DA
814
.C92
K83
1
ARTES
LIBRARY
1817)
SCIENTIA
VERITAS
OF THE
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
EX FLURIDUS UNUM
TUEBOR
SI QUÆRIS PENINSULAM AMⱭINAM
CIRCUMSPICE
A 477381
DUPL
יך
Kown Henry.
MEMOIRS
OF THE
+
L I
F E
Of the late Right Honourable
JOHN Earl of CRAUFURD:
Deſcribing many of the higheft
MILITARY ATCHIEVEMENTS
In the LATE WARS;
More particularly,
The CAMPAIGNS againſt the TURKS,
Wherein his Lordship ferved both in the
IMPERIAL and RUSSIAN ARMIES.
Compiled from his Lordship's own PAPERS,
and other AUTHENTIC MEMOIRS.
LONDON:
Printed for T. BECKET, & Co. in the Strand.
M, DCC, LXIX.
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PREFACE.
HE Earl of CRAUFURD'S
T Care
long Illneſs
Illneſs gave
gave him much
Leiſure for Reflection, and Time
to commit to Paper what he
thought moſt neceffary or ufeful
to the young Soldier: wherefore
he has often compared the Battles
long fince fought with thofe he
had himſelf a Hand in.
His Lordship dying before theſe
Papers were thoroughly reduced
to Order, gave the Publication of
them to Mr. HENRY KÖPP, the
faithful Servant who brought him
off the Field of Battle, and who
attended his Lordſhip through all
A 2
his
iv
PREFACE.
his Campaigns and Difficulties as
long as he lived.
Hence it is not to be wondered
that ſome of the chief Officers in
Europe fhould furnish him with
Materials to complete the Work
begun by his Lordſhip.
And it is now publiſhed as a
valuable Companion to the young
Soldier, who may, perhaps, imagine
that our ever valuable Corps, the
LIGHT HORSE, took their Riſe
from the Obfervations his Lord-
fhip made in the Turkiſh, Ruſſian,
and other Armies.
CON.
[ v
v ]
√ CONTENTS.
BOOK
CHA P. I.
I.
Introductory reflections on the ufe of Hiſtory,
and particularly of the lives of illuftrious
men: with remarks on military virtue.
СНАР.
II.
An account of the Lindſay family; and their
eſtabliſhment in Scotland: with a relation
of fome of their moſt remarkable actions;
and alſo an account of the different branches
of that illuftrious family.
+
во ок
CHAP.
II.
I.
An account of his lordſhip's education, with
feveral remarkable incidents, to his firft
entrance into the army, and to the time
of his being elected one of the fixteen peers.
for Scotland.
A 3
CHAP.
vi CONTENT S.
CHA P. II.
An account of the rife of the war between the
emperor and France in 1733, to the cam-
paign on the Rhine in 1735, where the
earl of Craufurd ferved as a volunteer un-
der prince Eugene and count Seckendorf:
the action at Clauffen; and the end of the
war.
CHA P. III.
The earl of Craufurd farther characterized.
The rife of the war between the Ruffians
and the Turks, in 1736, wherein the Im-
perialifts were auxiliaries to the former:
the ſtate of thoſe empires, with a ſhort
account of the campaigns in Tartary and
Hungary in the years 1736 and 1737.
CHA P. IV.
An account of the earl of Craufurd's prepara-
tions for the Ruffian campaign of 1738:
his voyage to Peterſburgh; his reception
at that court; and his journey from thence
to the Ruffian army in Beffarabia. His
reception by feldt-marfhal Munich an
account of the Tartars; as alfo of the
campaign in Turky, and the earl of Crau-
furd's journey to the imperial army in
Hungary. His reception by the grand
duke of Tufcany: an account of the
campaign
CONTENTS.
vii
campaign in Hungary, and his lordship's
journey to Vienna. With fome memoirs
relating to the character and baniſhment
of count Munich.
воок
CHAP.
I.
III.
The campaigns of 1739: containing, the
journal of the campaign of Hungary,
generously granted, for this work, by his
moft ferene highnefs prince Charles of
Lorrain: As alfo an account of the fame
campaign, written by the earl of Craufurd;
with a defcription of the battles of Krotzka
and Pancfova; to which is added a detail
of the Ruffian campaign,with his lordſhip's
obfervations on the whole.
NUMBER
I.
The journal of all the motions made by the
Imperial and Turkish armies, from the
opening the campaign in 1739, until the
peace of Belgrade, drawn up by the direc-
tion of his royal highnefs prince Charles of
Lorrain; and interfperfed with particular
obfervations, relative to the earl of Crau-
furd, by an officer of his acquaintance.
NUMBER II.
A defcription of the battle of Krotzka; with
the fequel of the campaign, containing an
account
1
viii
CONTENTS.
Į
account of the battle of Pancfova; as alſo
of the campaign between the Ruffian and
Ottoman armies: to which is added a
recapitulation, for connection fake, of the
fituation of the Roman imperial army be-
fore the fatal 22d of July, 1739, when
the battle of Krotzka was fought: with
obfervations on the whole, by the late
earl of Craufurd.
An abridged relation of the tranfactions of
her Ruffian imperial majefty's army, com-
manded by feldt-marfhal Munich, during
the month of July, 1739; as it marched
towards, and through, the Turkiſh Wal-
lachy.
A relation of the action between his imperial
majeſty's army, and that of the Turkish
cavalry, under the command of the Dofhe
pafcha, on the 30th of July, 1739, near
Pancfova, in the bannat of Temefwaer.
CHA P. II.
A fhort introduction to the fiege of Belgrade:
a journal of the fiege, wrote under the di-
rection of the earl of Craufurd: the treaty
of peace; and the conclufion of the war:
with fome reflections on the ftates of the
three contending empires.
CHAP.
CONTENTS.
ix
CHA P. III.
An account of the earl of Craufurd's behavi-
our before he received his wound at the
battle of Krotzka, and the manner in which
he was brought off the field. Together
with a journal of his voyage up the Danube
from Belgrade to Vienna: his journey from
thence to Hanover; and his return to Eng-
land: the whole interfperfed with a relation
of the proceſs of the wound.
A journal of the voyage undertaken by the
earl of Craufurd up the Danube, from
Belgrade to Vienna: wrote under the di-
rection of his lordſhip.
воок
С н н. р., 1.
IV.
His lordship's journey to the baths of Barege
in France, and thoſe of Aix in Savoy, in
1742. His influence at Geneva. His
journey to Milan and Genoa, in 1743;
when his lordship joined the Auſtrian army
commanded by marshal Traun. His jour-
ney through Mantua, and Verona, to
Venice from thence through Gratz and
Lintz into Bavaria, where he vifited the
Auftrian army commanded by marſhal
Khevenhuller: after which he vifited the
confederate army on the Maine. An
account
X
CONTENT S.
account of the rife of the late war; as alfo
of the campaign of 1743 in Germany,
and of the battle of Dettingen; with a
relation of his lordship's behaviour in that
engagement.
:
СНАР. II.
The declaration of war by France againſt the
king of Great-Britain and queen of Hun-
gary. A fhort account of the campaign
in Flanders in 1744, with remarks thereon,
by the earl of Craufurd: together with his
lordship's account of the meaſures concerted
for opening the next campaign; and his
opinion, at length, as delivered in a coun-
cil of war, relative to the detaching a body
of forces for the fecurity of the empire.
CHA P. III.
Р.
The earl of Craufurd's remarks on the open-
ing of the campaign in 1745; and his
account of the battle of Fontenoy with
the confequences of that battle.
CHA P. IV.
The earl of Craufurd's conduct towards fup-
preffing the rebellion in Scotland. A fhort
account of the campaign of 1746 in the
Netherlands; with a remarkable inſtance
of his lordship's courage and prefence of
mind
CONTENTS.
xi
mind a few hours before the battle of
Rocoux; and his remarks on that battle.
His lordship marries the duke of Athol's
daughter in Scotland; and returns to the
army. A fhort account of the campaign
of 1747 in the Netherlands. The countefs
of Craufurd dies at Aix-la-Chapelle. A
ſhort account of the campaign of 1748 in
the Netherlands, to the concluſion of the
general treaty of peace. The earl of
Craufurd dies: his character and his opini-
on concerning ſeveral military regulations.
APPENDIX.
A chirurgical relation of the late earl of
Craufurd's wounds.
MEMOIRS
14
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[ 13 ]
MEMOIRS
Of the LIFE of
JOHN Earl of CRAUFURD.
BOOK I.
CHAP. I.
Introductory reflections on the use of history, and
particularly of the lives of illuftrious men: with
remarks on military virtue.
CON
CONSISTENCY and propriety form the
glory of the human foul; but few ages are
productive of fuch illuftrious characters.
Men of
a military difpofition are more remarkable for this
uniformity of virtue, than fuch as are devoted to
the fofter ftudies, and lefs dangerous employments
of life their actions are more confpicuous, and
more worthy of obfervation: they are either the
oppreffors, or the guardians of mankind; they
either fhine like aufpicious ftars, or blaze like
baleful comets: for fuch is the difference between
that martial frenzy which feeks only to fcatter the
devaſtation of war for acquiring the name of a
conqueror, and that noble ambition of the foul
which ftudies the ufe of war only as the beſt pre-
fervative for peace; fuch is the diftinction between
B
an
I amuel Woodford His Book
Bough 21th
41783
i
14
Book i
The LIFE of
an Alexander, a Charles of Sweden, and a Louis
of France; when compared with a Trajan, a
Naffau, and a Brunſwick: becauſe while one un-
fheaths the fword for the deſtruction of mankind,
the other holds up the target for their fecurity.
NOTWITHSTANDING this difference, the
lives and actions of fuch men as have rendered
themſelves rather infamous than honourable, by
their military prowess, have been as eagerly fought
after, as the lives and actions of fuch men as are
justly intitled to the first rank, and highest honours,
of martial virtue. The manners of Alcibiades
have been as carefully related, and as diligently
obferved, as the manners of Epaminondas; and
the life of an Engliſh Cromwel has been as much
enquired after as that of the Ruffian Peter: but,
at the fame time, the actions of Cato, and the
conduct of Brutus, have been capable of affording
an equal pleaſure with thofe of Cæfar, or that of
Anthony. So true it is, that military virtue,
however applied, attracts the attention of men;
becauſe it is more uncommon than other virtues:
in the fame manner as the flashes of lightning make
a greater impreffion on the eye than the mild beams.
of the fun though as warriors are, like their
weapons, either offenfive or defenfive, according
as they are employed; perhaps, their lives may be
confulted by fome men out of fear, as much as
they are by others for imitation: for it is the in-
firmity of human nature to be fond of hearing ſuch
things as we ſhould ſhudder to fee; and every man
is delighted with the defcription of a dreadful pre-
cipice, a conflagration, or a tempeft, while the
foul is ftartled with horror at the ſcene.
PLUTARCH, and other eminent hiftorians,
have been more ferviceable to mankind than the
beft poets of antiquity, by conveying to us fuch
great examples of the virtues and vices of illuftrious
men;
Chap. 1. JOHN Earl of CRAUFURD. 15
men: which occafioned Sir Henry Saville, when
the earl of Effex afked his opinion concerning poets,
to fay, "That he thought them the best writers,
"next to thoſe who wrote in profe." Homer,
indeed, has been called the fecretary of Mars; but,
with equal propriety, Thucydides may be called
his minifter of ftate: for the hiftorian has done
more honour to the god, and ſeems to have ſtronger
connections with him, than the poet.
HISTORIANS have always an advantage over
poets: thefe write to the paffions, thofe to the
judgment. The language of the poets, like the
fineft medals in the cabinets of the'curious, is only
to be understood, and enjoyed, by the felected
few: the language of hiftorians, like the beſt cur-
rent coin, is intended for the general ufe of man-
kind; and the more diffufive it grows, the more
benefits it conveys. Poets can inflame; hiftorians
muft inftruct: in the former, morality puts on
her richest garment; in the latter, fhe is more
plainly attired, more familiar, and at eafe: truth
fhould always accompany the hiftorian; but elo-
quence is the best companion for the poet. In
HOMER, it may be obferved, that all the conduct
and courage of Hector were employed in the de-
fence of his country, and the protection of his aged
parents, againſt the violent, though juft, invafion
of a foreign enemy: Achilles exerciſed his valour
in the common caufe of Greece, upon that fatal
revenge for the rape of Helen. VIRGIL difcovers
the good patriot, the juſt prince, the dutiful fon,
and the affectionate father, in Æneas; who, hav-
ing employed his utmoſt prowess in defence of his
country, faved his father and the Trojan gods,
gathered up the remains of his ruined country,
failed to Italy, and there founded a kingdom,
which gave rise to the greatest empire of the world.
And in LUCAN may be feen a bold, refolute man,
bathing
B 2
16
Book 1.
The LIFE of
Lathing his bloody hands in the bowels of his own
country, to aſcend the throne of ambition, infecure
as it was, and furrounded with as many dangers
as thoſe which threatened the invaders of the Hef-
perian fruit.
THE characters conveyed to us, and the morals.
inculcated, by these three great poets, have juſt y
given their works the preference above others of
the fame nature: the poems of the two former
have been properly called heroical; though the
PHARSALIA has been confidered rather as a
poetical hiftory: however, if they afford more
pleaſure than hiſtory in the perufal, they are far
inferior both in precept and example: for poetry,
like a ſtrong light, is beft to be looked on at a
diftance; but hiftory ferves us like an uſeful taper.
MEN who have devoted themſelves to the fer-
vice of their country, deferve the favour of man-
kind when living, and their praifes when dead :
the greater the virtues of the man, the more
worthy are they of commendation; not only as
a debt due to his merit, but that fo good an ex-
ample of virtue fhould not escape the notice of
pofterity for men are invited to follow good
actions, and accompliſh great ones, more by the
force of example and imitation, than from fimpli-
city of nature, or deduction of art.
THE foundations of monarchies, and the infti-
tution of laws; the declenfion of one, and the
fubverfion of the other; are matters of general
hiftory, which implies a general knowledge of
curious things. The compiling of fuch hiftories is
Jike erecting the Ægyptian Pyramids, or the Carian
Mauſoleum ; which require a Cheops, or an
Artemifia, for the founder; furnishing matter of
amazement and contemplation. But, as the fſmall
temple of Delos was more reforted to than the
magnificent one at Ephefus; fo the life of one
illuftrious
Chap. 1. JOHN Earl of CRAUFURD. 17
illuft ious man may afford greater fatisfaction than
the hiftory of his whole age and nation: juſt as
one bright ftar ftrikes upon the eye with more
force, than thouſands of lefler luftre that ſurround
it. General hiftories are only applicable to general
things; but biography, in relating the life and
fortunes of one man, brings the fubject nearer
home; like the telefcope, drawing remote objects
cloſe to the fight.
ALL men were not born to royalty; but all
men are equal inheritors of virtue: the former is
the peculiar bounty of heaven, the latter the general
gift of nature. The glory of man arifes not from
external caufes, but from inherent principles:
princes and peafants are alike men by birth; the
difference lies in the improvement of their na-
tures; whereby many private men have eclipfed he
radiancy of monarchs: which is the reafon why
Plutarch made no fcruple to compare Ariftides
with Cato, Lyfander with Sylla, Pelopidas wah ·
Marcellus, and Agefilaus with Pompey: becauſe
this excellent writer did not weigh honours with
honours, but men with men; for he discovered
as many virtues and abilities in a common citizen
of Athens, as in a conful of Rome. Military
virtue gives this exaltation to our natures more
than any other: for when the views of a foldier
are honeſtly directed, it is then heroic virtue; and
heroiſm has caufed antiquity to immortalize ſuch
men among the number of the deities.
ONE of the greatest means for the attainment
of wisdom, is to have ftudied the hiftories of
antient times; thereby to learn how to frame and
proportion our councils and undertakings, accord-
ing to the model and example of our anceſtors:
becauſe human life is but of a fhort duration, and
infufficient to give us experience of fo many things;
befides, our age is impaired; and as our bodies are
debilitatated,
B 3
18
Book 1.
The LIFE of
debilitated, fo is our fidelity one towards another,
especially among princes; of which there have
been too many late and fatal inftances before our
eyes fo that princes fhould ftudy hiftory for their
own inftruction, and the profperity of their fub-
jects; which depends principally upon the abilities
of the fovereign. Indeed, the lives of princes are
more fit for the perufal of fuch exalted perfonages
than of other men; becauſe they are more inti-
mately concerned in the events: but the lives of
other men may convey inftruction to princes;
nor fhould the memory of any man, whofe actions
are capable of contributing towards fuch a neceffary
inftruction, as alfo to excite a virtuous emulation
in the purſuit of honour, be permitted to link into
oblivion for example fides eafily into the mind;
and if the foil is equal to the feed, what beautiful
flowers may fpring from fo happy a coalition?
:
THE example fet before our young nobility, in
the character of the earl of Craufurd, is worthy
their imitation.
It is with this view, that thefe memoirs of the
lite of the late earl of Craufurd are prefented to
the public they afford many noble examples of
military virtue, they exhibit the magnanimity of
a truly heroic foul; and they point out the dangers
to which a young foldier is liable in the purfuit of
glory. May they ferve to create in our young
nobility the fame ipirit of martial honour, and to
prompt them to an emulation of treading in the
fame glorious fteps.
CHAP.
JOHN Earl of CRA U FUR D. 19
CHA P. II.
An account of the LINDESAY family; and their
eftablishment in Scotland: with a relation of fome of
their most remarkable actions; and alſo an account
of the different branches of that illuftrious family.
HE families of Scotland, diftinguished by
Tth
the name of Lindfay, or Lindefay, were
formerly very numerous; confifting of feveral
branches, who were in poffeffion of many extenfive
territorial juriſdictions, and inveſted with the moſt
honourable employments in the ftate. The founder
of this illuftrious family in Scotland, was William
Lord Lindefay, who is reported to have been the
fon of the earl of Lindiffi, or Lindefay; which
was an antient Anglo Saxon earldom, in the king-
dom of Mercia, comprehending the whole county
of Lincoln but, on the Norman conqueft, the
earldom of Lindefay was fo much reduced as to
contain only a third part of Lincolnfhire; and is
ftill known, as one of the divifions of that county,
by the name of Lindefay; this diviſion being about
30 miles long, from the town of Stamford near
the fouth, to the ancient city of Lincoln towards
the north end of it; and about twenty miles broad,
from the town of Grantham to the town of Sha-
ford, upon the confines of another divifion called
Holland.
THIS Anglo Saxon earl of Lindefay, or Lindiffi,
as it was then called, was, with other allies, engaged
in a war with king William, the Norman, after
he had violated his faith, by infracting the covenant
he had ftipulated with the Mercians, and thofe
conditions of government upon which they had.
agreed to acknowledge him their fovereign; the
principal of which was, that he fhould govern
them
B 4
20
Book !!
The LIFE of
them by fuch their own antient laws, and cuftoms,
as had been in force in the reign of king Edward
the confeffor. But, foon after the ineffectual op-
pofition to the arbitrary procedures of the fuccefsful
Norman, this earl of Lindefay, and his confederates,
were obliged to abandon their fortified places in
the ifle of Ely; upon which the earl embraced the
moſt advantageous offers of peace he could obtain
from the conqueror.
WHEN this peace was corcluded, the Saxons
too evidently faw the extinction of their power,
and the abolition of their royal line, which had
been in poffeffion of the fovereignty of England,
under their heptarchial monarchs, from the arrival
of Hengift and Horfa in the year 447, to the reign
of Egbert, who united the independent Saxon
monarchies in the year Ɛ00; and whofe general
fway continued among his defcendants, excepting
about 50 years of their expulfion from the throne
by Swain and his Danifh fucceffors, until the year
1066, when William the conqueror deprived
Harold of the crown in the fatal battle near
Haftings in Suflex. But William, the fon of the
above mentioned earl of Lindefay, perceived the
liberties of his country to be in a precarious fitua-
tion; as his countrymen had fubmitted fo univer-
fally to a prince, who, by the notorious breach of
his fiducial engagements, was more apparently an
arbitrary tyrant, than a lawful fovereign; who
was more inclined to the gratification of his own
defpotic will, than the exercife of equity, the due
adininiftration of the laws of the land, and the
obfervance of that facred compact whereby he
was admitted to his regal dignity, among a people
whofe hearts were alienated from their conqueror,
and devoted to the intereft of Edgar Atheling, the
next immediate Saxon heir to the throne: which
occafioned this earl William to participate in the
fortunes
Chap. 2. JOHN Earl of CRAUFURD. 21
fortunes of that great defcendent of the Saxon line,
and to retire with Edgar Atheling into Scotland, to
the court of king Malcolm Canmore, or Great
Head; who was married to Margaret the fifter of
this unfortunate prince; a lady held in the highest
reverence and eſtimation by the Scots, for her ex-
traordinary piety, and extenfive acts of beneficence.
As the king of Scotland had efpoufed the caufe
of his brother-in-law, Edgar Atheling, and was
very defirous of obtaining the restoration of this
exiled prince to the throne of his ancestors; it
drew upon him the refentment of William the
Norman, who declared war against the protector
of Atheling but the Scotch monarch, being
affifted by Sibert king of Northumberland, after
feveral battles fought with various fuccefs, wherein
this earl of Lindefay confpicuoufly fignalized his
bravery, concluded fuch an advantageous peace,
that Cumberland was not only ceded to Malcolm,
but it was alfo agreed that Edgar Atheling ſhould
return in ſafety to the court of England, and have
an ample revenue fettled upon him. However,
William Rufus recommenced the war against
Malcolm; but all differences were terminated
between the two nations, by the marriage of
Henry I. fucceffor to Rufus, with Maud the daugh-
ter of Malcolm, and niece of Edgar Atheling: fo
that the earl of Lindefay had no further opportunity
of exercising his military accomplishments: but,
by the public records of Scotland, as well as from
the archives of this most noble and illuftrious
family, it appears, that this William de Lindefay
was always a perfon of great confequence in the
reigns of Alexander I. and David I.
SIR David de Lindefay, the fucceffor of earl
William, made a remarkable figure in the reign
of king William the Lion, which began in 1156;
and married the younger daughter and coheirefs of
B 5
John
22
The LIFE of Book 1.
John de Craufurd. He was fuceeded by Sir David
de Lindefay his fon; who was diftinguiſhed for his
military difpofition, on the invafion of Scotland
by John king of England; and who, in the 35th
year of king Alexander II. executed the office of
Juftitiarius Laudoniæ. He had iffue David his
fucceffor, who was a very brave and magnanimous.
perfon; and John de Lindefay, who was cham-
berlain of Scotland under king Alexander III. in
the year 1270. David left iffue Sir James de
Lindefaý, who was the firft of the family that
bore the title of baron of Craufurd; and William
de Lindefay, rector of Air, and lord high cham-
berlain of Scotland in the year 1317, under king
Robert I. This James de Lindefay, baron of
Craufurd, fignalized his loyalty and bravery in the
reign of king Robert Bruce, when his dominions
were invaded by Edward II. of England: but this
nobleman was prevented in partaking of the most
glorious victory that the Scotch every obtained
over the English; which was won at the famous
battle of Bannockburn, when Edward was defeated
by Bruce, with the lofs of the greateſt part of his
army for this gallant lord was killed at the head
of the army, then covering the fiege which king
Robert Bruce was carrying on against Stirling
caftle; and which was, by capitulation, to have
been put into his hand, unless it was relieved,
on, or before, the day that lord James Lindefay
was flain in defending that pafs againſt a ſtrong
detachment of the English army, which had at-
tempted to relieve the caftle: however, this lord
added to his own paternal eſtate ſeveral noble
poffeffions by the marriage of one of the daughters
and coheireffes of Sir Alexander de Abernethy;
by whom he had David his fucceffor in the barony
of Craufurd; Sir Alexander Lindefay of Gleneſk,
who became poffeffed of thofe lands by his marriage
with
Chap. 2. JOHN Earl of CRAUFURD. 23
with Catharine the daughter and heiress of Sir
John Stirling; and Sir William Lindefay of Byers,
the anceſtor of that nobleman whofe life has
furniſhed theſe memoirs: fo that the Lindefay
family was then divided into theſe three different
houfes of Craufurd, Glenefk, and Byers; the
former of which became extinct in the year 1399,
when the barony of Craufurd defcended to Sir
David Lindeſay of Gleneſk, who was created earl
of Craufurd, and was married to Jane the daughter
of king Robert II. from whom, and the Lindefays
of the Byers, who, in 1661, became poffeffed of
the eftates, and inveſted with the honours, of the
family of Glenefk, all the different branches of
that noble family are defcended.
IT has been fhewn, that the two principal
branches of the family of the Lindefays of Scot-
land, are defcended from lord James, who was
killed upon Stirling bridge; and who left behind
him the three before-mentioned fons, David,
Alexander, and William: of whom, David, the
eldeft fon, fucceeded his father in all his patrimonial
eftates of Warhopdale, and Efhdale; and alſo in
all thoſe large eftates which he had acquired by the
forfeiture of the great John Cummia of Badenoch-
a nobleman of royal extraction, who occafioned a
revolt in 1300, thofe lands being the lordships of
Badenoch, Lochaber, Struther, Stradeum, Glen-
livet, and the brae of Murray; in which laft,
David, one of the earls of Craufurd, built a very
ftately caſtle upon the north fide of the river Keura,
four miles west from the town of Inverneſs; a
great part whereof is ftill intire.
LORD Alexander, the fecond fon of lord James,
married Catharine Stirling, heirefs of Glenesk;
by whom he got the lordship of Glenefk, with
another confiderable eſtate, and feveral other lands
lying contiguous thereto.
B 6
WILLIAM,
:
Book 1.
24
The LIFE of
WILLIAM, the third fon of lord James, who
was lord Lindefay of Byers, married Euphan More,
the fole daughter and heirefs of Sir William More,
lord of Abercorn in the fhire of Linlithgow; and
got by that marriage the lordship of Abercorn,
with the lands of Dean, near Edinburgh; being
called in all the old writs, Abercorn, et terris
Dean fibi annexis.
ALEXANDER, lord Lindefay of Glenesk, was,
with ſeveral hundreds of his military tenants, and
four core gentlemen of rank, of his name, killed
at the battle of Duplin; as were both his brothers,
David lord Lindefay of Craufurd, and William
lord Lindefay of Byers, at the battle of Durham.
DAVID, the eldeſt of theſe three brothers, was
fucceeded by his fon David; who, dying without
male iſſue, was fucceeded in all his eftates and
dignities, both patrimonial and acquired, by his
coufin Alexander, lord of Glenefk, the fon and
fucceffor of that lord Alexander who was killed at
Duplin. This Alexander, the fecond lord of
Glenefk, was fucceeded in all thofe eftates and
dignities by his fon David; who was raiſed to the
dignity of an earl, by having his lands of Craufurd
Moor, and certain other lands, created by charter,
into a Liberum comitatum.
FROM this period, thefe two principal branches
continued to be two diftinct families: the one, the
earls of Craufurd; the other, the lords Lindefay
of Byers; until the reign of king Charles I. when
they were both united in the perfon of John lord
Lindefay of Byers, who had been created earl of
Lindefay by patent. This earl John left behind
him two fons, William and Patrick; the former
of which fucceeded him as earl of Craufurd and
Lindefay.
WILLIAM was fucceeded by his eldeft ſon
John; who died in London in December 1713,
being
Chap. 2. JOHN Earl of CRAUFURD. 25
A
being then colonel of a troop of grenadier guards,
and lieutenant general of the British forces; who
was fucceeded by his eldeſt fon the late earl John;
the brave and unfortunate nobleman, who received
that defperate wound at the battle of Krotzka,
which occafioned his death at London, on the 25th
of December, 1749; but, as he died without iffue,
his honours defcended to the lord vifcount Gar-
noch, the defcendant of Patrick Lindefay, the
fecond fon of that earl John, in whom the two
families of Craufurd and Lindefay were united.
LORD David Lindefay, who married one of the
daughters and coheireffes of John lord Craufurd of
Craufurd, was in poffeffion of the lands of War-
hopdale, and of the five kirks or parishes of Efhdale,
as they were called; with other lands alfo conti-
guous; which were granted by king David I. of
Scotland to William earl of Lindefay, in reward
of his faithful fervices to the crown: therefore
lord David Lindefay conſented that his father-in-
law ſhould grant every part of his lands to John
Craufurd his coufin, and heir male; which lands
then were, and ſtill are, called, from the names
of the grantor and grantee, Craufurd John; as
the other lands are called Craufurd Lindefay, and
Craufurd caſtle; the whole lying in the thire of
Lanerk, and county of Clydefdale: this caftle
being the meffuage of the earldom of Craufurd,
where the earls of Craufurd were accuſtomed to
hold their county courts long after the lands had
been granted away to the earls of Douglas, in ex-
change for other lands lying more contiguous to
the eſtate of the earls of Craufurd in Angus; though,
at this time, caſtle Craufurd is the property of the
earl of Selkirk.
THE fecond David lord Lindefay of Craufurd,
who died without male iffue, and was fucceeded
in all his eftate, as before related, by his coufin
Alexander
26
Book 1.
The LIFE of
Alexander lord Lindefay of Glenesk, who was
father to the firft earl of Craufurd, and fon to
Alexander lord Lindefay who was killed at Duplin ;
gave away fome of his lands in East Lothian, in
his life time, to his uncle William lord Lindefay
of Byers; and, in one of theſe grants, he is called
and defcribed, David dominus Lindefay de Crau-
furd, filius Davidis filii quomdam Jacobi, the fame
being a grant of the Lands of Garmilton, in fa-
vour of his faid uncle William lord Lindefay of
Byers; but, in failure of iffue male of his body,
to Alexander Lindefay of Glenefk, his other uncle;
the grant concluding with the claufe of reverfion;
Et fi ambo fratres viam omnis carnis ingrediantur,
fine hæredibus mafculis corporibus fuis procreandis,
revertat ad nos & hæredes mafculos noftros. In
which manner all the old fettlements of theſe
families were made, being always to heirs male;
and yet the eftates of the moſt confiderable branches
of theſe families were transferred by marriage into
other families.
IT would take too much time here to give a
more particular account of the defcents of the
principal branches of the families: it is requifite
however, to mention fomething of the different
branches; and, in the first place, to give fome
defcription of their armorial bearing, which is
quarterly ift and 4th the arms of Lindefay, being
gules, a fefs, cheque, vert and argent; and azure
2d and 3d the arms of Abernethy, lord Abernethy,
being, or a lion rampant, gules furmounted, of a
bendlet fable; fupporters two lions gules; crest,
an oftrich with a key in its mouth, with this
motto, Indure Furth; which lord Abernethy had
a very noble eftate, and divided it among three
female coheireffes; one of whom was married to
the earl of Douglas, another to the earl of Crau-
furd, and the third to the ancestor of the prefent
eari
Chap. 2. JOHN Earl of CRAUFURD. 27
earl of Rothes. But the armorial bearing of the
lords Lindefay of the Byers, earl of Lindefay, is
the arms of Lindefay and More of Abercorn com-
pofed; being a fefs, cheque argent, and azure in
chief, three mullets in the 2d for More lord of
Abercorn.
As to the different branches of this noble family,
they are firſt the Lindefays of Dunrods; who had
a great eſtate in the fhires of Air and Clydefdale;
where they had alfo a magnificent houfe, called the
Mains of Killbryde, which is moftly ftill remain-
ing, through in a ruinous condition.
2d, THE Lindefays of Craigie, in the fhire of
Air, whofe eftate went, by an heirefs, to the
Wallaces; who bear the arms of Lindefay and
Wallace quartered.
3d, THE Lindefays of Bonhill, who were de-
ſcended of the Dunrods; but are now extinct.
4th, THE Lindefays of Covington, in Clydeſ-
dale; and 5th, the Lindefays of Bellflone, and
Delphingtone; who are defcended from the for-
mer.
6th, THE Lindefays of Innerivick, in the fame
ſhire; one part of whoſe eſtate went, by an heiress,
to the Cockburns of Cockburn and Lanton, who
bear the arms of Lindefay compoſed with thoſe of
Cockburn and Lanton; and the other alſo went,
by an heiress, to a younger fon of the houſe of
Hamilton, who bore the arms of Lindefay and
Hamilton compofed.
7th, THE Lindefays of Dowhill in Kinrofs;
who bear the arms of Lindefay only with maternal
diftinction in bafe; being three bears weary;
which are the arms of the lord Drummond.
And
8th, THE Lindefays of Kevil in Fife, who
bear the arms of the earl of Craufurd.
BUT, befides thefe, which were the principal
branches, there were a great number of Lindeſays
who
28
The LIFE of Book 1.
who had ſmall eftates in the fhire of Angus, where
the power of the earls of Craufurd was very great.
There were alſo many families of the fame name,
who had ſmall eftates in the fhire of Fife, where
the power of the lords Lindefay of Byers was no
lefs confiderable than that of the earl of Craufurd
in Angus; and the general part of thoſe in Fife
were direct defcendants of the lord Lindefay's
family; as,
Ift, THE Lindefays of the Mount; who bear
the lord Lindefay's arms, with the maternal dif
tinction of a rofe in baſe: which, being a part of
the bearing of the Stuarts earl of Lennox, fhews
they were defcended of lord Lindefay's family by a
daughter of the earl of Lennox.
2d, THE Lindefays of Kirkforther, defcended
from Patrick lord Lindefay, who was chofen pre-
fident of the great affembly of lords and chiefs in
the council of war before the battle of Flouden,
where he was killed; who bear the arms of the
lord Lindefay, with the maternal diftinction of a
hunting horn.
3d, THE Lindefays formerly of Paetſtone, but
now of Wormſtone; who bear the lord Lindefay's
arms, with the maternal diftinction of a maſculine
bafe which, being a part of the armorial bearing
of the Bethunes of Balfour, fhews they are de-
fcended of lord Lindefay's family, by a daughter
of the family of Bethune of Balfour.
THERE were fome other families in Fife,
which are now extinct, alfo defcended of lord
Lindefay's family: fuch as the Lindefays of Kill-
whifs and Roffy; and the Lindefays of Pitfcotty.
The Lindefays, earl of Balcarras, have long been
in poffeffion of a very good eſtate in Fife; but they
are not of the lord Lindefay's family; being the
heirs male and only reprefentatives of Lindefay of
Edgehill, whofe defcendants always afferted that
they
Chap. 2. JOHN Earl of CRAUFURD. 29
they were nearer heirs male to the lord Craufurd,
than the lord Lindefays were.
THE union of theſe families of Craufurd and
Lindefay was effected in confequence of a mutual
fettlement and deed of intail, firft made between
David earl of Craufurd, and Robert lord Lindefay
of Byers; which deed was afterwards renewed and
confirmed by a fubfequent deed, made between
Lodowick earl of Craufurd, and John lord Linde-
fay, who was the firft earl of Lindefay, and fon to
lord Robert. This deed was ratified in parliament;
and it is reported that the earl of Craufurd entered
into the agreement on account of the feud and
enmity fubfifting between the family of Craufurd
and the family of Edgehill, from the time that
lord Lindefay of Spenzie had been killed by David
Lindefay of Edgehill, which was occafioned in the
following manner. This David earl of Craufurd,
who made the first fettlement with Robert lord
Lindefay, had, by his enormities and profligate
behaviour, fo much incurred the difpleafure of his
father, that he obliged him to live abroad as an
exile when Sir David Lindefay of Balgais entirely
gained the confidence of the old earl, and fo far
abufed the truft he had repofed in him, as to pre-
vail upon the earl, while he was depreffed with
the debility and infirmities of age, to difinherit his
fon, and fettle his whole eftate and dignity on
Lindefay of Edgehill; who was nephew to Sir
David of Balgais. Upon the death of the old
earl, the young man returned, and not only fet
this deed of fettlement afide; but was fo much
exafperated againſt his kinfman Sir David, that he
flew him the first time he had an opportunity of
meeting him. Upon this, David Lindefay of
Edgehill, nephew to the deceafed knight, with
fome deſperate young men of his acquaintance,
came to Edinburgh, where the earl of Craufurd
then
30
Book 1.
The LIFE of
then was, to be revenged on the earl for the death
of his uncle; when the lord Lindefay of Spenzie,
who was then likewife at Edinburgh, did all he
could to diffuade Edgehill from his rafh and wicked
purpoſe; appearing in the ftreet with the earl of
Craufurd on the next day, in hopes that, by his
authority, he could have prevented any miſchief;
becauſe he was then a perfon in years, and highly
eſteemed on account of his virtue, and many good
qualities. But Edgehill was fo intent upon his
purpoſe, that he attacked the earl of Craufurd as
foon as he faw him; though he was prevented by
the interpofition of the lord Spenzie; when Edge-
hill, finding himfelf difappointed of his defign upon
the earl, killed lord Spenzie; which obliged Edge-
hill to fly into foreign parts, where he wafted the
greateft part of that eftate, which the earl's father
had fettled upon him.
IN that deed whereby the earl of Craufurd
fettled his eſtate, in prejudice of his own fon, upon
Edgehill, he calls him his nearest heir male un-
forfeit; but if the Lindefays of Edgehill have no
other vouchers to prove their propinquity to the
family of Craufurd than that deed, their pretenfions.
are on a very fandy foundation: becaufe, although
the earl confidered the right of his fon, who had
incurred his diſpleaſure, to be forfeited, yet Edge-
hill could not be his neareſt heir male; for Alex-
ander lord Spenzie, who was afterwards killed by
Edgehill, was then alive, and was the earl's nephew;
that lord Spenzie was fucceeded by his fon of the
fame name, who raiſed a regiment in his own
country, and carried it to Germany, where he
entered with it into the fervice of thoſe princes
who where confederated with Guftavus Adolphus,
in defence of their civil rights and privileges, against
Ferdinand II. and his Popifh allies: and that lord
Alexander of Spenzie dying abroad, without heirs
male,
Chap. 2. JOHN Earl of CRAUFURD. 31
male, the family of Spenzie ended in him. Be-
fides, it is commonly faid in Angus, that the lateſt
cadets of the earl of Craufurd's family, were the
families of Edgehill or Edgel, Evelick, and Kinet-
tles; the first of which is extinct, but reprefented
by the earl of Balcarras, as heir male by direct
defcent: the family of Evelick are knights ba-
ronets: and the laft of the family of Kinettles was
doctor Thomas Lindefay, an eminent clergyman,
who died lord archbishop of Armagh, and primate
of all Ireland; which office he filled with great
dignity for many years.
во ок
CHAP. I.
11.
An account of his lordship's education, with feveral
remarkable incidents, to his first entrance into the
army, and to the time of his being elected one of
the fixteen peers for Scotland.
JOH
OHN earl of Craufurd, whofe life furniſhes
thefe memoirs, was the eldeft fon of John earl
of Craufurd, by a daughter of lord Down, being
born on the 4th day of October, 1702: but he loft
his mother in his infancy, who, befides his lord-
fhip, left another fon, and two daughters, by the
earl of Craufurd; as alfo three fons by the laird of
Strichan, her former hufband. His father, being
at that time captain of the fecond troop of horie
grenadier guards, and lieutenant general of queen
Anne's forces, was obliged generally to take up his
refidence in London: fo that the care of his chil-
dren
32
Book 2:
The LIFE of
dren was committed to an old governante at the
family feat, at Struthers in Fifefhire.
His lordship has frequently been heard to fay,
that he could remember, when he was a boy in
frocks, that, one day as the duke of Argyle and
duke of Hamilton were at dinner with his father,
they feemed to have a warm debate concerning
fome national affairs, and that he often heard a
repetition of the word Union. That, as he was
playing his boyiſh tricks about the room, the duke
of Argyle took him up in his arms, and fet him
ſtanding on the table among the bottles and glaffes;
faying, to his father, "Craufurd, if this boy lives,
"I wonder whether he will be of your fenti-
"ments?" to which the earl replied,
"he cer-
"tainly will, if he has a drop of my blood in his
"body" whereupon his grace kifled him, and
fet him down; faying, "I warrant he will make
"a brave fellow."
IN December 1713, his lordship loft his father:
but queen Anne, in confideration of his fervices,
and from her royal regard to an orphan family,
took care of their maintenance and education.
The dutchefs dowager of Argyle being then in
Scotland, where the led a retired life in the High-
lands, fent for the young earl of Craufurd, who
was then about nine years of age, together with
his brother and fifters, to live under her manage-
ment; as they were nearly related to her grace:
ſo that the young earl was brought up under the
care of the duchefs till he was of a proper age for
the univerſity.
THE young earl was educated by a private tutor
at home, till he was of a proper age for academical
knowledge; when the dutchefs of Argyle fent him
to the univerſity of Glafcow, where he made a
proper proficiency in his ftudies: but his inclina-
tion was entirely bent for hiftory. He was more
pleafed
Chap. 1. JOHN Earl of CRAUFURD. 33
+
pleaſed with one leffon in Quintus Curtius, than
with twenty lectures in philofophy; and he was
more eager to underſtand a ftratagem in the com-
mentaries of Cæfar, than to explain the abftrufeft
fubject of the beft logicians: he was in purfuit of
active knowledge, not of paffive pedantry: he faw
the glimmering of truth and nature, nor would he
fuffer his eye to be misled by the cloud of ignorance
and fophiftry.
WHILE his lordſhip was at the univerfity, he
gave ſeveral remarkable inftances of that fpirit and
bravery, which afterwards diftinguifhed him fo
eminently in every country of Europe. He was
remarked for being of a very active, bold, and
refolute difpofition; though his good-nature was
equally conspicuous: fo that, by generally proving
his fuperiority over his companions in all their
quarrels, he became the champion of the univer-
fity; his fellow collegians chufing him for their
captain in the difputes and encounters which fre-
quently happened between them and the inhabitants
of the city.
His lordship having acquired a fufficient fund
of academical knowledge, and being grown to an
age of virility, he began to defpife the fedentary
ſtate of a collegiate life, and to wifh for a ſcene of
activity: a military genius evidently began to dif-
play itſelf; glory was his aim; and his heart was
fo much inflamed with the love of martial exploits,
that his noble fpirit could no longer bear a confine-
ment in the bounds of claffic inactivity. In him
were concentred the honours of two illuftrious
families: many of his ancestors had eminently fig-
nalized their valour both in foreign and domeſtic
wars: his lordſhip feemed to be their proper repre-
ſentative: as he was born a foldier, he was deter-
mined to be one; therefore, his friends concluded
to cheriſh his natural difpofition, and for that
purpoſe
34
Book 2.
The LIFE of
purpoſe to ſend him to the academy at Paris, to
initiate him in the military fcience. Accordingly,
his lordſhip was removed from the univerfity to
Edinburgh; from thence he returned home to the
dutchess of Argyle, where he continued under the
tuition of a private preceptor till he was about
twenty years of age, when it was neceffary for
him to make his appearance in the military aca-
demy.
BUT as his lordship, to ufe his own expreffion,
was, at this time, wild as a goat on the highlands;
his friends thought proper to fend him up to Lon-
don, to make fome little continuance there, for
the improvement of his addrefs; where, on his
arrival, he was introduced to fome of his father's
friends, who gave him a kind reception. As he
was naturally of a very docile and tractable difpo-
fition, he foon rubbed off the ruft he had gathered
under the collegiate and his private education: he
became familiar with the faſhions of the age, was
polite in behaviour, elegant in dreſs, and ſo re-
markable for his many amiable qualities, that every
ray of the fine gentleman feemed concentred in his
lordſhip.
AFTER partaking a little of the pleaſures of
London, his lordſhip, in the year 1721, fet out
for Paris, where he was entered at the academy of
Vandeuil, and continued there two years; during
which time he made fuch a confiderable progreſs
in his exerciſes, as to be the admiration of his
fellow academicians, and to furpaſs thoſe who had
been there two or three years before him. Among
his cotemporaries at the academy were the duke de
Biron; the marquiffe de la Chetardie, de Chabri-
lant, de Pleffibellier, de Rofignac, de Canchie, de
Spioche, de Pufauge, de Fourbain, and de Mon-
taneigre; the counts Rutowski, de Gaubriant, de
Netemcourt, de Brillon, de Lavalle, St. Andres,
and
Chap. 1. JOHN Earl of CR AUFURD. 35
and ſeveral other noblemen of different nations;
moft of whom, as well as his lordſhip, where after-
wards honoured with confiderable military employ-
ments, in their refpective countries; and with
whom his lordship contracted the most intimate
friendſhip but his lordſhip made fuch a prodigious
proficiency in his leffons, of all kinds, that he had
few competitors; fo that, through all exerciſes,
he was generally eſteemed the moſt active, bold,
and expert academician of his time. For fkill in
horfemanſhip, dexterity in fencing, and elegance
in dancing, he was exceeded by none: therefore,
being a compleat academift, and an accomplished
young gentleman, his friends thought proper to
recal him to England for the advancement of his
fortune.
His lordſhip, having quitted the academy in
1723, refolved to partake a while of the pleaſures
which the city of Paris afforded; being, at that
time, more extraordinary on account of the fefti-
vities held for their young monarch, who had been
crowned at Rheims in the preceeding year, and
was now declared major by parliament, though he
was only in the thirteenth year of his age. His
majeſty had provided a grand entertainment for his
nobility, and the magiftracy of Paris, at Verfailles;
where the earl of Craufurd was one of the great
multitude of people that reforted to that palace,
when he diſtinguiſhed his courage by a fingular
accident. The ceremony and dinner being over at
court, it was ſo ordered that a fiſh-pond ſhould be
drawn in the gardens of Verfailles, for the amuſe-
ment of his majefty, where a great concourfe of
fpectators attended, together with the nobility in
their robes. On the approach of his majefty, near
the pond, the multitude preffed eagerly forwards
to gratify their view, for which the earl of Crau-
furd was equally anxious with the reft: but he
happened
36 The LIFE of
Book 2.
happened to ſtand by a courtier, who was a mar-
quis in his ceremonial robes; and who, apprehend-
ing his lordſhip ſtood fomewhat to his inconvenien-
cy, gave him a difrefpectful pufh, accompanied
with an infolent reprimand; which fo irritated the
young earl, that, confcious of his own quality, and
the indignity offered to him, he inftantly took up
the French marquis in his arms, and violently
threw him, robes and all, headlong into the pond,
in preſence of the king; which created a prodigi-
ous laughter among the fpectators, and particularly
to his majesty, who, on making enquiry into the
affair, was informed of the nature of the affront,
and that it was a young Britiſh nobleman who had
fo warmly fhewn his refentment; whereupon, no
farther notice was taken of the affair, either by his
majefty, or the poor marquis, whofe infolence
received fo feaſonable a damp.
His lordship, on his return to Paris, frequented
feveral public places of entertainment and diverfion,
where he was fo particularly diftinguifhed by the
French ladies, for his graceful attitude and deport-
ment in dancing, that one of them, of the greateſt
quality, became enamoured with the young earl;
whoſe intrigue with this lady was unfortunately
diſcovered, which had like to have involved hin in
a fcene of difficulty; but he had the addrefs to
avoid it, without any blemiſh to his own character,
or fubjecting the reputation of the lady to the cen-
fure of her acquaintance. After continuing a
fufficient time in Paris to have fatisfied himfelf
with the amuſements of that metropolis, his lord-
ſhip returned to England, where he was high'y
careffed by his friends, and moft of the nobility;
eſpecially thoſe of a military turn, who readily
diſcovered all the requifites for a foldier in the
young earl of Craufurd, and perceived that he
was one of the compleateft gentlemen of the age.
As
Chap. 1. JOHN Earl of CRAUFURD. 37
As his glory was to maintain his dignity, and
his title to be ennobled by the fword, his lordfhip
was eager of obtaining fome military employment,
and, on the twenty-fifth of December 1726, he
was honoured with the commiffion of captain of
one of the three additional troops in the royal
regiment of north Britiſh grey dragoons, then coin-
manded by general Sir James Campbell; of which
regiment his lordship had afterwards the honour to
be colonel. He was a particular favourite with
his general, who bore him almoft a paternal affec-
tion, that continued to the time of his death, which
happened at the battle of Fontenoy, where he com-
manded a divifion of twelve fquadrons, and wherein
he was fucceeded by the earl of Craufurd, who ac-
companied him in that command: his lordship
was alfo greatly regarded by the officers, and ex-
tremely beloved by the foldiers: an inftance whereof
was evident in the railing of thefe three new addi-
tional troops, which each captain was obliged to
do; wherein his lordship was fo fuccesful, that he
had not only his own company fpeedily completed,
but had provided a fufficient number of recruits to
complete the two other companies. But thefe three
additional companies being only defigned for a
temporary ufe, while it was expected the Spaniards
would commence hoftilities, against Great-Britain
for the re-acquifition of Gibraltar; and as the
differences between the two crowns were adjuſted,
or fo reputed to have been, by the treaty of Seville:
there feemed to be no farther neceflity for the e
additional troops, which, in 1730, were accord-
ingly reduced; whereupon the earl of Craufurd
retired to a feat belonging to the dutchefs dowager
of Argyle at Campbell-town, a poft and parlia-
ment town of Scotland, fituate on the east coast
of Cantire in the fhire of Argyle; where he con-
tinued, with her grace, about eighteen months;
C
during
38
Book 2.
The LIFE of
during which time, his ftudies were the mathe-
matics, hiftory, and military inventions; his ex-
ercifes being failing in a fmall Norway boat, and
hunting, wherein he took extraordinary delight,
following the hounds on foot over the mountains,
which were too dangerous and inacceffible for
horfes.
IN this retirement, his lordſhip confulted the
beſt ancient hiftorians, who wrote recommendato-
rily of military virtue: by the characters repre-
fented in their works, he endeavoured to form his
own actions: thereby to awaken his courage, and
fortify his patience; the two principal leffons for a
foldier. Of all the illuftrious men of antiquity,
which his lordfhip had generally in his eye, he
ſeems to have acted moft confiftently with the
character of Philopmen: but whether the fimila-
rity of their actions is owing to an imitation of the
Grecian by the Briton; whether it be chance that
wrought fuch a congruity in their actions; or
whether the parity of their fouls infpired them with
the fame paffions, and thefe paffions prompted them
to the fame actions, let men of a greater penetra
tion than myſelf determine, according to their
pleafure. Indeed, there was this difference between
them, in the early part of their lives; that Philo-
pæmen, though left an orphan, like the earl of
Craufurd, in his juvenile years, yet was educated
by Caffander, as Homer fays Achilles was by
Phænix, who in his infancy moulded him to great
and virtuous inclinations: whereas the young earl
of Craufurd was brought up under a woman; who,
though meritorious of every female praife, cannot
be imagined to have reared up the young lord in
the fame manner as the Megalopolitan was by Caf-
fander. Befides, Philopamen had his principal
tuition under Eudemus and Demophanes, who
were ſcholars in the academic philofophy, and,
جا
above
•
Chap. 1. JOHN Earl of CRAUFURD. 39
:
i
above all men of their time, were remarkable for
their application of learning to action and ſtate
affairs whereas the young earl of Craufurd was
educated in a very different manner. Though the
tutors of Philopamen had freed their country from
flavery; though they had affifted Aratus in driving
out the tyrant Niocles from Sycione; and though
they had fettled tranquility among the Cyreneans,
by inftituting falutary laws for their common-
wealth; yet, of all their actions, they held their
educating of Philopamen in the higheft eftimation;
thinking they had done a general good to Greece,
by training him to fo much worth. But there is
more honour due to the young earl of Craufurd,
who, without fuch affistance, acquired as great a
reputation. Philo amen was infatiably covetous
of honour; fo was the earl of Craufurd: the
Grecian was fo ftrongly addicted to war, that,
even from his childhood, he both Itudied and prac-
tifed things belonging to it, taking great delight
in managing of hortes and handing of weapons;
fo did our young Briton: Philopamen, it is true,
was more happy in his patrimonial inheritance;
but equally unhappy in the viciffitudes of war. He
felected fuch authors whofe admonitions made virtue
delectable: in Homer, he attended to whatever
gave an inſpiration to courage; but he principally
ftudied the commentaries of Evangelus for mar-
halling of armics: he received great fatisfaction
in perufing the hiftories of Alexander, ftill confi-
dering to reduce whatever he read into practice;
for he difregarded fpeculation, and was intently
bent to fee, and difcourle of, what the nature of
places, and their fituations would bear: fo that he
would be continually raifing his thoughts about the
difficulties of fteep or broken ground; what might
happen at rivers, ditches, or freights, in march-
ing cloſe or open; in this, or that, particular form
C 2
of
40
Book 2.
The LIFE of
of battle: the truth is, fays Plutarch, he was too
much addicted to war, which he paffionately loved,
as the means to exercife every virtue; utterly con-
temning thoſe who were not of a military difpofi-
tion, as drones, and ufelefs in the commonwealth:
all which may be justly faid of the earl of Craufurd.
Philopamen was reported to be a man, who, in
fighting valiantly with his hands, was not inferior
to the youngeſt; nor to the oldeft in conduct;
for he was reputed to have been one of the beſt
foldiers and commanders that came into the field;
and this may as truly be faid of the earl of Crau-
furd; who feemed to be the counterpart of Philo-
pæmen in many actions of his life, as well as in
his paffions. Philopamen was more fortunate and
fucceſsful in his firft attempts; but his death was
much more unfortunate, as he had not only the
mortification to fall a prifoner into the hands of the
Meffenians, but to be poifoned by the command
of his greatest enemy, the tyrant Dinocrates. They
were both equally fond of manly exercifes, as the
beft excitements to valour; of which they had a
precedent in Pelopidas; eſpecially in the love of
hunting, an exerciſe wherein the heroes of anti-
quity delighted, as they eſteemed it the perfect
image of war in every part, and particularly in the
diſcovery and knowledge of a country; without
which, all enterprizes, either of fport in hunting,
or earneſt in wars, were frivolous and ineffectual:
therefore Xenophon fays, that the expedition of
Cyrus againſt the king of Armenia, was nothing
but a repetition of fuch fports as he had been ac-
cuſtomed to in hunting.
VIRTUE, though in obfcurity, will diſcover
itfelf by its native luftre. His lordſhip was now
incapacitated from fhining in a public life; but his
noble nature would foon diftinguiſh itſelf, and, like
a beclouded fun, dart forth a ray of fplendour, till
it
1
Chap. 1. JOHN Earl of CRAUFURD. 41
:
•
、 it could blaze out in its full glory; which is evi-
dent from the following incident.
His lordship, in the month of October, 1731,
fet fail in an open boat, from Campbell-town for
the town of Aire, which lies on the oppofite fide
of the Frith of Clyde, where this æftuary is about
ten leagues over; being attended by three of his
fervants, with fix horfes, and a pack of hounds,
in order to be at the hunters' meeting at Aire.
They ſet out with a fair wefterly wind, though
pretty high, from Campbell-town harbour, and
were at fea all night; but the next morning they
were in fight of Aire; when the wind ftill blowing
hard, it prevented the fteerfman from properly
managing the helm, who, inftead of fteering the
boat betwixt the poles which direct the entrance
into the harbour, run her with fuch violence on a
fand bank, about a mile northwards of the harbour,
that ſhe was inftantly faſtened in the fands, from
whence the failors ineffectually endeavoured to dif
engage her, by towing her with the fmall-boat,
and exerting all their strength and fkill. After
perceiving how fruitless were all their attempts, the
failors, who were all in the fmall-boat, told his
lordſhip that all was in vain, and that they were
determined to fave their lives in the boat, defiring
him to come on board them; but adding, that
only his lordſhip ſhould be admitted in; which his
lordſhip refuſed, unlefs his attendants were allo to
accompany him. Upon this refufal, the failors
immediately cleared the fmall-boat, and made di-
rectly off for the fhore, leaving his lordſhip behind
with his attendants, who were expoſed to the moſt
imminent peril, as the tide came roughly running
in, and the boat made a great deal of water. In
this dangerous fituation, his lordfhip feemed to be
no ways intimidated, and only follicitous for the
fecurity of his attendants, who were all momenta-
C 3
rily
42
Book 2:
The LIFE of
rily expecting to be fwallowed up by the waves
but his lordship ordered them to get three of the
horfes out of the boat into the fea; which being
executed, he dire&ed each perfon to take hold of
a horſe by the halter, giving as much rope as would
permit the horfes to fwim, and keeping them off
as well as poffible; becauſe the poor animals con-
tinually endeavoured to return into the boat. In
this melancholly condition, his lordship encouraged
his attendants with the hopes of receiving affiſtance
from the port; faying, "pleafe God, we fhall ef-
"cape it one way or other; and fo it providenti-
ally happened: for the failors had landed with the
fmall beat, and fent off another vellel to convey
his lordſhip into the harbour; which he difcovered
as he came out, and gave his attendants joy on
their approaching falety. But when this veffel
was arrived about half way, the returned back to
the harbour; which gave his lordfhip an inexpreffi-
ble concern, as he imagined that he was unable
to keep out at fea by the violence of the wind and
waves, and that now his attendants and himfelf
must all perish without the leaft hopes of any far.
ther affiftance: though, even in this horrible fcene,
he conducted himself in fo noble a manner, as to
create in his attendants an admiration of his
courage: However, all their fears were foon diffi
pated, and their hopes of fafety once more return.
ed: for the failors, who had been dispatched to
their affiftance, had broke their oars, and were
obliged to put back for others; with which they
were immediately fupplied, and were now haftily
on their way to relieve his lordship; fo that, after
great difficulty and labour, they came up to the
veflel, and took him with his attendants on board,
when his lordſhip ordered the horſes to be let looſe,
and take their chance in the fea; while the failors
fafely conducted him into the harbour, to the
general
Chap. 1. JOHN Earl of CRAUF URD.
43
general joy of all the town, where great rejoicings
were made on the occafion; and on the Sunday
following public thankfgivings to the Almighty
were offered up in feveral churches for this happy
deliverance from fuch a tremendous danger. Not-
withſtanding the concern it is natural to conceive
a man mult entertain for himſelf and his friends,
while death, in a manner, feems to look them
ftedfallly in the face, and it may be expected that
every wave approaches like the executioner of his
power; yet fuch was the behaviour of the earl of
Craufurd, that the fame prefence of mind, which
he always fo nobly exerted at the most dangerous
crifis, was as evidently here as the battle of Rocoux,
where he faved his party from falling prifoners into
the hands of the French by one of the boldeſt ftra-
tagems that ever was put into execution: for the
reaſon that induced his lorofhip to heave the horſes
overboard, was to keep them fwimining by the
fide of the veffel; fo as to have ventured on their
backs, and endeavoured to gain the fhore by their
fwimming, if no boat could have come to their
affittance which was a very provident thought;
for the three horfes fafely ſwam to fhore, while the
veffel was ftaved all to pieces on the bank where
fhe first ftruck; though the other horfes, and all
the hounds, were fealonably got off by other boats
before ſhe was entirely deftroyed; and his lordship,
by his own contribution, and a collection he fet
on foot among the gentlemen at the hunters' meet-
ing, with equal generofity and humanity, gave the
Campbell town failors a fufficient fum to provide
them another veffel, in the room of that which
was fo unfortunately loft.
AND here it may be remarked, that this intre-
pidity fhewn by the earl of Craufurd, on fuch an
occalion, was no ways inferior to that fhewn by
Cæfar; while his difcretion was greater: for Cæfar,
impatient
C 4
44
Book 2.
The LIFE of
impatient of the delay of his foldiers at Brundufium,
now called Brindifi, fituated on the eaſtern ſhore
of Naples, at the bottom of the gulph of Venice;
and being then with a few legions in the neigh-
bourhood of Dyrrachium, on the oppofite conti-
nent of Epirus, where Pompey had aflembled his
whole army, he rafhly embarked himſelf in a ſmall
frigate of twelve oars, difguifed in the habit of a
flave, and put to fea, to haften the departure of his
legions; notwithſtanding all the coaſt ſwarmed
with the enemies fhipping: but meeting with a
contrary wind, which prevented him from getting
out of the river Anius, the mafter commanded the
mariners to return afhore: whereupon Cæfar dif-
covered himfelf, and encouraged him to proceed,
by telling him, he carried Cæfar, and his fer-
tunes." Therefore, the mafter forgetting all dan-
ger, flood out again to fea; but, by the violence
of the tempeft, and to the great grief of Clar,
they were obliged to return. This immoderate
fhew of courage might, in thefe latter ages, be
looked on as inculpable in fo great a man as Cæfar,
whofe name is fufficient to cover the greateſt in-
firmity of valorous heat, or enthufiaftic bravery:
but this action had like to have created a mutiny
in his army, as a thing that was a ftranger to dif
cretion, however greatly it manifefled courage;
which, in all probability, was the reafon why
Cæfar cmitted to give it any mention in his com-
mmentaries; though it has been obferved by Plu-
tarch, Valerius Maximus, Appian, Suetonius, and
Lucan; whofe authorities are not to be rejected.
This boldness in Cæfar, was only the product of
ambition and impatience; in the earl of Craufurd,
it was the effect of honour and humanity: the
voyage from Greece to Brundufium, acrófs the
mouth of the Adriatic, was full twenty leagues,
and the paffage as dangerous there as at the Frith
of
Chap. 1. JOHN Earl of CRAUFURD. 45
of Clyde; which Cæfar attempted with the hopes
of caufing the deftruction of thouſands of his fel-
low citizens; but the earl of Craufurd expoſed
himſelf to a danger he might have avoided, for
the prefervation of three of his domeftics. Perhaps,
it may be objected, that the character of Cæfar has
expanded itself to fo great a magnitude, as to fuffer
no compariſon between him and the earl of Crau-
furd: but the man who confiders the well doing
of one thing, as well as the illuftrious way of per-
forming another, muſt be of a different opinion :
the one, like a ſtone thrown into fhallow water,
will ſpread its circle to a wide extent; the other,
like the fame ftone thrown into the fea, makes but
a little appearance on the furface of the waves.
Here it is apparent, that the courage of the Briton
aroſe from a nobler fource than that of the Ro-
man; therefore, it was confequently the more ex-
cellent and whoever examines narrowly into the
actions of great commanders, fhall frequently find
them to be rivalled by their officers of lefs diftinc-
tion: thus many private actions of the earl of
Craufurd, are equal to many public ones obferved
in Cæfar. The man who led the brigade of horfe
guards at Dettingen, who conducted the retreat at
Fontenoy, and who protected the whole army at
Rocoux, obtained more glory in faving the lives
of his countrymen, than Cæfar did in defeating
Arioviftus, who had his two wives, and a daughter
murdered in the battle; or when he deftroved
60,000 of the Nervii, and almoft exterminated
the whole name and nation; or when he furprized
and deftroyed 430,000 Germans: for what were
the victories of the latter, but the fteps that exalted
the conqueror to the throne of tyranny?what
were the actions of the former, but the truly lauda-
ble paths of heroic virtue?
C 5
WHILE
46
Book 21
The LIFE of
WHILE the earl of Craufurd continued at
Campbell-town, another affair happened, which
gave him an opportunity of exerting his courage.
His lordship being intimately acquainted with the
captain of a floop of war, ftationed on the weſtern
coaft of Scotland for the prevention of fmuggling;
the captain invited his lordship aboard, to take a
little pleaſure in cruizing at fea. While they were
intent on fteering their courfe towards the coaſt of
Londonderry on the north part of Ireland, a fouth-
weft wind arofe, and blew fo hard, as to oblige
them to put in at the ifle of Bute, which lies.
beyond the isle of Arran, at the north end of the
Frith of Clyde. They landed near Rothfay, where
they were informed, by the inhabitants, that, a
few hours before, a pirate had been on the Bute
coaft, who had feized one of their boats loaded
with brandy, and failed with her towards the coaſt
of Ireland. Upon this intelligence, his lordship
and the captain agreed to return immediately on
board, and to go in purſuit of the fufpected pirate;
in which they were favoured by the falling of the
wind towards the clofe of the day: fo that they
got out to fea, and the next morning difcovered
the pretended pirate, which appeared to be a floop
of force, with the brandy boat at her ftern; who
refuſed to give any account of her felf: upon which
all the neceffary preparations were made on both
fides for an engagement; efpecially by the floop
where his lordship was abroad, who feemed highly.
pleaſed with the approaching fcene of action; ap-
pearing with the captain on deck, each of them
having a drawn fword in one hand, and a piftol in
the other; his lordship all the time encouraging
the failors, crying, "Courage, my brave lads! he
"is a coward, and we fhall do for him." The fuf-
pected pirate, obferved the vigilance for engaging on
board the floop, whofe captain was hailing him to
•
bring
Chap. 1. JOHN Earl of CRAUFURD. 47
bring to, and make himself known: whereupon
the captain of the fufpected pirate came on board
the floop, where he produced his commiffion; when
it appeared that his veffel was alfo one of his maje-
fty's floops of war ftationed on the Irish coaft, and
that the boat at his ftern was a fmuggler, which
he had taken on his cruize: as alſo that the captain
had no powder on board, which was the reaſon
why he made this fort of a fubmiffion in coming
on board the other floop: for he was returning
from Brady castle in the isle of Arran, where the
late duke of Hamilton was at that time, who,
with feveral gentlemen and ladies, had been enter-
tained by the captain on board the floop; on which
occafion he had expended all his powder, by firing
off his guns at the drinking of feveral loyal healths,
and in faluting his vifitors.
THIS naturally cccafions the reflection, that it
is incumbent on a foldier to exercife arms in times
of tranquility, as well as in thofe of war; which
may be done by two means; the one by action of
body, the other by contemplation of mind: the
former may be exercifed in hunting, hawking, fail-
ing, or other manly paftimes; thereby to be always
adapted for enduring labour and difficulty: the lat-
ter may be informed by ftudying hiftory, and the
confideration of actions performed by excellent
warriors; obferving the occafion of their victories,
and the cauſes of their defeats; thereby to learn how
to imitate the one and avoid the other: both of
which were diligently purfued by the earl of Crau-
furd, during his refidence at Campbell-town;
where, even in his retirement, he acquired a re-
putation worthy of his merit; drawing the atten-
tion of mankind upon the moſt inactive parts of
his life.
BUT, as the rays emitted from the fun, will
penetrate the thickest gloom; fo, as his lordſhip
C 6
1 as
48
Book zi
The LIFE of
was born for action, nothing could deprefs the
vivacity of his foul, which was not to be confined,
and was now to appear with additional luftre on
the theatre of the world. Accordingly, on the
gift of January, 1732, he was honoured with a
captain's commiffion. in the queen's own regiment
of dragoons, commanded by brigadier William
Kerr; and the fame year he was elected one of the
fixteen peers for Scotland, which was the moſt
honorary mark of esteem that his countrymen
could confer on the moft exalted worth.
