INTERNATIONAL REVIEW SERVICE ANALYSIS AND REVIEW OF INTERNATIONAL PROBLEMS BUHR GRAD JV 185 C648 1957 B 1,635,741 COLONIALISM and the UNITED NATIONS Edited by A. G. Mezerik Vol. III. No. 36 August 1957 BUIR/Grad لان 725 IVERSITY OF MI NIVERSITY OF MICH THE THE KE 5613 1817 'LIBRARIES CHIGAN. $5 INTERNATIONAL REVIEW SERVICE A.G. MEZERIK Editor PHYLLIS GREENE Associate Editor 15 WASHINGTON PLACE NEW YORK 3 USA UN BUREAU: ROOM 352 UNITED NATIONS NY PLAZA 1-0833 CABLE: UNOVIRS Reasons for Growth in Anticolonial Strength The Asia-Africa Group in UN Difference Among Asia-Africa Members The Bandung Action The USSR's Anticolonialism The US Anticolonial Tradition Opposition to Bomb Tests Algeria Cyprus Colonial Relationships in UN ……... The Trusteeship Council The Non-Self-Governing Territories. Outside the UN-Colonial Relationship South West Africa ... Cessation of Reports Few Emerge to Independence Secure Colony or Poor Country Value of Colonies The French Union The British Commonwealth .... ... .....· ... ……………… ..... ..... .. .... .... CONTENTS ... Eurafrica and the European Common Market Cold War Competition in Africa Latin America Protecting Natural Resources Non-Intervention The Pure and Impure Claims ..... Problems Facing UN.......... References Appendixes A: UN Charter Provisions (Chapters XI-XIII) B: The International Trusteeship System 4. …………. ………….. .... …………… British Togoland and Ghana French Togoland C: South West Africa D: The Italian Colonies: Libya, Eritrea, Somaliland E: Non-Self-Governing Territories...... F: General Assembly Resolution on Factors for Measuring Self-Government, Adopted 27 November 1953 G: UN Action on Cyprus H: UN Action on Indonesia J: West Irian (West New Guinea). K: Bandung Conference and Excerpt from Final Communique L: UN Action on Morocco and Tunisia M: UN Action on Algeria N: Treaty for the European Economic Community, Part IV: Overseas Territories O: Countries Which Have Attained Independence Since World War II A KX PAGE 1 2 3 4 4 4 5 6 6 7 8 8 10 10 10 11 11 13 14 14 14 15 15 16 17 18 18 20 22 24 26 26 26 27 28 32 34 35 35 36 37 39 40 42 Clients may quote or reprint, crediting IRS. Others should request permission for excerpts exceeding 500 words. IRS has no official connection with United Nations. A. G. Mezerik 1957 इ 1 COLONIALISM AND THE UNITED NATIONS The United Nations General Assembly is now an anticolonial body. This was demonstrated during the 11th (1956-7) General Assembly in many issues, including Suez, Algeria and Cyprus. forces: Reasons for Growth in Anticolonial Strength There are several causes for the increase in power of anticolonial 1) The demands of colonial peoples for rapid and immediate economic development and for national and social freedom have been growing in intensity since the end of World War II; 2) The right of people in colonies to emerge to self-government is increasingly recognized by the colonial countries and their people; 3) The UN Charter is essentially sympathetic to aspirations of colonial peoples for national freedom; 4) Inside the UN General Assembly, there has been a diminution in influence of Britain and France, due in part to their invasion of although France had earlier lost prestige and position as a Egypt result of defeats in Indochina and North Africa; 5) The cold war protagonists have sought allies among the anti- colonial peoples, and this has increased the bargaining power of the anticolonial groups of Asia and Africa; 6) The cold war has also led to a decrease in the importance of the UN Security Council, where colonial powers have veto power, and 2 Colonialism and the United Nations to an increase in power in the General Assembly. The most direct cause for the recent growth of anticolonial strength in the General Assembly is the addition in the last two years of countries which had until recently been colonies. All of these newly independent countries are from Asia and Africa. They, with the countries of Asia and Africa who preceded them to UN membership, now constitute more than one-third of the present membership and form the largest single group in the UN. The Asian and African countries have demonstrated their power in bringing the Algerian and other colonial problems be- fore the General Assembly. These states can, when united, block actions in the General Assembly on nearly any issue. The Asia-Africa Group in UN The Asia-Africa group within the UN is an independently organized body of 28 member nations. The group came into being in 1950 -- under the leadership of India and Egypt to formulate the policy of oriental countries on the Korean war. At that time the group had 12 participants. At present, the Asia-Africa group consists of Afghanistan, Burma, Cambodia, Ceylon, Egypt, Ethiopia, Ghana, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Japan, Jordan, Laos, Lebanon, Liberia, Libya, Morocco, Nepal, Paki- stan, Philippines, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syria, Thailand, Tunisia, Turkey and Yemen. Zealand. M Excluded from the group, although geographically eligible, are Nationalist China, Israel, the Union of South Africa, Australia and New Not all the countries in the Asia-Africa group have been colonies. Turkey was formerly an imperial power exercising control over the International Review Service Vol. III No. 36 3 Middle East. Japan, until recently the possessor of an empire in Asia, became a member of the Asia-Africa group in 1956. Japan's strength within the group is growing, challenging the position of India, which, as the most powerful of the anticolonials, has been the leader of the group. Differences Among Asia-Africa Members The Asia-Africa group is not monolithic. Each country within the group responds to different pressures. India concerned with the possible creation of precedents which might be later used against it in the Kashmir dispute -- has given little support to the Cypriot demand Lack of solid Asian-African support for the Cypriots is also, in part, due to the fact that this group identifies colonialism with whites and is therefore not readily engaged in colonial issues which involve whites exclusively, as in Cyprus. Religious and ethnic ties bind the Moslem members together on North African issues. On the same issues, other anti colonial countries do not take leading positions. for self-determination. Some of the Asia-Africa nations have close ties with European nations and with the United States. In addition to the Philippines-- where the US' grant of independence created bonds of friendship Pakistan, Thailand, and Turkey are linked to the US by mutual defense agreements, and Liberia and Ethiopia have close US economic ties. New relationships between other Arab states and the US or the USSR are crystallizing as a result of cold war concentration in the Middle East. Britain has retained the friendship of Ceylon, India, Pakistan and Ghana, and they have remained in the Commonwealth since gaining independence. Laos, newly emerged from its colonial status as part 4 Colonialism and the United Nations of French Indochina, voted with France on the Algerian issue at the 11th (1956-7) General Assembly. None of these factors, however, affects the basic anticolonial character of the Asia-Africa group in UN. The Bandung Action The fundamental anticolonial unity of these nations was demonstrated at the Bandung Conference in April 1955. Anticolonial countries emerged from Bandung with increased bargaining power in the cold war. At the Big Three Geneva conference which followed, and in the next (10th) UN General Assembly, the US and the USSR acclaimed the Bandung princi- ples. (See Appendix K p. 36 for details of Bandung conference and excerpt of final com- munique.) The USSR's Anticolonialism S Support for anticolonial movements is a Soviet tenet, which in action implements the general anti-Western policy of the USSR. The USSR has supported the anticolonial stands of the Asia-Africa group on Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia. In the Trusteeship Council, the USSR is a non-administering member and almost always votes against the ad- ministering members, which include all the big Western powers. In the Security Council, the Soviet Union began to align itself actively with the Arab countries in 1954, using its veto against Israel. In the 1956 Suez crisis, the Soviet Union threatened to send volunteers to aid Egypt against the UK and France. This threat was credited by many Asians and Africans with forcing the Anglo-French evacuation of Suez. The USSR and Czechoslovakia have furnished Egypt with weapons which are used by Algerian nationalists against France. The Soviet Union does International Review Service Vol. III No. 36 5 not admit to the possession of colonies. The US Anticolonial Tradition Anticolonialism is also the stated policy of the United States. The US bases this position on its historical tradition as a former colony and an anticolonial nation, a recent demonstration of which was the grant- ing of freedom to the Phillippines in 1946 and support, expressed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt during World War II, for the inde- pendence of North African countries. Against the wishes of some of its allies, the US endorsed and supported the creation of the Republic of Indonesia and later opposed France in its determination to hold Indochina. (See Appendix H p. 35 for details of UN action on Indonesia.) Asian and African belief in the sincerity of the US position against imperialism was bolstered when the US demanded the withdrawal of British and French troops from Egypt in November 1956. areas. US Obstacles in Winning Asian-African Friendship The efforts of the US to win the anticolonial peoples to its side in the cold war meet many obstacles. First, the US has colonies -- Hawaii, Alaska and other territories. The closest allies of the US are those colonial powers against whom the Asia-Africa group is organized. Working against the US also is the discrimination against Negroes in the US -- a situation keenly resented by Africans and Asians. An important drawback in US relations with the anticolonial peoples is their intense feeling against the US for using the first atom bombs against Asians and for now conducting nuclear test explosions in Asian Opposition to Bomb Tests The anticolonial nations regard the bombings of Japan and the 6 Colonialism and the United Nations subsequent bomb tests as evidence of the West's traditionally low es- timation of the value of life in Asia. Asian-African opposition to soviet bomb testing is not as violent as toward the West. Similarly, Asian-African attitudes on other issues tend to be softer toward the USSR than toward the West. K Asian-African Attitudes Toward USSR India, along with other Asian and African countries, supported the USSR when, in UN, it was charged with imperialism for crushing the Hungarian rebellion of October 1956. India also defends the Soviet Union against charges of colonialism in its relationship with Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, which were annexed and absorbed by the USSR. In the Asia-Africa context of colonialism and the anticolonial fight for national freedom, Hungary is not as important as is Algeria. It is on the Algerian issue that increasing effectiveness of the enlarged Asia- Africa group in UN has been demonstrated. Cyprus Algeria Until the 11th General Assembly, 1956-7, France was successful in keeping discussion of the Algerian issue out of UN. French objection to UN consideration of Algeria is based on the contention that Algeria is not and never has been a colony, but is an integral part of France. On this ground, France maintains that any UN debate on Algeria would con- stitute interference in the domestic affairs of France. The 11th General Assembly brushed this argument aside, asserting its right to consider the Algerian demand for independence. (See Appendix M p. 39 for details of UN action on Algeria.) Anticolonial strength in the 11th General Assembly focused on opposition to British use of Cyprus as a military base. France and International Review Service Vol. III. No. 36 7 Britain had launched their attack on Suez from Cyprus, which has been the headquarters of the British Middle East command and key to their Mediterranean defense