and ſometimes on the ſide of water.
A. Auguſt.
red 2. Stem and flowers red, but not ſo beautifully bright as thoſe of
P. Perſicaria. Like variety r in every other reſpect. Curt.
Dunghills with variety 1, and alſo in cornfields.
flea-bitten
3. petecticale. St.-Stem ſpotted with red. Curt. ST.-Shaft
divided fomewhat more than half
Curt. i. 12.
Comes near to a diſtinct ſpecies. Stem ſpotted with red. Spikes
much ſlenderer, even more ſo than thoſe of P. Perſicaria, red, but
not fo bright as thoſe of the Perſicaria. Leaf-ſtalks rough underneath.
Seeds ſmaller than thoſe of variety 1. In a rich ſoil as large as va-
riety 1, but in other ſituations much ſmaller, and its leaves are ge-
nerally white underneath. If not attentively examined will be
taken for the P. Perſicaria. Curt.St.-Leaves with yellowiſh dots.
Leaf-Scales
-
way. St.
a

VIII. CHIVES, III. POINTALS.
413
Leaf-Scales blunt, ſmooth, or fringed with very minute hairs.
POLLICH. ST.-Mouth downy, hardly to be called fringed. LEERS.
ST.-Spikes of a dull ruſty red on the ſide oppoſed to the fun, pale
green on that not expoſed to the fun. Flowers when in bloſſom
whitiſh green, becoming tinged more or leſs with red as the feed-
bud advances to maturity. Stem like that of P. Per ficaria, and pen-
Sylvanicum, ſpotted with ſmall oblong ſpots reſembling flea-bites or
petecti. Leaves, the upper fmooth and dotted underneath; the
lower ſpread over with a thin bluiſh white down, not dotted. Leaf-
Stalks of the lower-leaves ſmooth. Spikes oblong, and egg-oblong,
generally thicker than thoſe of P. Perſicaria, and often as thick as
variety 1. Shaft, arms bowed outwards. Fruit-ſtalks while young
beſet with glands on very ſhort foot-ſtalks, which, decaying as
the ſpikes advance to maturity, leave the fruit-ſtalks rough with
prominent points. St.
P. Perſicaria. POLLICH. LEERS... 8. HUDS.
Ditches about St. George's Fields often with P. Perſicaria, and
on the watery parts of Blackheath and Peckham Rye. Dunghills,
and in a ditch on Stourbridge Common. St.]
4. Leaves hoary underneath. Curt.
hoary
Pet. 3. 8.
Cornfields, and other ſituations where the ſoil is not very rich. .
Sparrows and other ſmall birds are very fond of the ſeeds of all
the varieties. CurT. ST.
a
A. Sept.
*** Knotgraſſes. Leaves undivided. Chives 8.
POLYG'ONUM aviculare. Chives 8. Shafts 3. Knotgraſs
Flowers from the bofom of the leaves. Leaves ſpear-
ſhaped. Stem trailing herbaceous. LINN.-Chives Some-
times 7. Gmel.
a. latifolium. Retz.
broad-leaved
Curt. i. 10.—Euchſ. 614, cop. in 7. B. iii. 375. 1, and Trag.
391.-Blackw.315.—F1. dan. 803.—Matth. 951, cop. in Dod.
113.1, repr. in Lob.obf. 228.3, Ger. em. 565, and which cop.
in Park. 443. 1, H. ox. v. 29. row 3.1, and Pet. 10. 1.-Ger.
451.—Lonic. 1. 168. 3.
Chives 8. Shafts ſometimes 2. ST.-Stem ſcored, thickeſt at the
joints, and ſeparating when pulled. Leaves, fome egg, and
fome ſpear-ſhaped. Flowers 2 or 3 together, from the boſom of the
leaves. Fruit-ſtalks ſhort, but 2 of them longer. Empalement double,
ſkinny; the outer with 5 ſpear-ſhaped ſegments incloſing the 3 flo-
3
rets; the inner incloſes only the 3d floret, and ſometimes the rudiment
of a 4th. Bloſs. greeniſh on the outſide, white within, often tinged
with pink. Tips yellow, fixed to the end of the threads. With.
Road

414
OCTANDRIA TRIGYNIA,
Road fides, paths, ſtreets, corn-fields, eſpecially in a gravelly
foil.
A. or B. Apr.-Sept.
The ſeeds are uſeful for every purpoſe in which thoſe of the next
ſpecies are employed. Great numbers of ſmall birds feed upon them.
Cows, Goats, Sheep, Horſes, and Swine eat it.
It affords nouriſhment to the Chryſomela Polygoni.
B. brevifolium. Retz.-Leaves oblong. St.
Ger. 451.2, cop. in Pet. 10.3.
ſhort-leaved
-
Chives 7.
In gravelly ſpots, and road ſides. [Sandy road near Ingeſtre
Heath, Staffordſhire. ST.]
yo anguſtifolium. Retz.—Leaves ſtrap-ſhaped. St.
narrowleaved
Pet. 10. 4.
thickſet
Теа
Camberwell, and amongſt corn in Houndfield by Pounder-
fend. RaY.
8. Huds. Leaves oval, St.
Pet. 10. 2.
Uncultivated places. Rav.-[Near Coleſhill, Warwickſh. ST.]
OBs. No plant varies more in the ſhape and ſize of the leaves,
from ſtrap-ſhaped to oval, and in breadth from a line to ] inch.
Mr. WOODWARD.
E. HUDS.-P. maritimum. Chives 8. Shafts 3. Flowers from
the bofom of the leaves. Leaves oval-egg-ſhaped, evergreen. Stem
ſomewhat ſhrubby. LINN.
7. B. iii. 377. 1, cop. in Pet. 10.5.-H. ox. V. 29. row 3. 37
I
so nearly allied to P. aviculare as ſcarcely to be diſtinguiſhed
from it. Flowers in fours. Stem flatted on one ſide, ſhorter, hard,
perennial. Leaves egg-ſhaped, leather-like, turning bluiſh in
drying. LINN.
S. LINN.
Lob. adv. 179.
**** Leaves nearly heart-ſhaped.
Buckwheat POLYG'ONUM Fagopy'rum. Leaves heart-arrow-
ſhaped. Stem nearly upright. Without prickles. Angles
of the feeds equal.
Dod. 512, repr. in Lob. obf. 513:3, Ger. em. 89, cop. in Park.
1141, H.ox. v. 29. row 1. 1. f.1, and Pet. 2. 12.-Trag.
648.-J. B. ii. 993.-Ger. 82.2, repr. in C, B. th. 530.-
Lonic. i. 253. I and 2.
Bloſſoms purpliſh white, in long looſe ſpikes.
Buck Wheat. Bucke. Branks. French Wheat. Crap.
Corn fields.
A. July, Aug.
This plant is very impatient of cold, dying at the very
firſt at-
tack of froſt. The ſeeds furniſh a nutritious meal, which is not
apt

VIII. CHIVES, III. POINTALS.
415
apt to turn acid upon the ſtomach. It is made into thin cakes in
ſome parts of England, called Crumpits. It is uſual with farmers
to fow a crop of Buckwheat, and to plough it under when fully
grown, as a manure to the land. The ſeeds are excellent food for
poultry. Sheep that eat this plant become unhealthful. As it
Howers late in the ſummer, M. Du Hamel, in his obſervations
upon the management of bees, adviſes to move the hives in the
autumn, to a ſituation where plenty of this plant is ſown.
Cows, Goats, and Sheep eat it. Swine and Horſes refuſe it.
POLYG'ONUM Convolvulus. Leaves heart-ſhaped. climbing
"Stem twining, angular. Flowers blunted. Linn.
Gurt. iv. 44.-Fl. dan. 744.-Ger. 713.4.-(Dod. 396. 1, repr.
in Lob. obf. 343. 2, Ger. em. 863. 5, and cop. in Park. 172. 8,
J. B. ii. 15%, H.ox. v. 29. row 1. 2. f.2, and Pet. 2. 12, is
P. dumetorum, but, excepting the ſeed-vefſel, it is, perhaps, the beſt
repreſentation of this ſpecies when in its moſt luxuriant ſtate.)
Bunches from the bofom of the leaves. Some flowers alſo at the
baſe of the common fruit-ſtalk. Seeds covered with a 3-ſquare em-
palement. Tips violet. LINN.-Leaves arrow-ſhaped. CURT. ST.
---Tips red. ST. WITH.—Keel of the values fometimes edged with
a ſhallow, white, membranaceous border, fimilar to that of P.
dumetorum, but not exceeding & of a line. St.- Fruit-ſtalks chan-
nelled, the upper part covered with flowers. Empalement concave.
Threads yellowiſh white. Tips double, with a ſmall gland juſt be-
hind the tip. Shafts 3, very ſhort. Summits globular. Seed, fides
,
hollow. With.-Bloſs.greeniſh white. Leaves, angles at the baſe
fometimes lopped.
Black Bindweed.
Corn fields, gardens, and hedges.
A. June.-Sept.
The feeds are quite as good for uſe as thoſe of the preceding
ſpecies, are produced in greater quantity, and the plant bears cold
better.
Cows and Goats eat it. Sheep, Swine, and Horſes refuſe it.
LINN.-A horſe eat it. St.
OBs. The Phalana Lubricipeda is found upon ſeveral of the ſpecies,
-
Order

1416
OCTANDRIA TETRAGYNIA.
Order IV.
TETRAGYNIA; IV. POINT ALS.
542. PA'RIS. Truelove.
EMPAL. Cup 4 leaves; permanent; leaves ſpear-ſhaped;
pointed; as large as the bloſſom ; expanding.
Bloss. Petals 4; expanding; awl-ſhaped ; reſembling the
cup; permanent.
Chives. Threads 8; awl-ſhaped; ſhort; beneath the tips.
Tips long, growing to the middle of the threads, and
on each ſide of them.
Point. Seed-bud roundiſh; but with 4 angles. Shafts 4';
expanding; ſhorter than the chives. Summits ſimple.
S. Vess. Berry globular; with 4 angles, and 4 cells.
4
Seeds ſeveral; lying in a double range.
Ess. Char. Empal. 4 leaves. Petals 4; narrower (than
the empalement.) Berry 4 cells.
four-leaved PA'RIS quadrifo'lia.
Fl. dan. 139.—Blackw. 286.—Matth. 1093.-Dod. 444, repr. ir
Lob. obf. 137.2, Ger. em. 405. 1.- Ger. 328. 1, cop. in Pet.
44. 8.-Fuchſ. 87, cop. in 7. B. iii. 613.-Park. 390. 1, cop.
in H. ox. xiii. 3. 6.
Leaves ſometimes 3, 5, and 6. C. B. HALL.-Root fomewhat
fleſhy. Stem naked. Leaves ſhining. Flower 1. LINN.-Stem un-
divided, cylindrical. Leaves in a whorl, expanding, ſitting, egg-
ſhaped, very entire, taper-pointed, ſmooth, ribbed underneath.
Fruit-ſtalk terminating, ſomewhat angular, with 1 flower. Flower
green. Empalement, leaves ſtrap-ſhaped, bent back. Petals bent
back, fomewhat ſhorter than the bloſſom. Seed-bud black. Shafts
thrice as ſhort as the chives. LYONS.- Leaves fometimes 5. Mr.
Woodward. With. ST.--And, in a number of plants growing
together, only 3, but they were all ſmall and barren, poſſibly
young plants not arrived at maturity. Flower on a fruit-ſtalk from
I to 2 inches long. Mr. WOODWARD.-Leaves ſometimes 6, egg-
ſhaped, tapering to a point, fixed to the top of the ſtalk. Shafts
purpliſh black, hardly ſo long as the berry. With.-- Bloſſoms pale
green, ſhorter than the empalement, longer than the chives. Shafts
ſhorter than the chives, and longer than the berry.
Herb
a
-

VIII. CHIVES, I. POINTAL.
417
-
-
-
Herb Paris. Truelove. One-berry.
Woods and ſhady places. [Wood near the Devil's Den near
Clifton upon Teme, Worceſterſh. Mr. BALLARD. ST.-Woods
on ſides of Breedon Hill, Worceſterſh. Nash.-Ripton Wood.
Huntingdonſhire. In Norfolk, rare. Mr. WoodWARD.—Love
Lane, near Derby. Mr. WHATELY. - About Frankly, Worceſ-
terſhire. With.]
P. May. June.
The leaves and berries are ſaid to partake of the properties of
Opium. The juice of the berries is uſeful in infiammations of the
eyes. Linnæus ſays the roots will vomit as well as Ipecacuanha,
but it muſt be given in a double quantity.
Goats and Sheep eat it. Cows, Horſes, and Swine refuſe it.
LINN.-The berries give out on infuſion in water a purpliſh red,
which an acid turns to a bright florid red, and an alkalito a bluiſh
a
green. ST.
543. ADO X'A. Moſchatel.
EMPAL. Cup beneath; cloven; flat; permanent.
Bloss. I petal; with 4 clefts ; flat; ſegments egg-ſhaped;
ſharp; longer than the cup. .
Chives. Threads 8; awl-ſhaped; as long as the cup. Tips
roundiſh.
Point. Seed-bud beneath the receptacle of the bloſſom.
Shafts 4; ſimple; upright; as long as the chives;
permanent. Summits ſimple.
S. Vess. Berry globular; between the cup and the blof-
ſom; the cup being connected with the under ſide
of the berry; of 4 cells; dimpled at the end.
Seeds ſolitary; compreſſed.
Ess. Char. Empalement beneath; cloven into 2. Blossom
with 4 or 5 clefts; above. Berry with 4 or 5 cells; united
4
with the empalement.
Obs. Such are the characters of the terminating flowers; but
the lateral flowers have bloſſoms with 5 clefts, 10 threads, and 5
pointals.
tuberous
ADOX'A Moſchatel'lina.
Fl. dan. 94.--Curt. ii. 23.-7. B. iii. 206, cop. in H.ox. iv.28. 14.
-Walc.-Ger. 933. 10.---Lob. adv. 300. I, repr. in ic. i. 674.
2, Ger. 1091. 10, and cop. in Park. 326.6.
Root thread-ſhaped, naked, with 1 or 2 ſcales; ſcales remote,
embracing the root, very blunt. Lud of 2 valves; valves egg-Chaped,
Vol. I.
Еe
very

418
OCTANDRIA TETRAGYNIA.
a
-
a
very blunt, embracing the ftem, alternate, growing together at
the baſe, permanent. Suckers folitary, from the bofom of the
bud and leaves, deſcending, ſtriking root. Root-leaves generally
4, alternate from 2 rows, doubly 3-fold; leafits lobed, cut, ſmooth.
4
Leaf-ftalks channelled. Stem of the length of the leaves, undivided,
nearly 4-ſquare. Stem-leaves 2, oppoſite, 3-fold; leafits on leaf-
ftalks. Leaf-Stalks channelled, running at the baſe into each other,
Fruit-ſtalk quadrangular, bare, terminating. Head 4-cornered,
compoſed of 4 flowers in a whorl, with a 5th at the top. Flowers
green. Tips yellow- LINN.-Root-leaves triply 3-fold; leafits with
3 lebes, blunt, with a ſhort point, pimpled above, ſmooth un-
derneath. Empalement pointed. Petal wheel-ſhaped, pimpled on
the outſide. Lateral Flowers. Empal. clefts 3. Bloſs. clefts
5.
Chives
10. Shafts 5. LYONS.—Empalement ſometimes cloven into 3. Bloſs.
wheel-ſhaped, furrounding the feed-bud ſomewhat above the mid-
dle, where the empalement expands from it. Berries reddiſh. St.
Tuberous Mofchatel.
Woods and ſhady places. [Bungay, Suffolk, very common.
Mr. WOODWARD.-Purlieu Lane, Mathon, Worceſterſh. Mr.
BALLARD.- Between Stone and Mitton, Worceſterſhire; and
between Wolverhampton and Penkridge, Staffordſhire. ST.)
Goats eat it. Cows refuſe it.
P. Apr. May.
-
544. ELAT'INE. Waterwort.
EMPAL. Cup 4 leaves; circular; flat; as large as the bloſ-
fom; permanent.
Bloss. Petals 4; egg-ſhaped; blunt; fitting; expanding.
Chives. Threads 8; as long as the blogom. Tips fimple.
Point. Seed-bud large; round; globular; but depreſſed.
Shafts 4; upright; parallel; as long as the chives.
Summits fimple.
S. Vess. Capſule large; round; globular; but depreſſed;
with 4 cells, and 4 valves.
Seens ſeveral; creſcent-ſhaped; upright; ſurrounding
the receptacle like a wheel.
Ess. CHAŘ. Empal. leaves 4. Petals 4. Capſule 4 cells,
.
4 valves; depreſſed
;
a
rehurled
ELAT'INE Alfinaſ'trum. Leaves in whorls.-
Vaill. I. 6.
Leaves 8 to 12 in a whorl. HALL. Mr. WOODWARD.
Waterwort.---Ditches and bogs.
P. Aug.
Class

419
Claſs IX.
Ε Ν Ν Ε Α Ν D RI Α.
IX. C H I y E S.
Order 111.
HEXAGINIA; VI. POINTALS.
550. BU'TOMUS.
Cup none Bloſſom 6 petals.
Capſules 6. Seeds many.
4 Hydrocharis Morſus-ranæ.
Order Ill.
HEXAGYNIA; VI. POINT ALS.
550. BU'TOMUS. Gladiole.
EMPAL. Fence fimple; of 3 leaves; ſhort.
Bloss. Petals 6; circular; concave; ſhrivelling; every
other petal ſtanding on the outſide, ſmaller and
ſharper.
Chives. Threads 9; awl-ſhaped; 6 of them on the out-
ſide of the others. Tips compoſed of 2 plates.
Point. Seed-buds 6; oblong; tapering; ending in Shafts.
Summits ſimple.
S. Vess. Capſules 6; oblong; gradually tapering; up-
right; of 1 valve, which opens inwards.
SEEDS many; oblong-cylindrical; blunt at each end.
Еe2
Ess,
I

420
ENNEANDRIA HEXAGYNIA.
Ess. Char. Empal. o. Petals 6. Capſules 6, containing
a number of ſeeds.
water
-
-
-
-
BU'TOMUS umbella'tus.-
Gurt. i. 1.-Fl. dan. 604.-Walc.-Ger.27. 2.-Matth. 1037.-
Dod. 601. 1, repr. in Lob. obf. 44. 2, Ger. em. 29. ** 2, and
cop. in Park. 1197. 1, H. ox. xii. 5. row 3. f. 3.-7. B. ii.
524.-(Trag. 677.2, cop. in Lonic. 173. 3, a totally different
plant.)
Root-leaves 3-ſquare, ſpongy, ſhorter than the ſtalk. Stalk round.
Flowers in a rundle. Fence ſheath-like, of 3 leaves. Fruit-ſtalks to
30, about a finger's length, ſurrounded at the baſe with withered
membranous ſheaths. Tips red. Dust bright yellow. Summits
channelled. Capſule opening lengthways on the inner ſide, with 2
lips at the point. CURT. Relh.-Rundle terminating. Petals egg-
ſhaped, whitiſh red. Chives ſhorter than the petals. Seed-buds red.
Summits cloven (at the point.) RELH.—Tips ſhed their duſt at diffe-
rent times.-Empal. leaves membranaceous, and ſhrivelled. Petals
uſually pale fleſh-coloured, the keel of a deeper hue, foon fhri-
velling. Mr. Woodw.—Leaves 3-cornered, very long. Fence of 3
brown ſpear-fhaped leaves. Fruit-ſtalks long, thread-ſhaped, une-
qual, ſeparated by brown membranaceous leaves. Threads placed
in a regular circle upon the receptacle, not as in the generic cha-
racter. Tips of 2 celis, reddiſh. Duſt yellow. Seeds fixed to the
ſides of the capſules. Root-leaves long, narrow. Steni cylindrical,
naked. Bloſſoms purple and white, terminating, fometimes quite
white. With.
Flowering Ruſh. Water Gladiole.
Slow ſtreams and muddy ditches. [Side of the River Avon, at
Evetham, Worceſterſh. Mr. BALLARD.-Bungay, Suffolk. Mr.
WOODWARD.-Stafford and Tamworth. ST. WITH.] P. June.
Neither Cows, Horſes, Sheep, Swine, or Goats will eat it.
LINN-.It is an ornament to the banks of our rivers and marſhy
ditches. Mr. WOODWARD.
-
Class

421
Claſs X.
D E CAN DRI A.
X.
CHI VE S.
Order 1.
MONOGYNIA; I. POINT A L.
* Flowers of many equal Petals.
583. MONOT'ROPA. Cup reſembling a bloſſom; bel-
lying at the baſe. Capſule 5
cells. Seeds many.
598. PY'ROLA. ....... Tips with 2 horns pointing up-
wards. Capſule 5 cells. Seeds
many.
Gerania.
** Flowers of 1 regular Petal.
593. ANDROMEDA.
Bloſom bell-ſhaped; raundiſh.
Capſule 5 cells.
5
596. AR'BUTUS.
Bloſs. egg-ſhaped ; tranſparent at
the baſe. Berry 5 cells.
+ Vaccinium Myrtybus. Chlora perfoliata.
Order 11.
DIGYNIA; II. POINT AL S.
611. SCLERAN'THUS... Bloſs. o. Cup with 5 clefts; ſu-
perior. Seeds 2.
608. SAXIF'RAGA,
E e 3

422
D E C A N D R I A.
608. SAXIFRAGA. Bloſs. 5 petals. Cup with 5 divi-
5
fions. Capſule i cell, and 2
bills.
613. SAPONA'RIA. Bloſſom 5 petals. Cup tubular;
5
naked at the baſe. Capſule i
cell; oblong.
614. DIAN'THUS. Bloffom 5 petals. Cup tubular;
ſcaly at the baſe. Capſ. I cell;
oblong.
of Chryfofplenium. Agrimonia Eupatoria.
....
Order 11
TRIGYNIA; III. POINTALS.
618. ARENA'RIA. Capſule i cell. Petals entire; ex-
panding.
617. STELLA'RIA.
Capſule i cell. Petals divided al-
moſt to the baſe; expanding.
615. Cucu'BALUS. Capſule 3 cells. Petals cloven.
.
Mouth naked.
616. SILE'NE.
Capſule 3 cells. Petals cloven.
Mouth crowned.
619. Cherle'RIA......... Capſule 3 cells. Honey-cups like
petals; ſmaller than the em-
palement.
+ Sambucus Ebulus. Alfine.
Order V.
PENTAGYNIA; V. POINT ALS.
628. Cotyle'don.
0
629. Se'DUM.........
Capſules 5, with a honey-cup to
each. Bloſſom i petal.
Capſules 5, with a honey-cup to
each. Bloſſom 5 petals.
638. SPER'GULA.