AT this election, his lordship had an opportunity
of fignalizing both his courage and difcretion: for
a particular affair happened, which might have been
attended with dreadful confequences, had not his
lordship, according to his accuftomed humanity,
endeavoured to pacify it, and had the good fortune
to fucceed, as he generally did in every thing he
undertook. A journeyman baker, happening to
have a diſpute in the Cannongate, was fecured by
a party of foldiers belonging to that guard, and
there confined prifoner: but, the alarm being given,
feveral of his fellow tradesmen affembled in a tu-
multuous manner, who, according to cuftom, had
their numbers augmented by feveral journeymen
of other profeffions; fo that they made a confider-
able body; all of them being armed, fome with
cudgels, and others with ftones: in which manner
they came to the guard houſe, and demanded the
prifoner from the commanding officer; threatening
that, if he refufed to deliver him, they were deter-
mined to have him by force. The officer behaved
with a becoming prudence; reprefenting to them,
their unwarrantable way of procedure, and the
danger they muft incur by infulting the guard:
but, his remonstrances being ineffectual, the mob
more ftrenuously perfifted in their refolution of
having the prifoner releaſed, and began to offer.
violence :
Chap. 1. JOHN Earl of CRAUFURD. 49
violence: upon which the officer inftantly ordered
out his guard, and cleared the populace from the
guard-room towards the city gate: the drums beat-
ing, in the mean time; while the whole body of
foldiers were got under arms, with a major at their
head. When this tumult happened, the earl of
Craufurd was in company with feveral of the no-
bility, who were then very numerous at Edin-
burgh, on account of the election: but as foon as
he had intelligence of it, he immediately quitted
his company, took fome bye-ways to avoid the
mob, and ſpeedily arrived at the guard-room,
where he found all the foldiers under arms, with
the major at their head; and, after his lordship
had confulted a little time with the commanding
officer, the whole body of foldiers began to march
towards the city gate, where the mob had retired,
and formed themſelves into a numerous body. As
the foldiers were approaching with his lordſhip and
the major at their head, the mob began to throw
ftones among them, fome of which ftruck both his
lordſhip and the major, who were now advanced
near enough to be heard by the rioters, whom his
lordship addreffed with an audible voice, reprefent-
ing to them the bad confequences of their behavi-
our; defiring them to be pacified; and that they
might depend on his word, the prifoner fhould be
fet at liberty the next day. The mob attended to
what he faid, and, readily knowing him, cried
6 Huzza! it's the earl of Craufurd; he will cer-
tainly fee juftice done to us." Upon which the
throwing of ftones ceafed; when his lord hip coming
up cloſe to the ringleaders, and after exhorting
them to difperfe themſelves in peace, they ſo ſpeedi-
ly obeyed him, that in a fhort time there were
none of them to be feen together. Whereupon
the foldiers returned to their quarters; and the
next day the prifoner was difcharged. A memora-
ble
50
Book 2:
The LIFE of
ble inftance, that a prudent and well respected
man, can fooner ingratiate himſelf into the affec-
tions of a multitude, by his calmness and popu-
larity; than others by the fword, or any defperate
puniſhment: fo true it is, that, in time of fudden
mutiny, confpiracy, and offence of people, the
wifeft refolution is not to oppofe force to preſent
fury; but rather to give fpace for the bad to
amend, and the good to repent: for feditions pre-
vail on the fudden; but good council gathers force
by leifure. This may be illuftrated by feveral ex-
amples drawn from antiquity, particularly from
the life of Caius Marcius Coriolanus, when the
Plebeians of Rome, in a tumultuous manner,
quitted the city, on account of the extortions and
oppreffions of the public ufurers and patricians:
upon which, the chief magiftrates, in confulting
of what courſe was proper to be taken, were of
different opinions: fome thinking it moft advifable
to comply a little, and vield foinewhat in favour
of the populace; but Marcius was particularly
againſt this propofal; alledging, that he looked
upon this diforderly proceeding, as an effay and
rudiment of popular infolence, and their hardiness
to affront and defy the eftabliſhed laws; therefore,
that it would become the wildom of the govern-
ment to ſtop them in their first career, and ſtifle
thoſe unruly heats that were flaming into a com-
buſtion: but this was oppofed by Menenius Agrippa,
who, by a quite contrary proceeding, pacified and
reconciled the multitude; which gave the firft oc-
cafion to the rife of the Roman tribunes, as patrons
for the people, againſt confular power, and fena-
torial infolence.
His lordship, having taken his feat in parlia-
ment, began to be highly refpected; but all hist
thoughts naturally tended to the acquiring of a
military reputation: fo that, on the 18th of Feb.
17345
Chap. 1. JOHN Earl of CRAUFURD. 51
1734, he obtained the commiffion of captain lieu-
tenant in the regiment of foot guards, commanded
by general Willes; and, on the 1st of October
following, he was honoured with the command of
a company, with rank as a lieutenant-colonel, in
the regiment of foot guards, commanded by the
earl of Dunmore: therefore, being now inveſted
with domeſtic honours, his heart was all on blaze
to give them a greater luftre by fome additional
trophies to be acquired by the exertion of his mar-
tial genius abroad.
CHAP. II.
An account of the rife of the war between the em-
peror and France in 1733, to the campaign on the
Rhine in 1735, where the earl of CRAUFURD
ferved as a volunteer under prince EUGENE and
Count SECKEN DORF: the action at Clauſſen ;
and the end of the war.
FR
RANCE, brooding over her ſchemes of
univerfal monarchy, ever fince the reign of
Lewis XI. had been extending her territories, and
increaſing her power, fo as to become the common
enemy to the liberties of Europe: but, the houſe
of Auftria being her moſt formidable opponent,
fhe had taken every opportunity of fuppreffing the
dignity of that illuftrious family. Francis I. upon
the death of the emperor Maximilian, in the year
1519, even carried it fo far, as to exert his utmoft
endeavours to obtain the imperial dignity, in op-
pofition to the archduke Charles: Henry IV. Lewis
XIII. and his fucceffor Lewis XIV. all of them dili-
gently purfued the plan of Lewis XI. which was
equally attended to by the minifters of Lewis XV.
THE
52
Book 2:
The LIFE of
THE Court of Vienna always eſteemed the Bri-
tish nation as its natural ally against the arbitrary
views of France; upon which principle the houfe
of Auftria has been generally affifted by the court
of London but fir Robert Walpole, unhappily
for his country, advanced a quite oppofite fyftem
of politics; whereby the houſe of Auftria was fup-
poſed to enjoy a power too exorbitant, which was
to be checked by the unnatural confederacy between
Great Britain and France. The treaty of Hanover
was concluded for this purpofe, in the year 1725 ;
which was greatly aggravated by that of Seville, in
1729, whereby a prince of the houfe of Bourbon
was admitted to eſtabliſh a dominion in Italy, fo
injurious to the houfe of Auftria, and in the event
fo prejudicial to the intereft of Great Britain.
Cardinal Fleury was too politic for the Britiſh mi-
nifter; he had allured him with fpecious promifes,
amufed him with falfe hopes, and deceived him
with French faith: fo that fir Robert Walpole,
though much the honefter man of the two, was
become a dupe to the fagacious cardinal, who had-
led him into a labyrinth from whence he never
could extricate himſelf.
THE houſe of Auftria being thus neglected and
deſerted, by that friend in whom he had repofed
the greateſt confidence, what elſe could be expect-
ed but that ſhe muft immediately feel the refent-
ment of her avowed enemy? France has never been
very ceremonial in her quarrels, efpecially when
ſhe had an opportunity of rendering them fuccefs-
ful; which was the cafe, at this time, between
Lewis XV. and the emperor Charles VI. who, in
regard of all his conceffions to the houſe of Bour-
bon, was only able to procure a guaranty of the
pragmatic fanction, whereby the Auftrian fuc-
ceffion was to pafs entire to the female heirs, in
default of male iffue; though this was afterwards
Chap. 2. JOHN Earl of CRAUFURD. 53
as much difregarded by France, as if no fuch limi-
tation had ever happened.
THE throne of Poland becoming vacant on the
demife of John Sobieſki, in 1696; Frederic Au-
guftus, elector of Saxony; the prince of Conti;
and prince James, the eldeft fon of the late king;
became competitors for that crown, which was
conferred upon the elector; notwithstanding one.
of his opponents was affifted by France, and the
other by the Czar of Ruffia: but the elector was
obliged to renounce the proteftant religion, to ob-
tain little more than the fhadow of royalty, of
which he was afterwards deprived for a confidera-
ble time, through the intereft of Charles the young
Swedish monarch, whofe territories he had attacked
during his minority, and who, in return, had in-
vaded Saxony, entered Poland, defeated Auguftus
in two battles, got him expelled from the crown,
on a charge that he had not obferved the Pacta
Conventa, and had procured an election in favour
of Stanislaus Leczinsky, the young Palatine of
Pofnania, who afcended the throne; notwithstand-
ing the diet, on the death of Sobiefki, had agreed,
that they who propofed the election of a native to
the throne, should be looked upon as enemies to
their country. Auguftus, in endeavouring to ob-
tain a foreign crown, was to have been deprived
of his hereditary dominions, if he had not conclud-
ed the treaty of Alt-Ranfladt with his implacable
enemy Charles of Sweden, who would be content
with nothing less than a renunciation of the Polish
crown, in favour of Staniſlaus, whom Auguftus
was obliged to acknowledge the reigning monarch,
while he only retained the title of king: though,
as a memorable inftance of the viciffitudes of regal
fortune, Staniſlaus afterwards met with the fame
fate. The battle of Pultowa, in 1708, ruined the
king of Sweden, and encouraged Auguftus to at-
tempt
i
]
!
54
Book 2.
The LIFE of
tempt the regaining a throne, which the neceffity
of the times had compelled him to renounce: ac•
cordingly, he entered Poland, expelled Stanislaus,
got his election to be declared void, and re-aſcend-
ed the throne, of which he kept poffeffion till the
year 1733, when he died. Stanislaus had retired
into France, the ufual afylum of unfortunate
princes; where, in 1725, he had the fatisfaction.
of feeing his only daughter, Mary Leczinfki, mar-
ried to Lewis XV. who, on the demife of Augufius,
ordered the marquis de Monti, his minifter in Po-
land, to form a party for the restoration of Staniſlaus
to the throne; in oppofition to the young ele&or
of Saxony, who was fupported by Ruffia. The
confequence of this was a double election, as had
happened before between Auguftus and the prince
of Conti: fo that the French were now difappoint-
ed, as they were then; for, the young elector being
aflifted by a Ruffian army, Stanflaus was compelled
to take fhelter in Dan zic, which, af er fuftaining
a violent liege, was obliged to fubmit; while Stani-
flaus, with great difficulty, efcaped, and returned
into France, leaving Auguftus III. in poffeffion of
the kingdom, which, by the preliminaries at Vienna,
in 1735, between France and the emperor, was
abfolutely ceded to the fuccefsful Saxon; the fa-
ther-in law of the French monarch being allow ed
only the nominal dignity of a king, with the
duchies of Lorrain and Bar for his fupport.
THE emperor of Germany, by encouraging
the young elector of Saxony in his attempt for the
crown, furniſhed a favourable pretext for the
French monarch to invade the Auftrian domini-
ons; who entered into a league with the kings of
Spain and Sardinia, and, in October 1733, the
emperor was attacked, both in Italy and upon the
Rhine, by the confederate forces, under a pretence
that his imperial majefty had formed an alliance
with
Chap. 2. JOHN Earl of CRAUFURD. 55
with Mufcovy for excluding Stanislaus; though
the emperor offered no affiftance to the Ruffians in
the forcible meaſures they were refolved to take,
nor had he ſent one man into Poland for that pur-
poſe.
IN this fcene of calamity which furrounded the
emperor, the Dutch contented themſelves with
obtaining a neutrality for the Netherlands; while
the Britiſh miniftry refuſed to engage in it: which
is not very furpriting; for the Dutch were too
intent upon their commercial intereft to run into
the expences of a war; a piece of economy they
have always very politically, though at the fame
time very infamoufly, obferved, with regard to
their own private intereſt: but the court of Lon-
don was more culpable; becauſe the Dutch denied
the emperor any affittance from the first, and
Great-Britain even promifed the contrary to the
laft: fo that it is true, the Dutch only kept their
word with ignominy; but Great-Britain abſolute-
ly broke her national faith, at the fame time that
fhe broke her word. The reafon is evident; the
Dutch wanted to accumulate money by trade;
the British minifter wanted to fupply the deficiency
of the exchequer by taxes: the fame views an-
fwered the ends of both nations; therefore a time
of tranquility was to them a time of feftivity; it
was the means of eſtabliſhing the intereft of the
one, and the ſecurity of the other.
His imperial majefty loft Fort Kehl and Philip-
fburgh on the Rhine: but the greateſt fatality to the
Auftrian intereft happened in Italy, where the con-
federates reduced the Milanefe, Naples, and Sicily.
The British miniftry could not be exculpated for
this pacific indolence in neglecting their old ally,
whom, by the guaranty of the pragmatic fanction,
they were obliged to affift: indeed, they feemed
only to aim at momentary expedients, calculated
for
56
Book 2.
The LIFE of
for a day, or a particular purpofe; fuch as ap-
peafing the clamours of their fellow fubjects for a
ſeaſon, or gaining power, or fome favourite point
in parliament, where thefe matters where difcuff-
ed, and where the earl of Craufurd had an oppor-
tunity of underftanding the weakneſs of thofe mi-
nifterial meaſures; as alfo to perceive the neceffity
there always is for Great-Britain to intereft her-
felf in the wars of the continent, rather than tame-
ly to fit by, and fhamefully behold the houſe of
Auftria debilitated, and trampled upon, by France,
or any other rapacious invader. His lordſhip con-
fidered the breach of our fiducial engagements:
national honour appeared to him a jewel that fhould
be kept unſullied: he reflected on the juftice of his
imperial majeſty's caufe; he found him a prey to
infolent oppreffors; and, as prince Eugene was
then commander of the imperial forces, he took
the sefolution of repairing to fo illuftrious a hero,
of fighting under his banner, and of improving his
military genius by the example of fo glorious a lea-
der.
THE emperor was apprehenfive that France was
endeavouring to irritate the Ottoman Perte to feize
this opportunity, and attack the Auſtrian domini.
ons on the confines of Turky: it is very probable
fuch a thing was intended; but it was prevented
by the intereft of the British and Dutch minifters
at Conftantinople. However, his imperial majesty
acquainted the minifters of the maritime powers,
that the aims of France were levelled at the entire
deftruction of the houſe of Auftria; which was a
defign wholly inconfiftent with the balance of
power in Europe, and the foleinn engagements of
feveral powers: France left no stone unturned to
obtain her ends: the practifed equally with the
Pope, the Turk, the Czarina, and feveral pro-
teftant princes; her art being fo fubtil, that her
proteftations
Chap. 2. JOHN Earl of CRAUFURD. 57
proteftations of moderation and friendſhip were not
unregarded in England and in Holland, while the
total ruin of the equilibrium of power was her ap-
parent intention, and the fatal confequences even
to thoſe very flates, not unknown, or undreaded.
In which circumftances his imperial majefty un-
dertook the campaign of 1735, where the earl of
Craufurd acted as a volunteer.
His lordship, having obtained the royal per-
miffion, fet out for Germany, accompanied with
four fervants, and feven horfes; which fet fail from
Gravelend towards the latter end of May, with a
defign for Oftend: but, meeting with ftormy wea-
ther, and contrary winds, his lordſhip was obliged
to land at Dunkirk, atter a paffage of fix days, in
attempting to reach the intended port. His lord-
ſhip gave private orders to have every thing in
readineſs to ſet out early the next morning for
Newport, the firft imperial fortrefs in the Nether-
lands: becauſe his lordship was of opinion, that if
the French governor fhould get intelligence of his
intention to join the imperial army, he would cauſe
the horfes to be arreſted, and prevented from pro-
ceeding any further. This precaution gave his
lordſhip an opportunity of fafely conducting his
retinue to Newport, where he continued four days
to-refreſh his horfes: he then departed for Bruffels;
and from thence he took poft-horſes for the im-
perial army commanded by prince Eugene, which
confifted of fixty thousand men, then encamped at
Brufchal, near Heidelburg on the Rhine. As his
lordſhip was one of the fixteen peers of Scotland,
and bore the rank of a lieutenant colonel, he was
received by prince Eugene with the higheft marks
of diſtinction and regard; who, in this young no-
bleman, could difcover all the great qualities of a
truly martial foul; as fuch he carreffed him; ho-
nouring him with his friendſhip, and improving his
genius
58
Book 2.
The LIFE of
genius with thoſe inftructions which a long and
glorious ſeries of military experience had fo well
enabled this illuftrious prince to inftil into fo docile
and tractable a pupil. Indeed, there was a ftrong
fimilarity between the fortunes of prince Eugene
and the earl of Craufurd: his highness loft his fa-
ther when he was but ten years of age; he was
educated under a woman, in his infancy; he had
received a penſion from Lewis XIV. as the earl had
from queen Anne; mary virtue was his exalted
aim; he profeffed him elf a foldier of fortune; his
fword had been his principal dependance; and he
entered early into the imperial fervice, where he
fignilized himfe f against the Turks: befi es, they
had both devo ed themfelves to the exercife of arms
in their youth; they had confirmed her ftrength
of body, as well as improved their difpofition of
mind; though the earl of Craufurd was the more
ftrong and vigorous of the two; having a conftitu-.
tion properly adapted for the toils of war: prince
Eugene was furpaffed by none of his cotemporaries
in the arts of ricing and fencing; and the earl of
Craufurd was equalled by lew. No wonder then,
that fouls of fo congenial a itamp, fhould fo eagerly
contract a friendth p unknown to thofe of meaner
views; for great minds, like eagles, Ay only to
the loftiell rocks; or, ruſhing to each other, blend
together like incorporating rays of light. The
brave feek alliance of the brave; while abject
wretches dare hardly make acquaintance with
themſelves. True greatnes, has the leaft formali.
ty; for ceremony has no affinity to friendship:
therefore, the eail of Craufurd was immediately
admitted as the bofom friend of this excellent com-
mander; who had him continually at his table,
and made the fame prediction of the young earl,
as Lewis XIV. had done of the duke of Marlbo-
rough.
MARSHAL
Chap. 2. JOHN Earl of CRAUFURD. 59
MARSHAL Coigni, who commanded the
French army, acted on the defenfive; befides,
negociations for peace were carrying on at Vienna:
whereby the earl of Craufurd had little opportunity
of fignalizing his courage; though he had the beſt
inftructions for the fecurity and economy of a
camp: but, as fire muft neceffarily afcend, the
activity of the young earl could not be reftrained;
and he was foon gratified with a ſcene of buſineſs.
The Czarina, after the reduction of Dantzic, and
the flight of Stan flaus, had little employment for
her troops in Poland: fo hat the granted the em-
peror a reinforcement of thirty thoufand Ruffians,
who were now on their march to join the imperial
forces on the Rhine; which occafioned prince
Eugene to detach the prince of Hohenzollern, with
three regiments of cuiraffiers, and one of dragoons,
to meet the Ruffians, and conduct them to the
imperial army, though the Bavarian territories,
where the elector had formed an encampment, and
was fufpected to have intentions of intercepting the
march of thefe auxiliaries. As there was no ap-
pearance of any thing to be undertaken by the
main army, and a probability of fome contentions
in Bavaria, the earl of Craufurd obtained per-
miffion from prince Eugene to accompany prince
Hohenzollern upon this command, who was like-
wife attended by the generals de Chaveray, St.
Ignon, and Khevenhuller. They pafled through
the Bavarian dominions without any moleftation,
and arrived at Pillen in Bohemia, where the Ruffian
troops were aflembled under the command of veldt-
marthal Lafcy, affifted by the generals Keith and
Biron, who paffed their forces in review before
the Imperialifts, and afterwards unmolettedly, con-
tinued their rout towards the Rhine, where they
were joined by prince Eugene. The earl of Crau-
furd was extremely delighted with the Ruffian dif-
cipline,
6.0
Book 2.
The LIFE of
cipline, and he was highly carreffed by all their
general officers, particularly by the veldt-marſhal
and general Keith; the former being an Iriſhman,
and the latter a Scotchman: fo that his lordship,
by the intimacy he had contracted with thefe officers,
began to wish for a ſcene of action in Ruffia, where
he afterwards went, and where his name was very
familiar before he made his appearance in that re-
mote country.
THE imperial forces, on this augmentation by
the Ruffian auxiliaries, had a great fuperiority over
the French, who had the fame in Italy, and there-
fore acted very cautiously in Germany which
occafioned prince Eugene to detach general Seck-
endorf, with 30,000 men, to attempt the paffage
of the Mofelle, and the deliverance of the elector-
ate of Treves, from a body of French who were
affembled there; while the prince oblerved marſhal
de Coigni. Prince Ferdinand, and prince Wal-
deck, were the two principal commanders under
general Seckendork; the former commanding the
cavalry, and the latter the infantry: with thefe
two young princes the earl of Craufurd was very
intimate, and he was alfo the particular favourite
of general Diemar, who likewife accompanied
general Seckendorf, in this command; which de-
termined the earl of Craufurd to attend the ex-
pedition; and after taking leave of prince Eugene,
who parted with him in a very affectionate man-
ner, his lordship proceeded to join the forces under
general Seckendorf, in which he was accompanied
by his particular friend the young count Naffau de
Auverquerque, fon of count Maurice marfhal of
the Dutch forces; as alfo by the lord viſcount
Primrose, Mr. Stanhope, and captain Dalrymple,
all Britiſh volunteers.
IT was generally fuppofed, that count Secken.
dorf intended to penetrate into the Netherlands;
which
Chap. 2. JOHN Earl of CRAUFURD. 67
which cauſed a great confternation at the Hague,
s well as in the French army: becaufe, the former
were apprehenſive that a war in the Low-countries
would cauſe a ſtagnation of trade there; and the
atter were afraid that the Imperialiſts would bring
:he fcene of action, into the bowels of France.
Count Seckendorf, on the 10th of October, arrived
at Bern - Caffel, about four marches from Triers,
without any oppofition from the French, part of
whofe army followed him, taking fatiguing marches,
under the command of count Belleifle. On the
11th, the Imperial general croffed the Mofelle,
upon three bridges; leaving a garrifon in Tiaerbach,
10 cover his retreat; and feveral motions happen-
ed between both armies till the 17th, when ſome
Imperial buffars were fent out to reconnoitre; both
armies being then fituated in the neighbourhood
of Clauffen, about eight miles from Bern-Caffel.
This detachment fet out in the afternoon, accompa-
nied by the earl of Craufurd, count Naffau, lord
Primrofe, and fome other volunteers; who un-
Fortunately dropt upon a poſt where the enemy had
:reble their number, and began immediately to
Are upon the huffars. His lordſhip behaved with
furprifing intrepidity upon this occafion: it was the
irft engagement he had feen; and, though the balls
came whiſtling about him, he was no ways appre-
menfive of danger, till he faw the huffars haftily re-
:reating, and his poor gallant friend, count Naffau,
expiring on the ground; on which, his lordship
was obliged to retire among the rest. In this
unhappy affair lord Primroſe was wounded in the
cheek, by a mufket ball, as he ftood clofe by the
earl of Craufurd; which broke the jaw bone, and
came out a little under the eye; but lord Primroſe
recovered. It was far otherwife with count Naffau,
who had not been apprized by the earl of Craufurd
of his intention to go upon this party to reconnoitre;
D
fo
62
Book 2.
The LIFE of
fo that finding his lordship gone, he immediately
followed him, and came full galloping into the
field, like a generous courfer ftraining at the goal
of glory; where he was unhappily fhot by a muſket
ball in the forehead, at a few yards diftance from
the earl of Craufurd; which occafioned him to
fall from his horfe, when he pitched upon his head,
where he lay upon the ploughed land with his
tongue out, motionleſs, and infenfible: in this
condition, he muſt have foon expired, if he had
not been ſeaſonably affifted by the earl of Craufurd's
principal domeftic, who turned him upon his back,
called for affiſtance, and brought him off; which
the French never attempted to prevent, though
they were not above fixty yards diftant.
THE Count was fet on horfeback, before his
groom, in which manner he was conducted off the
field when he came a little to himſelf, with a
broken voice, he aſked for his hat, and was carried
to a little cottage that lay between both armies,
where his wound was dreffed, and, the fame even-
ing, the ball extracted. This was a very fenfible
mortification to the earl of Craufurd: one of his
dearest companions, of a parentage equally illuftri-
ous as his own, bleft with the fame advantages
of youth, happy in the fame amiable accompliſh-
ments, and animated with the fame love of glory,
lay bleeding to death before his eyes; a death from
which he himself had providentially efcaped. The
fpectacle was terrible, the reflection was melan-
cholly but how nobly did the unfortunate count
behave to the earl of Craufurd, when he vifited
him the next morning, and ſaid, "my dear count,
"how unhappy am I by this misfortune! but how
"do you find yourfelf?" to which he replied,
juſt as a man that has a ball in his head." The
fame afternoon happened the action at Clauffen,
and the cottage where count Naflau lay, was fitu-
ated
Chap. 2. JOHN Earl of CRAUFURD. 63
ated on a little eminence which overlooked the
field of action; fo that, hearing the engagement,
he ordered his valet de chambre to obferve what
paſt through the windows, and give him a par-
ticular account of it; though his wound was fo
painful as to occafion his death on the following
day. Was not this a moft noble and exemplary
inftance of a truly heroic foul? He was defcended
of an illuſtrious race of warriors; had he lived, he
would certainly have acquired a reputation equal
to any of his anceſtors; but, as he was fo untimely
taken away, it fhews us that the fairest flower
hangs upon a flender ftem. Though it alfo ferves
to verify the remark of an eminent man,
is many brave foldiers have perished in the first
"conflict, who might have been Alexanders had
they furvived."
" that
THE action of Clauffen was occafioned by the
Imperialists having taken poffeffion of an abbey of
that name, which marſhal Coigni was defirous of
retaking; having fent his fon, with general Nangis,
and 4000 grenadiers, for this purpofe. The French
attacked the left wing of the Imperialifts, com-
manded by prince Waldeck, who was accompanied
by his friend the earl of Craufurd; but, as they
were galloping about on the reconnoitre, his lord-
fhip obſerved a little wood to the left, which might
give an opportunity to the enemy to fall in the
flank of the limperialifts: his lordship gave imme-
diate intelligence of this difcovery to the prince,
who gave directions for a regiment of foot to oc-
cupy that ground, and committed the execution
of this order to the care of the earl of Craufurd,
defiring him to conduct the regiment to its destined
poft; which his lordship expeditiously performed,
and returned to the prince, whom he clofely at-
tended during the whole action; which was pretty
hot, but of ſhort continuance, and productive of
D 2
10
64
Book zi
The LIFE of
no other material circumftance than obliging the
French to repafs the Mofelle, and retire to Pfaltz,
a little fortified town of which they had taken pof-
feffion, and from which the Imperialifts. were de-
termined to expel them. Accordingly, it was
agreed to form the town by night; for which
purpoſe a proper number of men was felected,
among whom was count Rutowfki, his lordship's
fellow academician at Paris, who commanded a
body of Saxon auxiliaries, and was happy in being
accompanied by his lordſhip in this attack; as they
had now an opportunity of reducing into practice
what they had formerly learnt in theory: but they
were disappointed; for the French thought proper
to abandon the town, and retire under the cannon
of Triers; where all military operations were fuf-
pended by thofe of the cabinet, and a ceflation of
arms was foon followed by the preliminaries of
peace.
•
His imperial majefty being ftript of moft of his
Italian dominions, and France having been defeat-
ed in all her views for the re-establishment of
Staniſlaus on the throne of Poland, occafioned both
parties to entertain pacific opinions; to which the
emperor was the more inclinable, as he found him-
felf unfupported by the maritime powers, and be-
caufe he had been long defirous of marrying his
eldest daughter to the duke of Lorrain, thereby to
fettle the fucceffion of his hereditary eftates: Spain
was not averſe to peace, though not without obtain-
ing her end: but the king of Sardinia, being not fully
fatisfied in his pretenfions, was not eafily brought
to a tranquil difpofition: however, France took
care to be the moſt confiderable gainer. Accord-
ingly, the preliminary articles were figned on the
3d of October, 1735, at Vienna, between prince
Eugene, and the fieur de Beaume; the former hav-
ing refigned his command to the duke of Wirtem-
bergi
Chap. 2. JOHN Earl of CRAUFURD. 65
berg; and the latter having been fent by cardinal
de Fleury, for this purpoſe: whereby the duke of
Lorrain relinquished the duchies of Lorrain and Bar
to king Stanislaus, and after his death to the crown
of France, in exchange for the eventual fucceffion
of the grand dutchy of Tufcany: Auguftus was
acknowledged king of Poland, and left in peaceable
poffeffion of that kingdom: Don Carlos became
king of Naples and Sicily: France guarantied the
pragmatic fanction: the emperor had every thing
restored that had been taken from him upon the
Rhine; the Milanefe, the Mantuan, the Parmefan,
and the Placentine, being alfo confirmed to him in
Italy, except the Novarefe and Tortonefe, which
were ceded to the king of Sardinia. The execution
of the preliminaries terminated the war; but the
general treaty of peace was deferred, even between
France and the Emperor, till the 18th of November
1738; though Spain and Sardinia did not accede to
it till the year 1739; nor would they have then ſo
readily done it, if Spain had not been plunged into
a war with Great Britain; and if his Sardinian
majeſty had not found the neceffity of adhering to
the houſe of Auſtria againſt the Bourbon family,
which began to be too formidable in Italy.
WAR produces the moft furprifing, as well as
the moſt miſchievous effects; and how can we be
aſtoniſhed at the revolutions among the ftates of
antiquity, when we take the above-mentioned trea-
ties into confideration? Treaties whereby more
than magical operations were performed, more than
miracles produced. John Gafton, the last of the
male line of the houfe of Medicis, having no heir,
his dominions were transferred to another prince,
without his concurrence: while, by the whimſical
reverſes of fortune, the houſe of Lorrain was tranf-
planted from a dutchy, which had remained en-
tirely in that family for near 700 years, to one that
D 3
had
65
The LIFE of
Book 2.
na
The poor
had been almoft as long in another.
Lorrainers were obliged to take up with a fovereign
who had been expelled from another country; while
the Sicilians and Neapolitans were compelled to
renounce their fidelity to their lawful monarch, and
receive his enemy in his room. France guarantied
the pragmatic fanction, with no other intention
than to break it; and the king of Spain formally
renounced all pretenfions to the dutchies of Parma
and Placentia, only to take the more favourable op-
portunity of poffeffing them: While Great Britain,
to crown the whole folemnity of the farce, conducted
Don Carlos to his new dominions with a magnificent
fleet; which, had it been properly employed, fhould
have preventd this unnatural and impolitick intro-
duction of a Bourbon prince into fuch a noble feat
of the Auftrian patrimony: For as Great Britain
and the States-General had guarantied the prag-
matick fanction, and thereby engaged to delend
the indivifibility of the Auftrian inheritance, they
certainly ought to have entered into the war as
auxiliaries to the emperor, and to have protected
his territories, as the best means of fupporting an
equilibrium of power among the European ftates:
for though it may be compatible with the views of
an arbitrary monarch, grafping at univerfal demi-
nion, to break through the moſt ſolemn engage-
ments; and, however derogatory to real honour,
to renounce the moſt facred obligations, in purluit
of his intereft, and the gratification of his ambition;
yet it is far otherwife with commercial nations,
whofe glory is founded in fidelity, and whofe repu-
tation is maintained by probity: which fentiments
were afterwards adopted in Great Britain, when a
far better, and a wiler minifter, took up the reins
of the British government, that, through fuch
unpardonable negligence, were taken out of thoſe
hands which had been fo unjustly fet to the treat es
of Hanover and Seville.
THE
Chap. 2. JOHN Earl of CRAUFURD. 67
THE ceſſation of arms, in the year 1735, oc-
cafioned the earl of Craufurd to quit the imperial
army, and think of returning to England, where
his equipage was immediately fent, which now
confifted of a more numerous train, as his lordſhip
had purchafed feveral beautiful horfes in Germany.
But his lordship made a tour to Luxembourg,
Namur, and other fortreffes in the Netherlands,
which he narrowly infpected, and drew fome cu-
rious plans of the principal fortifications; as this
indeed was his continual practice at all the gairi-
fons wherever he entered. Having indulged his
curiofity, he waited on the prince of Orange at
his court, where he was received with peculiar
marks of diſtinction; after which he returned to
England, and continued for fome time in a flate
of inactivity; his greateſt amufement being in re-
vifing his journal of the campaign, making obſer-
vations of what he had feen, and in embellifhing
the plans of the marches and encampments of which
he had been a ſpectator.
*******
CHA P. III.
The earl of CRAUFURD further characterized.
The rife of the war between the Ruffians and the
Turks, in 1736, wherein the Imperialists were
auxiliaries to the former: the fate of thofe em-
pires, with a short account of the campaigns in
Tartary and Hungary in the years 1736 and 1737.
T
HE earl of Craufurd, on his return to
England, met with a moft gracious recepti-
on from his royal mafter; who, as he had been
carly initiated in the toils of war, had a great vene-
ration for the character of a foldier, and, without
D 4
doubt,
68
Book 2.
The LIFE of
doubt, was highly pleafed at the martial difpofition.
of this young nobleman, who had been hunting in
the fields of glo.y, while others were rioting in the
lap of luxury. He was now looked upon as one of
the most accompliſhed gentlemen of the age: he
was not tall, but graceful; ftrong and active; a
fine fhooter, a maßerly fencer, an expert rider,
and an elegant dancer. His activity was feen in
every thing he performed, and his ftrength was
evident from the following circumftance. While
his lordship was at Edinburgh, he was one day
paffing by a blackſmith's fhop, who was farrier to
his lordship, and was of fuch a prodigious lufty
fize, as to be reputed the ſtrongeſt man in that part
of Scotland, where perhaps more ftrength is to be
found collected in a fingle perfon, than in any
other part of the world: the blackſmith was at
work with a large heavy hammer, which attracted
the curiofity of his lordship, who went into the
fhop, took the hammer out of the blackſmith's
hands, and, after poifing it for fome time, told
him it was very heavy; yes, my lord, fays the
blackfmith, I fancy it is too heavy for your
"lordship to handle;" who, without replying,
lifted it up in one hand, held it out at arm's length,
and afterwards fwang it feveral times round his
head; then, fmiling at the blacksmith, "come,
"fays he, let me fee how much better you can do
<< this." The blackfmith flood aftonifhed, and
replied," indeed, my lord, I was never fo much
ſurpriſed before; for your lordship has fhewn
more ftrength than ever I was mafter of in my
"life." This is only mentioned to fhew that his
Jordſhip was properly formed for a foldier by
ftrength, whofe ftature, it is true, ought to be ob-
ferved. For though Marius held the longeſt bodies
in greateft eftimation; and notwithstanding Pyrrhus
gave the preference to large and well proportioned.
men:
Chap. 3. JOHN Earl of CRAUFURD. 69
men: yet Vegetius, in his choice, thinks ftrength
more commendable than ftature; and the late duke
of Marlborough efteemed Cadogan's regiment of
drageons, which was compofed entirely of middle-
fized men, as the flower of his army.
H13 dexterity in fhooting was afterwards con-
fpicuous in Germany, when he won the prize at
Baden. As he was a moft excellent horſemen, fo
his love for horfes was exceeding great; but he
was particularly fond of a fine Spaniſh horfe, which
was afterwards fhot under him at the battle of
Krotzka. Indeed, horfemanfhip is abfolutely ne-
ceffary for a foldier; and though infantry is more
ferviceable than cavalry in an engagement; yet,
as a commanding officer generally appears on horfe-
back, it is requifite he fhould thoroughly under-
ſtand the exercife of riding: becaufe, as Carneades
was uſed to ſay, the children of princes learnt
"nothing but to manage their horfes; for, in all
"other exercifes, every man yielded, and gave
"them the victory: but a horſe, who is neither
<< a flatterer, nor a courtier, will as foon throw
"the child of a king, as the fon of a pealant.”
As to fencing, it was his delight; becauſe it
continually furniſhed him with military ideas: but
he never exercifed his fword in a real private en-
gagement; for he thought duelling the most exe-
crable custom that ever was introduced among
fociety. He had as much perfonal bravery as any
man, and he was fond of fhewing it in a glorious
manner; that is, in the plain open fhock of battle;
where he fought for honour, and where he declined
no manner of danger.
WITH regard to dancing, though Domitian
excluded feveral members from the Roman fenate
for having used this diverſion, it has been generally
efteemed by all nations; particularly by the Cretans
and Spartans, who introduced it in their military
exerciles,
D 5
70
Book 2.
The LIFE of
exercifes, and even went dancing to attack their
enemy; much in the fame manner as is now uſed
by the Iroquois and other nations of America, who
always make their war dance a declaration of hoſti-
lities. Caftor and Pollux, two celebrated heroes,
are reputed to have firft taught the art of dancing
among the Lacedæmonians: and Neoptolemus,
fon of Achilles, taught the Cretans a new fort of
dance, called Pyrricha, or the armed dance, to be
uſed in going to war: which makes it evident that
dancing is agreeable to the rough character of a
foldier, abftracted from that of the polite gentle-
man: the earl of Craufurd was not more remark-
able for his elegance in dancing than in his noble.
way of performing the Highland dance, habited in
that dress, and flourishing a naked broad fword to
the evolutions of the body; which is fomewhat
fimilar to the Pyrrhic kind: he was fo celebrated
for his performance, that he was requested to dance
before his Britannic majeſty; which he did at a
numerous court, to the great fatisfaction of the
king and company: he alfo performed it, at the
request of general Linden, before a grand affembly
of illuftrious perfons, at Comorra in Hungary,
where he was habited in the drefs of that country,
which became the dance extremely well; when
his lordship gave them infinite pleafure; though
the Hungarian foldiers retain the Pyrrhical dance,
with naked fwords in their hands, brandishing
them, and puting themſelves into many terrible
poſtures; advancing, retreating, turning and wind-
ing about with great activity, and finging all the
while to their own meaſures. But this was the
Jaft time he was ever capable of performing it;
being a little before the battle of Kiotzka.
His lordship was fenfible that all military know-
ledge is to be acquired by experience in the field,
not by fpeculation in the clofet. Marius, envying
the
Chap. 3. JOHN Earl of CRAUFURD. 71
the nobility of Rome, told them, that after they
were e ected to the confular dignity, and placed
at the helm of government, they began to learn
when they ſhould practice what they had learnt;
fhewing their infufficiency of knowledge by unfea-
fonably uſing what was most neceffary when pro-
perly applied. This commander acquired all his
know.edge by experience, and he was defirous of
feeing his fellow-citizens imitate his example;
which was a commendable leſſon: for, fince all
motion and action proceed from the foul, and
cannot well be produced, until the idea thereof is
first imprinted in the mind, according to which
pattern the outward being, or ſenſible reſemblance,
is duly faſhioned; how is it poffible that any action
can be well expreffed, when the mind is not di-
rected by knowledge to difpofe it in that manner,
as is moſt confiftent to the occurrents of fuch na-
tures, as are neceffarily intereſted both in the means
and in the end? therefore, fpeculative knowledge
is inferior to practice: for young men ſhould make
their preparations, and old men enjoy them: which
occafioned Philopamen, when he heard Ptolomey
extolled for daily hardening his body to the exerciſe
of arms, to ſay, "It is not a commendable mat-
"ter in a king of his age to exercife arms in fuch
་་ a manner, when he ſhould really and fubftanti-
"ally employ them :" practice gives boldnefs and
affurance in action, making men expert in every
thing they undertake: for no man can depend upon
fuch certainty through the theory of knowledge,
as he that has feen his learning verified by practice.
Befides, there are feveral other accompliſhments
to be obtained only by practice, which grace the
prefence of knowledge, and give credit to theory:
fuch as learning the utility and advantage of any
particular kind of arms: by frequent familiarity
with dangers, and accidents of terror, to learn to
Ꭰ 6
fear
72
Book 2.
The LIFE of
fear nothing but difhonour; to make no difference
between heat and cold, fummer and winter; to
fleep on the rough rock as on a ſmooth bed; to
hear thirst, and endure hunger; to undergo toil,
and fuffer penury; with many other difficulties
which cuftom renders eafy, and are not attainable
but by practice. For it may be obſerved, that the
human understanding hath no intuitive faculty to
difcern perfection, but gradually works out ex-
actitude; making every morrow the fcholar of
yeſterday, as reafon diſcovers means of diſcourſe
from caufes to effects, or from effects to caufes.
THESE Confiderations, with which his lordship
was well acquainted, added to his natural impati
ence for action. Cæfar only followed fame for
ambition and power: other great commanders
have imitated him but the earl of Craufurd had
his military genius conducted by the nobleſt views
to learn how to fight in the fervice of his country,
and to be prepared with a fund of military know-
ledge to oppoſe the deftructive fchemes formed by
the enemies of Great-Britain for her ruin and fub-
verfion, together with that of religion and liberty:
nor was he long detained from continuing his pur
fuit in the paths of glory.
PLATO, Ariftotle, and Polybius, have taxed
the Spartan legiflator with having adapted his laws
with a view more to make men valiant, than to
make them juft: but true bravery is the affociate
of true honesty. Lycurgus would not allow every
man that pleaſed, to go abroad, and to travel into
diftant countrics; left they fhould bring in foreign
manners and cuſtoms along with them, or follow
the faſhions of fuch as had been fpoiled by educa-
tion, and affect different models of government.
His reafon was founded on a neceffary policy;
which would hold good, at this time, in moft of
the European countries: for, in the year 1735,
the
Chap. 3. JOHN Earl of CR AUFURD. 73
the ſtates of Bohemia repreſented to the emperor,
that the practice of the Bohemian nobility and
gentry travelling into France, was become an
intolerable abufe; becauſe they not only took
away the money of their country, to fquander away
in uſeleſs expences; but that most of them reaped
no other fruit of their travels, than a vain attach-
ment to fopperies and frivolous novelties. The
ſame remonftrance might be made in most other
countries; but the earl of Craufurd travelled only
for improvement; he returned with none but
laudable cuſtoms; and happy will it be for this
nation, when a greater number of our young no-
bility hall learn, from the example fet by the earl
of Craufurd, how to prove themfelves worthy of
their dignity, and how to add honour to their
kingdom by defending the liberties of others.
Own
NOTWITHSTANDING France had fo recently
contracted a peace with the emperor of Germany,
ſhe was ſtill defirous of puniſhing both the empire
and Ruffia for their oppofition against Stanislaus in
Poland, while fhe was still in purfuit of the fa
vourite maxim adopted by cardinal Richlieu, in
perpetually disturbing the houfe of Auftria.
The
Ottoman miniftry refufed to invade the Auftrian
dominions, while they were ravaged by France and
her confederates in Italy: but while France was
holding out the olive in one hand for the ratifica-
tion of peace, with the other fhe liberally opened
her purfe at Conftantinople for the renewal of
war; to which the Turks was now readily dif
pofed; fo that the Auftrian eagle was only to efcape
from one enemy, to be difplumed by another.
THE Turks, in 1715, broke their truce with
the Venetians, and penetrated into the Morea, in
hopes of conquering that country, and of obtaining
fomething for what they had given up by the peace
of Carlowitz, which was concluded, under the
mediation
74
Bock z.
The LIFE of
mediation of the
, in 169;
feral
The veneans what
whereby the Tur
place; Eutha having
they had conquered in the Morea ans Dalmatia ;
the emperor was eftablifhed to Hungary; and
Kaminieck was given up to P land. The em-
peror affifted the Ven trans, whereby the Turks
drew the war into Hungary; but a peace was
concluded at Paffarowitz, in 1718; fince which
time they had remained quiet on the fide of Europe.
But they were engaged in a long war againſt
Perfia, which was not terminated until the month
of September 1736, when the treaty of Conftan-
tinople was figned, which gave the Turks liberty.
of acting on the fide of Europe, where they were
attacked by Ruffia, and were threatened by the
emperor of Germany. But as this occafioned that
war wherein the earl of Craufurd greatly fignalized
himself; and as the fame military contentions
may foon happen again in that part of the world;
when, very probably, fome noble British volun-
teers may purfue the example fet by his lordship,
it may be neceffary, for their inftruction, to give
fome reprefentation of the ftate of thefe potent
empires, as they flood at the beginning of the war.
THE Turks, who are of Scythian or Tartarian
original, were very imperfectly known till the
eighth century, when they made an irruption into
Georgia, and plundered that country. At this
time, they were pagans; but, having feated them-
felves in Armenia Major, and conquered Perfia,
they embraced the Mahommedan law; and under
the conduct of their emperor Ottoman, who was
defcended of the Ogyzian family, they laid the
foundation of that mighty nation in the thirteenth
century, which, from this prince, has ever fince
been filed the Ottoman empire, from whom the
prefent reigning family is defcended. Thefe fuc-
ceffors
Chap. 3. JOHN Earl of CRAUFURD. 75
ceffors of Mahomet improved the principles of his
fect by new orders and inventions, caft wholly
for conqueft and extent of empire, they framed a
kingdom, which fubdued both the Grecian and
Arabian empires, rooting itſelf in all thofe vaft
territories as it continues to this day, with the
addition of feveral other provinces to their domi-
nion, but yet many more to the Mahommetan
belief. Amurath, in 1358, conducted his forces
into Europe in 1453, Mahomet II. took Con-
ftantinople by ftorm, which put an end to the
Grecian empire under Conftantine Paleologus;
and, in 1461, he reduced the city of Trebifonde,
whereby that empire was alfo ruined under David
Comnenus. Egypt was invaded by Selim, who,
in 1516, fubverted the power of the Mamalukes,
by defeating the fultan Campfon Gauri, and
annexing his dominions to the Turkish empire :
by which means this empire is become fo confider-
able, that it contains the ancient Chaldæa, now
Eyraca Arabic; Mefopotamia, now Diarbec; part
of Affyria, now Curdiftan; part of Armenia
Major, now Turcomania; with part of Georgia,
and Mengrelia; it alfo comprehends part of Ara-
bia, Syria, Paleftine, and Natolia, or Afia Minor:
all which are properly called Afiatic Turky. It
has alfo Egypt, in Africa; and Turky in Europe
confifts of the Morea, Albania, Epirus, Achaia,
Theffaly, Macedonia, the ifles of the Archipelago
and the Levant, Romania, Bulgaria, Servia, Bof-
nia, Ragufa, Walachia, Moldavia, Beffarabia,
Budziac, and Oczakow-Tartary; to which may
be added Tartaria Minor, and Crim-Tartary,
their cham being only a fort of vice-roy to the
grand feignior. In fuch an extent of country
there are many millions of inhabitants: but all the
lands in the empire being originally in the crown,
theſe were parcelled out by the feveral emperors,
as
76
Book 2.
The LIFE of
as they acquired the poffeffion of them, among the
foldiery, under certain tenures, according to the
practice of other princes in moft parts of the world;
obliging all their feudatories to keep, and bring
into the field, when required, a certain number of
men and horſes, proportionable to the lands affigned
them; which feudatories are called Timars, or
Timariots. Thus the Ottoman princes, by in-
vefting the power of the ftate into the hands of
their dependants, fecured their authority, and were
always provided with a body of troops, in all
emergencies, without any expence: fo that the
dominion of the Turkish emperors being founded
in force, they are reftrained by no laws or com-
pacts; their power is unlimited, they eſteem the
people as well as the country to be their property',
and the life and fortune of every man is at their
arbitrary difpofal.
THE chief principles whereon this fierce go-
vernment was founded, and exalted to fuch a
height, were originally thofe of Mahomet; being
to fpread religion by the fword; which, by their
fenfual paradife and predeftination, were great in-
centives of courage and enterprize. This was
confirmed, by a belief infufed of divine defignation
of the Ottoman line, to reign among them, for
extent of their territories, and propagation of their
faith. But the principal was, the inftitution of
that famous order of the Janizaries by the emperor
Orcin in 1326; being one of the greateft ftrains
of true and deep policy that ever was attempted in
any conftitution: for this confifted in the arbitrary
choice of fuch chriftian children, throughout their
dominions, as were moft proper for military hard-
fhips. To thefe Amurath in 1383, added the
inftitution of the Spahees, which are the flower of
the Turkiſh cavalry, as the Janizaries are of the
infantry. Theſe are the chief fupporters of the
.. Ottoman
Chap. 3. JOHN Earl of CRAUFURD. 77
Ottoman empire; theſe were the men who defeat-
ed Sigifmond, emperor of Germany, at the battle
of Nicopolis, 1396, though he thought himself fo
fure of victory, that he was heard to fay, if the
fky fell, the lances of his cavalry were fufficient to
hold it up. However, by the introduction of na-
tive Turks into the body of Janizaries, and by
retrenching the power of that corps, the Ottoman
ardour ſeems to be depreffed; like a ftrong light;
gradually diminifhing away. Their bravery feems
to have changed with their fituation; for though
they inhabit that foil which has produced ſo many
warriors among the ancient Grecians, they have
none of their fpirit; and by their indolence in the
warmer region of Afia, they have loft that bravery
which incited them to forfake the inclement fkỳ
of Scythia. Their empire, which appeared like a
blazing comet, has been rather diminiſhing, than
increafing, for more than a century paft: indeed,
it was grown to border upon the Perfian empire to
the eaft, upon the Ruffians to the north, upon the
Ethiopians to the fouth, and upon Germany to
the weft: but it was become like an overgrown
body, full of diftempers, enfeebled with its own
bulk, and fick at the heart, which has frequently
burst into a fever by the fedition of the Janizaries.
No civil government can fubfift where the military
power is fuperior; a popular general, and fome-
times a private foldier, by declaring againſt ſome
pretended grievance, will be capable of working
his brethren up to a mutiny, and of overturning
the firmelt conftitution: an inſtance of the for-
mer is evident both in Cæfar and Kouli- Kan; and
an inftance of the latter was feen at Conftantinople
in 1730, when one defpicable fellow caufed the
depofition of the fultan Achmet III. whofe empire,
like that of the Romans, may, probably, be de-
ftroyed by the very means it was eſtabliſhed, a
flanding army.
RUSSIA,
78
Book 2:
The LIFE of
RUSSIA, or Mufcovy, was but faintly under-
ſtood till within this laft century: it extends fo
far, as to have for its boundaries the frozen ocean
towards the north; Chinefian-Tartary towards
the eaft; the Calmucs, the Cafpian fea, Cuban-
Tartary, Georgia, the Palus-Mæotis, and the
leffer Tartary towards the fouth; and Poland, the
Baltic fea, and Bothnic-Gulph towards the eaſt:
it will be found to run through 85 degrees of
longitude, and, confequently, is by much the
largeſt tract of country on our continent, ſubject
to one monarch. The Greek church is eſtabliſhed
in Ruffia; but, to this day, a great part of the
inhabitants remain in a ftate of paganiſm: how-
ever, as this empire was fpreading to maturity,
Peter Alexowitz, juftly furnamed the great, ap-
peared like their rifing fun; difpelling their gloom
of ignorance, and animating them with the force
of his own genius. This excellent monarch was
the first man in his empire who became fenfible of
the internal force of his country, and he was the
first prince who exerted it in a proper manner.
At his aſcenſion to the imperial throne, he found
himſelf the fovereign of an extenfive country, and
of a numerous people; but the manners of the
one were as much uncultivated as the foil of the
other his predeceffors had been tributaries to the
Crim-Tartars; the Turks efteemed Ruffia as their
dependant; the Swedes held its power in contempt;
and even Poland thought herſelf a match for the
Mufcovites. But what cannot a great genius ac-
complish? The czar Peter ftudied to rule over
men, not to tyrannize over favages: he quitted
his throne, vifited the politer countries of Europe,
learnt their manners, and returned to Ruffia full
with the idea of eftabliſhing that mighty empire
which he fo happily founded. He civil zed his
ſubjects, and made them fit for fociety; while he
inftructed
Chap. 3. JOHN Earl of CRAUFURD. 79
inftructed them how to preferve its bleffings by a
knowledge of military difcipline. By taking Afoph,
he had made the Turks fenfible of his power: by
the treaty of Neuſtadt, he fufficiently humbled the
pride of Sweden, and fettled himself on the Baltic,
where he built the magnificent city of Petersburgh:
and, by defeating Charles XII. he became the
protector of Poland, when he was unable to pro-
tect her own fovereign.
He made his fubjects
acquainted with maritime affairs; he coafted the
Calpian fea; and he made the Perfians tremble at
his name. At the fiege of Narva, he fhewed his
foldiers how to form a regular intrenchment, and
to uſe their artillery: he brought them to a ſtrict
obſervance of military obedience, by his own ex-
ample; fo that his defeats before Narva, at the
paffage of the Duna, and at Mohiloff, only con-
tributed to the accompliſhment of his own defires,
in making his foldiers acquainted with the art of
war, which they fo thoroughly learnt from the
Swedes, as to be at laft capable of defeating thoſe
noble veterans, at the battle of Pultowa; a victory
that, while it deprived his rival of a crown, gave
to himſelf the titles of father of his country, and
emperor of all the Ruffias. By the example of
their prince, the Mufcovites, from naked bar-
barians, became civilized men; they threw by
their clubs and arrows for fwords and muſkets:
their Streletzes became as formidable as the Turkiſh
Janizaries; and the Ruffian empire was capable of
contending with that of the Ottoman.
THE Turks having granted an aſylum to the
unfortunate king of Sweden, were prevailed upon,
in 1711, to attack the czar, under a pretence that
he had violated the territories of the Porte in pur-
fuing the Swedes who had escaped from Pultowa.
The grand vizier, Mahomet Baltagi, began his
march towards the Ukrain, at the head of 200.000
men:
80
Book 2
The LIFE of
men: but, as the czar was only at the head of
20,000 men, the Turks furrounded him at the
river Pruth, where they deprived him of provi-
fions, and compelled him to fign a treaty of peace,
whereby it was ftipulated, that Afoph fhould be
delivered to the Turks; that the other forts on the
Palus mæotis fhould be demolished; and that the
czar fhould pay the Tartars their ancient fubfidy
of 40,000 Sequins annually. Upon which footing,
things continued between the two empires till the
year 1736, except that the czar never paid the
tribute to the Tartars, which it never was expected
he would have done; becauſe it was a conceffion
obtained by force, and agreed to only for the fe-
curity of his army, which was then in the moſt
terrible fituation: for how could it be imagined
that the prince, who had thrown off this fhameful
tribute himſelf, fhould renew it with greater
ignominy?
As the Turks were dwindling, the Ruffians were
increafing in their military reputation. Though
Peter the great was fucceeded only by a woman,
fhe gloriouſly purfued that plan which he had con-
certed for the aggrandizement of his empire: this
princels had a minor for her fucceffor; and, on
his demife, the imperial fceptre came again into.
female hands, where it was honourably fupported.
Mahomet V. fon of Muftaph. 1. was advanced
to the Ottoman throne on the depofition of Achmet
III. in 1730; who entered into a war with Thamas
Kouli-Kan, in which the Perfians were almoſt
continually victorious: the Turks loft Topal
Olman, their grand vizier, and the best com
mander they had ever feen fince the time of Ma-
homet Kiuperli, who conquered Candia from the
Venetians in 1660, after the lofs of 108,000 Turks,
and 80,000 Chriftians: from which time, the
Turks began to degenerate in their valour; and,
their
Chap. 3. JOHN Earl of CRAUFURD. 81
their new emperor Mahomet being of a pacific
diſpoſition, a peace, very difhonourable to Turky,
was concluded with the Perfians in September
1735. While the Ottoman forces were deftitute
of able commanders, and lofing their difcipline;
the Ruffians were inſtructed by the beſt generals of
Europe, and daily improving in martial exerciſes:
prince Menzikoff had kept up the diſcipline of the
czar, and count Munich brought it to perfection :
fo that the Ruffians were now a formidable enemy
for the Turks; the czarina was of a braver difpo-
fition than the grand feignior; and, as he had
received injuries from the Porte, fhe was deter-
mined to fhew her refentment: but, as this was
the ground of a bloody war, not generally under-
flood, it is likewife neceflary to trace the differences
between the two empires.
AFTER the treaty of Pruth, the Ottoman
court admitted a refident from Ruffia, and looked
upon her in the fame light with other powers;
which was a mark of refpect the Turks had never
before fhewn to the Mufcovites: however, they
permitted, or rather encouraged, the Crim-Tar-
tars to make incurfions into the Ruffian provinces
for feveral years together, where they plundered
the country, and led fome thouſands of families
into flavery, which were the property of the
captors, who gave their cham, or han of Tartary,
a tax of ten flaves out of every hundred taken in
thefe excurfions. The Don Coffacs and Calmucs
frequently felt the rage of thefe invaders, conducted
by Delli Soltan, fon to the chan of Crimea, who
flaughtered infinite numbers of people, not fparing
even infants in the cradle; and feveral of thoſe
who were taken prifoners were carried to Con-
ftantinople, where they were demanded by the
Ruffian refident: but, inftead of a fatisfactory
anfwer, he was given to underftand, that all he
had
82
Book 2.
The
LIFE of
had to do was to ranfome the captives, at the rate
of 100 lewkows a head. The Dagheftan-Tartars,
having withdrawn their allegiance from Ruffia,
and put themſelves under the protection of the
Ottomans; this occafioned the Czarina to re-
m nftrate against fuch a procedure at the Porte:
but her refident, as well as the minifters of Great-
Britain, Holland, and the Roman emperor, re-
ceived no other anſwer than fuch as the Ottoman
Porte is accuſtomed to give, when fhe is difpofed
to a rupture; namely, " that the grand vizier
"would not hear any more of that affair, fince
"fuch was the pleaſure and intention of the ſultan
❝ his maſter."
THESE were fufficient incentives to bring the
force of Ruffia against the Ottoman empire: ac-
cordingly, in June 1736, count Munich, at the
head of an army, confifting of 80,000 men, pe-
netrated through little Tartary, and attacked the
lines of Precop, fituated at the entrance of the
ifthmus which unites little Tartary to the peninfula
of Crim-Tartary, extending five miles, from the
Palus-mæotis to the Euxine. The Ruffian general
took theſe lines in fo expeditious a manner, that
the Turkiſh aga, who was made prifoner, being
prefent at a review of the Ruffian troops, faid,
"I don't ſee their wings, without which I cannot
"imagine how they could mount fo fteep a ram-
"part:" to fuch a great proficiency were the
Ruffians arrived in their military exercifes. Count
Munich ravaged the Crimea, while veldt-marfhal
Lafcy reduced Afoph: which loffes fo prodigiouſly
alarmed the Turks, that war was declared at
Conftantinople, and the grand vizier fent with
100,000 men to oppoſe the Ruffians, who had
taken Baccaſerai, the refidence of the cham, and
laid this capital of the Crimea entirely in aſhes.
As
Chap. 3. JOHN Earl of CRAUFURD. 83
As the Turks are generally much inclined to
fuperftition, this was fufficiently raiſed at Con-
ſtantinople on the 14th of September, when, about
two in the afternoon, the ſky over the city
was covered with a thick cloud, and as dark as at
midnight: a bright ftar appeared in the midſt of
the cloud, of the colour of blood, and took the
form of a long train; which remained about thirty-
five minutes in the fame fituation; about four the
darknels difperfed, and left a ftinking fog which
remained til midnight. This phoenomenon in-
creaſed their fears; they began to tremble at the
Ruffian name; fo that the grand vizier received
inftructions to encamp under the cannon of Bender,
and by no means to hazard a battle, if, without
one, he could prevent the Ruffians from making
incurfions into the Turkish territories; which
occafioned the Turks to attempt nothing againſt
the Ruffians during the whole campaign: but,
however fuperftitious the Turks were at this time,
they were not more ridiculous than the French,
who were alſo alarmed with the appearance of a
comet at Paris, in February 1737; the populace
of France are kept in as much ignorance by the
tenets of popery, as the Turks are by the fanaticiſm
of Mahomet; the prieſt and the derviſe are equally
too powerful for fenfe and reaſon; and while the
ignorant Muffulmen thought the comet in their
hemifphere portentous of an unfuccefsful war, fome
of the biggotted French took their phoenomenon
as a prefage of the fall and difgrace of monfieur
Chauvelin, fecretary of foreign affairs, and keeper
of the feals.
By the treaties fubfifting between the two im-
perial crowns, the emperor of Germany was ob-
liged to affift the czarina by joining in the war
against the Muffulmen. However, the court of
Vienna first offered its mediation at Conftantinople;
from
34
The LIFE of
Book 2.
from whence the grand feignior fent a letter to the
emperor of Germany, in which his highneſs defired
the emperor to explain himſelf on certain points;
who returned an anfwer to this effect: that his
imperial majeſty wiſhed for a peace, but that, if
his offered mediation had not the defired fuccefs,
and the war ſhould rekindle, he could not diſpenſe
with himſelf from furniſhing her czalian majefty
with thoſe fuccours to which their reciprocal en-
gagements obliged him. Therefore, as the grand
feignior refuſed to conſent that the Ruffians fhould
keep Afoph, and the czarina to give up that con-
queft, the court of Vienna made the neceffary
preparations for affifting the Ruffians; for which
purpoſe, count Seckendorf was ordered to ſet out
for Hungary, to open the campaign early in the
fpring: but this military alacrity was afterwards
damped by a pacific torpidity; when the emperor
made a feparate peace, and left Ruffia to terminate
her own differences with the common enemy.
WAR having been declared againſt the Turks
at Vienna, the Imperialifts took the field early in
the ſpring of 1737, with an intention to befiege
Widin, or Nifla, in Servia; while the Ruffians
were preparing to attack Oczakow, the capital of
Budziac Tartary: but the Venetians, who were
expected to have acted on the fide of Dalmatia,
thought proper to continue in that ſtate of inac-
tivity, which from a glorious republic has reduced
them to a contemptible people. As count Secken-
dorf was a proteftant, the duke of Lorrain had the
nominal command of the imperial army, which
reduced Niffa, and inveſted Widin; while another.
body, under general Wallis, penetrated into Wal-
lachia and Moravia: but the Turks defeated 6000
men, under baron Raunach, on the fide of Croatia ;
as alſo another body of 14,000 men, commanded
by the prince of Saxe Hilburghaufen, who was
befiegin
Chap. 3. JOHN Earl of CRAUFURD. 85
beficging Bagnialuck in Bofnia, when he was at-
tacked by 30,000 Turks: they afterwards retook
Niffa, covered Widin, and became fuperior to the
Imperialiſts; who attacked the whole line of the
Ottoman frontiers, from Croatia to Beſſarabia,
which was the only province between count Wallis
and the Ruffian army commanded by count Munich;
who took Oczakow after a continual ftorm of four
days, wherein the garrifon, confifting of 20,000
Janizaries, were all killed, or taken prifoners:
while count Lafcy paſt another body over the gulph
of Nigropoli, and ravaged the Crimea, where the
Tartars had repaired the lines of Precop.
THE Ottoman miniftry attended to the pro-
pofals of an accommodation only with an intention
to gain time for collecting their forces: but this
vigorous opening of the campaign difpofed the
Turks to think of peace with fome fincerity.
For, in a divan affembled on this occafion, among
other reaſons urged by fome members, their oracle,
the mufti, gave his opinion, "that fince a war
"against the infidels could not be profecuted with
66 any fuccefs, it was lawful to make peace with
"them." A reſolution was taken accordingly;
overtures were made for a congrefs; theſe were
accepted; and Niemirow, on the confines of
Poland, was the place appointed, where the pleni-
potentiaries of the three empires had feveral con-
fultations. The Czarina demanded the formal
ceffion of Afoph and Oczakow, with other terri-
tories; and the Roman emperor infifted on the uti
poffidetis, as the bafis of their negociation, and to
be reimburſed their expences: but thefe propofitions
were rejected by the Turkish plenipotentiaries,
who broke off the conferences; which made the
Turks more vigorous for war.
THE taking of Oczakow by the Ruffian army
had exasperated the inhabitants of Conftantinople
E
to
86
Book 2.
The LIFE of
to fuch a degree as to caufe an infurrection in that
city: fo that the government, in order to appeale
the tumult, threw the blame upon the grand vizier
Mehemmed, which occafioned his difgrace. It.
has been always the policy of the Ottoman princes
to facrifice their minifters to the rage of the multi-
tude; which, in fo turbulent a country, is a ne-
ceffary policy, if the prince is regardful of his own
fecurity; for, in 1512, Selim was obliged to
dethrone and poifon his father Bajazet, to quell a
fedition; and, in 1602, the fultan Mahomet III.
ftrangled his eldeſt ſon on a ſuſpicion of a confpi-
racy: in 1617, the Janizaries dethroned Muſtapba:
and, in 1622, affaffinated his fucceffor Ofman, on
a fufpicion that he intended to difband their corps,
and raiſe an Arabian militia in their ftead: Ibrahim
was depofed in 1648; as alfo was his fucceffor
Mahomet IV. in 1687; the former being ftrangled,
and the latter clofely confined till is death :
Muftapha II. was depofed in 1703; and his fuc-
ceffor Achmet III. was alfo deprived of the im-
perial dignity in 1730, when the prefent emperor
afcended the throne: fo dangerous a fituation is
that of the Ottoman princes! it is like treading on
the point of a pyramid, where one falfe movement
of the body cauſes its immediate deftruction: they
are bright and high, like the nocturnal exhalations
in the air, commonly called dropping ftars, which
fhoot fuddenly into nothing. However, the fultans
orders are moft punctually executed; for if the
emperor demands the head of any of his fubjects,
fuch is their refignation to his pleaſure, that, inftead
of refifting his moft arbitrary will, they comfort
themſelves with an opinion of its being a fort of
martyrdom, and that it is a more certain way to
paradife than by a natural death. This was evident
during the campaign of 1737, while the Turkiſh
army was encamped near Ifachia, where the grand
feignior
Chap. 3. JOHN Earl of CRAUFURD. 87
feignior had fent his maſter of the horfe with orders
for the depofition of the grand vizier, and to bring
him the head of the Kiahia, or chief fteward,
which was fubmitted to, by the former with great
obedience, and by the latter with amazing forti-
tude. As the grand vizier has the whole admini-
ftration of the empire committed to his care, a
genius feldom arifes among the Turks capable of
properly filling that important ftation; which
affords the poffeffor only a falary of about 5000!.
a year; though the perquifites of his office furnish
him with immenfe fums, having perpetually pre-
fents from all thoſe who enjoy, or expect, places
under the government; which accumulation of
wealth generally caufes their deftruction; and,
indeed, fo very precarious is the enjoyment of this
dignity, that it was looked upon as miraculous
when the two Kiuperlies, father and fon, enjoyed
it without fuffering any disgrace; which was
principally owing to their great fagacity in the
cabinet, and their fucceffes in the field.
