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RUS IN URBE:
BATCHBATHRO
MANDANT
this
OR
Flowers that Thrive
IN
London Gardens & Smoky Towns
By Mrs. Haweis.
Illustrated.
ONE SHILLING.
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RUS IN URBE:
OR
Flowers that Thrive
In London Gardens & Smoky Towns
Man: Eliza Joy or Mo. A, R.
Mrs. HAWEIS.
1
Illustrated
F
ป
LONDON:
Field & Tuer, The Leadenhall Press, &.C.
Simpkin, Marshall & Co.; Hamilton, Adams & Co.
James Carter & Co., 237 & 238, High Holborn, W.C.
New York: Scribner & Welford, 743 & 745, Broadway.

*...
*****
FIELD & TUER,
The Leadenhall prESS, E.C
(T4,271.)
05-29-31 Leve
RUS IN URBE.
B
PART I.
THE HOUSE WITH A GARDEN.
T
HE London garden is, I know, a joke with
country cousins.
"One lilac bush that never
blooms, and an earwig!" say they. Or "Half
a plane-tree and some groundsel." Good! but the
earth that will support a plane-tree will support some-
thing else. "Nay!" cries the country cousin, who
does not know so very much about gardens although
she dwells in the midst of one, "nothing will grow in
London the air, the soil, the soot, are impossible.
Try it!" she winds up triumphantly. And perhaps a
couple of failures with some cheap seed or other that
we have artlessly shoved into some sticky mould, may
seem
2
Rus in Urbe.
seem to countenance her. We "give it up," and
cheerily agree that "Nothing will grow."
But this is not true: so far from true indeed, that
I have seen many a little London garden outshine the
country cousin's in point of colour-ay, and neatness
too. Some plants will not grow in London (high-
class roses for instance), but a great number will grow
and thrive splendidly. Still the poverty of the atmo-
sphere necessitates rather more care and trouble in
planting and pruning than in the country. The soil
is manageable, by paying for it-the air is not; and
we must make up by the richness of the one for the
shortcomings of the other. And as for soot, it is so
far from being radically bad for the soil, that in the
country soot is often dug into the earth for flower
beds. It is like most other things, only injurious
when there is too much of it.
No doubt people take far more interest in the fronts
of their London houses than they did ten years ago,
whatever they may do with their backs; and the splen-
did creepers that clothe certain façades in town are a
standing

Altamon
Điện th
PICOTEE.
3
UNIV
OF
Rus in Urbe.
5
standing answer to our country cousin's gibes, though
they are often grey with dust, and by no means tended
as they should be. Green draperies of Virginian
creeper give absolutely no trouble, and are always
beautiful: the common ivy and vine, wistaria, cana-
riensis, cratægus, pyracantha, hops, in some aspects
magnolia and passion-flower, and clematis and white
jasmine everywhere, warmly second our slightest.
efforts, and are a pleasure both to ourselves and the
passer-by, who has little enough to beguile the tedium.
of a march through our "better-class" streets.
I. DIRT.
But we ought to take diligent care of our creepers
if we have them, and not leave them to the tender
mercies of aphids, caterpillars, and spiders. It is
wonderful how dingy a healthy creeper gets in smoky
London, so much so, that I have sometimes passed
an ivy-clad house in a narrow street a hundred times
without noticing the ivy.
A black brick space with or without black leaves
upon
6
Rus in Urbe.
upon it, is still only black. We ourselves should be
equally Ethiopian if we never washed our faces. And
if we want our mantling creepers to be anything but
so many distributed dust-bins, we ought to wash their
faces, the oftener the better, with a strong hose, as we
dust our rooms and brush our coats. This would
keep off caterpillars and the other creatures that gnaw
the leaves and invade the bedrooms.
It is sad to see the common jasmine, with its
dainty stars of fragrant snow, flecked with soot till
they look more grey than white, while its fernlike foli-
age is simply too black to touch. The texture of
plants is wholly lost if they are not kept clean, the
tiny pores get choked, and they die of "congestion of
the lungs." A wistaria hung with great blue trusses
of bloom is a mere disfigurement, if its colours are
hardly distinguishable. But the remedy is in our own
hands.
II. SPACE.
I have long wished to say a serious word about
London gardens, which exist as simple spaces in Lon-
don
Rus in Urbe.
7
don in far greater numbers than many people suppose
and sometimes cover a very respectable area in square
feet. In St. John's Wood, Chelsea, and Bayswater,
of course, there are still handsome old gardens con-
taining an acre or so apiece, full of fine timber and
good plants, and wherein orchid houses produce as
good results as anywhere in England. But in the
heart of Tyburnia, Mayfair, and "the City," there are
also many vacant plots meant for gardens, forgotten,
hardly known of even by their owners, packed with a
good depth of soil.
There are also broad spaces occupied by leads,
with which nothing as a rule is done; meantime the
tenants complain of "waste of room" in the older
houses, and the philanthropic want streets demolished
to create "spaces" for the people.
The spaces are there, were they only recognised,
and might be laid out in pretty gardens, one to each
house, or a recreation ground common to all the
residents, in many a fashionable old " square”
which refuses to throw open the central garden
to
8
Rus in Urbe.
to the children of the poor-and very properly,
I think as a mother, whilst there are no back gar-
dens to the houses; for high-wrought rich children
require an outlet from the prim nursery as much as
poor children from the fever-den-and the classes
cannot mix whilst the habits of the poor remain what
they are. The fleas in the grass alone forbid that: I
am speaking from experience.
What is more precious than a good space between
our streets and between house and house? In Mary-
lebone, for instance, the spaces are often considerable,
whether vacant or partly occupied by stables.
III. LEADS.
Mieux vaut peu de chose que rien, and if we have
nothing but broad leads, they are of infinite value, the
very lungs of crowded quarters. But more often than
not, this precious space, close to open doors and win-
dows, is rendered positively malarious by neglect. We
trust to the rain to clear our leads of evil germs. The
garden is the cemetery of mice and kittens. The earth
sours
Rus in Urbe.
9
sours and agglutinates under the fogs and bad gases.
The very chimneys are not blacker than Mayfair
leads. Who could sleep in a bedroom that never
was dusted-who could eat in a kitchen that never
was cleaned? The very air would be unwholesome,
and none would cry shame sooner than those whose
back premises are worst kept.
There is absolutely no reason why leads should
not be scoured, whitened or reddened like the front
steps, tiled prettily, railed round, shaded with can-
vas, carpeted in fine weather, and rendered as good
a feature of the house as any verandah. There is
no adequate reason why leads should not be covered
with boxes, grottoes, rockeries for plants, or even laid
out with a made soil for a regular garden. If you
care nothing for beauty, at least remember that plants
are sanitary ministers that, once appointed, never
neglect their work.
Although outer air, introduced between houses and
roads by outlying leads and back-yards, is of inestim-
able value, vegetation is the best atmospheric purifier.
IV.
10
Rus in Urbe.
IV. HEALTH.
Nothing is more wondrous than the joint and
balanced action of animal and vegetable life, mutually
providing sustenance for one another. Plants exist
by inhaling carbonic acid gas, and give off oxygen
as refuse. Human lungs, on the contrary, demand
oxygen and give off carbonic acid gas as refuse.
Science shows us that plants seem to possess a
power of producing cold analogous to the power
of animals in producing heat; and the coolness of
groves is owing, not only to shade, but to the transpira-
tion of moisture by the innumerable growing leaves.
Plants again are fed by the refuse of animals, in
excrement and decomposition by death. Animals
feed on the vegetables. The wondrous chemistry of
Nature thus makes the animal and vegetable worlds
actually dependent on each other; and they are
always allied with mutual benefit.
A pretty and amusing proof of these facts is seen
in the old-fashioned Vivarium, in which snails, newts,
and other little "beasts" may be observed living
amid

COXCOME.
I I
Rus in Urbe.
13
amid certain weeds and growths in water hermetically
sealed against the outer air; each creature subsisting
upon the other's "leavings."
The crowded slum receives refreshed air from
every tree, creeper, and little window plant that we
can introduce. The suffocating ball-room is relieved
by every growing palm and fern that the florist sup-
plies. How short-sighted is it, then, to neglect in
the increasing heat and unhealthiness of town life
in the "season" one easy means of improving the
atmosphere as well as the appearance of town!
Instead of cultivating the little back garden, it
s left to become a mere black hole of rotten slime
and all uncleanness.
Instead of planting our leads, they are often merely
concealed by ground glass as a hopeless eyesore, and
left totally uncared for; or built over, and the space
destroyed that was meant to isolate the houses-an
mportant safeguard in case of infectious diseases in
the proximity.
In spite of metropolitan building acts, many houses
can
14
Rus in Urbe.
can be found without any space behind, now that
every foot of ground is worth money; and the tenant
does not even know what he loses, whilst paying
annually higher in diminished vitality than he could
ever pay for putting in the salutary flowers and bushes.
V. METHOD.
And now for the question, what to do, supposing
a miserable, walled-in, sooty place is discoverable
behind your house.
The London parks, especially Battersea Park, with
its fine subtropical and other departments, show us
what can be done with money; but it is a mistake
to suppose that so vast an outlay in "bedding-out
plants" is necessary in order to have a bit of garden.
Moreover the wide airy parks admit of exhibitions
that cannot be expected in a closed-in space. How-
ever, we must begin by a thorough renovation.
The first thing to do is to remove entirely the
dank, sour, exhausted soil which clogs the beds in
many neglected London gardens.
Ten
Rus in Urbe.
15
Ten shillings will go a long way towards this.
Good rich loam and manure can be ordered through
any respectable florist or store, and a shillingsworth of
seeds, with a barrowful of gravel, will make a decent.
scene of a dirty little wilderness. Tile edging is
cheap. A small fountain with a pipe laid on to a top
cistern costs little. Rockeries are easily got up.
Turf itself can be persuaded!
Any struggling dead-alive creeper should be care-
fully detached, and the wall painted, whitewashed, or
scraped behind it. This will dislodge an infinity of
flies' eggs, worms, and pupæ which will harm the
creeper if not kill it ere long. Cleanliness is half the
secret of success with a garden; and in the dry air
of a town insects multiply with amazing celerity.
"Blight," thrip, strings of caterpillars, aphids, spiders,
daddy-long-legs, and woodlice are all made un-
comfortable by the hose and paint-pot; common
worms do little harm and enrich the earth-but they
must not be confounded with the "unspeakable" slug
and wire-worm ! Every garden seat or other fixture
should
16
Rus in Urbe.
should be shifted now and again, to annoy the pests
that take refuge under them; salt, lime, and soot
should vex their meal-times. It is easy to become
quite bloodthirsty when one has a garden; and this
is a step in advance.
Now as to planting.
Many annuals grow as well in the worst air as the
best; almost all smooth-leaved plants will thrive in
London, because the leaf resists the action of the
sooty air.
Still some positions are so bad that seeds
will actually not germinate, or will not grow beyond a
few inches' height. In these cases half-grown plants
transplanted with a little fresh soil will often succeed
very well.
And although the soot descending in
"blacks" day and night prevents the blossoms from
remaining as clean and delicate as country flowers,
yet sufficiently frequent treatment with the hose (five)
minutes' work say twice a day) will keep them clean
enough to be a real pleasure to look at.
The secret of success with flowers in London, in-
doors and out, is attention. Love them, keep them
clean,