X. C H I V E S.
423
5 leaves.
5 leaves.
638. Sper'GULA. ....... Cap. i cell. Petals entire. Cup
637. Ceras'TIUM. Capſ. 1 cell. Petals cloven. Cup
635. AGROSTEM'MA. Capf. i cell; oblong. Cup tubu-
lar; like leather.
636. Lych'NIS. Capf. 3 (1 or 5, ST.) cells; ob-
long. Cup tubular; membra-
naceous.
634. Ox'alis. ........... Capſule 5 cells; angular. Bloſs.
ſomewhat connected at the
baſe.
Arenaria media. Cucubalus Behen. Gerania. Adoxa
moſchatellina.
Order VI.
POLYGYNIA; MANY POINT ALS.
+ Panunculus hederaceus.
Ee4
Order

424
DECANDRIA MONOGYNIĄ.
Order I.
MONOGYNIA; I. POINT AL.
583. MONOTROPA. Birds-neſt.
EMPAL. none, unleſs you call the 5 outermoſt coloured
petals the cup.
Bloss. Petals 10 ; oblong; nearly parallel and upright;
ſerrated towards the point; deciduous; the outer-
moſt, which are every other, bellied at the baſe,
hollow within, and containing honey.
Chives. Threads 10; awl-ſhaped; upright, ſimple. Tips
ſimple.
Point. Seed-bud roundiſh; tapering to a point. Shaft
cylindrical; as long as chives. Summit a blunt knob.
S. Vess. Capſule egg-fhaped; blunt ; with 5 angles, and
5 valves.
Seeds numerous; chaffy.
Ess. Char. Empal. o. Petals 10; the 5 outermoſt of which
are hollowed out at the baſe, and contain honey. Capſule
а
5 valves.
Obs. Such are the generic characters of the terminating flower.
But, if there are any lateral flowers, they contain 1-5th part leſs
in number.
Primroſe- MONOTROPA Hypopithys. Lateral flowers with 8,
Scented the terminating flowers with 10 chives -
. Fl. dan. 232.-H. ox. xii. 16. 13, in flower, 20, in fruit.-Pluk.
209. 5.--[Plot oxf. 9. 6, as after flowering for the withered
chives often remain ſurrounding the capſule. Mr. Woodward.]
Spike when in flower nodding, when in fruit upright. Mr. Wood-
WARD.-The whole plant ſmells ſweet, and is of a pale yellow
colour, which peculiarity is generally confined to paraſitical
plants, and thoſe that grow in very ſhady ſituations.
Birds-neſt, ſmelling like Primroſe roots.
Woods, growing on the roots of other plants. In Oxfordſhire,
Bedfordſhire, Bucks, Berks, and the Beech Woods of Suſſex.
[Shottiſham, Norfolk. Mr. Crowe.-In a Pine Grove, Stoke,
Norfolk. Mr. WOODWARD.-Lord Stamford's Woods, at En-
ville, Staffordſhire. With, and ST.]
P. July.
The
--
a

X. CHIVES, I. POINTAL.
.
425
The country people in Sweden give the dried plant to cattle
that have a cough.
593. ANDROM'EDA. Moorwort.
;
EMPAL. Cup with 5 diviſions; pointed; very fmall; co-
loured; permanent.
Bloss. I petal; bell-ſhaped; with 5 clefts. Segments re-
flected.
CHives. Threads 10; awl-ſhaped; ſhorter than the blof-
fom, to which they ſlightly adhere. Tips with 2
horns; nodding.
Point. Seed-bud roundiſh. Shaft cylindrical; longer than
the chives; permanent. Summit blunt.
S. Vess. Capſule roundiſh; with 5 angles, 5 cells, and 5
valves; opening at the angles.
Seeds numerous; roundiſh; ſhining.
Ess. Char. Empal. with 5 diviſions. Bloſſom egg-ſhaped ;
mouth with 5 clefts. Capſule 5 cells.
5
Obs. The bloſſom in ſome ſpecies is egg-ſhaped, but in others
truly bell-ſhaped, and the tips are either with or without awns.
LINN.-In the A. Dabæcia there is one fifth of the parts of fructi-
fication leſs. Reich.
ANDROMEDA Polifo'lia. Fruit-ſtalksincorporated. Roſemary
Bloſſoms egg-ſhaped. Leaves alternate, ſpear-ſhaped,
rolled back at the edges.
Fl. lapp. 1.2, under ſurface of the leaves beſt done.- Pluk. 175. 1,
upper ſurface of the leaves the beſt done.-Park. 76.7.-Walc.--
Fl. dan. 54.–J. B. i. a. 227. 1.-Buxb. v. 55. 1.-Ray ed.
i. I.I.
Tips awned. Linn.-Shaft white. Summit purple. With.---
Bloſſoms tinged with red,
Marſh Ciftus. Wild Roſemary. Poley Mountain. Moorwort. Marſh
Holy Roſe.
Turf bogs. Yorkſhire, Cheſhire, Lancaſhire, Weſtmoreland,
Cumberland, and Scotland. [Bogs about Halifax, Yorkſhire.
Mr. Crowe.]
S. June.
ANDROM'EDA Dabce'cia. Flowers in bunches, Iriſh
pointing one way, Bloſſoms with 4 clefts, egg-ſhaped.
Leaves alternate, ſpear-ſhaped, rolled back.--
Pet. gaz. 27. 4•
Bunch

426
.
DECANDRIA MONOGYNIA.
2
Bunch terminating, fimple. Flowers alternate. Pedicles with 1
flower, ſomewhat clammy. Floral-leaf ſtrap-ſhaped, at the baſe of
each pedicle. Empalentent of 4 leaves, awl-ſhaped, upright, pur-
pliſh, only a 4th part as long as the bloſſom, falling off. Bloſſoms
violet, cylindrical-oval, twice as large as that of the Andromeda
polifolia,; mouth a little contracted, with 4 clefts; ſegments bent
back. Chives 8. Threads white. Tips as long as the threads, juſt
fhorter than the bloſſom, brown, arrow-ſhaped, without horns,
lopped at the end with 2 orifices. Shaft thread-ſhaped, as long as
the bloſſom. Summit blunt, flightly cloven into 4. Fruit a capſule
of 4 cells, and 4 valves. It has the habit of Andromeda, but the
4
numbers of Erica. LINN.--Stem downy, with alſo numerous ex-
panding hairs. Leaves above ſhining, dark green, with a few long
hairs near the edges, underneath white with a thick down; thoſe
towards the bottom egg-ſpear-ſhaped, the upper ſpear-ſhaped.
Flower-ſcales ſmall, 1 at the baſe of each fruit-ſtalk. Mr. Wood-
WARD.--Whole plant thick ſet with hairs terminating in globular
heads. Leaves dark green on the upper ſurface, but underneath
white with woollineſs. Empalement of i leaf, permanent, deeply
divided into 4 fpear-ſhaped ſegments. Bloſſoms flatted at the baſe,
and marked lengthways with 4 ſlightly elevated ridges; ſegments
ſpear-ſhaped, wayed at the edge, rolled back. Chives ſomewhat
thorter than the bloſſom. Tips rather longer than the threads.
Duſt white. Seed-bud egg-ſhaped, -beſet with white briſtles termi-
nating in little knobs. Shaft briſtly at the baſe, but ſmooth above.
Summit reddiſh, blunt, marked with 4 hollow dots at the end. ST.
4
With.-From the empalement it is clearly an Andromeda, and
not an Erica, as Mr. Hudſon continues to regard it. Bloſs. purple,
at the very baſe white. Sr.
Iriſh Worts.
Spongy wet uncultivated land on the mountains of Mayo and
Hiar Connacht. RaY.
S. June. July.
596. ARBUTUS.

X. CHIVES, I. POINTAL.
427
596. AR'BUTUS. Strawberry-tree.
EMPAL. Cup with 5 diviſions; blunt; very ſmall; per-
manent.
Bloss. I petal; egg-ſhaped; flattiſh at the baſe; mouth
with 5 clefts; ſegments blunt; rolled back; fmall.
Chives. Threads 10; awl-ſhaped, but diſtended; very
flender at the baſe; half as long as the bloſſom, and
fixed to the margin of its baſe. Tips ſlightly cloven;
nodding.
Point. Seed-bud nearly globular; ſitting upon the recep-
tacle, which is marked with 10 dots. Shaft cylin-
drical; as long as the bloſſom. Summit rather thick
and blunt.
S. Vess. Berry roundiſh; with 5 cells.
Seeds ſmall; of a bony hardneſs.
Ess. Char. Empal. diviſions 5. Bloſſom egg-ſhaped; tranſ-
parent at the baſe. Berry, cells 5.
AR'BUTUS Un'edo. Stem tree-like. Leaves ſmooth, common
bluntly ferrated. Panicle terminating. Berries with ma-
3
ny ſeeds.-
-
Hunt. Evel. 373.-Mill. 48. i and 2.-Cluf. i. 47. 2, repr. in Dod.
804. 2, Lob. obf. 571, Ger. em. 1496, and cop. in Park. 1490.
1, and J. B. i. a. 83.-Matth. 270, cop. in Ger. 1310. 2.-
Lonic. i. 56. I.
Berries rough with tubercles formed by the ſeeds. LINN.-Stem,
ferratures of the Leaves and Flower-ſcales coloured. Empal. ſeg-
ments lapping over each other, coloured at the points. Bloſſoms
greeniſh white, a little hairy within. Threads very hairy, about
the middle very thick and pulpy. Tips reddiſh-ſcarlet, double,
opening at the baſe, with 2 yellow horns. Seed-bud beſet with
glands. Berries red. With.
In the Weſt of Ireland; in the county of Kerry; near the Lake
of Killarney. Rav. [Mr. Crowe.]-On barren limeſtone rocks,
S. Sept. [Nov. at Birmingham. With.]
It is a beautiful ornament to our ſhrubberies, not only on ac-
count of its foliage and flowers, but of its fruit, which is pleaſing
to the eye, though not grateful to the taſte. The country people,
however, in Ireland, eat it, but always drink water after.
AR'BUTUS alpi'na. Stems trailing.
Leaves mountain
wrinkled, ferrated,
Fl. dan.

428
DECANDRIA MONOGYNIA.
cup
Bearberry
-
.
-
Fl. dan. 73.-Lightf. 11. a. b. at p. 216.--Cluf. i. 61, cop. in Ger.
em. 1417. 4, and Parl. 1456. 3.---Ger. 1230. 4.-7. B. i.
a. 519.
Berries black, globular, ſitting upon a very ſmall red
Dry mountains, in Scotland and the Weſtern Ifles.
S. May.
The berries have ſomething of the flavour of black currants, but
they are not ſo good.-Goats refuſe it.
AR'BUTUS Uva-ur'fi. Stems trailing. Leaves
very entire.
Fl. dan. 33, cop. in Blackw. 592. 2 and 3, with the addition of 1.-
:-
Fl. lapp. 6.3.-Lightf. 11. c. d. at p. 216.-7. B. i. a. 523.-
Zanon. 178, ſerratures too much like hairs.-Ger. 1221. 1.-Cluſ.
i. 63. 2, repr. in Lob. obs. 547. 1, Ger. em. 1416. 5, and
сор.
in Park. 1457.6, is repreſented with leaves much larger than any I
have ever ſeen.
Leaves oblong-wedge-ſhaped, with a net-work of veins under-
neath, and correſponding wrinkles above. Bloſſom, mouth very
much contracted, tinged with red. Mr. WOODWARD.-Flowers
fleſh-coloured. Berries red. Leaves not dotted underneath as in
Vaccinium Vitis-idæa. LIGHTE--Vaccinium Urſi, five Uva-urfi apud
Clufium. Ger. em. 1416. (Mr. BALLARD.)
Bear-berries. Bear Whortle-berries.
Dry heaths and woods. Eaſt Common Wood, near Hexham,
Northumberland. Iſle of Mull, next to Y-Columb-Kill, grow-
ing plentifully for ſome miles together, where it was firſt obſerved
by Mr. Llwyd. Lightf.
S. May. June.
The berries are inſipid, pulpy, and mealy. The plant is much
uſed in Sweden to dye an afh-colour, and to tan leather. Half a
dram of the powdered leaves given every, or every other day, has
been found uſeful in calculous caſes. It was firſt uſed for this pur-
poſe at Montpelier, and afterwards by Dr. de Haen, at Vienna, who
relates ſeveral cafes, in which it proved of the greateſt ſervice. Its
{ucceſs in England has been uncertain. Sometimes the patients
found no relief, but thought their complaints rather aggravated
than alleviated; whilſt, in other calculous and nephritic caſes, the
ſymptoms have been almoſt entirely removed. Perhaps, upon the
whole, we ſhall find it no better than other vegetable aftringents;
ſome of which have long been uſed by the country people, in gra-
velly complaints, and with very great advantage; though hitherto
unnoticed by the regular practitioners. With.
Horſes, Cows, Goats, and Sheep refuſe it.
598. PY'ROLĄ

X. CHIVES, 1. POINTAL.
429
2
598. PY'ROLA. Wintergreen.
EMPAL. Cup with 5 diviſions ; very ſmall; permanent.
Bloss. Petals 5; circular; concave; expanding.
CHives. Threads 10; awl-ſhaped ; ſhorter than the blof-
fom. Tips large; nodding; with 2 horns pointing
upwards.
Point. Seed-bud roundiſh; angular. Shaft thread-ſhaped ;
longer than the chives; permanent. Summit rather
thick.
S. Vess. Capſule roundiſh; depreſſed; with 5 angles and
5
5 cells; opening at the angles.
Seeds numerous; chaffy.
Ess. Char. Empalement with 5 diviſions. Petals 5. Capſule
5 cells; opening at the corners.
Obs. In ſome ſpecies the threads and ſhaft are upright, in others
declining to one ſide, and in others again expanding. The ſhape
of the ſummit is different in different ſpecies.
PY'ROLA rotundifolia. Chives aſcending. Pointal common
declining:-
Fl. dan. 110, cop. in Blackw. 594.—Matth. 982.- Fuchſ. 467, cop.
in Trag. 707, 7. B. iii. 535, and Dod. 138, which repr. in
Ger. em. 408. 1.-Ger. 330. 1.-Cluf. ii. 116.3, repr. in Lob.
obſ. 157, 2, improved with the addition of a bunch in fruit in H.
ox. xii. 10. row 2. 1, and cop. in Park. 508.--Lonic. 186.
Bloſſoms white, on ſlender fruit-ſtalks.
Wintergreen.—Woods and groves in the North of England; in
the South, rare. Near Halifax, Yorkſh. Stoken-church Woods,
Oxfordſhire. [Hockfall Woods, near Grewelthorpe, Raydale
Wood, near Carr-end Wenſley Dale, and Tennant's Wood, near
Kilnſay, Yorkſhire. Curt.-Meadow at Gorleſtone, Suffolk.
Mr. WIGG.]
P. June. July.
Goats eat it. Cows, Horſes, Sheep, and Swine refuſe it.
a
PY'ROLA mi'nor. Flowers in a bunch, ſcattered. leffer
Chives and pointal ſtraight.-
Fl. dan, 55.
Much reſembles the P. rotundifolia. Stem in both 3-cornered. It
is very probable that this plant was firſt produced by the duſt of
the P. ſecunda, impregnating the ſeed-bud of the firſt ſpecies. Bloſs.
reddiſh white. LINN. --Two flowering ſtems frequently ariſe from
the

430
DECANDRIA DIGYNIA.
the ſame root. Leaves much ſmaller than in P. rotundifolia. Whole
plant ſmaller and weaker. Mr. WOODWARD.
Woods. Near Clapham, Yorkſhire. Highlands, and Iſle of
Skye. [Near Tring, Herts. Ms. WOODWARD.] P. June. July.
ſerrated PY'ROLA ſecun'da. Flowers in a bunch, from one ſide.--.
Fl. dan. 402.-Cluf. ii. 117. 1, repr. in Ger. em. 408. 2, and cop.
in 7. B. iii. 536. 1, Park. 509.3, and H. ox. xii. 10. row 2.4.
The chives project beyond the bloſſom, and the ſummit beyond
the chives. Bloſſoms white.
Woods. Haſlewood, near Sir Walter Vavaſor's Park, York-
fhire.
P. Huds. S. Linn. June.
Goats eat it. Shoep refuſe it.
-
Order II.
DIGYNIA; II. POINTALS.
608. SAXIFRAGA. Saxifrage.
EMPAL. Cup 1 leaf; with 5 diviſions; ſhort'; ſharp; per-
manent.
Bloss. Petals 5; expanding; narrow at the baſe.
Chives. Threads 10; awl-Ihaped. Tips roundiſh.
Point. Seed-bud roundiſh, but tapering, and ending in
2 ſhort Shafts. Summits blunt.
S. Vess. Capſule fomewhat egg-ſhaped; with 2 bills, and
I cell; opening between the bills.
SEEDs numerous; minute.
Ess. Char. Empal. 5 diviſions. Bloſſom 5 petals. Capſule
with 2 bills, i cell, many ſeeds.
Obs. In ſome ſpecies the Seed-bud is beneath; in others, it is
above. After the flower is open, 2 of the Chives oppoſite to each
other, bend down to the Summits, and diſchage their duſt
perpen-
dicularly over them. The next day 2 others bend down; and this
is continued until they have all done the ſame.
* Leaves undivided. Stem nearly naked.
hairy SAXIFRAGA ſtella'ris. Leaves ferrated. Stem
naked, branched. Petals taper-pointed.--
F. dan.

X. CHIVES,
431
II. POINTALS.
Fl. dan. 23.-Fl. lapp. 2. 3, root, leaves, and ſtem.* -Scop. 13. n.
492. at p. 290.-Pluk. 58. 2.-ib. 222, 4, cop. in H. ox.xii.
9. 13.-3. B. iii. 708. 1.
Leaves cloſe to the root, numerous, oblong-ſpear-ſhaped, nar-
rowing downwards, ferratures pointed, moſtly towards the end.
Stem a finger's length, bare. Flowers 3 to 5, on ſhort fruitſtalks.
Empalement bent back. Petals ſpear-ſhaped, tapering each way,
white, with 2 oblong tawny ſpots near the baſe. Tips purpliſh.
LINN.--Leaves in one or more ſtar-like tufts from each root,
wedge-ſhaped, entire at the baſe, rather indented at the top,
ſlightly hairy. Stem, 1 from each tuft, ſlightly hairy. Branches,
each having at its baſe a leaf, ſpear-shaped, entire, or cloven into
3, and bearing 1 or 2 flowers. Mr. WOODWARD.-Stem-laaves ge-
nerally 2 together at the baſe of each branch, ſometimes ſpear-
ſhaped, but generally ſtrap-ſhaped, and ſometimes with a tooth
on each ſide towards the point. St.
Hairy Kidneywort.
Moiſt rocks, and by the rills of Snowdon, Carnedh-Llewellyn,
and Caderidris, &c. North of England, and in Scotland. [About
Buckbarrow Well, Longſledale, Yorkſhire. Curt.--Mountains
in Lancaſhire, Weſtmoreland, and Cumberland. Mr. Woodw.
-Between Paterdale and Winander Mere. ST.] P. June. July.
SAXIF'RAGA niva'lis. Leaves egg-ſhaped, ſcol- mountain
loped, nearly fitting. Stem naked. Flowers in heads.
Fl. dan. 28.-Lightf. 12. at p. 221.-Ray 16. 1, in its moſt luxu-
riant ſtate.-Fl. lapp. 2. 5 and 6, in its dwarfer and more com-
mon State.
Leaves blunt, lying on the ground. Stem ſomewhat hairy, with
a flight tinge of purple. Petals blunt, white. Scarcely is any plant
ſubject to ſuch remarkable variations, in appearance as well as
fize. Sometimes it is exceedingly ſmall, with heart-ſhaped leaves,
flowers collected into a ſingle head, and a ſtrap-ſhaped leaf at the
baſe. Sometimes it produces only a ſingle flower on a ſtalk, and
ſometimes 2 of theſe riſe from one root. At other times it bears
a number of flowers at the top of the ſtalk, on fruit-ſtalks diſpoſed
in form of a rundle, and ſometimes it appears twice as large, with
a ſpike compoſed of ſmaller ones as figured in Ray. But in all
theſe ſtates it is eaſily diſtinguiſhable by its leaves reddiſh under-
neath, and purpliſh pointals. LINN.-Root-leaves ſmooth, in a
a
a
tuft
* The reſt of the figure repreſents a variety in which the greater part of the
flowers run into leafy tufts. ST.

432
DECANDRIA DIGYNIA
a
tuft. Stem ſlightly hairy. Flowers, each with a ſmall floral-leaf,
reddiſh at the point. Empal. ſegments reddiſh at the point. Mr.
WOODWARD.
Summits of the higher mountains of Wales and Skotland.
Glyder Vawr, near Snowdon. Penn. Wales. P. July. Aug.
London Pride SAXIFRAGA umbro'ſa. Leaves inverſely egg-
ſhaped, ſomewhat dented at the end. Linn. Mr. Dick-
ENSON.
Mill. 141.2.–Park. 738, fig. 2d.-par. 233. 5.
Geum folio ſubrotundo majori, piſillo floris rubro. Tourn. R. fyn.
355.-Sedum ſerrat. fl. rub. maculato. Park. par. 232.-Sedum mont.
ferrat. guttato f. Park. 738.-Cotyledon five Sedum montan. latifol.
ſerrat.guttato flore ib. 741. R. hiſt. 1046. ST.
London Pride. None-So-pretty. Princes Feather.
Mountains of Sligo, and on Mangerton in Kerry, Ireland. P.
-
.
heath-like
** Leaves undivided. Stem leafy.
SAXIF'RAGA oppoſitifolia. Stem-leaves oppoſite,
tiled; the uppermoſt fringed.-
Fl. dan. 34, Stems undivided.-Fl. lapp. 2.1.-Pet. 61.9.-J. B.
iii. 694. 1, cop. in H. ox. xii. 10.36.
Stems thread-ſhaped, hanging down, creeping. Leaves from 4
lines, fitting, fringed. Terminating flower folitary, fitting. LINN.
- Leaves oval, ſomewhat running down the ſtem, in oppoſite
pairs, alternately from each ſide of the ſtem, giving the appear-
ance of being quadrangularly tiled, all fringed, ſea-green, fre-
quently tinged with purple. Empal. purpliſh, fringed. Petals very
blunt, bright purple. Tips purple. Mr. Woodward.
Rocks. On the north ſide of Ingleborough; higher rocks of
Snowdon, about Llanberys; Highland mountains, and Iſles of
Rum and Skye. [Ingleborough and Pennigent. Curt.-This
beautiful plant inſinuates its roots into every crevice, and, with
its numerous trailing branches, clothes, with a rich tapeſtry, the
perpendicular rocks on the weſt ſide of the ſummit of Inglebo-
rough. Mr. WOODWARD.]
P. March. April.
-
a
marſh
SAXIFRAGA Hir'culus. Stem-leaves fpear-ſhaped,
alternate, naked, without prickles. Stem upright. Linn.
-Leaves pointed. Stem aſcending, leafy. Huds.-Leanies
fringed with hairs, but not with thorns or iliff brilles. LINN.
A. fuec. Retz. obf. i. 45.---Theſe hairs ſometimes wanting ,
Wigg,
i, dan