THE Kaimachan fucceeded the grand vizier
Mehemmed, who had the confolation of feeing his
enemies under the fame misfortunes: for the court
of Vienna was equally diffatisfied with the conduct
of count Seckendorf, entirely laying to his charge.
the ill fuccefs of the campaign in Hungary; where-
upon he was recalled from his command, but
acquitted of the charge of negligence, which had
been exhibited against him by the court of Ruffia :
though general Doxat was beheaded at B.lgrade,
for furrendering Nifa; which was an act of cruel-
ty, becauſe he gallantly defended the place, and
furrendered only at the laft extremity.
THE lofs which the Ruffians fuftained in the
reduction of Oczakow, incapacitated count Munich
from profecuting the advantage; and the Imperi-
alifts were fo indifferently fupplied with provilions,
E 2
that
88
Book 2.
The LIFE of
that count Seckendorf was o liged to difperfe them
in feparate bodies, and to act only defenfively;
which encouraged the Turks to think of regaining
Oczakow, and alfo of befieging Belgrade. Ac-
cordingly, in the beginning of November, when
both the Ruffian and Imperial troops had taken up
their winter quarters, the famous renegado, baſhaw
Bonneval, invefted Oczakow with 80,000 men,
which was fo bravely defended by general Stoffeln,
that the Turks, after hazarding a general affault,
were compelled to abandon the fiege, with the lofs
of 10,000 men.
THE maritime powers, together with France,
having ineffectually offered their mediation to re-
concile the contending parties, the Turks made
ſeaſonable preparations for taking the field early,
and having the fuperiority, in the enfuing year;
when they propofed to have 250,000 men to act
in Hungary and Beffarabia: which brought on the
campaign of 1738, wherein the earl of Craufurd
diſtinguiſhed himſelf in the ſervice of her czarian
majefty.
:
CHAP.
JOHN Earl of CRAUFURD. 89
CHAP. IV.
An account of the earl of CRAUFURD's prepara-
tions for the Ruffian campaign of 1738: his
voyage to Peterſburgh; his reception at that court;
and his journey from thence to the Ruffian army
in Beffarabia. His reception by feldt-marfhal
MUNICH: an account of the Tartars; as alſo
of the campaign in Turky, and the earl of
CRAUFURD's journey to the Imperial army in
Hungary. His reception by the grand duke of
TUSCANY : an account of the campaign in
Hungary, and his lordship's journey to Vienna.
With fome memoirs relating to the character and
baniſhment of count MUNICH.
TH
HE late ferafquier of Oczakow, being fent
prifoner to Peterſburgh, entered into con-
ferences with the Ruffian miniftry for fettling the
terms of an accommodation, and lent his fecretary
to Conftantinople for neceffary powers to treat of
a peace: but the grand vizier made this answer to
the fecretary, "thou may'ſt return to the.un-
believers, and tell Jahia Bafhaw, that before
fending thee, he ought to have known, that
"his fublime highneſs is not accuftomed to treat
"of peace by means of either flaves, or prifoners;
" and, therefore, he has no full powers to fend
"him" fo that the czarina made the neceffary
preparations for the enfuing campaign, and for
continuing the war in a more vigorous manner on
the fide of Beffarabia.
THE earl of Craufurd, having obtained the
royal permiffion for attending the Imperial army
as a volunteer in Hungary, fent his fervants, with
eleven horſes, in November 1737, before him to
Vienna, to wait there for his arrival; as he then
intended
E 3
go
Book 2.
The LIFE of
intended to have joined the Imperialifts in March
or April following, when the whole army was
affembled for opening the campaign. However,
he afterwards altered his refolution, by the advice.
of prince Cantemir, at that time ambaffador from
the czarina to his Britannic majefty, with whom
his lordship was intimately acquainted: for the
prince reprefented to him, that the Ruffian army
would begin their operations much fooner than the
Imperialifts, who would continue the campaign
longer than the Mulcovites, and that his lordship
might have an opportunity of joining both armies;
which made him determine to make the campaign
with the Ruffian general,
i
ACCORDINGLY, in the month of April 1738,
his lordthip embarked at Gravefend on his voyage.
to Peterſburgh, attended by three fervants with as
many horfes and accompanied by captain Mac-
kenfie, Mr. Cummin, fon of Sir Alexander Cum-
min, and Mr. Barrow, who were defirous of acting
as volunteers, and of promoting themſelves to fome
command in the fervice of the czarina: but, when
they arrived on the coaft of Norway, a violent
ftorm arofe, which obliged the captain to return
to England, and put into Leoftuffe bay, on the
coaft of Suffolk; where they continued two days,
and then fet fail for Elfineur, a port town on the
inland of Zealand, fituate on the found, or trait,
at the entrance of the Baltic fea, where the Danes
take toll of all mercantile vefiels reforting to any
port in the Baltic. His lordship's horfes were fo
feverely bruised in the ftorm, that there was a
neceffity of removing them on fiore, where they,
were left under the care of one of the grooms
belonging to his Danish majefty, and one of his
lordſhip's own domeftics; while his lordship pro•
cecded on his voyage to Peterſburgh. After failing
four days up the Baltic, a great calm and fog came
on
Chap. 4. JOHN Earl of CRAUFURD. 91
on together; which obliged the captain to carry a
Janthorn at the main-top for fix days and nights;
during which time they were incapable of taking,
any obfervation, or keeping any reckoning. On
the feventh day, in the morning, the fhip ftruck
fo violently upon a rock, that the captain imagined
The muſt have funk; but, by exercifing the pumps,
fhe was found to have providentially received little
damage; and the fame day, about eleven o'clock,
the fog difperfed, and the fun appeared; when, to
his great furprife, the captain diſcovered the ſteeple
of Riga in Livonia, for he apprehended himſelf to
have been more upon the coaft of Gothland, than
upon that of Oefel. Upon this, they immediately
proceeded up the gulph of Finland, and entered
the harbour of Cronflot, a ftation for the Rufian
navy, fituate on a little iſland of the fame name,
in the mouth of the river Neva, twelve miles weſt
of Peterſburgh. His lordship was received at
Cronflot, with fingular marks of diftinction, by
admiral Gordon, who was a Scotchman, and
commander of the Ruffian fleet; with whom his
lordship contracted an intimate friendſhip, and-
continued with him two days: but, on the third
day in the morning, the admiral fent his barges
to conduct his lordſhip to Peterſburgh, who was
faluted ſeveral times by the cannon as he went on
board, and was entertained with a band of mufick
all the way to the capital, where his lordship
landed at the Engliſh dock, among a numerous
concourſe both of the Ruffian quality, and of the
populace; the former of whom had heard his
lordship highly commended by the generals Lafcy,
Keith, and Biron; and all fhewed the higheſt
demonſtrations of joy, upon his arrival in Ruffia,
The Britiſh minifter likewife attended his lordship
at the dock, and the fame day introduced him to
the czarina, who honoured his lordſhip with the
E 4
higheſt
92
Book 2.
The LIFE of
higheſt marks of diftinction, and expreffed the
greatest fatisfaction on having fo noble a volunteer
to join her army.
His lordship being now refident in the metro-
polis of the Ruffian empire, where he was obliged
to continue fome time to prepare himſelf for the
campaign, he had leifure to take a view of this
magnificent city, which is fituate on both fides the
river Neva, in the provinces of Carelia and Ingria,
between the gulph of Finland and the lake Ladoga;
but there are feveral fmall iflands alfo in the mouth
of the river Neva, which are built upon, and
make part of the city; fo that it is of a very large
extent, appearing like feveral diftinct towns, rather
than a ſingle city. The czar, Peter the great,
began the foundation, in the year 1703; princi-
pally with the view of obtaining a communication
with the Baltic fea, and that his fubjects might
have a more commodious way of trafficking with
the other European nations, than by that of Arch-
angel, to which fhipping were obliged to pass
through the frozen ocean. Above 100,000 pe‹ ple
perthed in laying the foundation of this metropolis,
which, after many difficulties, was at laft accom-
lihed, and afterwards received fuch improvements
as to outrival Mofcow, and to become not only
the refidence of the fovereign, but the capital of
the empire: fo that it foon became a populous,
polite, and flourishing city. The czar not only
imitated Alexander in war, but alſo in peace; he
was little inferior to him in the one, and he even
excelled him in the other: if the Macedonian con-
quered Darius, and became fovereign of Perfia;
the Muscovite defeated a much braver enemy, and
prevented him for fome years from returning to
his kingdom: if Alexander built the large city of
Alexandria; Peter erected that of Petersburgh:
both of which foon became confiderable for com-
1
merce,
Chap. 4. JOHN Earl of CRAUFURD. 93
merce, and were equally fituated in a low, barren,
defert country: but Alexandria, though it was
once the capital of Egypt, is now little better than
a heap of ruins; in which Peterfburgh feems to
have the advantage, as it promifes a longer ex-
iftence; whereby the Neva, which before was an
inconfiderable river, is now become a rival to the
celebrated Nile. However, the czar continued to
improve his city with the nobleſt inſtitutions for
the encouragement of induftry, and the promotion.
of commerce; wherein he furpaffed the prudence
of Lycurgus, who forbad the Lacedæmonians the
exercife of any mean and mechanical employment.
THE Czarina Anne Iwanowna, who at this
time wore the imperial diadem of Ruffia, was the
widow of the duke of Courland, being the fecond
daughter of the czar John, elder brother to, and
co-regent with, Peter the great: on her afcending
the throne, which the had done in prejudice to the
deſcendant of her eldeſt ſiſter Katharine, fhe was
induced to fign an inftrument, whereby fhe tranf-
ferred great part of her authority to the ftates ;
though the found means to break through it, when
the reigned as defpotically as any of her predeceffors,
and baniſhed prince Dolgoruki into Siberia, for
caufing her to fign the abovementioned inftru-
ment. She was of a bold and noble fpirit, like-
Semiramis, Zenobia, Ifabella of Caftile, and Eli-
zabeth of England: fhe was not defirous of ex-
tending her dominions, but of fecuring their.
tranquility; which occafioned her to reftore feveral
places to Perfia, and to take up arms aga`nit the
Turks; wherein the purfued that maxim which
Claudius Pontius, general of the Samnites, de-
livered to his countrymen, previous to their war
with the Romans, being," that war is juſt,
which is neceffary." Her Imperial majefty was
a friend to every lover of arms; but he was more:
particularly
E. 5
94
Book 2.
The LIFE of
particularly fo to the earl of Craufurd, who went
conftantly twice a day to her court, and was fo
much in favour with the czarina, that the requefted
him to accept of the command of a regiment of
horfe, and the rank of a lieutenant-general in her
ferice, which his lordship very politely declined.
His lordſhip was alfo a great favourite with the
princess Elizabeth daughter of the czar Peter, who
at this time fills the Imperial throne of Ruffia with
a luftre worthy of her father: he frequently vifited
her court, and made the princefs a prefent of two
of his horfes which had arrived from Eifineur, and
the third he gave to count Biren, duke of Cour-
land, who honoured his lordfhip with his friend-
fhip but his lordship purchafed feveral horfes in
their room, and particularly his favourite Spaniard.
The princefs Elizabeth was fond of riding, in
which he was often accompanied by the earl of
Craufurd, whom the admired for his ſkill in horſe-
manship, and alfo took notice that his lordship's
groom was very expert in that exercife; which
occafioned her highnefs to requeft it as a particular
favour of the earl of Craufurd, that he would let
his groom enter into her fervice. His lordship
readily obliged the princefs, and the fervant, whofe
name was James Graham, was appointed her chief
groom; who became fo great a favourite that, in
the year 1748, he was made a captain of cuiraffiers,
and in all probability has obtained a fuperior com-
:
mand.
}
AFTER Continuing about three weeks at
Peterburgh, his lordfhip had provided himself with
proper neceffaries for the campaign, and was now
ready for his departure from court, where he took
leave of her Imperial majefty, who honoured him
with recommendatory letters to feldt-marſhal
Munich, then commanding the army affembled in
the neighbourhood of Crim-Tartary. As there
was
Chap. 4. JOHN Earl of CRAU FURD. 95
was no regulation for the poft ftages towards the
Ukrain, the czarina had fent a courier two days
before his lordſhip, to have horſes in readineſs on
the road wherever he was to pafs; befides which,
the empress fent a captain and corporal of her own
guard, to accompany his lordfhip, and fee that
every thing neceffary was provided for him through
her dominions, as far as Kiow, the capital city of
the Ruffian Ukrain, fituate on the frontiers of
Poland, which was the first city the Ruffians ever
built. In this manner, his lordship departed from
Peterſburgh about the middle of May, attended by
two fervants, and the three Britifh volunteers; all
defirous of joining the Ruffian army in Beffarabia.
They past through the large provinces of Ingria,
Novogorod Weliki, Rachow, Bielfki, Smolenfko,
Novogorod-Sewierfki, Worotin, and Belgorod,
before they arrived at the Ukrain; which province
has this appellation on account of its being a frontier
against Turky, and is inhabited by the Coffacks,
who have ſcarce any town in their country, but
are perpetually rambling from place to place, in
large tribes, like the Arabians. His lordship paid a
vifit to general Keith, who then lay ill of his
wounds at Pultowa, with whom his lordship con-
tinued a whole day, and then fet out for Niemirow
on the Polish frontier; where he met with a
German count, who was likewife going volunteer
to the Ruffian army. This nobleman gave his
lordship intelligence that count Renfki, a general
in the imperial fervice, had departed the day before
for Rafkow, a Polith frontier town on the Nefter,
with an eſcort to conduct him to the Ruffian army;
which was then pofted, along the river Bog, in
Budziac-Tartary, and endeavouring penetrate
towards Bender, a large town, fituated in the very
centre of Beffarabia; in which neighbourhood the
bafhaw of that town was encamped with 50,oco
E 6
men,
96
The LIFE of
1
Book z.
men, along the Niefter, to watch the motions of ·
the Ruffians; having received orders from the
grand feignior to give count Munich battle, if he
attempted to pass that river. Upon this informa-
tion, his lordſhip, attended by two fervants, ſet
out immediately for Rafkow, leaving his baggage
and the volunteers behind him at Niemirow; with
an expectation of overtaking the eſcort, in which
he was diſappointed. On his arrival at Rafkow,
the governor for fome time, refufed him admit-
tance: but, being informed who his lordship was,
he permitted him to enter, and continue there for
an hour; during which time, the whole garrifon
flood under arms; becauſe a detachment of the
Turks had been there in the morning, and
threatened that, if the governor gave the leaft
affiftance to any of their enemies, they would cer-
tainly fet the town on fire: fo that his lordship,
after a little refreſhment, was obliged to think of
returning to Niemirow; having prevailed on the
Poliſh governor to fend an exprefs, with a letter,
to feldt-marfhal Munich, acquainting his excel-
lency, of his having been ftopt at Rafkow, and
defiring him to fend an eſcort to Niemirow the
governor of Rafkow was extremely concerned that
his lordship had met with fuch a difapppointment,
and, to give him what affiftance was in his power,
he ordered two Huffars to conduct him till day-
light; for his lordship was obliged to take the beſt
opportunity of travelling in the night, cn account
of fome Turkish out-parties, who furrounded that
part of Podolia. To prevent falling into the hands
of the enemy, his lordship was obliged to make
feveral marches and countermarches in the night,
and was reduced to great diſtreſs for want of pro-
ifion: however, they arrived at a village, where
his lordship intended to refrefh himſelf, and where
be discharged the two Huffars, with a handfome
gratuity
Chap. 4. JOHN Earl of CRAUFURD. 97
gratuity for their trouble: but his lordfhip had
Icarcely been there four hours, before he was
alarmed with a report that a body of Budziac
Tartars were marching towards the village; which
his lordship found to be true, and ordered his horfes
to be immediately ready; at the fame time hiring
four Poliſh Coffacks, and a Jew, to conduct him
through the woods, where there was great danger
of falling into the hands of the Haidemacks; a
barbarous kind of people, inhabiting the woods,
and mountainous parts of the country from
whence they frequently make defcents for plunder,
robbing and murdering every perfon in their way.
After travelling all night, his lordship arrived at
another Polish village, equi- diftant from Niemirow,
and Rafkow; where he apprehended himſelf out
of danger, and went to reft for a few hours. In
the mean time, there came a man, who had been
with the Ruffian army three days before: upon
which his lordship was awaked, and informed of
this perſon; when he immediately fent for him,
and aſked him if he would undertake to conduct
him fafe to the army; which he readily agreed to
do, for the reward offered by his lordſhip, who
ordered every thing to be prepared for continuing
his journey, hiring fix more Coffacks for his guard,
and another Jew for an interpreter. Thus eſcorted,
his lordſhip departed from the village, about five
o'clock in the afternoon, for the conveniency of
travelling in the night, when the leaft danger was
to be expected: but, after marching about two
Poliſh miles, they came to a place, where another
Jew gave them information that it was hazardous
to attempt a pafs this way; the Tartars having
been feen that morning a mile from the place in
his lordship's way to the army. Upon fuch intelli-
gence, his lordſhip alfo made an agreement with
this Jew, and hired two more Coffacks, to facilitate
his
98
Book z.
The LIFE of
paffage to the Ruffians; with whom he fet out
about eleven o'clock, travelling the whole night,
under the direction of the laft Jew, all on foot,
through woods and mountains, holding by the
tails of their horfes. In this manner, they reached
the fummit of a mountain at fun-rifing, when they
heard a noiſe round them, which they truly ap-
prehended to be a party of the enemy: but, hav-
ing an open plain before them, his lordſhip and
his attendants made the best of their way, march-
ing without any moleftation until evening, when
they were obliged to pafs a river, and received
information that the Tartars had been there at
twelve o'clock the fame day. This occafioned his
lordship to halt; when he ordered two Coffacks
and a Jew forward to the pafs, to make enquiry if
they might venture that way with any fecurity;
who returned with information that fome of the
Ruffian Coffacks had been there that afternoon :
fo that finding the rafs free, his lordfhip continued
the fame rout all that night, and came early the
next morning to a deep morafs, which was got
over with great difficulty by all his attendants.
While they were paffing this morafs, they were
alarmed with a great noiſe of a body of men, from
the bigh grounds above them: whereupon his
lordſhip fent two Coffacks to difcover what they
were; who, on their return, acquainted him that
they imagined the men were Ruffians. However,
for fear of any miftake, his lordſhip ordered the
whole of his retinue to march in order; and in
cale the men they had difcovered fhould prove
enemies, to tell them that his lordship came from
the Polish camp of obfervation, with orders for
marshal Munich to proceed no futher upon their
territories: but, to their general fatisfaction, they
found it to be the Ruffian avant-guard, who came
down as foon as they efpied the retinue, which
they
Chap. 4. JOHN Earl of CRAUFURD. 99
they difarmed, and conducted them as prifoners to
the commanding officer, to whom his lordship
made himſelf known, when he was politely re-
ceived, and treated with all imaginable reſpect;
while the retinue had their arms reftored. This
commanding officer ordered a guard of one hun-
dred men to conduct his lordfhip to feldt-marſhal
Munich, who was then reviewing the army; and,
when his lordſhip delivered the letters from her
czarian majeſty, his excellency faluted him with
the greatest expreffions of joy, and the ſtrongeſt
denotations of friendfhip; defiring his lordship to
mount his horſe, and accompany him during the
review; where his excellency was delighted with
his new military companion, fhewed him the
greatest marks of diftinction in the face of the
whole army, and was extremely fatisfied with the
pleaſure his lordship difcovered at the noble ap-
pearance of the troops, together with their uni
formity of dress, and dexterity of evolution. When
the review was ended, the feldt marfhal, accom-
panied with all the general officers of diftinction,
conducted his lordship to the head quarters, where
the army was encamped. As foon as they dife
mounted, the feldt-marfhal embraced his lorothip
in the most affectionate manner: the greatest hero
of his age was transported to fee fuch a noble
inftance of military virtue in his lordfhip: his
great foul dildained the idle ceremony of ftate, and
claimed an immediate alliance with one fo fimilar
to itſelf If the marthal was delighted to fee fo
fair a fcion of Mars; what exalted pleafure muft
his lordship have received to clafp the full-grown
tree majestic in all its glories? This was a noble
interview; if the marſhal looked upon the earl of
Craufurd as a glorious ftar making its first appear-
ance; his lordship looked upon the Ruffian general
as an effulgent fun in its meridian luftre: fo that
this
100
The LIFE of Book 2.
this interview, in regard of its true nobility, was
nothing inferior to that when the duke of Marlbo-
rough received to his arms the young heir of the
Auftrian monarchy.
FELDT. MARSHAL Munich conducted the
earl of Craufurd into his tent, where his lordſhip
received the compliments of all the general officers,
congratulating him on his fafe arrival: when the
marthal was pleaſed to tell him, "that he had been
"in greater danger in joining the army, than he
"would be expofed to, during the remainder of
"the campaign:" in which affertion his excellency
might well be juftified; for his lordship had been
upwards of a month travelling through a tract of
country almoſt one thouſand miles in length;
through barren and uncultivated places, among
woods and mountains, with roads difficult to be
known and almoft impaffable: befides, he had
croffed the Luga, Duina, Nieper, Dezna, Sem,
Bog, and feveral other rivers of leſs diſtinction; as
alfo many lakes, and not a few moraffes; always
attended with extraordinary inconveniencies, and
at laft frequently in danger from the enemy.
After this, his lordfhip withdrew, and was con-
ducted to a large Turkish tent, which the marſhal
had ordered to be pitched near his own, for the
uſe of his lordship; who, after he was dreffed,
received an invitation to dine with the marſhal,
with whom he spent the whole evening, as he
alfo did all the time he continued with the army,
conftantly accompanying the marfhal in all his
marches, who ordered his lordship's baggage to be
taken care of with his own, and his tent always
to be pitched cloſe to his own pavilion.
THE feldt marshal had received his lordship's
letter, by the exprefs fent by the Polish governor
of Rafkow, before the arrival of his lordfhip in
the camp; and had diſpatched an eſcort of 150
men
Chap. 4. JOHN Earl of CRAUFURD. IOI
men to Niemirow, where he imagined his lordſhip
would have returned, as he conceived it was im-
practicable to come any other way: however, the
eſcort found the volunteers, who attended his
lordſhip from England, and conducted them, toge-
ther with the equipage, to the army, fourteen days
after the arrival of his lordfhip.
Ar the opening of this campaign, the Turks
had 250,000 men in arms; part of which were
employed, under the command of the grand vizier,
against the Imperial army on the fide of Hungary;
and the remainder were affembled on the frontiers
of Beffarabia; under the command of the baſhaw
of Bender, to oppofe the progrefs of the Ruffians.
The grand vizier had opened his way into the
Bannat of Temefwaer, where the Imperialifts
were as unfuccefsful as in the preceding campaign:
but count Munich was ftill fuccefsful on the fide
of Oczakow. The Ottoman fleet, compofed of
fix men of war, and a great number of little
armed veffels, attacked the Ruffian Flotilla in the
fea of Afoph: but admiral Bredal gained the coaft,
where he planted batteries, which obliged the
Turks to retire. In the mean time, feldt-marſhal
Lafcy, at the head of 50,000 men, re attacked
and forced the repaired lines of Precop, defended
by 40 000 Turks and Tartars, under the com-
mand of Sultan Galga, the eldeft fon of the cham;
which gave the count an opportunity of reducing
that fortress, whereby he laid open the Crimea to
a new invaſion, and plundered the country as far
as Caffa.
SOON after the earl of Craufurd joined the
Ruffian army, feldt-marfhal Munich paft the river.
Bog in his march to Bender, at the head of 60,000
Mufcovites, and 40,000 Calmucks; who, on the
30th of June, were attacked by a numerous army
of Turks: but, by the bravery of the Ruflians,
and
1
102
Book 2.
The
LIFE of
and the right management of their artillery, which
did great execution, the Infidels were obliged to
abandon the field of battle, with confiderable lof.
Feldt-marfhal Munich afterwards continued his
march all the 8th of July, when he was again
engaged with the enemy, on the banks of the
Savrana, nigh the frontier of Poland: but the
Turks, after an obſtinate attack which continued
four hours, were again defeated, and put to flight;
leaving, contrary to their cuftom, a great number
of their dead, and among them feveral perfons of
diftinction, in the field of battle. The lofs of the
Ruffians in theſe actions was very inconfiderable;
fo that feldt marſhal Munich continued his march
for the Niefter; during which he was perpetually
harraffed by the Tartars, and fuftained another
vigorous attack; but had ftill the good fortune to
repulſe the enemy with inconfiderable lofs on his
fide in which action, the prince of Wolfembuttle,
and the earl of Craufurd, greatly diftinguiſhed
themselves. Being at length arrived within two
leagues of the Niefter, between the rivers Molokifch
and Bielocz, they were met, on the 26th of July,
by the fultan of Belgorod, chief of the Budziac
Tartars; who, being reinforced by a confiderable
body of Turks, commanded an army of 60,00Q
men, with which he made a fourth onſet on the
Ruffians, attacking them in feveral quarters: fo
that the difpute was obftinate, feveral times re-
newed, and continued fix or feven hours; when
the Turks and Tartars were repulfed on all fides
with great bravery; and the day following the
Ruffians took poft on the banks of the Niefter.
:
THE Tartars, who are the defcendants of the
ancient Scythians, ftill retain the manners and
customs of their anceſtors; being both hofpitable
and brave in their own country, but entirely ad-
dicted to rapine and plunder abroad. They are
generally
Chap. 4. JOHN Earl of CRAUFURD. 103
generally of a ſtature and conftitution fit for the
fatigues of war; but their greateſt merit is in their
célérity for action; mounted on fleet horfes, and
well exerciſed in archery. The earl of Craufurd
was delirous of being acquainted with their manner
of difcipline: he had contracted an intimate friend.
thip with Donduc Ombo, kan of the Calnucks,
tributary to Ruffia; as alfo with his fon Col-
donarmi, whom he accompanied in their attack.
against the Turks in this laft engagement, wherein
his lordship fhewed as much agility, in charging
and retreating, as if he had been educated among
the Tartarian nation: he fabred one of the enemy,
whom he ftript of his arms, and brought his bow,
together with his quiver full of arrows, with him
to England; he acquired great reputation among
the Calmucks; and he became thoroughly ac-
quainted with their fingular manner of fighting.
It is the higheſt inftance of a noble mind to bear
great qualities without betraying any defire of
popular applaufe: the earl of Craufurd behaved
among the Calmucks with as much modefty as
bravery; they had a natural curiofity to behold a
perfon of fuch heroic worth; which was the more
ardent, becauſe every man formed from the cha-
racter of his lordship fomething in common with
himſelf: fo that the Calmucks, on this occafion,
might have very properly applied to themſelves the
lines of Virgil, where a Tyrian, on feeing Eneas,
enquires, "what chief is this who comes to vifit
*
us from fo great a diftance, and whofe noble
"mien befpeaks him a foldier" Alexander the
great was ſurprized when he was told that Catenes,
by his dexterity in fhooting, could kill birds in
their flight, and prevent them from deftroying the
carcafs of Beffus, whom he intended to crucify
for his treachery; he was no leſs furprized when
the Scythian ambalador acquainted him,
"that
he
104
The LIFE of
Book 2:
"" he ſhould find them in the camp, while he
"imagined them in flight; for anger made them
"as ſwift to purſue, as fear to fly from an enemy:"
but, had he lived at this time, he would have hed
the fame caufe for aftonishment. The Scythians
were then defirous of no other things than a yoke.
of oxen, the plough, the Low, and the bowl:
they were impatient of a conqueror; they would
not ſtoop to own themſelves fubject to any, nor
did they defire fubmiffion from others: in this, the
generality of the prefent race of Tartars alfo re-
tained the fpirit of their ancestors, who called
Alexander to his face a plunderer of provinces,
though he profeffed himfelf the fcourge of all thieves
and robbers; but their defcendants are certainly
the worlt of this kind that ever inhabited thoſe
parts of the globe; for, not fatisfied with plunder-
ing other nations, they commit the greateſt ravages
on themſelves, which was the occafion of the pre-
fent war. The ancient Scythians knew that their
defarts were derided in the Grecian adages; yet
they delighted in thofe more than in rich and
populous cities fituated in fertile foils; which feems
to be the fentiments of the Tartars, who, not-
withſtanding they are tributaries to the Chineſe,
the Moghol, the Perfian, the Turks, the Ruffian,
and the Polander, are properly fubject to none.
The Mammalukes boafted that they had the nim-
bleft and moſt ferviceable horfes of any military
people in the world: but thefe roving Tartars
would have convinced them to the contrary, if
fortune had taken another courfe, by giving the
Ottoman empire to the Mammalukes, inftead of
making them fubject to the Ottomans; for all the
Tartars are most accompliſhed horfemen, like their
old neighbours the Parthians; whom they alſo
imitate in war, by counterfeiting a flight, and
hewing their backs to their enemies, much more
dangerous
Chap. 4. JOHN Earl of CRAUFURD. 105
dangerous than their faces. Indeed, this way of
fighting may feem weak and unmanly among our
difciplined Europeans; but Indathir fez very well
accounted for it, when Darius upbraided him with
avoiding a battle; for the Scythian monarch an-
ſwered," that they did it not for fear of him, or
66 any other man living, but that it was the faſhion
of his country to march in this manner as
"having neither cities, houfes, nor cultivated.
❝land to defend, or to fear their enemies fhould
<< reap any commodity by them :" which is a cu-
ftom juftified by Homer in his character of Æneas,
and by Plato in his diſcourſe between Socrates and
Laches. The earl of Craufurd was extremely well
pleafed with the Tartarian difcipline; efpecially as
it was directed and ufed by feldt-marſhal Munich:
it was here he learnt how to make a bold, fpeedy,
and vigorous attack; how to elude an enemy, and
to affift a friend; as alfo how to form an excellent
retreat from a ſuperior army; fo that by his inti-
macy with Donduc Ombo, and his own obferva-
tion, he made himſelf entirely mafter of the man-
ner of conducting a body of irregulars.
THE river Niefter rifes near Lemburgh in
Poland, and running fouth eaft feparates Podolia
from Moldavia; after which it directs its courfe
through the middle of Beffarabia, and falls into the
black fea near Belgorod.
The Ruffians were now
upon the banks of this river, with an intention to
befiege Bender, which is fituated on the Niefter,
about one hundred miles to the north-weft of the
black fea, and upwards of three hundred north of
Conftantinople; being the moft confiderable place
in the province of Beffarabia, and remarkable for
affording an afylum to Charles XII. of Sweden,
after the fatal battle of Pultowa in 1709. Feld-
marſhal Munich, having poſted his army on the
banks of the Niefter, immediately affembled a
council
106
The LIFE of
Book 2.
council of war; when it was refolved to attempt
to cross the river, notwithstanding the Turkiſh
army was intrenched on the oppofite fide. Ac-
cordingly, orders were iffued for this purpoſe, and
a battery was erected in the night to cover the
pontons, from which they cannonaded the Turks
the two following days; who had three maſked
batteries on the other fide, and played them with
fo much warmth as to oblige the Ruffians at that
time to relinquish the attempt. The next morning,
feldt-marfhal Munich aflembled another council
of war, when it was agreed to attempt the paffage
higher up the river; becauſe it was impracticable
in their prefent fituation, on account of the fteep-
nefs of the banks, and the works thrown up by
the enemy. Purſuant to this refolution, the Ruf-
fians proceeded higher up along the river, on the
29th of July; when the enemy, taking this mo
tion for a flight, fent over the greateft part of their
cavalry, with fome of their beſt infantry, to join
the Tartars: fo that the Ruffians were attacked in
their march by 25,000 Janizaries, many thouſands
of Spahis, Arnouts, and Afiatic horfe, with all the
Tartars of Belgorod and Nogay; but the Turks
were fill defeated, and loft feveral thouſands of
their men. However, count Munich, though
invincible in battle, found the Niefter an infuper-
able barrier to the Turkish empire on that fide,
and all his endeavours to pass that river were in-
effectual: upon which, he continued his march
along the banks of the Niefter up to Kamitnicza,
a little below Sorokow, from whence he intended,
purſuant to his orders, to advance and befiege
Chotzim, a frontier town of Moldavia, on the
confines of Poland; but as the feafon was far fpent,
and as he muft have marched through a country
infected with the peftilence, he declined hazarding
his army for the fake of undertaking the fiege, and
choſe
ར་
Chap. 4. JOHN Earl of CRAUFURD. 107
choſe to make his retreat through the territories of
Poland to Kiow, in the way to his old winter
quarters in the Ukrain; which was fecurely exe-
cuted while marthal Lafcy abandoned the Crimea,
after committing all the ravages he could, having
blown up the fortifications of Or, and demoliſhed
the lines of Precop, when he alſo returned into
the Ukrain; as did baron Stoffelen with the garri-
fons of Oczakow and Kimburne; after the demo-
lition of thoſe fortifications: however, in the en-
fuing campaign, count Munich, not only reduced
Chotzim, but took Bender, and reduced the whole
province of Beffarabia; after which he penetrated
into Moldavia, and was on his march to join the
Imperialists in Hungary, when the feparate peace
was concluded between the courts of Vienna and
Conftantinople.
THE earl of Craufurd accompanied count
Munich, in this retreat, about three weeks; when,
as nothing more was to be undertaken, he ac-
quainted the marshal with his intention of vifiting
the Imperial army in Hungary before the conclu
fion of the campaign; who not only honoured
him with recommendatory letters to the grand
duke of Tufcany, but afked his lordship in what
manner he would have the Britiſh volunteers pro-
vided for, and conferred commiffions on every one
of them according to what his lordship requeſted:
after which his lordship took an affecting leave of
the marshal, who, as well as all his officers, was
extremely concerned at the departure of fo noble
a companion in the chafe of glory. His lordfhip
was eſcorted by a party of horfe to Niemirow,
where he left his equipage, and took poft to make
the more expedition in joining the Imperialists.
In his road to Belgrade, his lordfhip paft through
the Polish army, which was then encamped on the
frontier of Moldavia, to obferve the motions of
the
108
Book 2.
The LIFE of
the Turks, and prevent any incurfions from the
Tartars, who, in the following year, ravaged a
part of Podolia, and took 3900 Polanders into
flavery. Count Rutowfki, the natural fon of
Auguftus, king of Poland, by the countefs of
Koningſmark, and brother to marfhal Saxe, was
then commander of the Polish army; being the
fame nobleman who was fellow academician with
his lordſhip at Paris, and with whom he was moſt
intimately acquainted. Their friendſhip had been
renewed in the year 1735, when a body of Saxons
were in the ſervice of the emperor; and it was
now further corroborated by an interview which
his lordship had with the Polish general; who
treated him with all that noblenefs of foul, and
generous familiarity, which conftitute the moſt
perfect and permanent ftate of friendſhip. Count
Rutowſki had exercifed his military genius againſt
the French when they attempted to fix Staniflaus
on the throne of Poland; the earl of Craufurd had
diftinguiſhed himſelf againſt the Turks; and they
had both together prepared themſelves for attacking
the French, in Germany; fo that it was natural
for these young warriors to difcourfe of thoſe ac-
tions which had drawn their academical theory fo
confpicuouſly into practice. Count Rutowſki took
his lordſhip down his lines, fhewed him the diſci-
pline of the Polish troops, and afterwards ordered
his body coach, with a ftrong guard, to conduct
his lordſhip a day's journey; who, the next morn
ing, took leave of the Polish general, and con-
tinued his rout; being eſcorted through all the
territories of Poland by the Huffars, which were
quartered on the road for the fecurity of the cou-
riers between the Poliſh and Ruffian armies; they
even conducted his lordfhip to Buda in Hungary,
from whence he proceeded to Belgrade with his
own domeftics, where he arrived in ſecurity, after
a
Chap. 4. JOHN Earl of CRAUFURD. 109
a very tedious journey; having paſt though all the
fouthern part of Poland, and croffed the whole
extent of Hungary from north to ſouth.
THE Imperial army was at this time in the
neighbourhood of Belgrade, having made an un-
fucceſsful campaign; though fo brave and experi-
enced a general as marſhal Konigfeck commanded
under the grand duke of Tuſcany, in the room of
count Seckendorf: for the Turkish army, con-
fifting of 100,000 men, commanded by the grand
vizier, opened the campaign by reducing Semendria,
Ulitza, old Orfova, and Meadia, before the Im-
perialiſts were affembled: however, marſhal Ko-
nigfeck, defeated them before Meadia, on the 23d
of June, when the Turks loft three thousand men,
and the Imperialifts one thouſand two hundred ;
whereby the marfhal was enabled to retake that
place, and raiſe the fiege of new Orfova; but the
Turks, having greatly the fuperiority of forces,
foon after renewed the fiege, and caufed the town
to ſurrender; while the Imperial army was fo far
from being in a condition to face the Turks, that
marſhal Konigfeck was obliged to retire within
the lines of Belgrade, where he expected to be
attacked when the earl of Craufurd joined the
army though the grand vizier undertook nothing
afterwards; contenting himself with plundering
the Bannat of Temefwaer, and with the reduction
of the important fortress of new Orfova, where he
feized two hundred and fifty cannon and mortars
intended for the fiege of Widin.
THE earl of Craufurd delivered his letters of
recommendation from count Munich to the grand
duke of Tuſcany, who received his lordship with
extraordinary marks of refpect; but, as all the
operations of the campaign were at a ftand, his
ferene highness departed from the army on his re-
turn to Vienna; having firft intr.duced the earl
F
of
ΣΙΟ
Book 2.
The LIFE of
of Craufurd to the feldt-marshals Konigfeck and
Wallis, and directed them to fhew him every mark
of diſtinction due to his rank, merit, and reputa-
tion. His lordſhip continued with the Imperial
army about fix weeks; during which time nothing
material happened, and the army went into their
winter cantonments; whereupon his lordship
marched with general Linden, who commanded
prince Eugene's regiment, to Comorra, thirty-three
miles fouth eaſt of Preſburgh, and fifty more from
Vienna; where he was highly careffed by prince
Hilburghaufen, the governor of the place, as alfo
by the generals Bernklau, Linden, and Lefchner,
who were obliged to hold their fecond quarentine.
at Comorra; as feveral places in the lower Hun-
gary were at that time infected with the plague.
THE earl of Craufurd, before his departure for
Ruffia, had fent his fervants and horſes to Vienna,
where they continued till the month of Auguft,
when they received a letter from his lordfhip with
orders that two men fhould immediately ſet out to
meet him at Belgrade; acquainting them that he
was ſetting out poft from the Ruffian army to join
the Imperialists in Hungary. General Diemar
procured the proper paffes, and recommended the
fervants to the marquis Guadagni, then governor
of Effeck in Sclavonia, who ordered them to pro-
ceed no further without his directions; becauſe a
confiderable body of robbers were lurking in a large
wood in the way to Belgrade, who had even the
audacity to attack the numerous retinue belonging
to prince Hilburghaufen. The marquis fent in-
telligence to his lordſhip, at the head quarters, that
his fervants and horfes were arrived at Effeck; ac-
quainting him with the reafon of their detention :
for which his lordship returned him thanks, and
ordered his fervants to take the horfes back again
to Buda, where they would find a letter at the
poſt.
Chap. 4. JOHN Earl of CRAUFURD, III
poft-houſe with directions where to meet him, as
he was then on his journey to Comorra. The fer-
vants, after fourteen days quarentine at Zegzard,
arrived within a poft of Buda, where the plague
reigned very much; which intimidated them from
entering the town, and occafioned them to fend a
meffenger to the poft-mafter, who returned with-
out any letter: whereupon, they got a certificate
from the bailiff of the village of having proceeded
no further towards Buda, which was atteſted by
the priest and clerk of the parifh, and with which
they continued their rout towards Raab, in hopes
of receiving fome intelligence of his lordship. After
travelling two days, they came to a village, about
a league diftant from Comorra, where a regiment
of Bavarian infantry arrived at the fame time;
and while his lordship's fervants were at fupper, in
a room full of company, one of them, who was a
German, attended to the difcourfe of a gentleman
then ſpeaking highly in praife of an English noble-
man, who marched up with their regiment from
Belgrade. This gentleman was chaplain to the
regiment of Eugene; but when the fervant en-
quired of him the title of this nobleman, he told
him he could not recollect his name; though, by
his deſcription of the perfon, the fervants were.
fully convinced it was their maſter, and that his
lordship was then at Comorra. They told the
chaplain whofe domeftics they were, and that they
had his lordship's horfes with them; who replied
that he heard his lordſhip ſpeak about them, and
that he ſeemed to be uneafy to know what was
become of them: but the chaplain faid, he could
not tell how they would get a paffage over the
Danube; becauſe orders were given to ferry none
over that came from the lower Hungary, except
fuch regiments as were to be quartered in the
district of Comorra; but that this Bavarian regi-
F 2
ment
I 12
Book 2.
The LIFE of
ment was one, which was to pass the Danube the
next morning. Upon this, one of the fervants
addreffed himſelf to the commanding officer of the
regiment; informing him whofe horſes they were,
and requeſted the favour to let them pafs, as belong-
ing to the regiment; who readily granted it, fay-
ing," that he was glad to have an opportunity of
66
obliging the earl of Craufurd, whom he well
"remembered on the Rhine in 1735" by which
indulgence the fervants brought the horfes fafe to
Comorra; where they had the fatisfaction of find-
ing his lordſhip in good health, who was extremely
glad to fee his favourite domeftic; it being juft a
year, to a day, fince his lordfhip had fent his fer-
vants and horfes from England to Vienna.
PRINCE Hilburghaufen, and the other general
officers at Comorra, were ſo fond of the earl of
Craufurd, that he was obliged to be almoft altoge-
ther in their company; fo that he had little time
to himſelf however, he employed what leiſure
hours he could get, in writing down his obferva-
tions of the Ruffian campaign, and in drawing out
plans, till the middle of February, when he fet
out for Vienna; where he continued till the be-
ginning of April, and then returned to Comorra
with the equipage which had been left at Vienna,
and which was now augmented by the arrival of
five faddle horfes, and a fleeping waggon drawn
by four horses, all which had ferved him in the
Ruffian campaign: fo that his lordship was now
prepared for taking the field in Hungary.
THE earl of Craufurd made great improvements
in this campaign under count Munich, whoſe
actions he carefully ftudied, whofe advice he dili-
gently purſued, and whom he admired as the
greateſt general of the age. The Ruſſian marſhal
Thewed a particular affection to the earl of Crau-
furd, on account of that noble difpofition which
he
Chap. 4. JOHN Earl of CR AUFURD. 113
he perceived in him for the attainment of military
knowledge; he looked upon him as his pupil in
the ſchool of war, entertaining him with great
familiarity, and taking great pains to inftruct him
in every part of his difcipline. The marfhal in-
ftructed his lordship like a Socrates; his lordflip
attended to the marfhal like an Alcibiades: if So-
crates perceived virtue, and a good difpofition, to
appear and fhine through the perfon of Alcibiades;
maiſhal Munich was equally pleaſed with what he
could difcover in the earl of Craufuid: fo that if
the Grecian took care to preferve fo hopeful a plat
from periſhing in the flower, before its fruit came
to perfection; the Ruffian carefully cultivated the
feeds of glory, which he found fo abundant in the
breaſt of his favourite Briton: while the earl of
Craufurd was ſo much pleaſed with the kindneſs
of count Munich, that he paid the fame regard to
him, as Alcibiades did to Socrates, who eat to-
gether, and repofed in the fame tent; in which
there was alſo a fimilarity between the marſhal
and his lordſhip, who had frequent converfations
with him upon the operations of the campaign,
and upon the different methods of managing a
war between the Turks and the chriftian powers.
His lordship was much taken with the marshal's
way of incamping every night within his carriages,
with ſo much fecurity that no part of his army
could be annoyed, or difturbed, without manifeft
lofs to thoſe who ſhould make fuch an attempt.
His lordſhip was alfo greatly pleafed with the mar-
fhal's method of managing the feveral attacks
which were made upon him almoſt every day, by
numerous irregular bodies of Turks and Tartars,
to incommode and retard his march: for the mar-
fhal received all theſe attacks by his Coffacks and
Calmucks, in fuch a manner as if they only had
been to bear the whole weight of the difpute: but
thefe
F 3
114
Book 2.
The LIFE of
!
3
theſe irregulars were fo very well difciplined, and
he had brought them to be fo obfervant of all his
orders, that, upon a fignal given, they opened in
the center, and retired to the right and left, with
the utmost precipitation, as if they had been flying,
until they formed again in the rear, after the exe-
cution of the artillery, upon the fame ground
where they had been to receive the attack: for,
as foon as the front was clear of his own men, the
marſhal had his cannon loaded with grape and par-
tridge fhot; which made great havock amongſt
the enemy; and, when his artillery had made an
impreflion upon them, he had freth bodies of Cof-
facks and-Calmucks properly pofted, who fell upon
them with their fabres and lances; whereby both
Turks and Tartars were foon difperfed with great
flaughter. His lordship alfo expreffed great fatif-
faction at the method which count Munich took
in croffing rivers, even when the enemy was pofted
upon the oppofite bank to obftruct his paffage.
But what his lordship admired moft in this great
man, was his conduct in furnishing fo great an
army with provisions for fo long a march, which
continued for above fix months through wafte
countries, where he could find no provifions, and
where he knew it was impoffible for him to receive.
any convoy with fuch neceffaries for his army
however, notwithtanding thefe countries have
been, for fome ages, in a manner depopulated;
yet, as the fail is naturally rich, the grafs grew
exceeding rank and tall; which afforded fufficient
palture for all forts of cattle, though it was a little
perifhed at the roots, by the winter fnow and the
fummer heat. Befides, his lordſhip diſcovered all
the economy, as well as all the difcretion and
bravery, neceflary for a general, in count Munich,
whofe carriages were drawn by oxen; fo that, in
cafe of fcarcity, the catile might ferve for food,
and
Chap. 4. JOHN Earl of CRAUFURD. HIS
and the carriages for firing; but the demands of
his army were calculated with fuch an exactitude,
that, notwithſtanding the length of his extenfive
march, and the number of men, there was always
a plenty of provifions.
INDEED, the glory of marshal Munich is not
to be ſhaded by the clouds of misfortune: the
Ruffians, fince the reign of Peter the great, have
fprung up in military knowledge, as fuddenly as
the flowers and herbs of their own foil rife to their
returning fun, which is fpontaneous; or as their
harveft, which is fown in April, and fhoots up fo
fait as to require the fickle in Auguſt: but mai-
fhal Munich, while he commanded, was the fun
of their army; whofe luftre is not to be obfcured
by a fevere baniſhment; whoſe ſetting radiance
illumines the barren regions of Siberia; a country
fit for the prifon of an arbitrary monarch, and
fatal to the great and brave: it was here the czar
Peter fent the unhappy remnant of the Swediſh
army at Pultowa into perpetual flavery; they were
even followed, in the fucceeding reign, by his
favourite general; prince Menzikoff; general Bi-
ron, who had been elected duke of Courland, was
fent there by the regent Anne, mother of John III.
and, when the czarina Elizabeth afcended the
throne, Biron was recalled, and count Munich
fent there in his room; which makes it neceffary
to fay fomething of this extraordinary man, who
was ſo intimate with the earl of Craufurd; and of
whom it is hard to determine, whether his glory
or misfortunes have rendered him moft confpicuous
in the eyes of mankind; whether his fuccefles in
war have made him more admired, than his baniſh-
ment has cauſed him to be lamented.
COUNT Munich was a native of Oldenburg,
in the circle of Weftphalia, ſubject to the king of
Denmark: he was always addicted to a military
F 4
life,
116
Book 2.
The LIFE of
life, and had been feveral years in the Ruffian fer-
vice, where his merit advanced him to the higheſt
command. His fucceffes in Poland in behalf of
Auguftus, and his reduction of Dantzick, in the
year 1734, gave an additional reputation to the
arms of Ruffia; which, under the conduct of ſuch
a general, were fo formidable to the Turks as to
make their emperor tremble amid the voluptuous
pleafures of his feraglio. When Alexander in-
vaded Perfia, his army was greatly inferior to that
of Darius; though their difcipline made them
fuperior to their numerous enemies: the Macedo-
nians had no glittering golden armour, but bright
and ſerviceable fteel: they were fit for expedition,
confidering the lightness of their carriage; yet re-
folute and daring to fland the fhock of a battle:
an army wherein each foldier was apprehenfive of
the words, and very nods, of the commander;
and which, for their number, wanted neither
room nor provifion in their camp. This is the
character given of the Macedonian army; which,
with equal juftice, may be applied to the Ruffians
under general Munich: as might alfo what Cæfar
mentions of his own army, on his refolution to
pafs the Rhine to invade Germany; when he fays,
that the name and opinion of the Roman army
"was fo great, with the overthrow of Ariovistus,
and the deftruction of the Germans in their
"camp, that their fame founded honourable among
"the remote nations of Germany."
THE word imperator was the greateſt title that
could be conferred on a Roman leader; which
was never given but upon feme great exploit, and
after a just victory obtained; when the general
was faluted by the name of imperator, in the place
where the battle was fought, with the triumphant
fhout of the whole army: by which acclamation
the foldiers gave teftimony of his worth, and made
it
Chap. 4. JOHN Earl of CRAUFURD. 117
it equivalent with that of the moſt fortunate com-
manders. This title was due to marſhal Munich,
if the Ruffians had followed the examples of the
Romans, who did not think every victory fuf-
ficient for fuch an honour, but required a certain
number of the enemies to be flain, before they
granted fo great a mark of diftinction; which,
according to Appian, was ten thouſand in one
battle; though Cicero fays, that two thoufand
flain in the place, efpecially of Thracians, Spani-
ards, or Gauls, fufficiently merited the name of
imperator. But how different was the fate of
this glorious commander? inftead of entering a
triumphant car, he was led to a mean dungeon;
inftead of being crowned with laurels as imperator,
he was led to the fcaffold as a malefactor; and,
though he was faved from an ignominious death
at Peterſburgh; he was doomed to fupport a mif-
erable life as an exile in Siberia: which further
confirms, what experience has frequently proved,
that men in their moft flouriſhing fortune, and
fuch as eſteem themfelves in the greateft fecurity,
even then fall fooneft into difadventure; becauſe
thofe unfufpected dangers were contemned and
difregared but the misfortunes of count Munich
were occafioned as follows.
€
He had honourably terminated the war with
Turky, and was joyfully received at Peterſburgh,
where he found moft of the Ruffian nobility difia-
tisfied with the afcendency which count Biron,
then duke of Courland, had obtained over the
czarina; for the appointed him regent during the
minority of her fucceffor, the young prince of
Brunswic Bevern, the fon of her niece Anne,
daughter of Catharine dutchefs of Mecklenberg,
who had a better right to the crown than the
czarina, becauſe ſhe was her eldeſt fifter, and had
been deprived of that right on account of her huf-
..
F 5
band,
118
Book 2.
The LIFE of
band, who had loft Mecklenberg by attempting
to invade the privileges of his nobility. The duke
of Courland endeavoured to make his regency as
amiable as poffible, by feveral acts of clemency
and generofity; but the emperor was in his cradle,
and the regent had the fole difpofal of all dignities
and employments; which drew on him the reſent-
ment of the princess Anne, mother to the young
emperor, who had been artfully fet afide from the
fucceffion, which occafioned her to form a confpi-
racy for the depofition of the regent.
COUNT Munich, and count Offerman, the
great chancellor, who was likewife a Weftphalian,
frequently oppofed the meafures of the regent in
council; who, in return, caufed an enquiry to be
made into the conduct of the feldt-marfhal while
he commanded against the Turks: but, inftead
of ruining the count, as he intended, he was obliged
to give an account of his own conduct: for, on
the 18th of November 1740, he was feized in his
bed by marshal Munich, tried for high treaſon,
and condemned to die but he was only banished
into Siberia, where he was confined with his bro-
ther, and fome others, in a houſe built on purpoſe
for their reception.
As count Munich had fo great a fhare in this
tranfaction, he was, at firft, highly careffed by the
regent the princefs Anne of Brunfwic- Bevern,
whofe husband was appointed generaliffimo of the
forces but the marshal foon found that the fa-
vourites of princes ftand on flippery ground; being,
in March following, removed from all his employ-
ments; The adminiftration of the new regent
was worse than what the Ruffians had found from
the duke of Courland; fo that a new confpiracy
was formed in favour of the princefs Elizabeth,
the daughter of Peter the great, who, on the 4th
of December 1741, was feated in the Imperial
throne,
Chap. 4. JOHN Earl of CRAUFURD. 119
throne, without any bloodshed or refiftance. The
young emperor, with his father and mother, were
permitted to retire into Germany: but the counts.
Munich, Offerman, Golofkin, Mingden, and
Lowenwold, were apprehended and tried for high
treafon, upon a charge that, by the will of her
mother, the emprefs Catharine, the czarina
Elizabeth ought to have fucceeded upon the
"death of Peter II. her brother; but that, by the
"intrigues of thefe noblemen, the emprefs Anne
"had heen advanced to the Imperial dignity :
"that count Munich and count Offerman had
"prevailed upon the emprefs Anne, in her laft
"illneſs, when the was quite weak, to appoint
"the lately depofed emperor John her fucceffor:
and that afterwards, notwithſtanding they hạd
"ſworn to obſerve the act for fettling the regency
with the duke of Courland, the prince and
"princefs of Brunfwic had, by the affiftance
"of thoſe noblemen, feized the government."
Whereupon count Munich, and the other noble-
men, received fentence of death, and were all
conducted to the place of execution; where the
feldt-marſhal ſhewed as much ferenity and bravery
as when at the bead of his victorious troops in
Turky however, their lives were granted, and
they were all banished into Siberia, where count
Munich employed all his time in cultivating a little
tract of land, for his fubfiftance and amufement,
in that defolate and uncomfortable climate.
:
WHEN Perfeus, king of Macedon, petitioned
his conqueror, Paulus Emilius, the Roman faid,
"the most unhappy valour challenges a great
"refpe&t even from enemies.” What then mußt
we fay of the great and unhappy felt-marfbal
Munich; What compaffion is not due to the man
who chaftifed the infolence of the Turks, and
made the common enemies of Europe fenfible that
FO
they
120
Book 2.
The LIFE of
they had an antagonift capable of returning the
rapacity of war? Alas! the man who once was
thought to be feated above the reach of calamity,
and whofe actions gained the applaufe of all Europe,
is now levelled to the loweſt ſtate of mifery, and
cxcites pity from the fame voices which were once
employed in refounding his glories. He deferves
the generous compaffion of the great and brave!
He had climbed the tree of honour; he had
plucked its faireft fruit; and fell with the glorious
burthen to the ground, from whence he was un-
able to rife again: which verifies the obfervation
of Plutarch, that there is nothing either great
"or little, at this moment, that will hold ſo to all
futurity; for nothing puts an end to the viciffi-
tude of things, but what does fo to their very
"existence."
MAGNITUDE cannot prevent cafualties of in-
convenience; nor can it give a privilege to free
things from diftemperature: men of large propor-
tion are as fubject to fevers, as others of leffer
flature: great empires are as cafily difturbed as
the ftates of petty princes; and the man inveſted
with magnificence at the head of an army, is liable
to more danger than a fimple peafant at the head
of his flock: for it is lefs difficult to attain the
end of high defires, than to keep it when procured;
and better is the affurance of feeking, than of
poffeffing. The unhappy fituation of feldt marſhal
Munich is like that of Marius, when he was
banifhed Rome, and wandered deftitute about
Africa: his condition is worfe than that of Han-
nibal, who, in his difgrace, had fomething re-
ferved to him, the amity of Prufias, king of
Bithynia, a penfion and fubfiftence under him,
with a command over his army. Flaminius in-
curred a general odium by being fo inftrumental
to the death of fo brave a man as Hannibal; and,
perhaps,
Chap. 4. JOHN Earl of CRAUFURD, 121
perhaps, fome of the Ruffian boyars may be equally
reproached for caufing the banishment of count
Munich, who can never have the opportunity of
revenging himſelf like Marius, if it was in his
nature to be guilty of the fame acts of cruelty.
This great general was as fortunate in war as
prince Eugene, or the duke of Marlborough; but
afterwards as unfortunate as Parmenio, or Belli-
farius: Parmenio was the firft perfon who opened
Alexander a way into Afia; count Munich was
the first general who led the Ruffians into Turky:
after having performed the offices of good com-
manders, with the experience of age, and the
vigour of youth, the one was affaffinated, and the
other banished, by the orders, of their fovereigns:
but the death of the Macedonian, and the exile of
the Ruffian general, were both regretted by their
countrymen; for the lofs of a good foldier is a
general lofs to his nation: thus the death of Pom-
pey drew tears from his enemy, when Cæfar re-
flected on the unfortunate end of that man who
had obtained three triumphs, and been fo many
times conful; and, perhaps, the czarina, who is
remarkable for her clemency, may compaffionate
the calamity of her exiled general, and restore him
to that command which he once fo meritoriouſly
enjoyed. Whatever may be the event of his
banishment, it is to be hoped that this digreffion
will be pardoned, when it is confidered as a debt
paid to the memory of that great commander, who
directed the fteps of the earl of Craufurd in the
paths of military virtue, and who was refpected
by his lordſhip in the fame manner as Fabius
Maximus was by Marcus Cato; not fo much for
the honour of his perfon and greatness of his power,
as that he might fet before him his particular worth
and manner of life, for his ſtudy and imitation.
BOOK
'
122
The LIFE of
:
воок
CHAP. I.
III.
The campaigns of 1739: containing, the journal of
the campaign of Hungary, generously granted, for
this work, by his moft ferene highness prince
CHARLES of LORRAIN: As alſo an account
of the fame campaign written by the earl of
CRAUFURD, with a deſcription of the battles
of Krotzka and Pancfova. To which is added,
a fhort detail of the Ruffian campaign, with his
lordship's obfervations on the whole.
TH
HE French ambaffador having made freſh
inftances with the grand feignior to conclude
a peace with the emperor of Germany and the
czarina, was answered, "that it was in vain to
"negociate on that head, unless the court of
"Vienna would yield up Imperial Walachia,
"Orfova with its dependencies, and that part of
"Servia between the Morava and Timoch; while
"the court of Peterſburgh ſhould reftore Afoph,
"and fulfil the treaty of Pruth:" for the aban-
doning of Oczakow was looked upon as nothing;
fince the Ruffians would not have retired from that
place, if they had thought themſelves able to keep
it. The Ottoman ministry were determined to
act with vigour on the fide of Hungary in particu-
lar: they compelled men by force to enter into
their armies, which is contrary to the Mahometan
law :
Chap. 1. JOHN Earl of CRAUFURD. 123
law: five baffas, who commanded, three of them
in Hungary, and two on the Niefter, were ſent
for to Conftantinople, their conduct cenfured, the
bow-ftring adminiftered, and their bodies thrown
into the fea: the grand vizier was depofed, and
haniſhed to an iſland in the Archipelago; while
the felictar-aga, or fword-bearer, carried the feals.
of the empire to Ayvas Mehemmed, bafhaw,
Serafkier of Widin, who was appointed his fuc-
ceffor; which promotion caufed great joy among
the Janizaries, as he was an experienced officer,
and not of the fame haughty violent difpofition as
his predeceffor. So that the Turks feemed to act
with as much feverity againſt their own officers,
as refolution againſt the enemy.
As to his Imperial majefty, not a day paffed but
a grand council was held in his prefence; and he
appeared greatly embarraffed with the fituation of
affairs. The conditions infifted on by the Turks,
he knew neither how to grant or to refufe: the
two laſt campaigns were fo unfavourable, that he
dreaded a third; efpecially as he could not have
immediate affiſtance from the Ruffian army, which,
how much foever he wanted money, would have
been more eligible; becauſe the raw recruits that
he could bring into Hungary, either for fear of the
plague, or the enemy, deferted almoſt as faſt as
they arrived, or died of the plague; and his vete-
rans had fuffered a great diminution by the fword,
the peftilence, or other cafualties: however, his
Imperial majefty was affifted with fome auxiliary
troops from the electors of Saxony and Bavaria,
which enabled him to open the campaign with
80,000 men, excluſive of militia. But, notwith-
ftanding theſe fuccours, it was generally appre-
hended that the court of Vienna was inclinable for
peace; for prince Lichtenftein, the Imperial mini-
Ber
er at Verfailles, was heard to fay, that the
66 empero
124
Book 3.
The LIFE of
"
·
emperor had not undertaken this war but at the
"folicitation of Ruffia: that he had done all he
"could to employ the Turks in Hungary; but it
was impoffible for him to foreſee the fatal events
"which had befallen him: therefore, his Imperial.
66
CC
majefty was no longer in a condition to continue
"the war, and was under an abſolute neceffity of
"making a peace."
In the mean time, count Munich was affembling
his army in the neighbourhood of Kiow, with a
defign to croſs through the territories of Poland,
and lay fiege to Chotzim; after which he intended
to join prince Lobkowitz in Tranfylvania, and,
with their united forces, to make a conqueft of
Moldavia while marſhal Lafcy renewed his inva-
fion in the Crimea.
TOWARDS the end of December 1738, a de-
tachment of five hundred Tranfylvanian Huffars
made an incurfion into Moldavia, where they
plundered and burnt feveral villages. Animated
with this fuccefs, foon after, another party of
Huffars made a fecond incurfion therein, and got
fuch a confiderable booty, that when they divided
it at their return, the ſhare of each man amounted
to one hundred ducats. About this time a nu-
merous party of vagabonds having infefted the
neighbourhood of Temefwaer, general Lentulus
marched with a detachment of regular troops in
queſt of them, and obtained a complete victory :
but, as this detachment was returning, the rear
guard, confifting of 300 Huffars, was attacked by
a body of 3000 Turks and Wallachians. The
Huffars ftood the attack bravely for fome time;
but, being overpowered by numbers, were at
length, obliged to fly, leaving fifty of their number
dead on the ſpot, belides feveral more, either
wounded, or taken prifoners. However, by the
refolute fand they made, they gave the main bod y
20
Chap. 1. JOHN Earl of CRAUFURD. 125
an opportunity to retire to Temefwaer, wh their
prifoners and booty: upon their retreat, the Turks
burnt Werfchnitza, cne of the largeft towns in
the Bannat; maffacred many of the inhabitants,
and carried the reft into flavery.
BUT of all the fkirmishes which happened before
the armits took the field, that of Kutfchay was
the moſt confiderable. The inhabitants of that
country having withdrawn their allegiance from
the Turks, and put themfelves under the protec-
tion of the emperor; the bafhaw of Petfky was
fent, with a body of 6000 men, to chaftife them.
This brave people being informed of his march,
without the affiftance of any regular troops, deter-
mined to defend themſelves, and accordingly lay
in ambuſh, among the defiles of their mountains:
when the baſhaw not expecting to meet with any
oppofition, marched on furioufly, and fell into the
fnare, by which rafh conduct, both he, and moſt
of his troops, were cut to pieces,
THE emperor having acquainted count Wallis,
that he intended to appoint him general in chief
during the enfuing campaign, the count answered,
"that, before he could accept of the honour, his
Imperial majetty defigned for him, he muſt inſiſt
upon the following conditions: that no officer,
"from the higheſt to the lowest, fhould, under
any pretence whatſoever, not even that of fick-
nefs excepted, abfent himfelf from the army.
"with out his permiffion: that the hofpitals and
"magazines fhould be fupplied with all necefla-
"ries; and that every regiment fhould be fupplied.
"with expert furgeons.'
From whence it may
be conjectured there was a deficiency in all theſe
reſpects during the preceding campaigns, and to
this, probably, the ill fuccefs of them was owing;
though the fift was thrown upon count Seck-
endorf.
"
THESE
126
Book 3-
The LIFE of
THESE Conditions being premiſed, the marſhal
received his commiffion with the most ample in-
ftructions, fo as to march wherever he fhould think
proper, and to give battle when he pleafed. On
his arrival at Belgrade, he went to vifit the maga-
zines; and in one magazine for corn, he scarcely
found one third of the quantity fpecified in the
account delivered by the commiffaries general: in
another of powder he found the greateft part of it
was of a very bad quality: whereupon the com-
miffaries, who had the particular direction of theſe
magazines, were feized; and, not being able to
juftify themſelves, were both hanged up immedi-
ately, as an example to others, to be more careful
of what was committed to their charge: after
which the marshal began to take meaſures for
opening the campaign; for which purpofe orders.
had been ſent to the troops to march to their en-
campments appointed for them near Peter waradin,
where the marfhal reviewed his army; when he
faid to a friend near him ; "I hope to avoid the
"fate of the counts Seckendorf and Konigfeg;
"but if affairs fhould not take a happier turn than
"they promife, the favour I would aſk of heaven
.. is, to have the fate of count Merci."
THE earl of Craufurd, accompanied with feveral ·
other general officers, departed from Comorra
about the middle of April, and joined the Imperial
troops, as they were aflembling at Peterwaradin,
in which neighbourhood the whole army was en-
camped about the beginning of June. The Turks
were ſucceſsful on the fide of Hungary, where the
battle of Krotzka gave them Belgrade, and com-
pelled the emperor to accept of a fperate peace;
at a time when count Munich was victorious in
Moldavia fo that the Ruffian general, inſtead of
purſuing his march, and joining the Imperialifts,
was obliged to return and gather fresh laurels in
Beffarabia,
Chap. 1. JOHN Earl of CRAUFURD. 127
Beffarabia, where he reduced the whole province,
and feverely chaſtiſed the infolence of the Tartars.
But the following relations of the campaign are
too valuable to be omitted: the first marked Num-
ber I. was obtained from his moft ferene highneſs
prince Charles of Lorrain, to illuftrate this work,
and honour the memory of the earl of Craufurd,
for whom his highnefs had a great regard, as his
lordship was his early companion in military ad-
ventures: and the fecond, marked Number II. is
an account of the tranfactions of this campaign,
drawn up by the earl of Craufurd, with his own
obfervations thereon.
4-6 -6 14: HEHEH-8
NUMBER I.
The journal of all the motions made by the Imperial
and Turkish armies, from the opening of the
campaign in-1739, until the peace of Belgrade;
drawn up by the direction of his royal highneſs
prince CHARLES of LORRAIN; and inter-
Sperfed with particular obfervations, relative to
the earl of CRAUFURD, by an officer of his
acquaintance.
HIS
IS Imperial majefty having appointed the
count Oliver Wallis, marfhal, to command
his army against the Ottomans; orders were iffued
forth, from the council of war, to all the generals
nominated to ferve that campaign, to direct the
troops under their respective commands, to ren-
dezvous near Peterwaradin on the river Saave, and
from thence to proceed to operation. Accordingly,
the regiments as they arrived, both horie and foot,
took their ground and encamped; the right wing
near
128
Book 3.
The LIFE of
صار
near Peter waradin; and the left nigh Kamnitza
on the Danube: the horſe being ordered towards
Cubilla and Kotzh for their better fubliftance.