HOLLYHOCK.
с
17
Rus in Urbe.
19
clean, watch them, and they will repay you with a
gratitude almost human.
Some London gardens are disagreeable to sit in be-
cause, having no protecting foliage, they are completely
overlooked and very hot. Such gardens will often
grow numerous flowers, pleasant to the eye. Early
flowering shrubs, such as the delicious lilac, the
flowering currant with its pink beauty, and sometimes
the "pluie d'or" (laburnum), and glorious rhododen-
drons will thrive. The marvel of Peru, flags, sun-
flowers, dahlias, and many more will stand heat and
drought with perfect equanimity. Fig-trees, varie-
gated laurels, the elegant sumach, and other fast
growers may be planted to afford a little shade to
tender roots.
Perhaps, however, the commonest fault in town
gardens is, not that they get too much sun, but that
they don't get enough. Either they are shaded by
trees, which exhaust the soil, or by houses near, which
check the free circulation of air. In either case a
battle is inevitable with existing conditions; but if
you
20
Rus in Urbe.
you have resolution enough to experiment, the victory
is always to mind over matter.
VI. TREES.
One thing must be said—if you are so fortunate as
to possess a tree behind the house, do not let the
local builder persuade you it is "unhealthy." What-
ever be the case in the country, we surely cannot
have too many trees and bushes about us in the dry
thin air of a city. All that transpires moisture in the
air, and takes it from the ground, and absorbs bad
gases is most precious; and the bare, proverbial
"builder's garden" is a mass of mistakes.
Value your privilege! Spare the tree, woodman,
douche it well, and as often as you can.
Moisture pre-
vents caterpillars, so apt to swarm in London gardens
through the drought of the atmosphere, laden with
heat of many fires and many lungs. Wash the trunk
often-say as often as the windows are cleaned in dry
weather. The tree will thank you, spring and sum-
mer, with great bursting rosy buds and broad leaves
that
Rus in Urbe.
2 I
•
that attract thrushes, blackbirds, cherry-choppers,
starlings, dainty finches, rooks with their dreamy caw,
robins, occasional wood pigeons, and even tomtits-
even nightingales, divinest songsters, abound in St.
John's Wood gardens, and have been heard of in
Chelsea. All these sweet birds, besides the clever,
merry sparrow, will build in a London tree and
such trees as do best amid the disadvantages of
towns, are enumerated in the catalogue at the end of
this book.
VII. FLOWERS.
Under its boughs you can easily have, not, indeed,
very superfine turf, but plants that love shade,
Solomon's seal, foxgloves, musks, saxifrages, peri-
winkle, lilies of the valley, primroses, creeping Jenny,
London pride, wild hyacinths, daffodils, hardy geran-
iums, calceolarias (acclimatized), all sorts of ferns and
stonecrops, etc., etc. These can be grown in the very
worst places, it appears to me.
Beyond, where the sun falls, sunflowers of all sorts,
poppies,
22
Rus in Urbe.
poppies, pinks, chrysanthemums, wallflowers, daisies,
hollyhocks, tall yellow and white lilies (nearly all
bulbous things are suitable), nasturtiums, lupins,
coxcombs, bee-flower, giant thistles, cowslips, love-
lies-bleeding, lady's smock, lad's love, snapdragon,
fritillaries, everlasting flowers, sweet William, honesty,
thrift, Aaron's rod (nice old names !), golden feather
or fever-few, lobelia, dahlias, sweet peas, evening prim-
rose, and even mignonette, carnations, and zinnias,
with plenty more, are likely to thrive.
High-class roses, as I have said, will not thrive,
and it is of no use to try them, even under glass; the
velvet leaves cannot throw off the soot in the air, the
pores are choked, and death is inevitable. The little
old-fashioned white rose and the half-wild blush rose
will do very well sometimes; and the exquisite moss
rose can be cultivated-but not with ease, and only
where there is plenty of air. Pansies, violets, gla-
diolus, variegated pelargoniums, forget-me-not, and
laurustinus do not like London; nemophila and
variegated grass thrive well, but are so besieged by
cats

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MIMULUS CUPREUS, OR MONKEY-FLOWER.
(73
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*JETTU BATE
/////
Rus in Urbe.
25
cats that they are hopeless to grow. I will not enter
upon the further merits and demerits of certain trees,
shrubs, and flowers, but I may say that scented herbs,
mint, peppermint, rosemary, lavender, balsams, ver-
benas, marjoram, etc., are nice to have under one's
window, and they thrive capitally as
a rule. A
regular kitchen garden is quite come-at-able if there
is space.
In my concluding Catalogue, in which I have been
assisted by a well-known practical gardener, Mr. W. J.
May, I have marked with an asterisk such plants as I
have personally tried with success in three different
London districts, Marylebone, the Regent's Park, and
Chelsea. It must be remembered that professional
skill and free outlay can compass more than a begin-
ner, under all circumstances; but the most timorous
beginner may trust my asterisks.
VIII. TURF.
This is the crux of London gardening! mere green
grass. What one goes through to get a plot of real,
fine
26
Rus in Urbe.
fine, springy turf in towns, only the earnest gardener
knows. But I have heard an ingenious and success-
ful amateur say that turf is a mere question of manure,
even under trees, where the dripping from the boughs
above and the suction of the roots beneath destroy
the sustenance of the tender grass. He gets rich turf
under London trees that nearly sweep the ground, of
course providing for the free circulation of air be-
neath without which turf has no chance at all-
but it costs plenty in brain, nerve, and muscle.
The right thing is to dig away all the old earth
from the trees' roots every year or so, manure cannily,
and refresh the soil. Any amount of seed must be
added to renew weak patches. Gardeners say, Don't
manure trees; but most gardeners are pitifully ignorant,
not to say prejudiced, and the proof of the pudding is
in the eating. Trees are found by amateurs who have
experimented con amore to thrive infinitely better if
they are manured; the turf beneath thrives infinitely
better too: argal, as Lancelot Gobbo would say, never
mind the gardener and his assertions that this and
that
4
Rus in Urbe.
27
that "won't do." Manure the trees; nurse the grass
by lifting it and enrichening the soil beneath. Plant
under the foliage (if you wish) any half-grown hardy
blossoming plants, which will do thoroughly well with
occasional "stopping," although seeds will not come
up to do you much credit, the plants are so drawn up
in shade.
Personally, I don't believe in top-dressing, except
once in a way; it kills as much as it coaxes to grow,
and nothing comes up but the new seed. Patch bare
spots with seed, sprinkled over with fine soil to save it
from the birds, mow constantly, roll, water heavily in
dry weather, and for this the waste water from the
dressing-rooms is more than useful. Turf, is, how-
ever, better watered as little as possible after it is once
thick enough. Sprinkling daily encourages the root-
lets to come to the surface, instead of striking down
for moisture, and then a single fierce day will burn
up all your grass for good, may-be.
Gardeners like top-dressing; some because it is
very expensive, some because they have a hidden
interest
28
Rus in Urbe.
interest in particular seeds, some because it levels the
ground nicely, and of course it is useful to correct the
subsoil, or when the lawn is worn into holes and
hillocks. But I advise it only occasionally.
If the plot of grass is small, it is perhaps no
costlier and certainly less trouble-to returf each
year where the trees have killed the grass or little feet
have worn it off. Five shillings will cover a large
patch of bare earth.
Is not this better than blackness and desolation,
though small be the space and a little trouble to keep
neat? And most of these things that will grow in the
ground will grow also on leads in boxes or pots of
earth renewable each spring. Dapper Pepys used
to spend many happy evenings making music and
"taking the ayre" on his leads. He probably had
them swept and garnished with a few flowers. He
did not sit singing on a muck-heap like Nero on the
wreck of Rome. He had the place kept tidy.
IX.
Rus in Urbe.
29
IX. HARDENING.
A word to explain what I mean by acclimatized
calceolarias and geraniums growing under trees. I
have found that the common sorts of these flowers
are very robust, but they take a year to harden so
that they will bloom in the worst corners under Lon-
don trees. The first summer the plants want a good
deal of nursing; probably because they have been
raised in the country and under glass; and, when
bought off an itinerant barrow, they have already
received a slight shock from exposure. Except in
very sunny, well-soiled spots, they are apt to shoot up
weak and spindly, with quantities of aphis, or "green
fly," and consequently the blossoms miserable or
none. By the bye, fight the green fly: he is a terrible
fellow. When he is young and has wings, he can be
caught (with industry) and saved the trouble of
breeding in the ordinary way. But when he is older,
if allowed to live, he becomes viviparous, and emits
young as he breathes, without any assistance from
without. Prevention (the hose) is better than cure
(tobacco
30
Rus in Urbe.
(tobacco and tar water). Anyhow, he is a deadly
enemy, destroying all the young and juicy shoots of
plants. Slugs eat the roots; and when the slug is
sated, cats smash what he leaves behind, and if the
plant is left to itself, it dies the death.
But, tended through its first summer, its roots
examined and freed from grubs if it droops, gently
sprinkled with the hose daily, secured to stakes,
kept dwarf by frequent "stopping," and dead leaves
removed, the plant will often do very fairly well till
autumn. Then take a number of "cuttings "-you
don't want a gardener for this, almost any strong
shoots will serve-stick them in earth, say five or
six in a pot, and keep them indoors during the winter,
for neither calceolarias nor geraniums will stand frost.
These cuttings rooted and grown bushy by the ensu-
ing spring, will be ten times as hardy as the parent
plant. They have become acclimatized to London
air and soil. I have had such plants thrive with
almost savage strength in places where literally no
seed would come up, without sun or soil to speak of,
blooming
I

LILY.
31
Rus in Urbe.
33
blooming all the summer through, and filling ugly
gaps with golden bells and scarlet trusses that are a
"sight good for sair een."
X. GLASS.
Persons whose London gardens, or leads, are too
much over-looked, would do well to glaze over the
whole or a portion (no longer an expensive process).
Wonderful effects can be attained in privacy thus,
and a conservatory makes an airy tea-room in sum-
mer, and a charming outlet at all times. Otherwise
little green-houses can be erected at a cost of from
£2 10s. to £10, in which grapes soon repay the
original outlay. Numerous cuttings can be preserved.
here during the winter, along with sufficient flowers
in bloom to brighten the rooms for several months.
A little heat is advisable (oil, not gas, stoves), but a
good deal can be done without heat. The plants of
which I have been speaking require none.
The roofs of London houses, as well as leads and
back yards, might be utilized oftener than they are.
D
Capital
34
Rus in Urbe.
Capital green houses and cold frames for nursing
purposes could be placed there to raise half-hardy
plants for spring use. A great deal of sun's heat is
reflected from slate and cement, and I doubt not
that whoever chose to devote some personal atten-
tion to fruit-growing aloft would find it pay.
XI. CATS, AND CATS.
The worst enemies of London gardens are not so
much caterpillars as cats. It is worse than disap-
pointing to find the fresh lobelia, variegated grasses,
and nemophila, the regular breakfast of a pack of
mangy, howling cats-creatures that possess no homes,
no principles, no remorse. Cats swarm at times, and
make not only night, but day, hideous with their
yells, growls, and miauling.
Seedlings have but little chance where cats abound.
Half-grown plants resist their approaches better; but
a stout lily is easily broken by a couple of strong
Toms at war. Of course a little wire-netting, which
is cheap at some stores, will prevent a good deal of
ravage
Rus in Urbe.
35
ravage, and glazed frames are useful; but I am of
opinion that the time has come to show the feline
race that they are not our masters, and we kept for
their convenience, as hitherto we have led them to
suppose. Why are we to do without a garden be-
cause cats like salad in bloom? Why, after having
got a garden, are we to see it daily dug up? Is the
world made for cats? Do we permit other half-wild
animals to parade our roofs, run in and out of our
houses, fight, flirt, scratch up, devour, yelp, die as
they please all about the place? Do we allow
vagrant horses and cattle to wander through the
streets, bellow at the house door, breed promiscuously
in our cellars? Is not every dog, horse, goat, hen,
donkey, monkey, expected to have an owner? and
those that have no owners, are they not regarded as
vermin, like rats and beetles, and destroyed by police?
Why do not people rid themselves of a pest that is
always disagreeable, and sometimes even dangerous—
witness the recent Ashton case, in which a man and
woman
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woman were consigned to the hospital for daring to
dispute their own house with strange cats!
Talk about hydrophobia-as many persons die of
cat-bites as of dog-bites; and any animals, human or
otherwise, which are allowed to depend for sub-
sistence on street garbage, and to wander, and to be
maltreated, are liable to develop diseases of which
hydrophobia, among the four-legged, is known to be
one. Hydrophobia among hounds has more than
once been clearly traced to unwholesome meat; and
the poor starving cat, often seen gnawing in the
gutter in low streets-its very expression of face tells
its grievous history-is more dangerous to the com-
munity than half the unmuzzled dogs destroyed of late.
A cat which has no owner is legally destructible by
gun, poison, or hanging; but a cat which has an
owner must not be destroyed without notice. As it
is, however, actionable to impose a nuisance on
neighbours, the owner of a cat which harms our
garden, or infects our house, may be sued for
damages.
This