X. CHIVES, II. POINTALS.
433
-
Fl. dan. 200.*--Breyn. cent. 43, cop. in H.ox. xii. 8. row 2.6.
a.-Breyn. ib. p. 106, cop. in H. ox. 6.-Gmel. iv. 65. 3.—
Hall. 11. 3.-Cluf. cur. 6, repr. in Ger. em. 1284. 8, and
cop. in Park. 656, figure the loweſt, and H.ox. xii. 8. 5.
Stem purple, ſimple, generally with 2 or 3 flowers. Fruit-ſtalks
3
downy. Empalement bent back. Leaves not fringed. Petals ribbed,
yellow, with tawny dots, towards their baſe an oblong hollow or
chink of 2 valves, with pointed ends, containing honey. LINN.
mant. ii.-Root-leaves ſpear-ſhaped. Stem-leaves ſtrap-ſhaped, in an
alpine ſpecimen elliptical. In none of my fpecimens are the
fruit-ſtalks without down, as in the figures of Haller and Gmelin,
though in the alpine ſpecimen they are ſomewhat leſs downy.
Retz.-Stems ſimple, fomewhat woody, beneath the flowers very
hairy. Leaves, the lower on ſhort fruit-ſtalks, the upper fitting.
Flowers 1 or 2, large, yellow. Petals oval, which as alſo the ſeg-
ments of the empalement are marked with ſeveral nearly parallel
ribs, which clearly diſtinguiſhes it from the S. autumnalis. Mr.
WOODWARD.
Turf bogs. Knutsford Moor, Cheſhire. Ray and LIGHTF.
who firſt aſcertained it to be the S. Hirculus P. July, Aug.
-
-
SAXIFRAGA autumna'lis. Stem-leaves ſtrap-ſhaped, autumnal
alternate, fringed. Root-leaves incorporated. -
Cluf. ii. 60.3, repr. in Ger. em. 516. 2, and cop. in Park.
.
737-7,
J. B. iii. 693.2, Pet. 61. 10, H.ox. xii. 6. row 2. 3. f. 5, has
moſt of the true habit.-Scop. 14, at p. 214.-Fl. dan. 72.-H.
ox. xii, 6. row 2. 3. f. 5.-(H. ox. xii. 8. 6, is a copy of Breyn.
fig. of P. Hirculus.)
Empalement far ſhorter than the bloſſom, green. Flowers beneath.
LINN.-Leaves, hairs at the edge ſometimes numerous, fome-
times few, and ſometimes altogether wanting. JACQ.-Hairs at
the edge of the leaves more properly minute prickles. Retz.-
Root-leaves matted. Stems numerous, aſcending. Stem-leaves nu-
merous, ſtrap-ſpear-ſhaped, ſcattered, half embracing the ſtem,
ſometimes with a few hairs at the edge, but oftener without. Fruit-
ſtalks many, from the bofom of the leaves, of various lengths, the
lower ones longeſt; generally with 1 flower. Flower-leaves 2 on
each fruit-ſtalk. Empalement nearly as long as the bloſſom. Petals
blunt, yellow, ſpotted. Tips yellow. Mr. WOODWARD.
-
a
* The hairs at the edge of the leaves repreſented too like the little prickles
of the S. autumnalis. Retz.
Vol. I.
FE
S. aizoides

434
DECANDRIA DIGYNIA.
S. aizoides and autumnalis ſeem to be one and the ſame plant.
JACQ. LightF. Huds. and Retz.-Our plant is, without doubt,
the S. aizoides; but, when I find Linnæus deſcribing “the em-
palement" of the S. autumnalis as “ far ſhorter than the bloſſom,
and retaining his reference to H. ox. though a copy of Breyn. fig.
of S. Hirculus, I am induced to ſuſpect his S. autumnalis to be the
variety of S. Hirculus with fringed leaves, rather than a variety of S.
aizoides. In confirmation of this, it may be obſerved, that in the
iſt edition of the Fl. ſuec. the S. Hirculus is characteriſed as having
fringed leaves, in the 2d, the character is altered, but it is ſtill
deſcribed as fringed, and in the Sp. pl. the leaves are expreſsly
ſaid not to be fringed. St.
Ingleborough Hill, and in Weſtmoreland. Beeſton Caſtle,
Cheſhire; [and in Long Sledale and Whitfell Gill, near Aſkrig,
Yorkſhire. Curt.-Bogs on mountains in the northern counties.
Mr. WOODWARD.]
P. July. Aug.
*** Leaves gaſhed. Stems upright.
white SAXIFRAGA granula'ta. Stem-leaves kidney-
ſhaped, gaihed. Stem branched. Root beaded.--
Curt. i. 9.-Fl. dan. 514.-Mill. ill.-Ludw. 120.-Walc.-Matth.
978.-Fuchſ. 747, cop. in J. B. iii.-Dod. 316. 1, repr. in
Lob. obf. 335. 2, Ger. em. 841. 1, and cop. in Park. 424. I
and 2, and H. ox. xii. 9. 23.-Ger. 693. 1.- Trag. 525, cop.
in Lonic. i. 220. 1.-Blackw. 56.
Root conſiſting of ſeveral tubercles crowded together. Seed-bud
beneath. LINN.-Branches without leaves. Cup a little hairy.
Bloſſoms white.
White Saxifrage.
Dry meadows and paſtures. Near Wandſworth. [Bevere, near.
Worceſter. ST.]
P. April. May
Goats eat it. Cows, Sheep, Horſes, and Swine refuſe it.
rue-leaved SAXIFRAGA trida&tyli'tes. Stem-leaves wedge-
ſhaped, alternate, with 3 clefts. Stem upright, branched.
Leaves in very dry ſituations ſometimes undivided.
Curt. ii. 22.-Walc.--Sheldr. 24.-H. ox. xii. 9.31.-Ger. 499.
3, cop. in Pet. 61.8.-Scop. 16. 499.--Blackw. 212.--(Dod.
112.3, repr. in Lob.obf. 249. 3, Ger. em. 624. 2, and cop. in
Park. 556.4894, ſeems dubious as having leaves nearly toothed.)
The whole plant is ſet with hairs which pour out a clammy li-
quor at their points. Chives diſcharge their duſt as in obſervation
on the genus. LINN.--Plant reddiſh, hairy. Hairs clammy. Stem
2 inches high, cylindrical, branched. Root-leaves on leaf-ſtalks,
-
with

X. CHIVES, II. POINTALS.
435
with 5 lobes, fleſhy, edge very entire. Stem-leaves fitting, the
uppermoſt ſpear-ſhaped. Fruit-ſtalks thread-like, with i flower.
Petals white, egg-ſhaped. Lyons. -Turns red after flowering.
Hairs terminating in globules. Stems forked, in ſome fituations
trailing. Root-leaves tapering down into flat leaf-ſtalks. Stem-leaves
fitting, the upper, and ſometimes all aboye the firſt branches,
ſpear-ſhaped and oppoſite. Fruit-ſtalks with ſingle flowers, from
the bofom of the leaves. Empal. mouth with 5 egg-ſhaped clefts.
5
Petals egg-ſhaped, but little longer than the ſegments of the em-
palement; white. Tips yellow. Summits ſpear-ſhaped. Capſule,
cells 2. WITH.
Rue Whitlow-grafs.
Walls, roofs, and amongſt rubbiſh. A. Apr. [and May. WITH.]
It was formerly infuſed in beer, and drank for a long time was
ſaid to cure the King's Evil.
SAXIFRAGA cæſpito'ſa. Root-leaves incorporated, matted
ſtrap-ſhaped, entire, or with 3 clefts.
clefts. Stem upright,
nearly naked, with moſtly 2 flowers.-
Gunn. ii. 7. 3 and 4.-Scop. 14. 494. at p. 214.-Hall. opuſc. it.
helv. 1. 1. at p. 300.-(Fl. dan.71,* as believed by Oeder.
-7. B. iii. 762.2, is S. hypnoides.)
Plant ſmooth, except the upper branches, which are clammy.
Root-leaves cluſtered into a turf, wedge-ſhaped, blunt, with divi-
fions, running down into ſtrap-ſhaped leaf-ſtalks. Stem of a fin-
ger's length, almoſt naked, with 2 or 3 ſtrap-ſhaped, undivided
leaves. Flowers 1, ſometimes 2, terminating, of the larger ſize.
Petals blunt, of a whitiſh greeniſh hue, turning yellowiſh in dry-
ing, (yellow, Syft. veg.] ſcored. Linn.—Empalement alſo clammy.
Mr. WOODWARD.
Mountains above Ambleſide, Weſtmoreland. P. July. Aug.
a
** Leaves gaſhed. Stems trailing.
SAXIF'RA G A hypnoi'des. Stem-leaves ſtrap-ſhaped, Moſs
entire, or cloven into 3. Suckers trailing. Stem up-
right, rather naked.-
Fl. dan. 348, foliage too luxuriant.-H. ox. xii. 9.26, habit of the
barren ſtems better expreſſed.—7. B. iii. 762. 2.- Park. 739,
ill done, unleſs ſome other ſpecies.-(Scop. 16. 499. at p. 296,
is S. tridactylites.)
* Flowers much larger. HALL. Mr. WOODWARD-Seems a different plant,
Leaves broad, with many clefts. Mr. WOODWARD.
Ff2
Plant

436
DECANDRIA DIGYNIA.
-
-
-
Plant clammy. Leaves on long leaf-ſtalks. Suckers fometimes
producing buds. LINN.-Stem ſmooth. Leaves hairy. Mr. Wood-
WARD.-Stem, fruit-ſtalks, and empalement thickly ſet with ſhort
hairs, terminated by minute red globules; the reſt of the plant
thinly ſet with fine white hairs. Upper-leaves, both of the ſtem and
trailing fuckers, generally entire; the lower frequently cloven into
3. Petals marked with 3 green lines, flightly cloven at the end.
Summits broad and flat, but pointed and bent hack. Seed-bud top-
ſhaped. WITH.-Whole plant becomes reddiſh when fully grown.
Empalement green. Bloſs. greeniſh white. Chives yellow.
Ladies Cuſhion by the gardeners.
Rocks and high mountains. Snowdon, and other mountains
in Wales, Weſtmoreland, Yorkſhire, Derbyſhire, Malham Cove,
Chedder Rocks. [About Settle. Curt.-Dovedale, Derbyſhire,
and northern counties. Mr. WOODWARD.- Middleton Dale,
Derbyſhire. Mr. WHATELY.]
P. May-July.
It is cultivated in our gardens as an edging for borders.
A Horſe refuſed it. ST.
611. SCLERAN'THUS. Knawel.
EMPAL. Cup 1 leaf; tubular; with 5 ſhallow clefts; ſharp;
.
permanent; narrow at the neck.
BLoss. none.
Chives. Threads 10; awl-ſhaped ; upright; very ſmall;
fixed to the cup. Tips roundiſh.
Point. Seed-bud roundiſh. Shafts 2; upright; hair-like;
as long as the chives. Summits ſimple.
S. Vess. Capſule egg-ſhaped ; exceedingly thin; in the
bottom of the cup; which cloſes at the neck.
SEEDS 2; convex on one ſide, and flat on the other. (1.
LEERS. St.)
Ess. Char. Empalement i leaf. Bloſs. o. Seeds 2; in-
i
cloſed by the empalement,
annual SCLERAN'THUS an'nuus. Empalements open
when the fruit is ripe. LINN. -Segments tapering to a
point. ST.*
Fl. dan. 504.--Trag. 393, cop. in Lonic. i. 169. 1.-Ger. em.
566. 4, cop. in Park. 447. 7.--Ger. 452, 2, cop. in Pet. 9. 6.
---(Pet. 9.7, with Haller I refer to S. perennis.)
* Acuminatis. ST.
Seed

X. CHIVES, II. POINTALS.
437
Seed 1. Hall. Leers. Sr.-Empal. ſegments with an exceed-
ingly narrow, whitiſh, membranaceous margin. Chives 5 or 7,
very ſhort. LEERS. ST.-Chives fewer than 10. HALL. ST.-
Branches in pairs, conſtantly downy. Leaves at the joints of the
ſtem and branches, oppoſite, awl-ſhaped, ſlightly joined together
at the baſe, bellying below, with membranaceous and downy
edges, ſmooth above. Flowers in cluſters at the end and diviſions
of the branches, fitting. Empalement downy at the baſe; ſegments
awl-ſhaped, ſmooth. Mr. WOODWARD.--Empalement bell-ſhaped,
cloven more than half way down, marked below with 10 elevated
ribs, when the feed is ripe acquiring a bony hardneſs; ſegments
while in bloſſom ſlightly open, after the duſt is ſhed expanding,
when the fruit is ripe, open. Chives 6 to 9, generally 8, unequal,
2 or 3 of them twice as long as the reſt and producing duft, the
reſt barren. Shafis white. Seed egg-ſhaped. ST.-Flowers at the
baſe of the leaves, greeniſh.
German Knot-graſs. Knawell.
Sandy ground and corn fields.
A. July. Aug.
The Swedes and the Germans receive the vapour ariſing from
a decoction of it into their mouths, to cure the tooth-ach,
Goats and Sheep eat it. Cows refuſe it,
-
*
SCLERAN'THUS peren'nis. Empalements cloſed perennial
when the fruit is ripe. Linn.-Segments oblong, round-
ed at the point. St.+
Ray 5. 1. at p. 160.-J. B. iii. 378. 1, cop. in H. ox. v. 29.* row
1. f. 2, but petals made pointed.-Ger. 453, cop, in Ger. em.
567. 5, Park. 427.2, and Pet. 9.7.-F. dan. 563, and Vaill.
1.5, may be good figures of it in ſome of its ſtates, but are not
happy repreſentations of what ſpecimens I have ſeen.--(Ray ib. a.
is a good repreſentation of the empalement of S. annuus.-Gmel.
ii. 6. 1 and 2, is a diſtinct Species.)
Leaves bowed, ſtrap-ſhaped, very narrow, broader at the baſe.
Flowers crowded together at the top of the ſtems. Empal. whitiſh,
with a green line running along the ſegments; ſegments upright,
not quite cloſed, but not ſo open as in the S. annuus. HALL. ST.-
Empal. ſegments blunt, with whitiſh membranaceous borders.
Seed 1, as that of S. annuus. Leers, ST.-Plant often reddiſh.
Branches ſometimes, but not always downy, thickly ſet with leaves.
Leaves broader and ſhorter than thoſe of the S. annuus, oppoſite,
frequently pointing one way, ſea-green, fringed with down at the
I
-
+ Rotundatis, Sr.
Ff3
edge,

438
DECANDRIA DIGYNIA.
edge, the reſt ſmooth, bellying and membranaceous below,
ſlightly joined at the baſe. Flowers, ſome at the diviſions of the
ſtem, but moſtly in terminating bunches, ſitting. Empalement
ſmooth, ſea-green with white edges, blunt. Mr. WoodWARD.-
Empal. ſegments concave. Chivés 10. ST.
Sandy corn fields. Elden, Suffolk. [Snetiſham, Norfolk.
Mr. Crowe.—Bury, Suffolk. Mr. WOODWARD.] P. July. Aug.
The Poliſh cochineal, Coccus polonicus, is found upon the roots,
in the ſummer months.
Sharp-fruited
SCLERAN'THUS polycar' pos? Empalements
widely expanded when ripe, thorny. Stem ſomewhat
woolly.-
Said to have been found at Broomholm, near Longholm, Eſk-
dale. LightF.—The deſcription communicated to Mr. L. See
Fl. ſcot. p. 1135, accords with that in the Amen. acad. St.
613. SAPONARIA. Soapwort.
EMPAL. Cup 1 leaf; tubular; with 5 teeth; permanent,
Bloss. Petals 5; claws narrow; angular; as long as the
.
cup; border flat; limbs broader towards the end;
blunt.
Chives. Threads 10; awl-ſhaped; as long as the tube of
the bloſſom; every other chive fixed to the claws of
the petals; 5 of them ſhedding their duſt later than
the others. Tips oblong; blunt; fixed ſideways to
the threads.
Point. Seed-bud ſomewhat cylindrical. Shafts 2; ſtraight;
parallel; as long as the chives. Summits ſharp.
S. Vess. Capſule as long as the cup; cylindrical; of i
cell; covered.
SEEDS
many; ſmall. Receptacle looſe.
Ess. Char. Empalement i leaf; naked, (that is without ſcales
at the baſe:) Petals 5 ; with claws. Capſule oblong; I
cell.
common
SAPONARIA officina'lis. Empalements cylindri-
cal. Leaves egg-ſpear-ſhaped.-
Curt. ii. 17.-Fl. dan. 543.-Dod. 179, repr. in Lob. obſ. 170.
2, Ger. em. 444, and cop. in Park. 641. I, and H. ox. v. 22.
52.-Blackw. 113.-(Fuchſ. 780, cop. in J. B. iii. 346, and
Lonic. i. 76.3, a totally different plant.)
Leaves

X. CHIVES, II. POINTALS.
439
a
Leaves ſitting, oppofite, 3-fibred. Empalements coloured. WITH.
Flowers terminating. Bloſſoms Hefh-coloured, or white.
Bruiſewort.
Meadows and hedges. On Black Heath. Near Morden College,
Kent. [Norfolk, pot unfrequent. Mr. WoodWARD.-Hedges
near Hanley, Worceſterſh. Mr. BALLARD. ST.-On the brink
of the river below Preſton, Lancaſhire. Mr. SAVILLE.]
P. July. Aug.
The whole plant is bitter. Bruiſed and agitated with water it
raiſes a lather like foap, which waſhes greaſy ſpots out of cloaths.
A decoction of it applied externally cures the itch. The Germans
uſe it inſtead of Sarſaparilla in venereal complaints. M. Andry,
of Paris, cures virulent Gonorrhæas, by giving half an ounce of
the inſpiſfated juice daily. With.
A horſe refuſed it. ST.
B. hybrida. A fingular variety like another Peloria Antirrhini, in hollow leaved
which it changes into a kind of Gentian, with a bloffom of 1 petal,
Found by Gerarde, in a wood called the Spinnie, near Lich-
barrow, in Northamptonſhire; but Morton informs us it is no
longer to be met with there, not being capable of propagating it-
ſelf by feed. It is poſſibly, however, ſtill preſerved in the gardens
of the curious. It ſeems to be a mule produced between the Sapo-
naria and the Gentiana, the duſt of the latter falling upon the point-
als of the former. LINN.
2. Leaves running into 1. Bloſs. whitiſh, of a pale fleſh-colour at
the edge. Ray. Leaves egg-ſhaped, thoſe beneath the flowers
ſtem claſping. Empalement ſheath-like, ragged at the mouth. Bloſs.
twice as long, with a number of ſhort teeth, accompanied ſome-
times with green leaves. Specimens from the herbarium of C. B.
and Mr. Hudſon. HALL.
Ger. 353, cop, in 7. B. lii. 521. 2, and H. 0x. v. 53.-Park.
641.
Saponaria concava anglica convoluto folio.Park.641.-Gentiana concava.
Ger. em. 435. (St.)
a
a
Ff4
614. DIANTHUS.

440
DECANDRIA DIGYNIA.
614. DIANTHUS. Pink.
EMPAL. Cup cylindrical ; tubular; fcored; permanent ;
with 5 teeth at the mouth, and encompaſſed at the
baſe with 4 ſcales, 2 of which are oppoſite, and lower
4
than the other 2.
Bloss. Petals 5; claws as long as the cup; narrow; fixed
;
to the receptacle; limbs flat; broadeſt towards the
end; blunt; fcolloped.
Chives. Threads 10; awl-ſhaped; as long as the cup;
ſtanding wide towards the top. Tips oblong-oval ;
compreſſed; fixed ſideways to the threads.
Point. Seed-bud oval. Shafts 2; awl-ſhaped ; longer than
the chives. Summits curled ; taper.
S. Vess. Capſule cylindrical; covered; i cell; opening at
the top in 4 directions.
Seeds many; compreſſed ; roundiſh. Receptacle looſe ;
4-cornered; only half as long as the feed-veſſel.
Ess. Char. Empalement cylindrical ; of 1 leaf; with 4 ſcales
at the baſe. Petals 5; with claws. Capſule cylindrical ;
of i cell.
Obs. In ſome ſpecies the Shafts are but little longer than the
chives; in others very long, but rolled back,
* Flowers incorporated.
Sweet william DIAN'THUS barba'tus. Flowers incorporated,
in bundles. Scales of the empalement egg-awl-ſhaped,
as long as the tube. Leaves Spear-ſhaped.-
Renealm. 47.-B. Cluf. i. 287. 1, repr. in Dod. 176.2, Ger. em.
598. 4.-Ger. 479. 4.
[Limeſtone Wall, at King's Weſton, near Briſtol. St.)
P. Junc.
Deptford DIAN'THUS Armeria. Flowers incorporated,
in bundles. Scales of the empalement ſpear-ſhaped,
woolly, as long as the tube.--
Fl. dan. 230.-J. B. iii. 335. 2, excellent, copied from an unpub-
liſhed figure of Fuchſius.-Lob. ic. i. 448.2, repr. in Ger. em.
594. 11, cop. in H. ox. v. 25. 20, and Pet. 56. 5.-Seguier.
i. 7. 4, flower and leaf.--Matth. 579, bloſſoms too large.
Petals taper-pointed, with 1 or 2 teeth. LINN.-red.
Gravelly meadows and paſtures. Charlton Wood, and other
places in Kent. Near Croydon.
Near Croydon. [Norfolk, frequent. Mr.
WOODWARD.--
-
-

X. CHIVES, II. POINTALS.
441
WoodwARD.-About Perſhore and Eckington. Worceſterſhire.
NASH.-Near Ketley, Shropſhire, in gravel, and Clarkton Leap,
near Worceſter, in marle. St.]
A July.
-
DIAN'THUS pro'lifer. Leaves incorporated, in proliferous
heads. Scales of the einpalement egg-ſhaped, blunt,
without awns, extending beyond the tube.-
Fl. dan. 221.*-Seguier. i. 7. 1.-7. B. iii. 335.1.--Lob. ic. i.
450. 1, repr. in Ger. em. 599. 5, and cop. in Park. 1338. 1.-
H. ox. v. 25. 21, ſingle head.
Stem uſually ſimple, upright, flender. Leaves in pairs at each
joint, awl-ſhaped. Heads on the ſummit of the ſtem. Flowers
nearly concealed by the ſcales of the empalement, opening one at
a time for a conſiderable time in fucceffion. Mr. WOODWARD.-
Blosſoms red, ſometimes white. They expand about 8 in the morn-
ing, and cloſe about 1 in the afternoon.
Childing Sweet Williams. Childing Pinks.
Sandy meadows and paſtures. Selſey Iſland, Suſſex. [Near
Norwich. Mr. WOODWARD.-In a marle pit Landridge Hill;
Hanley Caſtle, Worceſterſh. Mr. BALLARD.]
Cows and Sheep eat it.
A. July.
** Flowers folitary; ſeveral on the ſame ſtem.
DIAN'THUS Caryophyl'lus. Flowers folitary. Scales Carnation
of the empalement nearly egg-ſhaped, very ſhort. . Blof-
Toms fcolloped.-
Blackw. 85.-Dod. 174. 3, repr. in Ger. em. 590, and Swert. ii.
18.7
Carnation. Clove Pink. Clove July Flower.
B. Huds. Ger. 591. 1.-Ger. 474.2.7-Pet. 56. I.
Caryophyllus fimplex, flore minore pallide rubente. R. fyn. 336.(ST.)
Common Pink. Ray.-Single Red Pink. GER. em. Sr.
Old walls. Rocheſter, Deal, Sandown, and other caſtles,
plentifully. Ray. HUDS.
P. July
-
DIAN'THUS deltoi'des. Flowers folitary. Two maiden
ſcales to each empalement, ſpear-ſhaped. Bloſſoms ſcol-
loped. LINN.-Scales egg-ſhaped, taper-pointed. Lyons. St.
* Bloſſoms too large. Mr. WOODWARD.
+ This is referred by C. B. to his Caryophyllus ſimplex, flore minore pallide
rubente, which Mr. Hudſon makes a variety of D. Caryophyllus. But, to omit
other marks of diſtinction, the leaves of the Red Pink are microſcopically ſer:
rated, thoſe of the D. Caryophyllus quite entire. ST.
Fl. dan.