THE earl of Craufurd, who was now univer-
fally known, and as much regarded by all the
Imperial generals, was one of the foremoft in the
field, where he particularly attached himself to his
illuſtrious friend the prince of Waldeck, lieutenant
general of the infantry; who, on the 6th of June,
was ordered to break off with his brigade to en-
camp the fame day at Shardanofze, the 7th at
Bellegifh, and the 8th at Semlin or Zemblin; to
which camp the reft of the army followed fuccef-
fively, and occupied the grounds affigned to them
by the quarter mafters general, Gramlick and
Callaghan. The cavalry were immediately ordered
to march over the bog, called Peludifh, for the
convenience of water for though the high flats
near Semlin lie along the Danube; the banks of
this river are ſo very ſteep on that fide, as to ren-
der the accefs of the water extremely difficult;
and the hollow cuts, made probably by the Ro-
mans, are ſo very remote from each other, that
though the tents of a regiment may be within forty
yards, nay even on the very brink of the river,
yet in fome places, it is two miles, or more, to
come at the water.
THE army ftayed in camp till the 26th; becauſe
an high inundation, prevented our march fooner.
But the night before the army marched from
Semlin, a hurricane fuddenly rofe about ten
o'clock, which blew down all the great tents, and
moſt of the barracks: the ftrongeft man in the
army was obliged to lay hold of fomething for his
fupport; the futlers empty barrels were toft back-
wards and forwards by the velc city of the wind,
which even put coaches and carts into motion.
As the army was to march at three o'clock in the
morning,
Chap. 1. JOHN Earl of CRAUFURD. 129
morning, his lordſhip, and moſt of the officers,
were in bed when this happened: but the hurricane
did not continue above ten minutes, when the
tents were erected again; while his lordſhip fate
round a little fire, in the open air, with prince
Waldeck, prince Birkenfield, and feveral other
officers, who were laughing at each other, divert-
ing themſelves with the different relations of what
had happened to them during the hurricane. In
the mean time we received, as auxiliary troops
from Bavaria, four battalions, four companies of
grenadiers, and eight pieces of artillery; as alfo a
regiment of Bavarian dragoons; which then made
the army conſiſt of fifteen regiments of horſe, or
one hundred and five fquadrons; forty-eight bat-
talions; and forty-nine companies of grenadiers,
not including the body of 12,000 men under the
command of general count Neuperg who was ftill
in the Bannat of Temeſwaer.
DURING our long ftay at Belgrade, the com-
manding general had feveral intelligences from the
Turkish army but as he trufted to fpies, who are
as venal on the one fide as on the other, he never
had an exact account of their force, nor even of
their fituation. Admiral Pallavicini had a fine
fleet of large men of war on the Danube, well
manned and armed; which protected our com-
munication with the Bannat; and as the army
marched on the 17th, the fleet covered our right
wing, which in the camp of Witznitza reached
the Danube. The earl of Craufurd, who was
ready for water ſervice as well as land, frequently
vifited general Pallavicini, and offered him his
fervice: there were feveral knights who came from
Malta, with two hundred able feamen on board;
and though thefe fhips cannot be wrought on a
river as on the fea, yet they are of great uſe againſt
the Turks; becauſe they hinder the Turkiſh ſmall
veffels,
130
Book 3.
The LIFE of
veffels, called Shaicks, from running up among
the ſeveral iſlands of this great river.
HOWEVER, we had an account that the grand
vizier was the 18th on the Morava, a river which
flows into the Danube not far from Semendria:
upon which intelligence the commanding general,
count Wallis, ordered the army to be ready to
march; but he detached the major general count
Carraffa, with eleven fquadrons of carabineers,
over the Danube, on the Schemniza river, to
protect that fide; and one thoufand pioneers to
ftrike a bridge over the Borza, for the better
communication, and for the facility of Neuperg's
joining the army, who was daily expected.
As this was the first detachment fent out from
the
army, which had the appearance of meeting
fome party of the enemy, the lord Craufurd went
directly and marched off with general Carraffa.
THE 19th a camp was marked at Winſcha; fo
diſpoſed that the army had the Danube behind, the
left flank parallel with a brook called Polletch,
which at that place falls into the Danube, where
there were two men of war to cover the wing:
the height behind the village, called Ridfpech,
which likewife protected our left wing, was im-
mediately befet with artillery: and, on the 20th,
the Imperial army feized this camp, where the
grand front had a fair plain before it, with an eaſy.
defcent; and the right wing had a precipice to
cover it from all infults.
CARRAFFA, who finished the expedition he
was fent on, rejoined the army on the 20th; and
the earl of Craufurd hearing that general Bernclau
was to ſet out that evening to reconnoitre the
enemy, he immediately, as well as feveral other
volunteers, offered to march with him. This de-
tachment took the nigheſt road towards Krotzka ;
where, according to ſeveral reports fent by general
Pallavicini,
i
Chap. 1. JOHN Earl of CRAUFURD. IZI
Pallavicini, from the fleet, the van guard of the
Ottoman army had already taken poſt; and, as
this fituation is eafily defended by the first occupier,
count Wallis intended to prevent the grand vizier
coming forward to it with his grand army: he was
the eaſier inclined to march thither, becauſe gene-
ral Bernclau, who returned in the morning of the
21ft, reported that the Turks were not above eight
thouſand ſtrong at Krotzka: on which marshal
Wallis ordered the whole army to march the fame
evening, without waiting for count Neuperg, who
was to join him with his corps the next day.
GENERAL Bernclau was miſtaken in his re-
port; the earl of Craufurd, who was the first
that difcovered the enemy in the church-yard at
Krotzka, and attacked a fmall poft they had on a
little hill, about two hundred paces from the church,
told general Bernclau then," that he was of opi-
"nion, it was impoffible to judge of the ftrength
❝of the enemy, by what they could fee; inaſmuch
"as the feveral hills and valleys in the neighbour-
"hood, might cover fome thouſands of men, im-
"poffible for them to diſcover, even were it clear
"day." Four cuiraffiers, who, with the earl of
Craufurd, had attacked. the first little poft the
Turks had, as before mentioned, advanced into
the church-yard where his lordſhip briſkly followed,
and was foon joined by about fifty horfe volunteers
and others; which caufed the Turks to retire as
well out of the church, as out of the village, and
get quite over the brook of Krotzka.
Had gene-
ral Bernclau held his ground, inftead of making
a noiſe with kettle drums and trumpets, and re-
tiring back to marfhal Wallis, it is probable the
Ottomans would have retired entirely to Semen-
dria, where they muſt have attacked us with greater.
diſadvantages than we did them at Krotzka; for
they were refolved to give battle, and the choice
of ground is a battle at leaſt half won. THE
132:
The LIFE of
Book 3.
THE earl of Craufurd gave one of the troopers
a horſe, inſtead of one that was wounded under
him; and to each of the other three he gave fix
ducats, as an emulative encouragement; and,
indeed, he was ſo beloved and efteemed by our
foldiers, that they thought no danger could happen
where he led; for they had as high an opinion of
his prudence, as of his valour, which was almoſt
too much: however, the army began to march,
about ten o'clock in the evening of the 21ft of
July, directly to Zweybruck; and in the following
order.
A few Rafcians, who were always pofted in the
woods and coverts, only as fpies, were ordered to
advance: next came on the two huffar regiments,
who were ordered to keep one thouſand paces
before the head of the army: next followed John
Palfi's regiment of cuiraffiers, and Savoy dragoons;
where the commanding general had taken his poft,
and with him was the earl of Craufurd, baron
Darneim a Saxon major general, and feveral aid
de camps: next came on the young prince of
Waldeck, with nine companies of foot grenadiers,
and two pieces of cannon: then Lanthieri, a
cuiraffier regiment, and Phillippi's dragoons: thefe
were followed by major general Moravitzk, a
Bavarian officer, with nine other foot grenadier
companies, and two field pieces: the whole of
thefe troops marching on the road towards Krotzka
in one column, and indeed without neceffity.
While the head of the army made a long halt at
Zweybruck, waiting for the foot from the right
wing of the camp of Winfcha, the earl of Crau-
furd, who had feen the ground in the morning,
and who was now fitting by marshal Wallis on the
fide of the road, in a very modeft polite manner,
acquainted the marshal, that he was of opinion,
the whole van-guard fhould be grenadiers and
"foot;
Chap 1. JOHN Earl of CRAUFURD. 133
The
"foot; the ground being very improper for horſe
to draw up :" to which the commanding gene-
ral made this reply, "I expect the horſe ſhall act
like the foot; and I want expedition; for at
"Krotzka beati poffidentes; " of which he indeed
felt the strength a few hours after.
NEXT came on the rest of the cavalry of the
right wing; as Carraffa, Sehr, Hohenzollern,
Bernes, Charles Palfi, and Hohenembs, cuiraffiers,
each feven fquadrons: Preiffing, and Altham
dragoons; alfo feven fquadrons each. Marthal
Wallis, uneafy, after waiting a confiderable time
for the arrival of the infantry, marched forward,
before they had joined; and about the middle way,
between Zweybruck and Krotzka, he made a
ſecond halt; but ſtill in vain: for the infantry, at
its breaking out of the camp of Winfcha, was
mifled, and took the road towards Belgrade, in-
ftead of following the van-guard. It is to be re-
membered that the Huffars were ordered to march
one thouſand paces before the head of the van-guard;
and, at the ſecond halt, it is to be fuppofed that they
received no orders to halt; fo they advanced, and
came into an ambuſcade; from whence they re-
ceived a briſk volley, and were difperfed.
THIS firft fire was about half an hour after two
in the morning: on which marſhal Wallis imme-
diately ordered the cavalry to trot on; and, about
twelve minutes after three, as Savoy's regiment
advanced, where the marshal was then pofted, a
body of Janizaries, that had bordered the deep thick.
hedges on the left fide of the road, made a moft
terrible fire on the flank of this regiment; which
continued for fix or ſeven minutes, and put the
regiment in diforder. This occationed the mafial
to take poft at the head of John Palh's regiment,
which galloped valiantly on, and attacked the
enemy, at the head of a defile, which leads into a
G
ſteep
134
Book 3.
The LIFE of
fteep hollow way, driving thofe they met with into
the little plain near the village of Krotzka; but
this plain being furrounded with hills, they were
foon covered with Spahis end Janizaries.
AT the deſcent of the beforementioned hollow
way, the earl of Craufurd was ruſhed into the plain,
by a troop of carabineers who had pufhed forwards;
and, fighting with them, his favourite horfe was
ſhot dead under him. Marſhal Sehr followed with
the remainder of the horle; but, as he was obliged
to defile and attack by detaile, the enemy foon
defeated each ſmall troop they met with: fo that the
cavalry were repulfed, and drove back: upon which
the commanding general ordered count Lucheii,
then colonel, and general adjutant, to feize a hill;
which general Luchefi immediately performed with.
great valour and conduct; having but about three
hundred horfe, and baron Kleinholtz, then major
of Carraffa's regiment, with him; who attacked
and ftraight defeated a body of Turkish horfe,
which were certainly fix times his number, and
were drove into the village of Krotzka. Count
Luchefi was followed by general Dolicne, who
led Fohenzollern's regiment and a few huffars.
But, this gallant action performed by Carraffa and
Hohenzolle: n's men not being feconded, thefe brave
people were forced to retire; and in this retreat
count Luchefi faw the earl of Craufurd lying like
a dead man on the ground; whereupon he instantly
ordered a few grenadiers of the prince of Waldeck's
nine companies to carry of his bleeding friend, in
hopes to fave his life; which the grenadiers willingly
performed.
MEAN while, the prince of Hilburghaufen ar-
rived with the foot, and took poft on the right
wing, commanded by his ferene highness prince
Charles of Lorrain; and the ground being very
advantageous for icot, the Ottomans brought the
moit
Chap. 1. JOHN Earl of CRAUFURD. 135
:
moſt of their forces to their left, making feveral
attempts on his highnefs, even frequently (word in
hand but in vain; the prince gained ground,
in ftead of lofing: he was valiantly feconded by the
prince of Waldeck with the battalions under his
command; and alfo by lieutenant general count
Leopald Daun.
THESE battalions of the right wing, having
ſtood ten hours fire, were extremely weakened;
and, not one general, or field officer, of prince
Charles's wing, efcaped a wound; feveral being
killed at the first attack, on the break of day, when
the earl of Craufurd was wounded: lieutenant
general Witorf, major general Carraffa, and the
prince of Heffe, alfo a major general, were killed:
count Bertold, colonel of James Palfi's, the lieu-
tenant colonel, the major, and fix captains of the
fame regiment were al o killed or loft.
THE fire began at this battle with the break of
day, and lafted till night; when it was ordered
that the army fhould retire, being covered by a
frong rear-guard; to take the fame road back
again, and each regiment to occupy the fame
ground it was before on at the camp of Winlcha.
THE 23d of July, as foon as day, the army
was formed in order of battle, as it itood in camp:
the Turkish army was prefently up before our
front, and even charged our grand guards and van
pafts; but, having reconnoitred our fituation, the
grand vizier retired back, by Zweybruck, to
Krotzka.
THE fame day, the Imperial army broke out
from the camp of Winfcha, marching in three
columns by Mirava, and encamped within the
lines of circumvalation at Belgrade; where the
army refted the next day. The 25th, in the
morning, the Turkish army appeared on the high
grounds before our front, and had ſeveral ſkirmishes
G 2
with
136
The LIFE of
Book 3.
with our van poſts, which lafted the whole day:
in the evening, the quarter matters generais were
ordered to paſs the Danube over the bridge; and
trace a camp for the army in the Bannat of
Temefwaer.
ON the 26th of July, the grand vizier, with
his whole army, advanced towards Belgrade, en-
camping within, and without, the famous lines
about this fortress.
ON the 27th, the Imperial army remained in its
camp at Borza, and the fame day a detachment of
two regiments of huffars, two of horfe, and four
companies of grenadiers, with four field pieces,
were commanded to the Schimnitza and Temes,
two fmall rivers, to cover the communication by
the bridge; as alfo to chace the enemy that had
already paffed the Borza, near Olza. The fame
night, the Imperial army marched forward, and
paffed the river Temes by Jabuka, where the
Ottomans had already taken poft, but were eafily
drove away; for as foon as the Imperial army had
poffed the Temes, it was formed in order of battle;
where our buffars, and other volunteers, diverted
themſelves in ſkirmiſhing with fome of the Turkiſh
cavalry.
THIS camp was a fair field of battle; but the
enemy declined attacking; the left wing being
covered by a redoubt. The army remained here
the 29th, and on the 30th, marched in the fame
order as it was in camp; the right wing being
cloſe on the high banks of the Temes, and the left
wing covered by an art ficial flank.
On the 12th of Auguſt, we had an account that
three of our men of war were cut off from the reſt,
at the mouth of the Temes; which were manned
by Malteſe failors, and commanded by knights of
Malta, who, feeing no hopes of efcape, blew up
the ſhips by fetting fire to the powder rooms, and
retired
Chap. 1. JOHN Earl of CRAUFURD, 137
retired as they could through bogs and rivers, and
got on board the other fhips near Belgrade.
On the 15th, the army marched over the new
bridge and croffed a bog, which, with the breadth
of the Danube, required a bridge of two thoufand
paces long. The 19th, we had an account that a
body of 16,000 Bofniacs, under the command of
the great balhaw of Bufnia, had taken poft on the
Saave, not far from Belgrade, where they had
already thrown over two bridges into the Jibly-
ifland; their defign being to cut off our communi-
cation with Belgrade by Semlin. Upon this in-
telligence, it was ordered, on the 20th, that the
prince of Hilburghaufen fhould march with the left
wings of both lines of the army, confifting of eight
regiments of horſe and ſeventeen battalions, with
the neceffary artillery; which marched by Panofze
not far from Pizziani; where they encamped on a
height. Immediately bordering the Saave with
troops, and erecting feveral bridges of communi-
cation over the bog, to the end, that if the enemy
had quite paffed the river, that the Imperialiſts
might advance in a large front, to attack and re-
pulſe them but the Turks thought fit to abandon
their works; and on the 24th, the Imperial army
marched, and encamped at Bellegifh; where general
Schmettau arrived, being fent from Vienna to
partake in the command of the army.
DURING all theſe marches, the Turks con-
tinued the fiege of Belgrade; where they deftroyed
feveral houſes, but had no effect as to a breach.
Lieutenant general Succow, who was commandant
in the town, had made all preparations for a long
defence; while the Ottomans began to want
forage, and became difcouraged; becauſe ſeveral
of their Afiatic troops, who are engaged to ferve
fix months in the field to finish the campaign,
G 3
talked
138 The LIFE of
Book 3.
k
talked already of returning home to their wives;
for the Turks admit of no women to the field:
FROM the camp of Bellegifh, the commanding
general Wailis fent three hundred pioneers, and a
captain towards Belgrade, in fmall boats on the
Danube: the boat wherein the captain was with
ten men was attacked by a party ambushed, not
far from the ifle near Belgrade, ard taken prifoners;
he had alfo ninety boatmen with him, who were
all, as well as the three hundred pioneers, carried
into the Turkiſh camp, after a lofs of feven men
killed.
On the 26th, the Hali baſhaw attacked a redoubt
on the confluence of the river Borfa, oppofite the
city of Belgrade, where lieutenant colonel Grady,
an Irish officer, commanded three hundred men ;
who, after fuflaining feveral attacks against 30,сco
Turks, kept his ground, and beat them off; though
they threw two hundred bombs into that (mall
redoubt, which was built a few days before, and
only of earth: but, as colonel Grady had feveral
oak planks, the bombs did no great damage; how•
ever, had they remained till the next day, they
muft have wanted fubfiftance, and have been obliged
to lurrender; which was prevented on the 29th,
by general Schmettau, who paffed the Danube
with nineteen battalions, in order to raife the fiege
of the redoubt, which he judged neceffary to be
fuftained; becaufe if that fort, or redoubt, was
taken, the nien of war muſt quit their ſtarin în
the Danube, not being able to refill the batteries
from the ſhore; while the Turkifli fhaiks, or ſmall
veffels, wou d ruſh on that fide of the town of
Belgrade, along the Danube, which was quite open,
and pour into the town any number of men they
pleaſed: befides, he urged, that to expefe fo brave
a man as Grady, and his troops that behaved fo
well, to be loft in a fecund attack, which must
happen
Chap. 1. JOHN Earl of CRAUFURD. 139
happen, if not ſuſtained, was againſt all humanity.
But, on the appearance of thefe nineteen battalions
and five hundred horfe, the Turks entirely aban
doned the fiege of the redoubt, and retired to the
grand vizier's camp while marfhal Schmettau
made a line of circumvalation well intrenched, and
poſted two thouſand men to defend the redoubt;
after which, he withdrew to the camp from whence
he had departed. By this difpofition, we had com-
munications with Belgrade, as well from Sirmia,
as from the Bannat: and we refreſhed the garrifon
in Belgrade, as a fimple guard may be relieved.
ON the 26th, his highness prince Charles of
Lorrain advanced with ten battalions, and ten
companies of grenadiers, with two regiments of
horse, and took his camp near Panofze. The
28th, marſhal Wallis followed with the reſt of
the army; which, on the 30th, encamped on the.
famous plains of Semlin.
On the Ift of September, there was no further
noiſe of bombs or cannons; at which time, there
were three Ottoman armies; one on the Borza,
another on the Saave; and the grand vizier with
the grand army before Belgrade, against which the
Turks fired thirty-five days without making the
leaft breach, nor having done any notable damage,
except to the roofs of fome houſes; when count
Neuperg, who was fome days before as plenipo-
tentiary in the Turkish camp, concluded the peace
with the grand vizier, under the French mediation;
which terminated the campaign, and the war on
the fide of Hungary.
NUMBER
G4
140
Book 3:
The LIFE of
NUMBER II.
A defcription of the battle of Krotzka; with the
Jequel of the campaign, containing an account of
the battle of Panczova; as alſo of the campaign
between the Ruffian and Ottoman armies: to
which is added a recapitulation, for connection
jake, of the fituation of the Roman Imperial army
before the fatal 22d of July 1739, when the battle
of Krotzka was fought with obfervations on the
whole. By the late earl of CRAUFURD.
A
FTER having inactively let pafs the month.
of May; the greatest part of the imperial
infantry were affembled in one camp, betwixt
Peter waradin and Grannewitz, where they con-
tinued encamp'd, without any great alterations,
till the 6th of June; when prince Waldeck was
detached, with the left wing of the infantry, to
take poffeffion of a new camp at Semlin: where,
waiting the arrival of the reft of the army, the
precious time, betwixt the 9th and 27th of June,
was again loft: but for what reaſon heaven knows,
if we intended to march further than Belgrade, at
all. The interval betwixt the 27th of June and
the 17th of July, paft in the lines of that place;
when our general feldt-marſhal count Wallis, as
it is reported, at laft, had permiffion, and thought
proper to march from thence, for the camp of
Winfcha.
On our arrival in the camp of Winfcha, major
general Bernclau was ordered, the fame evening,
to march with a detachment of eight hundred
cavalry, eight companies of grenadiers, three hun-
dred huflars, and three hundred Rafcians, under
the command of their chief Stan etza; the whole
to take poft at Krotzka, if poffible; but, at any
rate,
Chap. 1. JOHN Earl of CRAUFURD. 141
rate, to bring certain information how formidable
the enemy might be there. Accordingly this de-
tachment marched, taking its rout by tracts, or
bye-roads, through the woods, lying betwixt the
great road and the Danube, till they reached an
advantageous poft, at a proper diftance from
Krotzka; where, after pofting the regular troops
to fecure his retreat, the general marched, with
the fame huffars and Rafcians, till he arrived upon
the high grounds above the before-mentioned vil-
lage in poffeffion of the enemy; whither he de-
tached twenty five huflars, fupported by twenty-
five more, to learn, if poffible, the force, and
fituation, of the enemy; with order to retreat
immediately on a charge being founded, by a
couple of trumpets properly fituated; which, pro-
bably, had the defired effect, in making the enemy
believe a more formida le corps was in motion to
attack them; whereby they allowed the huffats to
retreat, after having pierced into the very heart of
the village, and mixt with the enemy, of whom
two, or three, were feen to fall; and the huflars
brought off two of their horfes tolerably well
harneffed; giving, at the fame time, the alarmı,
as may be eafily imagined; which foon conveyed
itfelf from the village into their camp, overlooking
the fame, where the Turks inftantly refounded it
from all quarters, in their noily manner; fo
intimating to us, a tolerable juft notion of their
force, which we fuppofed to be, as near as we
could judge, betwixt 8 and 10,000 men; who
certainly would foon have decamped, had cur force
then been fufficient, under the protection of our
fleet, in the morning, when the enemy cou'd fee
round us, to maintain, what we certainly would
have made them abandon: which the bafhaw,
here on command, juftly obferving, and judging
if it did not happen this morning, it might
through-
·G 5
142
Book 3.
The LIFE of
throughout the day, or the following night; there-
fore, with the greateft expedition, he gave in-
telligence of what had happened to the grand vizier
commanding at Semendria; begging of him,
without delay, a confiderable reinforcement; left,
as he expected, he should be attacked, and obliged
to abandon that important poft: upon which the
grand vizier, forefeeing it was very poffible, in-
ftantly detached a powerful body of cavalry, that
the baſhaw might be the more expeditiously fuf-
tained; following with much celerity himfelf, at
the head of the whole army, making all the Jani-
zaries take the lead, with orders to haften their
march, in the highest degree, that they might
fo fuddenly pafs the defiles near Krotzka, as to
give the reft of their army, artillery, and baggage,
a free paffage to get through, before the arrival of
the Roman imperial feet, which, to the greateſt
degree imaginable, could moleft their defiling;
as alfo, in order to occupy all the advantageous
poſts before our army could come up which
orders were fo expeditiously executed, that, before
day break, on the 22d in the morning, an am-
buſcade of Janizaries was placed in the vineyards,
to the right and left of thoſe defiles our army could
only march through, which had quitted the camp
of Winſcha, leaving our tents ftanding, and fires.
burning, the better to difguife our march.
THE army marched unmolefled during the
night, and till about three o'clock in the morning;
when the avant-guard, unwarily defcending the
defile leading from the high grounds of our fide,
and above Krotzka, without the neceffary precau-
tions upon fuch occafions, fell in with the before-
mentioned ambufcade; which, in my opinion,
was done by the treachery of the Rafcians, whom
the Turks permitted to pafs, without difcovering
themſelves, till the huffars were fairly engaged;
then
Chap. 1. JOHN Earl of CRAUFURD, 143
then faluting them with a crofs fire, from both
fides of the defiles, they foon threw the whole into
confufion; both huffars and Rafcians difperfing
themſelves to right and left amongst the Janni-
zaries, not knowing how to difengage themſelves,
except a few who had rallied and continued main-
taining the defile till the arrival of John Palfi's
cuiraffers, who where ordered to advance, with
found of trumpet, by the feldt-marshal himſelf,
who already was in the defile; a ſcheme not ill
judged, had they been but made to ftop in time;
which, as I have been informed by adjutant
general marquis Spada, the feldt-marſhal intended;
but they were fo fuddenly engaged, that there was
no poffibility of difengaging them; and to the fup-
porting of theſe cuiraffers by detachments, regi-
ments, and fmall corps, may be intirely attributed
the deroute of the avant-guard, and the defeating
of our whole cavalry, by degrees, as they arrived;
who had orders at full ſpeed to join us, on finding
ourfeives engaged with a more confiderable corps
then we expected; a thing never to be hazarded
on fuch an unlooked for misfortune happening;
which, by bad intelligence, and other incidents in
war, is not to be foreſeen by the extent of human
genius; though, from capacity increafed by ex-
perience, furnished with numberlefs examples,
almighty god, out of his infinite goodness, has
enabled us as an equivalent for our bounded extent
of forefight, to a certain degree to be able to re-
medy fuch accidents: fometimes, even to inake
them turn to our advantage, as, which poffibly
hereafter may be made appear, this might have
been in the progrefs of this detail: therefore, with
that view, I have made ufe of the word EXAM-
PLE; being the way that abftrufe things are cleared
up to the understanding, whereby the better to
fhew how things that have happened by fuch pro-
G 6
ceedings,
€44
3.
The LIFE of
Book
ceedings, might have been by the like refembled
in their confequences on another occafion,
I SHALL, therefore, venture to make a fhort
digreffion with regard, in fome meaſure, to a
fimilar circumftance; which was what happened.
before the battle of Peter waradin, gained by prince
Eugene of Savoy, of immortal memory; who be-
ing afked a confiderable detachment of cavalry by
feldt- marſhal Palfi, to chaflife the avant guard of
the Turkish army, or at least a confiderable corps
of them, that were impertinent, as they always,
will be in confequence of the celerity of their
horfes, betwixt Peter waradin and Carlowitz; not
far from whence was the grand vizier, towards
whom the faid avant-guard retreated on the fuccefs
of Palfi, who flushed with it at first, unwarily
found himself too far engaged; and not unper.
ceivedly fo neither by his alert enemy, on fuch
occafions, very quick fighted; who, foon finding
themselves not brifkly purfued, according to their
conftant cuftom, returned with a multiplied force;
the impreffion of fuccefs, or the contrary, flying,
with their confequences, in a degree fwifter
amongſt their troops, than with us, as their fwift-
nefs exceeds ours; thereby foon bringing up to
their aid even a part of their grand army: fo
rendering it abfolutely neceffary for Palfi to defira
of the prince to be fuftained, by a reinforcement:
but the prince, as I muft fuppofe, perceiving it
might bring on a general action while he was
unprepared, fent him notice," that as he had
"engaged himſelf too far, he muft endeavour to
66 get off, as well as he could;" in the mean time
preparing, I doubt not, for the opportunity he
forefaw this fuccefs of the Turks would give him
of a general action; which fhould be the morning
prayer of every general formidably, or tolerably,
attended with regulars, making war againft fo
alert
Chap. 1. JOHN Earl of CRAUFURD. 145
A
alert a kind of undifciplined troops, whe, as they
always advance, the more fluſhed with no eflential
fuccefles, become the more certain prey, of cau-
tiouſly prepared fteady forces; as happened here,
foon after Palfi's retreat; which, though made
with fome precipitation, and lofs, occafioned that
general quickly to fhare the glory of amply re-
paying his defeat, in affifting, the morning after,
at the total overthrow of the Ottoman army;
which, twenty to one, would not have been fo
fuddenly abandoned to fuch an unexpected over-
throw, by the grand vizier, who loft his life in
the action, had not the before-mentioned accident
rendered his multitude, perhaps, beyond the bounds.
of conſtraint: and this might have juſt been the
cafe of the Roman imperial army at Krotzka,
making the compariſon of Palfi's corps with our
avant-guard; which, without all queftion, could
never, but by wrong information or accident,
have been made to entangle itſelf as it did.
AT which time, had the army been come up,
or the whole cavalry that were already joined
moved regularly up, pointing their attack more
towards Krotzka, it is probable, few Turks would
have remained, on this fide of the rivulet of that
place; at leaſt on this fide of their first retrench-
ment: but, instead of this, the enemy, obferving
theſe brave corps unſuſtained, in their artful and
defperate manner, or by circuits, attacked them
in front and rear; obliging them, in the beſt
manner that every man could, to fave themfelves
for a more favourable opportunity, by the moſt
expeditious kind of retreat; the grenadier compa-
nies, at laſt, forming themſelves in a fort of un-
compleated fquare, whereby they defended them-
felves, with a miraculous fteadiness, till fert to
their reſpective regiments; while the remains of
the cavalry, at lait rallied themfelves behind the
infantry;
146
The LIFE of
Book 3
infantry; which now came feaſonably up, to ftop
the firft impetuous fuccefs of the enemy, and, in
various places, while they were forming along the
advantageous heighth particnlarly towards the
right, were obliged to difpute every inch of ground
with the Ottoman infantry then fculking in the
vines and buſhes, from whence they were at
firſt diflodged, by two battalions of Charles Lor-
rain, and two of Seckendorf, led by lieutenant-
general Geifruck, who was followed by major
general Lefchner, with one battalion of Konigfeck,
two battalions of Ogilve, and two of Walfegg;
who was alfo followed by major general Ridezel,
with two battalions of Maroli, fucceeded by major
general prince Hilburghaufen with two battalions
of Brown, two of Dungen, and one of Modena ;
all which battalions were formed by prince Charles,
prince Waldeck, and the reft of the generals, in
the most advantageous manner; charging the
enemy, at various times and places, till major
general Helfreight arrived with three battalions of
Bavarians, being thofe of Chur prince, Minuzzi,
and Preifing; who, taking the right hand of the
road, and paffing the regiment of Brown, with
intention to fill up the openings where the enemy
flowed fome inclination to break in, were difap-
pointed by fome of our cavalry falling foul of them,
and a battalion of Brown's, which was in motion
downwards to fuitain general Lefchner, but who,
notwithflanding he met with the fame fate, foon
rallied again, and made the enemy retire; while
Hohenzollern's cuiraffiers joined the Bavarians and
Hohenembs to the left of the faid cavalry, more
upon the height, where they filled up the reft of
that blank; thus occupying the heights towards
our right, oppofite to thofe the enemy were poſ-
feffed of, in like manner as prince Hilburghaufen
poffeffed thoſe towards our left, with what was to
have
Chap. 1. JOHN Earl of CRAUFURD 147
have formed our two lines in one, extending all
along the commanding height till covered by the
Danube.
DURING which maneuvre, two imperial and
one Bavarian cannons being abandoned, major
general prince Hilburghauſen, with two companies
of grenadiers from the regiments of Brown and
Beveren, fuftained by the regiment of Preifing,
moft handfomely regained. The enemy, after
this, grew fiercer and fiercer; which lieutenant-
general prince Waldeck obferving, wifely judged
it requifite to draw fome battalions down the
declivity, towards the point of the rifing ground;
filling up an interval made by fo doing, with the
three battalions of Bavarians; and diftinguishing
himſelf prodigiously throughout the whole action;
while a body of the enemy, moſt deſperately attack-
ed the regiments of Hohenembs, Modena, and
Thungen, paffing even at firft their chevaux de
Frife; but met with fuch a vigorous repulfe, that
few of them returned. Prince Waldeck was then
employed in inore advantageoufly pofting the faid
regiments of infantry, but was foon after wounded,
and obliged to retire from the action, having had
four contufions before; but he devolved over his
command upon lieutenant general Thaun, who
had orders from prince Hilburghaufen, to relieve
the regiments of Seckendorf, Lorrain, and Mi-
nuzzi, out of the fire; by the three battalions of
Cullen; which regiments had fcarcely drawn
themſelves towards the heighth, when the enemy
made fo furious an attack that they were again
obliged to defcend to fuftain the before-mentioned
battalions; while the prince himself pofted the
two battalions of Platz fo advantageously, as to
fruftrate another attack that the enemy intended
on this quarter, which they were about doing,
though not fo fiercely at feveral other places, from
about.
€48
Book 3.
The LIFE of
about our center quite to our right, where prince
Charles of Lorrain, to the admiration of all around
him, behaved with the greateft bravery and calm-
nefs, diſappointing the enemy in all their attempts;
having had his flanks covered, by two fquadrons
of Altham's dragoons, fent him very much apropros
by the feldt marfhal. The enemy perceiving theſe
difpofitions, and that, about four of the clock in
the afternoon, we were reinforced by colonel
Barron Gullay, with the regiment of Diemar,
and fome other cavalry from Neuperg's corps,
begun, as we conjectured, to make their laft
efforts; thereby rendering it neceffary for the laft
mentioned freth cavalry, to relieve the regiments
of Hohenembs and Hohenzollern, which, by fo
doing, had foon an opportunity of diftinguishing
themſelves, particularly by colonel Gullay's wheel-
ing Diemar's company of carabineers, and two
fquadrons more, advancing with them, as if to
take in flank a party of the enemy, who intended
another attack upon the regiments of Modena and
Thungen, making them retire, as by the bravery
of the troops they found themfelves obliged to do,
without gaining one inch of ground, on any
quarter fince the formation of the infantry: where-
upon the enemy began to flacken in their fire,
from which we had fuffered prodigiously, and
pofted themselves among the bushes, out of reach
of our muſketry; but aportee for their officers to
diftinguish themfelves with their rifled pieces;
who, we may fuppofe, aimed at the officers of our
avant guard; the generals whereof killed about
the beginning of the action were the young prince
of Heffe Rhinfelt, Carraffa, Wittorf, young prince
of Waldeck, and Lefhner; among the wounded
were the generals Geifruck, hereditary prince of
Waldeck, prince Birkenfeld, young Thaun, and
numbers more; feveral of whom being unfortunate
in
Chap. 1. JOHN Earl of CRAUFURD. 149
in the morning, made the lofs of fuch brave officers
the more to be regretted; though, to their great
honour, the troops remained with a firmnefs beyond
expectation, confidering their having been in a
conftant fire, without a profpc&t of revenging
themſelves, from day break till near ſeven at night;
when, as day declined, the fire diminished upon
both fides, till no more was heard: the enemy
continuing on their pofts, as we did on ours; and,
ſoon after all was quiet, we heard them by their
night prayers, or thankfgiving, fucceded by the
mufick of the Janizaries, make triumphal rejoicings
for their imaginary victory; which note might
foon have been changed, had our feldt marshal,
who had been in the hotteft fire throughout the
day, and the prince Hilburghaufen, as I have been
informed, inſtead of calling a council of war,
wherein it was determined to retire, purſued their
own opinion of continuing firm as poſted till morn-
ing, before day break, while Neuberg's corps came
up, when, with united force, they might have.
renewed their attack; which, I venture to affirm,
might have been done with the greateft facility,
and without the leaft doubt of ſucceſs.
THE grand vizier thought it much the moſt
prudent method to interrupt the retreat of the
Imperialifts as little as poffible; judiciously conclu-
ding, by the refults of council called during the
two former campaigns, what might be the event
of this retreat; therefore, only allowing a fmall
corps to appear at a proper diftance in the rear of
our army, as we retired, in pretty good order,
covered by Diemar's regiment of cuiraffiers, Al-
tham's regiment of dragoons, and moſt of the reft
of the cavalry, the whole commanded by general
baron Berlichingen, who, with the other generals,
commanding both the cavalry and rear guard of the
infantry, with the greateſt conduct imaginable,
brought
150
Book 3.
The LIFE of
}
brought up the rear of the whole army by day
break into their old camp of Witfnitza; where
we were joined with Neuberg's corps: but the
whole army, on the 23d of July, was again obliged
to form in order of battle, to receive the whole
Turkish army, which was expected to follow us;
but without any foundation, for I am perfuaded
they were more wifely conducted to think of any
thing elfe than harraffing us with their avant-guard,
and continuing that impreffion the grand vizier
already obferved us poffeffed with, which fo evi-
dently continued as to leave our feet to retire as
well as it could; while the army purfued its retreat,
by its former camp of Witfnitza, into the ever
memorable lines of prince Eugene round Belgrade:
where we arrived, without any confiderable dif-
turbance from the enemy in our retreat.
I SHALL now proceed to infert the orders of
the day, in the retreat; with a lift of the killed
and wounded at Krotzka.
The parole, was St. Antonio de Padua.
Ift. THE foragers were to meet by the village
Carlfthal, and were to forage on the other fide of
the Danube.
2d. THE furriers and under furriers were to
meet at the head quarters; from whence they
were to be conducted by general Bernclau to where
a new camp was to be traced.
3d. SHOULD the enemy appear, all were to
continue in the camp.
4th. A CAPTAIN, with one hundred men
from Neuberg's corps, was to attend a lieutenant-
colonel with a detachment of cavalry to whom he
was affigned; being to go a-crofs the Danube,
where they were to affemble near the hoſpital.
5th. THE regiments who had any recovered
men, were to draw them, from where they were,
to their respective corps.
6th. WHEN
Chap. 1. JOHN Earl of CRAUFURD. 151
6th. WHEN order was given for all the baggage
to march, the tents, chevaux de frife, half of
the futlers, and butchers waggons, were not to
move.
THE lift of the killed and wounded, at the
battle of Krotzka.
killed. wounded.
Generals
4
4
Officers
118
205
Corporals and fergeants -
174
285
Common men
2930
2461
2222
2951
296
Taken prifoners, or loft men
On the 25th of July, the following orders were
given in the lines of Belgrade; the parole being
St. Jacob, and Breflau.
Ift. ALL the heavy baggage was to be fent to
Semlin, under the efcort of a major of horfe.
2d. THE rear line, when the army began to
march that evening, were to move down towards
the fortifications; becauſe it was not intended the
lines fhould be defended againſt the enemy.
3d. ALL the ammunition that remained was to
be conducted off by the regiment of Seckendorf;
except two horfes loaded with two cafes each, who
were to attend the battalions.
THUS, this evening, the Roman imperial army
retiring out of the lines of Belgrade into the bannat
of Temefwaer, over two bridges, laid acroſs the
Danube for that purpofe, continued its route, over
bridges laid acroſs the marshes for their new camp
near Porcha, while Palavicini retired with his fleet
under the cannon of our fortifications, according
to orders leaving the Malteſe with their ſquadron
at the mouth of the Temes where it enters the
Danube, ticklishly enough fituated, confidering
how the accellerated motion of the grand vizier,
on
152
Book 3.
The LIFE of
on his obferving that he had gained his defign, by
Our retreat over the Danube, from betwixt him
and Belgrade; which, however, might have coft
him dear, had all ftratagems, warlike tranfactions
will admit of, been carried on, as was to be ex•
pected for, as affairs at prefent ftood, he could
not reaſonably refrain, nor indeed is it to be fup-
poſed he could prevent his troops, from under-
taking the ſiege of Belgrade, had it not been fo
natural a ſcheme as it chanced to be; which,
though it was fortunately for him, he judiciously
only entered the lines of Belgrade, with his avant-
guard as most of the army had got paſt.
On the 26th, we conftantly fupported a ſkirmiſh
with our rear-guard, ftill covering our baggage;
while the rest of the army was defiling, in two
columns, with the greatest expedition; until a
meffage was fent from the Turkish commander to
lieutenant general Ballaira, who commanded the
rear-guard, compofed of the five regiments of
cavalry, viz. Caraffa, Savoy, John Palfi, Dollone,
and chur Bayern; with nine battalions of infantry,
commanded by major general Schulemberg; de-
firing the faid general Ballaira to fend over to them
an officer of diftinction to whom they would
communicate their inftructions; and that, during
two hours, there should be a ceffation of arms:
to all which a flat denial was given by both lieute
nant-general Schulemberg, and lieutenant-general
Ballaira, till the return of count Odonell, lieute-
nant colonel of Dollone's regiment of dragoons,
who was ſent to know what orders feldt marthal
Wallis would give with regard to the above meſ-
fage; when his excellency thought proper to fend
count Grofs, colonel of Savoy's regiment of dra-
goons, to the enemy; who fent a Turkish officer
in exchange; but as he was incapable of giving a
proper explanation why he had been fent to us, the
Turks
Chap. 1. JOHN Earl of CRAUFURD. 153
Turks defired another officer in exchange; for one
who ſhould be more fully inftructed; upon which,
captain Schulemberg was fent, letting them know,
at the fame time, that the two hours ceffation of
arms was agreed to only en condition, that no
work fhould be begun in the interval, nor none
pretend to approach, or reconnoitre, the fortifica-
tious; for that, if they did, they muſt expect to
be fired upon all which being agreed to, the
Turkish officer, pretending to come directly from
the grand vizier, who was then within the lines,
arrived, and was carried before lieutenant general
Suckoff, the commandant of Belgrade, to whom
he delivered his impertinent meffage, as follows,
that as the faid fortrefs belonged to his maſter,
"the Ottoman emperor, it should therefore forth-
with be delivered up to him; or, in cafe of a
"refufal, the grand vizier would be obliged to pay
"them a vifit." To which the commandant
answered in a few words, "that in the firft place,
they should for the future pretend to fend no
"fuch ineffage: that, in the next, he would have
him to know, Belgrade belonged to the Roman
emperor: that he was, at prefent, governor of
it; and, with his garrifon, to the laft drop
"of their blood, would maintain it fuch, against
66
all their attempts, which he might let the grand
"vizier know he might make in what manner he
"pleafed." While this was tranfacting, fome
Turks, who approached the cut works too near,
were made to retire by our cannon; and, at the
fame time, lieutenant-general Suckoff fent out a
drum to d-fire our officers fhould be returned for
theirs; which, however, did not happen till night,
when captain Schulemberg returned with a letter
to feldt-marfhal Wallis from colonel count Grofs,
importing," that the grand vizier had told him
if Belgrade was delivered up, he would then
❝ treat
154
The LIFE of
Book 3.
"treat with him in regard to peace:" which
letter his excellency anfwered himself out of the
camp; lieutenant-general Ballaira ftill continuing
to defile; the marshal thereby fo wifely profiting
of the time the exchange of meffages occafioned
for us, in retiring the commando with fome field
pieces that had been left in the out hofpital; from
whence the day before we had withdrawn all the
fick; neglecting not likewife a commando in the
Ratzenftat, that had been pofted there to defend
fome retrenched houfes, which run a great riſk
otherwife to have fallen into the enemies hands,
who, this day, by about three of the clock in the
afternoon, were entirely mafters of all prince Eu-
gen's lines, and commanding heights within them;
which, with other circumftances, foon determined
feldt marſhal Wallis to reinforce the garrifon with
thirteen battalions, which were not even fufficient,
had they been contpleat, confidering the extenfive-
nefs of the works that were to be defended; and
that we were obliged to fupport Sabates, where
this day 200 men were detached, as a reinforce-
ment with them, their garrifon before being nothing
near the compliment requifite at that place.
WHILE all this was tranfa&ting, the enemy
were gradually extending their camp, as their
troops arrived from the river Saave, not far from
the Ratzenftat, all along the lines behind general
Schmettau's houfe on the brink of the Danube;
thereby fhewing us very evidently their intention::
whereupon a council of war was called, the alam
pofts regulated, and all other neceffary ones manned
as formidable as our garrifon would admit of; not
forgetting the proper precautions with regard to
fire, caufed in whatever manner, ringing of bells,
and beating drums.
WHILE all paffed as before mentioned round
Belgrade, feldt marfhal Wallis occupied the camp
<
of
Chap. 1. JOHN Earl of CRAUFURD. 155
of Porcha, with the whole army, giving out for
the parole St. Procopius and Prague; ordering the
next day a reft; but that the army fhould forage
in the neighbourhood without damaging the corn,
which the general provoſt ſhould have under his
infpection and that 300 men fhould meet, by
break of day near the artillery, with two captains,
and two lieutenants, in order to go and take poft
at Semnitza.
:
On the 27th, the enemy extended their camp
quite down to the brink of the Danube; while
they were doing this, we kept a conftant fire upon
them; though to no effect, as they ftill continued
on their work.
In the mean time, we conveyed all our fick, to
the number of 1500, to Palanka, by water: while
feldt-marſhal Wallis, who came this day to Bel-
grade, from the camp at Porcha, reconnoitered all
the out-works; giving the proper inftructions ne-
ceffary on the like occafions, in cafe he should not
be aportee of doing fo afterwards; which was
fcarcely finiſhed before the enemy difcovered the
before-mentioned battery of four pieces of cannon ;
obliging us to retire, not only with our men of
war, but alfo with our two bridges laid over the
Danube, which were made to le oppofite to St.
Alexander's baſtion out of their reach.
WHILE affairs went on in this manner here,
our army encamped this day at Porcha, where
they had the following orders and intelligence.
Parole St. Adey, Belgrade and Mons.
ift. THE army was to keep in readineſs to
march, which was to be to the right, by vigator,
to be beat on the fignal being given from the head
quarters, if not countermanded.
2d. On a refting day, thenceforward, the parcle
would be given out at ten of the clock in the
morning; but on match days, at five in the after-
3d. BREAD
noon.
A
156
Book 3.
The LIFE of
3d. BREAD and oats would be received, on
this fide of the Danube, 'till the end of this
month.
4th. No perfon, without leave, was to return
to Belgrade.
5th. THE provifion waggons fhould be left
behind.
6th. THE Commando by Semnitza, fhould be
provided with bread.
LITTLE elfe of confequence happened this day,
except the confirmation of the intelligence we had
received, that a confiderable body of the enemy
were encamped near Panfova, as we fuppofed to
difpute with us the paffage at Jabuka; with an
intention to cut off our communication with all
the reſt of our forage; and to cover Vipalanka,
where all their magazines and warlike flores for
the carrying on the fiege of Belgrade muft necefla-
rily pals: whereupon, the feldt-mia: fhal immediately
detached a confiderable corps towards the river
Semnitza; which being all done, and the 27th
ending without any further diſturbance, we hall
proceed to the 28th, when it was publiſhed at
Belgrade, by order of the commandment, that no
officer, foldier, or perfon whatfoever, fhould, in
publick or private, fo much as talk of capitulating,
or furrendering of the fortrefs; and, the more
effectually to prevent fuch bad practices, three
the Alexander
pillars were erected, one near
Cazern, another before the grand guard, and the
third in the Waffer town without the walis, for the
puniſhment of fuch offenders.
In the mean time, the enemy were continuing
trenches under our conftant fire, as before defcrib-
ed, with confiderable lofs, as they now begun to
be behind the hofpital, and great Mofch; from
whence, to the right, and left of it, they extended
their trenches, and batteries, feeming likely foon
to
Chap. 1. JOHN Earl of CRAUFURD. 157
to perfect ſome for fervice, which we quickly
experienceed.
THUS hoftilities going on, without any profpect
of accommadation; as, indeed, none ought, at
this time, to have been demanded; colonel Groſs
of Savoy's regiment returned, as the captain Aga
of the Janizaries did to the enemies camp.
BUT, as I have hinted that, at prefent, no
accommodation fhould have been hearkened to
otherwiſe than for amuſement; it will be expected
I fhould give my reafons for fuch an affertion ;
which I fhall do as briefly as poffible, before I
proceed to further details, by a fhort recapitulation.
of the prefent fituation of the armies of the high
imperial allies, yet capable, without any probabilily
of failure, notwithstanding our late check, to have
concluded one of the moft glorious campaigns, that
ever had been made againtt the Ottoman power.
FIRST, then, it must be confidered, that the
Ruffians, as by the following relation, which, by
this time, feldt-ma: fha! Wallis had received, were
on the Moldavian fide of the Nielter; confequently
capable of doing what they would; as may be more
eafily conceived, by the faid defcription; which is
infested here, to give a more thorough notion of
what was tranfacting in the different armies.
H
An
158
Book 3.
The LIFE of
An abridged relation of the tranſactions of her
Ruffian Imperial Majefty's army, commanded by
feldt-marshal MUNICH, during the month of
July, in 1739; as it marched towards, and
through, the Turkifh Wallachia.
A
BOUT the beginning of July, a detacbment
of the Tartarian hords, conſiſting of about
five thousand men, paffed the Niefter; advancing
on the Poliſh frontiers towards the Ruffian army,
in order to harrafs their march, and deftroy their
forage without ever giving them an opportunity to
chaftife the Tartars; ftill retiring, the moment the
Ruffians, feemed to attempt any thing againſt them,
across the river Sbrutz. However, on the 16th,
it was refolved the Ruffian army fhould march to
the right towards the Niefter; where it was deter-
mined to force their paffage over the faid river,
higher up then Chotzim; which fucceeded ac-
cording to with, by the following difpofition,
made on the 17th, when feldt- marthal Munich,
ordered a formidable detachment to be drawn from
the whole army, confifting of two battalions of
her majeſty's foot guards; 2dly, the detachment of
her horfe-guards; 3dly, all the grenadier com-
panies of the whole army; 4thly, one battalion of
each regiment of foot; 5thly, the avant-guard of
the army, confifting of four regiments of dragoons,
and eight hundred pioneers; Ethly, the most part
of the huffars, and irregular troops, with the field
artillery which corps being divided into three
columns, the firft was put under the command of
lieutenant general Charles Biron; the fecond,
under lieutenant general baron Loweudahl; and
the third, under lieutenant-general Guftavus Biron:
the avant-guard being conducted by the general
quarter-mafter Fermer.
THUS
Chap. 1. JOHN Earl of CRAUFURD. 159
THUS difpofed, the faid corps marched without
any heavy baggage, and only ten days provifion ;
leaving the body of the army, heavy artillery,
magazine of provifions, and heavy baggage, to
follow flowly, under the command of the general
of the infantry Romanzoff; who might thereby
amuſe the enemy, with the opinion, that the
Ruffian army, which hitherto had taken their
route towards the river Sbrutz, pointing towards
Chotzim, continued the fame road, which Ro-
manzoff had orders to follow a day or two longer :
though the feldt-marshal Munich proceeded another
way to the right, by the little river Niflawa, and
the village Selinza, not far from the town Bayorod,
with the detached corps, which ſeparated from the
body of the army, on the 18th, by break of day
taking its march, conducted by the feldt marthal
himfelf; who, notwithstanding the feveral defiles,
and confiderable rifing grounds he had to país, by
the eagerness of the troops, made fuch expedition
as to march above thirty werfts without a halt;
arriving on the banks of the Niefter near the village
Sinkova, by about five of the clock in the evening;
where he found a very convenient place for the
paffage of the troops: which was bounded with
pretty steep banks, but not occupied by the enemy,
who were none of them to be feen; and this was
entirely owing to a ftratagem, which fucceeded to
wifh: for the Niefter being low, the Ruffian irre-
gulars fording and fwimming where it was deep,
immediately crofled it; taking poft on the other
fide; while a bridge of pontoons was perfected
during the night; though the river here was betwixt
feventy and eighty fathoms broad: however, in the
mean time, a detachment of grenadiers was tranf-
ported upon floats to fupport the irregulars, and
fecure the paffage for the rest of the army, in cafe
of accidents; the fame floats being afterwards
employed
H 2
160
Book 3.
The LIFE of
employed in forming another float bridge. Thus,
all proper preparations being made, during the
night, by break of day, on the 19th, the feldt-
marſhal difpofed the before mentioned detachment,
fo as, with the greateſt expedition, to paſs; taking
the lead himſelf with lieutenant-general Guftavus
Biron; her majefty's guards, with lieutenant-
general Charles Biron, and baron Lowendahl,
following with the field artillery, and grofs of the
detachment; all of them fo alertly executing their
refpective functions, that, by the 20th, in the
morning, the whole were encamped upon the
enemy's
's country; where the Ruffians ſpeedily had
information that part of the enemy were ftill on
the poliſh fide of the Niefter, and as yet knew
nothing of their paffage: whereupon feveral parties
of Ruffian irregulars were detached along the
Niefter towards Chotzim, and towards the Pruth,
to reconnoitre the country, and learn intelligence
of the enemies motions. One of theſe parties foon
returned, after having taken a captain and fix
Wallachians prifoners, who had been fent cut by
the Moldavian hofpodar to get intelligence of the
Ruffian army: whofe fmall patroles killed another
Wallachian captain: and another party returned
with two Janizaries, who had convoyed fome.
merchants from Chotzim to Zarnowitz.
colonel of the Tzugujewtz Calmucks, called Ax-
ent eff, likewife returned; after having met with
a party of the enemy, with whom he engaged,
and killed their captain called Nowac, took ten
men prifoners, gained two pair of their ftandards,
aud feveral fire arms.
The
In like manner, the Ruffian parties returned,
at all hours, with fuch variety of booty, fuch
numbers of horses, cattle, and fheep, that the
army could be in no manner of want for a confì-
derable time. During thofe tranfactions, the
Ruffians
Chap. 1. JOHN Earl of CRA UFURD. 161
}
Ruffians had variety of informations; and, amongst
others, one from two Towariuzens, who had been
fent on the 18th, by the regimentary Maliníky,
with money to the garrifon of Kaminick; by
whom they had intelligence, that the enemy by the
river Sbrutz, to the number of 60,000 Tartars,
fourteen hundred Tzerbedfche and Spahis, with
three thouſand Janizaries, mounted on Tartarian
horfes, had been detached to watch the motions of
the Ruffian army; and, at any rate, to prevent
their paffage of the Sbrutz, or Niefter; the effect-
ing of which, was then unknown to the kaltzak
pafcha of Chotzim, and feraſkier Welli paſcha,
who followed the before mentioned corps with the
Turkish army, refolved even to difpute the pai-
fage of the Sbrutz with the Ruffians in their
way to Kaminick, where they were expected to
come.
THUS the Ruffians deceived them having alfo
intelligence from the general of the infantry Ro-
manzoff, commanding the body of the army, then
following this detachment, that, on the 19th, a
confiderable party of the enemy had fhown them-
felves, and had fallen upon a patrole of Coffacks,
and killed one; but retired without interrupting
the march of the army, which was to have joined
the detached corps on the 22d. In the mean time,
though daily expecting the enemy, who were feen
to move towards Chotzim, this detached corps of
the Ruffians proceeded with the greatest expedition,
to lay more bridges for the paffage of the army, as
it arrived; which, fince not interrupted, no more
than the corps before-mentioned, fhews how the
enemy were diſcountenanced, on the fortunate
fuccefs of the Ruffian ftratagem, in fo fafely, and
unmoleſtedly, paffing the Niefter, where they
expected to meet with fuch hazardous difficulties.
H 3
THUS,
162
The LIFE of Book.
THUS, then, affairs going on with the Ruf-
fians; while prince Lobkowitz was in march,
with a formidable corps, of about 18,000 men,
out of Tranfilvania, towards the Turkish frontier,
which was in no manner properly guarded, fo as
to be capable of acting offenfively: what was there
to hinder that general from leaving five or fix
thousand men in Tranfilvania, which was more
than fufficient to cover that country, now in a
manner under the protection of the Ruffians?
as they demonftrated by joining prince Lobkowitz
with about four hundred of their beft irregulars,
under the command of Allaman Ivanowitz Firaloff,
chief of the don Coffacks, who, with the fix
thousand men, might have even acted offenfively;
while prince Lobkowitz, in lefs than fifteen
marches, joined the grand army on the Danube,
under feldt-mafhal Wallis; who ought, from the
inftant he retreated acrofs that river, to have
made it his point of view, to make himſelf Maſter
of Vipalanka, and the paffes between the Ottoman
army, and their own country; thereby to prevent
all their warlike ftores from joining them before
Belgrade, the fiege of which they must have raifed,
or have ſtood my propofed attack within prince
Eugene's lines; which, however formidable, would
not, in all human appearance, have been fufficient
to have prevented their total overthrow, as they
had no way to eſcape; and which, as they muft
have forefeen, would have been reafon fufficient
for their not flanding the trial: ſo that this muſt
have produced a precipitate retreat, and cauſed a
panick amongst the troops, who would have become
as ungovernable on that event, as they are when
flushed with victory; this being the real reafon of
that great fuperioty regulars have over irregulars;
which to the greateft extent, in my opinion, might
have been acquired by the Roman imperial army,
fufficiently
Chap. 1. JOHN Earl of CRAUFURD. 163
fufficiently formidable, even without the corps
under prince Lobkowitz, to defeat a geater army
of irregulars, than the grand vizier had before
Belgrade.
EUT, begging pardon for the digreffion, I fhall
return; having already hinted what paffed at
Belgrade on the 28th, as well as to the army
which was the fame day encamped within one
march of Panfova, where the parole was
St. Chriftophorus, and Paffau:
ift. Ir was ordered that the pickets fould
confift of one captain, one lieutenant, and fifty
men; who were to be extremely alert; and one
hour before day break, to awaken all the men,
that they might be in readineſs, in cafe of acci-
dents.
2d. FORAGING was allowed; but at no dif-
tance from the camp.
3d. ALL were to hold in readineſs for a march;
which would be fignified from the head quarters.
4th. THE regiments might fend for their bag-
gage, making ufe of the feldt-marshal's name, if
requifit
5th. SHOOTING was prohibited.
6th. IT was defired all might be as fparing of
bread as poffible.
In this fituation we fhall leave the army, while
we return to Belgrade; where, on the 29th, it
had been defigned, throughout the night, to have
burnt the hoſpital, Turkiſh mofch, and little
houſes before the Wirtemberg gate; but this was
fruftrated by the advanced poíts of the enemy;
who were, however, incapable of reftraining us
from burning fome fmall houfes to the ground,
that might have been of uſe to them; which fo
alarmed their Janizaries, whofe privilege it is for
forty days to maintain the trenches, and lines of
H 4
contravallation,
164 The LIFE of
Book 3.
contravallation, that they gave a running fire all
along from towards the Saave to the Danube, as
if they had been attacked: but, as no fuch thing
was intended, our troops returned into the covered
way; after burning the above mentioned houſes,
as others did fome old boats, leaft they ſhould ſerve
them to make bridges of; and alfo an old mill on
the brink of the Danube.
ALL this, however, interrupted not the enemy
from carrying on their works to fuch a length, as
to begin battering the town in form this day, with
fixteen pieces of cannon, and nine haubitzers; im
other fhapes likewife fhewing their affiduity, by
cutting off the communication of feveral fprings
without our works; whereby we found ſeveral of
our wells diminish in that abundance of water,
there uſed to be in them; making the following
order, which would have been otherwife given
out the more neceffary, viz. that all ufeless people,
fuch as wives and children, with their baggage,
fhould, in the fpace of forty-eight hours, abandon
the place.
WHILE affairs went on thus at Belgrade,
Dofhe pafcha, with moft of the Turkish cavalry,
for the advantage of forage, to harrafs our army,
and to cover their magazines at Vipalanka, was
encamped at Panfhova, not above a march from
where our army was with defign to attack the
fame Dofhe pafcha, on the 30th, if by any means,
it could be brought about; for which purpoſe, the
following orders were given out this day at the
army.
ift. THAT the whole army fhould be formed
fome paces before their quarter guards, in order of
battle, an hour before day break.
2d. THAT they thould leave their tents and
baggage behind as they ftood.
3d. THAT
Chap. 1. JOHN Earl of CRAUFURD. 165
3d. THAT the private men fhould take nothing
along with them, but bread and water.
4th. THAT the chevaux de frife, fhould be
carried along with them.
6th. THAT one futler for every regiment
fhould march in the rear of the fecond line; that
fo they might make no confufion.
7th. THAT the artillery belonging to the
brigades ſhould be carried along.
8th. THAT there fhould be one corporal, one
under corporal, and fix private men, ordered by
each cannon.
9th. WITH the baggage there was to remain,
from each battalion, one under corporal, and three
private men.
10th, WHILE the army marched in order of
battle, the left wing was to regulate itſelf by the
right.
LEAVING our army thus determined, and
instructed; I fhall begin, for connection fake,
with a fhort recapitulation of what was done after
their retreat over the Danube; after which I fhail
proceed to the detail of what paffed on the 30th.
8-97976 9+9+9+H
A relation of the action between his Imperial ma-
jefty's army, and that of the Turkish cavalry,
under the command of the Dofhe pafcha, on the
30th of July 1739, near Panfhova in the bannat
of Temelwaer.
TH
HE imperial army, under the command of
feldt marhal Wallis, having, on the 25th
in the night, paffed over the Danube, and encamped
near the river Porcha; where it remained the 26th
and 27th, receiving intelligence that a formidable
H 5
budy
166
Book 3.
The LIFE of
body of Turkish cavalry had alfo croffed, and
encamped themfelves near Panfhova, with defign,
as we had reaſon to believe, to diſpute with us the
paffage of Jabuka, and to cut off our forage. To
prevent which, the feldt-marfhal immediately
detached four battalions, befides two field pieces,
to reinforce the detachment of one thoufand foot
and horſe, which were pofted by the river Sem-
nitza; who were foon joined by two regiments of
cavalry, and about five battalions more; the
whole commanded by general Neuperg. In
the mean time, the army had orders to
keep themſelves in readiness to march; while
the feldt marfhal himfelf went a reconnoitering
to Jabuka, where the bridges were to be laid
over.
OBSERVING fome Turks had pofted them-
ſelves in a caffern, fituated on the other fide of the
Jabuka, who were beginning to fire across the
water upon our workers, and troopers, the feldt-
marthal ordered fome cannon to be played upon
them; whereby they were made to retire; and
three hundred of our infantry foon after croffed,
and occupied the fame poft. His excellency, re-
turning about ten o'clock at night to the camp,,
immediately fent for the feldt-marſhal of the caval-
rv, and the lieutenant general of the infantry; to
whom he communicated his orders, that the army
fhould march about midnight: that four regiments
of cavalry, and five battalions of infantry, ſhould
be left, under the command of major general
count Dufort, to fecure the communication.
which was notified to the regiments, as foon as
poffible while his excellency the feldt-marſhal,
with two regiments of cavalry, about midnight,
took the lead on towards the river Temes; where
the bridges were laying over; which being foon
finiſhed, were paffed by the corps before-mentioned,
:
All
under
Chap. 1. JOHN Earl of CRAUFURD. 167
under the command of general Neuperg, and
the two regiments of cavalry, conducted thither
by his excellency; who fcarcely got on the other
fide before the arrival of the infantry of the army,
which begun to defile, while the cavalry was
obliged to difmount near the first bridge over the
Semnitza, till the infantry had got paft; which
muſt be tedious, confidering there was a continua-
tion of bridges to be laid for about 2000 paces;
over which, however, the army paffed very fafely,
without any oppofition, except a little fkirmishing
that happened betwixt our huffars, and a body of
the enemy; who, without undertaking any thing
of confequence, retired about three o'clock in the
afternoon; allowing the army, in the greatest
tranquility, to take up the camp on the other fide
of the river Temes, where it continued the 29th,
while a council of war was called, on the confir-
mation of the formidable appearance of the corps
of the enemy, now encamped near Panfhova;
wherein it was unanimously agreed, that they
fhould be attacked; and, by fome, after the
following manner, viz. that the fame night the
army fhould decamp, leaving the tents ftanding.
and the fires lighted, with a certain number of
drum, to beat the ordinary beating; while the
army marched with the greatcft filence, over the
plan, in fo many columns, to a proper diſtance
from the camp of the enemy: where the whole
fhould be formed in order of battle, fo early as to
be able to attack above an hour before day break :
which, according to my opinion, could not have
failed of being attended with the furprife of their
camp, and the route of the whole corps; for I
muft impute it as a moft unpardonable overfight in
the Doſhe paſcha to continue with his camp, how-
ever he might approach us with his corps, fo near
our whole army, which he had allowed without
oppofition
H 6
168
Book 3.
The LIFE of
oppofition to pafs on his fide of the Temes; as the
grand vizier, I fuppofe, likewife judged, as we
may imagine by the treatment he gave the faid
pafcha on what happened, which fhall afterwards
be recited.
BUT to return; the faid method not being
approved of, it was ordered that, on the 30th by
break of day, the army fhould march from the
front of the camp, formed in order of battle,
leaving it under cover of two regiments from the
before-mentioned detachment, commanded by ma-
jor general Dufort, with a colonel and 500 horfe
from the army.
THUS, in a manner abandoning our camp, the
army marched towards the enemy; who were
moving, much about the fame time, with both
right and left; which made it impoffible for our
left to come up a-breaft with the right; becauſe
of the wheel it was obliged to make; which joined
with the fecond line having to pafs the baggage and
tents of the firft by columns, occafioned that the
whole could not at all fo rightly join; till at
length, on the enemies appearing, the right wing
made a halt, extending itſelf for its fecurity, 'till
cloſe on the Temes; or, rather more properly
ſpeaking, a morals, which the Temes furnishes:
our left ftretching along the plain, without any
poffibility of covering it; which induced the
enemy, after reconnoitering our right, and ob-
ferving there could be nothing on that quarter
advantageouſly undertaken, to turn their fift effort
towards our left wing, which was compoſed of
Phillippi's dragocas, and Hohenzollern's cuiraffiers,
commanded by count Styrum general of the caval-
ry, lieutenant-general Berlichingen, and major-
general Houler, who, with the infantry of Chur
Bayern, under the command of lieutenant-general
Minuzzie, with the other infantry of the wing
advancing,
Chap. 1. JOHN Earl of CRAUFURD. 169
advancing, fruftrated the attempt defigned there;
obliging them to try another quarter, which
naturally proved to be our left flank, happening to
be composed of two battalions of Grun, and two
of imperial Wolfenbuttle, commanded by lieute-
nant feldt-marfhal baron Thungen, and major-
general count Konigfeck; fupported by Sehr's
regiment of cuiraffiers, under the conduct of major-
general Ciceri; which flank being quickly put to
rights, fo warmly received the advanced part of
the enemy with their artillery, that they likewiſe
failed here, in their defign; but, however, by
this maneuvre, they interrupted our progrefs for-
wards; becauſe the flank, making front towards
the enemy, could not move along with the line
fronting towards their grand body, no more than
the line durft move towards the flank, fhould it
have advanced to interrupt their wheeling round
it, as they did with defign to fall in the rear of the
left of our fecond line, which being compofed of
the two regiments of Altham, and Diemar, com-
manded by major general Philibert, had orders to
wheel inſtantly, and fo to front the enemy; as allo
did the Bavarian, and imperial infantry, on that
wing of the fecond line, who, without firing a
a ſmall ſhot, but by under corporals near the
cheavaux de frife for that purpofe, kept the enemy
at a due diſtance. A report of all which maneuvre
being ſeen to be carried on by a Turk, mounted
upon a grey horfe, towards the center of their moſt
formidable corps, it was fuppofed, as he was ob-
ferved to place himſelf at the head of the moſt
confiderable column of them, that, after his reports,
he had received orders from the Doſhe pafcha, to
head a detachment, and try his fortune upon the
center of our first line; which he did with fo good
a countenance, that, before he approached the line
by feveral paces, fuft the regiment of Preifing's
dragoons,
170
.