system. The Cyprus issue was brought to UN in 1954 and 1955, but in each case, Britain successfully blocked UN consideration of the Cypriot demands for self-determination. The 1956 General Assembly overrode these British objections. As with Algeria and other cases, the sweeping character of the anticolonial views on Cyprus expressed in the General Assembly were not reflected in the final resolution in order to get the two-thirds ma- jority necessary for passage. (See Appendix G p. 34 for UN action on Cyprus.) Colonial Relationships in UN General Assembly consideration of Algeria and Cyprus is special and political and is outside the regular UN system for considering the relationships between UN members and their colonies. These relation- ships are the concern of the Trusteeship Council and the Committee on Information from Non-Self-Governing Territories. Through these bodies the colonial powers stabilize their colonial possessions, and the inhabitants get the benefit of worldwide discussion of the treatment accorded them. Colonial Powers Maintain Strength in UN Organs In the Trusteeship Council and the non-self-governing territories committee, the voices of the colonial powers are as strong as those of the anticolonial countries, since the membership of each organ is balanced between colonial powers and non-colonial countries. This 8 Colonialism and the United Nations situation often creates a deadlock in favor of the continuance of the status quo maintained by the colonial powers. The Trusteeship Council the Trusteeship With the single exception of Italian Somaliland, Council is concerned with territories inherited by the United Nations from the League of Nations. While the UN has a degree of jurisdiction over these trust territories, they are, in fact, in the hands of the ad- ministering power which has sole responsibility for governing them. The Trusteeship Council examines the activities of the administering power and may criticize or praise them. It has no physical power to change them. Seven countries operate as trustees: Australia, Belgium, France, Italy, New Zealand, UK and US. The territories over which they exercise power had been wrested from Germany and Turkey in World War I. The single exception is the territory of Somaliland, which was an Italian colony before World War II and is now being administered by Italy on an interim basis. The US acquired its trust territory of the Pacific Islands as a result of World War II, but that territory had been a Jap- anese mandate under the League of Nations. (See Appendix B p. 24 for details of trusteeship system.) HO (Reference 1). There are 10 trust territories. The total population is 21 million. Although the Trusteeship Council is much more widely known, it is the Committee on Information from Non-Self-Governing Territories under which the largest number of people and the greatest colonial areas have a relationship with UN. The Non-Self-Governing Territories About 125 million people and 55 areas--some as huge as Alaska International Review Service Vol. III No. 36 9 and as important as the Belgian Congo the non-self-governing territories on which reports are rendered to UN by the colonial countries and discussed by the Committee on Infor- mation from Non-Self-Governing Territories. This committee deals with the educational, social and economic -- but not the political -- aspects of the territories. It did not consider the Mau Mau rebellion in Kenya and other conflicts taking place inside colonies. The committee makes recommendations in general, as con- cerning all territories, but has no right to pass on conditions in any single territory. (See Appendix E p. 28 for details of non-self-governing territories.) Netherlands - are included in the list of S Cooperation From Colonial Powers Incomplete Reports on non-self-governing territories are called for by the Charter, but in practice are submitted on a voluntary basis. Seven countries -- Britain, France, US, New Zealand, Australia, Belgium, have reported on one or more although not necessari- ly all of their colonial possessions. Some of these countries have serious reservations about UN's right to discuss the reports which they submit. Belgium does not participate in UN discussions of its reports, and the the other governments which send reports have warned the UN to curb its action in the field of non-self-governing territories. (Reference 2). The first colonial powers to be admitted to UN since 1946 -- Portugal and Spain render no reports on their colonies. Neither has complied with the standard request to do so made by the Secretary- General to all incoming UN members. 10 Colonialism and the United Nations Outside the UN-Colonial Relationship Portugal keeps its colonies outside the UN framework on the con- tention that the constitutional status of overseas provinces is absolutely equal to the status of the European provinces. (Reference 3). Whole categories of colonies, semi-colonies and areas without full inde- pendence have never been reported on to UN. The US has never submit- ted reports on Okinawa and the other Ryukyu Islands --American World War II conquests from Japan. The protectorates of Bahrein, Kuwait, and Qatar are oil-rich quasi-independent territories over which ultimate power is held by Britain. The UK does not report on these protectorates. The USSR has made no reports on any of its territorial possessions. Some of these are distant islands such as Franz Josef Land in the Barents Sea and the Kurils and Sakhalin in the Pacific. South West Africa Annexed territories are not reported on by any country. South West Africa, which had been a German territory before the First World War and was later mandated to the Union of South Africa has, over UN protests, been integrated in the Union of South Africa, which refuses to accept a UN trusteeship or report to UN on its administration. Appendix C p. 26 or details of cessation of information.) (See Cessation of Reports Some countries have been released by UN of responsibility for rendering reports on territories to which self-government has been granted. The General Assembly decided that Greenland is now an in- tegral state of Denmark equal with other parts of Denmark, and reports International Review Service Vol. III No. 36 11 on that area have ceased. The US no longer reports on Puerto Rico; the Netherlands was given approval to stop sending in reports on Cura- cao and Surinam. The future relationship of these areas with UN is ambiguous, since no transition to independence and UN membership, such as that made by other colonies, is foreseen. (See Appendix E p. 28 for details of cessation of information.) Council. Few Emerge to Independence New countries in UN which were once reported on in the Non- Self-Governing Territories category such as Morocco, Tunisia and Indonesia emerged to sovereignty by political action in the General Assembly and not by evolution through the Committee on Information from Non-Self-Governing Territories or the Trusteeship Of all the trust territories, only one has so far gained independence: British Togoland, which is now a part of the newly-independent Ghana. The General Assembly limited the administration of Somaliland to 10 years; therefore the trust territory will get its independence in 1960. Slowness of colonial powers in granting independence is criticized by the anticolonial countries. They press the administering authorities to set dates for independence. The administering authorities, almost without exception, take the position that the territories are not yet ready for self-government or that they have not the resources with which to survive. Secure Colony or Poor Country An argument advanced for deferring independence is that a people 12 Colonialism and the United Nations may be better off as a colony with economic security than as an inde- pendent country struggling alone for economic existence. Liberia, an independent country for more than 100 years, trails its non-self-govern- ing neighbors in standard of living, literacy and other essentials. Libya, which obtained independence in 1952 under UN aegis, de- pends for its existence on subsidies -- received in connection with military bases from the US and the UK. (See Appendix D p. 27 for UN action on Libya.) When in 1960 Somaliland becomes independent, the new country will find it difficult to survive economically. (See Appendix D p. 27 for UN action on Somaliland.) The anticolonial countries reject these as arguments for deferring self-government. They maintain that dependent peoples, lacking the dignity of national and social freedom, cannot be well off. They hold that inside the context of UN it should be possible to set the stage for achieving political freedom and sufficient economic development to make that freedom practicable. Little UN Aid Utilized The stated aim of the UN system for trust and non-self-governing territories is to promote the political, economic, social and educational advancement of the inhabitants and their progressive development toward self-government or independence. To accomplish this goal, the Trusteeship Council may "avail itself of the assistance of the Economic and Social Council and of the specialized agencies'' (Reference 4), as well as that of UN technical assistance. This aid is also available for non-self-governing territories and includes techniques of education, health, agriculture and public administration and the skilled manpower International Review Service Vol. III. No. 36 13 and funds to introduce them. However, the administering powers through whom requests for assistance must come this battery of aids on any wide scale. (Reference 5). have not used Value of Colonies with very Colonies, whether trust or non-self-governing, have few exceptions values for those powers which possess or administer them. Cyprus is regarded as an indispensible military base by the UK. Okinawa is an important US military base. The strategic trust terri- tory of the Pacific Islands is administered by the US under a special arrangement made with the Security Council. Under this arrangement, the US conducts bomb tests and other military activities in secret. In other colonies, values are more economic and commercial. Aden is the UK's third most important port. The Dutch petroleum re- finery on Curacao is among the largest in the world. The oil in the protectorates of the Persian Gulf is of the greatest importance to the UK, as is the uranium of the Belgian Congo to Belgium which holds its position as a leading atomic power because of this resource. The desire of the colonial powers to hold on to values such as these trans- cends their enthusiasm for attaining the self-government goals and objectives of UN. - Limited Independence Even when granting statehood, the colonial powers in some cases fall short of yielding independence. France still has troops in Tunisia and Morocco, now full-fledged states and UN members. Tunisia and 14 Colonialism and the United Nations I I F F I 1 Morocco support Algerian independence efforts, and France -- as pressure to bring this support to an end refuses to withdraw these troops or to grant the new countries needed loans. The method by which France has retained ties with Tunisia and Morroco is more flexi- ble than that which France originally desired. The French Union France has sought to maintain relationships with its old dependen- cies through the French Union. However, neither Morocco, Tunisia, Laos, Cambodia or Vietnam all of which have gained independence since World War II -- has joined this union. common market The British Commonwealth Britain has maintained ties with its former colonies through the Commonwealth, keeping trading relationships, using sterling as a common currency and cementing institutional ties such as language, education and law. India, Pakistan and Ceylon joined the Common- wealth and, on emerging to statehood, Ghana also affiliated. Ghana's action is especially significant since Africa is now the main arena in which the forces of colonialism and anticolonialism meet. - —— - • Eurafrica and the European Common Market European colonial powers are promoting a program called Eurafrica -- as part of the European Common Market project. Britain is not participating in this