442
DECANDRIA DIGYNIA.
Fl. dan. 577.--Cluf. i. 285.1, repr. in Lob. ic. 444. 1, Ger. em.
593.6, and cop. in Pet. 56. 2.-3. B. iii. 329.4.-(Ger. 477.
10,- ſeems to be D. Glaucus.)
Root flender, long, with a few fibres. Barren ſlems numerous,
reclining, throwing out roots; flowering ſtems 6 to 8 inches high,
eylindrical, flender, weak, jointed. Leaves very narrow, in op-
poſite pairs, embracing the ſtem; thoſe of the barren branches
narrower, not much pointed. Flowers 2 or 3 on a ftem. Bloſſoms
reddith, with a ring of deeper coloured dots ſurrounding the
eye. Seeds chaffy, brown. It flowers during the ſummer and till
autumn. Ray.---Leaves greener, femewhat hairy, like thoſe of
Hyſſop, but ſmaller. Empal. ſcales taper-pointed, (cufpidata.)
Flowers appearing later than thoſe of D. glaucus, that is, about June
and July, at which time the glaucus is out of bloſſom. Bloſſoms of
a deeper colour. Dill. Mr. WoodwARD.-With numerous fil-
very dots, which the D. glaucus has not. Empal. ſcales much more
taper-pointed than thoſe of D. glaucus. Dill-Root yellowiſh,
knotted, fibrous. Stem reclining, a foot or ſomewhat higher, cy-
lindrical, with a very fine downineſs, forked; joints ſwoln. Leaves
fitting and growing together at the baſe, awl-ſhaped, rather pointed,
very entire, of a pleaſant green, downy, or ſmooth, 6 to 7 lines
long, ſcarcely i line broad. Fruit-ſtalks round, downy, from the
ends of the ftem and branches. Empalement of a greeniſh yellow-
iſh tinge. Flowers 10 to 11 lines diameter. Petals inverſely egg-
fhaped, blunt, ſerrated, with dark purpliſh teeth near the mouth,
and beſet with white filvery points with hairs proceeding from
them; borders nearly 2 inch long, and 3 lines broad. POLLICH.
--Stem uſually upright, fquare above with ſharp angles, below
nearly cylindrical, ſimple, or branched, flightly downy. Leaves
ſtrap or awl-ſhaped, not acutely pointed, nearly as long as the
joints, preſſed to the ftem, flightly downy. Fruit-ſtalks frequently
2 from the fame knot, each bearing a fingle flower. Empal. fcales,
the 2d pair, which is often below the ift, nearly awl-Shaped. Pe-
tals toothed, bright crimſon above, ſometimes pale underneath.
Mr. WOODWARD.-Stem cylindrical, aſcending, knotty, forked,
a foot high. Leaves oppoſite, ftrap-ſhaped, keeled, fhorter than
the joints. Fruit-ſtalks terminating, with a fingle flower. Scales 2,
concave. Petals toothed, purple. LYONS.-Blofſoms always red.
Maiden Pink.
Sandy meadows, paſtures, and heaths. Near Nottingham, on
the road to Lenton, in Bedfordſhire. Mantham Hill, not far from
Slough, near Windfor; Hilderſham, Cambridgeſhire; Bridge-
north, Shropſh. near G. Strickland, Weſtmoreland; and about
Hampton Court Park. Ray.-- Dupper's Hill, near Croydon.
HUDS.-

X. CHIVES, II. POINTALS,
443
-
Huds.—Near White-wood Ghmblingay, Cambridgeſhire. Relh.
King's Park, Edinburgh. LIGHTF.-[Cley, Norfolk, and Ched-
der Rocks, Somerſetſhire. Mr. Crowe.-Near Bury, Suffolk.
Mr. WOODWARD.-Hills between Bakewell and Chatſworth. Mr.
WHATELY.-Sand banks near Wollerton, Nottinghamſhire, on
the road from Derby to Nottingham. Mr. SAVILLE.]-P. LINN.
Mr. SAVILLE.-B. Huds. June, July, and ſometimes in full
flower in Sept. Mr. Woodw. and even in O&t. Mr. Saville.]
Cows, Horſes, Sheep, and Goats eat it. Swine refuſe it.
B. HUDS. ST.
Dill. elth. 298. 384. Huds. St.
My ſpecimens from gardens. With. St.
Dianthus glaucus. Linn. (St.) which ſee.
DIANTHUS glau'cus. Flowers moſtly folitary. mountain
Four ſcales to each empalement, ſpear-ſhaped, ſhort.
Bloſſoms ſcolloped, LINN.-Scales of the empalement
ſometimes 2. DILL. WILLICH.
Dill. elth. 298. 384. Linn. Mr. WOODWARD. ST. WITH.-
(Dill. elth. 298. 385, and Pluk. 81.3,* according to Mr. Hudſon,
but the figure of Dill. is made by Linnæus a variety of D. virgineus;
and that of Pluk. which is referred by Mr. Hudſon, in his iſt edit.
to D. arenarius, appears, from the ſcales of the empalement being
repreſented as long as the empalement, to be D. alpinus. Plukenet's
figure ſhould ſeem to have been taken from Du Bois's Specimens.)
Bloſſoms white, with a tinge of green, and, on the upper ſurface,
with a tinge of purple from a number of very fine lines, and,
about the middle of the petals, ſurrounded with an elegant purple
circle. DiLL. ST.-So nearly allied to D. deltoides, that they are
difficultly diſtinguiſhed, except in ſize and colour. Stem longer,
inore upright. Bloſſoms greeniſh underneath, above white, with
a toothed ſcarlet circle. Tips bluiſh. LINN.-Blofoms white, with
a purple eye. In other reſpects differs very little from the D. del-
toides. LightF. ST.-The ring is double, both toothed, the in-
ner pale, the outer broader and ſcarlet. WILLICH.-Stem and
leaves covered with a microſcopical woollineſs. Stem rather angu-
lar. Fruit-ſtalks ſolitary, or in pairs. Scales of the empalement in 2
oppoſite pairs, ſkinny at the edges, the 2 inner ones the largeſt.
Empal. teeth ſkinny at the edges, pointed. Petals ſerrated at the
ends, white, but ſtained with pink at the baſe of the limbs. Tips
grey. Summits white, woolly. Receptacle nearly as long as the S.
veſſel. Accords with the Linnæan character and ſynonyms.With.
Sr.
a
* Does not this fynonym belong rather to D. alpinus ? Wiri,

444
DECANDRIA DIGYNIA.
-
St.-The D. deltoides and glaucus, (Fl. dan. 577, and Dill. t. 394,)
ſeem to be one and the ſame plant, liable to a variety in the num-
ber of the ſcales of the empalement, and the Armeria Species flore
in fummo caule fingulari. R. fyn. 336, which Mr. Hudſon has, I
think erroneouſly, referred to the D. glaucus, I am inclined to be-
believe, will prove to be the D. virgineus, or a diſtinct ſpecies.---
Dill. t. 298. f. 385, referred to by Mr. Hudſon, and conſidered
by Linnæus as a variety of D. virgineus, correſponds with a ſpeci-
men from the botanicgarden of my friend, Mr. Saville, who received
it from Mr. Sole, of Bath, for the true Chedder Pink. ST.- Armeria
Species flore in ſummo caule fingulari. R. Syn. 336, which is deſcribed
by Ray as
very
different from the Maiden Pink, and more truly
" anſwering the name, having but a ſingle flower on the top of
" the italk,” cannot ſurely be the D. glaucus. St.)
Mountainous ſituations. North of England. Mr. Du Bois Pluk.
---King's Park, Edinburgh; but Mr. Yalden was oſ opinion that
the D. deltoides was the only fpecies in the neighbourhood of Edin-
burgh. LIGHTF.-Chedder Rocks, Somerſetſhire. Mr. BREWER,
in R. fyn.-[Butſpecimens received by Mr. Crowe, from Chedder
Rocks, where he was aſſured no other ſpecies grew, proved to be
D. deltoides; but, I have been aſſured by others, that they have
received what was by no means the D. deltoides from Chedder
Rocks. Mr. WOODWARD.]
P. June. July.
*** Stem herbaceous; ſupporting a ſingle flower.
ſingleflowered DIANTHUS arena'rius. Stem with generally i
flower. Scales of the empalement egg-ſhaped, blunt.
Petals with many clefts. Leaves ſtrap-ſhaped.--
Cluf. i. 282, repr. in Dod. 176.3, Ger. em. 594. 12, and cop. in
Park. par. 315. 5, and H. ox. V. 25. 11.
Empalement of a dull lake colour. Bloſſoms pale purpliſh red, more
or leſs mottled with white. With.
Caryophyllus virgineus. Ger. em. 594. WITH,
Common Pink.
On old walls.
P. July. Aug.
The above character and ſynonyms are inſerted on the authority
of Mr. Hudſon, who prefixes an aſteriſk, implying, that it is fup-
poſed to be a naturalized plant, calling it the Common Pink. Now
the Red Fink, the D. damaſcenus, of Miller, he had already given
as a variety of Caryophyllus, and the Pleaſant-eyed Pink is the D. plu-
marius. I muſt, therefore, own, I do not know what Mr. Hudſon
means by his Common Pink. Mr. Lightfoot has alſo inſerted it on
the authority of Sibbald, but he afterwards doubts whether the
D. deltoides had not been miſtaken for it. ST.
Order
a

X. CHIVES, III. POINTALS.
445
Order III.
TRIG Y NIA; III. POINTALS.
615. CUCU'BALUS. Campion.
EMPAL. Cup i leaf; tubular, (or globular, WITH.) with
5 teeth ; permanent.
Bloss. Petals 5; claws as long as the cup; border flat ;
limbs generally cloven; not crowned by a honey-cup:
Chives. Threads 1o; awl-ſhaped; every other thread fixed
to the claws of the petals; 5 of them ſhedding their
duſt later. Tips oblong.
Point. Seed-bud rather oblong. Shafts 3; awl-ſhaped ;
longer than the chives. Summits downy; oblong;
bending towards the left.
S. Vess. Capſule covered ; tapering; with 3 cells; open-
3
ing at the point in 5 different directions.
Seeds many; roundiſh.
Ess. Char. Empalement inflated. Petals 5; with claws;
not crowned at the mouth. Capſule with 3 cells.
3
CUCU'BALUS baccif'erus. Empalements bell- berry bearing
ſhaped. Petals diftant. Seed-veſſels coloured. Branches
ſtraddling.
Silene baccifera, which ſee.
CUCU'BALUS Belhen. Empalements nearly glo- Bladder
bular, ſmooth, with a net-work of veins. Capſules with
3 cells. Bloſſoms almoſt naked.
7. B. iii. 356.-- Pet. 57. 2.---Blackw. 268.--Cluf. i. 293. 2, repr.
in Dod. 172, Lob. obf. 184. 1, Ger. em. 678, 2, and cop. in
Park, 263, and Ger. 550. 2,—Trag. 130, cop. in Lonic. ii. 33.
-H. ox. V. 20. I.
Empalement ſometimes without veins, when it appears white.
Gmel.-Stem panicled. Leaves ſoft, oppoſite, egg-ſpear-ſhaped.
Flowers nodding. Empalement egg-ſhaped, inflated, longer than
the claws of the petals. Chives fomewhat longer than the per
tals. Seed-bud ſupported by a column with 10 corners. Seed prickly.
Relh.--Capſule opening in 6 directions. Leers. ST.-Each of the
valves generally ſplitting into 2 teeth, though ſometimes 5 and 7.
.
Empalement

446
DECANDRIA TRIGYNIA.
Empalement before the expanſion of the bloſſom oblong, pointed at
the end; when the bloſſom is expanded globular-egg-ſhaped, whit-
iſh, with browniſh purple veins; when the bloſſom is ſhrivelled
globular-bell-ſhaped. Petals, no appearance of honey-cup teeth.
Tips yellowiſh. Dujt greeniſh dirty yellow. ST.-Stem forked at
the top. Leaves heart-ſpear-ſhaped, not properly united, beſet
on each fide with numerous minute pimples, oppoſite; flower-
leaves at the forks of the ſtem frequently tinged with purple. Flowers
at the ends of the branches, crowded, ſome on long fruit-ſtalks.
Tips green. Empal. veins green. Mr. Woopw.--Plant free from
hairs. Stem branched, joints large. Leaves ſpear-ſhaped, fitting.
Flowers terminating. Empalement egg-ſhaped. Petals, claws broadeſt
at the top. Summits not downy. With.---Leaves ſea-green, ſmooth,
oval-ſpear-ſhaped. Flowers, fome folitary at the diviſions of the
ftem, others crowded at the ends of the branches. Empalement
bellying, inflated, with green or purple veins. Petals diſtant;
claws with projecting edges, forming a kinds of ears, analogous to
thoſe of the Silene, thus forming the link of connection between
Silene and the reſt of the Cucubalus. HALL. ST.-Leaves ſometimes
fringed with prickle-like hairs, as in Silene amena, and ſometimes
with a few ſhort hairs ſcattered over the ſurface. Young ſhoots
fometimes hairy. Empal. veins purpliſh, or green. Chives, 5 of
them fixed to a glandular honey-cup at the bottom of the flower,
and ſhedding their duſt ſooner than the other 5, which are fixed to
the petals. Sr.
Spatling Poppy. White Bottle. Bladder Campion.
Corn field, and dry meadows and paſtures.
P. [June. With. and] July. Auguft.
The leaves boiled have ſomething of the flavour of peaſe, and
proved of great uſe to the inhabitants of the iſland of Minorca, in
the year 1685, when a ſwarm of locuſts had deſtroyed the harveſt.
The Gothlanders apply the leaves to eryſipelatous eruptions.
Horſes, Cows, Sheep, and Goats eat it. LINN.—A Horſe re-
fuſed it. Sr.
2. Leaves rough. Huds.
Spaniſh
CUCU'BALUS Ol'ites. Chives and pointals on
different plants. Petals ſtrap-ſhaped, undivided. Linn.
----Sometimes with chives and point als. St.
Fl. dan. 513.* (, the flowers of the fertile plant, b. thoſe of the barren
plant.--- Cluj.i. 295.1, repr. in Ger. em. 593. 1. a. fertile plant,
b. barren
* Root leaves 4 times as broad as they are in a wild flate. Probably from
a garden specimen. Mr, WOODWARD.

X. CHIVES, III. POINTALS.
447
6. barren plant, cop. in 7. B. iii. 350.2, and Pet. 57. II, in
which a. and b. are reverſed, and the fertile plant cop. in Ger. 396.
I, and H. ox. v. 20. 5, leaves in all too large.
Root long, ſpindle-ſhaped. Stems ſeveral. Root-leaves wedge-
ſhaped, tapering downwards into leaf-ſtalks, forming a thick
tuft. Stem-leaves oppoſite. Empalement marked with green lines.
Petals ſtrap-ſhaped, narrow, quite entire, ſomewhat bowed in at
the point; of a yellowiſh whitiſh green. Pollich. Mr. Woodw.
-Leaf-ſtalks long, channelled. Stem fometimes ſingle, the lower
part with a few leaves, above naked and clammy. Flower-leaves
ſomewhat membranaceous, growing together at the baſe, 2 under
each ſet of fruit-ſtalks. Capſules oblong-elliptical. The barren
plants bear more flowers, and in cloſer panicles than the fertile
ones. I have examined many hundred plants, but never met
with one with chives and pointals in the ſame empalement. Mr.
WOODWARD.— Flowers on fruit-ſtalks in whorls on the ſtem and
branches, in the ſpecimens examined with chives and pointals.
Pollich. St.-In other ſpecimens, as deſcribed by Linnæus.
Seed-bud oblong, ſcored, crowned by a glandular ſubſtance, fimi-
lar to the receptacle of the Umbelliferæ. Shafts 2. St.-Bloſs. pale
green, or white. Root-leaves lying in a circle on the ground.
Gravelly paſtures. Gravel pits on the north ſide of Newmar-
ket, and between Barton Mills and Thetford, Norfolk. [Near
Swaffham and Narborough, Norfolk. Mr. WOODWARD.
P. July, Auguſt.*
CUCU'BALUS acau'lis. Sp. pl. ed. i. Huds. ed. ii. moſs
Silene acaulis, which ſee.*
* Cucubalus viſcofus. It is time this plant was excluded from our Flora,
There can be little doubt but Ray's plant was the Silene nutans, which has been
found on Dover cliffs; and, I am informed, has been received from thence by
Mr. Lightfoot, under the name of C. viſcoſus; and, from Ray's account of it,
it appears, that the Dover plant was not much unlike the Nottingham one,
differing in nothing material but the degree of clammineſs, whereas the plant
figured in Tourn. voy. 361, is extremely unlike that deſcription, and has not
the moſt diſtant reſemblance to S. nutans; and, in the Syt. veg. the ſynonym
of Ray is directed to be eraſed. Mr. WOODWARD.--Retzius, however, in his
obr. iii. 52, ſays, he cultivates the Lychn, maj. noctifl. Dubronſis peren. R. fyn.
in his garden, and finds it to be only a flight variation of Cucubalus italicus, St.
616. SILENE.

448
DECANDRIA TRIGYNIA.
616. SILE'NE. Catchfly.
EMPAL. Cup i leaf; tubular; with 5 teeth; permanent.
Bloss. Petals 5; claws narrow; as long as the cup; bor-
;
dered ; limb flat; blunt; frequently cloven. Honey-
cup compoſed of 2 little teeth at the neck of each
pe-
tal, and conſtituting a crown at the mouth of the
tube.
Chives. Threads 10; awl-ſhaped; every other thread
fixed to the claws of the petals; and ſhedding their
duft later. Tips oblong.
Point. Seed-bud cylindrical. Shafts 3 ; ſimple; longer
than the chives. Summits bending to the left.
S. Vess. Capſule cylindrical; covered; with 3 cells, open-
ing at the point in 5 different directions.
Seeds inany; kidney-ſhaped.
Ess. Char. Empalement bellying. Petals 5; with claws;
with a crown at the mouth. Capſule with 3 cells.
-
* Flowers folitary; lateral.
Engliſh SILE'NE ang'lica. Hairy. Petals nicked at the
end. Flowers upright. Fruit on reflected, alternate
fruit-ſtalks. Linn.-Petals generally quite entire. Flow-
ers upright, nearly ſpiked. Fruit-ſtalks of the fruit be-
tween ſtraddling and bent back. HUDS.-Lower Capſules
only bent back. Mr. WOODWARD. St.
Cart. iv. 45.—Dill. elth. 309. 398.-(Vaill. 16. 12, is S. gal-
lica.)
Petals not ſcolloped. Lower-leaves inverſely egg-ſpear-ſhaped,
fringed towards the baſe. Empalement not hairy, but the angles
hedge-hogged with reflected prickles hardly perceptible. LINN.-
Petals blunt, fometimes nicked. Fruit when ripe bent downwards
horizontally, not pendant, angular, clammy, hairy. HUDS
Leaves ſpear-ſhaped. Flowers from the boſom of the leaves, hairy,
clammy. Petals entire, or nicked. Curt. ST.-Stem branched.
Empalement as hairy as the reſt of the plant. Upper Capſules upright,
and nearly fitting. Mr. WOODWARD. ST.-Empalement thick ſet
with ſhort hairs, terminated by globular glands, and the io ribs
with long expanding hairs. Mr. Curtis's figure accords with this,
but by no means does the Linnæan deſcription. Petals, 2 ſtrap-
ſhaped teeth at the baſe of the limbs. St.
Small Corn Campion,, with a very ſmall white flower. Ray.
Sandy
-

X. CHIVES, III. POINTALS.
449
Sandy corn fields. Near the Devil's Ditch, Cambridgeſhire.
In Eſſex. About Coombe Wood, Surry; and near Newport in
the Iſle of Wight.
A. June. July
A. July
-
SILE'NE quinquevulnera. Petals very entire, round- variegated
iſh. Fruit upright, alternate.-
(Cluf. i. 290. 1, repr. in Lob. obſ. 183. 1, ic. i. 339. 1, Ger. em.
470.5, and cop. in Park. 639. 6, H. ox. v. 21. 35, and Ger.
383. 5, expreſſes the general habit, but the petals are repreſented
as having 3 teeth, an error which the accurate Cluſius would hardly
overlook.)
Empalement of the fruit upright, hairy, clammy. Petals blunt,
ſcarcely nicked, very entire at the edge, purple, with a white
,
margin. LINN
Sandy corn fields about Wrotham, Kent.
It is cultivated in our flower borders. ST.
** Flowers lateral; crowded.
SILE'N E nu'tans. Petals cloven. Flowers lateral, Nottingham
pointing one way, bowed downwards. Panicle nodding.-
Fl. dan. 242,* ſegments of the petals repreſented as ſpear-ſhaped,
pointed, inſtead of ſtrap-haped.-Cluf. i. 291. 1, repr. in Ger.
em. 470.8, and cop. in Park. 631. 5.
Stem ſimple, cylindrical, a foot high, with 3 joints below the
panicle of flowers, beſet with clammy hairs. Leaves ſpear-ſhaped,
with ſhort hairs. Root-leaves on ſhort leaf-ſtalks, forming a cloſe
turf. Petals white, narrow, cloven more than half way down;
ſegments ſcolloped at the end, rolled inwards in the day time. Claws
of the bloſs, twice as long as the cup. Chives white, twice as long as
,
the claws of the petals. Shafts 3, white, as long as the chives. LINN,
-Stem frequently branched from the root. Mr. WOODWARD.
Mountainous meadows. Walls of Nottingham Caſtle. [Rocks
in Dovedale, Derbyſhire. Mr. WOODWARD.-Near Gloddaeth,
Caernarvonſhire. Penn. Wales.]
P. June. July
Sheep, Horſes, Goats, and Swine eat it. Cows refuſe it.
SILE'N E amc'na.Petals cloven. Crown ſlightly ſea
joined together. Flowers pointing one way. Fruit-ſtalks
oppoſite, with 3 flowers. Branches alternate.-
Fl. dan.
* Leaves too large. Flowers not fufficiently nodding, Flowering branches
too ſhort. Mr. WOODWARD.
+ It does not accord with Linnæus's deſcription of S. ameena. Mr. Woodw.
With, St.--The empalement is neither hairy, nor has it 10 angles. With.
STA
Vol. I.
GS