The LIFE of
3Book *.
dragoons, then the regiment of St. Ignon's, both
threw away their fires, abandoning their poſts in
the greateſt confufion, over-running a great part
of the regiments of Daun, Heifter, and Max Sta-
remberg, who likewife were thrown into confu-
fion; confequently, leaving a moft confiderable
blank in the first line, wherein there entered, for
our good fortune, but a ſmall body of the enemy,
in compariſon to what there might have done,
who, nevertheless, according to their custom,
made very good uſe of their time: but being aban-
doned, as ftill generally thofe bravoes are amongst
the Turks, most of them were foon cut to pieces,
by three regiments of cavalry, who marched out
of the fecond line to ſuſtain the firſt, or rather to
fill up the blank now made; one of which was
likewife broke by the head of the before-mentioned
column of Turks, who even pierced through the
fecond line, which was not difficult to be done,
confidering how, by the before-mentioned ma-
neuvre, there was a blank in both lines, and a
great many troops in confufion betwixt them;
which might have been attended with the moſt
fatal confequences, had the Turkiſh irregular dif-
cipline been capable of reaping the advantages fuch
an accident gives; or had their whole body that
was there done their duty; which never happening,
is the reafon their multitudes are attended with fo
few decifive victories unleſs when, by injudicious
retreats, it is thrown into their hands ; as one
may eaſily obſerve from what happened here: for,
notwithstanding their being as fuccefsful as they
could with, all was foon rectified by the bravery
and conduct of the feldt-marfhal, who, happening
to be clofe by the regiment of Preifing when it
broke, immediately ordered and even rallied him-
felf, the infantry that had been thrown into con-
fufion, making them firft front, and take in flank
thofe
Chap. 1. JOHN Earl of CRAUFURD, 171
A
thoſe that were entering at the interval, till with
other troops wheeling into the center, he filled up
the before-mentioned blank; while the other
officers did their utmoſt, in redreffing the confu-
fions that had happened elfewhere; likewife in
making two ranks of both the firſt and ſecond line,
where it was neceffary, to face inwards; while the
other two kept their proper front, towards the
enemy without, who, by the providence of God,
in not fuftaining their friends, gave time to the
broken troops to be rallied, and re-formed in the
openings.
DURING which maneuvre, feveral hundreds
of the Turks, who failed in their attempt on our
rear, obferving our camp by Jabuka, bent their
courfe that way; doing little other damage than
cutting off the heads of fome Markatenters, and
others, who were following our fecond line; fore
they were interrupted in whatever might be their
defign, by their now being able to obferve the
motion of our army towards their camp; which
we, as yet, could fee standing near Panfhova; and
which muſt have unavoidably fallen into our hands,
had we but continued, with a little more vivacity,
our purfuit of the enemy, now retreating with the
greatest expedition under the favour of a great
rain, and our want of intrepidity; thereby faving
their camp, after it was almoft within our reach;
retiring, unmoleftedly, towards Vipalanka; and
we, after an aſſurance of their retreat, occupying
the camp of Panſhova, where our whole army and
equipage arrived on the 31ft.
BUT 1 fhall defer what happened afterwards ;
being of opinion that I cannot more properly, than
here, infert the following abridged, and very juft
relation, of both actions: which I have thought
myfelf obliged, with all the affiftance I have been
able to acquire, to be fo particular about; efpeci-
ally
172 The LIFE of
Book 3.
ally as I was honoured with this relation from a
very brave and worthy officer, who ferved as
adjutant-general at both.
CHAP. II.
A fhort introduction to the fiege of Belgrade. A
journal of the fiege, wrote under the direction of
the earl of CRAUFURD. The treaty of peace;
and the couclufion of the war. With fome reflections
on the ftates of the three contending empires.
B
ELGRADE, which the Turks invefted
immediately after the battle of Krotzka, is
the capital city of the province of Servia, fituate
on a hill on the fouth fide of the Danube, at its
confluence with the river Saave, in 219 20 of eaft
longitude, and 45 of north latitude; being three
hundred and forty miles fouth-east of Vienna, three
hundred miles fouth-eaft of Prefburg, fixty miles
fouth of Temefwaer, and four hundred and fifty
miles north-weft of Conftantinople. The town,
at this time, was large, very advantageoufly fituated
for trade, and one of the ftrongest fortreffes in
Europe. It was taken from the chriftians by
Solyman the magnificent, in the year 1521, and
retaken by the Imperialifts in 1686, under the
conduct of the duke of Bavaria; but the Turks
got poffeffion of it again in 1688, which they
maintained till the year 1717, when the Imperi-
alifts, commanded by prince Eugene of Savoy,
defeated the Turkish army, and reduced Belgrade,
which continued under the fubjection of the court
of Vienna till the year 1739, when the battle of
Kretzka
Chap. 2. JOHN Earl of CRAUFURD. 173
Krotzka reſtored it to the Ottomans: but as there
was fo great a difference in the conduct of the twe
imperial generals, it may be neceffary to obferve
in what manner prince Eugene acquired fo great
a victory, and how he obliged the town to fur-
render.
THIS illuftrious commander, at the head of
80,000 men, undertook this important fiege in
May 1717; he happily executed his paffage over the
Danube, under the very eyes of the infidels; he
inveſted the place, which was then defended by a
garrison of 30,000 men; he threw up lines of
circumvallation from the Saave to the Danube,
of fuch a wonderful ſtructure, that their remains
ftill carry a noble remembrance around thoſe
eminencies, fufficient to evidence what grand
imaginations that elevated genius was capable of
forming, in order to accompliſh his enterpriſes:
for, by this means, he fixed a barrier to oppoſe
the Turkish army commanded by the grand vizier,
confifting of 150,000 men, which appeared on
the circumjacent hills, and inclofed the Imperialifts.
between them and the town; thereby reducing
the befiegers to the hard condition of the befieged.
WHEN prince Eugene was in this terrible
fituation, between a fuperior force, and a garrifon
numerous enough to form a fecond army apart,
he ordered Mr. Oglethorpe (then a captain in the
british guards, and a volunteer in his army) to
tranflate the account given by Cæfar of his fiege
of Alefia; as alfo fome parts out of Thucydides
relating to the Peloponnefian war; and, from
Appian of Alexandria, that part of the Numantine
war regarding the difpofition of Scipio in fur-
rounding his enemy. His highneſs ſeemed to
follow the example of Cæfar, who inclofed Alefia
with a ditch and a rampart, eleven miles in cir-
cuit, which he fortified againſt the town; and
afterwards
174
The LIFE of
Book 3.
afterwards took in fourteen miles in circuit with-
out the town, which he alfo fortified againſt the
enemy in camp: for Vercingetorix had a garrifon
of 80,000 men in the town, and the Gallic princes
had fent an army of 248,000 men to raise the
fiege however, they were defeated; and Cæfar
became mafter of Alefia; in the fame manner as
prince Eugene deftroyed the Turkish army, and
reduced Belgrade: though Marius fet them both a
precedent, by the method he took in defeating the
Cimbri. When the Ottomans threatened the
Imperialifts with an attack, prince Eugene was
fenfible they were conftrained, by the quality and
fituation of the place, from forming a front of
more extent than the line which was to be attack-
ed; fo that their great fuperiority of number could
not afford them the leaft advantage; they were
met, engaged, and defeated, with the lofs of ten
thousand men killed on the field of battle, three
thouſand in their flight, five thousand wounded,
and about the fame number taken prifoners: the
Imperialifts having two thoufand flain, and four
thouſand wounded; which was followed by the
furrender of Belgrade, Ram, Semendria, Meadia,
Sabatz, and Orfova.
THIS may bring to our confideration what
number of men, well martialled, and under good
difcipline, are a competent proportion for any
fervice. The army which Xerxes carried into
Greece, was remarkale for its multitude, which
was fo great, that when he returned into Afia, he
left behind him 300,000 of his beſt foldiers, under
the conduct of Mardonius; and it was equally
remarkable, that of fo many fighting men, there
were 260,000 flain in one battle, only with the
lofs of one thouſand three hundred Greeks: from
whence it is apparent, that the conqueft of a
kingdom does not neceffarily follow the multitude
of
Chap. 2. JOHN Earl of CRAUFURD. 175
of foldiers in an army: for either this Perfian army
was too few in number to conquer Greece, or too
many to be well martialled. The Romans had
feldom above ten legions in an army; but their
conquering armies were commonly far under that
proportion: Marius with 50,000 men defeated the
Cimbri, who were fo numerous as to make a battle
of thirty fquare furlongs, when he flew 120,000,
and took 60,000 prifoners: and Alexander fubdued
sil Afia with 32,000 men.
IT is an adage, as true as it is old, that one
misfortune is generally fucceeded by another :
which was verified by the Imperialifts after the
battle of Krotzka, when the Turks carried on the
fiege of Belgrade, and obtained poffeffion of the
town; as is particularly related in the following
journals written under the direction of the earl of
Craufurd.
THE Turks who had invefted this important
fortress on the 26th of July 1739, upon the fouth
fide, with 90,000 men, from the Danube to the
Saave, continued their works as before related, to
the 29th, when they completed their line of con-
travallation round their army, from one of thefe
rivers to the other; and cannonaded the town
with fixteen pieces, and a battery of nine haubit-
zers; but the garrifon, which confifted of nineteen
battalions under the command of general Suckoff,
greatly incommoded the beſiegers, who were allo
annoyed from the two men of war in the river.
It was now obferved, by all the fountains being
dry, that the enemy were endeavouring to deprive
the garriſon of water; fo that orders were given,
that all the women, and children, as alfo the bag-
gage, and all unufeful people, fhould, in the fpace
of forty-eight hours abandon the city.
ON the 30th, the more to fecure the redoubt
over the Danube, which was only guarded with
one
176 The LIFE
Book 3.
of
one officer, and thirty Zardaken; a captain with.
two fubaltern officers, and one hundred and fifty
men, were ordered there as a reinforcement: in
the mean time, the befiegers cannonaded the town
with thirty fmall cannons and fome large ones,
but did no confiderable damage. At the fame time,
his excellency count Wallis fent into the town, by
the captain de Guides, four colours, and one
Turkish kettle-drum, which he had gained in the
action at Panfhova, that they might be put upen
the ramparts; which was immediately done upon
the baftion St. Charles, in fight of the enemy;
who, towards night, caufed a great corps to enter
their contravallation line on the fide of the Danube,
with found of mufic, to pre poffefs the governor
with a notion that a new reinforcement was arrived
in the camp.
ON the 31st, the befiegers continued a briſk
cannonade with their thirty pieces; as alfo to throw
bombs into the town, by which great damage was
done to the houſes.
On the 1ft of Auguft, it was obſerved that the
befiegers were very bufy in erecting batteries, and
making their approaches near the Danube and
Meffax; particularly a battery upon the top of the
ftone bridge, which might do confiderable damage
to the works; fo that, by this time, the befiegers
cannonaded the town with above forty pieces ;
throwing great ftones, haubitzes, and granades,
out of ſeven pollern, or mortars. The bridge,
over the Danube, and canal, by the redoubt was
very near finiſhed, under the direction of the major
engineer, who was further to undertake to make
a communication with the redoubt, where lieute-
nant-colonel Grady had the command; befides,
the redoubt over the Saave was ordered to be
guarded by two battalions of Maroli, for whoſe
fecurity four hundred huffars and national militia
were
Chap. 2. JOHN Earl of CRAUFURD. 177
were poſted along the river. As the people were
much fatigued by fo frequently mounting guard,
and working ſo cloſely on the fortifications, the
commandant ordered that every perfon ftanding
centinel on the ramparts, fhould have half a mea-
fure, or a pint of wine; and that every perfon at
work, fhould have a feidel, or half a pint of wine,
befides the uſual wages of twelve kreutzers, or
about five pence half-penny fterling. The be-
fiegers played fo conftantly all night with bombs,
as to convince the commandant, that they had
more mortars than he could have expected; how-
ever moſt of them burſt in the air.
·
ON the 2d of Auguft in the morning, the be-
fiegers faluted the town with above fifty cannon;
which made feveral of the inhabitants for fake their
houles: the befiegers were alſo erecting a battery
in the vineyards by the outward Razen town;
whereby, they intended to ruin the two bridges
laid over the Saave. This day, between fix and
feven in the morning, it was observed that the
beſiegers had one hundred weight or more of pow-
der blown up at once in their trenches; however,
they ruined four of the town galleries; though
without doing any confiderabie harm to the Le-
vettis.
ON the 3d, the befiegers, having reinforced
their battery upon the ftone bridge with fome great
guns, cannonaded the town very hard; particularly
the baftion St. Charles; though without any ma-
terial damage. In the afternoon, his excellency
the general feldt-marshal came from the camp into
the town, to fee the condition of the befieged;
when he ordered that the three Raaber fhaiks
ſhould keep poft by the redoubt over the Dannbe,
to reconnoitre up the river; and alſo that upon
each baltion, to right and left, the miners fhould
be poſted to obſerve that the exterior galleries were
worked
#78
The LIFE of Book 3.
worked ftrait out in a proportion, fo as to give
us an opportunity of difcovering the enemies
mines.
ON the 4th, a meffenger came out of the be-
fiegers camp, with a white colour, as ufual, in his
hand; who was fent from the grand vizier; upon
which an officer, and four grenadiers, were imme-
diately ordered to meet him, who found that he
brought three letters to the commandant ; of which
the first was to the commanding general count
Wallis, the fecond to count Seckendorf, and the
third to the marquis de Villeneuve, the French
ambaffador: befides another packet, which was
immediately difpatched according to its proper
directions. The enemy continued day and night,
to cannonade the town with above fifty cannons';
as alfo to throw bombs out of nine mortars;
but, by a ball from one of the town pieces upon
the baftion of St. Therefia, a Turk of diſtinction
was killed, as he was riding with a long ſtaff in
his hand to the Zugeiner town; who was interred
with great ceremony. The befieged alfo erected
batteries in different places, fo that they might the
more easily reach the flank of the befiegers battery;
who, during the night, carried their line, about
one thouſand paces to the left hand down towards
the Ratzen town, where they were bufy in raifing
a battery, with which they could pretty near ap-
proach the town.
On the 5th, by fun-rife, the befiegers were to
march in order of battle from the Seckendorf hofpi-
tal to the lower Ratzen town; but returned
immediately after, with beat of drums and mufic,
to their camp; they alfo advanced their approaches
from the ftone bridge towards the emperor's gate,
about four or five hundred paces, and then began to
cannonade from eleven batteries, mounted with
between ſeventy and eighty cannon whoſe calibers
4
were
Chap. 2. JOHN Earl of CRAUFURD. 179
were from ten to thirty-fix pounders; they had
likewiſe three other batteries with nine mortars,
from whence they threw bombs into the town,
from one to three hundred pound weight: by
which continual cannonading, and bombarding,
they ruined a great many houfes, wounded fome
people, and killed others; among which number
was count Kevenhuller, captain of Molck's regi-
ment, who was killed by a cannon fhot. About
noon, the befiegers begun to point their cannon
to the works, and damaged the face of St. Eliza-
beth's baftion. The befieged were employed the
whole night, in working on the traverfe by the
Saave; alfo major Purfchiz, was fent up that river
with two fhaiks to lay the Zugeiner town in aſhes.
On the 6th, towards day, it was obſerved that
the befiegers had erected another battery to the
right of the emperor's hofpital, where they planted
eighteen colours; which caufed the befieged to fire
ftrongly upon it from St. Therefia's baftion: but
the beliegers fo ftrongly cannonaded and bombard-
ed the town, as to destroy the little gate by the
Wurtemberger gate.
ON the 7th, the befieged begun to raiſe a new
battery upon St. Charles's baftion, as alfo a bomb
battery upon St. Benedict's baftion; but they ob-
ferved, that fome of the Turkifh fhips came up
and were unloading near their retrenchments,
which was thought to be ammunition and artillery.
The befiegers advanced fo brifkly as to get within
four hundred yards of Elizabeth's baltion; by
which they gave the beſieged to underſtand, that
they intended to batter in breach they alfo drew
a line from the free place of the Jews to the mofch
before the Wurtemberger gate, and from thence
to the butchers little houtes, where they railed a
battery directly oppofite to the emperor's gate:
but they flackened in their cannonading, while
they
:
1
180
Book 3.
The LIFE of
they begun to fire pretty brifkly with their fmall
arms from behind the trenches, and the pallifades
about the hofpital, and out of the ordovirifh line,
they alſo took the advantage of the night, in
making one line from the mofch to the pallifades,
and from thence to the Ratzen town; and another,
two hundred paces before the houſe of Schmettau.
THE cannonading continued on the 8th, when
the beſieged played from three large mortars againſt
the hofpital, and the out-works of the befiegers;
the beſieged were alſo cloſely at work on the new
battery near the Danube, and in undermining the
high batteries.
In the mean time, the befiegers
took three boats manned, and four empty ones,
up the Saave: upon which major Jurſchitz, of
the national militia, was immediately fent with
two fhaiks upwards, who brought the report
that two of the boats had been burnt, and that
the befiegers had deftroyed fome of the others,
ON the 9th, the besieged erected two new bat-
tories between the baftions of St. Stephen and St.
Jofeph, and the Danube; as alſo another battery
behind the baftion of St. Charles, and another by
the Raizen town oppofite the Saave; where, as
the river was fo much fallen, that the befiegers
might make uſe of it, to approach in the night-
time, a breaft work was made for fmall arms; as
also a communication and opening on the high
works, beginning from St. Xavier's baftion, behind
the baſtions of Elizabeth, Benedict, aud Mariana;
for which all the little houfes from the Wurtem-
berger gate, to the Temefwaer gate were pulled
down. The two fhaiks, fent up the Saave, to
fee if the befiegers were endeavouring to lock up
that river, came back, and informed the com-
mandant that the Turks had not the neceffary
pontoons for ſuch a purpoſe; and that they had a
ſhort ſkirmiſh, whereby one German was killed,
and
Chap. 2. JOHN Earl of CR AUFURD. 181
and nine wounded; but the befiegers fuffered
more. The works in the town, were now fo
numerous that not only the burgers, but alſo all
the Ratzens, and vagabonds, that could be picked
up, were employed in carrying them on; while
the beſiegers continued to throw into the town a
great many bombs, granades, and haubitzes; as
alſo to fire brifkly with ſmall arms, and above
eighty cannons.
ON the 10th, by break of day, the befiegers
begun to fire ſtrongly upon the town, as alfo againſt
the baftions of St. Benedict, and Elizabeth; which
they continued all day, thereby intimating as if
they would batter in breach againſt both bastions,
particularly St. Elizabeth's; wherefore a council
of war was called by the commandant, when it
was refolved to raiſe a new defence by the Capuchin
cloifter, that, in cafe of any approaching ftorm,
thefe works might be the better feconded. The
befiegers likewife enlarged their two parallel lines,
and made ufe of the fofs that went round the vine-
yards to make a communication with thefe lines;
they alſo raiſed two new batteries upon the ſtone
bridge, and one behind the two lines near the
church-yard. And this day, the befieged received
intelligence that, yefter day in the afternoon, the
three fhips of war, which remained below on the
Danube, where the Temes enters into it, were
blown up by the commanding officers, who found
it impoffible to bring their fhips up the river. The
befiegers in the night raifed feveral batteries; one
above the Schemettau houfe, two before the ſtone
bridge, and another of twelve guns.
ON the 11th, the Bofniac auxiliary troops
arrived, and took their camp on the heighth near
the Saave: the Turkish fhaiks, after the imperial
ſhips of war had been blown up, fhewed themfelves
above Wifnitza, and in the afternoon landed at
I
the
182 'The LIFE of
Book 3:
the Turkiſh camp, as alfo on the banks of the
bannat. While the befieged, for more fecurity
and defence, began to work on a retrenchment at
the gorge of Elizabeth's baftion: and the fix hun-
dred horſe, and three battalions, befides three com-
panies of grenadiers, who had been pofted on the
other fide of the Danube, near the Porcha, were
drawn over into the town; when the cavalry went
to join the imperial army at Semlin; but the
infantry was kept to reinforce the garrison.
THE befiegers, by break of day on the 12th,
brought their two lines from the burial-place to the
brick-houſes near the Danube, and began to fire
upon the town, where they were expected to batter
in breach, at the baftion of St. Elizabeth; but
they only continued to moleft the town with can-
non balls and bombs. The befiegers marched this
day, as well with horfes as waggons, up towards
the river Saave; while the befieged had their bridge
laid over the Saave broken down, as alſo the bridge
near the Wurtemberger gate; and repaired the de-
fence with ſmall arms, as likewife with a Ravelin;
and made a new retrenchment, becauſe it could
not be foreſeen, where the beſiegers might begin
their attack, with which they conftantly threatened.
the town; and, therefore, the whole garrifon
drew out at night for the first time, and entered
again towards day, there being, the fame night,
double fire-arms given upon all the Ravelins, as
alſo in the redoubt over the Danube. But the
befiegers were equally employed all the night;
during which, time, they erected a battery of fix
mortars behind the fecond line of Seckendorf's
hofpital, alfo a battery of fix cannons before the
Schmettauifh houfe, and another of five cannons
by the Ratzen town; with which they began to
fire, on the 13th, particularly with the latter,
upon the baftion of St. Francis, and Therefia.
The
Chap. 2. JOHN Earl of CRAWFURD. 183
The Bofniac troops, which had encamped on the
heighth of the Saave, broke up this morning, and
entered the Turkiſh camp in their lines, with
flying colours and mufic; attended with a great
many pack horfes, and waggons. This afternoon
five battalions, and five companies of grenadiers,
under the command of major general count Conig-
feck, entered the town from the imperial army,
by which the garrifon was confiderably reinforced;
who, a few hours after, were followed by general
Schulemburgh. In the mean time, the lower
bridge over the Saave, was carried up towards the
Danube, under an eſcort; and the new retrench-
ment, in the baftion of St. Elizabeth, was encom-
paffed with pallifades to prevent any furprife from
the beſiegers. Colonel Grofs, with fecretary
Schwacheim, interpreter of the oriental language,
who had paffed through the town, to the Turkish
camp at fix o'clock in the morning, returned
about three in the afternoon; at which time, the
befieged began to raiſe a new battery of four half
coehorns over against the emperor's gate.
ON the 14th, the befiegers flackened their fire
all the day, while they were erecting a new battery
before the brick-houſes by the Danube, and another
not far from it in the plain. Of the eight imperial
ſhips of war, fix went up to Peter wardin, and two
armed ones remained at Belgrade, under the com-
mand of general Pallavicini: after which, the
Cameral bridge over the Saave was broke up, the
Peterwardin gate was fhut, and the ferry-boats
ordered in the water-town: and, this night, the
befiegers bombs ruined three of the imperial bat-
teries, befides committing other damages in dif-
ferent places; having alfo, in that time, erected a
battery of five guns, and another of two, before
the ſtone bridge: and, by tranſporting fome boats,
I 2
it
184
Book 3
The LIFE of
it appeared that they intended to make a bridge over
the Saave by Ofterbach.
On the 15th, the befiegers renewed their fire;
and the besieged made fix flatter mines in the
baftion of St. Benedict.
ON the 16th, colonel Grofs, went again to the
Ottoman camp, and returned about nine at night;
during which time, the cannonading ceaſed on
both fides; but, after his return, it was brifkly
renewed. A trumpeter with letters, from the
imperial army to the Ottoman camp, paffed
through the town; while the befiegers erected a
new battery of eight guns, befides the other of
feven, which they had already above the Ratzen
town; when they had most of the cannons from
the first battery carried off, and brought into the
new raiſed batteries below the ftone bridge.
ON the 17th, colonel Grofs went again to the
Turkish camp, and returned about ten at night.
The commandant caufed four twenty-four poun-
ders to be carried from the caſtle to the new battery
above the emperor's gate, while the befiegers
erected a battery of fix cannons nearer the hoſpital,
to the right hand of the pallifades; not neglecting
ftrongly to cannonade the baftion of St. Francis,
with two batteries, before the Ratzen town; and
they employed the night in erecting another bat-
tery, behind the other line, betwixt the hoſpital
and great mofch; from whence they fired with
twelve cannons, upon the baſtion of St. Charles:
they alfo augmented their battery by the old brick-
houfes near the Danube; and continued to work
on the other line by the Ratzen town, carrying it
to the plain towards the Saave.
On the 18th, in the morning, count Neuperg,
with colonel count Grofs, and the oriental inter-
preter, fecretary Schwacheim, went to the Otto-.
man camp.
ON
Chap. 2. JOHN Earl of CRAUFURD. 185
On the 19th, the befiegers had their line near
the Ratzen town, and the other works in the plain,
finiſhed; when, with their cannon and bombs,
they fired, without intermiffion, upon the town
and works: they alſo had five fhaiks carried by
land from the Danube to the Saave; but they
retired on the approach of three of the imperial
veffels. The Turkish corps, pofted in the bannat,
reconnoitred the redoubt over the Danube, and
founded the morafs round it; fome of them
approaching fo near, that the Imperialifts fired
upon them, killing fome, and wounding others.
As the befiegers faw that the imperial fhaiks
prevented them from getting their boats into the
Saave, they made a battery on the 20th, with
which they could fire both upon the imperial fhaiks,
and the cavalry pofted in Syrmien; who were
therefore obliged to retire a little: after which, the
beſiegers put their fhaiks and boats into the Saave,
and began to build a bridge over the arm of it, by
the ifle Odovorifh. The befiegers corps in the
bannat attempted nothing upon the redoubt on the
21ft; and thoſe on the other fide made nothing new
in their approaches, except that they fired ftrongly
upon both the baſtions of St. Francis and Therefia,
and upon the courtine by the emperor's gate while
prince Hilburghaufen, with a ftrong corps of
infantry and cavalry, arrived near Semlin. But
the beſiegers, in the night, compleated their bridge
over the arm of the Saave, by the Odovorifh ifle e;
for the fecurity of which, they planted feven
cannon on ſome rifing ground there, and put five
fhaiks below the bridge into the water: they alſo,
this night, began to make attacks upon the redoubt
on the other fide of the Danube, and had raiſed a
battery of four ſharten; out of which they fired
with two cannon, as well upon the redoubt, as upon
the fhip of war which had fallen down.
1 3
ON
186
Book 3:
The LIFE of
On the 22d, nothing material was undertaken,
on account of the heavy rains; but prince Hil-
burghaufen's corps broke up at Semlin, and
encamped betwixt Surotin and Beffaria.
THERE was little firing on either fide, during
the whole morning of the 23d; but in, the after-
noon they made amends by an extraordinary fire.
The befiegers did not work either on their line,
or batteries: but, in the afternoon, the befieged
fent one hundred grenadiers in five fhaiks over the
Danube, to take poft at an old ruined work, above
the redoubt, to prevent the befiegers taking this
advantage; they alfo raiſed a battery, in the night,
on the rifing ground above the baſtion of St. Charles,
whereon four half coehorns were to be placed; in
the two traverses the breaft work was raifed higher;
and a covert was likewife made in the ravelin.
On the 24th the befiegers raifed a new battery
of three cannon by the Schmettauifh houſe, from
whence they canonaded the baftions of St. Eliza
beth and Mariana; they alfo began to work upon
the ifle, which made it conjectured that they would
make a tette de pont; becauſe their finiſhed bridge
over the arm of the Saave lay thereabouts, oppofite
to which, and near the redoubt over the Danube,
feveral of the Turkish cavalry had been moft of
the day.
ON the 25th, the befiegers fired the whole day
without ceafing, upon the town, and its works;
playing a great number of bombs, which did
confiderable damage: they likewife augmented the
funk battery of one cannon, with another cannon,
and cannonaded that fide of the town with it; as
they did the redoubt with the other battery of
three guns though they undertook nothing this
day, on the fide of the Saave. But his excellency
general baron Schemettau arrived in the town
who, in the afternoon, vifited and examined the
redoubt,
Chap. 2. JOHN Earl of CRAUFURD. 187
redoubt, as alſo the iſle on the Danube to raiſe
fome new works there.
On the 26th, his excellency general Schmettau
returned again to the army, and the befiegers, in
the morning, began to fire upon the town, and
the redoubt; when they finiſhed their two lines
from the Porcha to the Gzardacken; at the fame
time, they were bufy in finiſhing their retrench-
ments that had been laid up and down over the
Danube.
ON the 27th, the befiéged begun to raiſe re-
trenchments from the Neuberger covered roads, to
the ravelin, and from the baftion St. Xavier: but
the befiegers undertook nothing either upon the
ifle on the Saave, nor the town, or the redoubt
over the Danube; except that they fired very hard
upon the baſtions of St. Elizabeth and Francifci,
to make a breach there.
ON the 28th, the befiegers fired but little, and
played only a few bombs the whole day; neither
did they attempt any thing upon the town; nor
wrought on any of their batteries. The befieged,
during the night, fent three hundred men over the
Danube, to raiſe a retrenchment near the redoubt-
there. The fame night, the general baron
Schmettau, with eighteen battalions, and as many
companies of grenadiers, who altogether did not.
make up quite four thousand men, with eight
field pieces, croffed the Danube, and took poft
about five hundred paces from the approaches
which the befiegers had made towards the Porcha:
but as the befiegers, by break of day, were aware
of this; their army, confifting of about 15,000
men, which lay encamped near the Porcha, was
drawn out, and marched on all fides towards general
Schmettau,whofe new poſts they strongly cannonaded
and bombarded; whereby eighteen men were killed
or wounded: after the Turks had feen the Im-
I 4
perialists
188
Book 3.
The
LIFE of
perialifts fo advantageoufly pofted, they advanced
in fome places about three hundred paces diftant,
and remained there till noon: during which time,
the imperial fhaiks, and boats of the fhips of war,
as well with cannon as fmall arms, charged the
right wing of the Turks that was obliged to draw
up on the fide of the Danube; and, in the after-
noon, this corps of the befiegers returned to their
camp, without effecting any thing; the imperi-
alifts continuing brifkly to raife the retrenchments,
and the befiegers to fire.
WITH these new bofts over the Danube, the
Imperialiſts, on the 30th, quite approached the
befiegers redoubt: whereby not only this redoubt,
but alfo the banks of the Danube on the other fide,
and the great Danube ifle, which without doubt
would have within twenty-four hours have fallen
into the beſiegers hands, as alfo the town of
Belgrade, were fo greatly fecured, that, fince the
retrenchment was finiſhed, no further attack of
the enemy was to be dreaded. This day, the five
battalions were relieved, with two thouſand men ;
and feldt-marfhal count Wallis alfo arrived this
day with the army at Semlin, and pitched his camp
above it but the befiegers undertook nothing,
except railing a new battery, and firing from the
others.
:
ON the 31st, the befiegers continued their fire:
and, this day, general baron Schmettau, took the
command of general feld:-marſhal lieutenant baron
Suckoff: after which, the detachment of one
thousand five hundred men over the Danube were
relieved; and a bridge was begun over the Saave,
by the new gate.
ON the 1ft of September, a great fire was main-
tained on both fides all the morning; but, about
eleven o'clock, general Neuperg, who had been
negociating a treaty of peace in the Turkish camp
fince
Chap. 2. JOHN Earl of CRAUFURD. 189
fince the 19th of last month, fent in a note, by
colonel Grofs, importing that, " as the peace
"with the befiegers was very near concluded, the
"garrifon ſhould leave off firing, as alfo all other
hoftilities:" and his excellency, in the afternoon,
came from the Turkish camp with hoſtages for the
performance of the treaty: fo that all the martial
ftorm was now fufpended; and the Turks openly
appeared every where before their trenches; or
riding, and walking, up and down in the fields.
On the 2d it was publickly reported that one of
the articles of the treaty was "to furrender Bel-
grade to the Turks :" and, accordingly, orders.
were given to the inhabitants to carry off all their
effects, and clear the town in the ſpace of five
days; with this addition, not to pull a lock off
the doors, nor take out a window, or break
down a fire-place, under penalty of death.
NOTWITHSTANDING the advantages gained
by the Turks at the battle of Krotzka, the prime
vizier was continually offering propofitions of peace,
and had fent feveral meffengers to the imperial
army, while it was on the other fide of the Danube.
The propofitions fent by thefe meffengers, were
communicated to the imperial court; and full
powers were fent to count Wallis, to treat of, and
conclude a peace: whereupon count Neuperg,
repaired to the Turkish camp, with full powers
from count Wallis, and at the defire of the French
ambaffador, who gave him pafiports for that pur-
pole.
WHILST the count was in the Turkish camp,
advice was fent to him from the imperial camp,
that a courier was arrived from the feld: marſhal
count Munich, wherein he advised the imperial
generals not to be too forward in their negociations
for a peace; for that he was able to make a pow-
erful diverfion in their favour, and even advance
I 5
28
190
Book 3.
The LIFE of
as far as the bannat of Temefwaer, if occafion
required. Count Neuperg immediately told the
news to the prime vizier, who made anfwer, with
an air of indifference," that he was not at all
"uneafy about the matter :" but as they had then
an account that count Munich had paffed the
Niefter, above Chotzim, and was confequently
within three or four days march of Tranſylvania,
the prime vizier was not fo eafy as he pretended:
for he called a divan the fame evening, and, as
foon as it broke up, expreffes were fent away to
feveral places, particularly to the general of the
Turkish forces in Walachia.
THESE Confiderations induced the prime vizier
to accept of what count Neuperg had offered at
his arrival, and to fend an exprefs to the Ottoman
court for authority to do fo: which being arrived,
and the mediation of France having been required
and accepted for this purpofe; the marquis de
Villeneuve, his moft chriftian majefty's ambaffador
extraordinary at the Ottoman court, not only
fulfilled the faid mediation, but even acted in
the beginning as his imperial majefty's plenipoten-
tiary; and foon after the preliminary articles of
peace were concluded and figned, whereby it was
agreed,
"THAT the fortrefs of Belgrade fhould be
"reftored to the Ottoman empire; and that
the new fortifications fhould be demoliſhed.
"THAT his imperial majefty fhould cede to
the Porte all the Auftrian Walachia, including
"the mountainous part: he ſhould likewife give
up the fort Berifcan, which he built there; but
the Porte thould demoliſh it, and never fortify
❝it again.
66
"THAT the island and fortrefs of Orfova,
with fort St. Elizabeth, ſhould remain in the
hands of the grand feignor in their prefent con-
"dition:
Chap. 2. JOHN Earl of CRAUFURD. 191
"dition: and that the bannat of Temefwaer
fhould likewife remain entire in his imperial
"majefty's poffeffion, as far as the confines of the
"Auftrian Walachia.
"THAT within five days after the figning of
"theſe preliminaries, without including the day
"in which they were figned, the demolition of
"the fortifications of Belgrade fhould be begun,
"and ſhould be continued without ceafing, under
"the inſpection of commiffaries appointed by the
"Porte. That for the infuring the execution of
"this demolition, hoftages of a proper rank,
"fhould be given by his imperial and catholick
"majefty, who fhould repair to the Ottoman
"camp within five days after figning the preli-
❝minaries.
"THAT hoftilities and contributions fhould
"ceafe from the day of figning the prelimi-
"naries."
THIS preliminary treaty was followed by the
definitive treaty concluded on the 18th of Septem-
ber, which ratified the former, and limitted the
truce to twenty-feven years. To this treaty there
was annexed a declaration of the emperor's im-
porting that he did not intend by this treaty to
derogate from the alliance fubfifting between his
imperial majefty and Ruffia: further adding, that
though the peace might be upon the point of being
concluded between this laft power and the Porte,
the emperor ftill referved to himself, purſuant to
the convention ftipulated between their imperial
and czarian majefties, the liberty of furnishing
Ruffia with 30,000 men, in cafe, contrary to all
expectations, the war fhould be continued between
her and the Porte.
In this manner the Turks repoffeffed Belgrade,
from which they had been ejected 22 years.
Notwithstanding the garrifon were under a heavy
16
reftriction
1
192
Book 3.
The LIFE of
restriction from even mentioning a furrender, the
place was delivered up; though the enemy, after
five weeks open trenches, were five or fix hundred
paces from the city: the breach they had made
was not confiderable; and the intrenchment that
had been made behind that breach, was as ftrong
as the baftion before the breach was made: the
garrifon of the fort of Porcha had twice repulfed
thofe that affaulted it: the oppofite bank of the
Danube was fecure: and by the march of the army
towards Semlin, the Turks were prevented from
paffing the Saave: but if the imperialifts had acted
in the fame manner as a ſmall body of Hungarians
did at the fiege of Agria in 1652, when Maho-
met Baffa invefted that town with 60,000 men,
the event had been more honourable; for the
Hungarians were only 2000, who endured and
repelled thirteen terrible affaults with fifty pieces
of artillery; and for the corroborating their high
reſolution, took a mutual oath, that no man, upon
pain of death, fhould once fpeak of a treaty, or of
furrendering, the town; or to make any anſwer
to the enemy, but by harquebuffe or the cannon:
fo that though the baffa frequently offered a treaty,
they only fhewed, for an answer to his fummons,
a funeral bier, lifted above the wall between two.
piles, to fignify their refolution to defend the town
to the laft extremity.
WHEN Belgrade furrendered to prince Eugene,
above 60,000 Turks were obliged to abandon the
place in a very neceffitous condition: but now
forme thouſands of miferable Germans were com-
pelled to quit their habitations to the Ottomans.
It was a mélancholy profpect to fee ſo many poor
wretches quitting their dwellings, and leaving
their properties to the Turks: fo that what my
worthy friend mr. Voltaire has remarked on the
diftrefs of the inhabitants of Altena, when general
Steinbock
1
Chap. 2. JOHN Earl of CRAUFURD. 193
Steinbock too cruelly fet fire to the whole place,
may be applied to the inhabitants of Belgrade; nor
were thoſe unhappy fufferers much better received
at Semlin, than thofe of Altena were at Hamburgh,
when they were refufed admiffion into the town;
in the fame manner as the Mandubii were into the
Roman camp, after they had been expelled from
Alefia. The earl of Craufurd, who was then ill
of his wound in the caftle of Belgrade, moft hear-
tily regretted the lofs of fo important a place, and
as heartily compaffionated the deplorable cafe of the
citizens imitating, in this refpect, the virtue of
Marcus Marcellus at the fiege of Syracufe; who
having poffeffed the upper part of the city, and
looking down upon the Acradina below, which
was the most beautiful, fortified, and ample part,
is reported to have wept much, commiferating
the calamity that hung over it, when his thoughts
repreſented to him, how difmal and foul the face
of the city would be when plundered and facked
by the foldiers; beholding all the riches accu-
mulated during a long felicity, diffipated in a
moment.
THIS peace was contrary to the nature of the
alliance formed between the two imperial courts
of Vienna and Petersburgh; it feemed to be dif-
agreeable to the emperor, and no lefs fo, both to
the army, and to the populace at Vienna, who
reflected with great vehemence upon the marquis
de Villeneuve, and upon French mediation. The
emperor endeavoured to justify his conduct, by
publiſhing a refcript, and writing to the czarina,
whereby he declared, that the negociation was
carried on without his knowledge; that count
Neuperg had acted contrary to his orders; and
that the articles of the treaty were highly difap-
proved by his imperial majefty, who informed the
czarina, that, though he had many times expe-
“
rienced
194 The LIFE of
Book 3.
"rienced adverfity, yet he never was fo much
"afflicted with any thing as with this event: that.
"the fault lay entirely upon fuch of his officers as
"ratified the wretched preliminaries without his
knowledge, and againft his confent, and event
"his expreſs orders to the contrary. That, never-
"theless, he ought to conform to what had once
"been ratified, though unjuftly: for we muſt
"keep faith inviolably, even with infidels, while
"they obſerve it on their part: and that he was
"the firft to own, that the counts Wallis and
"Neuperg were highly guilty."
THOUGH the czarina had reaſon to be diffatif-
fied with the emperor, for concluding a feparate
peace; yet, as ſhe had no intereft nor inclination
to reſent the injury, fhe was too wife to fhew the
leaft fign of uneafinefs. However, his imperial
majeſty, after the conclufion of the definitive treaty,
diſpatched orders to count Wallis and count Neu-
perg; by which the firft was charged to give up
the command of the army to marſhal Seher, and
to repair to Zeget, there to remain under arrest,
till the pleaſure of his imperial majefty fhould be
further known; and the other was charged to
repair immediately to Orſch near Raab, there to
remain under arreft till farther orders. Accord.
ingly, both theſe generals repaired to the places of
their confinement, where they continued during
the remainder of the year; feeming to fubmit
themſelves entirely to the good nefs and clemency
of his imperial majefty; declaring, at the fame
time, the innocency of their intentions; which
there is little room to ſuſpect, when it is confidered,
that count Wallis wanted feveral things neceflary
for acting with vigour; and that count Neuperg,
in vindication of himſelf affirmed, that it was
abfolutely neceffary to make the conceffions he had
agreed to, and to make them in fuch a precipitate
manner,
Chap. 2. JOHN Earl of CRAUFURD. 195
manner, in order to prevent the Turks from
penetrating that very campaign into Hungary;
which it was not in the power of the fmall army
the emperor had there, to prevent or retard, with-
out running a very great rifk of having it entirely
facrificed.
THE preliminaries of peace between the Ruf-
fians and Turks were figned, foon after the treaty
with the emperor and the grand feignor, in the
Ottoman camp before Belgrade; which was fol-
lowed by a definitive treaty, whereby it was ſtipu-
lated,
"THAT Afoph fhould remain to Ruffia, but
"be demolished, and its territory laid defert, to
"form a barrier between the two empires.
"THAT Ruffia might build a fortreſs on this
"fide of the Don, and the Porte another on their
fide of the river; but the city of Taganrock,
built by Peter the great, on the fea of Aſoph,
"fhould not be restored.
"THAT the Ruffians fhould have no veſſels
"either on the Palus-Mæotis or the Euxine; but
"fhould uſe the Turkiſh veffels in their commerce
"in thoſe feas.
"THAT the limits of the two empires weft of
"the Nieper, fhould be the fame as regulated in
1706; Kudack remaining to the Porte, and
"the limits to the eaft of the Nieper to be fettled
"by a new convention.”
UPON the figning of this treaty, count Munich
relinquifhed his conquefts in Beffarabia and Mol-
davia, repaffed the Niefter, and returned to the
Ukrain through the Polish territories, accom-
panied by a multitude of Greeks and Moldavians,
who had been too forward to declare in favour
of Ruffia; this victorious general alfo brought
off eight hundred pieces of brafs cannon, with
a booty amounting to three millions of rubles,
OF
i
Book 3.
196
The LIFE of
or 1,350,000 l. fterling; whereby the whole war
was terminated.
HUNGARY has long been confidered as the
barrier of Europe against the prodigious force of
the Ottoman empire: the Germans have grown
opulent by the arms of the Hungarians, the Italians
lived by their funerals, the French flept quietly by
their calamities, the Spaniards by their troubles
were at leiſure to acquire the poffeffion of a new
world, the English and Dutch dwelt in fecurity
by their danger, and the Folanders followed their
fports by their labour: Chriftians, in general,
lived fecurely through their perpetual and conti-
guous dangers; fo that Hungary was not only the
inexpugnable rampart, but the buckler of Chrif
tendom. This was once the character of the Hun-
garians, when fubject to their ancient monarchs,
and governed by their native princes, particularly
by the famous Hunniades: but, fince this kingdom
has been made hereditary in the houſe of Auftria,
all its glory has been eclipfed, its revenue wafted,
and its ftrength debilitated, fo as to ftand in need
of affiftance from the other dominions of Auſtria,
on a Turkiſh invafion: which is a certain proof,
that fuch kingdoms as made a confiderable figure
under their own princes, have fcarce been able
to maintain the charges of the civil government,
when they become provinces to a foreign power.
For this reafon, the Ottoman force is more
to be dreaded on the fide of Germany than former-
ly. The grand vizier might certainly have taken
Vienna, in 1683, if he had not retained a paffionate
deſire to take the town by compofition rather than
by ſtorm, which must have left all its wealth a prey
to the foldiers, and not to the generals. If the
Tuiks had poffeffed this city, what could have
hindered them from being the immediate mafters
of Auſtria, and all its depending provinces? what
could
Chap. 2. JOHN Earl of CRAUFURD. 197
could have prevented them from reducing Italy,
or the fouthern provinces of Germany, as they
fhould have chofen to carry on their invafion?
and how fatal this might have been to the reft of
Christendom, or now it might have enlarged the
Turkiſh dominions, is eaſy to conjecture.
THE houfe of Auftria, is now more incapable
of oppofing the Turks than ever: fhe has loft ſome
of her fineſt provinces; confequently, a great part
of her revenue, and a greater part of her ftrength;
which would give the Ottomans an opportunity
of extending their empire, if Ruffia had not fea-
fonably grown up to check their infolence and
ambition by which means the balance of the
world is fupported.
:
SOLYMAN the magnificent, was uſed to fay,
" that he was over wearied with the many mo-
"narchies, and furcharged with the feveral domi-
"nions, which he poffeffed either by his own vir-
tue, or that of his ancestors ;" and Muftapha II.
in 1697, brought with him into the field, feveral
waggons loaded with fetters and handcuffs, to put
in irons, as he gave out, all the imperial officers,
from the general to the loweſt fubaltern: but as
Eugene difappointed the latter, fo the Ruffians
caufed the prefent race of Turks to be of another
opinion from Solyman. Without the affiftance of
Ruffia, the court of Vienna would be foon over-
powered by the Ottomans: for the Turks are pro-
perly formed for invafion, and the Germans only for
defence befides, the former have this advantage,
that rice is the only provifion for their armies;
of which grain, as every man is able upon occafion
to carry enough for three days, fo the quantity
provided for every expedition, is proportionate to
the number, with no diftinction-to the quality of
men; a colonel, when upon a march, or in a
camp, having no more allowed him than a private
foldier:
198
Book 3.
The LIFE of
foldier: nor are any but general officers, encum,
bered with train or baggage, which gives them
great advantages in the German wars, among
whom every officer has a family in proportion to
his command during the campaign, as well as in
his quarters; and the very foldiers, like the Britiſh
troops in the laft French war, carried their wives
with them into the field; whereas a Turkish army
confifts only of fighting men; for they difdain the
method of the ancient Afiatics, who carried their
wives and concubines into the field with all their
riches and treaſure, to inſpire them with double
bravery however, in this, the Ottomans are
pretty well imitated by the Ruffians, who have
only one woman to every fquadron, or com-
pany.
CASAR fays, that the Gauls were eager for war,
but could not bear its calamities; which is evident
from the eaſy defeat of the Unelli by Sabinus: the
Suevi were bold and enterprizing people, but they
would make no refiftance againſt the Romans: fo
the Turks, who are every day more and more
enervated, may bend to the fuperior force of Ruffia,
whofe inhabitants are more naturally foldiers, than
thoſe of Turky; for the northern bodies are greater
and ſtronger than the fouthern, and alſo more
healthy and vigorous. Therefore, as the true
original greatneſs of any kingdom or nation may
be accounted by the number of ſtrong and able
bodies of their native fubjects, which is the natural
ftrength of governments; the czarian empire may
over-run the Ottoman, as that did the Grecian;
for all the reft being art, difcipline, or inftitution;
theſe are to be acquired by the Mufcovites, who
will be then too formidable for the Mahometans
of Turky.
THE infirmities and conditions of human bodies,
are likewiſe diſcovered in ſtates and governments:
• for
Chap. 2. JOHN Earl of CRAUFURD. 199
for kingdoms and common-wealths, like men,
are born, flouriſh, and fade through age; they
are equally fubject to a repletion of humours; fo
that purging and phlebotomy are as neceffary for
the one as the other. Upon this principle, colonies
were founded, whereby a great number of families
were diſmiſſed to difburthen the country: thus the
Franks left the high countries of Germany, and
poffeffed themſelves of Gaul, from whence they
diſplaced the firſt inhabitants: thus grew that
infinite confluence of people, which afterwards,
under Brennus and others, over-ran Italy: thus
the Goths and Vandals, as alfo the Turks, left
their natural countries, and fituated themſelves in
others, where they had more room for advantage
and property there is the greateft probability,
that, in this manner, the Ruffians will fend forth
a fwarm of their inhabitants to take poffeffion of
the greateſt part of the Turkiſh dominions; for
though the Perfians had frequently invaded Greece;
yet, when an Alexander appeared, the Greeks in-
vaded Perfia, end took poffeffion of the empire:
which occafioned Darius to obferve, that thus we
are all fenfible of the inconftancy of fortune, and
that each nation affects a fovereignty over the
other.
It was one of the ordinances of Lycurcus, that
the Spartans fhould not make war often, or long,
with the fame enemy; for fear they ſhould train
and inftruct them in the military art; and, by
obliging them to defend themſelves, at length teach
them to be the aggreffors. This was the cafe of
Sweden under Charles XII. who was as culpable
for invading Ruffia, and teaching the Mufcovites
the knowledge of war; as Agefilaus was for making
fuch continual incurfions into Bæotia, and inſtruct-
ing the Thebans to make head against the Lace-
dæmoninans. This has been the caſe of the
Muffulman
200
The LIFE of
Book 3.
Muffulman power againft Ruffia, and, if it conti-
nues, the czarian eagle muft perch triumphant over
the Ottoman crefcent: though, in a political light,
it is the intereſt of the courts of Peterſburgh and
Conftantinople to continue in a flate of tranquility
with each other, and to have a cautious eye on the
Perfians, who, if properly commanded, might
always endanger Ruffia, and fubdue Turky, as
eaſily as Kouli Kan reduced India.
CHA P. III.
An account of the earl of CRA UFURD's behaviour
before he received his wound at the battle of
Krotzka, and the manner in which he was
brought off the field. Together with a journal
of his voyage up the Danube from Belgrade to
Vienna: his journey from thence to Hanover;
and his return to England: the whole interſperſed
with a relation of the process of the wound.
As
S the earl of Craufurd received a defperate and
fatal wound at the battle of Krotzka, it is
neceffary to fhew his behaviour in this engagement,
in what manner he received the wound, and how
much he fuffered by it; wherein his lordſhip evi-
dently fhewed that truly noble fpirit which is the
greateſt ornament of military virtue; bravery in
action, and patience in enduring afflictions.
DURING the nightly march towards Krotzka,
his lordſhip was in full fpirits; fometimes in com-
pany with marſhal Wallis, fometimes with feveral
other general officers, but more generally with his
favourite friend the prince of Waldeck, until about
three o'clock in the morning, when they approached
pretty
Chap. 3. JOHN Earl of CRAUFURD 201
pretty near the enemy; which his lordſhip knew,
by having accompanied general Bernclau, with his
reconnoitering detachment, the night before:
whereupon, his lordship, and a Pruffian general,
who ſerved as a volunteer, rode up to the van-guard
of the imperial army, compofed of Rafcians and
huffars; where they joined the commanding officer
of this corps, whom the earl of Craufurd ac-
quainted, that they could not be far off the
advanced poft of the enemy, and adviſed him to
give orders to be very filent in their march.
ACCORDINGLY, before they had advanced
above fifty yards, a corps of Turks, who had
lodged in the wood on both fides the defile, begun
the prelude of the day, by fuddenly faluting them
with their muſketry; which put the Rafcians into
fuch confufion, that they all haftily made off,
except about ten or twelve, whom the earl of
Craufurd headed, and encouraged, by crying,
"Heide, Heide," an animating word ufed by the
Rafcians on the commencement of an attack.
However, thefe kept their ground only for a few
moments; when, looking back, and fecing their
comrades retreating, they alfo drew off in hurry
and confufion; whereby his lordship's groom of
the horſe, was fhuffled into a dry ditch, by which
accident he loft fight of his lordship, till after he
was wounded.
His lordſhip was attended in this march by no
more fervants than his groom of the horſe, another
groom with a led horfe, and a Ruffian fervant,
whom he had brought with him from Peterſburgh.
The led horfe was killed at firft in the defile, as
was alfo the Ruffian fervant, and his lordship ap-
prehended that his groom of the horfe was likewife
among the dead; fo that, upon the retreat of the
laft Rafcians, his lordship returned through the
defile, and joined Palfi's cuiraffiers who were then
advancin
202
Book 3.
The LIFE of
advancing forwards to the attack. It was here
that the earl of Craufurd confpicuoufly fignalized
his courage, which carried him into the thickeſt
ſcene of danger: every officer in this regiment
behaved with the utmoft gallantry; they were
animated with the prefence of their principal
commander, and every foldier was exafperated at
the infolence of the Turkiſh Spahees, one of whom
galloped up to the earl of Craufurd, whoſe eye was
directed another way; but a German officer
alarmed his lordship with the danger, who inftantly
fired his piftol, and fhot the Turkiſh deſperadoe
dead at his feet; in the fame manner as prince
Eugene drove his fword through the body of the
Janizary who clove his head-piece with a fabre,
as his highneſs mounted the breach at Belgrade;
which was a nobler prefervation than that of
John Sobieski king of Poland at the battle of
Barcan, in 1683, when a Turk had actually lifted
up his fabre againft, and had undoubtedly difpatched
the king, if another perfon had not flain him in
the very inſtant.
In every war, the Turks have a great number
of volunteer cavalry, or adventurers, called Gio-
nulli, who live at their own charge, in expectation
of fucceeding fuch Zaims and Timariots as fall in
their ſervice; and thefe, to raiſe their fortunes,
will engage in the moſt deſperate enterpriſes; for
they not only promiſe themſelves an eſtate if they
furvive, but are taught, that if they die in a war
againſt Chriſtians, they fhall go immediately to
paradife. The earl of Craufurd was well acquaint-
ed with the nature of thefe Gionulli, whom he
had frequently feen acting the part of bravoes
againſt the Ruffians; by fingly leaving their poſts,
and advancing towards the enemy with a fhew of
challenge to any one that would venture to engage
them; which occafioned his lordship, a few days
before
Chap. 3. JOHN Earl of CRAUFURD. 203
before the battle of Krotzka, to tell his groom of
the horſe, the nature of the Turkiſh bravadoes,
and that, if he found an opportunity, he was
determined to rufh out upon the firft he faw;
ordering his groom to attend his motion: which
was a refolution fomewhat fimilar to that which
Craftinus made to Cæfar at the battle of Pharfalia,
who as gallantly put it into execution; but the
earl of Craufurd had no opportunity of fignalizing
himſelf upon any of theſe adventurers. However,
he imitated the examples of Fabius Maximus, and
Scipio the deſtroyer of Carthage and Numantium,
who were both the fons of Paulus Emilius, whom
they attended in their youth at the battle of Pydne,
and valiantly affifted their father in his defeat
of Perfeus: like them, the earl of Craufurd was
eager to engage among the foremost; and like
them, he made the enemy aſtoniſhed at his valour.
WHILE his lordfhip was thus gallantly engaging
with the regiment of Palfi, his favourite Spaniard
was fhot under him; which was a beautiful black
horfe, whofe noble behaviour in the field, was after-
wards frequently commended by his lordſhip; who
uſed to ſay, "that he was of opinion, if his
Spaniard had not been killed, he might have
"efcaped the wound he received ;" and when any
of his acquaintance mentioned the Spaniard to his
lordſhip, he generouſly regretted him by faying,
"oh! my brave Spaniard! he was a fine foldier's
"horſe, indeed !"
WHEN his lordſhip had thus loft his favourite
horſe, and all his attendants, one of the officers
fupplied him with another horfe; upon which his
lordſhip was ſoon afterwards wounded, and fell to
the ground; from whence his friend general count
Luchefi cauſed him to be carried off by fome gre-
nadiers, who fet him upon one of the count's
horfes, whofe fervant led his lordfhip through the
ranks
204
The LIFE of
Book 3.
ranks of Palfi's cuiraffiers; in which condition,
his groom of the horſe found his lordſhip about
eight o'clock, holding the mane of the horſe with
both his hands, no hat upon his head, and his face
of a dead pale complexion. The groom inftantly
leapt from his horſe, and ran to his lordship, who
feemed agreeably furprised to fee his fervant again,
attending by his fide; though his lordfhip appeared
to be in great agony, as they conducted him
towards the defile, where his lordfhip had been.
deferted by the Rafcians early in the morning, and
where ſome of the imperial infantry were yet
marching up to the engagement. His lordship's
favourite fervant enquired all the way for a furgeon,
and, after they had entered about one hundred
paces into the defile, prince Hilburghaufen's body
furgeon came by, who knowing his lordfhip,
examined his wound a little on horfeback, where
he found that the bullet had made its entry on the
out-fide of the left thigh, about three inches below
the hip joint, or trochanter, having entirely broke
the thigh bone, or os femur; the strong reſiſtance
whereof, as was perceived afterwards by fo many
pieces of lead that from time to time were taken
out, flattened a part of the bullet, which, in break-
ing and forcing through this ftrong bone, had been
cut off by the fharp points or edges of it; one of
which, about the bignefs of a straw, and half an
inch long, having brought up with it a little bone,
broke through the ſkin about an inch from the
grand artery, near the os innominatum, which
the furgeon took out; and, after applying a
plaiſter to the wound, went off to look for his
prince, who had fent for him before. But, as the
furgeon happened, feveral times, to fhake his head,
when he was examining the wound; his lordfhip's
fervant followed him a few paces, and asked his
opinion of it; which was, that his lordfhip would
not live above three hours.
HIS
Chap. 3. JOHN Earl of CRAUFURD. 205
His lordship was then conducted a little farther
up the defile; when the plaifter was washed off by
the great effufion of blood: but they accidentally
found another furgeon, who put on a freſh plaifter;
and, feeing his lordship extremely weak through
the great loss of blood, gave him a little brandy to
cherish his drooping fpirits.
His lordship endured inexpreffible torment by
the whole weight of his leg hanging only by the
muſcles; which was aggravated by the motion of
the horſe, whereby the hattered bones, lodged up
and down in the fleshy part of the thigh, grew fo
very painful, as to make his lord hip intreat his
fervant to lay him down any where on the ground,
and let him die in peace: but as they had not, all
this time, made above four or five hundred paces.
from the feat of action; and being in a narrow
defile where it was impoffible to get out on either:
fide; befides, the imperial troops coming con..
itantly along; the fervant perfuaded his lordſhip,
if poffible, to have patience till they came to the
leaft opening, where they might quit the road,
and fit down; which his lorothip endeavoured to,
do; but, as he repeated his former defire, his
fervant obeyed, and laid him down on the bank
of the defile; when the officer's fervant wanted to
retutn to his mafter; but, through perfuafion,
stayed a little longer, and permitted a man to vide
the horse his lordſhip had been on, to the camp,
with an order for his lordſhip's fleeping waggon to
come up immediately. In the mean time, Dr.
Pratti, an Irish gentleman, and proto medicus of
the army, came palt; who knew his lordſhip,
pitied his misfortune, cut open his boots and
breeches, to examine the wound, and put freſh
plaifters on it; giving his lordſhip good hopes of
recovery; which proceeded more from friendship,
than from his real fentiments. As a great many
K
of
206
Book 3.
The LIFE of
of the wounded came by his lordſhip, and gave
information, that the imperialifts were giving
way; the doctor perfuaded his lordship to get out
of this hollow road, for fear of being trampled to
death, if the forces were obliged to retreat at
which time, the prince of Waldeck's black running
footman, with one of his huffars who was riding a
Turkish horse he had made booty of, and leading
his own, very fortunately came by, who readily
offered their affiftance to their maſter's favourite
friend; upon which, the officer's fervant was dif-
miffed, and his lordfhip was re-mounted on horſe-
back; his own fervant, and the running footman,
walking on each fide of him, and the huffar rode
before leading the horſe; while Dr. Pratti went
on to the field of battle,
THEY had fcarcely advanced two hundred paces
with his lordship, when fome cavalry came up:
his lordship's fervant kept on the fide of the horfe
next to them, and earnefly intreated they would
not ride too near: but, having fresh orders to
march up as faft as poffible, they came rufhing fo
violently by, as to push away the fervant; and
thrufting back his lordship's found leg, they
tumbled him off his horfe, when he fell upon his
belly to the ground: but as the troops had then
the humanity to ftop till his lordship was re-
mounted again, he discovered a painful fmiling
countenance, as if it was at their barbarity in
occaſioning this fall, and alfo at the heap of mif-
fortunes which furrounded him in one day;
though he gave no utterance to the leaft angiy
word: but as the principal officers of both the
infantry and cavalry paft by, with most of whom,
his lordship was acquainted, they would cry out,
"my dear lord! I am heartily forry for your
"misfortune:" to which he replied, with a
brifk voice," I thank you, and with you better.
• fuccefs.
Το
Chap. 3. JOHN Earl of CRAUFURD. 207
To prevent the like misfortune again, the foot-
man mounted behind his lordſhip, and held him
in his arms about one hundred paces farther, when
they came to a rifing ground, where they found a
little opening to the right, and conducted his lord-
fhip out of the defile about twenty paces from the
road, where they took him off his horfe, and feated
him in the lap of his own fervant, who waited
for the fleeping waggon, which the prince of
Waldeck's fervant was to order to that place.
In this fituation, his lordſhip continued only
with his fervant about an hour, when prince
Waldeck's French cook rode by, who was defired
by the ſervant, to look out for his lordship's fleeping
waggon, and order it immediately there. During
this time, the wounded were carried off this way
in great numbers; fome of whom the fervant aſked
how the day went, who gave him but a melancholy
account of it; faying, that, their people were
returning but, in this terrible condition, his
lordſhip ftill expreffed the native bravery of his
heart; for, obferving one of the wounded foldiers
fmoking a pipe, as he was carried along, his lord-
ſhip ſhewed a ſmile, and faid, "I warrant him a
brave fellow."
~
It was now about ten o'clock, when they heard
foine ſcattered fhot near them, and the defile about
the valley became filled up with imperialiſts;
from which his lordſhip could judge no otherwife
than that they were fo far repulfed by the enemy;
whereupon, feeing another fcene of danger likely
to open, and no appearance of the fleeping waggon,
his lordthip gave his gold repeating watch, and hist
purfe full of gold, to his fervant; faying, " dear
"Kopp, take the fe, go, fave your life, and let
"me die here in peace." Amazed at this fingular
courage and generofity, the fervant replied, "No,
my dear lord! I am refolved to fhare the hard
* fate
K 2
208
Book 3.
The LIFE of
"fate of this day along with you." His lordship
feveral times repeated his defire, which his faithful
fervant as nobly refufed.
ABOUT eleven o'clock, the defile cleared up
again; except that the train of wounded fre-
quently paffed, and fcattered troops returned to
the field of battle: but the firing had been ſo near
his lordſhip, that a Francifcan fryar belonging to
one of the regiments, who ftood nearer the road
to officiate to fuch of the wounded as defired a
prieft, received a mufket fhot through his body:
his lordſhip, obferving this, again defired his
fervant to fly, and fave his life; but he ſtill per-
fifted in his refolution of continuing with his lord-
ſhip, who, with a fmiling countenance, turned
his head about to look at him, and preft his hand,
without faying any thing: for his gratitude was
too strong for words; while the poor Franciſcan
expired with terrible groans about noon, when the
fleeping waggon came up, together with his lord-
fhip's valet de chambre, a groom on horfeback
with a led horſe, befides the coachman and pof-
tilion; who informed his lordſhip, that prince
Waldeck's French cook had given them the firſt
intelligence of his defefter. They immediately
endeavoured to get his lordship into the fleeping
waggon; which, notwithſtanding all the gentle
means they uſed, gave him exceffive pain; as his
blood, by this time, was growing a little cool:
however, they got him in, and his two principal
fervants feated themſelves on each fide of him
in which manner they proceeded directly to Bel-
grade; and when they arrived within a league of
the city, the groom of the horſe went on before,
to acquaint the commandant, general Suckoff, of
his lordship's misfortune, and to defire him to
recommend the beſt furgeon and doctor, that could
be got; who readily procured all the affiftance in
his power.
HIS
Chap. 3. JOHN Earl of CRAUFURD. 209
His lordship entered Belgrade about four in the
afternoon; but an hour expired without the appear-
ance of either furgeon or doctor: which occafioned
his lordship's fervants to fend and procure the first
that could be met with: accordingly, the landlord
where they lodged brought a phyfician, who only
felt his lordship's pulfe, looked a little on the wound,
and wrote a receipt for fome things from the apo-
thecary; after which, he went in fearch of a
fugeon but at fix o'clock, Dr. Raffanet, and
furgeon-major Mr. de Frene, who were fent by
general Suckoff, came to his lordship; who imme-
diately undertook the operation, by making an
incifion on the outer wound, where the bullet
entered; which was done to the very bone, and
about five inches in length: after which, they
examined the infide with their fingers, and found
a mere quarry of bones, which the ball, in its way
up towards the os innominatum, had left fticking
up and down in the fleſh, and betwixt the muſcles
fo that they could get out but very few, except
thofe that lodged near the outfide. After this, they
made an incifion on the infide, where prince
Hilburghaufen's body furgeon had taken out a little
piece of lead, and a ſmall bone in the field; this
they made about two inches croffways; out of
which they alſo got a few ſplinters: but his lord-
fhip, who had fuffered with uncommon patience,
to the aſtoniſhment of the operators, being fo ex-
ceffively weak, both with the great lofs of blood
in the field, and by thefe two operations; they did
not think proper to torment him any further at
this time by tearing out more ſplinters; drawing
only a little blood from him, to abate the force of
the wound fever: but this operation, as well as all
the others which his lordſhip fuffered on the fame
occafion, are properly fet forth in the appendix
annexed to theſe memoirs.
PRINCE
K 3
210
Book 3.
The LIFE of
+
?
PRINCE Waldeck, who was alfa wounded at
Krotzka in his right hand, by a bullet, befides
receiving two contufieas, fent, the next day in
the afternoon, Dr. Dampofh, and furgeon major
Mr. Lyon, to confult with the other two about
his lordship's wound; when his lordfhip made
them obſerve a little rising or fwelling, above the
os innominatum; which they all judged to proceed
from fome interrupted fpermatic veffel, efteeming
it a matter of no confequence; but his lordship
replyed, perhaps, you will have more to do
there than you imagine :" as it afterwards hap-
pened; for it proved to be the greateft part of the
ball, which, by the ftrong refiftance of the os femur,
had loft its force; and, being guided by the fplinters,
had lodged there.