SINGLE DAHLIA.
to 18 of ton of censored
མའ་
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39
This is well, but, suing takes time and nerve-force;
and the proper remedy for many evils would be the
levying a tax, however small, on cats, as dogs are
taxed. Small it should be, for a kitten is one of the
few amusements of the poor, to pet and to worry; but
any nominal tax would ensure the early drowning of
all kittens not pretty enough to be worth the licence,
and that means oh! how much nocturnal peace!
Every one who values his cat, keeps it, or ought to
keep it, indoors at night. High-bred cats-most
beautiful and inoffensive of ornaments-are delicate,
and subject to bronchitis and many ills, like high-
bred dogs, through exposure. High-bred cats too, it
is noteworthy, are not as a rule mischievous nor pre-
datory. Well fed, they have no need to steal. Small
boned and small clawed, their gardening excavations.
bear no comparison in horror to those of the mere
cur-cat, which, like the cur-dog, is mostly an ill-
tempered, powerful brute, with something of a fiendish
element in its shrewdness and tenacity, which aids it
to survive the many hardships of its miserable lot.
By
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By the bye, if amateurs took half the pains to breed
cats that they take to breed dogs, cats would afford
us similar profit and pleasure. It is hardly generally
known how large a sale there is for good cats, nor
what high prices they fetch in the market. Persian,
French blue, Siamese, Manx, and others, to say
nothing of really good English breeds (pure), are
lovely house pets, with their plush coats and jewel-
like eyes, and by no means incompatible with a
garden. They are affectionate; they are silent (only
the cur yelps, as 'Arry whistles in the street); they
can be taught nearly all that is taught to dogs; they
will beg, fetch and carry, leap high through hoops,
retrieve, and be otherwise amusing. High-bred cats
can be chained or caged without suffering. What com-
mon cat would bear it? Their intelligence, though
different in character to a dog's, is nearly as high, and
by breeding might be variously modified.
In fact, the high-bred cat is as different a beast
from the yelling mongrel as a Bayard is different from
the common burglar. Even the kitchen pet-cat differs
from
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:
from the drawing-room pet-cat. Neglect makes the
nomad cat what he is it would be kindness to an-
ticipate his usually violent end; and any lover of
animals will agree with me that the whole breed and
social status of these useful and neglected creatures
would be raised (and much woe would be spared us)
were they recognised by the tax-gatherer. We all
value what costs us something.
XII. "WANTON WASTE.”
Thus a very little trouble, a few seeds, a few square
feet of glass, a hose, and a cat-tax might be instru-
mental in increasing the beauty and orderliness of
towns.
It is indeed matter for regretful notice, how seldom
English people of any class make the most of any-
thing except their grievances. They "muddle away"
so much that is good-waste splendid material-lose
opportunities! How few of our poor keep poultry
and rabbits, though five shillings a month will support
a dozen of either, and they can be made so profitable!
Who
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Who keeps bees? though any slum within a mile of a
park might be full of hives properly conducted, and
that would cheapen honey.
In France and Holland every available slip of
ground is utilized for some good purpose. Our
suburbs, crowded with small houses, each with its
would-be "garden," are positive miracles of sloven-
liness. Passing in the train, we can take stock of the
back premises of row after row, where a few beans,
marrows, artichokes, and other vegetables (to say
nothing of a fruit-tree) might be a treat to the eye, a
pleasure to father and children to tend, and a help
to the pot.
And what meets the indignant eye?
Nothing but half-washed clothes drying, broken bar-
rels, broken victuals, broken pipes, bottles, and cans
-lumber thrown into the waste space where the
humble scarlet-runner and the window garden might
soon become a vigorous rival to the public-house.
To rich and poor Londoners alike, I would recall
the wisdom-words, both sacred and profane, "Gather
up the fragments, that nothing be lost," and "Waste
PART
not, want not."
PART II.
THE GARDEN IN THE HOUSE.
T is not everybody who can use good materials
when he has them. Given a handsomely-pro-
portioned room, fine furniture, artistic hangings,
and last, not least, well-appointed inhabitants-even
then the result is not always astonishingly good.
The elements of beauty are there, but beauty may be
absent, as colours are absent, though they form the
component parts, in the pallor of a rotating disk.
An artist is not great through the brightness of the
paints he uses; a song is not fine by reason of the
number of its notes; and a room is not made beauti-
ful by merely dragging beautiful things into it, if they
are not properly combined.
Nothing but the inscrutable gift of "discrimination
in flavours," or "taste," can really teach one how to
combine
43
44
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combine the most promising elements well. No
rules can be laid down which, when carried out
exactly, manufacture beauty; and there is no stronger
proof of this than the mediocrity of a "fashionable "
house. We must be recipient, we must feel where
this and that is wrong or right-rules cannot give us
sensibility.
But I believe that in us all some sensibility to
beauty and a certain power of creating it exists in
a more or less latent state; and as the most ignorant
and stupid owner of pictures in time develops some
critical faculty by the mere fact of association with
Art, and learns to weed his gallery till the collection
is a good one, so the most helpless and timorous
decorator may cultivate his perceptions till he seems
to create in himself a new faculty, which was, how-
ever, only lying fallow all the time.
One may have rules for choosing good furniture,
and even good colouring to a certain extent, as the
photographer may have rules for choice of chemicals.
and plates.
In these days, when the shops profess
to

انار
PERENNIAL POPPY.
45
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47
to do nearly all the thinking for us, and every
mechanic who knows a lead pipe from a clay one
dubs himself, no longer a plumber, but a "sanitary
specialist," or something equally pretentious — all
we have got to do is to visit certain accredited shops
and buy antique chairs and tapestry, then go to
certain others and purchase art silks and Oriental
casements, and the thing is half done.
Yes, but which half? A woman's "nineteen nay-
says make half a grant," says a Scotch proverb; and
the half completed by orthodox purchase is con-
siderably the smaller towards success. The photo-
grapher's chemicals, the painter's paraphernalia, the
æsthete's "antics," are only the elements of success;
they don't make success. When you have your
mise-en-scène—and it is something to be able to ob-
tain that—you must learn what to do with it. Then
comes the opportunity for you to make a picture out
of your materials, and for your critics to find out
the wide or the narrow limits of your imagination!
BACKGROUND.
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BACKGROUND.
There are no better or more docile materials for
beautifying any place than flowers. And yet nothing
sooner betrays a want of feeling for beauty than the
disposal of the plants in a room; and nowhere is this
commoner than in the country, where flowers cram
the garden and only ask to be plucked.
I know many wealthy country houses where you
seldom see a flower anywhere out of the conserva-
tory, whilst the miles of glass houses are choked
with costly plants. I know people who think they
understand what comfort is, and never have a yield-
ing spring in their chairs and sofas; the tea is
always weak, the butter turned, the tables jog, the
carpets turn up at the corners, the pens won't mark,
and the sheets are always damp. Not want of means,
but want of fastidiousness, want of interest in others'
comfort, is at the bottom of this. Among the poor
this infirmity is merely called "muddle." Among
the rich it often goes hand-in-hand with philanthropy,
a real enemy at times to fireside comfort. In houses
of
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49
of this kind the colours of the curtains don't agree
with the carpets; the walls will be bluish, and the
looking-glasses greenish; the windows rattle, and the
floors creak, and the servants are often changed.
Suppose there are any good bits of furniture, they
are poked into unnoticeable positions. Suppose
there are any flowers, they will be of the wrong kind,
in the wrong places, if not half dead. How I detest
decaying vegetable matter!
E
It is important, in papering your rooms, to avoid
two classes of colour-papers somewhat like the tint
of the skin, and papers something like the tone of
vegetation. Beautiful as are moss greens in the right
place, and in the right light, there are many greens
in paint not exactly bad in themselves which are
eminently unbecoming to the face and to all flowers.
Morris's well-known dark pomegranate paper I may
instance as cleverly escaping this fault, for it is more.
grey than green, and ingeniously warmed and soft-
ened; but many of the semi-copies-scuola Morris
we may call them-sin outrageously. The feeling for
a
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a background, which the original inventor had in a
large degree, is denied to the copyist, who loses the
spirit whilst clinging blindly to the letter. But
vegetation itself is always becoming to the face, I
think, on account of the variety in tint and hue
created by perspective, and its general subservience
to the brighter or rounder human curves and colours;
and I hope to show that living vegetation, properly
employed, is an invaluable factor in giving to rooms
a grace and comfortableness obtainable from no other
source, and in forming "paintable corners and
points that improve every one who is placed there.
It is nice to see wife and child unconsciously carrying
beauty about with them, and in every part of the room
pretty pictures forming themselves, as will happen
unceasingly in picturesque places; whereas the most
beautiful person cannot make beautiful an ill-coloured,
ill-furnished room, and loses at every point some
lustre through the unfavourable conditions.
""
PLACING.