plan, which will provide a fund of nearly $600 Mil- lion for common investment in African territories. Each member of the Belgium, France, West Germany, Italy, Luxemberg, International Review Service Vol. III. No. 36 15 Netherlands will contribute to this fund. Eurafrica would also provide reduction of tariffs to overseas territories. (See Appendix N p. 40 for text of common market plan for overseas territories.) Latin America Cold War Competition in Africa The US and the USSR are also increasingly involved in the com- petition for the allegiance of Africa's non-white peoples. The US interest in Africa is new. It was highlighted by Vice President Richard M. Nixon's trip to Africa in February 1957. On his return to the US, Mr. Nixon said, "The course of (Africa's) develop- ment...could well prove to be the decisive factor in the conflict between the forces of freedom and international communism... The communist threat underlines the wisdom and necessity of our assisting the countries of Africa to maintain their independence and to alleviate the conditions of want and instability on which communism breeds". (Reference 7). USSR envoys have also been seeking adherents in Africa, offering aid and trade to independent countries such as Liberia, Libya, the Sudan and on a large scale -- to Egypt. MO The accent of the USSR and the US in Africa is on economic de- velopment, an approach used successfully in Latin America by the US. On the whole, Latin America is not a colonial area. Only small pockets the Guianas, British Honduras and some Caribbean and South Atlantic islands -- remain colonial possessions, and complaints arising from ownership of these colonies have been voiced in UN. The 16 Colonialism and the United Nations Panama Canal Zone is in US hands. Panama has, since the invasion of Suez, challenged the US position on the canal. The Suez invasion hardened anticolonial feeling in Latin America and strengthened ties be- tween Latin American delegations and the Asia-Africa group in the UN. The Latin American countries are especially sympathetic to Asia- Africa on economic issues. This is due to Latin American fear that economic penetration may lead to political control and the fact that many Latin American natural resources have been owned in the US and Europe. Protecting Natural Resources along Oil, rubber, bananas, uranium, iron and copper ores are with waterways such as the Panama Canal among the natural re- sources in colonies and in small independent countries which are owned and developed by foreign powers. Anticolonial countries have attempted to get a definition of the rights of peoples to these natural resources written into the UN Human Rights covenants. The Push Toward Freedom When UN came into being, the founding countries endorsed the principle of self-determination. The great colonial powers United Kingdom, France, Belgium and the Netherlands also expressed their approval of the goal of self-government. The smaller countries and the colonies, hopeful of winning independence, welcomed this acceptance. This encouragement of colonial peoples toward political freedom was greatly stimulated in 1948 when the Declaration of Human Rights was adopted by UN. This declaration extends social and economic S International Review Service Vol. III No. 36 17 rights to inhabitants of dependent territories as well as to independent peoples, and its influence has been tremendous. Recognition of Anticolonial Strength While colonial powers continue to maintain that the General Assembly has no authority to intervene, their actions indicate a recognition that the power of the General Assembly is increasing. With the admission of Spain and Portugal, all the colonial powers are in UN. The strength of this group will therefore not grow but probably will decrease as new anticolonial countries become members of the UN. ment. In the light of these circumstances, colonial powers sometimes seek to divest themselves of their relationship with UN in connection with specific colonies. To effect this separation, the colonial powers invoke the UN precedent which allows a colonial power to stop sending information on a territory when that territory achieves self-govern- Non- Intervention =_ General Assembly Reluctant to Accept Self-Government Claims Anticolonial countries have examined every proposal of this type as a possible device by which a colonial power can obtain cessation of UN review of a territory which, under the guise of self-government or union, may continue to be subjugated. The right of the General Assembly itself to take jurisdiction on colonial questions has not been recognized by most colonial powers. The French, the Dutch and the British have maintained in every 18 Colonialism and the United Nations 1 case where political discussion has been asked for in the General Assem- bly on a colonial question -- that UN has no jurisdiction since the re- lationships between these territories and themselves is purely a domestic affair. These countries rest their refusal to discuss colonial matters on Article 2, Paragraph 7, of the UN Charter, which reads: "Nothing con- tained in the present Charter shall authorize the United Nations to inter- vene in matters which are essentially within the domestic jurisdiction of any state... The Pure and Impure Claims Colonial powers have made a vigorous defense of their motives and have, in fact, challenged the motives of anticolonial countries and big powers which support them. Colonial powers maintain that many of the drives with which they are and have been confronted are not genuine efforts at self-determination but manipulations of their dependent peoples by other powers seeking to annex for themselves by political means what they could not hope to win by physical means. In the case of Algeria, France charged that in the name of self-determination, more than one country was presenting itself as a champion of human freedom, when in fact it had shown little regard for such values within its own borders. (Reference 8). Problems Facing UN Colonial and anticolonial claims and counter claims have created a situation which calls for UN to define interference with internal affairs of a country as well as to construct a scale on which to weigh International Review Service Vol. III No. 36 19 the validity of claims made in the name of anticolonialism. UN is also posed with the problem of providing economic aid as colonial areas, devoid of the resources necessary for viability, attain sovereignty. Full Citizenship in the International Community Anticolonial powers in UN are pushing for development and capital aids which would help somewhat to answer the economic need brought into being by the fragmentation of large colonial areas into many small sovereign units which are less viable. UN has already fulfilled a political need for nations newly emerging from colonialism. UN and its related organizations have been impor- tant factors in the process of according international recognition to new governments and in integrating therr within the international community. This accordance of full citizenship to all countries, whatever their size, has played an important role in giving the anticolonial group in the General Assembly a sense of equality and strength. ######## A REFERENCES 1. "Report of the Trusteeship Council to the General Assembly Covering the Period from 23 July 1955 to 14 August 1956," General Assembly Official Records: 11th Session, Supplement No. 4; (A/3170). 2. "A Sacred Trust," United Nations, New York; UN Sales Publication No. 1956.I.17. 3. "Statement Made by the Representative of Portugal at the 616th Meeting of the Fourth Committee on 30 January 1957;" (A/C.4/347). 4. United Nations Charter Article 91. (Reprinted here, Appendix A.) 5. "Annual Report of the Technical Assistance Board to the Technical Assistance Committee for 1956," Economic and Social Council Official Records: 24th Session; (E/TAC/REP/103 or E/3965). 6. New York Times, 5 May 1957. 7. "Text of Vice President Richard M. Nixon's Report to President Eisenhower on His Recent Trip to Africa," New York Times, 7 April 1957. 8. "Provisional Verbatim Record of the 529th Plenary Meeting," General Assembly: 10th Session, 30 September 1955; (A/PV.529). 9. "Yearbook of the United Nations 1947," United Nations, New York; UN Sales Publication No. 1947.1.13. 10. General Assembly Resolutions 558 (VI) of 18 January 1952, 752 (VIII) of 9 December 1953, 858 (IX) of 14 December 1954 and 1064 (XI) of 26 February 1957. (Target dates for self-government or independence) 11. "Future of the Trust Territory of Togoland Under French Administration," General Assembly: 11th Session; (T/1290). 12. General Assembly Resolution 1046 (XI) of 23 January 1957 (French Togoland). 13. "Everyman's United Nations," United Nations, New York; UN Publication No. 1956.1.13. 14. General Assembly Resolutions 289 (IV) A, B & C of 21 November 1949 (Italian colonies). 15. General Assembly Resolution 390 (V) A & B of 2 December 1950 (Eritrea). 16. General Assembly Resolution 617 (VII) of 17 December 1952 (Eritrea). 17. General Assembly Resolution 442 (V) of 2 December 1950. (Includes trusteeship agreement for Italian Somaliland.) 18. General Assembly Resolution 334 (IV) of 2 December 1949 (Cessation of Information). 19. "Verbatim Record of the 847th Meeting of the First Committee," General Assembly: 11th Session, 18 February 1957; (A/C.1/PV.847). 20. Speech by Foreign Secretary Selwyn Lloyd at Barry, Wales, 7 July 1956; as quoted in the New York Times, 8 July 1956. 21. "Question of Cyprus: Report of the First Committee," General Assembly: 11th Session, 25 February 1957; (A/3559). 22. General Assembly Resolution 1013 (XI) of 26 February 1957 (Cyprus). - 20 - REFERENCES, continued I ; 23. "Unofficial Summaries of the European Common Market and Nuclear Energy Pool Treaties," reprinted in the New York Times, 26 March 1957. 24. "Yearbook of the United Nations 1948-49," United Nations, New York; UN Sales Publication No. 1950.1.11. 25. "Verbatim Record of the 857th Meeting of the First Committee," General Assembly: 11th Session, 23 February 1957; (A/C.1/PV.857). 26. Statement by Dr. Sudjarwo Tjondronegoro of Indonesia in the First Committee of the General Assembly: Ninth Session, 24 November 1954. 27. Statement by Daniel J. Ballusek of the Netherlands in the First Committee of the General Assembly: Ninth Session, 24 November 1954. 28. "Verbatim Record of the 858th Meeting of the First Committee," General Assembly: 11th Session, 25 February 1957; (A/C.1/PV.858). 29. "The Final Communique of the Asian-African Conference," Press Release issued by the Permanent Mission of the Republic of Indonesia to the Un. 30. "Yearbook of the United Nations 1951," United Nations, New York; UN Sales Publication No. 1952.1.30. 31. "Yearbook of the United Nations 1952," United Nations, New York; UN Sales Publication No. 1953.1.30. 32. "Yearbook of the United Nations 1953," United Nations, New York; UN Sales Publication No. 1954.I.15. 33. "Yearbook of the United Nations 1955," United Nations, New York; UN Sales Publication No. 1956.1.20. 34. "Verbatim Record of the 730th Meeting of the Security Council," 26 June 1956; (S/PV.730). 35. "Verbatim Record of the 833rd Meeting of the First Committee," General Assembly:, 11th Session, 5 February 1957; Statement of U Pe Kin, Representative of Burma; (A/C.1/PV.833). 36. "Verbatim Record of the 830th (and 831st) Meeting of the First Committee," General Assembly: 11th Session, 4 February 1957; (A/C.1/PV.830-31). 