450
DECANDRIA TRIGYNIA.
57
-
Fl. dan. 857.*-Lob. adv. 143, repr. in Ger. em. 469.2, and cop.
in Ger. 382.2, Park. 639. 3 and 4, 7. B. iii. 357. 1, Pet.
I, and H. ox v. 20. 2.
Stems ſpreading, rather ſmooth and aſcending. Branches ſtrad-
dling, ſhort. Leaves ſmooth upon the upper furface. The angles
of the empalement 10, purple and woolly. Petals white, cloven i
,
way down. LINN.-Stems ſmooth, trailing, 6 to 12 inches high.
Flowering branches aſcending. Leaves ſpear-ſhaped, growing toge-
ther at the baſe, ſmooth, 1 or 2 inches long, broad. Flowers on
ſhort fruit-ſtalks, from 1 to 3 at the end of each of the flowering
branches, much reſembling thoſe of Cucubalus Behen. Empal. veins
generally purple. Petals deeply cloven, ſegments oval, beneath
which are 2 prominent teeth. Tips deep purple. Differs from
Cucubalus Behen in the preſence of the crown at the mouth of the
bloſſom, and in the leaves not being heart-ſhaped at the baſe. Mr.
Woodward. Leaves fpear-ſhaped, fringed. Flowers altogether
ſimilar to thoſe of Cucubalus Behen, except that the veins of the em-
palement are leſs diſtinct, and that the claws of the petals are ex-
tended into ear-like teeth. HALL. ST.-Stem weak and flender.
Leaves of the barren branches, and the lower ones of the ſtem generally
ſtrap-fpear-ſhaped, fringed with prickle-like hairs; thoſe of the upper
part of the ſtem egg or egg-ſpear-ſhaped, taper-pointed, 3 or 4 times
as broad as the reſt. Flowers often ſolitary, and frequently only I
on a ftem, terminating and lateral, the terminating-one folitary,
generally over-topping the lateral flowering branches; the reſt at
the end of 2 lateral flowering branches, with 2 leaves at their bale.
It retains its habit and characters when cultivated. In one plant,
Shafts and cells 5. This ſpecies evinces how little eſſential difference
there exiſts between Cucubalus, Silene, and Lychnis.St.-Leaves op-
poſite, fpear-ſhaped, edges tranſparent, ferrated with very minute
prickles. Flowers on long fruit-ſtalks from the boſom of the leaves,
or terminating. Empal. ſemi-tranſparent, with a net-work of veins.
Petals, edge very entire, white, each with a ſmall plaits at the
ſummit of the claw. Seed-bud oblong, mulberry-coloured, with a
green glandular ſubſtance at the top. Shafts ſometimes 5. Seeds
fixed on ſhort pedicles to the receptacle. Receptacle looſe. With.
ST.--Neither can it with propriety be arranged under the diviſion of “Flowers
" lateral, crowded," and, if the S. amena, as, from the ſynonyms it ought to
be, it is ſurely remarkable that the circumſtance of “empalements ſmooth,
" with net-work veins," which is applied to S. Behen, as well as C. Beben,
Thould have been omitted. ST.
* Is this plant beyond a doubt. Mr. WOODWARD. ST.
Sandy

X. CHIVES, III. POINTALS.
451
-
Sandy places on the ſea coaſt. [Southwold, Suffolk. Mr.
CROWE. Wells, Norfolk. Mr. WOODWARD.-Coaſt of Wales.
Mr. SAWYER.--Portreath, near Hayle, Cornwall. Mr. Watt.]
P. June. July.
B. HUDS. Leaves broader. Rand.
-
*** Flowers growing from the forks of the ſtem.
SILE'NE conoi'dea. Empalements of the fruit glo- corn
bular taper-pointed, with 30 ſcores. Leaves ſmooth. Pe-
tals entire. LINN. HUDS. ST.
Cluſ. i. 288. 2, repr. in Lob. obf. 183. 2, ic. i. 339.2, and Ger.
em. 470.7, and cop. in J. B. iii. 349. 4, Park. 631. 4, and
,
.
H. ox. v. 21. 33. LINN. ST.*-(Lob. ic. i. 338. 2, repr. in
Ger. em. 470. 6, and cop. in Park. 633. II, and abridged in 7.
B.iii. 350. 1, with the addition of a branch in fruit, is the figure
referred to by Dill. in R. fyn. under Lychn. ſylv. anguſtifol. Śc.
C. B. referred by Hudſon to S. conoidea, but by Linnæus to S.
conica.)
Stem beſet with clammy hairs. Leaves ſpear-ſhaped, ſmooth.
Empal. ribs rough with hair. Capſules globular, with a cylindrical
beak. Petals ſmall, undivided, entire. Honey-cups with 3 clefts,
3
pointed, and with a tooth beſides on each ſide at the baſe of the
bloſſom. Linn.- Leaves, edges and mid-rib underneath downy,
and ſometimes alſo the whole of the leaf. Stem downy below,
clammy above, being beſet with hairs terminated by globular
heads. Empalements rounded at the baſe, clammy, beſet with ſhort
cloſe hairs, interſperſed with longer ones. In the S. conica the
empalement is lopped at the baſe, and the whole plant is beſet with a
ſhort thick down, without any longer hairs intermixed, and not
clammy. St.
Sandy corn fields. A little to the north of Sandown Caſtle,
plentifully. Mr. J. SHERARD and Mr. Ranv. R. Jyn. ed. iii.
A. June. July.
* Theſe are the figures which Linnæus refers to his S. conoidea, and with
theſe, as well as with the deſcription of S. conoidea, my ſpecimens from the
London Botanic Garden accord. Mr. Hudſon, indeed, gives to the S. conoidea, the
Synonyms which Linnæus has referred to the S. conica, but he mentions no place
of growth, except on the authority of R. fyn. It is poſſible that the S. conica
and conoidea may be both native ſpecies. In Dr. Withering's berbarium I have
found a ſpecimen of S. conica, which he believes to have been of native growth,
and which exactly correſponds with the figure of it in Jacq. auftr. iii. 253. ST.
Gg2
SILENE

452
DECANDRIA TRIGYNIA.
night SILE'NE noctiflora. Empalements with 1o angles;
flowering the teeth as long as the tubes. Stem forked. Petals
cloven.
Cam. hort. 34, cop. in H. 0x. V. 20.12.—(J. B. iii. 344. 1, is
a different plant.)
Stem upright, hairy, clammy. Leaves broad-ſpear-ſhaped, hairy.
Flowers ſolitary, on fruit-ſtalks, flanting, whitiſh. Empalement cy-
lindrical; thoſe of the fruit globular-egg-ſhaped, full of ſeed, ſcored,
with a net-work of veins; teeth nearly as long as the empalement.
Flower opening in the night, ſweet-fcented in the ſummer, but
not fo in the autumn. LINN.-Whole plant hairy. Leaves growing to-
gether at the baſe, oval-ſpear-ſhaped. Flowers few, in the boſom of
the upper-leaves, and terminating, moſtly nodding. Seed-veſſel
upright. Mr. WOODWARD.
Corn fields. Between New-market and Canvaſs-hall in Wood-
ditton. About Norwich. [Sandy fields, Norfolk, frequent. Mr.
WOODWARD.]
A. July
Pheaſants are fond of the feeds.
common
SILE'NE Armeria Flowers in broad - topped
.
bundles. Upper-leaves heart-ſhaped, ſmooth. Petals
entire.
Fl. dan. 559.-Cluf. i. 288.1, repr. in Dod. 176. 4, and Lob, obs.
242.3, and cop. in H. ox. v. 21. 26.--Ger. 481. 2.
Whole plant ſmooth. Stem upright, upper joints of the ſtem
clammy. Leaves oblong, the upper heart-ſhaped. Flowers termi-
nating, the ends of the branches ſub-dividing into forks, the forks
cloſe together. Petals nicked at the end; teeth of the crown taper-
pointed, open. LINN.-Stem forked. Leaves fea-green, oppoſite.
Floral-leaves very ſmall, 2 at each diviſion of the bundle of flowers.
Empalement with 10 ſcores; teeth very ſmall, and ſkinny. Petals
pale red, ſlightly notched at the end; teeth of the crown longa
Chives, every other ſhorter and ſhedding its duft later. Tips pale
purpliſh blue. Shafts white. With.—Empalement ſomewhat belly-
ing upwards. Bloſs. claws whitiſh green, border and teeth pur-
pliſh roſe-colour; teeth half as long as the border. Petals, Chives,
and Pointal fixed to the ſummit of a green columnar receptacle, half
as long as the empalement. ST.
Corn fields, and old walls. Banks of the River half a mile below
Cheſter.
A. July. Aug.
berry bearing
SILE NE baccif'era. Empalements bell-ſhaped,
deeply cloven.
Stem branching. Flowers folitary,
at

X. CHIVES, III. POINTALS.
453
at the forks of the branches. Petals cloven, diſtant.
ST.*
Mill. 112.--Cluf. ii. 183. 2, repr. in Dod. 403, Lob. obſ. 136. 3,
Ger.em. 614.13, and cop. in Park. 759. 1, and J. B. ii. 175.
1.-Tourn. 176, fructification, petals ill done.
Petals crowned, and therefore a Silene. Reich. Branches hori-
a
zontal, and ſometimes ſlanting downwards. Fruit-ſtalks often as
if broken back. Petals ſerrated, with little ears at the baſe of the
border, ſo that it cannot with propriety arrange where Linnæus
has placed it. HALL. ST.-Stems cylindrical, roughiſh, of a plea-
fant green. Branches oppoſite. Leaves egg-ſhaped, taper-pointed,
running down into leaf-ſtalks, roughiſh. Fruit-ſtalks ſhort. Empal.
downy. Petals expanding, white; claws very narrow; teeth at the
baſe of the border, in which reſpect it ſeems to depart from the
Linnæan character. POLLICH. ST.-Stem hairy. Leaves hairy,
oppoſite, oval-fpear-ſhaped, very entire, on ſhort leaf-ſtalks, thoſe
below the branches bent down to the ſtem. Empalement bellying,
.
frequently tinged with purple. Mr. WoodwARD).- Whole plant
ſomewhat hairy. Stem, joints large; branches nearly horizontal.
Leaves in pairs at the joints. Flowers nodding. Empalement egg-
ſhaped. Petals, when young, not ſeeming to have honey-cup teeth,
but afterwards they become viſible, and are ſerrated at the ends,
ſo that it is properly a Silene. Capſules with 3 partitions, but not
fufficiently projecting to ſeparate it into diſtinct cells. With.-A3
Cucubalus and Silene are genera merely artificial, the rules of ar-
rangement require that it be removed to the latter genus. Tour-
nefort, and after him Gmelin, have, in my opinion, very pro-
perly confidered it as a diſtinct genus. Its habit is that of Ceraſtium,
but its general ſtructure that of Silene. It appears to form the con-
necting genus. Empalement cloven more than half way down. Petals
cloven; teeth of the crown at the baſe of the border growing to the
petal, except at the outer and upper edges, oblong, ſquare, irre-
gularly toothed at the upper edge with 2 or 3 teeth. Capſules at firſt
of 3 cells, but the partitions being of a looſe texture, they ſoon
ſhrivel up, and, ſeparating from the ſides, give the appearance of
there being but i cell; not opening at the point as in Silene, Cucu-
balus, &c. ST.
Berry-bearing Chickweed.
Hedges in Angleſea.
P. June. July
a
* Calycibus campanulatis 5-fidis, caule ramoſo, floribus ſolitariis ex ramo-
rum dichotomia, petalis bifidis diftantibus, ST.
Gg3
**** Stemleſs.

454
DEGANDRIA TRIGYNIA.
moss
-
I
**** Stemleſs. ST.
SILE'NE acau'lis. Stemleſs, preſſed down. Petals
nicked at the end. -
Lightf. 12. at p. 221.-Fl. dan. 21.-Dill. elth. 167.* 206.+-
Pona ap. Cluf. ii. 341.2, repr. in Ger. em. 593. 8, and cop. in
Barr. 380, and Park. 639. 10.-). B.iii. 768.-Pet. 56. 4.
Foliage ſimilar to a Bryum. Linn.-Capſule of I cell. HALL. ST.
-But the veſtiges of 3 partitions appear on the inſide, as in S.
baccifera. ST.-It is indubitably a Silene. Mr. WOODWARD. Dr.
J. E. Smith. St.-Forms a thick turf. Leaves awl-ſhaped,
ſmooth, but the edges beſet with hooked teeth pointing down-
wards. Flowers ſingle, bright purple. Fruit-ſtalks ſometimes not
an inch high, but lengthening as the fruit advances to maturity,
when from 1 to 2 inches long. Petals inverſely heart-ſhaped, with
2 ſmall teeth forming the crown. Capſule as long again as the em-
palement, ſmooth, ſhining, tinged with purple. Mr. Woodw.
-Chives wanting in 2 plants cultivated in the Edinburgh Botanic
Garden. Leaves fringed with ſhort prickle-like hairs, bowed back-
wards. Fruit-ſtalks with ſometimes 2 oppoſite leaves growing upon
it. Bloſſoms purple, ſometimes
Mountains of Caernarvonſhire, near Llanberys; Dartmoor,
Devonſh, Iſles of Mull, Rum, and Skye, Highland Mountains.
[Ben Lomond. Lightf. Dr. J. E. Smith.] P. June. July,
pure white. ST.
617. STELLA'RIA. Stitchwort.
EMPAL. Cup 5 leaves; egg-fpear-ſhaped; concave; up-
right; expanding; permanent.
Bloss. Petals 5; deeply divided; flat; oblong; ſhrivel-
ling.
Chives. Threads 10; thread-ſhaped; ſhorter than the
bloſſom; every other ſhorter. Tips roundiſh.
Point. Seed-bud roundiſh. Shafts 3; hair-like; expand-
ing. Summits blunt.
S. Vess. Capſule egg-ſhaped ; covered; with 1 cell, and
6 valves.
Seeds many; roundiſh; compreſſed.
Ess. CHAR. Empalement of 5 leaves ; expanding. Petals
5; divided into 2. Capſule i cell; many ſeeds.
+ Mr. WOODWARD.--It is wanting in our copy. St.
STELLARIA

X. CHIVES, III. POINTALS.
.
455
STELLA'RIA nem'orum. Leaves heart-ſhaped, on broad-leaved
leaf-ſtalks. Panicle with branching fruit-ſtalks.-
Fl. dan. 271.-H. Ox. v. 23.2, cop. in Park. 762. 1.
So nearly allied to Ceraſtium aquat. as with difficulty to be diſtin-
guiſhed from it. Stem a foot high. Leaves, under ſurface much
a
paler than in thoſe of Ceraſt. aquaticum, the greater part of them on
leaf-ſtalks, but few ſitting, and thoſe ſmaller only near the panicle.
Leaf-ſtalks hairy, eſpecially on the upper ſurface. Panicle terminat-
ing, diſtinct, ſmooth. Fruit-ſtalks after flowering pendant. Empal.
ſmooth. LINN.-Allied to, but moſt truly diſtinct from Ceraſtium
aquaticum. Stem low, never climbing. SCHREB.-Stem once or
twice forked, afterwards branched ; ſmooth below, hairy
above. Leaves oppoſite, below the diviſions of the ſtem, on leaf-
ſtalks, at and above them fitting. Fruit-ſtalks long, branched, hairy,
each with a pair of leaves ſimilar to the ſtem-leaves. Differs from
Ceraſtium aquaticum in having the upper part only hairy, and not
clammy; the petals full twice as long as the empalement; the ſeg-
ments of the empalement more pointed, the fruit-ſtalks very ſlender,
Shafts only 3, and ſeed-veſſel upright. Mr. Woodw.-Lower-leaves
heart-egg-ſhaped, the middlemoſt egg-ſhaped. Fruit-ſtalks folitary.
Empalement even, not ribbed. In habit it reſembles Alfine media
(decaſtemon.) ST.
Woods, moiſt hedges, and banks of rivers, in the northern
counties. [By Cafterton Mill, near Kirkby Lonſdale, Weſtmorel.
Dr. J. E. Smith.-Near Kendal, ſhewn me by Mr. Gou'GH,
ſon of a manufacturer of that place, a blind botaniſt, who had loſt
his fight early in his infancy, but who, by means of touch, had
learnt to diſtinguiſh plants with wonderful accuracy. The plants
he was familiar with he recognized by what may be called an in-
tuitive touch, by ſimply drawing them through his hand; with
others he took more time, examining the particular parts between
his fingers. Sr.]
-
-
-
STELLA'RIA Holo'ſtea. Leaves ſpear-ſhaped, greater
finely ferrated. Petals cloven. LINN.-Leaves fringed.
HALL. ST.-With ſhort prickles, not finely ſerrated. ST.
Gurt. ii. 14.-Walc.-Mill. ill.-Fuchſ. 136, cop. in J. B. iii.
361. 2.-Trag. 329.--Dod. 563, repr. in Lob. obf. 26. 2,
Ger. em. 47, and cop. in Park. 1325.- Pet. 58. 1.–Ger. 43.
-
1.-(Fl. dan. 698, has fringed leaves indeed, but the petals are
divided nearly to the baſe, the lobes pointed, and has more of the
habit of S.graminea than of S. Holoftea.)
Stem a foot high and upwards, upright, forked, knotty, the
Jower joints ſhorter, angular, roughiſh. Leaves oppoſite, fitting,
keeled,
G84

456
DECANDRIA TRIGYNIA:
keeled, ſmooth, hairy at the edge. Flowers in panicles, white.
Fruit-ſtalks thread-like, from the boſom of the leaves, with a flower,
I
longer than the leaves. Empalement pointed, membranaceous at
the edge. Petals blunt, longer than the empalement. Tips yellow,
as long as the ſummits. LYONS.-Leaves, hairs at the edge prickle-
like, very ſhort, expanding, or bent back. Empal. leaves mem-
branaceous at the edge, marked with faint longitudinal veins. Pe-
tals, ſegments rounded at the end. St.-Leaves in pairs, at the
joints of the item, which are pretty near each other towards the
bottom of the ſtem; the edges rolled inwards, ſet with fine prickles;
mid-rib underneath beſet with ſmall prickles; above ſmooth, and
marked with a hollow groove running lengthways along the mid-
dle. With.
Stitchwort.--Hedges and woods.
P. April. May
lesser
STELLA'RIA gramin'ea. Leaves ſtrap-ſhaped,
-
very entire. Flowers in panicles. LINN.-Panicles termi-
nating, St.*
-
a
Gmel. iv, 61. 2.--Pet. 58.3.-Ger. 43. 2.-3. B. iii. 361. 3,
not in flower.
Stem quadrangular, lying flat, forked. Leaves oppoſite, fitting,
keeled. Empalement pointed, ſcored, ſomewhat longer than the
bloſſom. Bloſſoms white. Tips fleſh-coloured. LYONS.-Stem
weak, brittle, ſquare. Petals larger than the empalement, divided
almoſt to the baſe. Flower-ſcales at the diviſions of the panicle egg-
ſpear-ſhaped, white. HALL.ST.--Stem creeping at the baſe, above
upright, or trailing to iz foot high, ſmooth. Leaves ſpear-ſhaped,
tapering to a point. Petals almoſt as long again as the empalement.
POLLICH, ST.-Leaves ſometimes with a woolly fringe towards
the baſe. Panicle forked, with from 1 or 2, to 8 or ro fub-diviſions,
with a one-flowered fruit-ſtalk at each fork; ſometimes nearly as
long as the reſt of the ſtem, leafleſs. Flower-ſcales with a woolly
fringe. Empalement egg-ſpear-ſhaped, tapering to a point, with 3
prominent ribs, membranaceous at the edges, the 3 outermoſt
with a woolly fringe. Petals nearly half as long again as the empal.
ſegments ſtrap-ſhaped, rounded at the ends. ST.
Horſes, Cows, Goats, Sheep, and Swine eat it.
B. Huds.-Pet. 58. 2.---F1. dan. 698 ?-(Fl. dan. 414, referred
-
to by Mr. Hudſon, is ß of Linnæus, and does not at all accord
with Ray's deſcription.)
* Paniculis terminalibus. If any other marks of diſtinction ſhould be wants
ing, it may be added, Empalement with 3 ribs; and, to the S. Holoftea, Empale-
ment without ribs. St.
Stems

X. CHIVES, III. POINTALS.
457
Stems ſtronger, and ſhorter; leaves ſtiffer, ſea-green, and flowers
larger than S. graminea. It ſeems to approach nearer to S. Holoftea,
but it is ſmaller in all its parts. Rav.
Iſle of Ely. Near Oxford. Peckham Fields.
A.
-
STELLARIA uligino'ja. SCHREB.—Leaves ſpear- bog
ſhaped, very entire. Stem trailing. Leers. St.-Pani-
cles lateral. ST.*
Pet. 58.4.-Ger. 490.9, cop. in Ger.em. 613.8, and H. ox. v. 23.
8.-. B. iii. 365.2.-(Fl. dan. 415, is y Linnæus.)
Leaves fringed at the baſe. Fruit-ſtalks from about the middle,
and from near the end of the ſtem, in threes, from the boſom of
the leaves, thicker towards the end, the 2 lateral ones dividing
into
3 and bearing 3 flowers. Flower-ſcales ſpear-ſhaped, 2 at the
baſe of the fruit-ſtalks in the boſom of the leaf. Petals ſhorter than
the empalement, divided down to the baſe, the ſegments diſtant.
Chives, 5 inſerted into the claws of the petals, the other 5 into as
5
many glands, furrounding the feed-bud. LEERS. ST.-Stems ſeve-
ral, from 2 to 12 inches high, ſquare; angles acute, ſmooth,
weak, and ſometimes creeping at the baſe, above upright, extend-
ing beyond the panicles, but little branched; branches upright.
Leaves ſmooth, except at the baſe, fitting, or tapering down into
ſhort leaf-ſtalks, upright. Panicles pointing one way, fitting, up-
right, generally 2 on each ftem; moſtly conſiſting of 3 primary
branches, the outermoſt bearing a ſingle flower; the other 2, in
the more luxuriant plants, dividing into forks, with a fruit-ſtalk
bearing a ſingle flower at each fork; the ſhorter as long again as
the ſingle fruit-ſtalk; and the 3d nearly as long again as the 2d.
Flower-ſcales 2, at each fork of the panicle. Empalement ſmooth,
membranaceous at the edge, generally cloſed. Petals white; feg-
ments ſtrap-ſhaped. Shafts ſometimes 4 and 5. ST.-Leaves fitting.
5
Empal. leaves ſpear-ſhaped, expanding when in flower, but after-
wards cloſing upon the capſule. Panicles from the boſom of the
leaves. Summits rolled back. With.
S. uliginofa. Schreb. confp.pl. ap. fpicileg.-S. dilleniana. LEERS.
-S. graminea y Linn. fl. fuec. 393, and Huds. fl. ang. 190.-Lightf.
B.-Alfine longifolia uliginoſis proveniens locis. J. B. ii. 365. R. ſyn.
347.-Alfine fontana. Ger. 490, em. 613.-Alfine aquatica media. Bauh.
pin. 251.--Alfine. Hall. n. 882. B.--(In Alfine Hypericifolia. Vaill. 9,
the petals are deſcribed as entire and pointed.--Alfine. Hall. n. 881, de-
ſcribed as having flowers at the ſummit of the plant, is the Stellaria aquatica
of Pollich and S. dilleniana of Monch, which is a different ſpecies.) St.
-
mon Paniculis lateralibus. ST.
Fountain