moria
CANDYTUFT, CARTER'S CARMINE.
SI
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53
((
PLACING.
In setting out flowers and plants in rooms, for
which neither time nor trouble should be grudged,
and both are required, two things demand thought
-the arrangement of the bouquet or spray itself,
and its intended position. Rooted plants of course
save one the trouble of disposing their leaves and
stems; they do that better themselves; they only
require choice in general shape. Flowers in water
will take almost any attitude given them will
positively take the mental tone of whoever has the
management of them; just like children, whose
manners" are “formed" by their elders. A "beau-
pot" may have a stumpy, cocky, stodgy, or abrupt
air; or it may have a toss, an élan, a lilt, which calls
nature at her best into the four walls of a room, and
betrays the loving hand, the loving eye, the "neat-
handed Phillis."
No neat-handed Phillis ever made that triumph
of floral confectionery, the bouquet where red, blue,
and white form dots and zigzags and circles like the
elaborate
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elaborate beds in carpet-gardening. That is always
made by a gardener, and you know that it will never
bear undoing. Phillis flings blossoms and ferns and
grasses loose into a vase (mind, a vase itself beautiful)
and they fall into place at once, some long stems
curving across the rest with the arch of the rainbow,
some shorter ones nestling between leaves that at
once support and set off the blossoms.
Caliban tries to do the same thing-lugs forth a
coarse bowl for fragile plants, or a Sèvres tazza for
rough autumn twigs; drives the shrinking beauties
in-tight or loose, it matters not which, they look
equally agonized and die equally soon. Caliban
never feels how the totter-grass or the maiden-hair
must go; if told, he pushes it in where the pressure
deforms a blossom; he mixes all the wrong colours
and the wrong classes of flowers together, flowers
have their classes like humans, and they seldom mix
with real comfort,--and then where does he put the
fatal object?
If it be very green in tone, he is sure to put it in
a
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55
a dark corner, where it looks confused and gloomy;
if it be chiefly yellow, he is safe to stand it against
the bravest gilding, which will outshine its sulphur
gauze and down; if it be delicate orchids or damask
roses, trust me he will not rest till it is thrust under
a stool between the windows. Lucky if we don't trip
over it.
Phillis comes along, may-be, and with three touches
makes the bouquet graceful; lifts the light marguerites
where a ray of sun and a breath of wind catches them
in front of a shady corner, where they dance and
gleam like stars; lets the primroses fall to the dead
level that nature meant them for. The translucent
velvet of the rose she lays where the light shines both
through and upon its sumptuous sweetness; the long
bough leans at an angle where it breaks some un-
lovely line of wall or cabinet, in some position where
perhaps converging lines to the right (or whatever
the perspective makes them) demand a cross-line
springing up to leftward, to form the exact balance
which an "eye" for nature feels to be indispensable.
It
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It is noteworthy, that when the finest instinct for
arrangement has treated rose and lily and daffodil
with best care and success, each flower will be
found to have been instinctively placed according
to its habitual manner of growth. I have observed
this so often, that one rule at least may be relied
on-arrange flowers au naturel.
Very dangerous is it to lay down an axiom,
"Stand red flowers against a green background,
blue against an orange one;" or, "Contrast with
your stems the lines of adjoining walls and tables."
Such elementary edicts are but obstacles to the free
artistic instinct; and they trammel even the unen-
lightened who will cling to them like grim death.
You must feel, not know, about these things. Many
have eyes, but no "eye," and yet feeling or sensi-
bility is possible to cultivate or stifle to a great
extent at will. Stringent rules are the very mischief
in Art. I have seen a white flower "tell" against
a white wall, or green against green. Sometimes
one needs harmony more than contrast; and so
much
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57
much depends on the position and amount of the
light, the shape and action-shall I say?—of the
bouquet or shrub in question, and the distance.
between it and the people to whom it must work
up as an element of background, that only a tyro
would attempt to lay down absolute rules for pro-
cedure, and no one but an idiot would consent
to be bound by them.
ELASTIC LAWS.
It can do, however, no harm to say, Don't bring
flowers into a room to stand them out of sight:
they are before all things dependent on sun both
for their health and their beauty. Don't cram
coarse and dainty flowers into one pot: bring the
fragile orchid, hare-bell, maiden-hair, gardenia, to
the fore, where there is not a line, not a film, not
a golden grain but will catch the spectator's eye.
Set the coarse sunflower, foxgloves, willow bough,
further off, where the effective mass of colour will
break an angle without being in the way.
Place
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Place the rose or the lily in Oriental china, where
the richest colours are so ingeniously adapted to
the brightest petals by the Oriental instinct for
decoration, that the flowers are brought into notice
rare luck!- without detraction.
Cowslips, daffodils, Japanese chrysanthemums, sit
up charmingly in opal glass, prismatic and transparent,
in which the delicate lines and tints of the stalks
show through.
Rich tulips and gladioli of the new giant sorts, and
all large striking blossoms, do best in the picturesque
clay of Spain, Egypt, Italy, or Flanders.
The pot is as important to the plant as the setting
to a gem, the frame to a picture.
Never detach a blossom from its proper leaves,
as
Renascence painters (blind victims to fixed
rules) detached the characteristic hand from the
face it properly belonged to, and outraged nature
with tapering fingers and turned-out toes. The
leaf is only a second rendering of the original
idea, as the hand echoes the face. Give each
flower

Đ
ESCHSCHOLTZIA MANDARIN.
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6I
flower its own leaves, and plenty of them, if you
would have it look its best. Every plant is so
perfectly harmonized, leaf to blossom, in colour and
cut, that separation is commonly a mistake. Plants
know the art of dress better than women do!
Treat minute blossoms in masses, large ones singly.
There are, of course, many exceptions to this general
rule. A tall vase heaped with a mountain of common
hemlock, or London pride, is beautiful: one puny
blossom would be as ineffective as a single blow
aimed at a pet vice. An aloe spike is handsomer
in solitary state-so is a fine foxglove; and when
we question why, we remember that nature treats
them similarly. The aloe bears but one spire at
a time, the foxglove springs from its mass of foot-
leaves commonly alone: however thickly they grow,
one spire is ever clearly isolated from the next.
Large flowers for background, little ones to the
fore, is common sense. The blossoms of sunflowers,
peonies, hydrangea, magnolia, rhododendron, great
lilies, and heavy spires of Canterbury bells, tell best
from
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from afar. We can better take in their grand curves ;
and as they are much infested with small insects,
they are better out of reach.
Small delicate fragile flowers should lie within
short range, where they can catch plenty of light
and perhaps a breeze to shake them playfully into
more visible notice.
But no flowers will really "tell" unless you study
where to put them. The art of making plants add
considerably to the mise-en-scène lies in calculating
carefully how to make them correct "false quantities,"
whether in form or tint, already present in the room;
or, if happily none exist, how to make them fall into
the desired scheme of colour, either by harmony or
by contrast. Ill-arranged flowers are better away—
they only look untidy.
THE FLOWER.
There are some flowers which are suited for the
decoration of rooms, others which are not, either from
their unpleasant odour, like the beautiful spherical blos-
soms
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63
soms of onions; from their overpowering odour, which
affects some persons disagreeably, like hyacinths and
the common lily; or from their retiring character,
like sweet peas and violets, which makes them non-
decorative. The latter are invaluable for their
scent intrinsically they are lovely; but they do not
add anything as masses of colour, as do daffodils,
gladioli, or any flower with a penetrating self-colour.
The simple primrose, massed anywhere, flames like
a sulphur mist across a sunbeam, and a clump of
marsh mallows, wild anemones, or even daisies,—
to say nothing of buttercups and dandelions,-con-
tributes more to an ordinary room than any flowers
of a purple cast such as the above, dark hyacinths
and chrysanthemums, etc.
Far be it from me to decry any of the lovely
blooms which I have just named as less effective
than others, merely because the quality of these
tints is more retiring. All flowers may be made
effective by careful placing and arrangement; and
even violets, nightshade, and snake's-head fritillary,
well
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well mixed with white or pale leaves, and set against
contrasting tints, may become decorative.
There is no prettier ornament in a small way than
a teacup and saucer, both filled with water and
crammed with common daisies from the lawn, set
up with their faces erect till cup and saucer are
both hidden. This has a dainty Dresden china
effect by day when the little flowers are open, by
night when they are shut; and Chaucer's flower is
not without a perfume, too—dainty, aromatic, refined,
like Chaucer's own miniatures by the way.
And here I may protest against the habit of
mutilating flowers on the dinner table when their
odour is likely to be overpowering, such as lilium
candidum, which, in a giant form, has lately been
fashionable. A flower too strong in scent ought
not to be used in quantities: better choose another
class of white blossom-there are any amount, Heaven
knows rather than nip off the golden pistils which
make half the beauty of the flower. To one who
loves flowers, the impression is as disagreeable as
the

F
GODETIA-LADY ALBEMARLE.
'ང
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67
the sight of a woman with her nose removed; and at
a dinner table the imprisonment is long with the
horrid object. This is an instance of complete want
of "taste," discrimination, and feeling for beauty.
Flowers on the table seem to me nearly as
necessary as food. Coming down to breakfast on
a sultry morning, one's last relic of appetite is re-
moved by mere smoking dishes and reeking viands;
and if a diner-out is doomed mayhap to two woeful
hours with a completely antipathetic mate on each
side, the dulness of a table without ornament is
equally bad for the digestion. No care can be too
great to spend on making lovely the blank Sahara
of tablecloth to which one is tied at certain times
for a certain space; and flowers and fruit are the
best ornaments. They create a spark in the most
inane; they suggest a topic between the worst as-
sorted pairs. You can't talk about the plate and
glass, but you can always remark upon the flowers;
and if you are too miserable to speak, you can at
least look at the combinations and reflect how much
better ones you have seen.
It
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It is impossible to have too many flowers about
a room: and, as I earlier pointed out, the old notion
that plants are unhealthy in rooms is wholly wrong.
Even in bedrooms growing plants redeem the vitiated
air by consuming the gases given off by the body
and producing such as the animal frame requires;
whilst blossoms, if they do not precisely as good
work for us as the leaf, recreate the mind with their
soft colours and teach us patience and care in
keeping them in good condition. Kitchen and
nursery should both be gay with flowers.
But not dead flowers. The instant the bloom
loses its freshness and the water discolours, remove
the offensive matter. As well have a decaying
cabbage in your room as rotten flowers.
THE LEAF.
I have often wondered why leaves are not more
used for decorative purposes, being often quite as
lovely as flowers and much easier to obtain. I am
aware that among greenhouse plants leaves have
become
Rus in Urbe.
69
become a culte; and to the velvet, or furry, or
glistening leaf, with its many shapes, like a heart,
like a hand, like a shield, like a feather, like a folded
fan, the blossom is often sacrificed. Apart from
exotics, there are many brightly-coloured leaves to
be had for the seeking that are seldom seen or
admired indoors. Bracken, ferns, strawberry plants,
and many hedge growths take the loveliest russet
and amber tints-green is splashed with blood, like
the lintel of the pious Jew at Passover time-green
is flecked with black as our lives are; we see it in
the common orchis, every leaf differing. Mint will
at times bear cream-white leaves, which are never
cultivated-so will ivy and holly-the dim blue of
tulip leaves and cabbages is never utilized or im-
proved, though a gorgeously varied bouquet might
be devised in greens alone.
At all times of the year one sees bushes and trees
in country lanes covered with jewels, shining buds,
catkins, pods and seeds, or tufts of leaves, as beauti-
ful as flowers. The hedges are bespattered with
silky
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silky fluff, or pink and grey clouds like seaweed, or
trembling disks of silver, perfectly suitable to deco-
rate rooms and dresses. Here is a branch of aspen
hung with guineas: here "Virginia creeper" blushes
scarlet in dying, like that saint-pure Virginia in the
story-after whom it was not named, but after “old
Virginny" over seas.
In America, where the autumn arrays itself in
colours far gayer than in our damper clime, leaves are
very much appreciated as winter ornaments. They
are capable of being dried so as to retain all their
colours, from palest green to purple. I have seen
gum, maple, horse-chestnut, and even oak trees,
startled by the first frost into every shade of gold
and red, even to soft salmon tints and the hue of
a ripe plum. Nothing can be more lovely than
a long hill-side stained with these sheets of pink
and gold, as in the country about the Hudson River
and Cayuga Lake, or Niagara. The sumach's fern-
like leaf puts on a geranium tint, and flames like
molten metal in the October sun, over acres and
acres
Rus in Urbe.
71
acres of unkempt wood and meadow; and many
seed-pods curl in the air burnished to copper and
bronze as the leaves dry up without falling, and
almost call to be carried indoors. I wonder that
these autumn beauties are not more marketable;
they ought to be sent to the old country for deco-
rative purposes.
But there is something to be done in England,
in Scotland, France, and Italy. Local conditions
develop very distinct variegations even with us,
which are but little appreciated or sought after.
And yet, many a room is better relieved by deep
red or yellow leaves than by dozens of mild-hued
flowers. The "poplar that with silver lines his
leaf," ilex with its streaked acorns, the copper beech,
or grey willow, the tasselled hazel, all offer splendid.
colours to fill the corners of rooms. Bulrushes, the
scented rush, and other things hardly to be classed
among flowers, are effective almost anywhere.
Hops are an exquisite ornament, and very health-
giving. Sick children used to be sent to ramble in
hop-gardens
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hop-gardens who are now sent to Switzerland, and
it was often with better results. The scent of the full
bins and the oast-house are to me delicious; but
some people detest the peculiar pungency, as they
detest mint, and thyme, and balsam, geranium, and
chrysanthemum scents.
It is, I believe, thought rather vulgar now-a-days
to have much lavender on view; but in my opinion
whole stacks of this dove-blue blossom are a grand
ornament wherever they occur.
Palms and eucalyptus, India rubber, and other
growing plants now fashionable give a homely feeling
to any room which nothing else can, except perhaps
a cat. We do not notice the want of blossoms. A
mass of coarsely-featured stocks, magenta chrysan-
themums or daisies, and various half-artificial pro-
ducts of the florist's science will often "kill" a well-
devised room, as one black sheep will corrupt a
whole school; but leaves can never offend. It is a
pity the pretty German fashion of growing ivy on
screens, balustrades, etc., is not commoner here.
Laurestinus,