37. General Assembly Resolution 1012 (XI) of 15 February 1957 (Algeria). ?? ######## 38. Provisional Agenda of the 12th Regular Session of the General Assembly: Item Proposed by Afghanistan, Ceylon, Egypt, Ethiopia, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Japan, Jordan, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, Yemen, (Burma)," UN Document A/3617 and A/3617/Add.1. - 21 - APPENDIX A: UN CHARTER PROVISIONS RELATING TO TERRITORIES (Chapters XI-XIII) CHAPTER XI DECLARATION REGARDING NON-SELF-GOVERNING TERRITORIES Article 73 Members of the United Nations which have or assume responsibilities for the administra- tion of territories whose peoples have not yet attained a full measure of self-government recognize the principle that the interests of the inhabitants of these territories are para- mount, and accept as a sacred trust the ob- ligation to promote to the utmost, within the system of international peace and security established by the present Charter, the well- being of the inhabitants of these territories, and, to this end: a. to ensure, with due respect for the culture of the peoples concerned, their political, economic, social, and educational advancement, their just treatment, and their protection against abuses; b. to develop self-government, to take due account of the political aspirations of the peoples, and to assist them in the progressive development of their free po- litical institutions, according to the particu- lar circumstances of each territory and its peoples and their varying stages of ad- vancement; c. to further international peace and se- curity; d. to promote constructive measures of development, to encourage research, and to cooperate with one another and, when and where appropriate, with specialized international bodies with a view to the practical achievement of the social, eco- nomic, and scientific purposes set forth in this Article; and e. to transmit regularly to the Secretary- General for information purposes, subject to such limitation as security and constitu- tional considerations may require, statis- tical and other information of a technical nature relating to economic, social, and educational conditions in the territories for which they are respectively responsible other than those territories to which Chap- ters XII and XIII apply. Article 74 Members of the United Nations also agree that their policy in respect of the territories to which this Chapter applies, no less than in respect of their metropolitan areas, must be based on the general principle of good- neighborliness, due account being taken of the interests and well-being of the rest of the world, in social, economic, and commer- cial matters. CHAPTER XII INTERNATIONAL TRUSTEESHIP SYSTEM Article 75 The United Nations shall establish under its authority an international trusteeship sys- tem for the administration and supervision of such territories as may be placed thereunder -22- —— by subsequent individual agreements. These territories are hereinafter referred to as trust territories. Article 76 The basic objectives of the trusteeship sys- tem, in accordance with the Purposes of the United Nations laid down in Article 1 of the present Charter, shall be: a. to further international peace and se- curity; b. to promote the political, economic, social, and educational advancement of the inhabitants of the trust territories, and their progressive development towards self-gov- ernment or independence as may be ap- propriate to the particular circumstances of each territory and its peoples and the freely expressed wishes of the peoples con- cerned, and as may be provided by the terms of each trusteeship agreement; c. to encourage respect for human rights and for fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race, sex, lan- guage, or religion, and to encourage recog- nition of the interdependence of the peo- ples of the world; and d. to ensure equal treatment in social, economic, and commercial matters for all Members of the United Nations and their nationals, and also equal treatment for the latter in the administration of justice, with- out prejudice to the attainment of the fore- going objectives and subject to the provi- sions of Article 80. Article 77 1. The trusteeship system shall apply to such territories in the following categories as may be placed thereunder by means of trusteeship agreements: a. territories now held under mandate; b. territories which may be detached from enemy states as a result of the Sec- ond World War; and c. territories voluntarily placed under the system by states responsible for their administration. 2. It will be a matter for subsequent agree- ment as to which territories in the foregoing categories will be brought under the trustee- ship system and upon what terms. Article 78 The trusteeship system shall not apply to territories which have become Members of the United Nations, relationship among which shall be based on respect for the prin- ciple of sovereign equality. Article 79 The terms of trusteeship for each territory to be placed under the trusteeship system, including any alteration or amendment, shall be agreed upon by the states directly con- cerned, including the mandatory power in the case of territories held under mandate by a Member of the United Nations, and shall be approved as provided for in Articles 83 and 85. APPENDIX A, continued Article 80 1. Except as may be agreed upon in indi- vidual trusteeship agreements, made under Articles 77, 79, and 81, placing each territory under the trusteeship system, and until such agreements have been concluded, nothing in this Chapter shall be construed in or of itself to alter in any manner the rights whatsoever of any states or any peoples or the terms of existing international instruments to which Members of the United Nations may respec- tively be parties. 2. Paragraph 1 of this Article shall not be interpreted as giving grounds for delay or postponement of the negotiation and conclu- sion of agreements for placing mandated and other territories under the trusteeship system as provided for in Article 77. Article 81 The trusteeship agreement shall in each case include the terms under which the trust territory will be administered and designate the authority which will exercise the adminis- tration of the trust territory. Such authority. hereinafter called the administering author- ity, may be one or more states or the Or- ganization itself. Article 82 There may be designated, in any trustee- ship agreement, a strategic area or areas which may include part or all of the trust territory to which the agreement applies, without prejudice to any special agreement or agreements made under Article 43. Article 83 1. All functions of the United Nations re- lating to strategic areas, including the ap- proval of the terms of the trusteeship agree- ments and of their alteration or amendment, shall be exercised by the Security Council. 2. The basic objectives set forth in Article 76 shall be applicable to the people of each strategic area. 3. The Security Council shall, subject to the provisions of the trusteeship agreements and without prejudice to security considera- tions, avail itself of the assistance of the Trusteeship Council to perform those func- tions of the United Nations under the trustee- ship system relating to political, economic, social, and educational matters in the strate- gic areas. Article 84 It shall be the duty of the administering authority to ensure that the trust territory shall play its part in the maintenance of in- ternational peace and security. To this end the administering authority may make use of volunteer forces, facilities, and assistance from the trust territory in carrying out the obligations towards the Security Council un- dertaken in this regard by the administering authority, as well as for local defense and the maintenance of law and order within the trust territory. Article 85 1. The functions of the United Nations with regard to trusteeship agreements for all areas not designated as strategic, including the approval of the terms of the trusteeship agreements and of their alteration or amend- ment, shall be exercised by the General As- sembly. 2. The Trusteeship Council, operating un- der the authority of the General Assembly, shall assist the General Assembly in carrying out these functions. CHAPTER XIII THE TRUSTEESHIP COUNCIL Composition Article 86 1. The Trusteeship Council shall consist of the following Members of the United Na- tions: a. those Members administering trust territories; b. such of those Members mentioned by name in Article 23 as are not administering trust territories; and c. as many other Members elected for three-year terms by the General Assembly as may be necessary to ensure that the total number of members of the Trustee- ship Council is equally divided between those Members of the United Nations which administer trust territories and those which do not. 2. Each member of the Trusteeship Coun- cil shall designate one specially qualified person to represent it therein. Functions and Powers Article 87 The General Assembly and, under its au- thority, the Trusteeship Council, in carrying out their functions, may: a. consider reports submitted by the ad- ministering authority; b. accept petitions and examine them in consultation with the administering au- thority; - c. provide for periodic visits to the re- spective trust territories at times agreed upon with the administering authority; and d. take these and other actions in con- formity with the terms of the trusteeship agreements. Article 88 The Trusteeship Council shall formulate a questionnaire on the political, economic, so- cial, and educational advancement of the in- habitants of each trust territory, and the ad- ministering authority for each trust territory within the competence of the General Assem- bly shall make an annual report to the Gen- eral Assembly upon the basis of such questionnaire. Voting Article 89 1. Each member of the Trusteeship Coun- cil shall have one vote. 2. Decisions of the Trusteeship Council shall be made by a majority of the members present and voting. Procedure Article 90 1. The Trusteeship Council shall adopt its own rules of procedure, including the method of selecting its President. 2. The Trusteeship Council shall meet as required in accordance with its rules, which shall include provision for the convening of meetings on the request of a majority of its members. Article 91 The Trusteeship Council shall, when ap- propriate, avail itself of the assistance of the Economic and Social Council and of the spe- -23- cialized agencies in regard to matters with which they are respectively concerned. APPENDIX B: THE INTERNATIONAL TRUSTEESHIP SYSTEM The International trusteeship system was established under the United Nations Charter for the administration and supervision of three types of territories: 1) those which were held under League of Nations mandate, 2) those detached from the enemy in World War II and 3) other territories voluntarily placed under the system. Eleven territories were placed under UN trusteeship with administering powers as follows: Nauru and New Guinea Ruanda-Urundi Belgium Cameroons and Togoland - France Somaliland Western Samoa Italy New Zealand Cameroons, Tanganyika and Togoland - Australia " United Kingdom (The trusteeship for British Togoland terminated in 1957). Pacific Islands (Marshalls, Marianas, Carolines) United States All these territories, except Italian Somaliland, had been League of Nations mandates. They are administered today under the same government as under the mandate system. Nauru, mandated to the British Empire, is administered in the UN system by Australia in behalf of Britain, Australia and New Zealand. Somaliland is the only territorial conquest of World War II which has been turned over to UN trusteeship. The Pacific Islands trust, administered under UN by the United States, had been a Japanese mandate under the League of Nations. The Ryukyus, Bonins and other Japanese islands won by the US in World War II have not been put under the UN system, though the US-Japanese peace treaty provides that this transfer can be made. No other territories have become trusts since UN was created, although at the Second (1947) General Assembly, India proposed a resolution expressing the hope that the powers administering non-trust ter- ritories would place some or all of them under UN trusteeship. The resolution was rejected, 24 to 24, with one abstention. (Reference 9). S Trusteeship Agreements The UN trusteeship system, like the League of Nations man- date system before it, is based on the concept by which a country governs a territory as a "sacred trust" in behalf of the inhabi- tants. Called administering authorities, these governing powers administer the trust territories under trusteeship agreements with UN. The agreements -- except for Italian Somaliland drafted by the administering authorities and, after minor altera- tions, approved by the General Assembly. The