458
DECANDRIA TRIGYNIA.
boggy
Fountain Chickweed.-Sides of ſprings, rivulets, ditches, and
meadows. [Rivulets on the ſide of Malvern Hills, and on
the ſide of the hill at W. end of Powick's Ham, near Worceſter.
ST.-Hockley Pool Dam, near Birmingham. With.-Moiſt
grounds, near Leeds. Mr. Wood.]
A. June.
618. ARENA'RIA. Sandwort.
;
EMPAL. Cup 5 leaves. Leaves oblong; tapering; expand-
5
ing; permanent.
Bloss. Petals 5; egg-ſhaped.
Chives. Threads 10; awl-ſhaped; every other more in-
wards. Tips roundiſh.
Point. Seed-bud egg-ſhaped. Shafts 3; upright; but a
little reflected. Summits rather thick.
S.Vess. Capſule egg-ſhaped ; covered ; with 1 cell; open-
ing at the point in 5 different directions.
Seeds many; kidney-ſhaped.
Ess. Char. Empalement 5 leaves; expanding. Petals 5;
entire. Capſule i cell; many ſeeds.
i
ſea ARENAR'IA peploi'des. Leaves egg-ſhaped,
pointed, fleſhy-
Fl. dan. 624.-Pet. 65.9.--Ger. em. 622. 1.-Park. 281. 2, cop.
in J. B. iii. 374. 3, ill done if the plant.
Glands on the receptacle. Linn.--Bloſſoms white.
LINN
Sea ſhore, frequent. [Yarmouth, &c. Mr. WOODWARD.I
P. June. July,
Horſes eat it. Sheep and Cows refuſe it.
plantain- ARENA'RIA triner'via. Leaves egg - ſhaped,
leaved pointed, on leaf-ſtalks, ſtringy.-
Curt. iv. 46.-Walc.-Fl. dan. 429.-J. B. 364. I, cop. in Pet.
59. I.
Stem forked. Leaves running down into leaf-ſtalks. Fruit-ſtalks
bent down. Capſules pendant. LINN.-Stems downy. Leaves, ribs
and edges hairy. Empal. leaves ſpear-ſhaped, hairy and ſkinny at
the edge, twice as long as the petals, contracting as ſoon as the
petals are fallen. Relh.-Stem reclining, downy, cylindrical, ſe-
veral growing together in tufts. Branches from the upper fide.
Leaves beſet with very ſhort fine hairs, and fringed with ſhort fine
briſtles; the lower nearly heart-ſhaped, on flat leaf-ſtalks; the upper
ſpear-egg-ſhaped, nearly fitting. Empalement, leaves fpear-ſhaped,
concave,
-
-
-

X. CHIVES, III. POINTALS.
459
concave, beſet with minute briſtles. Petals expanding, half as long
as the empalement, white. Chives as long as the empalement,
every other ſhorter. Shafts ſometimes 2 and 4. Summits bent back,
woolly. WITH.
Woods and wet hedges.
A. May-July
Sheep are not fond of it,
-
ARENA'RI A ſerpyllifo'lia. Leaves ſomewhat egg- thyme-leaved
ſhaped, pointed, fitting. Bloſſoms ſhorter than the em-
palement.
Curt, iv. 45, in its leaſe branched ſtate.-Ger. 488.3, in its moſt
branched ſtate, preferable, perhaps, in point of habit.-Dod. 30.
I, repr. in Lob. obf. 246.2, Ger. em. 612.3, and cop. in Park.
1259. 3, and Pet. 59. 2, leaves too oblong.-(Fuchſ. 23, cop.
in 7. B. iii. 348. 1, and Lonic. i. 167. 1, with pendant Stems
more reſembles a Sagina or Moehringia.--J. B. iii. 364. 2, is a
Lychnis.)
Petals half as ſhort again as the empalement. Capſule nodding,
on a horizontal fruit-ſtalk as in Stellaria, opening at the point with
6 teeth. A. trinervia, in theſe reſpects, agrees with it. Bloſſoms
white. Leers.
Leaſt Chickweed.
Roofs, walls, fandy and very dry places. A. May-July
Sheep refuſe it.
-
-
ARENA'RIA ru'bra. Leaves thread-ſhaped. Flower- purple
ſcales membranaceous, ſheathing. -
C. campeſtris. Linn.
field
7. B. iii. 722.3.-Pet. 59. 8.
Flowers expand between 9 and 10, and cloſe between 2 and 3.
9
LINN.-Empalement hairy, clammy. Relh.-Chives 5. Tips dou-
ble. Pointals 3 and 5. Hall. and FABRIC.-Leaf-ſcales uſually ſpear-
ſhaped. Mr. WOODWARD.-Stems ſmooth. Leaves flatted, ſmooth,
terminated by a little ſharp point. Empal. leaves ſpear-ſhaped,
concave, membranaceous at the edge, and beſet with minute
hairs with globular heads. Summits woolly. Petals purple. With.
Purple Spurrey.
Sandy meadows and corn fields.
A. June.-Aug.
Goats refuſe it. Sheep are not fond of it.
B. Huds.-Smaller than A. rubra marina. Stem, knots more
diſtant than in A. rubra campeſtris. Flowers ſomewhat ſmaller than
thoſe of both. Seeds ſmaller than thoſe of A. rubra marina, varia-
ble in its ſhape, but in general not bordered. Rav.-The fo-
liage has much the air of a Meſembryanthemum. Stem nearly upright,
-
or

460
TRIGYNIA,
DECANDRIA
a
a
or afcending, fimple, or forked, 3 to 6 inches high. Leaves awl- .
ſtrap-Shaped, convex underneath, about the length of the joints;
the lower expanding, bent back, the upper upright, pointing one
way. Leaf-ſcales ſurrounding the ſtem, of 2 lips; lips egg-ſhaped,
pointed, ſometimes cloven at the end. Fruit-ſtalks folitary, from
the baſe of the leaves, and at the forks of the ſtem, bent down
when ripe. Chives 4, 5, or 7. Petals purple. Seeds flat, between
half heart-ſhaped and kidney-ſhaped, the circular edge downy,
with an elevated rounded border, the ſtraight edge plain, dark
brown; fome encompaſſed with a membranaceous border, deeper
than half the breadth of the feed, white, with radiated fcores,
toothed at the edge. So remarkable a difference in ſtructure one
might have expected to afford a mark of ſpecific diſtinction, but,
though generally the 2 kinds of ſeeds are found on different plants,
yet they are ſometimes ſeen in the ſame ſeed-veſſel. St.
Arenaria media. Linn. according to Mr. Hudſon, but Linnæus
expreſsly refers to another plant of R. fyn. which ſee below.* Sr.
Spergula maritima flore parvo cæruleo, Jemine vario. R. fyn. 851.
Paſtures on the ſea coaſt. Huds.With A. rubra marina on Shell-
coaſt in the Iſle of Shepey. Ray. A. June. July. [Sept. ST.]
fea B. marina. Stem fmooth. Leaves as long as the joints. Leaves
and fruit-ſtalk downy and clainmy. LINN.
Fl. dan. 740.--Pet. 59. 7.-H. ox. v. 23. 15.-(J. B. iji. 723.
1, ſhould ſeem to be A. media.)
Flowers expand at 9. Empalement covering half the capfule. It
may ſeem a paradox to many, conſidering the great difference ob-
ſervable in ſize, duration, place, of growth, and figure of the ſeeds,
between the varieties a and ß, to regard them as one ſpecies, but
it is clearly juſtifiable. Linn.-Chives varying in number in this,
as alſo in A. rubra a. Relh.-Bloſs. purple. Flowers, as alſo the
whole plant, varying in fize. Seeds ſurrounded with a membra-
naceous border as in A. media, but ſhallower. Rupp. ed. i. 89.—
Leaves frequently longer than the joints. Leaf-ſcales membranace-
ous, broader and blunter than in a. Mr. WOODWARD.
Arenaria marina, Curt.cat. 201. (St.)
Salt marſhes, and on the ſea coaſt. [Portreath, near Redruth,
Cornwall. Mr. Watt.-In a falt marſh near Shirley Wich,
Staffordſhire. Sr.]
P. Ray.
It is fucculent, and very much reſembles Samphire, and con-
fiderable quantities of it are actually pickled and ſold for that plant.
Mr. WATT.
-
mountain
ARENA'RIA ver'na. Leaves awl-ſhaped. Stems
panicled. Empalements taper-pointed, ſcored.
Jacq.

X. CHIVES, III. POINTALS.
461
Jacq. auſtr. v. 504.--Pet. 59. 4.- Pluk. 7. 3.-Herm. par. 12,
branches ſtraggling, petals too pointed.
Differs from A. ſaxatilis in its ſtems being ſcarcely a hand's
breadth high, and beſet with ſcattered hairs. Fruit-ſtalks hairy,
and empalements pointed. LINN.
Mountainous ſituations about Settle, Kendal, Holywell, and
Llanberys. Mountains about Settle. Curt.-[Arthur's Seat,
Edinburgh. LIGHTF. ST.-Matlock, Derbyſhire, and in the
northern counties. Mr. WOODWARD.-Road fide between Holy-
well and St. Afaph. Mr. Wood.]
P. May.--Aug.
A ſure indication of elevated ground. Curt.
B. HUDS.
(Ger. prov. 15. 1. at p. 409, referred to by Hudſ. is A. juniperina.)
ARENA'RIA tenuifolia. Leaves awl-ſhaped. Stem fine-leaved
panicled. Empalements upright. Petals ſhorter than
the empalement, ſpear-ſhaped. -
Vaill. 3. 1.-Fl. dan. 389.-J. B. iii. 364. 3, cop. in Pet. 59.3.
Leaves awl-ſhaped, connected at the baſe. Empal. leaves finely
tapering, or awned, pointed underneath with 2 green lines. Pe-
tals broad-ſpear-ſhaped, half as ſhort again as the empalement.
LINN. — Empalement generally ſmooth, oft times a little hairy.
LIGHTF.-Stems frequently purple, often much branched. Leaves
connected, and much bellying at the baſe, ſhorter than the joints
of the ſtem; frequently in bundles from the bofom of the larger,
which are the rudiments of branches. Mr. WOODWARD.
Sandy meadows and paſtures. Corn fields on the borders of
Triplow Heath; Gogmagog Hills, Cambridgeſhire. Near Dept-
ford; Cornbury Quarry, near Charlbury, Oxfordſhire. On a
wall in Batterſea. [Near Cley, Norfolk. Mr. Crowe.- Near
Bury. Mr. WOODWARD.-Malvern Hill, Worceſterſhire. Mr.
BALLARD.]
P. June. July
ARENA'RIA laricifolia. Leaves briſtle-ſhaped. larch-leaved
Stem rather bare above. Empalements ſomewhat hairy.
Jacq. auſtr. iii. 272.-J. B. iii. 360.2, but the petals, as Haller
obſerves, are repreſented as nicked.-(Scop, 18, a different spe-
cies, more like A. auſtriaca.)
Empal. oblong, ſtreaked, cylindrical, downy. Linn.---Flowers
terminating
A. laricifolia. LIGHTF.-Cannot be the A. laricifolia of Linn. ST.
Mountains of Weſtmoreland. HUDS.-Dry mountainous paſtures
in a ſtony foil. Caſtle Hill, near Forfar Angus. LightF.
P. July. Aug.
619. CHERLE'RIA,

462
DECANDRIA TRIGYNIA.
619. CHERLE'RIA. Cyphel.
EMPAL. 5 leaves; fpear-ſhaped ; concave; equal.
Bloss. Petals none, unleſs the empalement or honey-
cups be conſidered as ſuch. Honey-cups 5; nicked;
placed in a circle; very fmall.
Chives. Threads 10; awl-ſhaped; every other fixed to
the back of the honey-cups. Tips fimple.
Point. Seed-bud egg-ſhaped. Shafts 3; ferpentine. Sum-
mits fimple.
S. Vess. Capſule egg-ſhaped; cells 3; valves 3.
SEEDS 2 or 3; kidney-ſhaped.
Ess. Char. Empalement of 5 leaves. Honey-cups 5; clo-
ven; reſembling petals. Tips, every other barren. Capſule
of i cell; 3 valves; 3 ſeeds.
moly CHERLERIA Sedoi'des.-
Jacq. auftr. iii. 284.-Hall. opufc. 1.3. at p. 300, cop. in Hall.
21. 1. at ii. p. 114.--Pen. voy 33.-Pluk. 42.8.-Park. 737. 11,
cop. in H. ox. xii. 6. 14.
Leaves oppoſite, ftrap-ſhaped, rough at the edge, connected at
the baſe into a kind of ſheath. When the leaves fall off, the ſheath
and keel of the leaves remain, cloathing the ſtem, whence it has
an affinity to the Gilliflower tribe. Linn.-In my ſpecimens the
bottom of the ſtems are cloathed with the ſhrivelled but entire
leaves. Honey-cups truly fuch, fleſhy, connected with each
other. ST.
Highland Mountains, near their fummits; and by the fides of
rills in Scotland.
P. July. Aug.
--
a
Order

X. CHIVES, V. POINTALS.
463
Order V.
PENTAGYNIA; V. POINT ALS.
628. COTYLEDON. Navelwort.
EMPAL. Cup 1 leaf, with 5 clefts; ſharp; ſmall.
Bloss. I petal ; bell-ſhaped; with 5 ſhallow clefts. Ho-
5
ney-cup a hollow ſcale at the baſe of each feed-bud.
Chives. Threads 10; awl-ſhaped ; ſtraight; as long as the
bloſſom. Tips upright; with 4 furrows.
.
Point. Seed-buds 5; oblong; rather thick; ending in
awl-ſhaped Shafts, longer than the chives. Summits
fimple, reflected.
S. Vess. Capſules 5; oblong; diſtended; tapering; of 1
valve; opening lengthways on the inſide.
Seeds many; ſmall.
Ess. CHAR. Empalement with 5 clefts. Bloſſom i petal.
Honey-cup ſcales 5; at the baſe of the ſeed-bud. Caps. 5.
COTYLE'DON Umbili'cus. Leaves target-ſhaped, common
fcolloped. Stem nearly ſimple. Flowers pendant. Floral-
leaves entire. Huds.---Lower-leaves in ſome plants kidney-
Shaped. HUDS.
Cluf. ii. 63.1.--Blackw. 263.-Dod. 131. 1, repr. in Lob. obf.
209. 3, Ger. em. 528. 1, and cop. in Park. 740. 1, and Ger.
423.1.-3. B. iii. 684.1.--Matth. 1122.
Root tuberous. LINN.-Stem frequently purple. Spike ſometimes
ſimple, ſometimes branched towards the bottom. Floral-leaves
ſpear-ſhaped, I at the baſe of each fruit-ſtalk. Flowers in the
ſmaller ſpecimens not always pendant. Bloſs. ſegments pointed,
ſcored. Mr. WooDWARD.--Whole plant ſucculent. Root tuberous,
roundiſh. Stem nearly upright, flightly angular, 6 to 9 inches
high. Leaves fomewhat fcolloped. Flowers in long terminating
bunches, of a white greeniſh hue. Empal. ſegments ſpear-egg-
ſhaped. Bloſs. ſhrivelling, permanent. Sr.-- Whole plant has a
ſhining, frofted appearance. Leaves thick, fleſhy, circular, with
central leaf-ſtalks, concave on the upper ſurface, with a hollow
dimple nearly in the centre, juſt oppoſite to the inſertion of the
leaf-ſtalk underneath. Leaf-ſtalks round. Flowering ſtems tinged
with

464
,
DECANDRIA PENTAGYNIA,
with red. Stem-leaves reſembling the root-leaves, but not ſo ex-
actly circular, and the leaf-ſtalk not fixed ſo nearly in the centre.
Empal. diviſions extending more than half way down. Chives, eve-
ry other ſhorter. Bloſs. tubular, 5-cornered, fides flat. Honey-
cup ſcales and tips yellow. With.
C. umbilicus. ß. LINN.
Navelwort. Kidneywort. Wall Pennywort.
Old walls, and moiſt rocks. Weſt of England, Caernarvon-
fhire, and about Troutbeck, Weſtmoreland. [Old walls at Peter-
borough; and Thorpe, between Peterborough and Wandsford.
Dr. J. E. Smith and Mr. WooDWARD.-Walls, Cornwall. Mr.
Watt.-Plentifully throughout Caernarvonſhire and Merioneth-
fhire. Mr. Wood.-Malvern Hill, Worceſterſh. Mr. BALLARD.
ST.-In the clefts of rocks above Great Malvern. St.]
P. June.--Aug
yellow (*Curt.) COTYLE'DON lu'tea. Leaves target-
ſhaped, ſcolloped. Stem nearly ſimple. Flowers upright,
Floral-leaves toothed. Huds.
Dodart. 73. at p. 265, I have not ſeen.
Roots knotty, creeping. Morison.
C. Umbilicus. a. LINN.
Walls and moiſt rocks, in the Weſt Riding of Yorkſhire. Mr.
TOFIELD.-In the garden of Mr. Clement, who received it out
of Somerſetſhire. HUDS.
P. June.
629. SE'DUM. Stone-crop.
Empal. Cup with 5 diviſions; ſharp; upright; perma-
nent.
Bloss. Petals 5; ſpear-ſhaped ; taper; flat; expanding.
Honey-cups 5; each conſiſting of a ſmall ſcale ; notched
at the end; and fixed on the outſide the baſe of
each feed-bud.
Chives. Threads 10; awl-ſhaped; as long as the bloſſom.
Tips roundiſh.
Point. Seed-buds 5; oblong; ending in flender Shafts.
Summits blunt.
S. Vess. Capſules 5; expanding; taper; compreſſed;
notched at the
baſe ; opening inwards along the ſeam.
Seeds many; very finall.
Ess. Char. Empal. with 5 clefts. Bloſs. 5 petals. Honey-
cup ſcales 5; at the baſe of the ſeed-bud. Capſules 5.
* Leaves

X. CHIVES, V. POINTALS.
465
-
* Leaves flat.
SE'DUM Teleph'ium. Leaves nearly flat, ſerrated. Orpine
Flowers in leafy broad-topped ſpikes. Stem upright.-
a. Ludw. 200.-Fuchſ. 800, cop. in J. B. iii. 681.-Matth. 636. white
--Cluſ. ii. 66.2, repr. in Dod. 130.2, Lob. obf. 211, Ger.
em. 519. 2, and cop. in Park. 726. 2, and improved in H. ox.
xii. 10. row 1.1.–Ger. 416. 2.-Blackw. 191.2.
More rare with us than B. Curt. St.
B. Curt. iii. 35.-Fl. dan. 686.--Fuchſ. 801.-Cluf. ii. 66. 1, purple
cop. in Ger. 417. 1, and H. ox. xii. 10. row 1 2.—Blackw.
191.-Lonic. ii. 24. 2.-Trag. 373.-(Ger. em. 519. 1, is S.
T. maximum.)
Leaves oval, rather toothed than ſerrated. Empalement not half
ſo long as the bloſſom. Petals hooked at the point, reddiſh pur-
ple. Honey-cup glands yellow, ſtrap-ſhaped, crooked, not notched
at the end. Threads reddiſh purple. Tips browniſh red. Duſt
yellow. Seed-buds tapering at each end, ſtreaked with reddiſh
purple. Seeds long, tapering at each end. With.
Walls, paſtures, and hedges. [Sandy fields, Suffolk, frequent.
Does not ſeem to grow on roofs or walls, unleſs planted. Mr.
WOODWARD.-Near Aſhburne. Mr. WHATELY.-Paſture near
Mr. Pearſon's houſe, Tettenhall, Staffordſhire. With.-Fields
about Robinſon's-end, Malvern Chace. Mr. BALLARD.] P. Aug.
Cows, Goats, Sheep, and Swine eat it. Horſes refuſe it.
LINN.-A decoction of the leaves in milk is a forcible diuretic,
It has been given with ſucceſs to cure the piles. Witn.
** Leaves round.
SE'DUM daſyphyllum. Leaves oppoſite, egg-ſhaped, thick-leaved
blunt, fleſhy. Stem weak. Flowers ſcattered.
Curt. iii. 25.-H. ox. xii. 7. 35.*–J. B. iii. 691.7
Stems numerous, weak, trailing. Leaves broader than they are
long, nearly fiat above, convex underneath, ſea-green with a tinge
of purple. Flowers few, terminating, ſolitary. Fruit-ſtalks branched.
Mr. WOODWARD.
Walls and roofs. Market-eit near Market-ſtreet; Hammerſmith
and Kew. [Bugden, Huntingdonſhire. Huds. Mr. Woodw.
.
---Near London. Mr. WOODWARD.} P. Curr. St. July.
* Too large. Leaves pointed, and on leaf-italks. Mr. WOODWARD. ST.
† Top large alſo. ST.
Vol. I.
Hh
SE'DUM

466
DECANDRIA PENTAGYNIA.
-
yellore SE'DUM reflex'um. Leaves awl-ſhaped, ſcattered,
unconnected to the ſtem at the baſe; the lower ones
bowed back-
Fl. dan. 113, accurate as far as it goes.-Cluf. ii. 60.2, repr. in
Dod. 129. 1, Ger. em. 512. I, and cop. in H. o. xii. 6. 6,
and Pet. 42. 5, when firſt come into flower.-Cluf. ii. 60. I,
repr. in Ger. ém. 513.6, and cop. in H. ox. xii. 6. 7, and Pet.
42.6, going out of flower.- Fuchf. 33, cop. in 7. B. iii. 692.
3.-Ger.412. 1.
Leaves thrice as narrow as thoſe of S. rupeſtre, more finely awl.
ſhaped, green, not ſea-green, expanding, crowded, in 8 rows,
expanding, not tiled, the lowermoſt bowed back as a hook. Linn.
-Stem-leaves fea-green, crowded ſo as to cover the ſtems, at
length falling off and leaving the ſtem bare. Stem nearly upright,
branched at the top; branches often bowed back. Bloſs. yellow.
HALL.ST.---Stems from a hand's breadth to a foot high, ſea-green
tinged with red. Leaves of a mixture of fea-green and red. Flowers
full yellow, in a tuft, like forked panicle; the lateral branches not
unfrequently ſlightly bowed back. Chives 12. POLLICH. ST.
Leaves of the branches ſea-green, the upper bowed inwards; thoſe of
the ſtem tinged with red, diſtant. Empalement with 6 and ſometimes
7 clefts. Petals 6 or 7, bluntiſh, concave. Honey-cup ſcales blunt.
,
$T.-Leaves in ſome plants red, in others green. Empalement with
6 diviſions, Petals, honey-cups, and pointals 6. Chives 10. WITH.
Leaves ſea-green. Lightf.
Prick-madam.- Walls, roofs, and rocks, frequent. [Malvern
Hill. Mr. BALLARD.]
P. July
a
rock
SE'DUM rupeſtre. Leaves awl-ſhaped, in 5 rows,
crowded, unconnected to the ſtem at the baſe. Flowers
in tufts.-
Dill. elth. 256.333.-Pet. 42.8.-(Fl. dan. 59, is a different plant,
as is evident from the flowers growing intermixed with leaves.)
Leaves ſea-green, more thickly awl-thaped, tiled in 5 lines.
LINN.-Which may be beſt obſerved by viewing it with the ends
of the branches oppoſed to the eye; acrid to the taſte. Bloſſoms
bright yellow. WITH.--Stems before flowering cloſely tiled. Leaves
ſcattered. Flowers in a cloſe, thick, branched tuft. Bloſs. yellow.
Mr. WOODWARD.
St. Vincent's Rocks, near Briſtol. Rocks of Hyſvae over the
valley of Nantphrancon.
Both this and the preceding are cultivated in Holland and Ger-
many to mix with lettuces in ſallads.
S'EDUM
a
P. Aug.