PRIMULA JAPONICA.
73
Rus in Urbe.
75
Laurestinus, both the flower and the azure berry,
and many despised ornaments which unfortunately
grow on bushes rather than standards, are extremely
effective if well treated. I have worn laurestinus in
my hair and been asked, "What is that pretty exotic?"
Probably the brave lady who dared to mount a
knot of potato flowers would never be credited with
visiting the kitchen garden.
Many fungi are beautiful ornaments. Many
mosses are as pretty, laid out in deep dishes, as
vases of flowers. There are mosses curled, and
mosses feathered, and mosses seeded, and mosses
frosted. Not often enough one sees the prismatically
radiant lycopodium: the iridescent effect is only oc-
casionally developed, but it is exceedingly beautiful.
However, this is a green-house plant; and under glass
the modern varieties of pink, blue, crimson, and
golden foliage are endless.
Of summer grasses and ferns I need hardly speak,
they have already received the imprimatur of Fashion.
THE
76
Rus in Urbe.
THE SEED.
Harvest brings us wheat-ears, dazzling berries, and
velvet fruits. And I like a red apple or a peach
lying in an opal shell, on other tables than the din-
ner table. Its colours are a comfort, its touch is
nice, its scent (in moderation) delicious; but fruits
should never be shut up from the air.
A cleft pomegranate is one of the loveliest orna-
ments, a rugged brown rind enclosing uncut rubies
in a nest of white velvet; a branch of barberries is a
shower of topaz-and how gracefully thrown forth!
The common flag bears a deep green pod which
bursts into four, and exhibits a perfect wealth of coral.
I have spoken of the country hedges where the cat-
kins hang in grey-green clusters and breaking pods
throw forth magical veils and plumes, that stream
like little opal clouds about the neighbouring boughs,
soft as silk and fine as lace, mixed with sapphire
berries and handsful of coral. All these things
bring the garden into the house, if carefully gathered
and delicately adapted.
A
Rus in Urbe.
77
A nodding clump of oats, I think, gives grace to
the lordliest drawing-room, whether green or golden;
and wheat is charming, whether dry or kept in water
till the ears begin to shoot into spires of emerald
light-there is no green like the young green of corn.
They should stand in Oriental vases against Spanish
leather or Venice velvet; thus dissevered from as-
sociations with the farm-yard, Prince Paragon himself
would perceive how graceful is the long jointed stem,
how exquisitely fitted is every grain in its gilded
sheath. Personally, I am partial to most seeds.
Pine cones and cedar cones please me on a mantel-
shelf, or massed in an empty grate. Horse-chestnuts
are dear to me, in or out of their green leathern
cases. I think a saucer of purple beans or Egyptian
lentils is often an addition to the treasures upon
a Buhl table, and a few beech nuts in some old
silver salver may point every lesson taught by a
flower. I like the rude Indian passion for stringing
seeds into necklets, belts, bags; I like the soft rattling
sound. I have a weakness even for cloves stuck in
oranges
78
Rus in Urbe.
oranges or made into baskets. Seeds falling from
the trees first taught savage man to love beads; and
beads (wampum) made the first books, letters, and
love-gifts.
As we grow older we see better than we did how
every season has its own beauty and its own enjoy-
ment; and perhaps the red berry would no more
desire to return to the pink blossom than a really
healthy mind, crowned with silver and laurel, would
give up sixty years of struggle and attainment to
recover the lithe limbs, the golden hair, and the
empty head of sixteen.
In conclusion, I would say, Whatever use you make
of exotics which cannot be supposed to be strictly
in season, let the season assert itself in your floral
decoration. Let spring, summer, autumn, and winter
each give its definite tone to your rooms. Flowers
are the sweetest diaries. Let Nature's fragrant time-
piece be set up in your homes and chronicle the
flight of weeks and months in fragrant flowers, spring
buds, or autumnal leaves and winter berries.
PART

VARIEGATED JAPANESE MAIZE.
79
PART III.
WHAT WILL GROW.
T
HE following plants, according to the sections
in which they are arranged, will all do well in
the ordinary town garden. In exceptional cases
some particular subject not mentioned will do well; but
these cannot fairly be included in this list, as general
and not especial usefulness is aimed at. Plants of
such a character as require the protection of a
greenhouse during the winter will be found in the
supplementary list; but these are better if imported
from suburban nurseries each year, as required, as
plants of this kind which are wholly grown in smoky
districts, soon become debilitated, and often refuse to
put on their true character. Seeds should never be
saved in smoky districts, as they lose the power of
reproducing the true characteristics of the plants from
which they are saved, and the cost of new seed is
81
G
only
82
Rus in Urbe.
only nominal. Biennials, such as wallflowers, sweet
Williams, etc., should be purchased of a fair size,
as home-grown plants rarely give satisfactory results.
The asterisks refer to page 25.
TREES.
In the selection of trees, i.e., such as reach a
height of ten feet or upwards, only deciduous subjects.
should be chosen, and these should have specially
prepared stations, as, owing to their duration, the
soil cannot often be renovated for their use. Move
from November to March.
""
*Acacia
*Almond (bitter)
(sweet)
""
*Cherry (double flowered)
English Name.
""
""
*Laburnum
•
•
*Horse-chestnut (white)
(scarlet)
•
•
•
•
Botanical Name.
Robinia pseudo-acacia.
Amygdalus communis amara.
dulcis.
""
""
Cerasus serrulata.
sylvestris fl. pl.
""
sculus hippocastanum.
rubicunda.
""
Cytisus laburnum.
Rus in Urbe.
83
* Lime .
Maple (common)
""
Mountain Ash
99
English Name.
*Plane .
Poplar (Lombardy)
•
(variegated ash-leaved).
""
Siberian Crab
,,
""
(black Italian)
(Balsam)
Sycamore
*Thorn (white May)
·
•
Tilia Europea.
Acer campestre.
Negundo variegatum.
"?
Pyrus aucuparia.
Platanus occidentalis.
""
Botanical Name.
Populus fastigiata.
(double white May)
multiplex.
punicea.
(single red)
">
""
,,
(double pink)
fl. pl.
*Willows (Palm and Weeping). Salix caprea and Babylonica.
""
Pyrus malus prunifolia.
Acer pseudo-platanus.
Crataegus oxyacantha.
""
"}
monilifera.
balsamifera.
ر,
"}
""
SHRUBS.
What are termed shrubs, are those low-growing
hard-wooded subjects which attain no great height,
lilacs as an example; and while actually some of these
things are really small trees, we prefer to accept the
nurserymen's title for them. In the smokiest parts of
towns
84
Rus in Urbe.
towns only deciduous shrubs should be used, as they
thrive best; yet with ordinary care the whole of the
subjects named below will do fairly well, in fact, as
well as can be expected from the conditions in which
they are placed.
English Name.
Althæa frutex
Azalea .
Bladder Nut.
Deutzia.
•
""
*Flowering Currant
*Fuchsia
•
""
*Golden Elder
*Guelder Rose-Snow-
ball
Botanical Name.
Hibiscus Syriacus-several varieties.
What are called the Ghent azaleas
will grow very fairly, and bloom,
if they have properly prepared
beds. They are best suited to
the more suburban parts of the
district, if it is very smoky.
Staphylea pinnata.
Deutzia scabra.
""
gracilis.
Ribes sanguineum.
Fuchsia gracilis.
Riccartonii.
""
Sambucus nigra foliis aureus.
Viburnum opulus sterilis.

Le code d
an anda, d
Aura
ASTER.
85
Rus in Urbe.
87
Japan Quince (red).
(white)
English Name.
""
""
*Lilac (Persian)
(common)
(white)
Maple (Japanese)
,,
*Privet.
""
Roses
""
Snowberry
""
•
""
*Sumach
(yellow berried)
•
•
•
Venetian.
Stag's Horn
•
Cydonia Japonica.
""
""
Syringa Persica.
vulgaris.
د.
Botanical Name.
alba.
">
Acer Japonica, in many varieties,
worked on short stems and kept
hard pruned, make splendid and
elegant shrubs.
Ligustrum ovalifolium.
""
""
>"
xanthocarpum.
The following varieties of rose will
do fairly well in town gardens
Cabbage, Old Crimson China,
*Maiden's Blush, Dundee Rambler
(Ayrshire), Amadis, or Crimson
Boursault, Wood's Garland, Aimée
Vibert, and the *Dog Rose (Rosa
canina).
Symphoricarpos vulgaris.
racemosus.
""
??
Rhus copallina.
cotinus.
typhina.
alba.
88
Rus in Urbe.
English Name.
These contain doubtful evergreens, such as privet,
southernwood, and one or two others; but as in
ordinarily mild seasons they retain their foliage, they
are classed as evergreens.
*Adam's Needle
*Aucuba
Barberry (evergreen)
"?
* Box
Blue Gum
•
Cotoneaster
""
•
•
•
EVERGREENS.
•
Double Furze
Dwarf St. John's Wort
Hollies.
Holly-leaved Barberry
*Ivy (tree)
·
•
•
•
Botanical Name.
Yucca gloriosa.
Aucuba Japonica fœmina-several
varieties.
Berberis Darwinii.
Jamiesonii.
""
Buxus sempervirens.
Eucalyptus globulus
hardy.
Cotoneaster microphylla.
Simmondsii.
""
J
Mahonia aquifolium.
Hedera arborescens.
not quite
Ulex Europæus, fl. pl.
Hypericum calycinum.
Ilex aquifolium and varieties.
Rus in Urbe.
89
Laurel
*Lavender
Laurustinus
99
Privet (Japan)
(Chinese)
99
English Name.
""
""
•
(evergreen)
(oval-leaved)
(common).
* Rhododendron
*Rosemary
Spindle Tree.
•
•
*Southernwood
Thready Yucca
•
•
Cerasus laurocerasus.
Lavendula spica.
Viburnum tinus.
Ligustrum Japonicum.
lucidum.
""
""
,,
Botanical Name.
""
vulgare buxifolium.
Rhododendron Ponticum,
hybrids of Ponticum.
Rosmarinus officinalis.
Euonymus Japonicus.
""
sempervirens.
ovalifolium.
""
Artemisia abrotanum.
Yucca filamentosa.
and
latifolia alba marginata.
radicans variegata.
CLIMBERS.
Both annual and permanent climbers are included
in the following list, annuals being marked a. As
against houses, the plants of a permanent character do
not often receive attention as to renovating the soil,
good stations should be made for the reception of the
plants
90
Rus in Urbe.
plants. They are best planted in spring, so as to
avoid, just after the shock of removal, the fogs and
frosts of a London winter.
English Name.
a.
BoxThorn, or Tea Tree
Bramble
""
•
a. Bean-runner
Cotoneaster
Clematis .
(wild).
a. Convolvulus major.
*a. Canary Creeper
a.
Grape Vine
Botanical Name.
Lycium Europæum.
Rubus laciniatus,
""
fruticotus rosea plena, also
the American fruiting brambles,
such as Wilson junr.
Phaseolus multiflorus.
Cotoneaster Simmondsii.
thymifolia.
99
Clematis Jackmannii, * and other
hybrids.
flammula this rarely
""
flowers.
Ipomea purpurea.
Tropæolum peregrinum.
Cobæa scandens.
Eccromacarpus scandens.
Forsythia viridissima.
Black Hambro' vines give splendid
foliage, but rarely bear fruit.