66
ALL the nouriſhment his lordſhip received was
a little broth; with fome almond milk, or emul
dion, to quench his thirst, together with frequent
powders and medicines: and, on the 25th of July,
he ordered his two principal domeftics not to write
to any perfon whatſoever, about his misfortune,
till he was either out of danger, or dead. On the
26th, the fick and wounded were fent off by water
10 Peter waradin and Futtach ; where feveral
generals and other officers alfo repaired, among
whom was prince Waldeck, whoſe brother died the
day before at Belgrade, of the wound which he
received in the lower part of his belly at Krotaką,
when he led up the grenadiers. The prince vifited
his lordship in going to the water, and took his
leave of him in the moſt compaffionate, friendly,
and affectionate manner; afluring him," that,
after the loss of his brother, he was more con-
cerned for his lordſhip than for any perſon in the
"world" at the fame time, this tender expreffion
was accompanied with fome friendly tears, which
trickled down his cheeks as the beft witneffes of
his affection.
ON
Chap. 3. JOHN Earl of CRAUFURD. 211
On the 28th, a ſplinter was extracted about an
inch long, and half an inch broad; which gave
room for the matter to diſcharge fome fmaller
ſplinters. His lordfhip's wound furnished plenty
of matter, attended with continual pain to the
29th of July; during which time ſeveral ſplinters.
were extracted; but the great heat, and clofe
confinement upon his back, occafioned his greateſt
fufferings; which his fervants endeavoured to
affuage, by fometimes gently forcing their hands
under him, and making a little hollow for the air
to come through; and alfo by putting napkins
frequently under him, for his refreſhment.
THE next day, fome fmall ſplinters were
extracted; when the fervants acquainted the phy-
fician and furgeon, that a bomb had fallen in the
garden, and alſo fome cannon balls of fifteen and
twenty pounds weight, whereupon they thought
proper to remove his lordſhip up to the caftle,
where two rooms, and a little kitchen on the
ground floor, had been ordered three days before,
by the commandant, for the reception of his lord-
Thip and his family, which then confifted only of
feven perfons; the reft being fent away with the
equipage, three days before, to join that belonging
to prince Waldeck at Peterwaradin. Therefore,
about noon, being the time the enemy cannonaded
leaft, they broke down the fide wall of his lord-
fhip's room, as he could be removed no other
way than in his bed; when he was carried by
twelve foldiers up to the caftle, where the doors
proved large enough to receive him lying in bed:
all which was executed without any accident;
though not without great torment to his lordship;
for the leaft unequal motion, or touch on the
bedſtead, gave him very fenfible pain; and with-
out meeting with both he could not be well
carried.
K 4
BY
212
Book 3.
The LIFE of
By the 6th of Auguft, his lordſhip was reduced
to a mere ſkeleton; but hearing a foldier play on
a violin, he ordered him to be called; when he
defired the man to play a few marches, which he
accordingly did; and which no lefs agreeably
furprized the doctor and furgeon, when they
heard it, than it did the fervants when his lordſhip
ordered the foldier to be called.
THE time growing tedious to his lordship, he
defired his groom of the horſe to read a little to him,
who expreffed his fears that it might hurt his lord-
hip; fince the quieter he was kept, the better it
would be for his wound: but he replied, that
reading would not disturb him: whereupon the
fervant then afked what book he ſhould take out of
the library; and, after he had confidered a little,
his lordíhip ordered him to take Quintus Curtius;
which he did, and accidentally began to read that
part of the ninth book, where Alexander anſwers
Craterus, Ptolemy, and the other generals, who
follicited his return from India to Greece, by
faying," the moft cowardly fouls, and the great-
eft lovers of cafe, that place their only happineſs
in a long life, are frequently difappointed, and
"cut off, as well as others, by untimely and
"painful deaths:" at which, his lordship feemed
highly delighted, faying, "it was very true."
His lordship gave great attention to what was read,
for about an hour, when he obligingly bid his
fervant leave off; defiring him to read to him
every day an hour in the forenoon, and another
in the afternoon; but the furgeon adviſed him to
the contrary, till he was in a better ſtate of health.
On the 22d, the pointed piece of the thigh bone
was fawn off; which was about an inch long;
but, having a ſplit in the middle, came off in two
pieces; and the operation, being ſo violent, was
fucceeded by a fever; which made his attendants
apprehenfive
J
Chap. 3. JOHN Earl of CRAUFURD, 213
apprehenſive that it would occafion his death: but
his lordſhip was fupported through the whole, by
the nobleness of his fpirit and refolution.
On the 29th, his lordship was free of his fever,
and a ſplinter came out of the inſide wound.
THE peace being concluded, his lordship re-
ceived a vifit, on the 4th of September, from the
French ambaffador's fecretary, and two other
French gentlemen dreffed in Turkiſh habits, who
ſerved as interpreters: which viſit was occafioned
by colonel Brown, a Scotchman by birth, but in
the Ruffian fervice, with whom his lordſhip con-
tracted an intimate acquaintance while he was with
the army commanded by count Munich. This
colonel, having been taken prifoner by the Turks
at the battle of Krotzka, was now under the pro-
tection of the French ambaffador, who ordered
him to be conducted to the earl of Craufurd; when
their friendly meeting produced alternate joy and
forrow; for his lordship had long lamented the
colonel, who he imagined had fell in the battle;
and frequently faying to himſelf, "oh! my poor
"Brown" the colonel was under deep concern to
fee his lordſhip in this deplorable condition; for he
was fo extremely weak, that the doctor and furgeon
were of opinion, if another fever, or any acciden-
tal illneſs, ſhould attack him, he would not be
able to furvive. But colonel Brown had the hap-
pineſs to continue long enough at Belgrade to
entertain the hopes of the recovery of his noble
friend, whom he conftantly visited till he fet out
on his return to Ruffia; when his lordfhip took
this opportunity of fending a fine English mare as a
prefent to count Munich, and as a memorial of the
gratitude which his lordship entertained for the
hngular favours he had received from that illuftrious
commander,
K 5
THE
214
Book 3.
The LIFE of
}
THE fituation wherein his lordship lay in his
bed, fince the pulley was put to his leg, as is ufual
in ſuch caſes, was as follows: he had a bandage,
that came from the infide of his found leg, alt
along up his breaſt and back, which was faſtened
to an iron ſcrewed in the timber of his bedftead-
head: another bandage was put under his left arm,
and alfo faftened to the bed ftead as above: then a
third went round his body, and was fixed to the
fide of his bed and there was another about his
wounded leg, from the knee down to the fole of
his foot, whereon the pulley hung that was faftened
to the foot of the bedftead: fo that his lordſhip.
was, in a manner, chained in his bed; having only
his head, arms, and right leg, free to move, for
which he had fcarcely a fufficiency of ſtrengh.
COLONEL Brown, on the 5th, vifited his
lordship again; when he brought along with him.
three French gentlemen that attended the ambaffa-
dor, as alfo the ambaffador's body furgeon, who
was fent to examine his lordship's wound, and to
give his opinion of it; which was, that he had
little hopes of a recovery.
SOME Turkish bafhaws, attended with a very
grand retinue, alfo vifited his lordship; and, by
their interpreters, declared their concern for his
misfortune; requefting it, as a very fingular
favour, to fee in what manner his lordship's wound
was dreffed, which his lordship readily complied
with; when the bafhaws attended the operation
with great aftonifhiment at his lordfhip's patience,
and the neatness of the dreffing for they were
furprized that a man could live ſo long after fuch a
defperate wound becaufe, in the Turkish army,
they are..fo much unacquainted with the the chi-
rurgical art, that their beft furgeons are ignorant
of the method of reducing fractures, particurlarly
in the limbs, which they efteem incurable; and,
therefore,
1
Chap. 3. JOHN Earl of CRAUFURD. 215
therefore, only apply a fimple dreffing to the
wound with fome fort of balfam, leaving the reft
to the ftrength of nature.
·
His lordship, on the 6th of September, not
withstanding his weak and dubious condition,
ſeemed refolved to undertake a journey to Vienna
by water; for which purpofe, he fent a meffage
to feldt marfhal Wallis, who had his head quarters
at Semlin, to get his permiffion for Mr. de Frene,
his lordship's furgeon, to attend him in this voyage
up the Danube: but the marfhal anfwered his
lordſhip, that he was extremely forry for his mif-
fortune; and that it gave him much concern, that
it was not in his power to let the furgeon go any
farther than Peterwaradin, without orders from
the council at war at Vienna. This, with the
advice of prince Waldeck, prince Hilburghaufen,
and fome other generals, to remain at Belgrade,
feemed to incline his lordship that way: however,
he wrote to Mr. Robinfon, the British envoy at
Vienna, to afk leave of the council at war, for
Mr. de Frene to attend him wherever he intended
to go for his cure.
THE next day admiral Pallavicini vifited his
lordſhip; and, hearing his refolution to go to
Vienna by water, offered him a fhip for that pur-
pofe. Mr. de Frene having, for fome days paft,
found a fplinter attached to fome tendon, cut it
off on the 11th with his fciffars; which was
about the bigness of a cherry, and had feveral
points.
ON the 12th, the grand vizier's fon, attended
by a numerous train of Turkiſh officers, came
up
to view the caftle; when forie baſhaws with an
interpreter, paid a vifit to his lordſhip, and condoled
with him on his misfortune; fpeaking of his ford-
fhip's apparel, by which they underfood they had
feen him in the field; expreffing many high com-
mendations
K 6
2.16
Book 3.
The LIFE of
mendations on his couragious behaviour, which
they had taken particular notice of at the battle,
and were aftewards informed that it was his lord-
ſhip.
+
On the 24th, his lordſhip was allowed to eat a
little bread and butter, with his tea or coffee in
the morning; a little bit of boiled chicken, or
veal, to his dinner; and a new laid egg, or fome
buttered apples, to his fupper. He had obtained
permiffion for Mr. de Frene to attend him, and
admiral Pallavicini had. prepared a veffel ready for
the voyage: fo that after fhipping the baggage,.
getting neceffary provifions for the voyage, and
procuring paffes, with a lift of the villages and
towns they were to paſs, which were infected, his
lordſhip, on the 26th of September, was carried
on board, to begin his voyage up the Danube
which is a thing of fo extraordinary a nature, and
fo feldom undertaken, that, at the requeſt of
feveral illuftrious perfons, the journal thereof,
written by the direction of his lordſhip, is inferted
as follows..
+
6 +6 +6 +1: 6+6+6+6
A journal of the voyage undertaken by the earl of
CRAUFURD up the Danube, from Belgrade to
Vienna: wrote under the direction of his lordship:
T
HE Danube is one of the fineft' rivers in
Europe, having its rife in the black foreſt,
in the province of Suabia, in the fouth-west of
Germany; after which, it runs eaſt through Ba-
varia and Auftria: then entering Hungary on
the weft fide, runs fouth eaft from Prefburgh to
Buda, and ſo on to Belgrade: it afterwards divides
Bulgaria from Walachia and Moldavia;, then runs
through
Chap. 3. JOHN Earl of CRAUFURD, 217
through the province of Beffarabia, and diſcharges
itfelf by feveral channels into the black fea: being
fo deep between Buda and Belgrade, that the
Turks and Imperialifts have frequently had fleets
of warlike hips upon it; but the cataracts below,
render it unnavigable to the black fea; and there
are alſo ſeveral cataracts above Buda, as well as
feveral iЯlands throughout the whole courfe of the
river.
On this river, the earl of Craufurd was now
undertaking a voyage, as feldom made as the cir-
cum-navigation of the globe: he was to pafs
through the middle of Hungary, a country always
very unhealthy, efpecially to foreigners; which is
thought chiefly to proceed from the fudden altera-
tion of weather; the days being exceffive hot, and
the nights intolerable cold in the fummer: but, at
this time, the country was infefted with the plague.
HAVING embarked on the 26th of September,
at noon; about two o'clock, they croffed the Saave
in their way to enter the Danube; and, about
three, they paffed Semlin; the country, on both
fides, being flat, with moderade banks, till they
came here; though, after they paft Semlin, they
met with very high banks on the left: but the
country continued flat on the other fide, as before:
They advanced this day about one Hungarian mile;
and lay by at night near the village of Panfova,
which was fituate behind the banks out of their
fight.
His lordship's family now confifted of his fur.
geon Mr. de Frene, attended by his mate, his
wife, and a boy three of his lordship's fervants,
with Mr. Mac Carthy, a young gentleman of Iriſh
or Scotch parents, who came to Belgrade, with
recommendations to general Konigſeck, to ſerve
as a volunteer, but arriving the day after the battle
of Krotzka, and being a stranger, was admitted
on
218
Book 3.
The LIFE of
on board: there was alfo a woman cook, and nine
boatmen; befides, as the country they had to paſs
through afforded but few villages, where they
could lie every night, and was infefted with rob-
bers, his lordship had a fafe-guard granted him by
marſhal Wallis, confifting of a fergeant, two
corporals, and ſeventeen private men, who, at the
fame time, affifted, to draw up the veffel, as
horfes could be of no fervice in the journey on
account of the trees, high banks, and the frequent
croffings over the river.
THE veffel was one which had brought provifiom
for the army; being about fixty feet long, and
about twenty broad; with a flat bottom, pointed
fore and aft: but as theſe veffels are ſcarcely ever
brought up the Danube, on account of its rapidity,
they are very flightly built, and the wood is fold
for firing or building. The outſide of this veffel
was only fome planks nailed on fmall croſs trees,
and the little openings were ftopt up with mofs.
The infide, on account of its having brought grain,
was all lined with rough boards, covered with the
fame, and pointed like the roof of a houſe. It was
feparated into four divifions: the foldiers and boat-
men were in the fteerage: next to this, was his
lordship's room, double lined with boards, which
were covered with blue cloth; having a ſtove in
it, and two little windows: the third part contained
all his family and the fourth, was made ufe of
for a kitchen.
:
THEY fet out early in the morning on the 27th;
and, about eleven o'clock, paffed a village called
Bellages; lying too at night within three hours of
Surdock having advanced this day about two
Hungarian miles the country continuing to have
exceffive high banks to their left, and moderate
ones to their right; which were lined all along
with willows, and other kinds of fmall trees: the
country
Chap. 3. JOHN Earl of CRAUFURD. 219
country behind being fuch a large flat, that they
could not obſerve a mountain.
THEY fet out early in the morning on the
28th, and paffed Surdock about eleven o'clock;
having advanced this day about one Hungarian
mile and half; the country looking the fame as
before. For theſe two days paſt, they obſerved
feveral dead bodies lying here and there on the
fhore, as alſo many floating in the water; which
was extremely fhocking to fee, as fome of them
were almoſt putrified, others more or lefs fo, and
fome quite freſh but his lordſhip was informed
they had been thrown over board from the tranſport
fhips that carried the fick and wounded from
Belgrade to Peterwaradin and Vipalanka, at the
commencement of the fiege: he was alſo acquaint-
ed, that there was a great mortality among the
crew on board the ships of war ſtationed on the
river, whoſe dead corps were ſent down in this
unchriſtian manner. Such are the viciffitudes of
war: for when the elector of Bavaria took Belgrade
in 1688, the Danube was then covered with Ma-
hometan bodies, as it was now with thoſe of the
Imperialifts.
THEY proceeded on the 29th, about as far as
the preceding day, and lay too a league diftant
from the village of Slankabeck: the diſmal ſcene
of human bodies and cattle, lying dead on the
fhore, continuing, and the country had alſo the
fame aſpect.
On the 30th, about noon, they came to Carlo-
witz, which lies about a league and a half from
Peter waradin by land; though it is reckoned four
by water, on account of the great windings of the
Danube, whereby the boats, in going up, are
obliged to cross the whole river, and come up on
the other fide. This afternoon, a great form of
wind and rain aroſe, which continued for five days,
and
220
Book 3.
The LIFE of
J
and obliged them to lie too near an iſland in the
Danube; fo that they only arrived at Peter waradin
on the 6th of October, about eleven o'clock in the
forenoon during which time, four fplinters were
extracted from his lordship's wound. On their
arrival here, Mr. de Frene expreffed his apprehen-
fion of bad weather, which might prove fatal to
his lordſhip; and mentioned farther, that if his
lordſhip was ſtill at Belgrade, he would be againſt
undertaking this journey fo late in the year; defiring
his lordſhip to confent to winter at Peter waradin :
who, being refolved at all hazards to proceed on
his journey, had his room, or cabin, lined entirely
over with blue cloth; all the little holes, and
openings, being ftopt with moſs.
THESE things detained them till the 9th; in
which time, they bought plenty of provilions of
all kinds, and got a new command of a corporal
and twelve men, as alſo a new crew of ten boat.
men having taken a Scotch volunteer on board,
who had been taken ill at Peter waradin. General
Palavicini, who was encamped here with the
regiment of Modena, came to vifit his lordfhip;
as did alfo his good friend general Linden, whofe
regiment of old Savoy dragoons paffed through
here to their winter quarters; when the weather
proving fair, and every thing in order, about two
o'clock in the afternoon, the veffel was drawn up
above the boat-bridge across the Danube; and,
in the evening, they arrived at one of the imperial
magazines, about a league from the town. As
it was apprehended that this place was infected
with the plague, they paft a little above it, and lay
by all night; keeping a clofe centinel that none
of the fhip's crew fhould enter the magazine: the
country to this place, being flat pafture ground on-
the right; and on the left mountainous, covered
with
Chap. 3. JOHN Earl of CRAUFURD. ZZI
with wood, and in fome places planted with vines,
with here and there fome arable land.
On the 10th, about five o'clock in the morning,
they proceeded on their voyage; and, about nine,
came to the village of Sherwitz; after which,
they proceeded about one Hungarian mile, and
lay too at night: the profpect of the country being
the fame as the day before.
On the 11th, they paffed on without feeing a
village or houſe, till about feven in the evening;
when they arrived at the village of Suffeck: having
had hills all along to their left, covered with oak,
elm, fir, and afh trecs, upon which the wild grape
was ſeen here and there to run up to the very top,
making a pretty landſkip with its reddiſh leaf.
On the 12th, with fresh blowing weather, and
now and then ſome fhowers, they alſo proceeded
the whole day without feeing a houfe, till they
came to Scheringred, about nine at night; the
profpect of the country continuing the fame as
the day before but they could get no provifion
in this village, where the continual marches of
the troops had devoured every thing from the inha-
bitants.
On the 13h, in the morning, they paffed the
village of Sottin; and, in the evening, came to
Pockwaer, a fort of market town, where they
bought fome provifion; and, on the 14th, pretty
early, fet out on their journey, paffing the village
of Dahl in the afternoon, and lying too at night
about a league and a half above it: the country
continuing as before.
ON the 15th, they again travelled all the day
without either feeing a village or houſe, till in the
evening they came to the village of Drake: the
country on each fide continuing to have the fame
appearance as before. During all this time, his
lordship amuſed himself in employing one of his
fervants
222
Book 3.
The LIFE of
fervants, who had a genius that way, in drawing
fome plans, according to the ſketches of his own
obfervations: befides, his lordship took in an
engineer at Peter waradin; by which means, be
had another perfon working in his room to divert
him; while his lordſhip likewife amufed himſelf
in reading, and writing with a pencil.
On the 16th, they proceeded to the village
of Gowat; where the country to the left began
to be flat, as it had been all along to the right.
On the 17th and 18th, they travelled without
feeing a village, paffing between thick woods,
remarkable for robbers; on which account, the
guard was doubled at night, and all the arms on
board lay ready in cafe of an attack.
On the 19th, about noon, they arrived at a
village called Appatin, where an imperial magazine
had been erected to facilitate the march of the
troops: but here they could get no other provifion
than beef and bread: after which, they advanced
about a league and a half farther in the afternoon,
and then lay too: the weather having been fo
-favourable theſe three days, as to make their
journey, even in this fort of defart, fomewhat
agreeable: when his lordfhip feeing the trees on
the banks through his window, and obferving
ſome particular ones unknown in England, defired
his fervants to get out and look for fome of the
feed at the fame time, giving them a general
order to get out frequently, and if they found trees
of any kind that were unknown to them, to en-
deavour to get fome of their feed.
ON the 20th, they fet out about day-break,
and about eleven o'clock came to the village of
Monafter; where they looked out for fome provi-
fion, but with little fuccefs; lying by at night
within two leagues of the village of Battina: the
country being the fame as before.
ON
Chap. 3. JOHN Earl of CRAUFURD. 223
On the 21ft, about ten in the morning, they
arrived at the village of Battina; where they pur-
chafed a few eggs, and fome fowls; after which,
they proceeded on their journey, and in the evening
came to the village of Santua: the country on both
fides continuing flat, and covered thick with
woods; fome hills at a diftance being to be difco-
vered on the left.
ON the 224, fetting out early, they advanced
within four hours of the village of Barath, and
furniſhed themſelves with wood for firing; the
country continuing the fame as before.
ON the 23d, about noon, they came to the
village of Baratfh, where, being a place for qua-
rantine, the commiflary and furgeon came on
board, and vifited all the people: after which,
they fubfcribed their paffes, and they proceeded
on their journey.
ON the 24th, they advanced to the village of
Bath; where there is a ferry over the Danube:
the country on both fides being ftill woody, and
fome little hills towards the left. His lordfhip, of
late, had enjoyed a tolerable ftate of health, with
a pretty fharp appetite: Mr. de Frene having
augmented his diet with proper aliments: fo that
his lordship got a little flesh and ftrength; but
continued ftill faftened in his bed as mentioned
before at Belgrade.
On the 25 h, they came to the village of Seremi:
the country ftill continuing woody on both fides,
without any hills to the left,
On the 26th, they advanced within two leagues
of the market town of Baya: the country being
flat and moraffy; but the woods were not fo thick,
nor were there fo many ifles in the Danube.
On the 27th, about eleven o'clock, they came
oppoſite to Baya, which lies about an Engliſh mile
from the Danube; where one of his lordship's
ſervants
224 The LIFE of
Book 3.
fervants went to get fome provifions, who found
ten or twelve houfes, with plenty of poultry, geeſe,
hogs, cats, and dogs, but could obferve no other
human body ſtirring about than an old grey headed
man, who told him that the plague in a fhort time
had devoured all the inhabitants of thofe houfes,
except a few who had abandoned the place at the
beginning of this raging diftemper; and that he
had buried the moſt part of them himſelf. The
fame afternoon, they advanced a mile farther:
the country ſtill continuing flat; and they generally
travelled about two Hungarian miles a day.
ON the 28th, they came within a league and a
half of the village of Pax, where the plague was
faid to rage in a terrible degree.
On the 29th, in the morning, the fteerfman,
and two of his crew were miffing; who had pri-
vately got to Pax, where their families lived:
however, his lordſhip proceeded a little way above
that village in the evening; ordering the fhip off
ſhore to ride at anchor, and the centinels to be
poſted in the ſmall boat, to prevent any perfon
from going a-fhore. They had fcarce lain four
or five hours at anchor, when they were aff
alarmed by a great deal of water which the veſſel
had leaked; and which every moment increaſed:
immediately all hands were at work; fome in
throwing out the water; others in fearching from
whence it came, which was very difficult to find
out, on account of the veffel's being lined all over
the infide with boards, and the beds and baggage
being placed at its fides. They broke feveral boards
in the room where the furgeon and the ſervants
lay, but to no purpoſe: at laft, they heard a little
noile in his lordship's cabin, as of water coming
in; when, upon moving the cloth, and breaking
down a board, they found an opening, where the
mofs had come out, about the length of three or
four
Chap. 3. JOHN Earl of CRAUFURD. 225
four feet; which was occafioned by the anchor
having drawn the fhip a little to one fide; for
when the fhip lay ftraight, the fame opening came
above water and, as they were not certain but
fome other openings might be in her, they weighed.
anchor, and brought the veſſel near the fhore
when, with all their hands at work, they foon
cleared her of all the water ſhe had taken in, and
poſted a double guard all the night: whereby they
overcame this accident, which muſt have otherwife
been fatal to his lordfhip, whom it was impoffible
to have moved without his bed.
ON the 30th, they made about three leagues :
the profpect of the country to the left being full
of hills, fome green with herbage, and others
covered with woods; but the right continued flat
as before.
ON the 31ft, they came within a league and
half of the market-place of Foldawar; where, the
year before, the head commiffary of health had
his office, and examined all thofe that came up in
their way to Auftria: but the place was now greatly
infected with the plague.
On the ift of November, about three in the
afternoon, they arrived at Foldawar; and the
next night, came to the village of Pentele: where
the country was no more woody; having all this
day pretty high fandy banks to their left, which
were but low on their right.
ON the 3d, they fet out early in the morning,
but the wind blew fo hard, that it was with great
difficulty they came over againſt prince Eugene's
ifle, which lies about an Engliſh mile from Ratz-
Almas, and a league from Pentele. At this place,
an Hungarian nobleman, whoſe name was Michael
Kambofy, very kindly affifted his lordship's fervants
in procuring provifions; and, after hearing of his
lordship's wound, requeſted the favour of being
introduced
226 The LIFE of
Book 3.
introduced to him; faying, "he fhared in the
"fufferings of a noble martial foul :" accordingly,
he vifited his lordship, who was well pleafed with
his company; and, after fome converfation, the
Hungarian departed with the greateſt fatisfaction.
ON the 4th, they arrived at the village of
Adom; which lies but one league from Pentele;
where a ſplinter came out of the outfide wound.
+
On the 5th, about three in the afternoon, they
came to Promontori, a country houſe built by
prince Eugene; who, for his good fervices, had a
diftrict of land given him by the emperor, after
the conqueft of Belgrade: but the weather was
now turned to a hard froſt, and ſmall ice began to
appear on the Danube.
ON the 7th, they fet out very early in the
morning, and about ten, arrived at the town of
Peft, though with much difficulty; the Danube
being full of very large ice, which obliged them
to lie by here till the weather grew milder: but
this did not happen till the 14th; during which
time, his lordfhip continued on board, in hopes of
a little favourable weather, to proceed to Comorra ;
though Mr. de Frene ufed his utmoſt endeavours
to perfuade him to hire a houfe, and take his
refidence there for the winter: but his lordſhip
had ſtill the fame refolution of proceeding to Cô-
morra, where he knew he fhould be happy in the
company of prince Hilburghaufen. The town of
Peft lies on a flat, having pretty good houſes, and
commodious ſtreets; where there was one of the
largest and fineft hofpitals belonging to his imperiali
majefty: Oppofite to this place, on the other fide
the Danube, lies Buda, fituated on a high hill,
which, however, at fome diftance, is over-looked
by other hills whereon their famous vines are
planted. During their ftay here, the marquis of
Matha came on board to vifit his lordfhip; who,
as
•
•
|
Chap. 3. JOHN Earl of CRAUFURD. 227
as foon as the weather grew milder, and the ice
began to diffolve, determined to fet out on his
journey; having obtained a good ftore of provifion,
and a good quantity of wine, for which this place
and its environs are famous.
ON the 14th, they fet out about eight in the
morning; having two of the boatmen conftantly
employed at the fhip's heads, to push off the floating
ice; though, they had got the fhip lined, or
fheathed, with large thick boards on the outfide,
to prevent the ice getting through.
On the 15th, about ten in the morning, they
arrived at the market town of Watfon; where
they got their fanitas, or pafs of health, figned
again, as alfo a new crew of boatmen. This
evening, his lordſhip perceived his favourite ſer-
vant, who had conducted him off the field of battle,
writing a letter; which occafioned him to enquire
for whom it was intended; when the fervant told
him it was to the duke of Hamilton, who, before
their departure from England, infifted that he
fhould conftantly fend him a relation of whatever
happened to his lordship, to whom his grace had
lent this fervant on account of his fidelity, and
his knowledge of the German countries: where-
upon, his lordſhip defired his compliments to the
duke; as alfo to captain Steuart, who generally
lived with his grace, and had ferved under the
duke of Marlborough in Flanders, where he received
a wound in one of his legs, which made it ſhorter
than the other, and occafioned his lordſhip to order
the ſervant to inform him, that he was now in the
fame condition as the captain was formerly, and
that at their next meeting they muft dance a
minuet together.
ON the 16th, they fet out about eight in the
morning; and about one o'clock, came to the
village of Terwitza, which lies on the Peft fide:
but
228
Book 3:
The LIFE of
but they proceeded on, and, in the evening,
landed an Engliſh mile below Wifegrade: the
country at fome diftance from the fhore being
hilly on both fides, fome of which were covered
with woods, others with vines.
On the 17th, about nine in the morning, they
came oppoſite to the old caftle at Wifegrade,
which lies on the higheft commanding hill therea-
bouts; its wall, on which are ſeveral turrets,
running all along down the hill to the water fide.
A little higher up on a flat, lie two villages, called
Grofs and Klein Marcfh; both which were
infected with the plague; and this evening, they
landed within one Hungarian mile of the old fort
of Gran: the country having the fame profpect as
before.
On the 18th, they fet out as ufual, and about
four in the afternoon came near Gran; but,
as this place was infected, they immediately croffed
the Danube, and landed at Barakhan, a village
lying almoft oppolite to fort Gran. Their provi-
fion, by this time, growing fcarce, two of the
fervants got a-fhore to fee what was to be had in
the village, which lay about four or five hundred
paces from the river: but they had not advanced
above one hundred paces, when fome pealants
appeared with fire arms, bidding them ſtand off,
and retire to the fhip; for that no ftrangers were
allowed to enter the village. Whereupon, the
fervants told them their errand, and delired their
affiftance; which was readily granted; but the
fervants were not permitted to approach nearer
than at the diftance of eighty paces, or more.
The commiſſary, who was the commanding officer
of the trained bands, then fent fome of them into :
the village to fetch what provifion they could get;
and when they brought it out, they told the fervants
how much money it came to, defiring them to put
it
Chap. 3. JOHN Earl of CRAUFURD. 229.
it in a little earthen pot filled with vinegar and
water, which they had ſet on the ground at fome
diſtance from the fervants; who, when this was
done, retired to their former poft: upon which,
they came up, and poured the money out of this
pot into another; then laid down the provifion,
and went off; when the fervants took it away:
thefe being the ceremonies uſed in the unhappy
times and places where the plague rages. The pea-
fants informed the fervants that prince Hilburghau-
fen was keeping his quarantine at Almas, about
three Hungarian miles higher up the river; which
deſtroyed his lordship's hopes of holding his qua-
Fantine at Comorra; fince the prince, who was
commandant of that fortress, was not admitted
without a previous quarantine.
ON the 19th, they advanced but one Hungarian
mile; on account of a ftrong north-weft wind:
the country was not fo hilly as the day before.
ON the 20th, with the fame weather as before,
they fet out in the morning, and about ten paffed
the village of Neufdorff; which, by their lift,
was the laſt infected place in their way; and they
came this day within a fhort mile of Almas, the
country being flat; but fome mountains began to
appear at a diſtance; as alſo here and there a
fteeple.
ON the 21ft, about ten in the morning, they
came to Almas; when his lordship fent his com-
pliments to prince Hilburghaufen, who rejoiced
to hear that he was fo near, and immediately fent
baron Bibrock to acquaint his lordſhip that he was
dreffing to come and fee him; as alfo, that if his
cabin was large enough, he intended to dine there.
Their meeting was full of the nobleft fentiments
of friendſhip and affection: the prince expreffed all
imaginable concern for his lordship's misfortune;
informed him that he had waited near three weeks
L
at
2.30 The LIFE of
Book 3:
at Almas, to obtain a pafs from Vienna for his
admiffion into Comorra to hold his quarantine;
which pafs, he had only received the day before:
but his highness promiſed to ufe all his endeavours
to get a pafs for his lordſhip to come thither. As
he lodged at an inn, which was the only tolerable
one in the village; he therefore refolved to fet out
the next day, to give his lordship an opportunity
of getting his lodgings: but, the cabin being
too fmall for the prince and his attendants to dine
in, his highneſs returned on ſhore to dinner, and
fent feveral things from his table which were proper
for his lordſhip to eat.
་
On the 22d, in the morning, the prince came.
once more to take leave of his lordſhip, and then
fet out on his journey for Comorra.
ON the 23d, his lordſhip fent an expreſs with
all the paffes to prince Hilburghaufen, who was to
fend them to the grand commiffary of the council
of health, then refiding at Raab: to whom his
lordſhip repreſented, that he, and his attendants,
had all along from Belgrade continued always on
board the ſhip; never having any communication
with infected places by which means, his lord-
fhip hoped to be admitted directly into Comorra,
without holding a three weeks quarantine at
Almas. Upon which account, his lordſhip was
refolved to continue on board till he had an anſwer
from the commiffary: though the froft was fo
hard that the Danube run full of ice; and the
wind was exceffive cold and piercing.
On the 24th, in the afternoon, a lieutenant,
who had been fent to Aimas with the commando
from Comorra, and attended prince Hilburghaufen
ng his stay there, came to ſee his lordſhip, and
him he had received a letter from the vice-
mandant, with orders to return with his
commando;
1
Chap. 3. JOHN Earl of CRAUFURD, 231
commando; at the fame time, defiring him to
preſent his compliments to his lordſhip, and inform
him he had ſent an exprefs to Raab, with a letter
and the paffes to the grand commiffary; and that,
as foon as an anſwer came to his hands, he would
communicate it to his lordfhip: he alfo offered
this commando to be at his fervice during his ſtay :
but his lordſhip defired they might return to their
garrifon.
On the 25th, the weather continued frofty, and
no news arriving of being admitted into Comorra,
which lay but a mile and a half higher up; his
lordſhip was defirous of being carried on fhore this
afternoon; when count Salemburg, commiflary
general of the imperial army, arrived at Almas, in
his way for Vienna, and came on board to pay a
vifit to his lordſhip; who found the count was
inclined to ſtay there all night: upon which, his
lordſhip offered him his lodgings, and the count at
laft accepted of them.
On the 26th, his lordſhip continued on beard,
in hopes of receiving a pafs into Comorra; but,
in the morning of the 27th, a huffar arrived with
letters from prince Hilburghaufen, informing his
lordſhip," that he could not be admitted into
"Comorra, without a three weeks quarantine at
"Almas:" upon which, his lordship, in the
afternoon, was carried a-fhore in his bed, in the
fame manner as he came a-board.
ON the 28th, Mr. Lyon, furgeon-major, who
attended his lordship at Belgrade, arrived at Almas,
with his nephew the furgeon of Bathiani's regiment
of dragoons: who both waited on his lordship,
and were preſent at the dreffing of his wounds:
when Mr. Lyon, obferving that the fwelling was
moftly below the outfide wound and its orifice,
thought it might proceed from the matter having
forced a channel downwards; and, therefore,
judged
L 2
232
The LIFE of
Book 3.
judged it neceffary to enlarge the orifice further
down, that the matter might have free paffage,
and alfo the fplinters which might occafion the
fwelling. His lordfhip defired them to confult
about it, and proceed accordingly but Mr. de
Frene likewife fhewed Mr. Lyon the mistake that
both they and the doctors of Belgrade, were under
about the little fwelling above the os innominatum,
which his lordſhip at that time bid them take
notice of, being thought by them all to proceed
from the ftoppage of fome fpermatick veffels, by
the different motions his lordship was obliged to
make after the fatal fhot, when his leg hung only
on the finews and tendons: by this time it was
funk near the ſcrotum, and they could plainly feel
it was a ſtrange corps; however, they were not
certain whether it was a piece of bone, or ball;
neither would they undertake the operation of
taking it out, without a general confultation, and
the attendance of a doctor: but as to enlarging the
orifice of the outfide wound, they came to a con-
clufion to execute it the next morning.
ACCORDINGLY, on the 29th, Mr. de Frene
enlarged the outfide wound, about an inch and
a half long after which, they founded the inſide
wound; but found no channel to carry the matter
downwards though they felt fome ſplinters at too
great a diſtance to be taken out.
ON the 30th, a fplinter came out with the
matter from the outfide wound where the inciſion
had been made: after which, Mr. Lyon continued
his journey to Mannersdorff, where he was to hold
his quarantine before he could be admitted into
Vienna.
1
NOTHING material happened till the 3d of
December, when, at the dreffing of the wounds
in the evening, there came again two fplinters
from the outfide wound, without creating much
torment
Chap. 3. JOHN Earl of CR AUFURD. 233
torment, according to his lordſhip's faying; who by
this time, through his conftant fufferings, feemed
to be fo well acquainted with pain, that little ones
came not into his confideration.
On the 4th, an accident happened which had
like to have proved fatal to three of his lordship's
family, who had been warming themſelves over a
charcoal fire in an iron pan, after which, they
laid themſelves down to fleep, where they were
found almoſt fuffocated, without any appearance
of life: but, by opening the doors and windows,
they gradually came again to themſelves.
<t
His lordship having heard the hurry in the
houſe upon this occafion, infifted upon knowing
what was the matter: when Mr. de Frene acquaint-
ed him; to which his lordfhip replyed, it is
"well that the raging plague has not broke in
upon my family, and compleated my misfor-
"tunes." A captain, who commanded the troops
quartered in the village, and who with other
officers quartered up and down, came every day
to vifit his lordship, was much ftartled at hearing
what had paft; which proceeded from a strict
order he had received to pluck up every houſe,
without any diftinction of perfons or families,
wherein two or three people fhould fuddenly die':
he faid the thoughts of executing fuch an order, in
prejudice to his lordfhip, for whom he had fuch a
veneration, was fhocking to him, and that exe-
cuting it, would have been worſe than death. On
this occafion his lordfhip faid, "that he thanked
"God it was no worfe, for that his people had
"enough to do to get provifion for the family by
"going and fending many Engliſh miles round
"about: therefore, in what a difmal fituation
"muſt they have been, if deprived of a free com-
"munication with the inhabitants of the village,
and the adjacent places?"
ALTHOUGH
L 4
234 The LIFE of
Book 3.
ALTHOUGH his lordship's quarantine was out
on the 14th of December, he could not, on account
of the great quantity of ice in the Danube, imme-
diately proceed to Comorra; but, on the 21st,
the weather came to be fomewhat mild, and con-
tinuing fo for fome days, loofened the ice in fuch
a manner, that the fhip, without great danger,
could be drawn up to Comorra: whereupon his
lordship, on the 27th, was carried in the boat,
and about noon arrived at Comorra, where he
was conducted to his lodgings the fame evening.
His lordship was frequently vifited by the vice
Commandant, general Baronai, the nobility of the
place, and the officers that were quartered there.
He begun already to contrive a compendious kitchen,
and field equipage; employing proper tradeſmen
about it, which he compleated during his conti-
nuation at Comorra in fo commodious a manner,
that two middle fized trunks held the whole furni-
ture. The one containing the kitchen utenfils to
drefs a dinner of twelve and more diſhes; the other
containing the neceffaries to cover a table for
eighteen perfons; alfo a complete tea equipage,
glaffes, and large bottles for wine: the two trunks
with the furniture within, being a moderate load
for a mule or pack horfe to carry.
NOTHING material elfe happened, but that
Mr. de Frene obſerved from time to time that the
fwelling near the groin funk lower and lower; and
on the 10th, of February, at the ufual dreffing
of the wound he found a hard ſubſtance had fallen
into the Icrotum; which he judged was the great-
eft part of the ball, but would not undertake the
operation to extract it, except in the prefence of
doctor Dampofh, and furgeon Lyon: whereupon
his lordship wrote a letter to Mr. Robinſon at
Vienna, to fend them down; and accordingly
they arrived at Comorra on the 20th, when they
held
Chap. 3. JOHN Earl of CR AUFURD. 235
!
held a confultation with Mr. de Frene; in confe-
quence whereof they firft made the operation on
the fide of the fcrotum, which was done with
good fuccefs, and no leſs bravery of the patient;
whereby they took out the greateſt part of the ball,
which was about the bigness of a cherry: they then
made an incifion on the infide of the thigh, about
an inch or more below the os innominatum,
where the matter had made a cavity, and by
which they expected to make a correfpondence
with the channel of the outer wound: but, that
they might execute this with more certainty, they
put a proper inftrument into the outfide wound,
gently pushing it along till they could feel the end
of it through the fkin on the infide of the thigh;
after which, they regulated their incifion, which
was not a little dangerous on account of the great
artery and its large branches; wherefore Mr. de
Frene, who performed all the operations, made
one little cut after another, till he came upon the
point of the inftrument, which he puſhed through;
and then, with gentle cuts, enlarged the incifion
upwards, towards the os innominatum: but after
he had enlarged it about an inch, he told the
doctor and Mr. Lyon that he would not venture
any further; to which they both replyed,
of he
had nothing to fear, and fhould only proceed
"with little cuts :" though the other faid.
"perhaps, they would foon be of another opinion;"
and, upon the ſecond cut, there fprung a fountain
of blood from a branch of the artery: fo that they
were obliged to finish this day's cruel though
neceffary work, by ſtopping the branch of the
great artery, which was thus undefignedly cut.
On the 21ft, they forbore the incifion; which,
on the 22d, they compleated below the os inno-
minatum.
L 4
ON
236 The LIFE of
Book 3.
IO!
$
ON the 23d, Dr. Dampoh and Mrs Lyon
declared, that there, was nothing more left for
them to do; but that mature, muft do her part
towards a perfect cure: after which, they departed
for Mannersdorff; but the wound grew fo bad that
Mr. de Frene, on the aft of March, thought
proper to deſire an expreſs might be fent to Man-
nerfdorff for Dr. Dampofh; and Mr. Lyon, who
returned to his lordſhip on the 3d; who were
pleafed to find him, in no high fever, but very
forry to fee him fo weak and exhaufted. Mr. de
Frene gave them an account of all that had hap-
pened fince their departure, as alfo of what medi-
cines he had given: he likewife informed them of
the outward applications; and, at the fame time,
gave it as his opininion, that the fever and eryfipelas
were occafioned by fome one or more fplinters,
which had detached them felves, and were in the
way to come out; but they were of a different
opinion; faying, "it was produced from the
4
盒
​cicatrice which begun to putrify." However,
the Doctor privately declared his opinion to his
lordship's favourite domeftic, that he was in as
dangerous a condition as ever; and moſtly on
account of his extreme weakness of body; adding,
if his outſide wound and fcarrifications did not foon
produce matter, the hopes of his recovery would
be very ſmall for the prefent fituation of his lord-
ſhip was indeed very terrible, his countenance
having nothing but the appearance of death. How-
ever, he was ſo much better on the 5th, as to tell
his fervant, with a brifk countenance, that he would
overcome all; at the fame time informing him of
a dream which he had the night before; from
whence he feemed to predict that he fhould over-
come the difficulties and pains he laboured under.
THE next day, another incifion was made with
a large lancet, about five or fix inches, and an
inch
Chap. 3. JOHN Earl of CRAUFURD. 237
inch deep; when a good deal of matter enfued;
and his lordſhip was put to fuch exceffive torture,
that the Doctor was afraid he would not have
ftrength enough to undergo another effectual inci-
fion; declaring," that his lordfhip was in a moft
"dangerous condition :" though on the 6th, his
lordſhip had fo much more eafe than ufual, that he
fell to his ordinary amuſement of reading, writing,
and contriving his field equipage; in which he paft
his fuffering days, with an apparent pleaſure.
On the 8th, Mr. Lyon the furgeon wrote a
a whole relation of his lordthip's wound from
its beginning to this date; which was fent to
Mr. Dibon, an eminent furgeon in Paris, for his
advice.
On the 9th, his lordſhip was fo much better,
that the doctor and furgeons were all as much
furpriſed to hear him complain fo little, as they
had been all along to fee his heroic behaviour
under the operations; beſides the cloſe confine-
ment on his back, fince the day he was wounded :
but, on the 10th, they again returned to Man-
nerfdorff
ON the 11th, a fplinter was extracted, about
the bigness of a French bean: which Mr. de Frene
judged to be of the os innominatum; and that
this was the caufe of his lordship's laft fever. This
day, the weather, after a long froft, began to
change to a flow thaw, without any rain: his
lordship continuing in a better ftate of health tilf
the 19th, when two fplinters were diſcovered,
which gave a renewal to his pains, and threw him
into a fort of an ague, attended with a fever. He
continued in this condition till the 23d, when two
ſplinters were extracted from the outfide wound,
about the bigness of barley grains: after which,
his lordship grew better.
I 5
ON
238
Book 3.
The LIFE of
ON the 26th, the ice in the Danube began to
move in fo forcible a manner, as to ftop the natural
courfe of the river, and make it take to the left
over the flat grounds; whereby, that fide of the
country looked like a fea of two or three leagues
in extent.
His lordship was afterwards afflicted with a
little ſplinter, which, on the 14th of April, made
its appearance across the orifice of the upper
wound, which had of late given very bad matter. :
upon this, Mr. de Frene injected fome balm, which
brought the point of the fplinter to the mouth of
the orifice, and gave him an opportunity of
extracting it, which was about half an inch long,
and about the thickneſs of a writing pen.
PRINCE Sax Hilburghaufen, commandant of
this place,, arrived here on the 16th, and viſited
his lordſhips. ftaying to fee his wounds dreffed,
and fatisfying his curiofity in examing his lordſhip's
new contrived equipages for the field.
On the 17th, a little fplinter was extracted out
of the outfide wound, about the bignefs of a barley
corn; and the fame afternoon prince Hilburghaufen
fpent ſeveral hours with his lordſhip, as he generally
did till the 23d, when his highnefs intended to
depart for Vienna; but he continued fo long in
taking leave of his lordſhip, that he thought proper
to delay his journey till the next morning. The
weather, which had been hitherto cold and windy,
having become more temperate, his lordſhip alſo
intended to have fet out for Vienna, but expect-
ing fome letters from thence, he put it off till the
27th; when, about four o'clock in the afternoon,
he was carried in his bed down to the ſhip, which.
lay then in the Danube; and, although the wind.
blew very hard, his lordship ordered that the ſhip
ſhould, fall down to the point of the fortress, in its
way
Chap³ 3. JOHN Earl of CRAUFURD. 293
way to enter the river Waag, which rout the
fhips generally take in going up to Prefburgh.
ON the 28, they fet out early in the morning
on their journey, and paft Comorra; the wind
being high and contrary: after advancing about
half a league, they left the Waag, and entered the
fmall arm of the Danube which runs up to Pref-
burgh, where it divides itſelf. About one Hun-
garian mile from Comorra. they paffed a little
village to the left, called Wifeward, where are
the ruins of an old caftle yet remaining with a
rampart of earth. They came this day about two
Hungarian miles, and lay by in the night a little
below a village called Gutta: the country thus
far being flat, the banks low on both fides to the
left and well cultivated, but on the right fomewhat
marthy.
ON the 29th, about feven in the morning,
they paffed Gutta, which contains about three
hundred houſes, lying clofe upon the Danube;
where they obſerved a ſtork's neft upon almof:
every houſe; and upon enquiring the reafon of
fuch numbers being there, they were told it was
occafioned by an extenſive marſh on the other fide
of the Danube oppofite to the village.
About
noon, they came with half an Engliſh mile of the
village of Narrish, where the district of Comerra
ended, and the Prefburger began. In the after-
noon, they proceeded two Hungarian miles farther,
and then lay too; the country being flat on both
fides, and moftly pafture ground, though here and-
there intermixt with fmall woods and fruit trees.
On the 30th, they paffed the village of Riperes,
where was a ferry over a branch of the Danube ;
in which neighbourhood, was a country feat
belonging to count Efterhafi: the country being
the fame as before, except that they had now a
full prospect of the high mountains which lie
{
L 6
behind
240
Book 3.
The
of
LIFE
behind Prefburg. They afterwards advanced about
a league and a half in a direct line; having many
turnings of the river, and fome of its arms to cross.
On the Ift of May, they advanced only one
Hungarian mile and a half; the country being the
fame as before.
;
On the 2d, after paffing feveral villages, and a
kind of an ancient country houfe, called Iberhard,
belonging to a perfon of quality at Prefburg, they
came within two leagues of that city: the country
to the left being flat, with a modererate bank on
the river fide, behind which, they could difcern
all forts of fruits trees; and on the right, were
feveral ifles full of trees, especially willows.
ON the 3d, about ten in the morning, they
came ver againſt a village called Overufer;
where they were detained by a contrary wind,
and a great ftorm; though within two hours fail
of Prefburg; where they arrived about ten the
next morning, and provided themſelves with all
forts of provifions to ferve till they reached Vienna.
On the 5th, about five in the morning, they
croffed the Danube, and proceeded on their jour-
ney; the hills on the right being covered with
vines and trees; but the country was flat to the
left. They arrived at Woelfftal, on the frontiers.
of Auftria, about ten o'clock; where they were
obliged to get their paffes figned by a commiffary,
who had a little but built near the water-fide;
becauſe Woelfftall lies about an English mile from
the river. This part of the country belongs to the
family of Palfi, where the hills were covered with
trees of fir, afh, and oak, with a great many
willows near the water. About five in the after-
noon, they left Bolim on the right, where there
was an old caſtle fituated upon a high rock, having
a wall with turrets running quite down to the
water fide: from whence there is a profpect of
Schlothoff,
Chap. 3. JOHN Earl of CRAUFURD. 241
Scholofhoff, a palace built by prince Eugene,
which now belongs to prince Hilburghaufen, who
married his niece. An Engliſh mile above Bolim,
they croffed the Danube again, and landed oppofite
to Hainburg, of which they had a fine proſpect
betwixt two iflands, the town being fituated on a
rifing ground cloſe to the river fide.
ON the 6th, they ſet out early as ufual, and the
country began again to appear flat on both fides ;
being covered with large woods of oak, afb, poplar,
and willow, befides underwood. About nine,
they paffed a noble country feat on the left, belong-
ing to count Traun: after which, they paſſed the
village of Haffelaw on the right, and, in the
evening, came over gainft Fifchet, a village about
four Engliſh miles from Vienna by land.
On the 7th, after proceeding a little way in the
morning, they croffed the Danube for the laft
time. About eight, they paffed Mannerſdorff,
and then entered a little arm of the Danube ;
perceiving, as they approached Vienna, many
villages and country houfes to the left; but the
country was flat and woody to the right, and
plentifully ſtored with deer. About fix in the
afternoon they arrived at Vienna, where his lord-
fhip was immediately, waited upon by his friend
Mr. Robinſon, the British minifter, who had
prepared his best apartments for the reception of
his lordship; where, about eight o'clock, he was
carried in his bed by twelve chairmen, attended:
by Dr. Dampoſh and Mr. Lyon, who were pleafed
to find the wounds in fo good a condition as they
had been ever fince his lordfhip departed from
Comorra.
On the 10th, a grand confultation, was held in
his lordship's room, in prefence of Mr. Robinfon;
confifting of Dr. Bafan, phyfician in ordinary to
his highneſs the grand duke of Tufcany; Dr. Pratti,.
an
242
ག་
Book 3.
The LIFE of
}
an Iriſh gentleman, and firft phyſician to the army;
Dr. Dampoſh; Mr. Fumier, furgeon to the em-
prefs Amelia; Mr. Lyon, furgeon-major; and
his nephew, of the fame name, furgeon of Bathiani's
regiment; befides Mr. de Frene, who gave them
a relation of the wound from the beginning till
this time; when they all declared that every thing
had been properly executed, and that now the
cough, fever, and weakness of body, were the
principal things to be obſerved: for which purpoſe,
Dr. Bafan ordered a tea-cup-full of barley milk
to be taken every hour by his lordſhip, who was
alfo to take a ſpoonful of an electuary every morn-
ing and evening: as for the wounded leg, he
ordered it ſhould every now and then be laid in
different poftures, whereby there would be more
freedom for the circulation of the blood, as alfo for
the feparation and extraction of any remaining
fplinters.
THEY continued dreffing the wounds as ufual
till the 14th, when they turned his lordship a little
on one fide, to help the circulation of the blood;
and Dr. Baſan defired they would fometimes raiſe
his body by degrees.
ON the 27th, a fplinter was obferved within
the orifice of the outfide, wound, which was
extracted; being an inch long, and half as broad.
!
On the 28th, another ſplinter was extracted out
of the fame wound, about the bignefs of a pea: but
his lordſhip continued in a good way; receiving
conftant vifits every day fince his arrival, from
moſt of the nobility.
ON the 4th of June, a fplinter was discovered
in the upper wound, which gave his lordfhip
extreme pain till the 17th; when it was extracted,
and appeared to be about the fize of a large barley
grain. The fame day, another ſplinter was ex-
tracted from the outfide wound, which was about
the
Chap. 3. JOHN Earl of CRAUFURD. 243
the bignefs of a middle-fized French bean: after
founding the wound, Mr. de Frene found fome
more fplinters in it; and, by preffing out the
matter, there appeared another about the bignefs
of a barley grain, which was alfo extracted: when
Mr. de Frene put his finger into the orifice, and
felt a cavity large enough to contain an egg,
which he called the lodge of thefe ſplinters.
On the 23d, two more ſplinters were extracted :
however, his lordship began to recover a little
ftrength; having been now and then lifted up
with cuſhions to fit in the bed; and there were
alfo cuſhions laid frequently under his knee, to
put his leg in different pofitions.
ON the 28th, his lordship was, for the first
time, lifted out of his bed, to ftand on his feet:
but he was ſcarce above a minute or two, when
his colour turned fo languid, that he was obliged
to be carried immediately to bed again; where,
after he had refted himſelf a little, he complained
that his head grew giddy; which was no wonder,
by being thus moved after near eleven months long
confinement in his bed, and that always on his
back. But on the two following days, he was
fet upon his legs again, and remained about
five or fix minutes each time, without pain or
faintnefs.
ON the 2d of July, his lordship was again
lifted out of bed, and, for the first time, fet in
a canopy chair; where he remained from eleven
till three in the afternoon: and on the 4th, he
was kept for a few minutes in a standing pofture.
On the 5th, a fplinter was extracted from the
upper wound, about the bignefs of a barley grain;
which looked quite white, and was fuppofed to be
of the os pubes.
On the 8th, his lordfhip was put in a machine,
like thoſe made for children when they learn to
walk;
244
The LIFE of
3.
Book
walk; having four wheels, and a little feat, with
a foot board for his fhort wounded leg; in which
he continued about half an hour, and afterwards
made uſe of it frequently; being hurled about
from one room to another.
On the 13th, a ſplinter was extracted out of the
upper wound, about the bignefs of a barley grain;
and another appeared at the orifice of the outer
wound, which Mr. de Frene took out, being
fomewhat larger than the other; and he alfo brought
out another, about the bigness of a large cherry-
ftone; as he alfo did a little one out of the upper
wound on the 15th.
ON the 17th, a ſplinter was extracted from the
outſide wound; which proved to be a piece of the
os pubes, where it had been fawn off at Belgrade,
about the bigness of a moderate ſtrawberry, pointed
like the root of a tooth at one end, and fawed at
the other.
His lordſhip continued in a tolerable condition
till the 25th, when another fplinter was extracted
from the outfide wound, about the bigness of a
barley corn. After which, his lordship, for the
first time, was put into an artificial bath in a tub,
fet close by the bed fide: the bath confifting of
Danube water made warm, with a bottle contain-
ing about twelve quarts of a mineral compofition:
which he frequently repeated, and continued
pretty well till the 28th, when the upper wound
difcharged a great quantity of thick matter, which
Dr. Bafan apprehended to be the pieces of the fhirt
and breeches that had been drove in by the ball.
As the Turkish ambaffador was encamped about
a leage from Vienna, near a place called Swigget,
to hold quarantine before he could make his entry;
his lordship fent his principal domeſtic there, to
give an account of the retinue. The ambaffador
had the afpect of a haughty old man, with a long
grey
Chap.g. JOHN Earl of CRAUFURD. 245
grey beard, and in reality was faid to anfwer his
looks; to which, certainly their late fuccefs in
war had not given a little addition. His tent was
very large and magnificent, of a-pale green colour,
finely wrought within; and the wall furrounding
it was very wide, adorned with red Turkiſh linen.
There were fix other large green tents, but the
reft were old, and fome of them ragged; as were
alfo many of his attendants cloaths, who formed
his retinue, which was reported to confiſt of about
twelve hundred people, with about two hundred
camels, and as many mules and horſes.
}
His lordship continued to uſe the bath, and
was ſo much vifited by the people of rank, that
his apartments every day, from eleven to one,
were like a drawing-room; being filled with fuch
a number of great perfonages, that it would take
a large catalogue to name all the princes, nobility,
and general officers, who vifited his lordſhip almoſt
daily.
COUNT Taaf, an Irish gentleman, and a
general in the imperial fervice, who conftantly
vifited his lordship; had, for fome days paft, in-
formed him that the emprefs, in great concern,
made much enquiry about his lordship's welfare;
and defired the count to recommend a wound
plaifter ſhe had of her own making: which favour
his lordship accepted; and, on the 2d of Auguft,
count Taaf brought two pieces of it; which, with
the approbation of Dr. Bafan and Mr. de Frene,
were applied to the wounds inftead of the ufual
plaifter.
1.
+
ON account of the Turkiſh ambaſſador's entry,
which was to be made on the 4th, fome companies
of the burghers were to pafs through the street
where his lordſhip was, to attend the grand cham-
berlain; which occafioned his lordſhip, about eight
in the morning, to be drawn in his machine to the
window
246.00
The LIFE of Book 3:
window to fee this part of the proceffion. The
first that paft were the gentlemen Hoffgefrieders,
all dreffed in rich laced apparel, riding on fine
horfes, adorned with rich furniture; with kettle
drums beating and trumpets founding before them.
Then followed a company of about two hundred
burghers, well dreffed, attended by drums, haut-
boys, and French horns. About an hour after,
they came back, counducting the grand chamber-
lain, attended with feveral of the nobility on
horfeback, preceded by the emperor's kettle drum,
and twelve trumpets; which where followed by
twelve led horſes, with rich furniture. After this
fcene was over, his lordſhip ordered his two prin-
cipal domeftics to ride out, and give him an ac-
count of the ceremony uſed on this occafion of
receiving the firft Turkiſh ambaffador after a war;
which was to be performed about an Engliſh mile
from Vienna, where were two large tents pitched,
the one green and the other white. About two
hundred paces from theſe tents, were formed the
following troops of horfe: firft, the magiftracy,
dreffed all in black velvet, and brocade waiſtcoats,
plain hats with white feathers; mounted exceeding
fine, and rich: then the wholefale merchants, all
in laced or embroidered cloaths, but of different
colours; laced hats and feathers; and richly
mounted: afterwards the above mentioned com-
pany of Hoffgefreiders, which are thofe who are
not actually burghers, but drive on their trade by
a licence from the court: laft of all, followed a
company of cuiraffiers, and another of dragoons,
compoſed of lufty brewers, butchers, and inn-
keepers: the reft of the burghers being under arms.
in the city to receive the ambaſſador there. About
eleven o'clock, the Turkiſh ambaffador came
within half an Engliſh mile of the appointed place
of meeting, in a kind of ordinary low coach,
according
Chap. 3. JOHN Earl of CRAUFURD. 247
according to their own faſhion, attended by his
numerous train; where he halted, and waited for
his interpreter, whom he had ſent with a meffage
to the grand chamberlain. His retinue, all on
horfeback, marched up as follows: an officer,
with a black commanding staff, and a filver chain
hanging to it, rode firft: then another followed
with a yellow flag, marked with Turkiſh letters:
who were fucceeded by a good number, poſted two
or three in a rank, keeping a good diſtance from
each other: then came another officer, followed
by the led horfes, which were adorned with rich
furniture, hanging very long down; two Janiffa-
ries leading each a horfe, and on every faddle was
hung on one fide a fabre, and on the other a
buckler of filver, or filver buttons, with gilded
figures and letters: the laft horfe of twelve, having
his bridle and ornaments befet with precious ftones
of all kinds. After this, there followed a great
many more on horfeback, in the fame order as
before: each of the trains having a perſon with a
little drum, in the form of a kettle drum, hanging
on the right fide of his faddle; which, when the
officer began to call out, he began to beat. Thefe
were fucceeded by an officer who carried a ſabre
in a red velvet fcabbard, that feemed to be richly
fet with jewels. Afterwards came the ambaflador
in his odd machine, drawn by fix little grey
horfes; with his travelling coach of the fame
ſhape before him, drawn by four horfes. Around
his coach, were three hundred Janiffaries, attend-
ing in their new apparel. Laft of all, in the rear,
came a company on horfeback, with a fet of
muſicians, whoſe inſtruments were as odd faſhioned
as the ambaffador's coach, and very unharmonious.
During the time he waited for his interpreter, the
ambaflador fate up a little in his machine, which
was made for him to lie upon, and drank a diſh
▼
of
*248
The LIFE of
Book 3.
of coffee: for he had fent to the grand chamber-
lain to acquaint him that he was indifpofed, and
demanding to make his entry in his coach: but,
when his interpreter returned, and acquainted
him, that, according to cuſtom, it could not be
complied with, he, in a haughty manner, ordered
his retinue to turn about, and return to their
camp: however, on the 23d, he made his entry
on horfeback, attended in the fame manner as
before, with the addition of the camels and mules.
2
On the 7th of Auguft, his lordſhip was put in
a large elbow chair, made on purpofe for him,
with wheels; which he found more eaſy than the
other machine; and, on the 10th, fate in it to
eat his dinner.
On the 3d of September, his lordſhip, for the
first time, walked on his crutches from his bedfide
to the next room.
ON the 11th, in the morning, his lordship told
his principal domeftic, with a chearful countenance,
a dream he had in the preceding night; which
was, that bones, balls, coals, and pieces of cloth,
came out of his wounds: upon which he awakened
with joy; adding," he hoped all would end
.6s well.
On the 14th, Dr. Bafan was of opinion that
the bath at Baden, four leagues from Vienna,
would be of fervice to his lordfhip: whereupon, a
fervant was ſent there to take proper apartments.
ON the 20th, his lordship was carried by two
-men, upon a machine, like the feat of a chair, for
the firſt time down ftairs; where he looked at his
fleeping waggon, and tried how he could beft be
put into it; as he had thoughts of travelling in it
foon to Baden.
ON the 5th of October, Mr. Robinson, who
came to town from his country houfe to wifh his
lordſhip a good journey, and the happy effects of
the
Chap. 3. JOHN Earl of CRAUFURD. 249
the bath; conducted him to his fleeping waggon,
in which he was conveyed to Baden, where a houſe
had been taken for his reception; and he received
fuch benefit from the bath, that he was ſoon able
to walk about with his crutches; and, on the 11th,
he ordered one of his fervants to play him a few
tunes on the French horn.
ON the 18th, the countefs Bagony, who was
then at Baden, informed his lordſhip, that it was
reported the emperor was dying; upon which,
his lordship difpatched his principal domeftic imme-
diately to Vienna to get information of the truth
of this report, from feldt-marfhal Linden, one of
his lordship's moſt intimate and worthy friends;
who fent word to his lordship, that the emperor
was extremely ill, and gave a particular account
of his indifpofition; which his lordship fent to
England, in a letter to lord Rutherford; which
was given to Mr. Robinſon's ſecretary, to be fent
off by the first opportunity.
ON the 19th, feldt-marfhal Linden, fent his
lordſhip intelligence, that there were no hopes of
the emperor's recovery. Upon which, his lordſhip
fent his fervant to Mr. Robinfon, to acquaint him,
that, if it ſhould prove difficult at fuch a juncture,
to fend off an exprefs by poft, his fervant, with a
good Engliſh horfe, fhould be at his command,
and endeavour to make way through the Auftrian
territories but Mr. Robinfon was of opinion,
there was no getting out of Auftria.
ON the 20th, feldt-marfhal Linden fent word
to his lordſhip, that, the emperor had been dead a
few hours; which account, his lordſhip alſo fent
to lord Rutherfurd and Sir Robert Walpole: he
afterwards fent his fervant to Mr. Porter, to
acquaint him of the offer he had made to
Mr. Robinſon; and that if he wanted a truſty
perfon to fend to England, he was at his fervice:
but
250 The
LIFE of
Book 3.
but Mr. Porter, upon enquiry, told the fervant,
there was no poffibility of getting out of Auſtria ;
for he was informed that all the endeavours of the
ambaſſadors and envoys to give notice to their
reſpective maſters of the emperor's death, had been
fruftrated.
ON the 24th, feldt-marfhal Linden fent to
inform his lordship, that the duke of Lorrain had
refigned his place of captain-general, to count
Palň, and alſo the poft which he had in Hungary;
ſo that he left him the whole management of that
country: he alſo acquainted his lordſhip, that
general Brown was to have the command of 40,000
men in Bohemia; as alſo that the arch-ducheſs
was acknowledged queen of Hungary and Bohemia.
The fame day, his lordfhip fent his principal
domeſtic to Vienna, to give him an account of the
cmperor's funeral, which was to be that day; when
marſhal Linden got the fervant a ſhare of a window
in count Altham's houfe, where the proceffion was
to paſs; which began about a quarter after feven
in the evening; all the religious orders and clergy,
walking with flambeaux in their hands, preceeded
by all the poor out of the different hofpitals and
almfhouſes: then came the town fervants, gradu-
ally on to the magiftrates and burgomafters. After
them, came the inferior court fervants to the
highest in dignity, dreft all in black: afterwards
came the vocal muſicians, followed by the hearſe,
which was fupported by twelve of the principal
nobility; the coffin being covered with dark filver
ftuff, upon which lay three gold brocade cuſhions;
one at the head, another in the middle, and the
third at the feet, whereon three crowns were
placed after this, came the imperial family,
with all the court; and the guards brought up the
rear.
HIS
Chap. 3. JOHN Earl of CRAUFURD. 251
His lordſhip was ftill in an improving condition
at Baden, where he paft his time in reading, or
writing; and, on the 28th, ordered his tent to be
pitched in the garden, being his markee, which
he had cauſed to be made in a faſhion half Turkiſh
and half European; with his own tent within it,
which could be taken off at pleaſure.
1
On the 2d of November, as his lordſhip was
in the bath, and washing his wounds as ufual, he
felt fomething prick him; and, being put in bed,
Mr. de Frene obferved a little fplinter, about the
thickneſs of a pin, peep through the ſkin near the
outfide orifice, which he took out, and found it
to be a quarter of an inch long, which came from
the os femur, where it had been fawn off at
Belgrade.
{
On the 10th, a lump of matter came out of
the outfide wound the bigness of a cherry; which,
being waſhed in fpirit of wine, proved no bigger
than a cherry-ftone; and as Mr. de Frene preffed
it betwixt his fingers, it diffolved into powder;
from whence he concluded, it was a fpungy part
of the bone, to which fome flesh, or piece of
the fhirt, had faftened, and fo putrified together.