agreement for the US' Pacific Islands trust is the only one not to be approved by the were S G -24- APPENDIX B, continued Because of its strategic character, it was ap- General Assembly. proved by the Security Council. The trusteeship agreements grant certain rights to the ad- ministering authorities, among them powers of legislation, ad- ministration and jurisdiction; the right in some cases to administer the territories as integral parts of their own territories and to use the territories and inhabitants for defense purposes. These latter two provisions prompted the opposition of the Soviet Union, which voted against all the agreements except those for Somali- land and the Pacific Islands. Strategic Trusteeship The Pacific Islands trust territory is administered by the US under a special arrangement with UN, provided for in the Charter, for strategic areas. Strategic trust areas come under the juris- diction of the Security Council rather than the General Assembly. UN administration and supervision is, in these cases, limited, ac- cording to the Charter, by "security considerations", giving the US the right to bar entrance of areas of the trust territory. The Trusteeship Council The General Assembly has the ultimate responsibility for all trust territories except the strategic trust of the Pacific Islands. The Trusteeship Council carries out UN functions in behalf of the General Assembly. Pu The Trusteeship Council is composed of the administering authorities, (Australia, Belgium, France, Italy, New Zealand, UK, US); the permanent members of the Security Council who are not administering authorities (China, USSR); other countries elected by the General Assembly for three-year terms in a number sufficient to equalize the membership of the council between the administering and non-administering nations (in 1957; Syria, Burma, Guatemala, Haiti, India). The Trusteeship Council can examine every aspect of the ad- ministration of the trust territories economic, educational, so- cial and political. It does this mainly through three means: reports submitted by the administering authorities, petitions sub- mitted in writing or presented orally by the inhabitants and re- ports of visiting missions, consisting of Trusteeship Council and other UN members, sent to the trust territories. Action on these by the council is recommendatory. Target Dates for Self-Government or Independence The overriding objective of the trusteeship system is evolu- tion toward self-government or independence. Only one trust S -25- APPENDIX B, continued territory British Togoland -- has achieved independence from its administering authority. - - A date for independence for Italian Somaliland - 1906 was fixed in the trusteeship agreement between UN and Italy. Four General Assembly resolutions have requested administering authorities to estimate dates when their territories would achieve self-government. (Reference 10). No administering authority has as yet complied. British Togoland and Ghana British Togoland is now a part of the newly-independent Ghana, formerly the British Gold Coast Colony. The trusteeship of British Togoland terminated after the inhabitants of the ter- ritory voted, in a UN-administered plebiscite in 1955, to join the Gold Coast rather than to amalgamate with French Togoland or to become independent. The consolidation of the Gold Coast and Togoland took place when Ghana came into existence on 6 March 1957. The new country was admitted to UN two days later. French Togoland France, at the 11th General Assembly, asked for termina- tion of the trusteeship agreement for French Togoland, stating that the territory having become an autonomous republic as a re- sult of a statute decreed on 24 August 1956, the objectives of the trusteeship system had been attained. The General Assembly doubtful over the authenticity of the autonomy granted did not comply with France's request, and it was withdrawn. (Reference 11). The assembly decided instead, on 23 January 1957, to dispatch a committee to French Togoland to study the practical application of the new statute. This move was approved by France and opposed by the Soviet and Middle East states. The commit- tee -- comprising Canada, Denmark, Guatemala, Liberia, the Philippines and Yugoslavia will report on its findings to the Trusteeship Council which will, in turn, submit a report to the 12th (1957) General Assembly. (Reference 12). APPENDIX C: SOUTH WEST AFRICA - All League of Nations mandates -- which had not become independent were placed under UN trusteeship, with the single exception of the former German territory of South West Africa. The mandatory power, the Union of South Africa, at the outset in 1946 based its refusal to transfer South West Africa to UN trusteeship on the contention that a majority of the inhabitants of the territory wanted the Union of South Africa to incorporate -26- - APPENDIX C, continued South West Africa. The Union changed its position in 1947, in- forming UN that it would continue to administer South West Africa in the spirit of the League of Nations mandate system. (Reference 13). On 11 July 1950, the International Court of Justice, in an advisory opinion requested by the General Assembly, said that mandatory powers are not obliged to place their territories under UN trusteeship but that South Africa "continues to have interna- tional obligations" under the League of Nations Covenant and Mandate. (Reference 13). The General Assembly has consistently, since 1946, recom- mended that South West Africa be put under UN trusteeship. On 13 December 1950, the General Assembly set up its own committee on South West Africa and annually considers reports submitted by this committee, which in 1957, consisted of Brazil, Ethiopia, Finland, Mexico, Pakistan, Syria, Thailand, US and Uruguay. The Union of South Africa objects to UN discussion of South West Africa - a matter the Union claims is outside UN's juris- diction. In pursuance of this position, the Union withdrew its delegation from the 11th (1956-7) General Assembly. C South West Africa has been, in effect, integrated with the Union of South Africa. APPENDIX D: THE ITALIAN COLONIES Libya Italy, as a defeated power in World War II, renounced all claims to its former African colonies. The Italian peace treaty, signed in Paris on 15 September 1947, left the disposal of these colonies to France, UK, US and USSR. In the event that the treaty powers could not come to an agreement, the treaty pro- vided that the problem be referred to the General Assembly which was given the right to make a binding decision. One year later the four powers turned the matter over to the General Assembly. The Italian colonies concerned were Libya, Eritrea and Italian Somaliland. The UK had temporary administration of all but Fezzan one of the three areas of Libya which was con- trolled by France. A decision was not reached in UN until 21 November 1949, when the Fourth General Assembly decided the Libya M S -27- - APPENDIX D, continued comprising Cyrenaica, Tripolitania and the Fezzan should become an independent and sovereign state, not later than 1 January 1952. (Reference 14). A UN-appointed commissioner (Adrian Pelt) and a com- mittee of six UN members helped the Libyans draw up a constitution. Libyan independence was proclaimed on 24 December 1951 by King Idris I. Eritrea Italy advocated independence for the former Italian colony of Eritrea, Ethiopia, however, claimed that Eritrea was an integral part of Ethiopia. On 2 December 1950, the Fifth General Assembly, empowered by the Italian Peace Treaty to rule on the disposition of the former Italian colonies, decided that Eritrea would, as an autonomous unit, be federated with Ethiopia under the sovereignty of the Ethiopian crown. A UN commissioner was appointed to draft a constitution. (Reference 15). The federation was formally recognized by the Seventh General Assembly on 17 December 1952. (Reference 16). Italian Somaliland On 21 November 1949, the Fourth General Assembly decided that Italian Somaliland would become a UN trust territory admin- istered by Italy then not a member of UN. (Reference 14). The subsequent trusteeship agreement stipulated that it would terminate, and Somaliland become independent, at the end of 10 years. This agreement was drawn up -- unlike any of the other trusteeship agreements by the Trusteeship Council, rather than by the ad- ministering authority, and approved by the Fifth General Assembly on 2 December 1950. (Reference 17). APPENDIX E: NON-SELF-GOVERNING TERRITORIES A The Italian Somaliland agreement is also unique in that it contains a statement that the Somali people are sovereign and pro- vides that UN be represented in the territory by an advisory council composed of Columbia, Egypt and the Philippines. (Reference 17). S Under Chapter XI of the Charter, governments owning ter- ritories "recognize the principle that the interests of the inhabit- ants of these territories are paramount and accept as a sacred trust the obligation to promote to the utmost...the well-being of the inhabitants", including the development of self-government. Part of this obligation, the Charter specifies in Article 73e, is the transmission to the UN of reports containing technical infor- mation on economic, social and educational conditions in each ter- ritory. S -28- APPENDIX E, continued In 1946, eight member governments sent information to the UN on 74 territories. With the attainment of various degrees of self-government in some of these territories the number of ter- ritories reported on had by 1956 decreased to 55. Whether other territories on which UN receives no information should be re- ported on has been debated; but in effect the decision rests with the administering government. The information transmitted to the UN by the administering powers follows an outline, or "standard form", approved by the General Assembly. One category of information asked for in the standard form that of a political nature is optional, though the question of whether it should be made mandatory has been an issue in the General Assembly. The Committee on Information from NSGT The Charter provides for the transmission of information on non-self-governing territories, as differentiated from trust terri- tories, to the Secretary-General, by whom summaries are placed before the General Assembly annually. Some governments sub- mitting information -- and in particular Belgium objected at the outset to General Assembly discussion of these reports, maintain- ing that Charter obligations were fulfilled once reports were sub- mitted. In 1947, however, the General Assembly set up a com- mittee to report on the information received. A committee of this type has met annually since 1948. It was established on a three-year basis in 1949 and renewed for three-year periods in 1952 and 1955 as the Committee on Information from Non-Self- Governing Territories. G Australia - Papua Belgium Belgian Congo France French Equatorial Africa, French Somaliland, French West Africa, Madagascar, Comore, New Hebrides (condominium with UK) K - This committee, like the Trusteeship Council, is evenly balanced between members which submit information and those which do not. In 1957, the membership of the committee was Australia, Belgium, France, Netherlands, New Zealand, United Kingdom, United States (members transmitting information) and Ceylon, China, Guatemala, India, Iraq, Peru, Venezuela (non- administering members). The committee's recommendations re- late to functional fields in general educational, economic and social and not to conditions in individual territories. - 20 Non-Self-Governing Territories in 1956 The countries submitting information in 1956 and their ter- ritories are S - - -29- APPENDIX E, continued Netherlands Netherlands New Guinea New Zealand - Cook Island, Niue Island, Tokelau Islands United Kingdom - Aden, Bahamas, Barbados, Basutoland, Bechuanaland, British Guiana, British Honduras, British Somaliland, Brunei, Cyprus, Dominica, Falkland Islands, Federation of Malaya, Fiji, Gambia, Gibraltar, Gilbert and Ellice Islands, Grenada, Hong Kong, Jamaica, Kenya, Leeward Islands, Mauritius, New Hebrides (condominium with France), Nigeria, North Borneo, Northern Rhodesia, Nyasaland, Pitcairn