WWW
MEGANE GAMES WINTER.
Unitats
TOBACCO PLANT.
NICOTIANA ATROPURPUREA.
91
Rus in Urbe.
93
17.
English Name.
*
Hop
Ivy, Irish
palmate
common
Rægner's
Jasmine (white)
Japan Honeysuckle .
""
""
""
""
""
""
Magnolia
a. Nasturtium (tall)
Passion Flower
Pyracantha
Roses
""
Quince (red).
(white)
*a. Sweet Pea
•
a. Tropæolum
,, Everlasting
""
*a. Virginian Creeper
""
Wistaria.
•
·
•
,,(Veitch's)
Humulus lupulus.
Hedera Canariensis.
""
""
Botanical Name.
palmata.
helix.
""
Rægneriana.
Jasminum officinale.
""
Lonicera Japonica aurea-reticulata.
Cydonia Japonica.
alba.
Lophospermum scandens.
Magnolia conspicuus.
Tropæolum compactum.
Passiflora cærulea.
Crataegus pyracantha.
Boursault, Ayrshire, and the wild
Rosa canina, or dog rose.
""
Lathyrus odoratus.
latifolius.
Tropaeolum elegans.
fulgens.
Ampelopsis hederacea.
";
Veitchii.
>>
29
Wistaria Chinensis.
BIENNIALS AND PERENNIALS.
These plants last for more than one year,-in some cases for twenty
years,—and should be obtained from nurseries at some distance from the
thick smoke, so that they may be strong and healthy at the first start. All
the kinds enumerated below are suitable for town work; but in the more
pure air of suburban districts the list might be almost indefinitely in-
creased.
English Name.
American Bearbind
*Aaron's Rod
Golden Rod
Balm
Betony
*Canterbury Bells
*Columbine
D
Botanical Name.
Calystegia gigantea .
pubescens.
""
Solidago arguta, and other
species
Melissa officinalis
Betonica officinalis
Campanula media
Aquilegia vulgaris, in seve-
ral varieties
Predominating
Colour.
white
pink (double)
yellow
variegated foliage
foliage plant
various
various
Months of
Flowering.
June to Sept.
"9
""
Aug. to Nov.
June to Aug.
July to Sept.
May to July.
*Coltsfoot
Comfrey
*Creeping Jenny
*Daisy
•
Everlasting Pea
*Evening Primrose
French
Honey-
suckle
* Feverfew
*Foxglove
*Honesty
*Hops
•
* Houseleek
*Hollyhock
*Lily of the Valley
Lungwort
•
*London Pride
*Musk
Tussilago farfara, fol. var.
Symphytum asperrimum
fol. var.
Lysimachia nummularia
Bellis perennis, in several
varieties
Lathyrus latifolius
Enothera biennis
Hedysarum coronarium
Pyrethrum parthenium, fl.
pl.
Digitalis purpurea
Lunaria biennis
Humulus lupulus
Sempervivum tectorum
Althea officinalis vars.
•
Convallaria majalis
Pulmonaria Sibirica.
Saxifraga umbrosa
Mimulus moschatus
·
•
variegated foliage
variegated foliage
yellow
white, pink, and
red
rose
yellow
crimson and white
•
vars.
white
various
purple
green
red
various
white
red, changing to
blue
pink spotted
yellow
•
April to July.
April to July.
July to Oct.
June to Sept.
June to Aug.
July to Sept.
June to Aug.
March to May
July to Aug.
August.
June to Oct.
April to June.
March to June
May to June
April to July
95
台
​English Name.
Milfoil
Monkshood
Madwort
Michaelmas Daisy
Oxeye Daisy
*
* Primrose
Perennial Sun-
flower
Candytuft
Lupin
Larkspur.
""
·
""
D
Botanical Name.
Achillea
millefolium
rubrum
serrata, fl. pl.
""
Aconitum napellus, in
several varieties
Alyssum saxatile
Aster amellus, and other
species and
their
varieties
Chrysanthemum leucan-
themum
Primula acaulis
Helianthus multiflorus
Iberis sempervirens
Lupinus polyphyllus.
•
S
Delphinium Chinensis and
hybrid varieties
Predominating
Colour.
rose
white (double)
white, blue, pur-
ple
yellow
white, lavender,
blue, red, pur-
ple, etc.
white
yellow
yellow
white
white and blue
vars.
white to intense
deep blue
Months of
Flowering.
July to Oct.
June to Aug.
May to Aug.
April to June
May to Oct.
June to Sept.
March to June
July to Oct.
April to June
May to Sept.
June to Sept.
*Periwinkle
Pilewort
*Solomon's Seal
*Snapdragon.
*Sweet William
Saxifrage
*Stonecrop
*Thrift
Tickseed Sunflower
►
Valerian
Wallcress
*Wallflower
Willow Herb
•
Vinca, minor and major
Ficaria ranunculoides
Polygonatum multiflorum
Antirrhinum majus; but
hybrid varieties are those
most used in gardens,
species not being so
useful
Dianthus barbatus
Saxifraga crassifolia and
other species
Sedum acre
Armeria vulgaris
Coreopsis lanceolata.
auriculata.
>>
Centranthus ruber
Arabis alpina
Cheiranthus cheiri vars.
Epilobium angustifolium
•
•
•
blue and white Feb. to June
vars.
yellow
white
various
various
deep red, various
yellow
rose
yellow
yellow
red
white
yellow or brown-
red
rose
·
March to May
May to June
May to Sept.
June to Aug.
March to Apr.
May to July
""
""
July to Sept.
""
""
May to Aug.
March to May
March to June
June to Aug.
97
98
Rus in Urbe.
BULBOUS PLANTS.
Where the soil is fairly good and well drained, these
answer very well; and as they are permanent only so
far as the roots are concerned, if not disturbed too
often, they will bloom well for many years.
Plant
from September to February.
English Name.
* Crocus
Botanical Name.
Crocus vernus, hybrids.
The sorts
used in garden decoration are
crosses between various defined
species or varieties, and are-
except with named varieties—
divided into three distinct
colours; viz.: yellow, purple,
and white. So long as good
bulbs are obtained, these three
divisions are sufficient for town
gardens, named sorts giving no
better effect, and costing much
more.

20
NASTURTIUM.
99
A. "
Rus in Urbe.
IOI
English Name.
Crown Imperial
* Fritillaries
*Hyacinth
*Irises .
•
*Lilies (Tiger Lily)
•
•
>>
Fritillaria imperialis.
""
meleagris,* and varieties.
Hyacinthus orientalis. The sorts
used for garden decoration are
hybrids between this species and
its sub-species H. o. provincialis,
and for ordinary work are best
obtained in colours only, as
named varieties cost very much.
more, and give no better result.
Of course, the bulbs being spe-
cially prepared, they only bloom
finely the first season.
Iris Germanica, blue.
""
""
""
>>
""
Botanical Name.
""
""
""
purple.
Variegata Albion, yellow and
purple.
aurea, golden yellow.
در
cœrulea, light blue.
Mons. Chereau,dark
pseudo-acoris aurea, yellow.
""
Lilium tigrinum.
pallida, pale
yellow.
102
Rus in Urbe.
""
Lilies (Turk's Cap Lily).
(Orange Lily)
(White Lily).
*Narcissus, or Daffodil
Jonquil.
Poet's Nar-
cissus
""
""
""
در
English Name.
Snowdrop
**
""
*Squills, or Bluebells
""
>>
},
""
Polyanthus
Narcissus
19
"
""
""
""
•
Lilium Martagon.
""
""
""
croceum.
candidum.
Narcissus pseudo narcissus.
jonquilla.
poeticus.
""
""
""
tazetta. Besides these
there are a whole host of garden
varieties and hybrids, as well as
some scores of species; and if
hybrids of the first and last named
species mentioned above are pur-
chased, sufficient variety can be
obtained.
""
,,
Galanthus nivalis.
plicatus.
>>
Botanical Name.
""
""
Scilla bifolia.
nivalis.
Sibirica.
Peruviana.
hyacinthoides.
Belgica.
""
atropurpureum.
""
Rus in Urbe.
103
English Name.
*Tulip
•
Botanical Name.
The sorts offered in the shops are,
as a rule, hybrid varieties, and if
had in decided colours are best
for general decoration. All the
kinds offered will do well for one
or two seasons, after which they
deteriorate, and in very smoky
districts gradually die out unless
very special care is taken with
them.
HARDY ANNUALS.
These should be sown in August and March, and
will then give a long season of bloom. The greatest
care should be taken to afford plenty of room for the
development of each plant, or the result will be poor
in the extreme. Varieties-which in some cases are
endless—are not given, the best variety of the season
giving the best result, as they are not often constant.
104
English Name.
*African Marigold
Aster
*Bee Flower
*Candytuft
*Chrysanthemum
Corn Marigold
Clarkia
""
""
Collinsia
*Convolvulus minor
•
•
*Corn Flower .
Californian Poppy
Catchfly.
*Everlasting Flowers
•
Botanical Name.
Tagetes patula erecta
Hybrids of annual asters
Limnanthes Douglassi
Iberis umbellata
Chrysanthemum tricolor,
vars.
segetum
""
""
""
Clarkia elegans
pulchella
integripetala
""
Collinsia bicolor
Convolvulus minor
Cyanus minor
Eschscholtzia Californica
Silene pendula
Helichrysum monstrosus
Predominant Colour.
orange yellow.
various, all colours except
yellow.
yellow.
white, pink, crimson, purple,
etc.
various.
""
yellow.
many varieties of these species
are grown, colours ranging
from pure white to crimson.
lilac.
white, blue, and white or
blue and yellow.
white, blue, purple, pink, etc.
white, yellow, orange.
pink.
white, yellow, red, purple.
*French Marigold
Flax
Godetia.
Indian Pink
*Love-lies-bleeding
*Larkspur (rocket)
(branching)
""
*Lupin
Love in a Mist
*Marigold (Pot)
*Monkey Flower
*Mignonette
Mustard (Hedge)
*Nasturtium
*Nemophila
*Princes' Feathers
*Pea (Sweet)
* Poppy
*Sunflower
•
•
Tagetes patula nana
Linum grandiflorum
Godetia, in many species
and varieties
Dianthus Chinensis, vars.
Amaranthus caudatus
Delphinium Ajacis
""
consolida
Lupinus mutabilis, varie-
color, and other species
Nigella Damascena
Calendula officinalis
Mimulus cupreus
Reseda odorata
Erysimum Perowskianum
Arkansanum
""
Tropæolum compactum
Nemophila insignis, vars.
Amaranthus hypocondri-
achus
Lathyrus odoratus
Papaver rhæas plena
Helianthus annuus.
·
rich browns and yellows.
white, blue, scarlet.
white, pink, crimson.
reds and crimsons chiefly.
crimson.
various.
blue, white.
blue, rose, white, yellow.
white to blue.
yellow.
red and yellow.
brown or orange.
orange.
yellow.
various.
white, blue, blue and white.
crimson.
various.
""
yellow, several shades.
105
English Name.
Soapwort
Sweet Scabious
*Stocks
>>
Virginia
English Name.
* Balsam
*Castor Oil Plant
Botanical Name.
•
Saponaria Calabrica
Scabiosa
atropurpurea,
vars.
Hybrid varieties of dif-
ferent kinds, quite dis-
tinct from species.
HALF HARDY ANNUALS.
These should be raised in heat in February and March, and
after pricking out to strengthen, should be planted in the open
ground early in June.
Botanical Name.
Predominant Colour.
pink.
various.
·
red, white, purple.
various.
Impatiens balsamina
Ricinus Africanus, and other
species
Predominant Colour.
various.
foliage plants.
106
*Canary Creeper
Cucumber (Snake).
*Drummond's Phlox.
Gourds (Orange,
Bottle, Turk's Cap,
Crookneck, Egg,
Olive, etc.).
Ice plant
* Lobelia
Marvel of Peru
Perilla
Petunia
Portulacca
*Tobacco
*Zinnia
·
Tropaeolum peregrina.
Cucumis flexuosus
Phlox Drummondii
Cucurbita, species and
varieties
Mesembryanthemum crystal-
linum
Lobelia speciosa, varieties
Mirabilis jalapa
Perilla Nankinensis
•
U
Petunia purpurea and hybrids
Portulacca, double varieties
Nicotiana rustica
Affinis
""
Zinnia elegans, fl. pl.
Fenzlia dianthiflora
Tagetes signata pumila
yellow.
foliage and fruit.
various.
foliage and fruit, very
rapid and ornamental
climbers.
pink.
blue.
various.
bronze foliage.
various.
,,
foliage plants.
white flower.
various.
pink.
yellow. This plant takes
the place of calceo-
larias in bedding
arrangements.
107
108
Rus in Urbe.
ORNAMENTAL GRASSES.
These should be treated the same as hardy annuals,
The last two should be
and not sown too thickly.
sown in April.
English Name.
Sterile Oat Grass.
Small Quaking Grass
Large
Love Grass
19
·
"
•
•
Indian Corn .
*Variegated Japanese Maize
·
•
•
•
Agrostis nebulosa.
pulchella.
Botanical Name.
""
Avena sterilis.
Briza gracilis.
maxima.
>>
Eragrostis elegans.
Hordeum jubatum.
Lagurus ovatus.
Lamarckia aurea.
Zea mays.
""
Japonica, fol. var.
FERNS.