His lordſhip was now in fo promifing a way,
that, on the dreffing of his wounds, as he was
earneſtly looking at both his legs, having them
ftretched out to ſee the fhortness of the wounded
one; in a langhing way, he addreffed himſelf to
Mr. de Frene; faying," if afterwards he ſhould
"receive fúch another wound in his other thigh,
"his legs would then become equal:" to which
the furgeon replyed, "God forbid :” however,
afterwards had like to have happened fo at the
battle of Dettingen.
On the 6th of December, a letter was received
from Paris, in anfwer to what had been wrote
concerning his lordship's wound, to Mr. Dibon,
who
252
3?
The LIFE of
Book 37
who approved of all Mr. de Frene's proceedings;
but feemed to fear a fiſtula; and adviſed his lord-
to uſe the bath at Barege in France.
ON the 16th, prince Hilburghaufen fent his
running footman to acquaint his lordship that his
mafter intended to wait upon him; who accord-
ingly came about two in the afternoon, accompanied
with count Pallifoti; and ſtayed with his lordſhip
till fix; when he was under fome concern that he
had not ordered his bed to be brought, as he had
an inclination to continue with his lordſhip all
night; for he had laid it down as a maxim, never
to lie out of his own bed.
ON the 2d of January, after dinner, his lord-
ſhip ordered himſelf to be carried to the ftables, to
make the first trial to fit on horfeback; which
was done by lifting him up, as he stood on the
machine he uſed to be carried about in; and after
putting the foot of his wounded leg in the ftirrup,
he gently caft his other leg over, and fat pretty
upright on a peaceable Turkish horfe: they after-
wards walked him up and down in the ftables, to
fee how the motion agreed with his lordfhip; who
then ventured out into the yard, where he was
walked up and down about a quarter of an hour;
and was afterwards taken off in the ſame manner
as he had been lifted on. All this happened,
without any great pain to his lordship; who told
Mr. de Frene," that he found a fort of stiffness
+
in his upper joint:" who answered, "that
"the fibres and muſcles of that joint, were almoft
"dead, having been fo long out of ufe:" which
occafioned his lordſhip to tell Mr. de Frene, that
it ſeemed ftrange to him, how dreams fometimes
happen to come to pafs; for he had dreamt, when
at Vienna, before the campaign, that he had loft
his left leg in the war.
I
ON
Chap. 3. JOHN Earl of CRA UFUD. 253
ON the 28th, his lordſhip had advice of his
promotion to the command of the fecond troop of
horfe grenadier guards.
ON the 27th, of March, general Daun, who
had received a wound in his leg at Krotzka, and
had been fome time at Aix-la-Chapelle, came to
ufe the bath at Baden, and waited upon his
lordship.
On the 28th, his lordſhip gave orders to one of
his fervants, to ſet out for Vienna, and bring with
him Mr. Kayfer, furgeon to the grand duke of
Tufcany: becaufe his lordship was defirous of
having an incifion made, where the little fplinter,
or piece of lead, was felt, near the great artery,
where the piece of bullet and ſplinter had been
taken out in the field of battle: but Mr. de Frene
feemed much against this operation, on account of
its lodging fo near the great artery; and his lord-
ſhip was as refolute at all hazards to have it done:
however it was deferred for this time; though his
lordship afterwards underwent the operation in
London.
•
On the 7th of April, Mr. Kayfer was fent for,
who came with Mr. Porter; when he infifted
upon making no incifion; and was much againſt
his lordship's bathing fo frequently; alledging it
only weakened him, and did no good to his
wound.
ON the 18th, his lordfhip happened to fit down
on a green bank in the garden, and looking at the
perſon who brought him off the field of battle, a
little after faid, "this is the first time of my
"fitting on the grafs fince Kroizka:" after which
he feemed to be more ferious than usual.
ON the 4th of May, his lordship told Mr.
de Frene that he must make the operation to take
out the ſplinter, which was lodged near the great
artery; or elſe he would fall about it himself:
M
which
254
Book 3.
The LIFE of
which greatly furprifed Mr. de Frene, who told
him, that he would not make the operation; and
God forbid his lordship fhould have any thoughts to
undertake it.
ON the 28th, his lordship rode about two hours,
when he trotted a little, as he had frequently done
before, and had once an inclination to try a
gallop; but as Mr. de Frene was not along with
him, he let it alone.
ON the 30th, the wound difcharged a great
quantity of matter, and grew fo exceffive painful
as to bring on a fever.
On the 4th of June, Mr. de Frene received an
order from the council of war, to prepare for going
to the army in Silefia; who fet out from Baden on
the 7th; declaring," that he hoped his lordfhip
"would get entirely cured by the wound clofing
"up" though many were of opinion it would
continue fiftulous; adding likewife, that any per-
fon in the houſe could fupply his place, becauſe
nature and good baths muſt effectuate the cure.
AT this time, there were feveral of the nobility
at Baden, who had given his lordſhip an invitation
to a ball upon which, his lordship invited them
in his turn to his houfe; where they came, on the
14th, to the number of thirty perfons; among
whom, none at firft would open the ball; till his
lordſhip took a lady by the hand, and bid the
mufick play a minuet; then, making a bow,
recommended her to another.
ON the 220, a famous furgeon, fent by count
Lefly from Gratz, waited upon his lordſhip to
give him his opinion of the wound; when he
adviſed him not to venture the operation which
his lordſhip was defirous of having by the great
artery.
ON the 27th of July, his lordſhip paid a viſit
to Mr Robinſon, at his country houfe called
Hetzendorff,
t
Chap. 3. JOHN Earl of CRAUFURD. 255
Hetzendorff, about two or three Engliſh miles
from Vienna on the Baden fide: though his lord-
ſhip went first to one of the fuburbs at Vienna, to
fee the Turkiſh horfes which Sir Everard Faulkner
had fent as a preſent to his Britannic majeſty from
Conflantinople.
ON the 11th of Auguft, his lordſhip fet out
from Baden in his fleeping waggon, drawn by fix
poft horſes, for Hainburg; where he fafely arrived,
and fent to get lodgings at Prefburgh, in which he
fucceeded.
On the 15th, his lordſhip fet out for Preſburgh
in a new chariot of his own, drawn by a ſet of
fine grey Hungarian horſes, and arrived at Pref
burg the fame evening. His lordship, dined with
count Kinfky; and, after dinner, attended by
count Hohenzollern, went to fee the Palatine's
houſe and garden, fituate at a little d ftance from
the town; but the Palatine, being at Prefburgh,
waited upon his lordſhip in the mean time.
On the 18th, his lordship employed all the day
in paying viſits to the nobility, dining at home,
that he might have the afternoon, as well as fore-
noon, for that purpoſe. His equipage, on fuch
occafions, confifted of a running footman before
his chariot, drawn by two horfes, with a hullar
and Polack ſtanding behind it: his two principal
domeftics following on fine horfes, attended by a
groom. As foon as the chariot ftopt, the huffår
and Polack took the horfes, while the two chief
attendants helped his lordfhip out of the charict,
and attended him up ftairs to the perfon of quality,
or company he vifited; one of them attending
him to his chair, and taking away his crutches.
ON the 19th, his lordſhip had an audience
from her Hungarian majefty, in the caftle of
Prefburg, to which he was introduced by Mr.
Robinſon about four in the afternoon; when her
majefty
M 2
!
256
Book 3.
The LIFE of
majefty received his lordship in a moft gracious
manner, thanking him for his fervices, and ex-
preffing the greateſt concern for his misfortune.
His lordship's equipage, at this time, made a
pretty appearance; confifting of a running footman
before, then a huffar on horfeback, followed by a
groom with a led horfe, adorned with fine filver
tuff furniture embroidered with gold, covered
with fine blue cloth, upon which his coat of arms
was richly emboffed: then came his lordſhip in his
chariot drawn by the fix Hungarian grey horfes,
richly adorned with gold and crimson filk orna-
ments; a Turk and Polack ftanding behind,
dreffed in blue habits, after the faſhions of their
countries, adorned with gold and crimson fringe:
then followed his lordship's principal domeftic,
with one Andre, who had been valet de chambre
to prince Waldeck in Hungary, both well mount-
ed, with fine furniture: and laft of all followed a
groom every thing being very noble, and greatly
admired.
ON the 20th, about ten in the morning, his
lordſhip went in the fame manner with Mr.
Robinſon to court, when he had audience of the
grand duke, and prince Charles, and afterwards
dined at the great chancellor's; as he did on
the following day at the bishop of Colotzo's,
after receiving the vifits of moft of the nobility.
THERE was a camp formed near Prefburg,
where his lordship dined on the 22d, with count
Burghaufen, who commanded a regiment after
which, his lordſhip was attended by Mr. Kayfer,
the queen's furgeon, who again adviſed his lordſhip
not to undergo the operation he wanted, near the
grand artery.
ON the 23d, his lordſhip dined again with
prince Efterhafi, at his country feat; and the
next day returned to Hainburg, from whence he
1
fet
Chap. 3. JOHN Earl of CRAUFURD. 257
fet out for Vienna, where he arrived on the 26th,
and continued there till the 1ft of September, when
he had an audience of the empress Amelia, and
the empress dowager Elizabeth; after which, hẹ
took leave of Mr. Robinſon, and got every thing
in readineſs for his journey to Hanover, to pay his
duty to his Britannic majefty, who was at that
time in his German Dominions. The equipage
was fent before, confifting of three baggage
waggons, twenty-two horfes, and two mules;
which were followed by his lordſhip, on the 2d of
September; when he fet out from Vienna for
Bohemia, in his chariot drawn by four poft horſes;
attended by fix fervants, and the fleeping waggon
drawn by four other horſes. They had good even
roads, through a well cultivated country in Mo-
ravia, for the first and fecond days: but on the
third, they reached the confines of Bohemia, when
they had very mountainous bad roads, which con-
tinued fo till they arrived at Prague on the 6th ;
having travelled one hundred and forty miles north-
weft from Vienna, His lordfhip, in the year 1736,
when he went to meet the Ruffian auxiliaries in
Bohemia, contracted an acquaintance with general
Ogilvy, the governor of Prague, the arch-bifhop,
and feveral of the nobility: by most of whom his
lordſhip was now vifited, which detained him
there till the 8th; when he continued his journey
through a montainous country for Drefden, the
capital of Saxony, where he arrived on the roth;
having travelled fixty-five miles to the north-welt
of Prague.
MR. Villiers, the British envoy at the court of.
Drefden, had provided lodgings for his lordship's
reception, and immediately waited upon him on
his arrival. The next day, his lordſhip was viſited
by his old friends count Rutowfki, count Cofel,
and feveral other officers who were acquainted
M 3
with
258
Book 3.
The LIFE of
with his lordship when they ferved together as
volunteers on the Rhine. His lordship was alfo
vifited by the principal nobility, who invited him
ro ſeveral affémblies and conducted him to their
places of curiofity; but his lordship was moſtly
delighted with viewing the arfenal, where he faw
a new fort of pontoons made of white iron with
feparations, whereby a ball might go through the
boat without finking it.
As his lordship was obliged to walk a good deal
in feeing thefe curiofities, he was very much
fatigued; and, on the F4th complained of a pain
in his thigh, which was ſomewhat inflamed where
the ball entered: whereupon, count Rutowſki
fent prince Lubomirfki's furgeon to give his opinion
about the wound; who gave good hopes of curing
the fiftul; and was of opinion there was no
danger in taking out the fplinter, or piece of lead,
which could be felt near the great artery; faying,
that this operation was neceffary to be done,
"fince it was very poffible the daily product of
"marter proceeded from thence;” declaring, if
his lordship would retard his journey for a fortnight,
he would undertake it: but his lordfhip, being
willing to fee his Britannic majefty before he left
Hanover, refolved to proceed on his journey the
next day, which he accordingly did, and came to
Millen about two in the afternoon, where the
great porcelain manufacture is carried on; to fee
which, his lordfhip had received an order from
court, and accordingly went to fatisfy his curiofity.
In the two first rooms they made models; in another
they dried them; in others they painted and gilded
the porcelain, and made the forms wherein each
piece was put before it went to the oven in another,
His lordflip was afterwards fhewn the ovens, and
every thing but the compofition of the porcelain ;
when they told him that about fifteen hundred
mien
Chap. 3. JOHN Earl of CRAUFURD. 259
men were daily at work, and that the monthly ex-
pence amounted to ten or eleven thousand dollars.
On the 16th, his lordſhip continued his journey
to Leipfic, where he arrived the next day; though
in a very painful condition with his wound.
ON the 20th, his lordſhip continued his rout for
Hanover, where he arrived on the 22d; his brave
friend general Diemar having provided lodgings
for his reception, who immediately vifited him;
lamenting his lordship's misfortune with a kind of
paternal fondness for this old gallant officer
behaved like a father to his lordſhip when he made
the campaign on the Rhine; and he had received
fo many wounds in battle, that he well knew
how to compaffinate a fellow-fufferer in what he
called noble afflictions.
THE next day, general Diemar, together with
count Oilcin, who was there in quality of the
queen of Hungary's ambaffador, vifited his lord-
hip; the general having fent before Mr. Dipo, an
able furgeon, to examine the wound, who gave
his lordſhip good hopes of a radical cure; to which
nature, he ſaid, had the beſt part to act.
His majesty was, at this time, at Hamelin,
twenty-feven miles fouth-weft of Hanover, where
he was preparing to review the electoral troops,
which were encamped in that neighbourhood near
the river Wefer: fo that his lordfhip fent his fer-
vant there to look out for lodgings; who was
informed, that lodgings had already been provided`
for his lordfhip by his majefty's order. His lordſhip
arrived at Hamelin on the 3d of October, about
fix o'clock in the afternoon; when he immediately
dreffed and went to court in a chair, where there
was a numerous levee. His majeſty being informed
that the earl of Craufurd was there, lord Harrington.
called out to his lordship, to acquaint him, that
the king wanted to ſpeak with him: upon which,
"
M 4
an
260
Book 3.
The LIFE of
an opening was immediately made for his lordfhip,
who walked upon his crutches towards the upper
end of the room, where his majefty was fitting at
a table; who, as foon as he faw his lordship
coming up to him, called in English, with a
compaffionate voice," how do you do my lord?
"I am heartily forry for you :" which he repeated
feveral times: and when his lordship was come
quite up to his majeſty, and going to bow down
and kifs his hand, he faid, "no, no, my dear
"lord, keep up" after which, his majefty held
a long converfation with his lordſhip, and invited
him to the review of his troops, which was to be
the next day.
The next morning, prince William of Heffe-
Caffel ftopt with his coach at his lordship's lodgings,
and took him up with him to the camp; where,
when his majeſty came out, his lordship mounted
a horfe belonging to general Diemar, upon which
he rode with his majefty along the line, ard back
to the king's tent, where the troops were to país
in review, and where his majefty had ordered a
chair to be brought for his lordſhip to fit behind
him, that it might be eafier for him on account of
his wound, to fee the troops. Both men and
horfes made fuch a fine appearance, as to give his
majefty great fatisfaction, who addreffed himſelf
ſeveral times to his lordſhip, defiring to know his
opinion of them; and, while a regiment of horfe
was paffing by, his majefty had one of the trooper's
fwords brought to him, which he put into his
lordship's hand, bidding him feel it; who handled
it, and told his majesty fuch fwords were fit for
execution. When the review was over, his lord-
thip followed the king to court, where he dined
with his majeſty.
7
ON the 7th, his lordfhip went to the Heffian
camp, about eight miles higher up the Wefer,
where
}
Chap. 3. JOHN Earl of CRAUFURD, 261
where his majefty alfo arrived about ten, and
defired his lordfhip not to mount on horseback,
as he had done at the review before, for fear of
fome accident among fuch a croud of horſes: fo
that his lordship paffed the front of the troops in
his fleeping waggon. His majefty likewife ordered
a chair to be placed near him for his lordfhip to
fee the review; who afterwards dined with prince
George of Heffe, at a village on the other fide of
the Wefer, oppofite to the camp; and, in the after-
noon, went to Hamelin to take leave of the king,
who was to ſet out the next morning for Linfburg,
with an intention to review the Danes, who
were encamped at Wehren.
On the oth, his lordship fent-his waggon-
mafter, with two Ukranian tygered mares, and a
brown Tartarian one, as alſo a Calmuck tent,
with a letter to lord Harrington, to offer them
as a prefent to the king; who was very well
pleaſed with the offer, but accepted of the tent
only.
A
ÓN the 11th, his lordfhip attended his majefty
to fee another corps of Hanoverian troops encamped
at Nienberg; where his majefty had again ordered
an apartment for his lordship; who, on the 13th,
alfo accompanied his majefty to a review of the
Danish troops then in the British pay; where his
lordſhip was again favoured with a chair to fit by
the king, and afterward dined at court.
On the 15th, his lordfhip followed his majeftv
to Linfburg, where he had great refpect fhewn
him by his royal mafter; who on the 16th, fent
for Mr. Ebers, furgeon-major of a regiment, who
was efteemed one of the beſt in the army, having
performed many defperate cures with great fuccefs.
Mr. Ebers brought another furgeon with him to
examine his lordship's wound; who withdrew to
his apartment, and fhewed them his wound ;
M 5.
giving
{
262
Book 3.
The LIFE of
1
giving them, at the fame time a fhort relation of
it; and likewife letting them fee the box of fplin-
ters and pieces of ball that had been extracted.
Mr. Ebers examined the wound very narrowly,
and tried, with a horſehair found, to find out the
cavity from whence the matter proceeded; but he
could not diſcover it any more than the reſt who
had made the fame tryal before him: however, he
was of opinion that his lordſhip would get free of
the fiftula, and be entirely cured; faying, at the
fame time, if he had been the firft operator, he
"would have made the orifice or incifion ſo wide
" at the beginning, that he ſhould have taken out
"all the ſplinters." About an hour after, Mr.
Ebers was called to the king; when he took the
little box of ſplinters and pieces of ball along with
him to fhew to his majefty; who kept him near
half an hour in converfation; making great en
quiry, and hearing every particular about his lord-
thip's wound; which he did with the greateſt
concern.
On the 23d, his lordſhip took leave of the king,
who was to let out in a few days for England; as
he alſo did of the nobility; having ordered all
things for his journey for Bremen, which he under-
took on the 26th, in his fleeping waggon, and
arrived there the fame evening: from whence he
embarked for England on the 28th, on board a
Dutch fishing boat, as no other veffel was to be
had in any reaſonable time. His lordship had a
fafe paffage, leaving his equipage behind him,
confifting of twenty-three horfes, a chariot, and a
fleeping waggon; befides baggage waggons, and
ten fervants, who were to winter at Hanover: for
his lordship forefaw he ſhould have occafion for
them there; becaufe he apprehended his Britannic
majefty would fend a body of auxiliary troops to
the queen of Hungary, who was then furrounded
with invaders,
BOOK
JOHN Earl of CRAURURD. 263
BOOK
CHAP. I.
IV.
His lordship's journey to the baths of Barege in
France, and thofe of Aix in Savoy, in 1742.
His influence at Geneva. His journey to Milan
and Genoa, in 1743; when his lordship joined
the Auftrian army commanded by marshal Traun.
His journey through Mantua, and Verona, to
Venice: from thence through Gratz and Lintz
into Bavaria, where he visited the Auftrian army
commanded by marshal KH EVEN HULLER:
after which he visited the confederate army on the
Maine. An account of the rife of the late war z
as alfo of the campaign of 1743 in Germany,
and of the battle of Dettingen; with a relation
of his lordship's behaviour in that engagement.
THR
་
HE earl of Craufurd, before the battle of
Krotzka, had fufficient reafon to apprehend
that the campaign of 1739 muft neceffarily be
productive of a peace: upon which prefumption,
he wrote to Sir Everard Faulkner, the British
miniſter at Conftantinople, to procure him a pafs
from the grand feignior for his lordſhip, to viấc
that city; which he received while he lay ill of his
wound at Belgrade. His intention, in getting this
pafs, was to have travelled through the Ottoman
dominions as far as Conftantinople, where he
defigned to hire a fhip to have vifited all the iſlands
in the Archipelago and the Mediterrapean in his
M 6
way
264
Book 4.
The LIFE of
'
!
way to England; where, if no military fcene was
afforded among the European powers, he was
refolved to aſk his majeſty's permiffion to go into
the Perfian fervice, as a volunteer under the em
Feror Thamas Kouli Kan: but his unhappy wound
prevented his journey into Turkey, and the war
in Germany afterwards yielded him a noble chace
in the game of glory, without feeking for it in
Perfia.
WHILE his lordſhip lay ill of his wounds at
Belgrade, he had the fatisfaction to find that his
military virtue had fo far diftinguiſhed him in his
native country, as to promote him to the rank of
adju ant-general and colonel of horfe, which honour
was conferred on the 2d of July 1739; but, on
the 25th of October following, his majefty farther
honoured him with the commiffion of colonel of
the Highland regiment; and, on the 25th of
December 1740, his lordſhip obtained the com
miffion of colonel of the fecond troop of horſe
grenadier guards. Befides which, his lordship
continued ftill as a member of the legiflature, being
re-elected one of the fixteen peers for Scotland
while he was abroad; his lordſhip having appointed
the earl of Inlay to act as his proxy; and, on his
return, his lordfhip continued one of the fixteen
peers to the time of his death.
THE carl of Craufurd, being adviſed by all his
phyficians to repair to, and ufe, the waters of
Barege, in the fouth part of France, which are in
great reputation for their efficacy in all forts of
long contracted wounds; in confideration thereof,
his majeſty gave orders to the lords of the admiralty
to fit out a man of war to conduct his lordſhip to
Bourdeaux; and, while the fhip was getting ready,
his majefty was likewife graciously pleafed to order
one of the ſecretaries of ftate to fpeak to Mr. de
Buffy, at that time minifter for the affairs of
France,
Chap. 1. JOHN Earl of CRAUFURD. 265
France, to procure from his court, proper paffes
for his lordship to go through the French territo-
ries; which Mr. de Buffy foon after procured,
and delivered to his lordship. Immediately after
his lordſhip obtained this pals, he fet out for Portf-
mouth; where, on the 23d of May 1742, he
embarked on board the Lyme man of war, com-
manded by captain Pritchard, who lay off Spithead,
and faluted his lordſhip with eleven guns; after
which, he immediately fet fail for Bourdeaux, where
they arrived on the 30th. The next day, his
lordſhip dined with the commandant; and, on the
3d of June, ſet out for Barege, where he arrived
on the 12th. After frequently bathing, his wound
broke open on the 28th; and, on the 12th of
July, his lordship, for the first time, walked with
a crutch and a high-heeled shoe.
His lordship, during his refidence at Barege,
was frequently in company with the countess of
Bouillon, and feveral other ladies, whom he one
day accompanied up the higheſt of the adjacent
Pyrenean hills, called Bic de Midday, about three
miles in afcent; but this extraordinary motion
caft out a ſplinter from the wound, which a
few days after was followed by a piece of lead.
ON the 19th of September, his lordship left
Barege, and proceeded to the baths of Aix in Savoy,
where he arrived on the 16th of October; having
paffed through Thouloufe, Lyons and Chamberry.
His lord hip afed the baths twice a day, and found
fuch benefit by them, that he was determined to
join the Piedmontefe army then encamped at
Montmellian, under the command of his Sardinian
majefty, on the first notice of an approaching
engagement with the Spanish army, then under
the cannon of the fortress of Barreaux in Dauphine,
commanded by the infant don Philip, and the
count de Glimes: the advanced pofts of both armies
being
266
Book 4:
The LIFE of
being in fight of each other: in which poſition
the two armies remained till the beginning of
December.
On the 1ft of November, his Sardinian majefty
fent one of his litters to convey his lordship to
Chamberry, where he alighted at the houfe of the
British envoy, who the next day accompanied his
lordship to Montmellian, where the king had his
head quarters, and who gave his lordship a moft
gracious reception. On the 5th, his lordship
returned to the camp, and dined with his majeſty;
who, after dinner, together with the engineer-
general, accompanied his lordship on horfeback to
reconnoitre and visit the advanced pofts; where
his majeſty was prodigiouſly charmed with feveral
obfervations made by his lordship; and, during
the time of his continuance in the camp, paid
him all the diftinguithing marks of politenefs and
efteem; being extremely fond of difcourfing with
his lordſhip on military operations, which was
natural to fo brave a monarch, whofe valour was
now the only barrier of Italy against the invading
Spaniards, at this time endeavouring to obtain a
new dominion for another branch of the Bourbon
family.
As there was no appearance of an action, his
lordſhip took leave of his Sardinian majesty, after
dining with him, on the 18th of November, and
made preparations to fet out for Geneva, where
he arrived on the 230; and, on the 11th of
December, received intelligence that the Spaniards,
now commanded by the marquis de la Minas,
were in march towards the Chateau of Apremont,
with a refolution to attack the caſtle there, as well
as thoſe of the marches and at Mians, to force a
paffage through the mountains of Dauphine into
Savoy upon which, his lordfhip fet out on his
return to the Sardinian camp; but, before his
:
arrival,
!
Chap. 1. JOHN Earl of CRAUFURD. 267
arrival, the Spaniards had forced a paffage, and
were entering Chamberry, just as his lordship was
in fight of the city; which occafioned his return
to Geneva, while the king of Sardinia retired into
Piedmont.
DURING the refidence of his lordſhip at Ge-
neva, the French and Spaniards exerted all their
interefts with the fenators of that republic, as alfo
with the Helvetic Cantons, to facilitate their paſ-
fage into Savoy; which his lordship very feaſonably
oppoſed by his perfonal intereft with fome of the
fenators, and his pecuniary influence with others;
whereby he was fignally inftrumental in preventing
them from giving their vores to let the Spaniards
march into the Milanefe by the Val Dom Doffola,
fuddenly to fall in by the Lago Maggiore.
On the 1ft of January 1743, his lordship quitted
Geneva, intending to make the tour of Italy in his
way to Germany, where an embarkation of
British troops was expected for the fervice of her
Hungarian majefty, when his lordfhip intended to
make another campaign: On the 11th, he arrived
at Milan; from whence he made an excurfion to
Genoa; and afterwards fet out for Venice, by
way of Parma: but at Modena, he found his old
acquaintance the generals Ciceri, Pertufadi, and
Pallavicini; who, under marfhal Traun, the
commander of the Auftrian forces, had taken up
their winter quarters in the Modenefe, occafioned
by the junction of the duke of Modena with the
Spanish forces commanded by the count de Gages,
who had taken up their winter quarters in the
Bolognese and Romagna; and who, by order of
his moſt catholic majefty, were at this time pri-
vately preparing to furprize the Auftrians before
they were properly collected together: but the
Auftrian general had intelligence of their defign,
and gave them a proper reception on the banks of
L
the
268
Book 4.
The LIFE of
the Panaro, which brought on the battle of Campo
Santo, wherein the Spaniards were defeated: though
marſhal Traun was obliged to act fo privately and
expeditiously in his march, that the earl of Craufurd
had not time to accompany his old military com-
panions in this engagement; which gave him a
very fenfible mortification: for, like a staunch
hound, he was now in fcent of the game, and
interrupted from the chace. However, immediately
after the battle, general Pallavicini came with his
coach, and conducted his lordſhip to Carpi, where
marfhal Traun had taken up his head quarters,
who had prepared apartments for his lordſhip in
count Schulemburg's quarters, and detained him
there three days; fhewing him the most honourable.
refpect, and giving him letters for Mantua to the
count de la Porta, general Cavalieri, fignor
Petrucci, and feveral other of the nobility, who,
on his arrival in that city, all waited on his lord-
ſhip, and fhewed him the higheft marks of dif-
tinction, during his refidence there, which was
three days; when he departed for Verona, where
he arrived on the 1ft of March, and was vifited by
marſhal Schulemberg, generaliffimo of the Venetian
forces, who was exceffively fond of his lordship's
company, and detained him three days
which, his lordſhip ſpent a few days in the city of
Venice; and then fet out, by way of Triefte, for
Gratz in Stiria, where he was well entertained by
count Lefly. His lordship from thence, fet out
for Lintz, where he arrived on the 3d of April,
and was kindly received by commifiary general
count Salemberg, count Weiffenfelt, and feveral
others of the nobility, who are very numerous in
this city. On the 12th, his lordfhip came to
Effering, a caftle belonging to count Staremberg,
who invited his lordſhip to dinner, and detained
him the whole night after which, his lordship
after
arrived
Chap. i. JOHN Earl of CRAUFURD. 269
arrived at Berbach, a few leagues from Raab, the
head quarters of marſhal Khevenhuller in Bavaria,
to whom his lordſhip ſent one of his upper fervants
with a letter; when the marshal and general
Luchefi made particular enquiry concerning his
lordship's health, and the condition of his wound:
the marſhal alſo returned a very complaiſant letter,
and immediately fent a guard of huffars to attend
his lordſhip, who arrived at Raab on the 14th,
and dined with marſhal Khevenhuller, where he
was received with the higheſt marks of friendſhip:
but his lordſhip, immediately after dinner, fet out
with an eſcort for Paffau, in his way to the Rhine,
where the confederate army of Britiſh, Auftrian,
Hanoverian, and Heffian troops, were affembling
under the command of marshal Stair.
ON the 16th, his lordſhip arrived at Paffau,
where he received the compliments of captain
Goring, and of feveral other English, Scotch, and
Iriſh gentlemen in the fervice of her Hungarian
majefty. The next day, he dined with general
Roda, and in the evening vifited general Spada.
On the 18th, general Brown took his lordſhip to
review three hundred recruits belonging to his
regiment; and the next day, the general paffed
his whole regiment in review before his lordship.
On the 21ft, general Brown and count Tourn
accompanied his lordship to dine with cardinal
Lamberg, biſhop of Paffau, whofe fee is an indepen-
dant territory fubject to the bifhop. On the 24th,
prince Charles of Lorrain arrived at Paffau; who
dined with general Brown and the earl of
Craufurd: after which, they reviewed the three
regiments of foot of Brown, Molck, and Hilburg-
haufen.
On the 25th, his lordship departed from Paffau,
attended with two dragoons, and two cuiraffiers,
to eſcort him to Pilfen in Bohemia. At Gravenau,
he
270
Book 4.
The LIFE of
he fupped with general Andrachi; and on the
27th, arrived at the foot of the mountain called
old Hizir, which is the paffage into Bohemia;
where his lordship met with fuch miserable accom-
modation, that he was obliged to lie all the night
upon ftaw, with a large family of children in the
fame room with him. The next morning, they
were about four hours in paffing the mountain ;
when they came to a poor little place, called
Coutfwatick: after which, they arrived at the
little city of Wintzberg, and the fame night came
to Wooling. The 30th, they paffed by the cities.
of Straganetz and Oragonovitz; as alfo by the
town of Eleſhow. On the 1ft of May, they arrived
at Prefeftitz: from whence his lordship at first
intended to vifit Prague, and the army commanded
by prince Lobkowitz: but, as the British forces
were now in Germany, his lordinip altered his
route, and ſet out the next day for Leipfic in
Saxony. Having paffed Pilfen, on the 5th, they
arrived at Diezing: on the 6th, they reached
Carlfbach; and, on the 8th, arrived at Jacumftal,
fituate at the bottom of the mountain, called
Derknerberg, which feparates Bohemia from
Saxony. On the 9th, they paffed the mountains,
and came to Vifendel, the first town in Saxony;
where his lordſhip difmiffed the efcort from Paffau,
and took up his lodgings at Alterning: the next
day, they arrived at Zwickau; and on the 11th
came to Altenburg, a city belonging to the duke
of Saxe Gotha. On the 12th, they arrived at
Pega; and, the next day, came to the city of
Weiffenfels: the next day to Ourftel; and on the
16th, to Saxe Gotha, where his lordfhip dined
with the duke the day following, and was nobly
received by the whole court. On the 18th, his
lordship fet out from Saxe Gotha for Frankfort,
and the fame night came to Eyfenach: the next
day
Chap. 1. JOHN Earl of CRAWFURD. 271
day to Hersfield; the next to Friedberg; and, on
the 24th, to Frankfort, where his lordſhip joined
the Britiſh forces, and their confederates, at that
time encamped at Hoechft on the banks of the
Maine: where his lordſhip was now to diſplay his
military talents in the prefence of his king, and
in the eyes of his own countrymen.
THIS war broke out on the 4th of December
1740, being occafioned by the death of the em-
peror Charles VI. when Spain, France, Pruffia,
Saxony, and Bavaria, broke through the covenants
of the pragmatic fanction, and invaded the paf
feffions of the houſe of Auftria on every fide.
France had marched an army into Bohemia, and
took Prague, the capital city of that kingdom:
but they were afterwards expelled with predigious
lofs. The elector of Bavaria, had afcended the
imperial throne: but that election loft him his
hereditary dominions, which were invaded and
taken by the victorious Auftrians, who were now
animated by the vicinity and affiftance of their
Britiſh confederates, brought there, as the fans
of liberty, to oppofe the arbitrary views of France
in Germany: while his Sardinian majeſty affifted
the arms of the Hungarian queen againft the united
force of the French, Spaniards, Neapolitans,
Modenese, and Genoefe in Italy: all which was
done by the vigilance of lord Carteret, who then.
prefided in the British miniftry; and who, com.
fcicus of the bad effects which had refulted from
the timidity of his predeceffor, was fenfible that
nothing could preferve the Auftrian family but a
vigorous and feaſonable fupport from Great Bri
tain; becaufe, if fhe flood indolently by, as fhe
had formerly done, while her natural ally was
ftrongly depreft by her natural enemy, the muft
have eventually found her own ruin in that of the
house of Auftria: which was the reafon why lord
Carteret
272
Book 4.
The LIFE of
Carteret was for fupporting her Hungarian majefty,
when her circumftances were imagined to be paft
redrefs: but this the British minifter repreſented
as a fallacious opinion; he infilted that fhe might
not only be relieved from her prefent mifery, but
re-inftated in her former glory; and he as nobly
put what he ſaid into execution: which proved
his fuperior ability of head, and his integrity of
heart; his confitency in council and his refolution
in action.
WHILE the earl of Craufurd was in his tour
to the British army, his majefty honoured him
with the commiffion of colonel of the fourth troop
of horse-guards; and, on his arrival at Hanau,
with the duke of Cumberland, and lord Carteret,
his majefty received the earl of Craufurd in a very
gracious manner while marfhal Stair compli-
mented his lordfhip with the honour paid to a
general officer, by appointing him an apartment.
in a houfe; which his lordſhip refufed; chufing
rather to act as became the rank of a colonel, and
lie with his men in the field,
THE Confederate army, commanded by marſhal
Stair, confifted of about 38,000 men; and the
French army, commanded by marfhal Noailles,
confifted of 58,oco: but, notwithſtanding this
fuperiority of the French, marfhal Stair was not
averfe to an engagement, which encouraged him
to venture higher up the Maine, towards Afchaf-
fenberg; where the French marfhal followed him
on the oppofite fide of the river; and when his
Britannic majefty joined the army, he found the
confederates in a dangerous fituation from the
vicinity of the French. However, as his majeſty
was defirous of facilitating the junction of fix
thouſand Hanoverians and fix thoufand Heffians,
commanded by prince George of Helle Caffel, and
general Druchleben, a refolution was taken to
march
Chap. 1. JOHN Earl of CRAUFURD. 273
march the confederate army back to Hanau, to
join this reinforcement; which the French marſhal
was equally defirous to circumvent; and while
the confederates were preparing for their march,
the French were preparing for an engagement;
which brought on the battle of Dettingen.
ACCORDINGLY on the 16th of June, about
four o'clock in the morning, the confederates
began their march towards Dettingen: in the
mean time, 30,000 French pafled the Maine,
under the cominand of the duke of Grammont,
with orders to wait the approach of the confederates
at the opening of a defile below Dettingen; while
marshal Noailles marched the remainder of his
forces along the Maine, in fight of the confederates.
Both armies cannonaded each other acroſs the river
between eight and nine o'clock; when the con-
federates perceived the body of troops commanded
by the duke of Grammont extending themſelves
between the villages of Dettingen and Welfheim,
towards the mountains, lefs then a mile diftant
from the confederates, who were obliged to form
with all poffible expedition. The cannonading
across the river continued above three hours, with
terrible execution on both fides; and about twelve
o'clock, the duke of Grammont very imprudently
paffed the defile, which began the engagement.
It was difputed with great obftinacy for a confi-
derable time; but at two o'clock, the French
gave way, quitted the field of battle, and repailed
the Maine, with great lofs, and no ſmall ſhare of
diſhonour; having loft about fix thouſand men,
either killed, wounded, or taken prifoners; while
the confederates loft only two thouſand fix hundred
men: whereby his Britannic majefty accompliſhed
his defign in marching to Hanau.
:
THE earl of Craufurd, at this battle, com-
manded the brigade of life-guards, where he greatly.
diftinguished
274
The LIFE of
Book. 4.
diftinguiſhed himself by his prudence and bravery.
His lordſhip ordered all the officers under his com-
mand to form in front of the brigade, where he
was himſelf at the head, animating his men, and
inftru&ing them how to behave; but, obferving
one of them loop when the cannon balls were
Alying about, he cried out," don't ftoop my lads;
"for if they are to hit you, they will for all that:
upon which, colonel Driver addreffed himſelf to
the men, and faid, " gentlemen, you cannot have
'
a better leader than lord Craufurd; follow his
"example, and you muft gain immortal honour."
His lordship, in this engagement, evidently fhewed
that he had a great genius for war, and a moſt
forcible difpofition to accompliſh himfelf in every
part of military knowledge: of which he gave an
apparent inftance at this time, when he happened
to be in gold ftaff waiting, and had the charge of
his majeſty's perfon. For as his lordship was
moving his brigade through the field, obferving
what paft in the time of action, he discovered a
French battery, which had not been played all the
day, planted in a place where no cannon was fuf-
pected, and pointed directly upon his majeſty.
Had his lordſhip, upon this difcovery, made the
leaſt ſtop, as any perfon lefs attentive than he was,
and lefs quick in forming juft meaſures upon every
cafualty that happened, would have done; the
enemy, no doubt, would have been fenfible they
were difcovered, and would have done all the
mischief they were able from this battery: but,
inftead of this, his lordfhip continued moving
forward in the fame direction; and then made a
tour as if he intended to attack a ſmall body of
horfe, which was pofted near that battery: whereby
the enemy, obferving this maneuvne, reinforced
this corps with a large body of cavalry; and then
advanced to attack his lordfhip, who continued to
move
Chap. 1. JOHN Earl of CRAUFURD. 275
move forward by feveral counter-marches and
wheelings, as if he intended fome times to receivé
them in front, and at other times to attack them
in flank; until he had drawn their whole body of
cavalry between himfelf and their battery; when
he retired to his majefty to receive his farther
inftructions: which excellent behaviour won his
lordſhip the affection of his foldiers in fo extraor-
dinary a degree, that they ever after acknowledged
him the protector of their lives.
Soon after, an aid de camp came to his lord-
fhip, with orders to charge the French infantry,
which were, within about forty or fifty paces, in
front of his Brigade: when his lordſhip anſwered
the aid de camp," mind, fir, Ifhall obey orders,
"when it fuits moft proper." Then turning to
his men, with a great deal of vivacity, faid,
"come, my brave lads, follow me! I warrant
<6 you, we fhali foon defeat 'em :" after which,
he led them on, with this caution;
"hark, my
❝ dear lads! truft to your fwords; handle them
"well; and never mind your piſtols :" which
injunction they punctually obeyed; and, like true
Britons, when properly directed, drove the French
before them with great flaughter: when, on their
beginning to give way, the trumpeter of his lord-
ſhip's troop, of his own accord, founded Britans,
ftrike home! upon which, his lordship turned about,
and thanked him.
WHEN the French retired, the earl of Stair
was for purſuing them over the Maine; but in
this he was prevented by fome other of the confe-
derate generals who were of a contrary opinion:
however, the earl of Craufurd, who was of the
inclination with marſhal Stair, followed the French
in the retreat, and got upon an eminence, where
he found all clear; and, becauſe it was then ſuſ-
pected that they could not be fafely purfued, he
waved
276
Book 4:
The LIFE of
waved his hat to the confederates, to let them
know they might fafely follow the purfuit.
In the beginning of the action, the earl of
Craufurd received a fhot, which went through his
right holſter-cafe, on his found fide; but luckily
hit the barrel of his piftol, and dropt dead in the
holfter-cafe; which ball, his lordſhip fhewed the
next day to his majeſty at Hanau, who, when he
faw his lordship approaching, faid, "HERE
"COMES MY CHAMPION.
THE two armies continued in the field till the
11th of October; when they went into winter
quarters, without undertaking any other confi-
derable operation after the battle of Dettingen;
except the demolition of the French entrench-
ments on the Queich, was effected without op-
pofition; whereupon his Britannic majefty returned
to England; and the earl of Craufurd repaired.
to Aix-la-Chapelle, where he spent the winter,
and was ready for the enfuing campaign in
Flanders.
CHAP.
JOHN Earl of CRAU FURD. 277
CHAP. II.
The declaration of war by France against th
of Great Britain and the queen of Hungar
Short account of the campaign in Fland
1744, with remarks thereon, by the e
CRAUFURD: together with his lor
account of the meafures concerted for openi
next campaign; and his opinion, at leng
delivered in a council of war, relative
detaching a body of forces for the fecurity
empire.
HE battle of Dettingen fufficiently exp
TH
the intentions of France, which f
before intimated by conducting the Spanif
from Toulon; and thefe were both follow
the beginning of the year 1744, by an eml
tion of troops from Dunkirk, deftined to i
England, in favour of the Pretender: but, th
the vigilance of the Britiſh miniſtry, the F
were obliged to relinquish their project; hov
the French monarch, on the 20th of M
declared war against his Britannic majesty
anfwered it on the 31ft; and, on the 1
April, the French monarch figned a decla
of war against the queen of Hungary; fo t
active campaign was generally expected i
Netherlands, where marſhal Wade comm
the confederate forces against marfhal Saxe
commanded under the king of France.
BEFORE the commencement of this cam
the earl of Craufurd was promoted to the r
brigadier-general; in which character he
the confederate army, confifting of 76,000
who, at the beginning of May, had form
encampment in the neighbourhood of Br
N
278
The LIFE of
Book 4.
1
while the French monarch affembled his army. in
the neighbourhood of Lifle, which confitted of
120,000 men, intended for the invafion of Flan-
ders, who over-ran the whole province with a
furprizing rapidity, taking Courtray, Halebeck,
Warneton, Menin, Ypres, Fort Knocque, and
Furnes, without any oppofition from the confe-
derates.
HOWEVER, the progress of the French in
Flanders received as violent a check from the fuccefs
of the Auſtrian army, commanded by prince Charles
of Lorrain, who had made a glorious paffage over the
Rhine, and, at the head of 72,000 men, rendered
himſelf terrible to the French in Alface; which
obliged marshal Saxe to weaken his army in
Flanders, by reinforcing that commanded by
marshal Coigni in Alface: but the treaty of
Frankfort, in confequence whereof his Pruffian
majefty invaded Bohemia, obliged prince Charles
to repaſs the Rhine, for the fecurity of the Auftrian
dominions.
By thefe tranfactions, marfhal Saxe found his
army in the Netherlands reduced to 60,000 men;
while the confederates were now augmented to
90,000: but, notwithstanding this fuperiority,
the latter undertook nothing of any confequence,
and terminated the campaign in a very difhonour-
able manner; which was principally owing to the
obftinacy of the Dutch, and the diffentions
among the confederate generals. An inftance,
that a divided command is feldom attended with
fuccefs!
THE French were hurt in the former campaign
through the over-active heat of youth in the duke
of Grammont; and the confederates were now
prejudiced by the over-cautious lingering of age
in marthal Wade; but this heat of youth, and
precaution of age, were fo well tempered in
marſhal
Chap. 2. JOHN Earl of CRAUFUrd. 279
marfhal Saxe, that. what Suetonius reports as
excellent in Cæfar, was equally applicable to the
French general, of whom it was uncertain
"whether he was more cautious, or daring."
THE Campaign of 1744, being ignominiouſly.
ended, the confederate troops got into their winter
quarters, widely diftant from thofe they ought to
have occupied; and, by all that one could obferve,
defignedly removed from giving the leaft appearance.
of fufpicion, throughout the winter, to the enemy,
though they had reafon to fear the worst of confe
quences from. the formidable army of the allies,
till once the French could again be reinforced in
the low countries; where, at leaft, fo much might
have been done, even at the latter end of the
campaign by the allies,, as might have retarded all
the enemies early progrefs in the fpring; which is
generally the thing moft to be feared by the enemies
of France, who have ever found the greateft
difficulties to become carly enough fo formidable,
as to fruftrate fuch dangerous projects, as the
generally fets out with on the opening of her
campaigns which difagreeable termination of the
campaign juftly dilatisfied all true lovers and,
friends to liberty in. Europe.
THE duke of Aremberg repaired to Bruffels,
charmed he got out of the fcrape, which, from the
beginning of the campaign, and even before ever
prince Charles left Bruffels, he declared to his
friends, from the diffentions he forefaw would
happen from what he had learned in London,
during his stay there, was paffing at the Hague,
and from the difagreement he obſerved in councils,
where even prince Charles prefided, that he wifhed
the campaign. was over; for he dreaded much the
confufion that three heads would create, whoſe
private inftructions he feared were very different
from one another.
N 2
FIELD-
280
Book 4.
The LIFE of
FIELD-MARSHAL Wade returned to Lon-
don, no less rejoiced he had got out of a command,
wherein he ſeemed to take lefs delight than any
general, fince the beginning of time, invefted
with fuch a power. Whether his foreſeeing what
would happen; or imagining fuch things might be
brought about by his partners in command, as did
happen; or whether his private inftructions bounded
him fo, that nothing noble could be undertaken;
or that he knew the private inftructions of the
others meant nothing more than what came to
pafs; however willing he might be to be made
active, I ſhall not fay.
COUNT Naffau, as foon as he was recovered of
a very fevere fit of fick nefs, repaired to the Hague
in his way to England, being adviſed to go to Bath
by his phyficians; I believe, not a little pleafed
that he had fo good a pretence fo quickly to get
out of the way of any examination that might be
made into the conduct of the campaign; during
which, he feemed from the beginning pretty
determinedly for inactivity; naturally enough, a
reaſon why Cronftrom and Ginckle pretended at
leaft to be of the duke of Aremberg's faction, by
feeming to be for fighting, as they both were
afpiring at the command themfelves, and diflatisfied
at count Naffau's having it. They alfo repaired
to the Hague, where they failed not, it may be
imagined, to clear themfelves of all blame: while
our generals, both at London, and at their reſpec-
tive quarters, held quite a different language;
whether with reafon or not, I fhall not pretend
to determine: but, I am afraid, however the two
laft named generals had been inclined throughout
the campaign, that others were charmed they had
got into their old garrifons, inftead of being in the
way of hurting the enemy, and of making them
ftand in awe of us by being along their frontiers ;
confequently
1
Chap. 2. JOHN Earl of CRAUFURD. 281
confequently a bridle upon their moſt daring
dangerous projects. However, fo fituated, the
beſt intentioned had nothing elſe left them to do,
but to make the moſt they could of fuch proceedings,
and ſuch a ſituation, for the good of the common
cauſe.
FOR which reaſon, on general Ligonier's arrival
at Bruffels, after quitting field-marfhal Wade at
Ghent as he fet out for England, he, with the
greateſt franknefs, and fincerity, being now com-
mander in chief, offered his advice and concurrence
in whatever might be propofed for the good of the
common cauſe, either during the winter, or tu
forward preparations for the fpring. At two or
three conferences held by count Caunitz the firſt
miniſter, count Konigfeck Erps the late miniſter,
the duke of Aremberg, monfieur Vander Duyn,
and myſelf, then the only British general along
with general Ligonier at Bruffels; I can venture
to fay, that, by the franknefs of thefe generals,
tranſactions went on with all the calmneſs and
decency that ever appeared on fuch like occafions;
being very different from what happened through-
out the campaign; agreeing in their conferences
on the repreſentations that each individual ſhould
make at their courts; not only as to the fituation
of the country during the winter; but as to
the magazines, and numbers of troops, that
would also be neceffary to prevent misfortunes
through that feafon, and even to prevent enter-
prizes in the fpring. All which, I know, general
Ligonier, and, I believe, the others, reprefented
in the strongest terms, to their different maſters :
but, if I do not miſtake, fome time before there
came anſwers to their difpatches, general Ligonier
received orders from the adminiltration in England,
to call a council of war, confifting of all the
British generals, therein to take their opinions;
N 3
as
282
Book 4.
The LIFE of
as the French feemed again to threaten the empire,
where we could eafily judge the king's dominions
might alfo be in danger: when we were to
confider, whether we thought the low countries
might be defended, if we detached fourteen Hano-
verian ſquadrons and feven battalions, to join fo
many Dutch, who were already on their march
for the fame purpofe. Accordingly, as moft of
our generals were either in 'Ghent, or near it,
general Ligonier, after communicating his orders.
To the members that urfed to compofe the confe-
rentes, choſe to go to Ghent, where our generals
had orders to affentble, and whither I attended
him. As it was the first council I had ever fifted
in, I cannot fay, but I'was in fome fort of concern
how I fhould deliver my opinion: however, being
pretty much determined what it fhould be; and,
as it might be but feldom I ſhould have fuch an
opportunity of delivering my fentiments, I thought
it would not be the worft way, not only to be
pretty much mafter of what I fhould fay, if to be
delivered in words; but alfo, in cafe it ſhould be
given in writing, to confider it as thoroughly as
the time would permit; the council being to
affemble the next morning at ten o'clock: where,
at the appointed time, the generals met; and moſt
of them voted for the march of the troops. For
my part, though not my turn to give my opinion
firft, as the generals Churchill, Skelton, and
Ingoldfby were younger than me; yet, they
excuſed themſelves, as they had never had fuch a
call before, faying, "they would be glad to hear
*
the opinion of fome others before them ;”
thereby it coming to my turn, though I had
rather choſe to have followed them, I did not
fcruple to give my opinion; being, as I imagined,
in fome meaſure prepaired: therefore, afking
general Ligonier whether I fhould give it him, by
word
Chap. 2. JOHN Earl of CRAUFURD. 283
word of mouth, or in writing? he chofe, as my
lord Albemarle, my lord Rothes, and himſelf had
prepared theirs in writing, to have mine alfo
in the fame manner: I accordingly gave it to
the ſecretary of the council to read; being as
fellows.
GHENT, December 12th, 1744.
Lthough it is fcarcely poſſible for me, confidering
the number of troops the French may have
without my knowledge in the large and ftrong
fortreffe's that lie along the frontiers of this country,
to determine, that either the let countries, or the
communication between Great Britain and her troops
in thofe parts, are abfolutely out of all basard; yet,
I am of opinion, that a body of feven battalions, and
fifteen fquadrons of Hanoverians, may inflantly
march to their proper places of deftination upon the
bower Rhine: imagining, in the mean time, from
all as yet I can ſee, ourſelves capable of flill defending
our winter quarters; as it is not practicable for
France, in reality, to have a fuperiority of force
every where. But, I am the rather induced to be
of the above opinion; as, with terror, I view the
dangers there may arife in allowing her to make all
the progrefs fhe jeems to propofe to herself in the
heart of the empire, as well as upon the lower Rhine;
where her fuccefs, at the long run, may be attended
with as dangerous confequences, as if towards theſe
quarters: becauſe it may be more rapid, from the
few, or no fortified places, he has there to meet
with: for thefe reaſons, I, therefore, the rather
would permit the fatd troops to march, as I make no
doubt, but the prudence of their high mightinesses
will lofe no time in replacing them, if they were but
the fiven battalions only, on their thoroughly confi-
dering how few forces there are in theſe low countries,
not only to fecure them from their being fuddenly
N 4
over-
284
Book 4.
The LIFE of
:
over-run by an inſatiable enemy; but alſo to fecure,
that important point, the communication with
England, from whence the British troops must be
recruited both with men and borfes, in order to
render the army in Flanders capable of giving that
fuitable diverfion neceſſary to restrain the enemy from
fending a fuperiority of force, which they might
otherwife convey into the empire, as well as down
upon the lower Rhine, to profecute their farther
dangerous defigns. Befides, the army of the allies
on the lower Rhine may alfo, by proper motions,
contribute to the prevention of any dark defigns
towards theſe quarters on the continent, as well as
on the island of Great Britain: provided that right
understanding, which ought to fubfift, be maintained
between the two armies of the allies, till it is
thought proper to join both, or most of both, under
one head, fully impowered to move the ſaid body in
fuch a shape, almost certain of fuccefs, towards thofe
quarters where it fhall be thought moft beneficial for
the common caufe, which is by no means fo fecurely
to be defended, and fecured with dignity, as by a
right underflanding between the conductors of the
two confederate armies, who ought to have full
powers given them; and, who, by their proper
movements, may, and ought, mutually to defend one
another; which if they do, with fafety I may fay,
they will prevent great evils, that may otherwife
happen this winter, or next spring: but which they
can never thoroughly effectuate, without they are
rendered capable of being active, by either having
magazines, not only forward, but even not far
diftant from the frontiers of the enemy; or by their
generals being impowered to make, by their contracts,
their undertakers carry and form their magazines
wherever they find their armies can be most properly
and uſefully employed; which, if forward, and on
1
the
Chap. 2. JOHN Earl of CRAUFURD. 285
the enemies frontiers, will, in my opinion, effectually
prevent either incurfion or invafion.
ON the determination of this important affair,
I accompanied general Ligonier in his return to
Bruffels; from whence he tranfmitted the faid
reſolutions to the adminiftration in England; by
this time entirely changed.
FROM the prefent fituation of the low countries,
it is eaſy to believe, that the generals who made
fuch remonftrations, and fhewed the neceffity of
ſuch a number of troops more than were left there,
did not fail alſo to ſet forth how requifite it would
be to have early preparations for their fuftenance;
to which article, both monfieur Vander Duyn and
general Ligonier had moft fatisfactory answers, and
accordingly gave their orders to the contractors
for very confiderable magazines to be eſtabliſhed at
the most proper places: thus general Ligonier
ordered there fhould be one of three hundred
thouſand rations at Ghent, two hundred thouſand
at Oudenarde, and one hundred thouſand at
Tournay; befides inftructing the contractors to
agree for a confiderable quantity more, in caſe
required. Monfieur Vander Duyn eſtabliſhed his
magazines at Mons, Tournay, and Charleroy.
To be fure, our magazines were never fo forward
at the beginning of any campaign as this; and,
had but all other difpofitions requifite been as
early in readineſs, we might, for once, expected
to have been before the enemy in the field; which
one would have imagined, if ever it could have
been brought about, might have been this enfuing
fpring by the death of the emperor, which fell out
more apropos for the houſe of Auftria, than ever
any event that has yet happened and fhe has had
many turn out, as one would imagine, for no
other end than to fave her from perdition.
CHAP.
N 5
286
Books 4
The LIFE of
CHAP. H.
The earl of CRAUFURD's remarks on the opening
of the campaign in 1745; and his account of the
battle of Fontenoy: with the confequences of that
battle.
As
S the French, during the winter, were
making the neceflary preparations for taking
the field in the Netherlands with a very formidable
army; the confederates found it abfolutely neceffary
to pitch upon commanders, who were immediately
to repair to the Hague to fettle the plan of opera-
tions; which gave the earl of Craufurd an oppor-
tunity of making the following remarks on the
opening of the campaign, and the battle of
Fontenoy.
:
In England, field marthal Wade had refigned
the command of the army, either by choice, or
neceffity, when no man feemed to ftand fo fair a
chance of fucceeding him, as marfhal Stair how-
Ever, the queen of Hungary having declared count
Konigleck, and the Dutch the prince of Waldeck;
and marfhal Konigſeck being an older field-marſhal
than the earl of Stair, it has been faid, his lordfhip
would not accept of the command; and that,
therefore, his majefty determined that his royal
highnefs the duke of Cumberland fhould head the
forces, under the title of captain general in chief.
It was to be wifhed each of the parties concerned,
had then alfo determined an addition of five thou
fand infantry to each of their contingents of troops
that were to take the field; for it feems to me odd
it did not occur to them; and yet it is impoffible
but it muft; for it is not to be imagined, reafon-
able people could fuppofe a fewer number added to
what they knew was already deftined for the fervice
in Flanders, would defeat the projects, and refift
the
Chap. 3. JOHN Earl of CRAUFURD. 287
the army, which it might be depended upon a king
of France, with a count de Saxe, would enter
with into that country: and it was as odd, our
chiefs did not infift upon it, when they came to
the Hague.
THE fpring coming on, confequently the
campaigning feafon drawing near, the face of
affairs began to take a war like appearance in the
low countries. Field-marfhal Konigfeck arrived
at Bruffels from the Hague about the aft of April;
being foon followed by the prince of Waldeck,
and general Ligonier; who were joined by his
royal highness the duke of Cumberland on the
10th. But, before the arrival of his royal highneſs,
the field-marfhal Konigſeck thought proper to
affemble a fort of council, conference, or what
you pleaſe to call it, of all the generals that were
then at Bruffels, whereof I had the honour to be
the only brigadier; the others being the prince of
Waldeck, lieutenant-general Ligonier, and lieu-
tenant-general Vander Duyn. The field-marſhal
opened this conference, with fuch judicious quef
tions as might be expected from ſo experienced an
officer; fuch as in relation to the number of troops
each party concerned had in the low countries ?
How many battalions and fquadrons each could
carry into the field? If they expected to be joined
by any mores and whether before the army took
the field, or during the campaign? If the regiments
were compleat? If they were not fo, how many
they wanted; and how foon they expected their
recruits? And how foon all their camp neceffaries
would be in fuch readiness, as that their reſpective
corps would take the field? How many had been
laft campaign left in fuch garrifons; and how
many would be neceffary this?—If the army
fhould begin the campaign by taken up fuch
and ſuch a camp, as the enemy feemed to
N 6
point
·
Book 4.
288
The LIFE of
point their defigns towards fuch and fuch quarters;
or whether we were of a different opinion, or if
we had other intelligence than what he laid before
us? Whether the army fhould affemble on Cam-
broon, or Leufe camp; or whether moftly at
Anderlecht, and fo march from thence, to either
of thoſe camps, as judged moft proper? (which
was agreed to be the moft prudent place of rendez-
vous) Then he proceeded to enquire, where our
magazines were fituated; how much forage they
contained; and whether they could be eafily
tranſported to the faid camps; as alfo by what
method, by water or land carriage? Whether if
we marched to the camps before-mentioned, it
would not be abfolutely neceffary, to have a flying
army along the canal, between Ghent and Bruges?
How many we thought we could fpare for that
purpoſe? And whether it would not be neceffary,
the generals, and he alſo, ſhould write to their
conftituents, that fo many troops could be only
detached from our army for that end; and that it
would be abfolutely neceffary they reinforced that
corps with others out of their refpective countries,
or from whence they could beft find them: pro-
ceeding to let us know, that there was now no
time to be loft; that if we unexpectedly could get
earlier into the field than the enemy imagined we
could contrive, or than we were accuſtomed to do,
we might poffibly catch them before they had got
all their troops up: but, if we lingered till all their
forces were joined, they would become fo far
fuperior to our army, that it would be impoffible
for us to act otherwife than on the defenfive,
till the end of the campaign, unless we were
reinforced, which we judged to be a very juſt way
of reafoning, fo far as we could yet determine,
from the intelligence we had, and the appearance
affairs at prefent feemed to have; therefore, we
unanimoufly
Chap. 3. JOHN Earl of CRAUFURD. 289
unanimoufly agreed the whole army fhould make
ready to take the field ſuch a day, if approved of
by his royal highneſs the duke of Cumberland,
who we knew would arrive in a few days.
DURING the time all theſe things were reaſoned
upon, rough ſketches and computations being made
of every particular; lieutenant-general Ligonier
undertook to make his ſecretary draw out a clear
copy of the moſt of what had been computed in
in relation to the number of troops that would be
abſolutely neceffary to be left in garrifon; how
many would be requifite upon the canal, and the
number afterwards that would remain to compofe
our grand army: which, if compleat, fhould have
been 17,186 men to remain in garrifon; but,
according to the fuppofed lift, they amounted to
only 15,058: the detachment upon the canal
ſhould foon have been 7495, but they were fet
down as only 6150 compleat and the grand
army, if compleat, fhould have been compoſed of
51,660 men; but thefe were fet down at 43,450.
THUS the moft effential preliminaries towards
taking the field being fettled, in at leaſt a fort of
conference, if not a council of war; all became
curious to know the refult of it; and, I doubt
not, the enemy, with fuccefs more ſo, than any;
though I ſcarcely believe they found out the real
number we ſhould be able to bring into the field:
but as to near the time, I am afraid, that became
too foon in the mouths of every body, the enemy
as well profiting of it: for we quickly heard of a
confiderable corps of theirs approaching Mons,
venturing even fo far on the Bruffels fide of it,
that the garrison thought proper to feem as if they
would diſturb their rear; which, with other
motions that were made, and as the enemy's
whole defign was only to cover, for a little time,
their real intentions of befieging Tournay, they
judged
2.90
Book 4
The LIFE
of
1
judged it beft to retire towards Cambroon, and fo
towards Maubeuge, and thofe quarters where they
remained, as they did not intend to run any rifque;
till, at last, we heard, they had in reality, invefted
Tournay, a few days before our determined day
for taking the field; which was extreme agreeable
tidings to both his royal highnefs the duke of
Cumberland, and the field-marihal, who frequently
had been heard to fay, he would give a hundred
ducats to hear they had attached themfelves either
to Mons or Tournay: whereupon orders were
iffued out for the army holding themſelves in
readineſs to march without fail on the 19th of
April; when they decamped from Anderlecht,
and encamped before Hall, about three leagues
from Bruffels, where they were joined by part of
the garrifon of Namur. On the 22d, they en-
camped at Soignies; from whence they decamped
on the 24th, and encamped on the plains of
Cambroon, from whence a party was fent to
difpoffefs the French from Eeufe, who immediately
retired; but their abandoning this poft fo abruptly
was a diſappointment to his royal highness and the
held-marfhal; becauſe, I believe, they had always
determined to attack towards the ground we at laſt
did upon; and that they, therefore, would have
inclined to have amufed them as long as poffible
towards Leuſe, though, I am afraid, the enemy
was too quickly informed of our real intentions,
by their being fo well prepared to receive us: for
I have been informed, by people among themfelves,
they had no notion we would attack them towards
thote quarters, till the morning our march plainly
demonftrated it to them; judging the approach on
that fide fo ftrong, that we durft never venture it;
but where, if we ever came, they were determined
to ftani: monf. de Saxe affuring the king, if his
army could not ftand us there, after he had time
to
Chap. 3. JOHN Earl of CRAUFURD. 291
to fortify himſelf, he might carry them back to
Paris, for they would ftand us no where.
ON the 26th, the army decamped from Cam-
broon, in order of battle, the whole making a
moft warlike appearance, which was a good deal
Owing to his royal highness's ftrict difcipline, and
obliging every officer to keep at their poft, due
diftance from their leaders, and no baggage or
wheel carriages to be mixed with the troops: which
was extremely neceſſary, as we began to approach
a very vigilant general; for, not being able to fay
fo much for his troops, makes me particularize
the general, whereon every thing depends with the
French, whofe youth are generally as remifs in all
parts of difcipline, barring bravery, as their old
people are precautious.
ON the 27th, the fame erders for the army's
holding in readiness to march at a moment's
warning were repeated: but, I was forry it either
became fo quickly public we were to march to-
morrow, or to be a question whether it might not
be by the left rather than the right; becauſe, though
I believe the enemy were by no means thoroughly
informed of it; yet we might, without any incon-
veniency to our army, have been kept much longer
in doubt; confequently, with more reafon, the
enemy fo; by making our right wing of cavalry,
who could not fail, as they were to make the
rear, having a great many halts; during which
time, they could eafily regain any ground they
might lofe, by being ordered to defile after our
avant-guard for a little way towards Leule, then
fuddenly change their route, and take a fhorter
one than the army, which unqueftion bly they
might have done, or followed the army if that
was not thought proper; which, without order to
march by the left, we might have done, had it
been ordered that no corps fhould fir til they
..
faw
292
Book 4.
The LIFE of
faw that upon the right or left move off their
ground, taking care to inftruct the commanding
officer only on the right of all the infantry, that
he fhould not mind the cavalry of the right wing,
who were to make the falſe motion: but that he
would have orders to move when proper, which
might have been always feaſonably enough fent to
him.
ON the 28th, about fix in the morning, the
whole army decamped in two columns, marching
by the left; when there happened numberless halts
from the roads fcarcely being paffable for the head
of our columns; which had not met with this
interruption if the roads had been as carefully
mended as they were the laft marching day, and
which ſhould have been done at whatſoever pains
and expence they might have coft; when the head
of our columns would not have been expofed to an
affront, had the enemy been daring or enterprizing
enough to do it; its not happening being no excufe ;
and our march, that lafted till fix o'clock at night,
might have been over by twelve at noon, without
confufion; confequently, early enough to be
within reach of taking an advantage of the enemy's
furprize; who ought to have been immediately
reconnoitred, and not before the army was aporteè
of puſhing any advantage, our generals might
have judged practicable over the enemy; which,
by neglecting the roads, was not only irretrievably
loft, but leiſure thereby allowed the enemy to
recover the confternation that might arife among
their troops, and to take all the advantages they
now, with their eyes open, could forefee neceffary;
while we, by not being able to be up with the
enemy this evening, loft all the advantage which
we ever could gain from the motion we made: I
mean, in caſe we intended to raiſe the fiege by
hazarding a battle this day, if a thing not to be
done
Chap. 3. JOHN Earl of CRAUFURD. 293
done without a battle, and for which purpoſe our
motion was far from being improper becauſe
from Breffle, where our head quarters came to be
eſtabliſhed, we had it in our power daily extremely
to diſturb the enemy, and even to oblige them to
detach to cover their own frontiers; which corps,
if ever overtaken and defeated, would have raiſed
the fiege as effectually as if we gained a general
battle: but unquestionably there could be nothing
fo effectual, not only to ferve the prefent purpoſe
in raiſing the fiege, and interrupt the enemy's
after game, as gaining a battle, or making them
at least re-croſs the river. It was about fix o'clock
at night before our army arrived in camp, and
very late, if not early, before our baggage got up;
after being expofed prodigioufly before it marched
off from our ground near Leufe, had five hundred
graffins, with uhlans, and fome huflars, thought
proper to have been watching our rear: however,
it got up ſafe, as alfo our bread waggons, who
thought proper inadvertently to pafs the whole
night at Leufe.
ON the 29th, early in the morning, both prince
Waldeck and the field-marſhal attended the duke
in conference; who, when I waited upon him
between eight and nine, aſked if I knew that I
was ordered out upon a command? I told his
royal highness, I did; having juft met general
Campbell as I was coming, under whofe command.