Island, St. Helena and Depend., St. Lucia, St. Vincent, Sarawak, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Swaziland, Trinidad and Tobago, Uganda, Zanzibar United States - Virgin Islands, Alaska, American Samoa, Guam, Hawaii - Cessation of Information Before they achieved independence and UN membership, Morocco, Tunisia, Indonesia (Netherlands East Indies) and Ghana (Gold Coast Colony) had been reported on in the non-self-governing territory category. Administering powers have interpreted Article 73e as mean- ing that when a territory has attained self-government, it need no longer be reported on to UN. On this basis, the UK ceased send- ing information on Malta after the first report (1946-47); France, after 1946, stopped submitting reports on the overseas departments of Guadeloupe, Guiana, Martinique and Reunion declaring them equal to the metropolitan departments of France and on the overseas territories of New Caledonia, French Settlements in Oceania and St. Pierre et Miquelon stating that they already enjoyed extensive political rights and had similar governments to those of the French overseas departments or the departments of metropolitan France. The US did not send reports on the Panama Canal Zone after 1946, because Panama contested the classification of the Canal Zone as a non-self-governing territory. J - At the 1949 (Fourth) session, the General Assembly, over the opposition of the colonial powers the US abstaining decided, "It is within the responsibility of the General Assembly to express its opinion on the principles which have guided or which may in future guide the members concerned in enumerating the territories for which the obligation exists to transmit information under Article 73e of the Charter." (Reference 18). This resolution prompted the establishment of a Committee on Factors Which Should Be Taken Into Account in Deciding Whether Any Territory Is or Is Not a Territory Whose People Have Not Attained a Full Measure -30- APPENDIX E, continued of Self-Government. The list of factors submitted by this committee was adopted by the Eighth General Assembly, on 27 November 1953, as a guide in determining whether a territory had become self-govern- ing (Resolution and factors reprinted below.) At the same time, the assembly voted itself competent to decide, on this basis, whether reports on non-self-governing territories should continue or cease. Since then, the assembly has approved the cessation of re- ports on Puerto Rico (US), Surinam and Curacao (Netherlands) and Greenland (Denmark). In each case, however, the adminis- tering government had, previous to General Assembly action, an- nounced that the transmission of information on these territories would cease. Governments submitting reports on non-self-governing ter- ritories have consistently challenged the General Assembly's competence to pronounce on the attainment of self-government by any territory. I 1 1 C G -31- - APPENDIX F: GENERAL ASSEMBLY RESOLUTION ON FACTORS FOR MEASURING SELF- GOVERNMENT 742 (VIII). Factors which should be taken into account in deciding whether a Territory is or is not a Territory whose people have not yet attained a full measure of self-government The General Assembly, Bearing in mind the principles embodied in the Dec- laration regarding Non-Self-Governing Territories and the objectives set forth in Chapter XI of the Charter, Recalling the provisions of resolutions 567 (VI) and 648 (VII), adopted by the General Assembly on 18 January and 10 December 1952 respectively, indi- cating the value of establishing a list of factors which should be taken into account in deciding whether a Territory has or has not attained a full measure of self-government, Having regard to the competence of the General Assembly to consider the principles that should guide the United Nations and the Member States in the im- plementation of obligations arising from Chapter XI of the Charter and to make recommendations in con- nexion with them, Having examined the report of the Ad Hoc Com- mittee on Factors (Non-Self-Governing Territories) set up by resolution 648 (VII), 1. Takes note of the conclusions of the report of the Ad Hoc Committee on Factors (Non-Self-Governing Territories); 2. Approves the list of factors as adopted by the Fourth Committee; ་ 3. Recommends that the annexed list of factors should be used by the General Assembly and the Administering Members as a guide in determining whether any Territory, due to changes in its consti- tutional status, is or is no longer within the scope of Chapter XI of the Charter, in order that, in view of the documentation provided under resolution 222 (III) of 3 November 1948, a decision may be taken by the General Assembly on the continuation or cessation of the transmission of information required by Chapter XI of the Charter; 4. Reasserts that each concrete case should be con- sidered and decided upon in the light of the particular circumstances of that case and taking into account the right of self-determination of peoples; 5. Considers that the validity of any form of asso- ciation between a Non-Self-Governing Territory and a metropolitan or any other country essentially depends on the freely expressed will of the people at the time. of the taking of the decision; 6. Considers that the manner in which Territories referred to in Chapter XI of the Charter can become fully self-governing is primarily through the attain- ment of independence, although it is recognized that self-government can also be achieved by association with another State or group of States if this is done freely and on the basis of absolute equality; 7. Reaffirms that the factors, while serving as a guide in determining whether the obligations as set forth in Chapter XI of the Charter shall exist, should in no way be interpreted as a hindrance to the attain- ment of a full measure of self-government by a Non- Self-Governing Territory; -32- 8. Further reaffirms that, for a Territory to be deemed self-governing in economic, social or educa- tional affairs, it is essential that its people shall have attained a full measure of self-government; 9. Instructs the Committee on Information from Non-Self-Governing Territories to study any documen- tation transmitted hereafter under resolution 222 (III) in the light of the list of factors approved by the present resolution, and other relevant considerations which may arise from each concrete case of cessation of information; 10. Recommends that the Committee on Informa- tion from Non-Self-Governing Territories take the initiative of proposing modifications at any time to improve the list of factors, as may seem necessary in the light of circumstances. 459th plenary meeting, 27 November 1953. ANNEX List of Factors FACTORS INDICATIVE OF THE ATTAINMENT OF INDE- PENDENCE OR OF OTHER SEPARATE SYSTEMS OF SELF- GOVERNMENT First part FACTORS INDICATIVE OF THE ATTAINMENT OF INDEPENDENCE A. International status 1. International responsibility. Full international responsi- bility of the Territory for the acts inherent in the exercise of its external sovereignty and for the corresponding acts in the administration of its internal affairs. 2. Eligibility for membership in the United Nations. 3. General international relations. Power to enter into direct relations of every kind with other governments and with in- ternational institutions and to negotiate, sign and ratify inter- national instruments. G 4. National defence. Sovereign right to provide for its na- tional defence. B. Internal self-government 1. Form of government. Complete freedom of the people of the Territory to choose the form of government which they desire. 2. Territorial government. Freedom from control or inter- ference by the government of another State in respect of the internal government (legislature, executive, judiciary, and administration of the Territory). 3. Economic, social and cultural jurisdiction. Complete autonomy in respect of economic, social and cultural affairs. Second part FACTORS INDICATIVE OF THE ATTAINMENT OF OTHER SEPARATE SYSTEMS OF SELF-GOVERNMENT A. General 1. Opinion of the population. The opinion of the population of the Territory, freely expressed by informed and democratic processes, as to the status or change in status which they desire. 2. Freedom of choice. Freedom of choosing on the basis of the right of self-determination of peoples between several pos- sibilities, including independence. 3. Voluntary limitation of sovereignty. Degree of evidence that the attribute or attributes of sovereignty which are not individually exercised will be collectively exercised by the larger entity thus associated and the freedom of the population of a Territory which has associated itself with the metropolitan country to modify at any time this status through the expression of their will by democratic means. APPENDIX F, continued 4. Geographical considerations. Extent to which the relations of the Non-Self-Governing Territory with the capital of the metropolitan government may be affected by circumstances arising out of their respective geographical positions, such as separation by land, sea or other natural obstacles; and extent to which the interests of boundary States may be affected, bearing in mind the general principle of good-neighbourliness referred to in Article 74 of the Charter. 5. Ethnic and cultural considerations. Extent to which the populations are of different race, language or religion or have a distinct cultural heritage, interests or aspirations, distinguish- ing them from the peoples of the country with which they freely associate themselves. 6. Political advancement. Political advancement of the pop- ulation sufficient to enable them to decide upon the future destiny of the Territory with due knowledge. B. International status 1. General international relations. Degree or extent to which the Territory exercises the power to enter freely into direct relations of every kind with other governments and with inter- national institutions and to negotiate, sign and ratify inter- national instruments freely. Degree or extent to which the metropolitan country is bound, through constitutional provisions or legislative means, by the freely expressed wishes of the Territory in negotiating, signing and ratifying international conventions which may influence conditions in the Territory. 2. Change of political status. The right of the metropolitan country or the Territory to change the political status of that Territory in the light of the consideration whether that Ter- ritory is or is not subject to any claim or litigation on the part of another State. 3. Eligibility for membership in the United Nations. C. Internal self-government 1. Territorial government. Nature and measure of control or interference, if any, by the government of another State in respect of the internal government, for example, in respect of the following: Legislature: The enactment of laws for the Territory by an indigenous body whether fully elected by free and democratic processes or lawfully constituted in a manner receiving the free consent of the population; Executive: The selection of members of the executive branch of the government by the competent authority in the Territory receiving consent of the indigenous population, whether that authority is hereditary or elected, having regard also to the nature and measure of control, if any, by an outside agency on that authority, whether directly or indirectly exercised in the constitution and conduct of the executive branch of the govern- ment; Judiciary: The establishment of courts of law and the selec- tion of judges. 2. Participation of the population. Effective participation of the population in the government of the Territory: (a) Is there an edequate and appropriate electoral and representative system? (b) Is this electoral system conducted without direct or in- direct interference from a foreign government? 