FOXGLOVE.
I 9
Rus in Urbe.
III
English Name.
FERNS.
The following ferns will grow in town districts if
carefully tended, and the foliage kept clean while
growing.
Holly Fern.
*Lady Fern.
Hard Fern .
*Male Fern.
Royal Fern.
Oak Fern
Beech Fern.
*Common Polypody
Welsh
* Bracken
>>
Ostrich Feather Fern
Aspidium Lonchitis.
Asplenium marinum.
Athyrium Filix-fœmina.
",
""
""
""
Blechnum spicant.
Lastrea dilitata.
Botanical Name.
""
رد
""
Osmunda regalis.
""
""
"}
Polypodium dryopteris.
phegopteris.
vulgare.
در
lepidota.
""
Filix-mas angustata.
>>
lanceolatum.
multifidum.
cambricum.
Pteris aquilina.
Scolopendrium vulgare.
Struthiopteris Germanica (where
there is little smoke).
II 2
Rus in Urbe.
SUPPLEMENTARY LIST
Of Fruit Trees, Vegetables, and Bedding Plants that
will grow in the less smoky parts of towns.
FRUIT TREES.
*Apples.-Alfriston, Betty Geeson, Catshead, Codlin
(Keswick), Codlin (Mank's), Early Julien, etc.
*Pears.—Williams' Seedling, etc., and Plums, of
*Cherries.-Black Tartarian, Early May, Kentish,
*Medlars.-Dutch, Nottingham.
*Mulberries.—The ordinary black sort is best near
sorts.
Morello.
towns.
*Currants. Black Naples, Red Cherry, Red
Dutch.
Gooseberries.—Crown Bob, Rifleman, Washington,
Whitesmith.
Nuts, Strawberries and Raspberries, of sorts, can
also be cultivated.
VEGETABLES.
Rus in Urbe.
113
VEGETABLES.
* Artichoke.—Green Tours (an ornamental per-
ennial). Spinach.-Prickly or Winter.
*Beans.-Scarlet Runners. Canadian Wonder.
Gourd, or Pumpkin.-Mammoth Squash.
*Parsley.-Myatt's Garnishing. *Horseradish.
*Radish.-Extra Early Scarlet Turnip.
*Rhubarb.-St. Martin's. Onion.-White Spanish.
* Vegetable Marrow.-Long White, Moore's Cream.
Herbs.-*Marjoram, *Sage, *Mint, *Peppermint,
*Cress, *Lemon Thyme, *Fennel, *Borage, *Sorrel,
*Lavender, Dandelion, Lettuce. Mushrooms can be
forced.
BEDDING PLANTS.
No names of varieties are given with these, as the
varieties are cultivated according to fashion, and a
complete list would occupy a large volume. All the
plants named will do well for their season in any
reasonably open town garden.
*Calceolaria, or lady's slipper (shrubby), *Canna,
*Dahlia,
1
114
Rus in Urbe.
*Dahlia, Echeveria, *Geranium (Pelargonium) scarlet
and pink zonales, Geranium (Pelargonium) Ivy-
leaved, Lantana, *Lobelia, *Petunia, Mesembry-
anthemum, *Sedum, *Sempervivum, Tropæolum,
and Verbena.
FLORIST'S FLOWERS.
*Carnations of the Clove section, *Pinks, Picotees,
Double *Pyrethrums, Pansies, *Hollyhocks, Violas.
To these must be added many others as the
suburban districts are reached; and in many places
these districts are quite equal to the country for the
variety of plants which are found to succeed in them.
The whole of the preceding lists are however
prepared for what are strictly town gardens; and
only such things as will succeed in such are
enumerated.

VIRGINIA STOCK.
115
Rus in Urbe.
117
BOTANICAL NAMES
Of Plants given in preceding lists, alphabetically
arranged.
Acer campestre
""
Botanical Name.
Negundo variegatum
pseudo-platanus
""
Æsculus hippocastanum
rubicunda
19
Amygdalis communis amara
dulcis
**
""
Cerasus serrulata .
""
sylvestris, fl. pl.
Crataegus oxyacantha
""
""
,,
""
""
""
Cytisus laburnum .
Platanus occidentalis
""
TREES.
•
•
multiplex
Punicea .
,, fl.pl.
English Name.
Common Maple.
Variegated ash-leaved Maple.
Sycamore.
White Horse Chestnut.
Red
Bitter Almond.
Sweet Almond.
">
Double Cherry.
White May, or Hawthorn,
single.
,,
""
>>
""
>>
Red May, or Hawthorn, single.
double.
Pink
Laburnum.
Plane.
>>
double.
118
Rus in Urbe.
Populus fastigiata .
monilifera.
balsamifera
""
Botanical Name.
""
Pyrus aucuparia
""
malus prunifolia
Robinia pseudo-acacia
Tilia Europea
Acer Japonica
Azalea, hybrids
Cydonia Japonica.
""
""
Deutzia scabra
""
gracilis
Fuchsia gracilis
""
Botanical Name.
·
alba
SHRUBS. DECIDUOUS.
Riccartonii
""
Hibiscus Syriacus.
Ligustrum ovalifolium
xanthocarpum
English Name.
Lombardy Poplar.
Black Italian
Balsam
•
Mountain Ash.
Siberian Crab.
Acacia.
Lime.
""
""
""
English Name.
Japanese Maple.
Ghent Azalea.
Japan Quince, red.
white.
""
Deutzia.
Hardy Fuchsia.
Althea frutex.
Oval-leaved Privet.
Yellow-berried,,
Rus in Urbe.
I 19
F
Rhus copallina
cotinus.
typhina.
""
""
""
Botanical Name.
""
Ribes sanguineum .
Rosa, hybrids of various species.
The following varieties of rose
will do fairly well in town gar-
dens :-Cabbage, Old Crimson
China, Maiden's Blush, Dundee
Rambler (Ayrshire), Amadis or
Crimson Boursault, Wood's Gar-
land, Aimée Vibert, and the Dog
Rose (Rosa canina)
Sambucus nigra foliis aureus
Staphylea pinnata.
Syringa Persica
vulgaris
})
""
•
alba
•
Symphoricarpos vulgaris
racemosus
.
Viburnum opulus sterilis
•
•
•
•
English Name.
Sumach.
Venetian Sumach.
"
Staghorn
Flowering Currant.
Rose.
Golden Elder.
Bladder Nut.
Persian Lilac.
Common
""
""
white Lilac.
Snowberry.
Guelder - rose or Snow-
ball.
Rus in Urbe.
123
Rosmarinus officinalis
Ulex Europæus, fl. pl.
Viburnum tinus
Yucca gloriosa
در
Botanical Name.
Ampelopsis hederacea
Veitchii
filamentosa .
>>
""
Cobra scandens.
""
""
flammula.
""
Clematis Jackmanii (hybrid) .
•
"}
•
Cotoneaster Simmondsii.
thymifolia
""
Crataegus pyracantha
Cydonia Japonica .
alba
Eccremocarpus scandens.
Forsythia viridissima.
Hedera Canariensis
palmata.
helix.
CLIMBERS.
•
•
•
·
English Name.
Rosemary.
Double Furze.
Laurustinus.
Adam's Needle.
Thready Yucca.
Virginian Creeper.
Veitch's
59
Jackman's purple Cle-
matis.
Wild white Clematis.
""
}
Pyracantha.
Japan Quince, red.
white.
Cotoneaster.
""
""
Irish Ivy.
Palmate Ivy.
Common
>>
124
Rus in Urbe.
Hedera Rægneriana
Humulus lupulus
""
Botanical Name.
Ipomea purpurea
Jasminum officinale
Lathyrus odorata
Lonicera Japonica aurea reticulata .
Lophospermum scandens.
Lycium Europæum
Passiflora cærulea .
Phaseolus multiflorus
""
•
""
Rosa canina .
Rubus laciniatus rosea
""
·
""
•
""
•
Tropaeolum compactum .
peregrina
elegans.
fulgens.
Vitis vinifera, hybrids
Wistaria Chinensis.
•
plena.
•
·
•
•
&&
•
English Name.
Rægner's Ivy.
Hop.
Major Convolvulus.
White Jasmine.
Sweet Pea.
Japan Honeysuckle.
Box Thorn or Tea Tree.
Blue Passion Flower.
Scarlet Runner Bean.
Dog Rose.
Rose Bramble.
Double
Nasturtium.
Canary Creeper.
>"
Grape Vine.
Wistaria.
Rus in Urbe.
125
PERENNIALS AND BIENNIALS.
Botanical Name.
Achillea millefolium rubrum .
serrata fl. pl.
""
Aconitum napellus.
Althea rosea
Alyssum saxatile
•
Antirrhinum major and minus
Aquilegia vulgaris.
Arabis alpina
Armeria vulgaris
Calystegia gigantea
pubescens
>>
Campanula media .
Centranthus ruber
Cheiranthus Cheiri
Aster amellus, and other species
Bellis perennis, fl. pl.
Betonica officinalis
•
""
Delphinium hybridum
Dianthus barbatus.
Digitalis purpurea .
•
·
Chrysanthemum leucanthemum
Convallaria majalis
Coreopsis auriculata
lanceolata
•
·
•
•
•
English Name.
""
Milfoil, or Yarrow.
double white.
Monkshood.
Hollyhock.
Madwort.
Snapdragon.
Columbine.
Wallcress.
Thrift.
Michaelmas Daisy.
Double Daisies.
Betony.
}American Bearbind.
Canterbury Bell.
Valerian.
Wallflower.
Oxeye Daisy.
Lily of the Valley.
} Tickseed Sunflower.
Perennial Larkspur.
Sweet William.
Foxglove.
126
Rus in Urbe.
Epilobium angustifolium
Ficaria ranunculoides
Botanical Name.
Hedysarum coronarium .
Helianthus multiflorus
Humulus lupulus
Iberis sempervirens
Lathyrus latifolius.
Lunaria biennis
""
"
•
Lupinus polyphyllus
Lysimachia nummularia .
Melissa officinalis, fol. var.
Mimulus moschatus
Enothera biennis.
Polygonatum multiflorum
Primula acaulis
Pulmonaria Sibirica
Pyrethrum Parthenium, fl. pl.
Saxifraga crassifolia
umbrosa.
•
·
•
•
•
•
•
Sedum acre
Sempervivum tectorum
Solidago arguta, and other species.
Symphytum asperrimum, fol. var.
Tussilago farfara, fol. var.
Vinca, minor.
major.
•
•
English Name.
Willow Herb.
Pilewort.
French Honeysuckle.
Perennial Sunflower.
Hop.
Perennial Candytuft.
Everlasting Pea.
Honesty.
Perennial Lupin.
Creeping Jenny.
Variegated Balm.
Musk.
Evening Primrose.
Solomon's Seal.
Primrose.
Lungwort.
Double Feverfew.
Saxifrage.
London Pride.
Stonecrop.
Houseleek.
Golden Rod; Aaron's Rod
Variegated Comfrey.
Variegated Coltsfoot.
}Periwinkle.