X. CHIVES, V. POINTALS.
467
SE'DUM album. Leaves oblong, blunt, nearly whiteflowered
round, fitting, expanding. Tuft branching.---
Curt. i. 11.—Fl. dan. 66.-Blackw. 428.-Ger. 413. 2.-Cluſ.
ii. 59. 1, repr. in Dod. 129. 2, Lob. obſ. 205. 2, Ger. em.
512. 2, and cop. in Park. 734. 1, and H. ox. xii. 7. 23.-Fuchſ,
35, repr. in Trag: 378, and J. B. iii. 690. --Walc.--Lonic.
i. 60.1.-(Matth. 1118, is S. min. teretif. alt. C. B.)
The whole plant ſometimes purple, except the flowers, which
are white. LINN.--Stem-leaves (when drying) grooved on the up-
per fide. Empal. ſegments blunt, dotted with purple. Honey-cups
yellow. Tips cheſnut-coloured. Duſ yellow. Seed-buds white.
Summits pointed. With. St.
Sedum minus teretifol. alb. R. ſyn. p. 271.-Tragus Herba, Galli-
naria baccæ. Trag. i. p. 60. A. (St.)
Walls and roofs. [Walls at Peterborough. Mr. WOODWARD.
-Rocks above Great Malvern. Nash.]
P.June. July.
Goats eat it. Sheep refuſe it.
SE'DUM d'cre. Leaves nearly egg-ſhaped, growing Pepper
to and fitting, bellying, nearly upright, alternate. Tuft
with 3 diviſions.-
Curt. i. 4.--Sheldr: 42.-Fuchſ. 36, cop. in J. B. iii. 694. 2.-
Trag. 379.—Blackw. 232.-Ger. 415.-Cluf. ii. 61.1, repr.
in Ger. em. 517. 2, cop. in Park. 735.7, H. ox. xii. 6. row 3.
12, and improved in Pet. 42.9.-Dod. 129. 3, repr. in Lób.
obſ
. 205. 4, cop. in Park. 735. 8.—Matth. 1119.—Lonic.
i. 59. 2.
Flowers terminating. Bloſſoms yellow.
Stone Crop. Wall Pepper.
Walls, roofs, rocks, and dry paſtures. P. June. July.
This plant continues to grow when hung up by the root, which
is a proof that it receives its nouriſhment principally from the air,
as is the caſe with moſt of the fucculent plants. It is very acrid.
Applied externally it bliſters. Taken inwardly it excites vomiting.
In ſcorbutic caſes, and quartan ages, it is an excellent medicine
under proper management.
Goats eat it. Cows, Horſes, Sheep, and Swine refuſe it.
B. Huds. Sedum ſexangulare, which ſee.
SE'DUM ſexangula'rė. Leaves ſomewhat egg-ſhaped, infipid
growing to and fitting, bellying, nearly upright, tiled
in 6 rows.
Curt. iv. 37.
.
Hh2
Root

468
DECANDRIA PENTAGYNIA.
Root not forming a turf. Agrees with the S. acre in appearance,
,
flowers, and ſituation, but differs in its leaves being before blof-
ſoming evidently tiled in 6 rows, and, inſtead of having a biting,
acrid taſte, being inſipid. Branches never fo copious as to form a
turf. Flowers in each branch of the tuft ſeldom more than 3.
LINN.-Chives 8 to 12. MENCH.-Stems ſeveral, with ſhort ex-
panding branches. Leaves pale green, inſipid. Tuft with 3
branches, terminating. Flowers on fruit-ſtalks, one at the diviſion
of the tuft, with a leaf at the baſe of each. Empal. leaves growing
to and fitting, yellowiſh at the baſe, much ſmaller than the blofs.
Petals egg-ſpear-ſhaped, concave, yellow. Flowers later than the
S. acre. One 5th of the parts of fructification fometimes wanting.
RETZ.-Leaves of the flowering ſem nearer to each other than
thoſe of the S. acre, longer, more numerous, in general much
redder, and nearly of the ſame thickneſs throughout, in the young
fhoots diſpoſed in 6 rows, which are ſometimes ſtraight and ſome-
times flanting. Curt.,
Walls, roofs, and dry paſtures. Near Northfleet and Sheerneſs,
the Iſle of Shepey, and ſouth ſide of Greenwich Park Wall, near
the weſt corner.
P. June.
Goats eat it.
--
Engliſh SE'DUM ang'licum. Leaves fomewhat egg-ſhaped,
growing to and fitting, bellying, alternate. Tuft with
2 branches. HUDS.
Fl. dan. 82.-Ray 12. 2. at p. 326.-Pet. 42. 10.
Root branching. Stem, trailing, cylindrical, leafy, ſmooth,
branching, reddiſh; branches alternate. Leaves tiled generally in
3 rows, ſomewhat pointed, fattiſh above, bellying underneath,
pulpy, naked. Tryjt, branches ſomewhat bowed back. Flowers
fitting, pointing one way. Bloſs. white, or purpliſh white. Capſ.
purpliſh, HUDS.--Whole plant frequently of a purpliſh caſt. Stems
proftrate, with numerous afcending branches. Branches numer-
ous, afcending, before fowering club-ſhaped, being covered by
the leaves cloſely tiled. Leaves fleſhy, blunt. Flowers terminat-
ing, on ſhort fruit-ſtalks, crowded. Empalement divided almoſt
to the baſe; fegments not ſo pointed as the petals. Petals as long
again as the empalement, pointed, pale fielh-coloured, with red
lines. Tips purple. Capſules very pointed. Mr. WOODWARD.
S. rubens. Lightf. defcription good.
Rocks, ſtones, and drift ſand. Suffolk coaſt between Yarmouth
and Donewich. Ray. Mr. WOODWARD.--Rocks on the ſide of
Winandermere. Roofs and walls in Wales, eſpecially in the
mountainous parts. Sea-ſhore near Brakellham, Northern counties.
HUDS.

X. CHIVES, V. POINTALS.
469
Huds. Mr. WOODWARD.-Devonſhire and Cornwall. Deal in
Kent. [Some rocks in Longſledale. Curt.-Whole Suff. coaft.
Mr. WOODWARD.]
P. July. Aug.
>
SE'DUM villo'ſum. Stem upright. Leaves flattiſh. marſh
Leaves and fruit-ſtalks ſomewhat hairy.-
Fl. dan. 24.-Cluf. ii. 59. 3, repr. in Ger. em. 516. 1, and cop.
in Park. 734.6, H. ox. xii. 8.48, and Pet. 42.7.
Fruit-ſtalks lateral, with 1 or 2 flowers. Flowers purple. HALL.
-Stem ſmooth below, hairy and clammy above Leaves fleſhy,
oblong, nearly flat above, hairy, the lower ones ſmooth. Fruit-
ſtalks hairy, clammy, folitary. ' Empalement hairy, not merely fo,
as Haller ſays, on the keel. Mr. WOODWARD.
Moiſt mountainous meadows and paſtures. Moiſt rocks about
Ingleborough Hill, Yorkſh. and Hartfide Hill, near Gambleſby,
Cumberl. Ray. Mr. Woodw.-Hinkleham, near Settle. Scotl.
(Carr End Wenſleydale, Yorkſhire. Curt.-Cloſe by Weather-
cock Cave, at the foot of Ingleborough. Mr. WOODWARD.]
A. June. July
634. O X'ALIS. Cuckow-bread.
EMPAL. Cup with 5 diviſions; ſharp; very ſhort; perma-
nent.
Bloss. with 5 diviſions, connected by the claws; upright;
blunt; nicked.
CHives. Threads 10; hair-like; upright; the 5 outer-
moſt the ſhorteſt. Tips roundiſh; furrowed.
;
Point. Seed-bud with 5 angles. Shafts 5; thread-ſhaped ;
5
as long as the chives. Summits blunt.
S. Vess. Capſule with 5 corners, and 5 cells; opening
lengthways at the corners. .
Seeds nearly round; burſting out of the feed-veſſel.
Ess. Char. Empalement of 5 leaves. Petals connected by
5
their claws. Capſule opening at the corners; 5-cornered.
Oes. In ſome ſpecies the capſule is ſhort, and the feeds foli-
tary; in others it is long, and the feeds many.
OX'ALIS Acetoſella. Stalks with 1 flower. Leaves Sorrel
3-fold. Leafits inverſely-heart-ſhaped. Root toothed.
LINN.—Leafits hairy. THUMB.
Curt. ii. 19.-Sheldr. 26.-Mill. ill.-Walc.-Blackw. 303.-
Fuchſ. 567, cop. in J. B. ii. 387. 2, and ill cop. in H. ox. ii.
17. row
Hh3

470
.
DECANDRIA PENTAGYNIA.
a
17. row 4. 1.—Trag. 521.-Mill. 195. 2.-Dod. 578.2, repr.
in Lob. obf. 499. 1. Ger. em. 1201, and cop. in Park. 746. 1.
--Pet. 63. 7.--Lonic. i. 219. 1.-Matth. 837, cop. in Ger.
1030. 1.
Leaves frequently purple underneath; leafits cloſe againſt rain.
Flowers large. Petals white, beautifully veined with purple. Mr.
Woodward.-Leafits at firſt green, afterwards purple. Fruit-ſtalks
with a ſmall purple floral-leaf. Petals connected by ſmall fleſhy
excreſcences, the claws being inſerted into the receptacle ſeparate
and diſtinct. With.-In rainy weather the leaves ſtand upright,
but, in dry weather, they hang down. Bloſſoms white, but ſome-
times pale purple.
Wood Sorrel. Cuckow-bread. Sour Trefoil. [Cuckow-meat. Cuckow
Sorrel. Stubwort. Sr.]
Woods, ſhady hedges, and heaths.
P. April.
The juice is gratefully acid. The London College directs a con-
ſerve to be made of the leaves, beaten with thrice their weight of
fine ſugar. The expreſſed juice depurated, properly evaporated,
and ſet in a cool place, affords a cryſtalline acid falt in conſiderable
quantity, which may be uſed wherever vegetable acids are wanted,
It is employed to take iron moulds out of linen, and is ſold under
the name of Effential Salt of Lemons. With.-An infuſion of
the leaves is an agreeable liquor in ardent fevers, and boiled with
milk they make an agreeable whey. Lewis.
Sheep, Goats, and Swine eat it. Cows are not fond of it.
Horſes refuſe it.
B. Huds. Bloſſoms purple. Rav. ST.
Lane between North Owram and Hallifax. RaY.
yellow flower'd OX'ALIS cornicula'ta. Fruit-ſtalks bearing rundles,
Stem branching, ſpreading. LINN.-Stem reclining, her-
baceous. THUMB.
Fl. dan. 873.-Cluf. ii. 249. 1, repr. in Dod. 579. 1. Lob. obſ.
495.2, Ger. em. 1202, and cop. in Park. 746. 2, and J. B. ii.
388.--H. ox. ii. 17. row 4. 2.--Ger. 1030.2.
Threads connected as in the claſs Monadelphia. St.--Rundle of
3 or 4 flowers. Clus. POLLICH.--2 to 5. Hall.-generally 2.
4
Boehm. Mr. MARTYN.-Seeds brown, tranverſely fcored, in-
cloſed in a tranſparent feed-coat, which, being preſſed, opens
with a jerk, and throws out the feed to fome diſtance. Mr. HOL-
LEFEAR.- Leaves growing by threes, on leaf-ſtalks. Capſules long
and pointed. Bloſſoms yellow.
Oxalis corniculata. LINN. hort, cliff. 175. hort. upf. 116.-Oxys
caule ramoſo diffuſo, petiolis alaribus paucifloris umbellatis. HALL. helv.
n. 929,
a

X. CHIVES, V. POINTALS.
471
n. 929.-Oxys corniculata. Scop. carn. ed. 2. n. 562.-Oxys flavo
flore. Clus. ib. 249.---Oxys lutea. Bauh. hiſt. Ger. and Ger.em.
ib.-Oxys luteo flore. PARK. ib.-Trifolium acetof. corniculat. BAUH.
pin. 330.-Trifolium luteum minus repens etiam procumbens. H:ox. II.
p. 183.-Oxys lutea corniculata repens. Lob. ib.-Oxys five Trifolium
acetofum, fiore luteo. Dod. ib. (St.)
Firſt found in Great Britain by Mr. J. Turner, in ſeveral places
in the neighbourhood of Exeter. BERKENH. Outlines ii. p. 127. Mr.
MARTYN.-[In a wafte rubbiſhy ſpot at Dawlifh, Devonſh. Sept.
1781, and ſince in ſeveral other places in the fame county. Mr.
MARTYN]
A. but if houſed during the winter P. Retz. i. 52. May.--Oct.
635. AGROSTEM'MA. Cockle.
EMPAL. Cup 1 leaf; leather-like; tubular; with 5 teeth;
permanent.
Bloss. Petals 5; claws as long as the tube of the cup;
limbs expanding; blunt.
CHives. Threads 10; awl-ſhaped; every other thread
ſhedding its duft later, and fixed to the claws of the
petals. Tips ſimple.
Point. Seed-bud egg-ſhaped. Shafts 5; thread-ſhaped;
upright; as long as the chives. Summits ſimple.
S. Vess. Capſule oblong-egg-ſhaped ; covered; with 1
cell, and 5 valves.
Seeds many; kidney-ſhaped ; dotted. Receptacles equal
in number to the feeds; looſe; the inner ones gra-
dually longer.
Ess. CHAR. Empalement of 1 leaf; leather-like. Petals 5;
with claros ; border blunt ; undivided. Capſule of 1 cell.
Ors. Bloffom not crowned in A. Githago as it is in the other ſpe-
cies. Linn.-Hence appears how artificial is the diſtinction be-
tween Silene and Cucubalus. ST.
AGROSTEM'MA Githa'go. Hairy. Empale- corn
ments as long as the bloſſom. Petals entire, without a
crown. LINN.-Empalements longer than the bloſs. St.*
Calycibus corolla longioribus. ST.
Hh4
Curt.

472
,
DECANDRIA PENTAGYNIA.
-
-
Curt. iii. 35.–Fl. dan. 576.-Dod. 173, repr. in Lob. obf. 23.2,
Ger. em. 1087, and cop. in Park. 632.9. H. ox. v. 21. 31, and
Pet. 57. 12.— Fuchſ. 127, cop. in 7. B. iii. 341. 2, and Trag.
$27.-Matth. 798.-Ger. 926.-Walc.-Lonic. i. 83. 3.
Stem upright, 2 feet high, branching above. Leaves nearly
growing together, ſtrap-ſpear-ſhaped. Fruit-ſtalks with 1 flower.
Petals blunt, ſhining underneath. Empalement with 10 angles;
ſegments pointed. Seed-bud ſitting, pear-ſhaped. Capſule with
10 ſcores. Seeds angular, black. Relh.- Petals generally nicked.
Mr. HollereAR. ST.-Stem forked. Leaves oppoſite, ſtrap-fpear-
ſhaped. Empalement with 10 ribs, egg-ſhaped below, divided at
the top into 5 long ſtrap-ſhaped ſegments. Petals, the limb towards
the baſe with 3 or 5 black dotted lines; claws with a plait near the
bottom, appearing to contain a honey-like juice. Honey - cup
formed by the membrane under the feed-bud. Threads, 5 ſhorter,
and ſometimes ſeparating with the petals, but in general they all
remain with the receptacle. Tips arrow-ſhaped. Shafts hairy.
Seeds inverſely egg-ſhaped, compreſſed, each on a pedicle ſpring-
ing from a common receptacle. I once found on the top of the
receptacle of the feeds another feed-bud, with 5 hairy ſhafts, con-
taining a number of embryo ſeeds, with the appearance of the
rudiment of a 3d feed-bud within it; but in many others which I
examined the 2dary ſeed-buds were not to be found. With. Recep-
tacle of the ſeeds egg-ſhaped, fleſhy, ž as long as the capſule, beſet with
pedicles ſupporting the ſeeds, and terminated by 5, ſometimes 6,
tough, white, awl-ſhaped filaments, which, on carefully opening
the feed-bud, appear to be connected with the ſhafts, of which
they appear to be extenſions, correſponding to the umbilical chord
of animals or of the ſtone fruits, and which, I doubt not, convey
the ſpermatic matter to the embryo ſeeds. The ſeeds advancing
to maturity riſe above their baſe, and the filaments detach them-
felves from the point of the ſeed-veſſel. Empalement moſtly 1-3d
as long again as the bloſſom. Bloſs. purple, ſometimes white. ST.
Cockle.
Corn fields, frequent.
A. June. July
Horſes, Goats, and Sheep eat it.
636. LYCH'NIS.

X. CHIVES, V. POINTALS.
473
636. LYCH'NIS. Cuckow-flower.
EMPAL. Cup 1 leaf; tubular; membranaceous ; 'with 5
teeth ; permanent.
Bloss. Petals 5; claws as long as the cup; flat; bordered ;
limbs flat; frequently cloven.
CHives. Threads 10; longer than the cup; alternately
ripening later, and fixed to the claws of the petals.
Tips fixed ſide-ways.
Point. Seed-bud nearly egg-ſhaped. Shafts 5; awl-ſhaped ;
longer than the chives. Summits downy; bent to-
wards the left.
S. Vess. Capſule nearly egg-ſhaped ; covered; valves 5;
Seeds many; roundiſh.
Ess. CHAR. Empalement of 1 leaf; oblong; ſmooth. Petals
5; with clarus ; border generally cloven. Capſule with 5
cells.
;
cells 3
-
--
LYCH'NIS Flos cu'culi. Petals with 4 clefts. Fruit meadores
roundiſh. LINN.-Clefts frequently only 3. Meff. HAWKES
and Jones.
Curt. 1. 2.-Walc.-Fl. dan. 590.-Trag. 403, cop. in Lonic, i.
171. 1.-Ger. 480. 1 and 2.--Cluf. i. 292. 2, repr. in Dod.
177, Ger. em. 600. I, and cop. in H. ox. v. 20. 8, and Pet. 56.6.
Stems trailing, but upright when in flower. LINN.-Capſule of
I cell. Leers. Curt. With.-- Leaves ſtrap-fpear-ſhaped, nearly
upright. Empalement with 10 ribs and 10 furrows, coloured; teeth
ſpear-ſhaped. Petals, 2 middle ſegments the longeſt; claws with
2 ſmall ſpear-ſhaped teeth at the top. Threads, thoſe fixed to the
petals ſhorter, the other 5 fixed to a glandular receptacle. Shafts
5
of the length of the ſhorter chives. Bloſſons purpliſh red. With.
Armoraria pratenſis mas. Ger. em. 600.
Meadore Pinks. Wild Williams. Cuckow-flower. Ragged Robin.
Crow-flower.
Moiſt meadows and paſtures.
P. June.
Horſes, Sheep, and Goats eat it.
Aphis Cucubali feeds upon it. Linn.
B. Mill. 169. 2.--Cluf. i. 293. I, repr. in Ger. em. 600. 3, and double
cop. in Park. par. 255. 5.
Pleaſant in Sight.
Meadow near Bungay, Suffolk. Mr. WOODWARD.
3. Bloſſoms white. Ray. St.
white
[Wood
.

474
.
DECANDRIA PENTAGYNIA.
[Wood near Souſton's Roch, near Clifton upon Teme, Wor-
ceſterſhire. ST.]
Catchfly
a
LYCH'NIS Viſca'ria. Petals nearly entire.---
Cluf. i. 289.2, repr. in Ger. em. 601.3, and cop. in Park. 637. H.
ox. v. 20.6, and Pet. 57, 3.-J. B. iii. 348. 2.
Stems, the upper part of the ſuperior joints anointed with a red-
diſh black clammy fubftance like tar, in which Ants, and other
wingleſs infects are inviſcated, in attempting to creep up to the
flowers. Capſules with 5 cells. LINN.-Stem upright, fimple.
Bloſſoms red.
Red German Catchfly.
Mountainous paſtures. Sides of Craig Wreidhin Hill, Mont-
gomeryſhire. Rocks in Edinburgh Park. Dr. PARSONS. ST.-
[Near Croydon, Surrey. Mr. Crowe.] P. May. June.
Curculio Viſcaria is found upon it.
c.
Campion
LYCH'NIS dioi'ca. Flowers with chives on one
plant, and flowers with pointals on a different plant.
LINN.—But ſometimes with chives and poiutals within the ſame
empalement. LINN. Huds.
red
Bloſſoms red.
Curt. ii. 14.--Walc.-Cluf. i. 294. 1, repr. in Dod. 171.1, Lob.
obj. 181.2, Ger. em. 469. 1, and cop. in Park. 631. 1 and 2,
H. Ox. v. 21. 23, and Pet. 57. 6.
Correſponds in ſtructure very exactly with B. With.—Stems
weaker. Leaves fofter and more flaccid than in B. RaY.--The
male of this kind is that in which there are apices projecting from
the middle of the flower; the female where theſe are wanting.
And this takes place in both colours, for there is a white and a
purple male, and the like of the female. Gesner in C. B. pin.-
Geſner's obſervation is juft. His male, however, is the fertile,
and his female the barren plant. ST.-There are plants with fer-
tile and barren flowers, both of a red and white colour, whence
there is reaſon to believe them to be two diſtinct ſpecies. Dr.
Burgess in Lightf. p. 1103.—The conſtancy in the colour of the
two varieties, together with ſome other circumſtances, have led
me to ſuſpect them to be diſtinct ſpecies. Curt.-There is little
doubt but that they are diſtinct ſpecies. They never grow inter-
mixed, nor have I ever found them near each other. Mr. Woodw.
Red Flowered Wild Campion,
Hedges, ditches, and moiſt woods. The rocks in the Iſle of
Ailfa are covered with it, where there is none of the white.
P. [May-Sept. ST.
B. Bloſſoms
LIGHTF.

X. CHIVES, V. POINTALS.
475
-
B. Bloſſoms white.
white
Walc. fertile plant.—Matth. 997, cop. in 7. B. iii. 342, and Pet.
57.5.-Fl. dan. 792, fertile and barren plants, no hairineſs.---
H. ox. V. 21. 21:—(Till. hort. 41. 1, has the air of a diſtinet
Species, though it is poſſibly the fertile plant.)
Capſule of i cell. LINN. LEERS. CURT.--Flowers frequently
with chives and pointals within the ſame empalement. WITH.
ST.-But early in the ſummer and in the autumn they are gene-
rally on diſtinct plants. Stems nearly cylindrical, hollow, co-
loured, beſet with fine hairs. Leaves ſpear-ſhaped, ſitting, oppo-
fite, ſoft to the touch like velvet. BARREN PLANT; Empalement
hairy, tinged on one ſide with red. Petals, border divided down
to the claws; claws fringed at the top with 4 little ſcales which
nearly cloſe the mouth of the bloſſom. Threads fixed to the recep-
tacle, unequal, hairy. Tips terminating, thoſe on the longer
threads diſcharging their duſt firſt. Pointals, the rudiments of ge-
nerally 1 or 2 in the centre of the receptacle. Fertile PLANT;
Empalement more diſtended, with 5 prominent ribs, and 5 interme-
5
diate ſmaller ones, ribs coloured. Petals, border cloven but half
way down to the claws. Receptacle of the ſeeds large. WITH.
Lychnis alba. Curt.cat. n. 321.
Wild White Campion.
Paſtures, hedges, [and fallow fields fometimes ſo plentifully as
to make them appear at a diſtance quite white, where the red is
never found. St.] P. June.-Aug. [May.-Sept. St.]
3. Bloſſoms fleſh-coloured. Flowers with chives and pointals fleſh-coloured
within the ſame empalement. Huds. Mr. Woodw. but fome-
times on diſtinct plants. Mr. WOODWARD.
Aphis Lychnidis lives upon it. LINN.
A Horſe eat it. Sr.
637. CERAS

476
DECANDRIA PENTAGYNIA.
637. CERAS'TIUM. Mouſe-ear.
EMPAL. Cup 5 leaves; egg and ſpear-ſhaped ; ſharp; ex-
panding; permanent.
Bloss. Petals 5; cloven ; blunt; upright; but expand-
ing; as long as the cup.
.
Cuves. Threads 10; thread-ſhaped; ſhorter than the
bloffom; alternately longer and ſhorter. Tips
roundiſh.
Point. Seed-bud egg-ſhaped. Shafts 5; hair-like; upright;
as long as the chives. Summits blunt.
S. Vess. Capſule egg-cylindrical; or globular; blunt;
with i cell; opening at the top; with 5 teeth.
5
Seeds many; roundiſh.
Ess. Chár. Empalement of 5 leaves. Petals cloven. Cap-
Jule of 1 cell; opening at the point.
* Capſules oblong.
narrowleaved CERAS'TIUM vulga'tum. Leaves egg-ſhaped.
Petals as long as the empal. Stems ſpreading. Linn.-
Panicle forked. Huds.-Petals generally longer, ſometimes
ſhorter than the empalement. St.
Curt. ii. 22.–Vaill. 30. 1.-Pet. 58. 6.-7. B. iii. 359. 1.-
(Vaill. 30.3, and Pet. 58. 5, is C. viſcoſum.)
Very much reſembling C. viſcofum, but ſtems more numerous,
more reclining, forming a thicker turf before they flower, flower-
ing later, continuing longer. Leaves leſs ſpear-ſhaped, and more
egg-ſhaped.* Fruit-ſtalks not clammy. Capſules ſmaller. Empal.
outer leaves not membranaceous at the edge. LINN.-Whole plant
rough with hair. Flowers never much expanded. Capſule opening
with 10 teeth. WITH.--Hairs not terminated by globular glands;
ſometimes but thinly ſcattered over the plant. Stems from 1 inch
to 2 feet high. Leaves varying very much in breadth, the lower
ones oblong-egg-ſhaped. Bloſs. varying in fize, ſmaller when the
plant is luxuriant, and the reverſe. Curt.--Bloſſoms white.
Meadows, paſtures, walls, fides of roads, and amongſt rubbiſh.
P. VAILL. Curt. May.-Aug.
I
--
* The reverſe of this is generally obſervable with us, Curt. ST.
CERAS'.