3. Economic, social and cultural jurisdiction. Degree of autonomy in respect of economic, social and cultural affairs, as illustrated by the degree of freedom from economic pressure as exercised, for example, by a foreign minority group which, by virtue of the help of a foreign Power, has acquired a privileged economic status prejudicial to the general economic interest of the people of the Territory; and by the degree of freedom and lack of discrimination against the indigenous population of the Territory in social legislation and social developments. Third part FACTORS INDICATIVE OF THE FREE ASSOCIATION OF A TERRITORY ON EQUAL BASIS WITH THE METROPOLITAN OR OTHER COUNTRY AS AN INTEGRAL PART OF THAT COUNTRY OR IN ANY OTHER FORM A. General 1. Opinion of the population. The opinion of the population of the Territory, freely expressed by informed and democratic processes, as to the status or change in status which they desire. 2. Freedom of choice. The freedom of the population of a Non-Self-Governing Territory which has associated itself with the metropolitan country as an integral part of that country or in any other form to modify this status through the ex- pression of their will by democratic means. 3. Geographical considerations. Extent to which the relations of the Territory with the capital of the central governmen may be affected by circumstances arising out of their respective geographical positions, such as separation by land, sea or other natural obstacles. The right of the metropolitan country or the Territory to change the political status of that Territory in the light of the consideration whether that Territory is or is no subject to any claim or litigation on the part of another State 4. Ethnic and cultural considerations. Extent to which the population are of different race, language or religion or have a distinct cultural heritage, interests or aspirations, distinguish ing them from the peoples of the country with which they freely associate themselves. 5. Political advancement. Political advancement of the pop ulation sufficient to enable them to decide upon the future des tiny of the Territory with due knowledge. 6. Constitutional considerations. Association by virtue of a treaty or bilateral agreement affecting the status of the Ter ritory, taking into account (i) whether the constitutional guar antees extend equally to the associated Territory, (ii) whethe there are powers in certain matters constitutionally reserved to the Territory or to the central authority, and (iii) whethe there is provision for the participation of the Territory on basis of equality in any changes in the constitutional systen of the State. B. Status 1. Legislative representation. Representation without dis crimination in the central legislative organs on the same basi as other inhabitants and regions. 2. Participation of the population. Effective participation o the population in the government of the Territory: (a) Is ther an adequate and appropriate electoral and representative sys tem? (b) Is this electoral system conducted without direct o indirect interference from a foreign government? 3. Citizenship. Citizenship without discrimination on th same basis as other inhabitants. 4. Government officials. Eligibility of officials from th Territory to all public offices of the central authority, by ap pointment or election, on the same basis as those from othe parts of the country. C. Internal constitutional conditions 1. Suffrage. Universal and equal suffrage, and free periodi elections, characterized by an absence of undue influence ove and coercion of the voter or of the imposition of disabilities o particular political parties. 2. Local rights and status. In a unitary system equal right and status for the inhabitants and local bodies of the Territor as enjoyed by inhabitants and local bodies of other parts of th country; in a federal system an identical degree of self-gov ernment for the inhabitants and local bodies of all parts of th federation. 3. Local officials. Appointment or election of officials in th Territory on the same basis as those in other parts of th country. -33- 4. Internal legislation. Local self-government of the sam scope and under the same conditions as enjoyed by other part of the country. 5. Economic, social and cultural jurisdiction. Degree o autonomy in respect of economic, social and cultural affairs, a illustrated by the degree of freedom from economic pressure a exercised, for example, by a foreign minority group which by virtue of the help of a foreign Power, has acquired privileged economic status prejudicial to the general economi interest of the people of the Territory; and by the degree o freedom and lack of discrimination against the indigenous pop ulation of the Territory in social legislation and social develop ments. APPENDIX G: UN ACTION ON CYPRUS The island of Cyprus is a British colony whose Greek in- habitants have been fighting actively for freedom from British rule since 1951. The case of the rebelling Cypriots is promoted by Greece, which brought the question to UN in 1954. Greece's interest is based on the fact that the vast majority of the island's population is Greek by language and religion. Greece seeks a plebiscite in which Cypriots would decide between British and Greek rule or for independence. Greece had earlier advocated enosis, or Cypriot union with Greece. In 1956, Greece, denying that enosis would mean an- nexation of Cyprus rather than Cypriot self-government, changed the formulation of its case. At the 1956-7 (11th) General As- sembly, the Greek foreign minister, Evangeles Averoff-Tossizza, said, "Greece has officially declared that it will respect the result, whatever it may be, of a plebiscite even if, for example, the people should decide to continue as a British colony...or to form a totally independent state, which is not out of the question. " (Reference 19). - The British strongly resist separation from Cyprus. Since the evacuation of the Suez base, Cyprus has been the headquarters of the British Middle East defense system. The British position was expressed by Foreign Secretary Selwyn Lloyd on 7 July 1956: "Our country's industrial life and that of Western Europe depends and will depend for many years to come, on oil supplies from the Middle East. If those resources were to be in peril, we should have to defend them. The facilities we have in Cyprus are part of that defense. We cannot therefore accept any doubt about their availability.'" (Reference 20). Turkey opposes Greece on the Cyprus issue, holding that it does not believe Greece will accord justice to the Turkish popu- lation of the island. Twenty percent of the cypriots are Turkish, and the island is 40 miles from the Turkish port of Iskenderun. - British and Turkish opposition blocked discussion of Cyprus in the General Assembly in 1954 and 1955 (Ninth and 10th Assem- blies). At the 1956-7 (11th) General Assembly, two Cyprus items were discussed: one introduced by Greece, calling for "Applica- tion, under the auspices of the United Nations, of the principle of equal rights and self-determination of peoples in the case of the population of the Island of Cyprus", and the other, introduced by the UK, complaining against "Support from Greece for Terrorism in Cyprus". (Reference 21). The assembly did not accept resolutions endorsing either the Greek or British cases but, on 26 February 1957, unanimously adopted a resolution expressing "the earnest desire that a peaceful, democratic and just solution will be found in accord with the principles and purposes of the Charter of the United Nations, and the hope that negotiations will be resumed and continued to this end". (Reference 22). S - -34- APPENDIX H: UN ACTION ON INDONESIA The Netherlands East Indies was proclaimed the independent republic of Indonesia on 17 August 1945 by Dr. Soekarno and Dr. Hatta, later president and vice president of the independent nation. More than four years of fighting between the Dutch and the In- donesians followed. The issue of the war in Indonesia was brought to the UN Se- curity Council by Australia and India on 30 July 1947. The council called for a ceasefire and subsequently set up a good offices com- mittee (Australia, Belgium and the US) to help settle the dispute. (Reference 9). On 28 January 1948, the Security Council, repeating its calls for a ceasefire, recommended the establishment of a federal, independent and sovereign United States of Indonesia at the earliest possible date, but not later than 1 July 1950. (Reference 10). - The Indonesian war came to an end in late 1949, when a charter transferring complete sovereignty over the Netherlands East Indies to the Republic of Indonesia was drawn up -- with the help of the UN Commission for Indonesia -- at the Hague Round Table Conference. The transfer of sovereignty was effected on 29 December 1949. Indonesia became a UN member on 28 Septem- ber 1950. APPENDIX J: WEST IRIAN (WEST NEW GUINEA) Indonesia gives the name West Irian to the Western half of the island of New Guinea, which is held by the Netherlands. (The eastern section is administered by Australia as a UN trust ter- ritory.) The disposition of this territory was left unsettled by the 1949 Hague negotiations which culminated in the Dutch grant of independence to the Republic of Indonesia. - The Indonesian view was that all territories which had formed part of the Netherlands East Indies should be part of Indonesia. The Netherlands "felt that it would be unjustifiable to hand over the Netherlands part of the island of New Guinea to the Republic of the United States of Indonesia, because this island, inhabited by Papuans, a people entirely different from Indonesians and having no racial, no cultural, no religious and especially no national af- finity with them could not by any stretch of the imagination be said to belong to the Indonesian people.'' (Reference 25). --- The charter which gave Indonesia independence left West New Guinea in the hands of the Netherlands, but provided that within a year the political status of the territory should be negotiated. These negotiations having ended without agreement, Indonesia -35- APPENDIX J, continued brought the issue to UN in 1954, asking the Ninth General Assem- bly to call for the resumption of negotiations. In the UN, Indonesia claims that West Irian "is a problem of freedom against colonialism", while the Dutch charge that Indo- nesia is asking UN's help in "promoting the annexation of Nether- lands New Guinea". (References 26 & 27). Chief support for the Netherlands comes from Australia, which states that "New Guinea has been shown to represent the very key to Australia's defense." (Reference 28). The Soviet and Asia- Africa blocs vote with Indonesia. The US has abstained from voting and has not participated in the debate. The General Assembly has discussed West Irian each year since 1954 but has not taken the action sought by Indonesia. APPENDIX K: THE BANDUNG CONFERENCE AND EXCERPT FROM FINAL COMMUNIQUE The Bandung Conference formally called the Asian-African Conference took place at Bandung, Indonesia, from 18-24 April 1955. It was attended by 29 nations, invited by the sponsoring governments: India, Indonesia, Burma, Pakistan and Ceylon. final communique issued by the conference included this stand on The colonialism: "The Asian-African Conference discussed the problems of dependent peoples and colonialism and the evils arising from subjection of peoples to alien subjugation, domination and exploitation. The Conference agreed: First, in declaring that colonialism in all its manifes- tations is an evil which should speedily be brought to an end; Second, in affirming that the subjection of peoples to alien subjugation, domination and exploitation constitutes a denial of fundamental human rights, is contrary to the Charter of the United Nations and is an impediment to the promotion of world peace and cooperation; GRO Third, in declaring its support of the cause of freedom and independence for all such peoples; and Fourth, in calling upon the powers concerned to grant freedom and independence to such peoples." (Reference 29). -36- APPENDIX L: UN ACTION ON MOROCCO AND TUNISIA The North African nationalist movement for independence from France was brought to UN in behalf of Morocco in 1951 and Tunisian in 1952. Both cases were based on the same premise: While the agreements by which Morocco and Tunisia became French protectorates left the sovereignty of the countries intact and gave France authority only in limited areas, France had gradually taken over direct administration. The