I was to be ſoon. After this, I took leave of his
royal highneſs, and went to get myſelf in readineſs,
which was quickly done, when I fet out for
general Campbell's; where, foon after, my lord
Albemarle, who was to be our major general of
the command, alfo arrived; when the general
told us, his royal highneſs had done him the honour
to give him a very noble command; that he
would endeavour to do his utmoſt with it, and
Was
294
The LIFE of
Book 4.
was charmed he was fo fortunate as to have us to
command under him: adding, that our command
was to be compofed of twelve fquadrons, and ten
battalions from the right wing; that there was to
be fo many from the left to be detached by prince
Waldeck, to be fuftained by the whole army if
requifite, which was ordered to lie under arms;
that the Dutch, I think he ſaid, were to clear all
the woods and the villages in the front between us
and the enemy; and that we were to do the fame ;
that it poffibly would be warm work, but that he
did not doubt, we would all do our duty. My
Jord Albemarle went and got himſelf ready, while
I breakfafted with the general; after which, we
mounted, and repaired to the head of the line,
where we found the duke before us with the field-
marshal. It was a fine day; and, after having
received the duke's final orders, immediately the
infantry was ordered to march off from the right,
though the left was much nearer the defile we
were to march through: the cavalry was ordered
to fall in the rear of the laft battalion : fo continu-
ing our route, we paffed our avant-guard, which
was alfo under arms as far as the high grounů
overlooking Velont. The Dutch to our left,
exchanged a little fire, I believe, as I have heard
fince, more than was neceffary in making the
enemy retire out of one of the villages; which,
according to their laudable cuftom, without any
manner of reafon, they fet fire to, as they retired,
fo abandoning all the villages and woods along the
rivulet to Vefont; while we were as quickly
occupying them, and advancing our pofts from
them The Dutch placing them felves almost
oppofite to St. Antoine, and the village Maubray,
and up as far as oppofite to Fontenoy; we from
thence, came up to Vefont, and all along the
valley from the faid village, leading through the
edge
Chap. 3. JOHN Earl of CRAUFURD. 295
edge of the Bois de- Barry. The duke and the
field-marfhal being prefent; as was the prince of
Waldeck with the Dutch; who gave the orders
they thought neceffary, as foon as both infantry
and cavalry were ranged; where there were fome
huffars permitted to go and fkirmish in the plain
>between Fontenoy and the woods we now occupied.
The Highland regiment was ordered from the
avant-guard to Vefont, and the duke, the field-
marshal, and prince Waldeck, under their cover
went and reconnoitered as far as with any fafety
they could do it; becauſe of the graffins, who
concealed themfelves in the corn. Our huffars
drew fome cannon fhot from Fontenov, and drew
out a corps of the enemy's cavalry upon the rifing
ground between Fontenoy and the point of the
Bois de Barry; which our chiefs obferving, and
as the enemy ftill kept under the cover of their
rifing ground, parading lefs than I ever faw them
on any occafion, they returned again through the
village of Vefont by a rifing ground that overlooked
both the village and plain; determining, and I
believe, not till now, that nothing further ſhould
be attempted this night: but that the detachment
of Dutch towards their quarter, ſhould maintain
all night their pofts; and that general Campbell
with his, fhould maintain thoſe of Vefont, now
being reinforced with the Highlanders which were
pofted with the queen's free company along the
outward edge of the village towards the enemy.
We had ſeveral deferters who informed us the
enemy, by this time, were hurrying over as many
troops as they could from the other fide of the
water, and were making all the preparations
neceilary to receive us handfomely: and, indeed,
they ſpoke truth for once; becauſe, by this time,
and I fuppofe long before, it had been determined
they would ftand us at all hazards; obferving, by
the
296
The LIFE of
Book 4!
the few troops that approached them this evening,
they would have yet all this night to prepare for
us: but I know not what they might have done
during this night, had our whole army boiled the
pots and dined early and well, to have afterwards
marched and taken up our ground, while we were
defileing along the valley of Vefont, fo along the
edge through the Bois-de-Barry, with orders to
attack every thing that preſented itſelf in our way;
and, wherever we met with paths, to have extended
ourſelves through the woods, fo as to get up to
the edge of the point of it, where we had intelli-
gence they were building their forts; and even
farther a good way to the right hand towards the
Cauffee de Leufe, in order to have a body of at
leaſt four or five battalions, as far as the edge of
the wood, in order to come round and take any
toops in flank, that fhould pretend to take in
flank our firſt line, as it ſhould advance paſt
Fontenoy, and the point of the wood; at the very
fame inftant alfo atracking the fort: all this,
confidering the ftrong fituation of the enemy, to
be rather done in the evening, throughout the
night, or at leaſt before the break of day; when
all our whole army ought to have been formed, at
leaft as far advanced as the edge of the wood,
extending into the plain; while the others might
only keep poffeffion of the Bois de-Barry, till it
fhould have been thought proper to attack; which
makes it a question, whether there would have
been a Frenchman on our fide of the river in the
morning; becaufe, they confefled themſelves,
that if we could have done this the night before,
they would not have withſtood us. But I ever
imagined, had we done fo this night, it might
have alfo happened; becauſe, if during the night
it had been thought proper to make any pufh, and
that upon it there had happened any confufion
among
៥
Chap. 3. JOHN Earl of CRAUFURD. 297
among the French, it would have been very
difficult to have rallied thofe gentlemen, who
knew they were got near a bridge, and were
fenfible, that, if they miffed it, they muft fink or
fwim. Their minds were likewife very differently
affected from ours; confidering we were fole
maſters either to attack, or not, as we judged
convenient; but that they were obliged to be on
the defenfive, without the leaft profpect of attack-
ing, of which we were almoft as certain as they;
who must have been ftartled at hearing a fort of
attack in the night, which the attackers know
they can make without rifking any thing; but
which the defenders cannot judge whether it is
the beginning of a general affault or not; fo that
confuſion must happen unavoidably more or lefs
upon one fide as well as the other: but, as it is
much more dangerous for thoſe who know they
are only to defend, it becomes more eligible for
the attacker to make all the tryal, and take all the
advantages of the night, which, to be fure, is
expresfly on the affaulters fide, if thoroughly
inſtructed what they are to do, and what is to be
done, that the others may yet be furprized: for
though a man knows he will defend very well
where he is, he is not fure his retreat may not be
cut off, particularly when it is over a river, and
only by fo many bridges. Variety of other reafons
may be advanced; but all this affertion is in order
to come to a political one, which I really believe
influenced in our favour. Every body knows that
marſhal Saxe was no ways defirous of hazarding
any thing, and that he wanted only a handle to
bring about his ends, which, I doubt not, he
thought was as much for the intereft of his maſter,
as hazarding his own country to be ravaged in
cafe he loft a battle upon the prefent occafion :
befides, we all naturally imagine our own projects
best:
298
The LIFE. of Book 4.
beſt: but, as he only wanted a handle, a very
fmall confufion in the night time, with numbers
to fupport it, cou d not have failed of alarming fo
young a warrior of a king, unacquainted with
might attacks, which appear of all the moſt dreadful,
though the leaft fo if well conducted; which might
have calily fo influenced the king, as to make him
rather retire in the night over the river, and in a-
manner to ſave his honour, than to hazard any
thing either throughout the night, or in the
morning.
HIS royal highnefs, and the field-marfhal,
retired to their quarters, to give their neceffary,
orders for the army's joining us early next morn-
ing: but, I could not refrain mentioning to the
field-marſhal, as I took leave of him, that it
would not only be neceffary, but it would turn
out well, to have the Bois-de- Barry, as it were,
a line with the infantry before morning: he
anſwered me, if we had them to fpare; but that.
he would think upon it with which I wiſhed
him a good night, and defired his aid de camp to
put him in mind of it; becauſe, I could foreſee it
would be of great confequence. Our general
being left to his own management, the first thing
he propofed to my lord Albemarle, after ordering
all the cavalry to difmount, and the infantry to lie
down upon their arms, was to go and reconnoitre
all our own pofts; which we did; altering fome,
and poſting others udder the popping fhots of fame
graffins, who continued fkirmishing with fome
Highlanders and huffars the whole afternoon.
About the time we were reconnoitering, an
advanced Highlander obferved a graffin always
firing at his poft; wherefore, he fet his bonnet
upon the top of a little tick, on the edge of a
hollow road we made them lurk in, moving a
little forward, thereby gaining the more at his
اليد
leifure
Chap. 3. JOHN Earl of CRAUFURD. 299
leifure the opportunity of aiming at the graftin,
who amufed him elf ftill with popping at the
Highlander's bonnet he had left behind him as a
blind; but which the graffin not finding out,,
gave the Highlander fo far an opportunity that he.
brought him down.
THE roads by which the army were obliged to
enter the plain, were to have been mended, and
I may fay rendered practicable, by five hundred
pioneers, who were ordered the fame day to march
with this detachment; but who, by what acci-
dent I could never learn, were fent back to camp:
ſo that there remained only about fifteen or twenty,
which I defired adjutant-general Durour to fend
me to keep with my cavalry, and whom I made
perform, by giving a couple of ducats, all the
work that was done that night, fending fome of
them to brigadier Borflegar where I found the
others were gone, which our general was ex-
tremely angry at; becaufe, had there been a
thouſand, and we had confidered what we were
going about, there would have been work enough
for them, confidering the number of fafcines we
ought to have had ready. By the time the general
had compleated his rounds, it began to be duſkiſh,
and confequently time for us to look out for our
quarters, which we took up in the village of
Vefont; the general inviting my lord Albemarle
and me to fup with him; which, after regulating
our quarters, we accordingly did in great tran-
quility; neither towards the Dutch, nor our poſts,
hearing any disturbance; only one poft, which
was thought proper to be left without on the edge
of the plain, was obliged to retire, as I foretold it
would, on account that the graffins during the
night time contrived to crawl too near them, and
on horfeback they were too confiderable objects;
wherefore, they were ordered to maintain a post,
not
300
Book 4.
The
LIFE of
not far from that at the edge of the wood, that
had much the fame effect. Our fupper ended
with the village of Vefont being fet on fire by our
own people; though the ftricteft orders had been
given to the contrary: however, by the care of
the general and lord Albemarle, it was ftopt from
burning any more than two houſes. During
fupper, my lord Albemarle and I agreed we fhould
by turns reconnoitre our pofts, which we accord-
ingly did; his lordſhip between twelve and one in
the morning, and I between two and three.
While my lord was going out to make his round,
there was an alarm given, at one of our advanced
pofts of Highlanders by fome graffins, near to
where our huffars had been; but they foon made
off when they found they were purfued. While
I made my round of both pofts and workmen,
and during the rest of the night, there happened
no diſturbance as far as I could hear; and the
night was ſo extremely quiet, that I could not
help withing our whole army had been just at that
moment marching to the attack: it was fo calm,
that it was poffible to hear, at a very great diſtance;
infomuch, that fome patroles of the Highlanders
and free company, affirmed that they heard the
enemy working at their forts, and I believe they
did: however, as there was no order to disturb
them, both officers and troops were permitted to
take as much reft as poffible; which we accord-
ingly did, till about four o'clock, when the duke
arrived; it being refolved to attack the enemy
this morning; for which purpoſe, the troops were
in motion at two, and his royal highneſs ordered
general Campbell, with his twelve fquadrons, to
defile through Vefont, and to enter the plain;
leaving the highway and the inclofures before
Vefont to our right-hand; but what other direc-
tions he gave, I know not: however, we paſt
through
Chap. 3. JOHN Earl of CRAUFURD. 301
through the town with as much expedition as
poffible, forming as quickly to the left of the
village, under the cover of feme hedge-rows, till
all the twelve fquadrons, were got into the field;
while a line of Dutch infantry moved a little for-
ward into the plain, and made place for the cavalry
to form in their rear; the Dutch giving ground
to their right, confequently clofing more to their
left towards Fontenoy and St. Antoine, in order
to make place for our infantry, now entering into
the plain, and forming in the front of the before-
mentioned twelve fquadrons; who, from their
entry into the plain before five of the clock, had
ftood upwards of an hour under a conftant can-
nonade of three batteries, when the infantry began
to take their ſhare of it, by drawing fome of the
batteries upon them as they formed with their left
towards Fontenoy, and their right towards the
Bois-de-Barry, filling up the whole interval.
is inconceiveable what a number of bullets plunged
in among us, while our first line and cavalry were
forming; and as inconceiveable how undauntedly
they ftood. Lieutenant-general Ligonier, an ex-
treme good officer, formed the foot; and, on our
entry, lieutenant-general Campbell formed the
twelve fquadrons, which were for a confiderable
time all the cavalry we had up. But unhappily,
and which is ever to be regretted, general Campbell
had his leg fhot off at the head of his fquadrons,
which obliged him to be carried off the field, and
occafioned his death in two days. After this
the command of the twelve fquadrons devolved
upon me; and I accordingly compleated the
general's intentions in forming them in the rear of
the ſecond line, taking up as much ground as I could
till other cavalry came in, which happened between
eight and nine, when the command of our whole
cavalry of the right wing devolved upon lieutenant-
general
302
Book. 4.
The LIFE of
general Hawley, who immediately made the whole
cavalry take up their ground according to their
rank in line of battle, which we had juſt finiſhed
as our two lines of infantry got forward and began
to march up the high ground, where we at the
beginning had been fo prodigiously cannonaded
from the batteries, but which were furprizingly
filenced by three pieces of our cannon only, brought
into the plain and placed to the right of the road
from Velont: they likewife pretty early difperfed
a body of cavalry, that, all the day before, and
this morning, ſtood formed about half way between
Fontenoy and the point of the wood, as if it had
been their grand guard.
His royal highnefs entered the plain between
five and fix o'clock, and immediately went to
brigadier Ingoldfby, to fee for what reafon he had.
not moved up towards the point of the wood.
The prefence of his royal highneſs contributed not
a little to make our people defpife the fevere can-
nonading they were obliged to form under. The
field-marshal, and alfo prince Waldeck, entered
the plain much about the fame time as his royal
highness, with an unconcerned appearance; en-
couraging all that faw them to follow their ex-
ample. The duke and general Ligonier ordered
feveral batteries to be erected along the front of
the first line, during their forming, which en-
couraged and gave great fpirits to our people, as
they certainly fo long as they had any ammunition
played with great fuccefs upon the enemy. The
fame was done before the Dutch; but, I believe,
had but very little effect; their bullets falling
moftly fhort, particularly the battery that ought
to have played on Fontenoy did no fervice; how-
ever, they ferved to cover and animate their troops
as they formed, ftretching themfelves away down.
towards St. Antonie oppofite to Fontenoy, where
it
t
Chap. 3. JOHN Earl of CRAUFURD. 303
it was agreed their moft confiderable effort fhould
be made but unluckily, I think; becauſe we
might be certain the enemy had been at great pains
about it, and where of confequence the beft of
their infantry were; fo that one might foreſee the
Dutch run a risk of being repulfed: however, fo
it was determined; and about eleven o'clock ſo it
fell out; for, finding they could not run into
Fontenoy, as they had done into Maubray the
evening before, they faced to the right about, and
I never in my life time faw fuch a confufion :
though, I can't fay, it had a great influence upon
me, affairs went fo well with us, and I laid fo
little ſtreſs upon them: however, they left a
general in the village, and a few more killed
behind them; which ended their first attack upon
Fontenoy; where, I have heard fince, that marfbal
Saxe had fent a general officer to the church, who
reconnoitered both Dutch and Engliſh, and every
motion that was made, from the top of the church
with a fpying-glafs; whence, to be fure, he could
give very falutary advice if he was an intelligent
man, and no doubt monfieur de Saxe would place
no other there.
THIS route of the Dutch, had an extreme
bad effect upon the minds of the troops in general,
through not fo much upon ours; who, after they
were firſt ranged, and ſtill in march towards the
enemy, (THE NOBLEST SIGHT I EVER
BE HELD!) never ſtopt till they had got through
a fhower of bullets, and mufketry; till, at laft,
our first line got paft Fontenoy, and the redoubts
at the point of the wood, within thirty yards of
the first line of French infantry, which our firſt
line, with his royal highneſs at their head, threw
into confufion entirely our troops receiving the
fire of the enemy at thirty yards diftance; which
made, 1 fuppofe, one of our foot-guards fay,
obferving
0 2
304
Book 4.
The LIFE of
obſerving all the enemy's motions go on with
great regularity, "for what we are about to
receive, the lord make us thankful."
IT is certain the whole line of the enemy fell
into the greateſt confufion; and, had only fome
battalions out of our fecond line been led up to
replace the battalions that had fuffered moft; or
had it given way a little to our first, and that the
reft of the ſecond line had advanced only fo far as
to have allowed the whole two lines of cavalry to
get with their flanks paft the fort, confequently
from under the fire of Fontenoy, as well as that
of the fort; it would have been impoffible for
marſhal Saxe ever to have rallied his people again,
eſpecially as general Zaftrow had thrown into
confufion their beſt troops about the fort, who
ought to have been taken in the flank by the
troops I would have had along the edge of the
wood towards the Cauffee de Leufe; where, it is
true, prince Waldeck's regiment, with fome
huffars, contrived to get in the morning; and
who ought to have been reinforced with as many
troops as we could fend there; becaufe, in fhort,
from thence we could have won the battle; but,
inftead of being reinforced, they were called off,
on the Dutch running away, to go and attack the
village of Fontenoy with the Highlanders; which
I look upon to be the wrongeſt thing that was
thought of throughout the day, excepting a motion
that was ordered to be made by our cavalry to
the right, acroſs almoſt an unpaſſable hollow way,
which threw all that were obliged to paſs into the
greateſt confufion; and for no end or purpoſe,
that I could ever learn, if it was not to get our
right flank under the cover of the Bois-de-Barry,
which the duke very judiciously prevented, though
he could not the confufion: but this, I may fay,
was the firſt thing that put a stop to our carreer;
for
Chap. 3. JOHN Earl of CRAUFURD. 305
for it was just as we were advancing; and, I
believe, there were fome that would have rode
over the fecond line, had they not moved forward
as they obferved the fuccefs of the firft, and that
it, as well as Zaftrow, wanted to be fuftained :
befides, it plainly appearing that both Fontenoy
and the fort might have their communication cut
off from their army, if we made our puſh good;
and if we made it not, as neither fort nor village
was taken, nothing elfe could enfue but what
happened though, had we pufhed forward with
regularity, as we really got dreft after our firſt
confuſion while the enemy was running away; it is
my real opinion, there were orders once iffued
out for their army to retire; and if the fignal of
retreat had been given, it could never have been
recalled.
:
no
HOWEVER, our firft line not finding themſelves
fuftained, were difcouraged; though they were
regiments whofe officers had already faid we have
got the day, and returned them thanks for their
behaviour, on ſeeing a first line throw away their
fire and run away, a fecond line preſent themſelves
and throw away their fire, and not only run away
but difappear; for that now they had little more
to do, the troops all before being in confufion:
but, alas! no freſh corps led up to their relief; no
freſh orders what they ſhould do farther;
cavalry within reach of them to keep up the pannic
that at firſt the enemy were ftruck with; no
appearance of the Dutch forcing towards any
quarter; no appearance of the garrison of Tournay
caufing any difturbance; no appearance of any
attempt from the Bois-de-Barry, and from the
Cauffée de Leufe upon the enemy's left, where
there were fome of their beſt troops ready to ruſh
in upon our right if Zaftrow gave way; no
appearance of our attempt upon St. Antoine, was
03
it
306
The LIFE of
·Book 4.
;
it only to restrain them from drawing their troops
from thence to animate the others to rally, whom
we had already difperfed: I may fay, no favourable
circumftances at all declaring themſelves in our
favour, it became impoffible for broken corps, who
had loft their generals, moft of their officers, and
at leaſt one third of their men, without being
fuftained, and cherifhed by freſh leaders, as well
as fresh corps, to fupport the repeated efforts of
trefh troops, as well as thofe rallied willingly under
the eye of their king, the fresh to diftinguifh
themselves, and the rallied to retrieve the reputa-
tion they had hazarded, each being eaſily conceived
to be doubly more deſperate, and animated, than
they had been at the beginning; cavalry, as well
as infantry, renewing their affaults from the corps
before-mentioned upon our right as well as left;
though as often repulfed on all fides, but more
particularly by general Zaftrow upon our right
flank, and the firft regiment of foot-guards upon
the right of the first line, whofe behaviour, officers
as well as men, exceeded all deſcription; but, at
laft, were obliged to fubmit to what fate had
decreed; though there were, at laft, a few fqua-
drons that got up and paffed the fort through a
dreadful fire, and a few of fome other broken
corps as they got rallied after paffing the before-
mentioned hollow way, as far, as I believe at leaſt
to be ferviceable in facilitating the retreat of our
infantry. Moft advanced, there were two fqua-
drons of the blues, fome of the Hanoverians, and
a few of the Dutch and Auftrians, that were of
our corps de referve: theſe likewiſe, I believe,
had not been broke by paffing the before-faid
hollow way; becauſe moft of thofe that paffed it
had only got rallied, as most of thofe that had
advanced were coming back again in much greater
hafte than they went forward, breaking feveral of
;
our
Chap. 3. JOHN Earl of CRAUFURD. 307
our corps that were rallied, fo as never to recover
again; and who, I am afraid, moftly went away
with them. Without prejudice, I declare, I
write, that I have too great reafon to ſay, the
Dutch dragoons led the way; for I never had a
greater riſk than in being run over by them; and,
had not my horſe been of prodigious ftrength, I
muſt have unavoidably been trampled to death.
I had juft rallied the brigade of horfe-guards, and
was moving forward, finding there was cavalry
got on by the flank of the fecond line which had
now loft fome battalions that were carried elfe where,
as they came back upon us and broke us a-new.
However, with the affiftance of my officers, who
were certainly very alert, and very willing, I had
just got them a third time rallied, as all the cavalry
that had been made to move forwards were coming
back in confufion: thofe that I faw return in beft
order being the two fquadrons of the blues, whom
I begged to halt and rally by my horfe-guards;
but all thofe that attacked together, I believe, alfo
rallied together: it was impoffible better could
come of fuch a maneuvre, which was far from
being a proper one, by the marching, or allowing
thofe fquadrons to advance, and to beat by detail,
if the retreat was not determined before they were
allowed to do fo: becauſe, there were not numbers
enough together to withſtand any corps of the
enemies cavalry, who would hazard any thing
with them: befides, that it was impoffible for
feparate fquadrons, not to call them broke, to
burry on, with fpirit, and to have that ſteadiness
to ftand long enough under the innumerable
dropping fhots, that I may avoid being called a
gafcon, by terming it a conftant fire, that filled
the plain from the croud of broken troops belonging
to the enemy that covered their part of the plain;
who, I believe, were not regularly rallied till we
quitted
0 4
308
Book 4.
The LIFE of
quitted it; and who even would never have been
rallied, had we, inftead of cavalry by fquadrons,
fent forward our fecond line, making it to advance
with intervals to let the broken battalions of the
firft fall back into the intervals of the lines of
cavalry; for by this way, they would have been
able to fuftain our new firft line: which, I durft
lay my life, all impartial people of the enemy's
own army will allow would have been more than
fufficient to beat their confuſed army, and the five
or fix battalions conducted by count Lowendahl,
that, as the French themſelves gave out, recovered
the day during the laft half hour; which count
Lowendahl obtained by reprefenting to marſhal
Saxe that the Dutch did nothing, and that he
would bring up all the battalions that were in
St. Antoine; upon which repreſentations, the
king, during the laſt half hour, allowed the count
de Saxe to make his laft effort; which fill, with-
out providence in his favour, he could not have
fuccessfully done, even as affairs were managed. For
two Swifs officers in the French army, and who
had been at the battle, told one monfieur de Camp
at Argen, that, to fhow what accidents are in
gaining a battle, they could affure him it was
affirmed in the French army, that had not the
officer who was fent to fet the windmill on fire,
which was the fignal of retreat, neglected to do it,
they would certainly have left us mafters of the
field for that this officer either hearkened to the
prayers of the men, women and children the
windmill belonged to, becauſe there might be no
occafion to do it; or elſe he was induced ſo to do
from fome favourable appearance at that very
moment, and being an intelligent man might
become the inftrument of gaining a battle, which
a perfon with lefs prudence might have thrown
away; for if once the windmill had been fet on
fire,
at
Chap. 3. JOHN Earl of CRAUFURD. 309
#
fire, it would have happened with the French as
with us; there would have been no probability of
ftopping an army that had once got the fignal of
retreat, as ours did by a DAMNED DRUM,
BEAT
ATING A RETREAT; ordered by whom
I never could learn; a thing that ought never to
be done, as long as any other fignal can be deviſed.
For, had we been joined with the remains of
Zaftrow's corps upon our right flank with this,.
and the leaft motion upon the fide of the Dutch,
we muſt have made a victory unquestionable: and
I have been affured, from very good hands, that
had we upon the right wing been able to have only
kept the field a little longer, prince Waldeck was
difpofing of five or fix regiments of Dutch wherein
he confided moſt for a dernier effort, whom he
was to have conducted himself; and which, I am
perfuaded, would have had the defired effect.
HAD we gained the day, it would have
been very difficult for monfieur de Saxe to have
retired across the river by his bridges, with that
confiderable army he had against us, without its
fuffering prodigiously, if we pleafed to act contrary
to what we had done throughout the war, and
push any advantage we might gain; which, con-
fidering thoſe we had at our head, we could have
done; for joining with the garrifon of Tournay,
what might not our victorious army expect? France
certainly then hazarded a dangerous game; her
king being at the head of the only army he had
towards thele quarters, not above four or five days.
march from his capital. It may be likewife faid
we hazarded our all: but, I affirm, it was the
only rifk we had to run, that could fave either the
lofs of Flanders or Brabant. It may be afferted,
that we ſhould not have hazarded a battle, but
have diftreffed and obſerved the motions of marſhal
Saxe: though, I anſwer to that, we ſhould then
05
have
-
310
The LIFE of
Book 4.
have juſt loft to the enemy what we did, without
ever running the risk of having it in our power to
fave the country; becaufe, the moment monfieur
de Saxe had taken Tournay, his army, ftill
growing greater, muſt have ſtill been more maſters
of the field, than when we gave him battle; and
would, I make no doubt, over and over again have
offered it us; when we could not have fo good a
pretence, as we had after lofing a battle, fo often
to avoid it, as I am perfuaded we muft, from one
reaſon or another, have been brought to do;
though I will alſo grant it would have been very
much againſt his royal highness's inclinations.
BUT was it to be imagined we could foretel all
the great confequences that feem as if they hung
upon the fortune of that day; for what we know
we may fay the fate of kingdoms? Was it then
poffible for us to change as it were the courſe of
nature? No! all we were permitted to do we did,
and that was to retire in tolerable order, after
MERITING SUCCESS; an honour our enemies
do not grudge us.
OUR retreat began about two of the clock in the
afternoon, foon after the cavalry retired that had
been made to advance; which was occafioned by
the drum before mentioned, beating the retreat, I
doubt, before he ſhould have done it. I mean the
retreat of the body of the army; for that of the
Arft line happened a great while before; but then.
feveral of them rallied again, and were either in
the rear, or got into the fecond line: but the
drums beating, joined along with the cavalry
breaking as they retired in feveral places, as well
as the fecond line of infantry, a good pretence
was thereby given to all the corps that had ſuffered
much, or others that were beginning to grow
tired of the affair, to retreat; who needed only
fuch a reaſon to follow the example of others; and
who₂
Chap. 3. JOHN Earl of CRAUFURD. 311
who, therefore, I am afraid, took opportunity to
get out of danger: but it was very well they were
to be rallied in and about Vefont, where his
royal highness and general Ligonier, with great
judgment, pofted them in the moſt advantageous
way, the ground and the hurry all were in would
permit.
As I had the honour to bring up the rear of the
right wing out of the plain till we entered Vefont,
with the brigade of horſe-guards, and the remains
of the battalions of Skelton and Cholmondeley, I
was aftoniſhed it was fo long before the enemy
came within fight in our purfuit; I mean, any
confiderable corps of their army; for there were
quickly a confiderable number of graffins that
kept upon our flank, but durſt not enter the plain
to pillage the dead and wounded till I had retired;
from whence I would infer, that it is plain the
enemy were in great confufion, and were a conti-
derable time before they could rally their people,
though we were gone, being fo long in advancing
even their advanced corps upon the edge of the
rifing ground where they could easily obferve every
motion we made: however, they at laſt began to
advance fo fait, that I thought it neceflary to
make fome platoons of volunteers advance from
my infantry to keep their moft advanced parties
and ftragglers in refpect; retiring in this manner
through the village of Vefont without any accident,
taking the highlanders with me who had been left
lining the molt advanced hedge rows. As foon as
I got through the village of Vefont, I obferved
general Ligonier ranging troops upon the rifing
ground overlooking the village; when I afked him
if it was determined to maintain that poft of
Velont; becaufe, if we were to do it, there
would be a great many troops neceflary below in
the village, wherein I obferved confiderable num-
0 6
bers
312
Book 4.
The LIFE of
bers coming down through the woods towards the
village whereupon, after exchanging a few fhot,
he withdrew his people out of the village; and
immediately after the duke's orderly cornet brought
him orders to difpofe a rear guard, fo as to cover
the retreat of the whole army, artillery, and
baggage, under the cannon of Aeth, which was
happily executed.
THE earl of Craufurd behaved with the greatest
intrepidity and compofure of mind, during the
whole action; and when his lordship faw the
troops retiring, in broken parties, he faced about,
and faid, "Gentlemen, mind the word of com-
"mand, and you ſhall gain immortal honour
upon which he ordered his brigade to rein back
their horfes, and keep a front to the enemy; who,
by this prudent difpofition of his lordship, were
intimidated from approaching within a quarter of
a mile. In this retreat, his lordship obferved a
broken party of infantry retiring on his right-hand,.
when he ſpoke to them, faying, "Gentlemen,
"if there are any brave volunteers, who will face
about, and give the enemy a fire, I will give
"them twenty ducats. Whereupon, a part of
them faced about, and gave one volley; for which.
his lordſhip gave them the money. After this,
his lordship conducted the retreat in excellent
order, till his troops came to the paſs where he
ordered them to file off from the right; when he
pulled off his hat, and returned them thanks ;,
faying, " They had acquired as much honour in
"covering fo great a retreat, as if they had gained
"the battle." Indeed, his lordship's quickneſs
in contriving, and fkill and addrefs in executing.
this retreat, was highly commended by the whole
army: and when feveral officers complimented:
general Ligonier the next day on this fine retreat,
he answered with great generofity and candour,.
"That:
Chap. 3. JOHN Earl of CRAUFURD. 313
"That, if it was praife-worthy, no part of it
"belonged to him; for it was contrived, as well
as executed, by lord Craufurd :" which was
a moft'remarkable inftance of his lordship's capacity
for a fuperior command.
66
THE Conſequence of the battle of Fontenoy
was the reduction of Tournay by the French';
which, in the courfe of the campaign, was followed
by the reduction of Ghent, Bruges, Oudenarde,
Dendermond, Oftend, Nieuport, Aeth, and
Bruffels, without any oppofition from the confede-
rate army; while the French monarch made his
triumphal entry into Paris, and the duke of
Cumberland was obliged to return with fome of
the British troops into England, on account of
the rebellion which broke out in Scotland on
the 11th of Auguft, in this year after which,
the confederate army took up their winter canton-
ments in Antwerp and Mechlin; the Fresch
quartering themſelves in their new acquifitions.
CHAP
314
Book 4.
The LIFE of
CHA P. IV.
-
The earl of CRAUFURD's conduct towards fup-
preffing the rebellion in scotland. A short account
of the campaign of 1746 in the Netherlands;
with a remarkable inftance of his lordſhip's courage
and prefence of mind a few hours beja e the battle
of Rocoux; and his remarks on that battle. His
lordſhip marries the duke of AT HOL's daughter
in Scotland; and returns to the army. A short
account of the campaign of 1747 in the Nether.
lands. The countess of CRAUFURD dies at
Aix-la-Chapelle. Afhort account of the campaign
of 1748 in the Netherlands, to the conclufion
of the general treaty of peace. The earl of
CRAUFURD dies: his character; and his
opinions concerning feveral military regulations.
T
HE earl of Craufurd acquired fuch reputation
at the battle of Fontenoy, that, on the 30 h
of May 1745, being a month after the battle, he
was promoted to the rank of major-general; and,
on the 9th of February 1746, he was ordered from
Antwerp into Scotland, to command a body of
fix thoufand Heffians under the prince of Helle,
where they fecured the important pofts of Stirling
and Perth, and commanded the paffage into the
Low-lands; while his royal highneſs the duke of
Cumberland drove the rebels before him to the
field of Culloden, where he happily fubdued this
defperate commotion: but, during his continuance
in Scotland, his lordſhip contracted an acquaintance
with the eldest daughter of the duke of Athol, to
whom he paid his addrefles, and was foon afterwards
married.
ON
Chap. 4. JOHN Earl of CRAUFURD, 315
ON the fuppreffion of the rebellion, the earl of
Craufurd returned to the army in the Netherlands,
where he arrived the latter end of June, and found
the confederates, confifting of 44,000 men,
affembled in Brabant, under the command of
marſhal Bathiana; though the French, with
their monarch at their head, had taken the field
with 120,000 men; having already taken Antwerp
and Mons; which were followed by St. Guilain
and Charleroy: but before the French undertook
the reduction of Namur, their army was diminiſhed
to 104,000 men, while the confederates were
augmented to 87,000, under the command of
prince Charles of Lorrain, who marched towards
Namur, to take that city under his protection.
NOTWITHSTANDING the meaſures taken by
the confederates, prince Charles of Lorrain was
obliged to remove his fituation, and leave Namur
to be taken by count Clermont, who entered it
on the 8th of September. However, the confede
rates received a farther additional force of five
battalions under Sir John Ligonier, when they
propofed to attack the French, which brought on
the battle of Rocoux.
THE day before this action, being the 30th of
September, the earl of Craufurd was fent with a
command of eight hundred horfe, formed by the
piquets of the feveral regiments of the left wing,
to take poffeffion of the ground between the villages
of Rocoux and Liers, about half a mile in the
front of the left wing of the confederate army;
thofe two villages being both filled with infantry:
which poft his lordship occupied about the time of
fun-fetting; when he detached fome part of his
command to join the corps under general Bourchau-
fen, lying more towards the right of the confederate
army.
HIS
316
Book 4.
The LIFE of
His lordship, before day-break the next morn-
ing, got on horſeback, and, after vifiting his poft,
went, with a few other gentlemen, to reconnoitre
in the front, leaving the village of Varoux, cloſe
upon his right-hand, and after paffing it, inclined
a little towards the left, when he croffed the
Chauffée de Tongres, keeping ftill on with the
village of Loutain a good way to his left, until he
came to a little rifing ground, from whence he
faw pretty diftin&tly the whole plain before him,
towards Schendermal, and towards the Chauffée
de St. Tron, covered with the French troops in
motion; who, by their difpofition, and the way
their march was directed, he eafily perceived
intended to attack the left wing of the confederate
army. His lordſhip, after obſerving them for
fome time, and making his proper remarks, left
them to proceed in their operations, and returned
to his poft, to ſend prince Charles information of
what he had obferved: but, his lordship in his
return, went close by the village of Loutain,
which he had paffed before on his left hand, to fee
if it would be of any advantage if occupied by the
confederates; when he was a good deal furprized
to find an officer, and about twenty-five men,
already poſted on that fide of the village nearest to
Rocoux, and making front towards the confederate
army. Upon his lordship's fuit coming in their
view, which was not until they were clofe upon
them, they immediately levelled, and prefented
their pieces at them, challenging his lordſhip's aid
de camp and another gentleman, who were a
little way before him, and, taking them for fome
of the Auftrian troops, were riding up to let them
know they were friends, and had been only
reconnoitering the enemy. But his lordship,
more uſed to the itratagems of war, perceived, by
the manner they were pofted, and by their fronting
·
to
Chap. 4. JOHN Earl of CRAUFURD. 317
to the confederate army, that they must be a poft
of French troops: upon which, he readily took
the advantage of the accident of his having feem-
ingly come from the French army; and, per-
fonating a French general, rode up boldly to them;
though their pieces were ftill prefented, and his`
lordſhip was fo near as to hear them challenge
again in French; in which language, his lordſhip
faid to the officer, "Ne tire pas, nou fommes
"amis" that is, "Don't fire, we are friends;"
and, immediately, without giving the officer time
to aſk any queſtions, proceeded by afking him to
what regiment they belonged; and the officer
anfwering, of the regiment of Orleans; his
lordſhip then faid, "Fort bien, prenez bien garde
a votre pofte, je m'en vais plus loin pour recon-
"naitre l'ennemi," "It is very well, keep a
"good look out with your poft; I am going a
"little farther to reconnoitre the enemy more
"diftinctly:" upon which, his lordſhip rode off
quietly; leaving the officer, whofe politenefs hin-
dered him from queftioning the general any cloſer,
in a fufpence what to make of it; until his
lordſhip, after having got unconcernedly out of
his reach, clapped fpurs to his horfe, and, by
joining his poft in his fight, foon undeceived the
poor officer: which was told marshal Saxe, who
was foon after informed, by fome Engliſh prifoners,
that it was the earl of Craufurd; whereupon, the
marſhal was extremely diverted with the fingularity
of the accident, and charmed with that prefence
of mind which his lordſhip fhewed upon this
occafion.
THE battle of Rocoux was fought on the ift
of October; where the earl of Craufurd commanded
the fecond line of the Britiſh cavalry, the earl of
Rothes being at the head of the first, who drove
back the French infantry fafter than
they ad-
vanced:
318
The LIFE of
Book 4.
vanced: however, the confederates thought proper
to retreat, after fuftaining a ofs of 5200 men,
though the French loft upwards of 9000, without
being able to obſtruct the march of the confederates
to Maestricht; which terminated the campaign in
the Netherlands.
THE earl of Craufurd, in his obfervations of
this battle, ſeems to have been averse to any
engagement; and, after urging his reafons, fays,
That our difpofitions could never be tolerable
" without prince Waldeck's occupying the fuburbs
"of Liege, and making it cover his left flank;
"confequently, a great way back from where his
left received the firft attack of the enemy: and
by making all our army advance in a line with
"the villages, and with our cavalry in the intervals
"between the villages, where they would have
had plains before them to have operated. Our
largeſt artillery ought to have been properly
"pofted along the fides of the villages, to have
fcoured all the plains in the front of Rocoux,
"Waroux, and Liers, over which, M.de Saxe's
"columns were obliged to march before they
Cs
could approach the faid villages; which, grant-
❝ing he fhould even attack, muft have colt him
many lives before he could have forced theni,
with our whole infantry more properly placed
"in the villages than out of them; and who if
"they were fuccefsful, in repulfing the faid
"attacks fupported by the cavalry in the intervals
"between the villages ready to attack the columns
"I fuppofe thrown into confufion; I will not
"venture to ſay what might have been the refult
"of that day; at leaft, I am perfuaded we might
❝ have maintained the field of battle until it was
"night, did we judge it proper to hazard any
thing offenfively against an army fuperior to
❝ ours."
66
THE
Chap: 4. JOHN Earl of CRAUFURD. 319
THE earl of Craufurd took up his winter
quarters at Bois-le-Duc; but, as his troop, and
another troop of guards were broke about this time,
on the 29th of December he was honoured with
the commiffion of colonel of a regiment of foot,
lately commanded by lord Semple: afterwards, he
received ſeveral packets from Scotland; and, in
February 1747, he took fhipping at Fluſhing, by
permiffion of his royal highness the duke of Cum-
berland; though, after being toffed feveral days
at fea, he was obliged to land at Southampton,
from whence he rode poft to Belford in Scotland,
where he met the duke of Athol's daughter, in
company with his two fifters, and about an hour
after his arrival his marriage was falemnized with
that lady but the fatigue of the voyage and the
journey occafioned his wound to break out a few
days after; which confined him fome time before
he could attend his lady to Berwick upon Tweed,
where the dutchefs of Athol came from London to
meet them. After continuing fome little time
with her grace, his lordſhip took his lady up to
London, in their way to the army in Dutch
Brabant, where the accompanied him, both of
them landing at Helvoetfluys on the 17th of June;
from whence they proceeded to his lordship's quar
ters at Bois-le-Duc, where they arrived a few days
before the battle of Val: his lordſhip, on the 22d
of May, having obtained the commiffion of
colonel of the north Britifh grey dragoons; and,
on the 16th of September following, was promoted
to the rank of of lieutenant-general.
THE Confederates took the field towards the
latter end of March, confifting of about 126,000
men, commanded by the duke of Cumberland;
the French army confiftng of 136,000 men, under
marfhal Saxe, attending their motions only; while
count Lowendahl was detached with 27,000 men,
to
320
Book. 4.
The LIFE of
to penetrate into Dutch Brabant, where he reduced
Sluys, Sas Van Ghent, Hulft, Axel, Terueuſe,
and other places. In the mean time, the French
monarch arrived at the head quarters, when
marſhal Saxe purfued his fcheme of reducing
Maeftricht, and the confederates marched to its
relief; which brought on the battle of Val, on the
21ft of June: but, after an obftinate difpute, the
confederates were obliged to retreat towards
Maeftricht, with the lofs of 5680 men; though
the French loft 10,200: after which, count Low-
endahl reduced Bergen-op-Zoom, with the lofs of
upwards of 20,000 men; when both armies went
into winter quarters.
THE earl of Craufurd endeavoured to join the
confederates before the battle of Val; but all his
attempts were rendered impracticable by feveral
parties of French, who were fcouring the country
between Bois-le-Duc and the army; which, to his
great mortification, he was unable to join until
the day after the battle. The countefs of Craufurd
continued at Bois-le-Duc until the army was
properly fettled in the neighbourhood of Maeſtricht,
when his lordfhip fent for her to his quarters,
where the remained with him during the rest of
the campaign; receiving all the entertainment
that could be expected in a camp; his royal highneſs
the duke of Cumberland, prince Waldeck, and
marſhal Bathiani, fhewing her the greateft polite-
nefs and reſpect, in which their example was fol-
lowed by all the other generals and officers in the
army.
On the termination of the campaign, the earl
of Craufurd and his lady, accompanied by lady
Catherine Wemyffe, Mifs Campbell, and captain
Wemyffe, repaired to Aix-la-Chapelle, for the
benefit of the waters, which were of fervice to his
lordship's wound; though it broke out again towards
the
Chap. 4. JOHN Earl of CRAUFURD. 321
the latter end of October; and, while his lordſhip
was confined to his bed, his lady was feized with
a violent fever, which in four days occafioned her
death. This unhappy accident was a very fenfible
affliction to the earl of Craufurd, as ſhe was a
moft amiable lady, and had given her heart to his
lordſhip, in preference to a croud of noble lovers,
on account of his gallant difpofition; for the
admired the character of a foldier, and certainly
beſtowed her affections on one of the braveſt in
the unigerfe; who ordered her corps to be embalm-
ed, and had it conveyed to Scotland, under the
care of an officer and ſome ſervants, to be interred
in the vault belonging to his lordship's family.
His lordſhip continued inconfolable at Aix-la-
Chapelle for the lofs of his lady, until the com-
mencement of the campaign in 1748, when he
joined the confederate army at Eyndoven, confiſt-
ing of 110,000 men, commanded by the duke of
Cumberland: but, as marshal Saxe had a fuperior
army, the French invefted Maeftricht; which, in
confequence of the preliminary articles of peace,
figned on the 19th of April, was delivered up to
the befiegers; and this was followed by the general
and definitive treaty of peace, concluded at Aix-
la-Chapelle, on the 7th of October following;
whereby the war was terminated.
Soon after the ligning of the preliminary articles,
the earl of Craufurd received feveral preffing letters
from his mother-in-law the dutchefs of Athol; ac-
quainting him that he was extremely indifpofed, and
defiring to fee him before her death: upon which,
his lordship, with the permiffion of the duke of
Cumberland, fet out for London, where her grace
died two days before his arrival. The fatigue his
lordship underwent by his expedition to fee her
grace, occafioned his wound to break out again:
but, immediately after he was able to fupport the
journey,
322
·Book 4.
The +
LIFE of
journey, he returned to the army, and finiſhed the
laft campaign, as he had began the firſt, with the
greatest reputation among all the offices, and with
the general affection of all the foldiers: his lordſhip
commanding the laft embarkation of the Britiſh
forces at Williamftadt, which was not done until
the 18th of February 1749, when he returned to
London; where, after fuftaining exquifite torture
from the breaking out of his wound, he died on
the 25th day of December 1749, aged forty-feven
years, and was interred in his family wault at
Cowpar in the county of Fife in Scotland.
FROM what has been thus reprefented, it is
very evident that the earl of Craufurd had a truly
martial foul; he was born a foldier, and it was
his ambition to die as ſuch in the field of battle.
His perfonage was middle-ſized, well-ſhaped, finely
proportioned, and very ftrong. His perfonal cou-
rage was never exceeded. His generofity was equal
to his bravery; his charity infinitely greater than
his fortune, which many diftreft widows of officers
frequently experienced. His temper was ferene,
and difpaffionate: his judgment ftrong; his dif-
cernment penetrating; and his diligence in the
application of things, extraordinary.
He was
Splendid in his retinue, but temperate at his table:
fo that he was completely formed for a great
commander.
THE earl of Craufurd was of opinion, that great
advantage would be gained over an enemy by
expeditious and fudden marches, and making
attacks by furprize, when they were leaft expected;
becaufe, by all fuch attacks, the army attacked is
ftruck with terror; while the affaulters are inſpired
with great ſpirit and refolution, which is heightened
by a confidence in the ability of the officers who
command them, and contributes greatly to fuccefs
in all engagements.
THE
Chap. 4. JOHN Earl of CRAUFURD. 323
THE earl of Craufurd was alfo greatly defirous
of altering the pretent method for managing a
war, and for changing of arms; being firmly of
opinion, that any army who did fo, would, for
fome time, have advantage over their enemies.
He was, therefore, of opinion, that it would be a
great advantage to thefe nations to introduce
archery into our armies; at leaſt, ſo far, as that
each battalion ſhould have from twenty to four or
five ſcore able bodied men, who had been trained
to ſhoot at butts from their youth; and that they
fhould have high pay to encourage young men to
train themſelves to the ufe and exerciſe of theſe
weapons; who fhould at any time of action, if
the commander in chief found it moſt for his
intereſt, be detached a little before the front of the
first line to throw their arrows among the enemy's
cavalry; after which, they ſhould lay afide their
bows and quivers, and fall in with their ſmall
arms, with the feveral battalions to which they
belonged.
His lordſhip was alfo of opinion, that our gre-
nadiers fhould have fuch heavy fire arms, as the
Spaniards uſed under the duke of Alva, which
they levelled upon the reft of a fork fixed to the
piece by a fwivel; for thefe arms carried a very
heavy ſhot, and did execution at a great diſtance:
therfore, his lordſhip imagined, that archers, and
fuch heavy arms, would be an advantage to thefe
nations; for, in the former wars between France
and England, the Engliſh had generally the
fuperiority, chiefly by their being ftronger men,
and better ſkilled in archery.
HENCE, the death of this nobleman, may be
eſteemed a national lofs; as France will be eternally
afpiring at univerfal monarchy, and the intereft of
Great Britain requires able commanders to oppoſe
the pernicious projects of her natural enemy: but
his
324
.
The LIFE, &c.
4Book 4:
his lofs is the more to be lamented, becauſe, if he
had lived, he would not have loft the benefit of
the experience he had acquired in war, by his
indolence in time of peace: his active ſpirit, and
his eager difpofition to accompliſh himſelf in the
complete and perfect knowledge of all the parts of
military fkill, being fo forcible in him, that he
would always have been determined, when his
own country was in tranquility, to have attended
upon foreign armies, engaged in war, in any part
of the univerſe.
!
APPENDIX.
1
[ 325 ]
麻袋
​ད་
APPENDIX.
A RELATION
OF THE LATE
Earl of CRAUFURD'S Wounds.
By JAMES LAPONGE,
SURGEON to the Fourth Troop of Horfe-Guards.
Y lord received his wounds by a musket-ball
M entering the pofterior and fuperior part of the
•
thigh, fhivering the head of the bone, and, at its exit,
a part of the offa innominata. I made a longitudinal
incifion in the prefence of Dr. Ravanet, from the
entrance of the ball downwards, which favoured the
extraction of many ſplinters from the bone; and I
fawed off a portion of it that was fplintered lengthways.
A fever fucceeding was foon abated by bleeding, &c.
DE FREN E,
Surgeon-major of the imperial army.
Belgrade,
Sept. the 23d, 1739.
P
An
326.
APPENDIX.
An account of the prefent ftate of the earl of
Graufurd's health fince he received his wounds
at the battle of Krotzka, July 29, 1739.
T
HE 22d of July I fet out with Dr. Dampoſh,
phyfician of his imperial majeſty's armies, to
my lord, then at Belgrade: we met Dr. Ravanet, and
Mr. de Frene, furgeon-major; we examined his lord-
fhip's wounds, and found the left femur very much
fhattered, near the greater trochanter; a portion of the
ball was felt near the groin; a fwelling and inflammation
Occupied almoſt the thigh, with the fpermatic veffels,
which were greatly diftended. This laft we apprehended
might be owing to the preffure of fome foreign body on
them as the incifions at the entrance and exit of the
ball were not fufficient, we enlarged them; bleeding
was often adminiſtered. The 5th of Auguft we left my
lord under the care of Dr. Ravanet and Mr. de Frene,
until the 26th of October, when he was conveyed aboard
a veffel up the Danube. During that interval of time,
Mr. de Frene had extracted ſeveral ſplinters; and as he
had orders from the court of Vienna to continue attend-
ing my lord, he embarked with him; but as the plague
then raged in Hungary, and as it was neceffary to per-
form quarantine, they were obliged to ftay at Almas.
The 29th of November I had the honour of feeing
his lordship at that place, and confulted on the 30th
with Mr. de Frene. We introduced the probe into the
pofterior wound, and feeling feveral loofe fplinters we
enlarged it to faciliate their exit; fome days after the
inciſion he extracted fix ſmall ſplinters, and informed
me he had taken out feveral, not only at Belgrade, but
likewiſe when he went up the Danube. The anterior.
part of the wound was cicatrized; but there was a fwelling
on the fuperior part which extended to the ſcrotum; the
fpermatic veffels were greatly enlarged and various,
which we imagined proceeded from the preffure of ſome
foreign body; we applied proper topicks, and agreed
to wait till nature would make a farther diſcovery,
either by the formation of an abfcefs, or other means.
It was obſerved, that whenever we preffed below the
ring
APPENDIX.
327
ring of the abdominal muſcles, and the fide of the
fcrotum, my lord complained of great pain, and matter
iffued out. Notwithstanding the ufe of injections the
finus furnished matter plentifully night and morning,
which inclined us to think that the wound would remain
fitulous, unless we made a counter opening on the fide
of the ſcrotum, where we firft perceived the bag by the
probe. As we ‍had no more exfoliations from the femur,
and that the callous was formed, it was agreed to leave
off the bandage.
I WENT to Vienna, and during that time my lord
returned up the Danube to Comorra, where he remained,
not being able to proceed on account of the ice. On
the 16th of February, Mr. Robinſon, his Britannic
majeſty's envoy, fent me word to be with him the next
day, with Dr. Dampofh: he informed us of a letter he
had received from my lord, in which he defired his
excellency would fend us to him as foon as poffible, for
that the foreign body had flipped into the fcrotum; and
that Mr. de Frene would not conſent to make any
incifions, unless we were prefent.
·
On the 19th, we arrived at my lord's; Mr. de Frene
acquainted us, that his patient had been attacked by a
confiderable eryfipilas, fpreading from the fuperior part
of the thigh, to the inferior part of the leg; but that he
had got the better of it. On the internal and pofterior
part of the wound was an oedematous tumour, extending
to the lower part of the leg. We examined the foreign
body lodged in the fcrotum, and agreed to make an
inciſion thereon, which was done by Mr. de Frene. On
the 20th in the morning he extracted a ball of a trian-
gular figure, flit and unequal, owing to the refiftance it
met with against the femur; the long ftay of the ball
had given rife to the finus formed below the ring and
fide of the ſcrotum, as abovementioned. The operation
being over, a brobe was introduced into the finus of the
pofterior part, as far as into the fcrotum, directly under
the fpermatic veffels; and we found the neceffity of
making a fecond opening to enlarge the finus formed on
the fide of the scrotum. Mr. de Frene made two fmall
incifions, but, a hæmorrhage enfuing, he defifted, till
on the 22d, when the probe being introduced into the
P 2
finus,
328
APPENDIX.
finus, he laid the whole open, on which a fœtid pus.
was diſcharged. Wedneſday the 24th, feeing our incifions
had the defired effect, and that but little matter came
from the poſterior wound, and that it was of a good
confiftence, we took leave of my lord, and left him
under the care of Mr. de Frene. We were on our return
to Vienna; but as no fhips are fuffered to pass the line
without performing quarantine, we went to Mannersdorff,
by order of his excellency count Doedt, for eight days,
but having ftaid fix there, we received an exprefs from
Mr. de Frene, by which he informed us, that my lord
had a very confiderable eryfipilas fpreading over the
whole thigh and leg, attended with a fever; that he
defired we would return with all expedition, to agree
on fome method or other to check the progrefs of thoſe
violent fymptoms; and that the cicatrix of the pofterior
wound being mortified, he was apprehenfive of worfe
confequences. We departed immediately, being the
2d of March; the next day we arrived about eleven at
my lord's; and examining the part afflicted, we perceived
a great tenfion with redness, extending from the pofterior
wound to the knee. We apprehended matter was
forming there; and on the 5th, feeling a fluctuation,
we made an incifion, and let out a large quantity of it:.
the wound being dreffed we took leave of him. The
next day he was tolerably well, and the tenfion of the
thigh and leg much abated; befides that the other
incifions fucceeded to our wifhes, that of the fcrotum
being near cicatrized: We now hope my lord will receive
a perfect cure, the pofterior wound affording but little
matter, and that of a good confiitence. To morrow
we return to Vienna, leaving him under the care of
Mr. de Frene, to compleat his cure,
I have nothing
farther to ſay, but that my lord is very weak and much
reduced, from the great discharge, and ftrict diet he
kept to.
At Comorra,
LIONS,
Surgeon-major of the imperial army.
March the 9th, 1740, N. S.
Since
APPENDIX.
329
Since the laſt relation given the 9th of March,
O
at Comorra.
j
N the 10th of the faid month I left Comorra, and
returned with Dr. Damposh to Vienna. We left
my lord under the care of Mr. de Frene, who informed
us, by a letter dated the 20th, that my lord had been
attacked with a pain of his ſide, attended with a fever,
which foon left him by bleeding, &c. That his thigh
and leg were confiderably diminished; that two ſmall
fcales from the pofterior wound, and one from the
anterior wound had been extracted, befides that the
wound of the fcrotum, and that of the external part of
the thigh, which was intended as a drain, were
cicatrized: On the 27th my lord went on board, and
was carried up the Danube. The next day he was feized
with a fevere catarrh and fever, he was blooded, and
next day took two ounces of manna and others medicines.
During his paffage, the thigh and leg fwelled confiderably.
Mr. de Frene applied cataplafins, animated with fpirits
of wine and camphire. The 7th of May in the even-
ing, he arrived at Vienna. The 8th in the morning.
Dr. Dampoſh met us at my lord's, who then had a
fever, a violent cough, a pain in his fide, and was
expectorating a quantity of flimy matter. The Doctor
ordered him proper internals, and we proceeded to
examine his wounds. The thigh and leg were much
fwelled, and, notwithstanding the diforder of the parts,
the matter was well conditioned. His lordſhip com-
plaining of his ftomach, the Doctor ordered him the
hy pecacuanha, this relieved him, and the thigh and
leg began to diminiſh. A confultation was agreed on
the next morning, when the following gentlemen met,
Mr. le Baron Bailant, firſt phyfician to his royal highnefs
the grand duke of Tufcany, Mr. Brady, firft phyfician
of his imperial majefly's armies, and Mr. Feumur, fur-
geon to the empress Dowager, dreffed my lord before
them, and then d.liberated on fome method to relieve
the different fymptoms he laboured under. Mr. de
Frene gave them a detail of the medicines made use of
internally
P 3
330
APPENDIX.
internally and externally from the beginning to that day.
It was agreed, on account of his weakness, to give him
barley-water and milk for his common drink, to take
twice a day an abſorbent pectoral and febrifuge opiat.
On the 18th, my lord began to drink afles milk twice a
day, which he took for fome time, by which means his
cough and fever were much abated. The 26th, the
diſcharge was black and fœtid, and next day we ex-
tracted a large piece from the bone, about the bigness of
a peach ftone, with fome fmall fcales mixed with the
matter. We expect more exfoliations. The anterior
finus difcharges more than it did fome days ago, which
we believe was fuppreffed on account of his fever. The
balfamic and vulnerary injection was made ufſe of.
The thigh and leg are at prefent in a natural ftate, there
only remains a fmall fwelling, on the anterior and
fuperior part of the thigh, between the two finuſes from
whence the foreign bodies were extracted. By ufing a
lubricating liniment, my lord can bend his knee almoſt
half way, and turn himſelf without affiftance, on his
right fide; as the callous is hardened, we are in hopes
he may receive a perfect cure.
Vienna,
May the 31st, 1740.
LIONS.
N the 13th of July, one ſcale from the anterior
and three from the pofterior wound, came away.
On the 17th, a part of the extremity of the bone that
was fawed at Belgrade came away.
On the 25th,
another ſmall ſcale: I then put my lord into the Bath.
By the 11th of Auguft, the pofterior wound was quite
cicatrized; but, on the 19th, it opened again, though
nothing came away. We continued the Bath until the.
25th of September, on which day he was feized with a
nephritic cholic; this oblig'd him to defift, as being.
a mineral water. We let him reft until the 5th of
October, when he fet out for Baden, to try the fulphurous
and nitrous baths famed for thofe kind of wounds.
Since the 27th of May, to the 17th day of June, my
lord continued daily gathering frength; on this day I
extracted
APPENDIX.
331
extracted a ſmall ſcale from the anterior wound. On
the 24th, I extracted two from the poſterior wound, and
one from the anterior, all three larger than the former.
On the 28th, I endeavoured to make my lord ſtand
upright, which he did for fome time. On the 29th,
we attempted the fame, and he ftaid above an hour.
On the 2d of July, he fat on a chair three hours. On
the 5th, I extracted a ſmall ſcale from the anterior
wound. As in all probability we ſhall have more ſcales
loofening, we have agreed with Dr. Baffan to make a
domeftic bath for promoting the exfoliations.
the 5th of October laſt we arrived at Baden, as I have
already mentioned; and having prepared my lord, he
began the bath on the 8th, and continued it every day,
ſtaying in two hours and a half at a time.
On
On the 2d
of November, when the dreffings where taken off, there
was a ſmall ſcale from the pofterior wound. On the
10th, there came away another the fize of a cherry.
On the 15th of the fame month, the wound was quite
cicatrized, and has remained fo to this day. The
anterior wound ftill remains fiftulous, and the finus runs
directly under the triceps, we have reaſon to imagine,
that there are ſome ſplinters from the bones lodged in the
interſtices of the mufcles, as we cannot make incifions as
as far as the finus extends; but muft wait till nature
thruſt them nearer the outward parts, by the help of
exerciſe and the bath.
Baden,
January the 20th, 1740.
I
SIR,
DE FRENE.
Received yours, with a particular account of my
lord's wounds, and the different accidents that
happened during the cure. I think it neceflary to
procure the feparation of the remaining fragments; as
there is a free diſcharge, there are hopes of a free paffage;
and this more fo, as no bad ſymptoms yet appear, ſuch
as fever, &c. which might prove dangerous by too
fudden fupprefling matter. As the humours may be
affected
i
332
APPENDIX.
affected by fome portion of it abſorbed into the blood,
the body may remain emaciated, and notwithſtanding
the care and diligence of the furgeon, the ulcer may
turn fiftulous; to prevent which, I would adviſe the
waters of Barege as the only remedy for thoſe kinds of
accidents, as they reſtore the proper fluidity to the blood;
and likewiſe fortify the folids.
Paris,
DIBON, Surgeon of the King of
France's Swiss Body Guard.
January the 26th, 1740.
SIR,
As
S they have extracted ſeveral ſplinters at different
times from the bone, its to be feared there are
more remaining, therefore I think it neceffery to keep
the wound open for ſome time. If the ſpermatic vei-
fels continue turgid, fome foreign body ftill remains,
which time and other fymptoms will discover; if other-
wife, you may heal up the wound. After the cure,
the diforders of the folids, as well as that of the fluids,
must be prevented; by giving the juices a balfamic
quality, and bracing the folids, to which the waters of
Barege will greatly contribute.
DIBON.
Paris,
April, the 11th, 1740.
SIR,
As
S the finus ftill remains under the triceps, I am apt
to think that fome foreign fubftance preffes on
the foft parts, which may rife to an abfcefs, and the
matter being confined, new finufes may form inwardly,
and confequently more accidents are to be feared; eſpe-
cially if the foreign body lie any time before it manifeft
itfelf. I do not apprehend, that opening the finus can
occaſion any bad confequence, a dexterous hand may
cafily avoid the branches of the crural artery. The great
finu fes,
14-1
APPENDIX.
333
finufes, from repeated exfoliations, and weakneſs of the
parts, joined to ſeveral circumftances of the like nature,
confirm me in the opinion, that without the affiſtance of
the waters of Barege, there are but little hopes of his
lordship's obtaining a perfect cure.
DIBON.
WHEN my lord came firft to London, after the cure
of his wound, he frequently complained of an uneafy
and diſagreeable fenfation, particularly upon mction,
about the upper part of the thigh, near the groin;
upon examination, we found two fmall hard fubftances
which lay under the skin, which upon preffure gave
a flight pricking pain. A confultation being agreed
op, feveral eminent furgeons were prefent, and it was
reſolved to divide the ſkin, to diſcover what thofe fub-
ftances were which we felt. My lord Craufurd himſelf,
infifted upon holding the fkin on one fide, while
Mr. Middleton did the fame on the other with one
hand, and with the other made an incifion through the
ſkin into the cellular membrane, and extracted two bits
of lead, portions of the ball which had been divided by
the refiftance of the thigh bone, when he received the
fhot: As foon as thofe bits of lead were taken out of the
wound his lordship immediately thrust one of his fingers.
into it, to examine if any thing was left behind. And
this he did in a much rougher manner than any furgeon
would have done to the meaneft patient. This ferves
to fhew us, what refolution he was poffeffed of.
FR
ROM the year 1742, that my lord joined the
British army then in Germany, I, to the year.
1749, attended his lordſhip five times. And tho' no
fplinters ever appeared during all the times the wound
was open, yet the diſcharge was extremely foetid, and
contained in appearance a fabulous or bony fubftance.
The wound was generally filled and cicatrized in about
fix weeks, and then he uſed the cold bath.
LAPONGE.
An
334
APPEN DI X.
An account of my lord CRAUFURD's death
and the diffection of his body by the
phyſicians who attended him.
L
ORD Craufurd died in the end of December,
1749. About two months before his death, his
wound broke out again, and tho' it was foon healed, and
gave no unufual pain, yet his lordſhip was obferved for
the first time to be low fpirited all the time of the cure.
and the fame dejection, with want of appetite, hectic
heats, and a mucous fediment in his water, like matter,
continued after his going abroad, which he did daily,
either to take the air or to vifit, and was never confined
afterwards, till the day before he died; when being
more than ufually indifpofed, he kept at home, was
blooded, and took the common draughts of falt of
wormwood and lemon-juice. The blood was very fizy.
In the evening, finding himſelf much relieved, he eat
fome chicken for fupper, and went to fleep without any
complaint. Early next morning he called for one of
his draught, and told his fervant, he had refted pretty
wel!; but foon after his lordship was fuddenly ſeized
with convulhons, which lafted for a minute or two,
and during that time he loft his fpeech, and became
intenfible After the fit was over, he continued to
breathe with labour; and tho' he answered queſtions
diftinctly, it was with fome hefitation, and he fpoke
little, ¡ying like one stunned by a blow, for about two
hours. Then the fit returned, but with more violent and
longer convulfions: and at this time he breathed with
more difficulty, and with the apoplectic fertor. Upon
this fecond attack, only 3 or 4 ounces of blood were
taken away; for his pulle, which had continued low
from the first fit, then funk, his extremities became
cold, and his face pale. After the convulfions ceafed,
his lordship lay fome minutes quite infenfible, and then
expired.
ON
·
APPENDIX.
335
On the 4th day after, the body was opened in the
prefence of Dr. Pringle, and Dr. Clephane, Phyficians,
Meff. Middleton and Laponge, Surgeons. All the
vifcera appear'd pale and flaccid; and both the ventricles
of the heart were found empty of blood, and without
any polypous concretion. In the brain was no effufion
of blood, nor any more ferum in the ventricles, than
might have oozed into them during the fits, or after
death. The lungs were found, with only a few flight
adhefions to the pleura; the ftomach was large and
relaxed, and with the duodenum contained a good deal
of vifcid phlegm; the inteltimes, liver, fpleen and
omentum were in good condition, the flaccidity and
palenefs excepted: but of all the vifcera, the kidnies
were the paleft and moſt flaccid. The bladder was
half full, and in the urine was found fome mucus, like
that which was faid to fubfide in it, fince the laft
breaking out of the wound.
THE Wounded parts being diffected, we found a
perfect anchylofts of the hip-joint; the great trochanter
of the thigh bone was wanting; but from its place
downwards, for a hand's breadth, we observed, that
the bone was thicker than natural, callous and rugged,
and that the periosteum was also thick and unequal.
The cervix had been broken through in the middle, fo
that the two ends of the bone tallying, moved upon one
another, forwards and backwards, forming an articulation
of that kind called ginglymus. The motion was rendered
the eafier by a thin cartilaginous fubftance, covering
the ends of the bones; and the new joint was fecured
by the furrounding muſcles, the fibres of which, near
this part, having become hard and membranous. Such
were the efforts of nature. But this articulation was far
from being compleat; for the finovia was wanting, and
the ends of the bones were too fmall and pointed to
allow of much ſtreſs or motion without breaking.
Ir
336
APPENDIX.
It is probable, that fome of the later openings of the
wound were owing to the conſtant efforts his lordſhip
made, by exerciſe, to improve this motion, mittaken
by him for that of the true joint, which he had loft
from the time he received the fhot. For the over-
ftraining of theſe tender parts might not only occafion
frequent inflamations and fuppurations, but even abraſions
of the bone itſelf.
JOHN PRINGLE,
JOHN CLEPHANE:
FINI S.
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