X. CHIVES, V. POINTALS.
477
-
CERAS'TIUM viſco'ſum. Upright, woolly, and clammy
clammy. Linn.--Panicle forked. Flowers longer than
the fruit-ſtalks. HUDS.
Curt. ii. 14.-Vaill. 39. 3.-Pet. 58. 5.
Chives ſometimes 5. HALL.-Stems in a barren ſituation ſimple,
and 2 inches high. Flowers while the plant is young cloſely crowded
together. Petals narrow. Foliage paler than that of C. vulg. and
ſemidec. Chives 1o. Curt. ST.-Stem cylindrical, woolly. Leaves
egg-ſhaped, blunt, woolly, fitting, oppoſite. Flowers on very
ſhort fruit-ſtalks, forming a ſort of rundle in the bofom of the up-
per pair of leaves. Empalement with fine ſhining hairs on the out-
ſide and at the edges. Petals ſhorter than the empalement. Summits
woolly. Capſule opening with 10 teeth. With.- Plant woolly;
hairs thick ſet, whitiſh, tapering to a fine point, in the upper part
of the ſtem intermixed with others terminated by oval, tranſpa-
rent glands, ſcarcely thicker than the hairs. Leaves oblong-in-
verſely egg-ſhaped. Bloſſoms white. St.
ST
Meadows, paſtures, walls, dry banks, and ant-hills.
A. Apr. May. [to Oct. WITH.]
Horſes and Goats eat it. Cows and Sheep refuſe it.
CERAS'TIUM Semidecan'drum. Chives 5. Petals leaf
notched at the end. --
Curt. ii. 21.-Ray 15. 1, at p. 348, as growing on heaths.--Vaill.
30.2.
I
Stems very ſhort. Leaves egg-ſhaped, oppoſite, ſomewhat chan-
nelled, blunt, ſprinkled with very ſhort hairs. Truit-ſtalks very
ſhort, each with a flower. Empalement with glutinous hairs, mem-
branaceous at the point and edges. Petals ſtrap-ſhaped, white,
ſharply notched at the end. Chives 5, with white tips, the 5 inner
ones without tips. Five honey-cup dots between the fruitful chives
and the petals. Seed-bud egg-ſhaped. Shafts 5. LINN.-Chives 5
to 10. Shafts 3 and 5, Gerard prov.--Chives 5. Shafts 3. HALL.
5
--Allthe 10 chives with tips. Scop.-Shafts 5. Scop.and POLLICH.
Stem in very dry ſituations ſimple, and about 2 inches high, but
more commonly branched, or numerous aſcending ítems 6 inches
high, and clammy with glandular hairs. Empal. leaves terminated
by a pointed membrane, clammy with glandular hairs. Petals
ſhorter than the empalement, often gnawed. Chives generally 5,
now and then 6, feldom more. CURT.-Empalement tinged at the
end with purple. Mr. BallarD.
Walls, paſtures, and heaths,
A. Apr. May.
CERAS

478
DECANDRIA PENTAGYNIA.
coin
--
-
CERAS'TIUM arven'ſe. Leaves ſtrap-ſpear-ſhaped,
blunt, fmooth. Bloſſoms larger than the empalement.
LINN.—Leaves always a little hairy. HALL. Mr. Woodw.
St.-Hardly to be called blunt. ST.
Vaill. 30.4, and alſo 5, which is not C. repens, as is evident from
the capſule, d.--Ger.477.11.-Fl. dan. 626.-J. B. iii. 360.
1.--Ger. em. 595. 15, cop. in Park. 1339.7.
Leaves pointed, covered with a ſhort thick down. Vaill.--Pe-
tals twice as long as the empalement. HALL.
Caryophyllus holoſteus arvenſis. Ger. em. 595. (With.)
Corn fields, gravelly meadows and paſtures, at the foot of walls,
dry banks and heaths, in Cambridgeſhire. Dupper's Hill, near
Croydon. [About Bury, frequent, amongſt corn. Mr. Woodw.
--Near Norwich. Mr. CROWE.]
a
P. May.
alpine
-
CERAS'TIUM alpi'num. Leaves egg-ſpear-ſhaped.
Stem divided. Capſules oblong. LINN.-bowed. HALL.*
Fl. dan. 6.--Ray 15, 2. at p. 348.
Leaves ſometimes fmooth, and ſometimes ſomewhat hairy.
Linn. ſuec.-We have here 2 varieties; one with the leaves quite
ſmooth and almoſt gloffy; the other with woolly leaves; but they
are clearly one ſpecies. What can be the cauſe of the ſmoothneſs
of the one, growing, as they do, intermixed ? Flowers generally
I, and ſometimes 2, but in the Dutch gardens ſeveral on a ftem.
LINN. fl.lapp:-Some plants green, and others hoary. Doubted
whether not 2 diſtinct ſpecies. Leaves on the ſtems more numer-
ous than in C. latifolium. Ray.
Mountains and ſides of rills, as on Snowdon, on the north
ſide of Wyddfa, and Clogwyn du yn yr Ardue near 'Llanberys.
,
P. June. July. [Beginning of Aug. Ray.]
Cows and Sheep eat it.
mountain
(*Cúrt. St.) CERAS'TIUM latifo'lium. Leaves
egg-ſhaped, ſomewhat downy. Branches, each with i
flower. Capſules globular. LINN.-Leaves downy. Capſules
roundiſh, but when ripe lengthened out into a ſtraight horn.
HALL. Mr. WOODWARD.
Lightf. 10. at p. 242.4-[Marten Spitzb. G. d. not examined. ]
Stems
* If this mark of difference ſhould prove uniform, Lightf. 10. at p. 242,
will prove to be C. alpinum. Sr.
+ This figure accords in habit with Fl. don. 6, which is referred by Linn,
to C. alpinum, as does Mr. Lightfoot's deſcription of it with that given by Linn.
in

X. CHIVES, V. POINTALS.
479
Stems trailing, branched, ſtraddling at right angles. Flowers
large. Empalement bell-ſhaped. G. in LINN.-Stems with 2 flowers.
Leaves, all downy, the lowermoſt egg-ſhaped, crowded, the up-
per egg-ſpear-ſhaped, thickiſh, pulpy. Flowers upright, generally
only 1, ſometimes 2. HALL.-Whole plant, except the petals and
capſules, covered with long, ſoft, ſhining hairs. Lower-leaves
oval; upper oval-ſpear-ſhaped, oppoſite. Branches terminated by
I or 2 flowers. Flowers large, on ſeparate fruit-ſtalks, each fur-
niſhed with 2 oppoſite ſpear-ſhaped branches. Capſule, horn
blunt. Mr. WOODWARD.
On a rock near Glogwyn y Garnedd, the higheſt in all Wales,
near Llanberys, Caernarvonſhire; and rocks on the ſummits of
the Highland Mountains. Lightf.
P. May. June.
--
** Capſules roundiſh.
CERAS'TIUM umbella'tum. Leaves egg-ſhaped. umbelliferous
Flowers in rundles. Petals nearly entire. Fruit pendant.
HUDS. Sr.
7. B. iii. 361. 1.-Roſe 2.4.-Ger. em. 595. 16, cop. in Park.
1938. 6.-H. 0x. v. 22.46, (not 49.)
Deſcription in Engliſh. ROSE p. 446.
Petals with 3, and ſometimes only 2 teeth. Chives 5, but ſome-
times only 4 or 3. Shafts 3, and ſometimes 4. HALL.--Chives al-
ways 3, except once when I found 5. LEERS.-Flower-ſcales very
ſmall, egg-ſhaped, at the baſe of the fruit-ſtalks. Petals inverſely
egg-ſhaped, with 3 teeth at the end, white. POLLICH. ST.-
Chives 3, 4, and 5, with 3 ſhafts, and alſo 10 with 5 ſhafts. Huds.
Whole plant ſmooth. Stem above bare of leaves. Fruit-ſtalks termi-
nating, moſtly hanging down, of various lengths, each with i
flower. Mr. Woodw.-Petals with 5 white ribs; teeth unequal,
fometimes 5. Holofteum differs from Ceraſtium only in number.
There are Ceraſtiums with 5 chives; in the C. pentandrum the petals
5
--
are
in the fl. lapp. of C. alpinum. Switzerland is the only place of growth aſſigned
by Linnæus to his C. latifolium. The botaniſts of that country, however, C.
Bauh. and Haller, deſcribe the capſule as oblong, which induces me to believe
that Linnæus was miſled reſpecting the form of the feed-veſſel, from examining
dried ſpecimens in which the fruit was not advanced to maturity; and that the
variety of C. alpinum with woolly leaves of the fl. lapp. and the C, latifolium are
one and the ſame plant. Neither Mr. Lightfoot nor Mr. Hudſon appear to have
feen both ſpecies. My ſpecimens accord with the C. alpinum with woolly leaves
of the f. lapp. hairs long, ſoft, and wool·like; ftems aſcending, bearing one
flower; or forked with fruit-ſtalk from the fork without floral-leaves, the 2 la-
teral branches bearing each 1 flower with 2 oppoſite floral-leaves; capſules ob-
long, with a ſcarcely perceptible degree of curvature, ST.
2
I

480
,
DE CANDRIA PENTAGYNIA.
are entire, in the repens cloven into 4 and 5; and, on the other
hand, in the Holoſteum cordatum they are divided, as in the gene-
rality of the Ceraſtiums, into 2. St. (W. 85.)
Holofteum umbellatum, which fee.
Old walls, banks, and fandy corn fields about Norwich, where
it was firſt diſcovered and examined by Mr. J. Pitchford. Rose.
Mr. WOODW.Found about Bury, in Suffolk, by Mr. Cullum,
A. April. May.
marſh
CERAS'TIUM aquaticum. Leaves heart-ſhaped,
ſitting. Flowers folitary. Fruit pendant.-
Curt. i. 3, but the engraver has forgotten to give the ſtem its due hairi-
,
neſs.--Dod. 29. 1, repr. in Ger. em. 611. 1, and cop. in Park.
759. 2.-Ger. 498. 1.-(Ger. 613. 10, cop. in Park. 1259. 1,
is alſo referred to by Ray, and is poſſibly the ſame plant before any
of its ſeed-veſſels become pendant.-J. B. ii. 362, is Polygala
vulgaris.)
Allied to Stellaria nemorum. Stems 1 or 2 feet high, weak, cylin-
drical, ſcarce perceptibly 2-edged, jointed; joints reddiſh at the
baſe. Branches rather few, folitary, alternate, ſimple, often as
long as the fem, hairy above. Leaves heart-egg-ſhaped, oblong,
fitting, embracing the ſtem, waved at the edge, pointed, ſmooth,
keeled, keel ſharpiſh; the uppermoſt ſomewhat hairy, and the iſt
leaves of the branches ſmaller, heart-ſhaped, on fringed leaf-ſtalks.
Flowers from the boſom of the upper leaves and forks of the ftem,
on fruit-ſtalks, folitary, with fruit-ſtalks and empalements hairy,
clammy. Petals divided into 2, white, twice as large as the em-
palement. Chives 10, white. Pointals 5, white. The empalement
and fruit-ſtalk of the fruit nodding downwards. Capſule egg-ſhaped,
with 5 blunt corners, ſcarcely longer than the empalement, of 5
valves, hollow above, of i cell. Seeds roundiſh, yellowiſh red.
LINN.-Shafts often 6. POLLICH.—Leaves often heart-ſpear-
fhaped, and ſometimes curled at the edge. Whole plant ſet thick
with fine ſhort hairs, terminated by globular heads, containing a
clammy liquor. Stem not always red at the joints. Branches forked.
Empal. ſegments ſpear-ſhaped. Petals rather longer than the em-
palement. With.—It has the greateſt natural affinity to Alfine me-
dia. Curt. ST.-But is diſtinguiſhable by the lower ſtem-leaves
of the Alfine media having leaf-ſtalks, and one of the edges of the
Item being ſet with hairs, while in the C. aquaticum the hairineſs
is general. ST.
Vatery places, and banks of rivers,
P. July.
-
CERAS'.

X. CHIVES, V. POINTALS.
481
a
a
а
CERAS'TIUM tomento'ſum. Leaves oblong, downy, wolly
Fruit-ſtalks branched. Capſules globular.-
Whole plant white with a thick down. Stems in a thickly matted
tuft, forked, with ſometimes a fingle flower on a long fruit-ſtalk
from the diviſion; the diviſions branched, but expanding, each
branch bearing a ſort of rundle. Leaves gradually narrower down-
wards, the pair below the forks of the ſtem about 3 ; lines broad,
and 10 long, much broader than the ſtem, or the whole empale-
ment; the pair next below { a line narrower, and the 3d pair i
line ſhorter, and I a line narrower than the 2d. Fruit-ſtalks ſingle,
of various lengths. Flower-leaves ſpear-ſhaped, with membrana-
ceous edges, in pairs at each diviſion of the ſtem. Empal. leaves
ſpear-ſhaped, with membranaceous edges. Petals as long again
as the enipalement, cloven not way down; ſegments blunt.
Chives 10, as long as the empalement, downy. Tips yellow.
Capſules globular. Shafts 5, downy, as long as the chives. Mr.
Woodward.
Specimens gathered in the garden of Mr. WHITELOCK, who
aſſured me that it was the individual plant he had tranſplanted
from Ripton Wood, Huntingdonſh. where he found it growing
wild. Mr. WOODWARD.
636. SPER'GULA. Spurrey.
EMPAL. Cup 5 leaves ; egg-ſhaped; blunt; concave; ex-
panding; permanent.
Bloss. Petals 5; egg-ſhaped ; concave; expanding; en-
tire ; larger than the cup.
Chives. Threads 10; awl-ſhaped ; ſhorter than the bloſs.
Tips roundiſh.
Point. Seed-bud egg-ſhaped. Shafts 5 ; upright, or re-
flected; thread-ſhaped. Summits rather thick.
S. Vess. Capſule egg-ſhaped; covered, with 1 cell, and
5
Seeds many; globular, but depreſſed; encompaſſed by
a border, with a notch in if.
Ess. Char. Empal. leaves 5; entire. Capſule egg-ſhaped;
of i cell, and 5 valves,
5 valves.
SPER'GULA arven'ſis. Leaves in whorls. Chives corn
10. Linn.--Fruit pendant. Huds.-Chives 5, 7, 8, 10.
Scop. ST.-often 6 and 7. POLLICH. .
Curt.
Vol. I.
li

482
DECANDRIA PENTAGYNIA.
a
-
-
Curt. v. 52.-Dod. 537, repr. in Lob. obf. 467. 1, Ger. em. 1125,
and
cop. in Park. 562.-). B. iii.722. 1, cop. in Pet. 59. 6.
Leaves 6 in a whorl, 3 on each ſide, round, thread-like, woolly,
clammy. Fruit-ſtalks branching. LINN.-Leaves ſomewhat flatted,
convex above, with a ſingle furrow underneath. Seeds, border
ſharp, exceedingly ſhallow, very entire, but with a nick at its in-
ſertion on the receptacle; in ſome plants beſet on each ſide with
exceedingly ſhort brown hairs, or rather cylindrical prominencies,
in others with ſcarcely prominent dots. Chives equally variable in
the plants with rougher or ſmoother feeds. St.-Root ſimple,
deſcending. Stems upright, cylindrical, knotty. Leaves ſtrap-
ſhaped, fleſhy. Flowers in panicles. Flower-ſcales oppoſite, very
minute. Fruit-ſtalks bent back after flowering. Bloſſoms white.
LYONS.—Chives in the autumn frequently fewer than 10. Seeds
rough with riſing dots, when ripe black, with a white border.
With.-If the ſtems are forcibly extended, the cortical part ſepa-
rates at the baſe of each joint, while the inner part, which is very
elaſtic, ſtretches and continues entire, or, on increaſing the exten-
fion, breaks generally a conſiderable way above the joint. Mr.
WOODWARD. With.
Corn fields, and fandy places. A. July. Aug. [Sept. St.]
Poultry are fond of the feeds; and the inhabitants of Finland
and Norway make bread of them when their crops of corn fail.
Experience ſhews it to be very nutritious to the cattle that eat it.
Horſes, Sheep, Goats, and Swine eat it. Cows refuſe it.
B. pentandra. Huds. Mr. WOODWARD.--Flowers with 5 and
10 chives found on the ſame plant. Huds.
Spergula pentandra, which fee.
Da
5-chived SPER GULA pentan'dra. Leaves in whorls. Chives
5. Linn. Curt. cat. n. 753.
Very much like S. arvenſis, but ſmoother. Linn.
Spergula annua ſemine foliaceo nigro, circulo membranaceo albo cineto.
R. Jyn. 351, is referred to by Hudſon, but, from his not having
given us any place of growth, it ſhould ſeem to have retained its
place in the Fl. angl. from Linnæus's direction, in Munt. II. 90,
to eraſe the ſynonyms of S. pentandra, having eſcaped Mr. Hud-
fon's notice. It is referred by Linn. to Arenaria media, which may
poſſibly prove a Britiſh ſpecies. I have a ſpecimen from Germany
which accords with the deſcriptions of Moriſon and Ray, and
which I believe to be the S. pentandra of Moench and Scopoli. In
habit it reſembles S. arvenſis, not Arenaria rubra maritima, and has
5 ſhafts; but the fruit is upright, and the ſeeds ſimilar to thoſe of
A, rubra maritima, are flat, inverſely egg-ſhaped, and ſurrounded with a
wnembra-
اس انا بل

X. CHIVES, V. POINTALS.
483
membranaceous border, deeper than the diameter of the ſeed, with a nick
at the place of infertion to the receptacle. Add to this, that no
furrow was obſervable on the under ſurface. Theſe circumſtances
fufficiently mark it out as diſtinct from the S. arvenſis. The bota-
niſts of Ireland may enable us to aſcertain this point. St.
SPERGUL A nodo'ſa. Leaves oppoſite, awl-ſhaped, knotted
ſmooth. Stems ſimple.
Caurt. iv. 44, in its moſt luxuriant ſtate.-Fl. dan. 96, in its more
contracted ſtate.-7. B. iii. 724.-Ger. 567. 6, cop. in Park.
427.3.-Pluk. 7. 4.-Pet. 59. 5, lateral branches too numerous
.
in the 2 laſt.
Bunches of very
minute leaves in the bofom of the oppoſite
leaves which are the rudiments of ſmall branches. RAY. ST.-
Foliage very much reſembling that of Sagina procumbens. Stems not
unfrequently branched; branches lateral, ſhort. Flowers termi-
nating, generally folitary. Empalement of 1 leaf, with 5 diviſions;
ſegments oblong, membranaceous at the edge, every other ſhorter.
Petals white, as long again as the empalement, inverſely egg-
ſhaped, ſtreaked. Tips oblong, whitiſh. Seeds kidney-ſhaped,
minute, black, with a net-work on the ſurface, not bordered.
Capſule egg-ſhaped. The ſtructure of its feeds fhew it not to be of
the ſame natural genus with S. arvenſis. It is moſt cloſely allied to
Arenaria laricifolia. St.
Marſhy places, wet paſtures, and ſides of rivers, lakes, and
marſhes. [Bogs about Settle, and in the North. Curt.-Boggy
ground in Sutton Park, Warwickſhire. Sr.]
P. July. Aug. (Sept. St.]
SPER'GULA ſaginoi'des. Leaves oppoſite, ſtrap- Pearlwort
ſhaped, ſmooth. Fruit-ſtalks folitary, very long. Stem
creeping. Linn. Retz. Curt. Mr. WOODWARD. ST.-
Chives 5. Huds.-5 to 10, but moſtly 5. Curt,
Curt. iv. 40.--Fl. dan. 858.
Stem trailing, 2 inches high. Leaves in bundles (alſo) at the
joints. Fruit-ſtalks quite ſimple, lateral, without flower-ſcales.
Flowers nodding. LINN.-Root branched. Stems ſeveral, branched.
Leaves connected, awl-ſhaped, fringed, pointed. Fruit-ſtalks to-
wards the ends of the branches, cylindrical, with 1 flower, Petals
white. Chives 5, more rarely 10. HUDS.-Has the habit and leaves
of Sagina procumbens, but taller. Empalement beſet with very ſhort
hairs. VAILL.-Agrees alſo with Sagina procumbens in the form of
its capſules, ſhape and ſize of its feeds, but the whole plant is beſet
with ſhort hairs terminated by minute globules, very diſtinguiſh-
able
-

484
DECANDRIA PENTAGYNIA.
able when magnified; and the petals are as long as the empalement,
and when fully expanded very conſpicuous. Curt.
S. laricina. LIGHTF. HUDS. Fl. dan. (Not S. laricina of Linnæus.
Retz. Curt. St. which Gmelin deſcribes as fringed towards the
baſe, and with alternate fruit-ſtalks from the upper part of the ſtem.--
Fl. dan. 12, is referred alſo by Linnæus himſelf to Stellaria biflora, not to
to mention the flower-ſcales on the fruit-ſtalks. ST.) U DA12
Dry paftures in a gravelly foil. Uxbridge Moor. Iſle of Bute;
Cobham and Elher, Surry; Devonſhire and Cornwall; Putney
Heath, Coomb Wood, Surry; Bagſhot Heath, Potnell Warren,
near the great bog at Virginia Water.
P. June.-Aug
Boli yeyo
20 Snegler ol
(១៩៩២ ( ន.ប
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END OF VOL. 1.
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Diccionatori bagi
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Withering, William,
1741-1799.
MUSEUM
QK
306
.W82
1787
vol. 1
A botanical arrange-
ment of British plants.
1787-1792.
HERBARIUM
HERBARIUM
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