agreement with Tunisia was the Treaty of Bardo of 1881, and with Morocco, the Treaty of Fez of 1912. Morocco In 1951, armed conflict broke out in Morocco, and Egypt, Iraq, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, Syria and Yemen asked the Sixth General Assembly to take up "Violation of the principles of the Charter and of the Declaration of Human Rights by France in Mo- rocco". The request was refused, France claiming that UN dis- cussion would constitute interference in its domestic affairs. (Reference 30). Tunisia Tunisia brought its own case to UN in January 1952. In 1950, France and Tunisia had begun negotiations for Tunisian internal autonomy. Tunisia decided that the dispute was impossible to set- tle by these direct negotiations because of the position taken by France, which included a demand for the participation of French residents (colons) in the Tunisian political institutions. (Reference 31). In the United Nations, Tunisia was backed by Asian and Af- rican nations, which in April 1952 requested a meeting of the Se- curity Council, stating that the Tunisian situation had become a threat to peace. In the council debate on whether or not to con- sider the issue, the French representative maintained that the dispute which had been only a domestic difference between the French Resident General and several ministers no longer existed. The Bey of Tunisia had, he said, recently consented to the new French program of reforms. Pakistan, speaking for Tunisia, replied, charging that the Bey had consented to the new reforms only after French troops had surrounded his palace. Since the time that Tunisia had appealed to the Security Council, he said, France had arrested hundreds of persons, including the Tunisian Prime Minister, all nationalist newspapers had been suppressed and martial law had been applied. (Reference 31). On 14 April 1952, the Security Council voted against consid- ering the Tunisian question. Vote: 5 Yes, 2 No (France, UK), 4 Abstain (Greece, Netherlands, Turkey, US). (Reference 31). Asian and African delegations on 20 June 1952 requested UN to convene a special session of the General Assembly to consider -37- APPENDIX L, continued the situation in Tunisia on an emergency basis. This proposal also failed of adoption. (Reference 31). First UN Action; Seventh General Assembly The first full discussions in UN on the North African issues were in the 1952 regular session (Seventh) of the General As- sembly when Morocco and Tunisia were both placed on the agenda. France refused to participate in the debate and said it would not heed any resolution passed. The French refusal to participate in UN discussion and resistance to negotiations persisted for the next year and a half. Before withdrawing from the debate, France reiterated its position that UN had no jurisdiction. France stated that it was pushing development of self-government in Tunisia and Morocco but that "it would be a serious mistake if territories still im- perfectly developed were set up as independent states before they were able to meet the heavy responsibilities which that would imply. Premature independence would imperil the legitimate interests of France and of others which France had undertaken to safeguard, as well as the further development of those ter- ritories." (Reference 31). After completion of the debate, the General Assembly called for continuation of negotiations toward self-government for Tunisia and toward developing the free political institutions of the people of Morocco. (Tunisian resolutions adopted 17 December 1952.) Bel- gium, Luxembourg and the Union of South Africa voted against both resolutions. (Reference 31). 1953-1956 — The issues of Tunisia and Morocco were brought to the Se- curity Council on 3 September 1953. Once again the council failed to vote approval for consideration. Vote: 5 Yes, 5 No (Colombia, Denmark, France, UK, US), 1 Abstain (China). (Reference 32). The Eighth (1953) General Assembly did consider the Moroccan and Tunisian questions, although not adopting resolutions which supported self-government for Morocco and independence for Tunisia. (Reference 32). In July 1954, the French government led by Premier Pierre Mendes-France began negotiations with Tunisia. These were con- tinued under the government of Premier Edgar Faure. On 3 June 1955 the negotiations concluded with a grant of self-government. Negotiations between Morocco and France began in 1955. Morocco became independent on 2 March 1956, and Tunisia, on 20 March S -38- APPENDIX L, continued 1956. The two countries mitted to UN on 12 November 1956. sponsored by France APPENDIX M: UN ACTION ON ALGERIA were ad- Algeria has been a possession of France for more than 120 years. Unlike Morocco and Tunisia, it has been governed not as an overseas territory, but as a group of departments of Metropolitan France. Re- sistance to French rule had been going on since World War I, breaking out in full-scale armed rebellion on 1 November 1954. C On 5 January 1955, Saudi Arabia brought the "grave situation in Algeria' to the attention of the Security Council without asking for action. On 29 July 1955, 14 Asian and African states requested that the Algerian situation be considered by the 10th (1955) General Assem- bly. The assembly decided to consider the item, overriding French objections that Algeria was a domestic situation outside the competence of the UN. This action led France to withdraw its delegation from the General Assembly session. Seven weeks later, the assembly voted to delete the item from its agenda, and no debate took place. In July 1956, nations of the Asia-Africa group asked for Security Council consideration, asserting that the Algerian conflict had "as- sumed the proportions of a full-scale civil war" which threatened in- ternational peace. This request won the support of only two council members the Soviet Union and Iran and was not granted. (Reference 34). French Position First UN Action - 1956 Full debate on the Algerian rebellion took place at the 11th (1956-7) General Assembly -- at the request of 15 Asian-African nations. At this session, France offered no resistance to the idea of UN discussion, though still asserting that UN had no right to interfere. - The case presented in behalf of the Algerian nationalists was that the Algerian people were being denied "their fundamental liberties, notably the right to decide their own future", 9 million Algerians having only the same number of representatives as the 1 million French, Spanish, Maltese, Jewish and other non-Moslem minorities in Algeria. (Reference 34). The Asian-African countries asked the General Assembly to endorse "Algeria's right to be free in or out of direct association with France." (Reference 35). France held that the Algerian rebellion was in the main due to the actions of "terrorist groups which have gradually been organized with -39- APPENDIX M, continued the support and on the instructions of foreign powers." The foreign powers cited were Egypt and the Soviet Union. (Reference 36). In contrast to the cases of Morocco and Tunisia, France said, French evacuation of Algeria would leave the country without a political structure to govern it and would leave destitute the large European community in Algeria. French Foreign Minister Christian Pineau, speaking to the 11th General Assembly, said, "If today France were to hand over her powers to the rebels, they would not only be incapable of governing the country, but, in the growing anarchy and poverty which would ensue, they would very soon render life intolerable for the minority of Euro- pean origin." (Reference 36). M. Pineau said that the French answer to Algerian demands was not independence but the granting of more equality of rights, economic aid and some measure of autonomy. (Reference 36). The final resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 15 Feb- ruary 1957 was a compromise designed to win approval from all countries. The resolution expressed the hope that, in a spirit of coopera- tion, a peaceful, democratic and just solution will be found, through appropriate means, in conformity with the principles of the Charter of the United Nations."(Reference 37). The resolution passed unanimously, with France not voting. 12th General Assembly September 1957 On 16 July 1957, 22 Asian-African members asked to have the Algerian question placed on the agenda of the 12th General Assembly (opening 17 September 1957), stating, "There has been no indication to the United Nations from its member states that any progress has been made towards the achievement of the purposes of the resolution (passed by the 11th General Assembly). On the contrary, the suffering and loss of human life in Algeria continue and increase; and the course of events in Algeria has not moved toward a peaceful, democratic and just solu- tion in conformity with the principles of the Charter. Should the present trend continue with its accompaniment of violence and animosity, it is bound to make such a solution more remote than before." (Reference 38). - APPENDIX N: PART IV OF THE TREATY FOR THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC COMMUNITY: OVERSEAS TERRITORIES - The overseas territories of the member states are to be associ- ated with the common market. They are defined as French West Africa including Senegal, the Sudan, Guinea, the Ivory Coast, Dahomey, Maure- tania, the Niger and the Upper Volta; French Equatorial Africa includ- ing the Middle Congo, Oubangui Chari, Tchad and Gabon; the French territories of St. Pierre and Miquelon, the archipelago of the Comores, Madagascar, the French coast of Somaliland, New Caledonia, the French Islands in Oceania, the Republic of Togoland, the trustee area of the CA -40- APPENDIX N, continued ·· Cameroons; the Belgian Congo and Ruanda-Urundi; the Italian trustee territory in Somaliland and Dutch New Guinea. The association of these areas with the European common mar- ket is to take place through reduction of tariffs in the European market and in the overseas territories, except for tariffs needed to protect local overseas industries, and by gradual increase of import quotas; and through participation by the European states in investments for public works in the territories. A special protocol covering the first five years of the treaty pro- vides for a common investment fund for overseas territories amounting to $581,250,000 to which France and West Germany would contribute $200,000,000 each, Belgium and the Netherlands $70,000,000 each, Italy $40,000,000 and Luxembourg $1,250,000. Within the five years the French overseas territories would receive from the fund $511,250,000, the Belgian territories $30,000,000, the Dutch territories $35,000,000, the Italian $5,000,000. The reduction of tariffs in overseas territories for the benefit of the six European states will apply to the difference between duties levied on goods from the ruling European country and those levied on goods from other states. At the end of the five-year period the Council of Ministers will decide regarding renewal of this agreement for the overseas terri- tories. (Reference 23). S -41- - 3 9015 06552 3998 APPENDIX 0: COUNTRIES W.CH HAVE ACHIEVED INDEPENDENCE SINCE WORLD WAR II 1. Members of UN 2. Present Country Burma Cambodia Ceylon Ghana India Indonesia Israel Jordan Laos Lebanon Libya Morocco Pakistan Phillippines Sudan Syria Tunisia Former Authority North Vietnam South Vietnam North Korea South Korea United Kingdom France United Kingdom United Kingdom United Kingdom Netherlands United Kingdom (as part of Palestine) United Kingdom France France Italy France United Kingdom United States United Kingdom- Egypt France France Non-Members of UN France France Japan Japan Present form of Government Republic Kingdom Republic Republic Republic Republic Republic Kingdom Kingdom Republic Kingdom Kingdom Republic Republic Republic Republic Kingdom Republic UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN Republic Republic Republic Republic Date Entered UN 19 April 1948 14 Dec. 1955 14 Dec. 1955 8 March 1957 original member 28 Sept. 1950 11 May 1949 14 Dec. 1955 14 Dec. 1955 original member 14 Dec. 1955 12 Nov. 1956 30 Sept. 1947 original member 12 Nov. 1956 original member 12 Nov. 1956 -42- ለ