GLADIOLUS.
at
127
Rus in Urbe.
129
""
Galanthus nivalis
Crocus vernus, and hybrids
Fritillaria imperialis
meleagris, and vars.
Iris Germanica
""
""
>>
plicatus.
""
Hyacinthus orientalis, hybrids
"">
"
>>
,,
""
variegata Albion
aurea
",
""
Lilium tigrinum
Martagon
Botanical Name.
""
""
""
""
""
pseud-acorus aurea
pallida
""
•
BULBOUS PLANTS.
""
croceum
candidum
cærulea
Mons. Chereau
K
•
•
""
Narcissus pseudo narcissus
jonquilla
poeticus.
tazetta
•
·
atropurpureum
•
English Name.
Crocus.
Crown Imperial.
Fritillary.
Snowdrop.
Hyacinth.
Garden Flag, blue.
azure.
purple.
yellow.
>>
""
""
>>
",
,,
""
""
""
Sweet Flag, yellow.
""
>"
Tiger Lily.
Turk's Cap Lily.
""
Purple Turk's Cap Lily.
Orange Lily.
White Garden Lily.
Daffodil.
Jonquil.
Poet's Narcissus.
Polyanthus Narcissus.
130
Rus in Urbe.
Scilla bifolia .
nivalis
Sibirica
Peruviana
hyacinthoides
""
""
19
""
""
Belgica
Tulipa hybridus
Botanical Name.
""
•
Amaranthus caudatus
""
""
Aster Chinensis
Calendula officinalis
Calliopsis tinctoria.
Chrysanthemum tricolor.
segetum
Clarkia elegans
pulchella
integripetala
Collinsia bicolor
۱۱
Convolvulus minor
hypochondriacus
Cyanus minor
Delphinium Ajacis
•
•
·
•
•
ANNUALS. (HARDY.)
•
•
English Name.
•
Squills, or Bluebell.
Garden Tulip.
Love-lies-bleeding.
Princes' Feather.
Annual Aster.
Pot Marigold.
Corn Marigold.
Clarkia.
Collinsia.
Convolvulus minor.
Cornflower.
Rocket Larkspur.
Rus in Urbe.
131
Delphinium consolida
Dianthus Chinensis
Botanical Name.
Erysimum Arkansanum .
Perowskianum
""
Eschscholtzia Californica
Godetia Whitneyi .
Helianthus annuus
Helichrysum monstrosum
Iberis umbellatus
Limnanthes Douglassi
Linum grandiflorum
Lupinus mutabilis versicolor
Mimulus cupreus
""
•
,,
Nemophila insignis
Nigella Damascena
Papaver Rhæas plena
Reseda odorata
Saponaria Calabrica
Scabiosa atropurpurea
Silene pendula
Tagetes patula nana
erecta
Tropaeolum compactum.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
·
.
English Name.
Branching Larkspur.
Indian Pink.
Hedge Mustard.
Californian Poppy.
Godetia.
Sunflower.
Everlasting Flower.
Candytuft.
Bee Flower.
Flax.
Lupin.
Monkey Flower.
Nemophila.
Love-in-a-mist.
French Poppy.
Mignonette.
Soapwort.
Sweet Scabious.
Catchfly.
French Marigold.
African
Nasturtium.
"
132
Rus in Urbe.
ANNUALS. (HALF-HARDY.)
Botanical Name.
Cucumis flexuosus.
Cucurbita melo, and other species.
Fenzlia dianthiflora.
Impatiens balsamina
Lobelia speciosa
Mesembryanthemum crystallinum
•
Portulacca, vars.
Ricinus Africanus
Mirabilis jalapa
Nicotiana rustica
Perilla Nankinensis.
Petunia purpurea, and hybrids
Phlox Drummondii
►
•
Tagetes signata pumila.
Tropæolum peregrina
Zinnia elegans, fl. pl.
•
English Name.
Snake Cucumber.
Gourds.
Balsam.
Blue Lobelia.
Ice Plant.
Marvel of Peru.
Tobacco.
Petunia.
Drummond's Phlox.
Castor Oil Plant.
Canary Creeper.
Zinnia.

EVERLASTING FLOWERS.
HELICHRYSUM MONSTROSUM, VAR. FIREBALL.
131
Rus in Urbe.
135
Agrostis nebulosa.
pulchella.
""
Avena sterilis
Briza gracilis.
maxima
""
Zea mays
ORNAMENTAL GRASSES.
Botanical Name.
Eragrostis elegans .
Hordeum jubatum.
Lagurus ovatus.
Lamarckia aurea.
>>
Japonica, fol. var.
•
English Name.
Sterile Oat.
Small Quaking Grass.
Large
Love Grass.
""
""
Indian Corn, or Maize.
Japanese variegated.
Maize.
136
Rus in Urbe.
Aspidium Lonchitis
Asplenium marinum.
Athyrium filix-fœmina
""
99
""
""
Blechnum spicant
Lastrea dilitata.
Botanical Name.
""
""
""
Osmunda regalis
""
""
""
""
•
Polypodium dryopteris
phegopteris.
vulgare
Cambricum
lepidota.
""
filix-mas angustata
lanceolatum.
multifidum.
FERNS.
Pteris aquilina
Scolopendrium vulgare.
Struthiopteris Germanica
D
·
English Name.
Holly Fern.
Lady Fern.
Hard Fern.
Male Fern.
Royal Fern.
Oak Fern.
Beech Fern.
Common Polypody.
Welsh Polypody.
Bracken.
Ostrich Feather Fern.
Abbreviations used in preceding lists,-
fl. pl., flore plena,
fol. var., foliis variegatis,
varieties,
vars.,
double flowered.
variegated foliage.
different forms of one species.
M. E. HAWEIS.
CARTERS' SEEDS of BEAUTIFUL FLOWERS,
SEASON 1886,
MANY OF WHICH ARE ILLUSTRATED AND DESCRIBED IN THIS BOOK.

Carters' Boxes of Hardy
Annuals.
(Including Nemophila, Saponaria, Tom
Thumb Nasturtium, Collinsia, Clarkia, and
all the leading showy kinds.)
s. d.
50 finest selected vars., separate. 10 0
25 finest selected vars., separate...
5 0
2 6
12
"
""
11
4.
6
""
91
12 showy hardy Annuals.
6 hardy Perennials.
3 choice vars. Everlasting Flowers.
Post Free.
German Stock, lg.-flwd.
12 choicest varieties French Aster.
10 choicest varieties German Stock.
3 choice Everlasting Flowers.
12 Showy hardy Annuals.
3 varieties Ornamental Grasses.
2 oz. Sweet Peas, mixed.
I Sweet Peas, Scarlet Invincible.
CARTERS' BOX of FLOWER SEEDS, price 10/6,
Sent free by Post on receipt of P.O. for 10/-, contains:
12 choicest vars. French Aster.
Sent free by Post on receipt
3 choicest Everlasting Flowers.
3 Ornamental Grasses.
12 choicest varieties French Aster.
12
11
vars. Betteridge's Prize Aster.
10 choicest varieties German Stock.
(Including Cineraria maritima, Wall-
flower, Sweet William, Gaillardia, Antir-
rhinum, Pentstemon, etc.).
s. d.
50 finest selected vars., separate. 12 6
25 finest selected vars., separate... 6 6
3 0
12
CARTERS' BOX of FLOWER SEEDS, price 15/-,
Sent free by Post on receipt of P.O. for 14/3, contains:
12 showy hardy Annuals.
6 vars. Greenhouse Seeds, including Cal-
ceolaria, Cineraria, and Primula.
Carters' Boxes of Hardy
Perennials.
Carters
"
?!
I oz. Mignonette, new Crimson Giant.
2 Sweet Peas, mixed,
**
I,, Dwarf mixed Nasturtium.
Ι "
12 varieties showy Flowers.
CARTERS' BOX of FLOWER SEEDS, price 21/-,
of P.O. for 20/-, contains:
6 vars. Ornamental-foliaged Plants.
12 vars. showy Flowers, for Summer and
Autumn blooming.
***
12 vars, showy Flowers, for Summer an
Autumn blooming.
"I
6 hardy Perennials.
I oz. Mignonette, new Crimson Giant.
6 vars, ornamental-foliaged Plants.
1 oz. Dwarf mixed Nasturtium.
11
""
6 hardy Perennials.
1 oz. Mignonette, new Crimson Giant.
2 Sweet Peas, mixed.
1
I
Sweet Peas, Scarlet Invincible.
Dwarf mixed Nasturtium.
Illustrated Catalogues Gratis and Post-Free.
SEEDSMEN
by Royal Warrants to
Her Majesty
THE QUEEN
and H.R.H.
THE PRINCE OF WALES.
237 & 238, HIGH HOLBORN, LONDON, W.C.
:
CARTERS" "INVICTA" LAWN SEEDS,
USED AT THE
"London," "Vienna," "Paris," ""
Sydney," "Melbourne,"
"Fisheries,'
"Amsterdam," "Health," and "Inventions"
Exhibitions, Sandringham, etc.,
HAVE NEVER BEEN BEATEN IN ANY COMPETITION.
"I
PRICES, SEASON 1886.
"Invicta "Lawn Seeds (with Clover)
"Invicta" Lawn Seeds (without Clover).
Ordinary Lawn Grass Seeds (with Clover)
Grass Seeds for London Lawns
Grass Seeds for Sowing under Trees
Grass Seeds for Pleasure Grounds
Grass Seeds for Tennis Grounds
Grass Seeds for Cricket Grounds
Grass Seeds for Bowling Greens and Cro-
quet Grounds
•
M.C.C. at Lord's.
Essex C.C.
·
Scarborough C.C.
London Athletic Club.
•
•
.
•
•
•
Bushl. Gal.
s. d. s. d.
25 0 3 3
22 6
30
20 0
2 9
25 0
3 3
25 0 3 3
20 0 2 9
20 0
20 0 2 9
29
lb.
s.d.
1 3
13
10
1 3
1 3
10
10
10
20 0 2 9 10
In Sealed
Packets,
1s.,
1s. 6d.,
and
2s. 6d.
Carters' Grass Seeds are used upon all the finest Lawns, and by
the Leading Cricket and Tennis Clubs, notably the following-
Surrey C.C. at the Oval.
Crystal Palace C.C.
per
Packet.
The
1/6 packet
will sow
I Rod
of Ground.
Richmond C.C.
Amateur Athletic Club, etc.
CARTERS' GRASS MANURE.
A valuable preparation for producing a permanent luxuriant growth.
In Boxes, price 1'-, 1/6, and 2/6. In Bags of 14 lbs., 4/- In Casks of -cwt.,
10/6. FULL INSTRUCTIONS WITH EVERY PARCEL.
Carters' Pamphlet upon the Formation of Lawns, Lawn Tennis,
and Cricket Grounds, Gratis and Post Free.
SEEDSMEN
Carters

by Royal Warrants to
HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN,
and
H.R.H. THE PRINCE OF WALES.
237 & 238, HIGH HOLBORN, LONDON, W.C.
EXTRACTS FROM
Field & Tuer's List,
The Leadenhall • Press,
50, LEADENHALL STREET, E.C.
Mr. NORMAN PRESCOTT DAVIES.
GRAY'S ELEGY: with Sixteen beautiful Illustrations by NORMAN
PRESCOTT DAVIES, facsimiled from his original drawings in the posses-
sion, and published by the gracious permission, of H. R. H. The
PRINCESS OF WALES. Bound in gold lettered vellum, with broad
silken bands and strings. LONDON: Field & Tuer, The Leadenhall
Press, E. C.
[One Guinea.
Mrs. EMILY PFEIFFER.
FLYING LEAVES FROM EAST AND WEST. By EMILY
PFEIFFER. LONDON: Field & Tuer, The Leadenhall Press, E. C.
[Six Shillings.
Mr. HUGH CONWAY.
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